Schneider Section 44
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Transcript of Schneider Section 44
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Schneider, Section 44
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Verbal Clause (A does B)
אמר אלהים וי
Nominal Clause (A is B)
י תהום שך ףל־פנ וח
Note that Schneider also speaks of a “subordinate clause”
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This first formal delimitation of the types of clauses is incomplete under the point of view of text-grammar. How the first position of a clause is occupied is important for the weight of the clauses in the text and for the structuring of a text.
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Makes a statement “A does B”
Begins with a finite form of the verb
The focus lies on the verb, which describes a narrated event.
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Makes a statement “A is B”
Begins with something other than a finite verb
The focus lies on the nominal standing at the front, about which a statement is made.
When the predicate of the nominal clause is a whole clause, we call it a compound nominal clause.
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ית אש א בר רץ׃ בר ת הא ים וא ת השמ ים א אלה
רץ ה והא הו הית הו וב ת
שך י תהום וח ףל־פנ
וח ים׃ ור י המ פת ףל־פנ ים מרח אלה
שך רא ולח ילה ק ל
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Verbal clauses form the foreground of the narration.
Distinguish narration from discourse.
Nominal clauses deliver the background of the narration (preconditions, description, situation, notes). [see footnote #5]
“Subordinate clauses” belong to the background of the narrative.
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ם 1 אמר יהוה אל־אבר יך וי ית אב ולדתך ומב ארצך וממ לך־לך מ
ך׃ ר ארא רץ אש ה 2אל־הא ך והי ה שמ רכך ואגדל ול ואב וי גד ףשך לג וא
ה׃ ה׃ 3ברכ ת האדמ ל משפח ו בך כ ר ונברכ יך ומקללך אא רכ רכה מב ואב
ם 4 לך אבר ה וי ליו יהו ר א ר דב ו לוט כאש לך את וי
ן חר ו מ את ה בצ ים שנ ש שנים ושבף ם בן־חמ ׃ואבריו 5 וט בן־אח ו ואת־ל י אשת ח אברם את־שר ויק
שו ואת־כל־רכושם ר רכ ן ואת־הנפש אש ו בחר אשר־ףש
ףן׃ רצה כנ או א ףן ויב רצה כנ כת א ו לל צא וי
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NC are more frequent.
In discourse texts, no event is described in NC.
When actions are described in discourse texts, VC stand in the foreground, and NC/CNC offer background information. (see next slide)
Otherwise, NC generally cannot be allocated to background comments.
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אמר 1 הו וי ו וישק אש ק ףל־ר מן ויצ ך הש ל את־פ ח שמוא . . .ויק לאה וחלפת 3 ם וה מש
את ור וב ון תב ל ףד־א
וך ל ומצא ית־א ים ב ים אל־האלה ים על ה אנש שם שלש
ים ה גדי א׀ שלש ד נש אח
חם ות ל שת ככר א של ואחד נש
ין בל־י א נ ד נש ׃ואחו 4 לך לשלום ושאל
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When alternating partners contrast their points of view, the NC controls the speech. (see Gen 42 ex.)
The CNC ת ף תה יד א “you know” is used to show the
priority of the orientation of the speaker.
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לך אדום ש אל־מ ים מקד ה מלאכ ח מש וישל
ל יך ישרא ה אמר אח ףת כ ה יד ת את א
תנו׃ ר מצא ה אש כל־התלא
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NC describe the situation in the oath.
NC contain the leading statements to the threat.
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ר 2 י יהוה דב רץ כ יני א ים והאז ו שמ שמף
מתי בנים לתי ורומ גד
ם י׃ וה שעו ב פהו 3 ע שור קנ יד
ור יו וחמ וס בףל ב א
ל ע ישרא א יד ל
י ן׃ ףמ א התבונ ל
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יר ס ות מ ון יהוה צבא ה האד כי הנ
נה ן ומשף ה משף יהוד לם ומ מירוש
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NC are typical in psalms, particularly praise songs.
Care must be taken in clarifying the relationship between NC and VC.
Rhetorical figures must also be taken into account.
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ול יהוה ל גד י א כ
ים׃ ול ףל־כל־אלה ד לך ג ומ
רץ י־א ידו מחקר ר ב אש
ו׃ ים ל ות הר ותוףפ
הו וא ףש ים וה ו ה אשר־ל
רו׃ יו יצ שת יד יב ו
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The subject is the known element.
The predicate is the new element.
Typically, the predicate stands without an article or other means of determination (i.e. suffix, proper name, in construct with numbers from 1 to 3).
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tp,x,r:m. ~yhil{a/ x:Wr
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`~yIm'h; ynEP.-l[; tp,x,r:m. ~yhil{a/ xWrw>
• Subject first – new information given about something known
hT'a; rp'['-yKi
• Predicate first – focus lies on new information applied to something known
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ykinOa' ~h'r"b.a; db,[,• Both have determination, so new
information is the identification of the two known elements
yl;ae rmeaoh' hw"hy>• Both have determination, so new
information is the identification of the two known elements
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The distinguishing factor is that the predicate of a CNC is a whole clause.
This clause may be either a NC or VC.
The subject is often referred back to through a suffix or independent pronoun in the predicate clause.
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Aas.Ki ~ym;V'B; hw"hy>• The predicate is a NC.
• The subject of the clause in the predicate is not the same as the overall subject. Thus the suffix.
Wzx/y< wyn"y[e• The predicate is a VC.
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An explicitly-given subject is unnecessary with a finite form of the verb. If there, it is a type of apposition. (e.g. Gn 25:34)
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אכל וי
שת וי
ויקם
ך ל וי
בז ווי ש ה׃ ף את־הבכר
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An explicitly-given subject is unnecessary with a finite form of the verb. If there, it is a type of apposition.
If a pronoun is provided as subject, it serves to bring it into focus despite not being in initial position. (e.g. Gn20:6)
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ם ים בחל אלה יו ה ל אמר א וי
ףתי י יד כ גם אנ
את ית ז י בתם־לבבך ףש כ
ך יואחש כ י גם־אנ חטו־ל ותך מ א
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Principle: Generally applies that things agree in person, number, and gender.
Deviations from Rule of Congruence Collectively used singulars take a plural verbal predicate.
The noun ~yhil{a/ takes the singular when referring to the
true God.
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Deviations from Rule of Congruence (cont’d) Verbal predicate at beginning that applies to every
individual in a series of subjects.
Simpler masculine form with feminine nominal or series of nominals of different genders and numbers.
A predicate may agree with the last word in a construct connection, even though it applies to the first word.
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דעו לכל־ וי א הקה י־ל ה כ הז
יע יהוה רב ובחנית יהוש בח
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ח ור ויק ם ונח יםאבר ם נש לה
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ב לך מוא י־וירא מ קכ נו חז הממ המלחמ
Then the king of Moab saw that (the struggle [fem.] was stronger [masc.] than him) he did not withstand the attack.
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ה יב בףבור יט ם ה ולאבר
יהי ו ו אן־ובקר ־ל ים צ וףבדים וחמר
ת ת ושפח ים ואתנ ׃וגמל
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ים שת גבר יםק חת