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SCAPHOPODA:Ekologi, Persebaran, &

Potensi# Pertemuan 10

Kelas Keilmuan Moluska

Kelompok Studi Kelautan

Fakultas Biologi

Universitas Gadjah Mada

6/14/2013Pematerian KK Moluska KSK BIOGAMA


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Scaphopods live their adult lives buried in sand or mud, with theirhead end pointed downwards. Only the narrow posterior end of theshell sticks up into the seawater for water exchange and wasteexpulsion.

Adult scaphopods move and search for food with their buried head.To do this, the animal extends its muscular foot outwards, thenexpands a muscled disc that surrounds the far end of the foot. Oncethe disc is spread out, it will serve as an anchor for the scaphopod topull against.

Adults may live at depths of 4570 meters.



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Gbr 1. Rhabdus rectius (Carpenter, 1864) in situ.This species burrows through the sediment and seldom extends its dorsal aperture out

of the sediment at the surface. Note the feeding cavity constructed by the foot. c =captacula. fo = foraminiferan, f= foot, w = water, sed = sediment, pp = pavilion. Scale bar

= 1 cm

http://www.ronshimek.com/images/animals/mollusca/scaphopoda/Rrectius.jpg


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Scaphopods are infaunal predatory

mollusksAbout 15 scaphopod species may befound in the sediments off the UnitedStates temperate West Coast, withmore in Alaskan waters.A number of these are from very deepwater, and unlikely to be collected atdepths less than 1000 m.One of the more interesting of the

deep-water forms is FissidentaliumactiniophorumShimek (1997) whichtypically bears a sea anemone living onthe functionally dorsal part of the shellfrom 4100 m off the California coast.

http://www.ronshimek.com/images/animals/mollusca/scaphopoda/Fissidentalium_actiniophorum.jpg


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Most of the other west coast scaphopods are potentially collectable in depthsof 30 m or less, and some may be found in quite shallow waters (Keen, 1971).

Some are habitat specialists but others, such as Rhabdus rectius, are truehabitat generalists.

None of these species are likely to be found intertidally. Shells may be occasionally found in the intertidal zone as beach drift or shells

with hermit crabs in them.

Scaphopods are preyed upon by fishes and crabs, and may be importantcomponents of their diets in some localities (Shimek, 1990).



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Diversity, Geographic, & Biogeographic

Regions,

There are approximately 900 species ofScaphopoda, commonly called tuskshells. (Brusca and Brusca, 2003)

Scaphopods are found in marine regions around the world. (Brusca andBrusca, 2003; Jones and Baxter, 1987)

B.R.:

indian ocean

atlantic ocean

pacific ocean

mediterranean sea

http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Scaphopoda/http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Scaphopoda.htmlhttp://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Scaphopoda.htmlhttp://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Scaphopoda.htmlhttp://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Scaphopoda.htmlhttp://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Scaphopoda.htmlhttp://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Scaphopoda.htmlhttp://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Scaphopoda.htmlhttp://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Scaphopoda.htmlhttp://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Scaphopoda.htmlhttp://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Scaphopoda.htmlhttp://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Scaphopoda.htmlhttp://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Scaphopoda.htmlhttp://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Scaphopoda.htmlhttp://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Scaphopoda.htmlhttp://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Scaphopoda.htmlhttp://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Scaphopoda.htmlhttp://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Scaphopoda.htmlhttp://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Scaphopoda.htmlhttp://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Scaphopoda.htmlhttp://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Scaphopoda.htmlhttp://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Scaphopoda.htmlhttp://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Scaphopoda.htmlhttp://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Scaphopoda/


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Habitat, Habitat Regions, Aquatic

Biomes

Scaphopods are all marine species whose habitat ranges from shallow sub-littoralareas up to waters that are 4570 m deep.

Most scaphopods are found in waters greater than 6 m.

Scaphopods burrow in sediments ranging from muds to medium-coarse gravel.

The two orders of this group may have slightly differing burrowing behaviors.

Individuals in the Gadilida may burrow up to 30 cm in captivity.

Many species in the Dentaliida burrow with the concave side just below thesubstrate. (Barnes, 1987; Jones and Baxter, 1987; Lamprell and Healy, 2001; Spear,1994)

H.R: Saltwater or marine

Aquatic Biomes: benthic and coastal

Other Habitat Features: intertidal or littoral

http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Gadilida/http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Scaphopoda.htmlhttp://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Scaphopoda.htmlhttp://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Dentaliida/http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Scaphopoda.htmlhttp://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Scaphopoda.htmlhttp://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Scaphopoda.htmlhttp://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Scaphopoda.htmlhttp://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Scaphopoda.htmlhttp://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Scaphopoda.htmlhttp://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Scaphopoda.htmlhttp://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Scaphopoda.htmlhttp://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Scaphopoda.htmlhttp://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Scaphopoda.htmlhttp://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Scaphopoda.htmlhttp://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Scaphopoda.htmlhttp://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Scaphopoda.htmlhttp://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Scaphopoda.htmlhttp://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Scaphopoda.htmlhttp://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Scaphopoda.htmlhttp://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Scaphopoda.htmlhttp://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Scaphopoda.htmlhttp://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Scaphopoda.htmlhttp://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Scaphopoda.htmlhttp://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Scaphopoda.htmlhttp://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Scaphopoda.htmlhttp://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Scaphopoda.htmlhttp://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Scaphopoda.htmlhttp://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Scaphopoda.htmlhttp://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Scaphopoda.htmlhttp://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Scaphopoda.htmlhttp://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Scaphopoda.htmlhttp://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Scaphopoda.htmlhttp://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Dentaliida/http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Gadilida/


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Potensi

Ecosystem Roles

Scaphopods selectively feed on sediments, although the importance of this in the

ecosystem is unknown. Hermit crabs are known to use the shells. (Shimek, 2005)

Economic Importance for Humans

Economic Importance for Humans: Positive

Shells of the genusDentalium

were once used in necklaces and as money(often termed "wampum") by Amerinds of the Pacific Northwest from Alaska to

California. The shells were collected on strings, and could be worn or hung

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