sazogadoebrivi gamomcemloba sa.ga.

jibis wignis seria 8

media _ kultura _ sazogadoeba

sergei eizenSteini (1898-1948); Teatrisa da ki-nos reJisori, Teoretikosi. 1915 wlidan swav-lobda petrogradSi samoqalaqo inJinrobas. 1918 wlidan muSaobda wiTel armiaSi. 1920 wels iwyebs iaponuri enis Seswavlas, ramac gav lena iqonia mis kinoTeoriul xedvebze. 1921 wels xdeba Teatr »proletkultis« kolegiis da vsevolod meierholdis saxelosnos wevri. 1923 wels dgams speqtakls »brZeni«, romelSic Car-Tuli iyo misi pirveli kinonovela »glumovis dRiuri«. eizenSteinis revoluciuri kinotri-logiaa _ »gaficva« (1925), »javSnosani potiom-kini« (1925) da »oqtomberi« (1928). 1926 wels stalinis moTxovniT iwyebs muSaobas filmze »generaluri xazi« (1929). 1930 wlidan mogzau-robs amerikaSi; meqsikaSi iRebs films »Que viva Mexico!« (dausrulebeli) _ mogzaurobas wyvets stalinis moTxovniT da ukan brundeba. 1932 wels momaval meuRlesTan vera ataSevasTan er-Tad mogzaurobs saqarTveloSi. 1937 wels muSa-obs wignze »montaJi«, amave wels xdeba »ВГИК«- is profesori, saidanac misi filmis »beJinis mdelo« (1935-1937, ganadgurebulia) akrZalvis Semdeg daiTxoven da mxolod 1939 wels aRa-dgenen, rodesac is »aleqsandre nevelis« (1938) gadaRebis Semdeg Rebulobs leninis ordens. 1945 wels, evakuaciisas alma-ataSi, iRebs »ivane mrisxanes« I nawils, risTvisac aniWeben stali-nur premias, xolo am filmis II nawils 1946 wels akrZalavs »ЦК«. eizenSteini gardaicvala 1948 wels gulis SeteviT.

inteleqtualuri montaJi

sergei eizenSteini

Tbilisi, 2013

teqstebis saTaurebi dedanSi:»Монтаж аттракционов«, »За кадром«, »��тв�рто� и�м�р����тв�рто� и�м�р��ни� в кино«, »Драматургия киноформы«

teqstebi ibeWdeba Semdegi gamocemebis mixedviT: С�рг�й Эй��ншт�йн »И�бранны� прои�в�д�ния. В ш�сти томах«, том 2.

© Искусство, Москва 1964

С�рг�й Эй��ншт�йн »Монтаж«© Эй��ншт�йновский ц�нтр иссл�дований кинокультуры, Му��й кино. Составит�ль и автор комм�нтари�в Н. И. Кл�йман, Москва 2000

Про�кт р�али�у�тся при подд�ржк� »Му��я кино« и РОФ »Эй��ншт�йн�ц�нтра« (Москва) – proeqti xorcielde-ba »eizenSteinis saxelobis kinos kulturis kvle-eizenSteinis saxelobis kinos kulturis kvle-vis centrisa« (moskovi) da qalaq moskovis »kino-muzeumis« saavtoro uflebebis mflobelTa Tava-ziani nebarTviT

naxati garekanze: maia sumbaZe

Targmani rusulidan: konstantine dumbaZesamecniero redaqtori: devi dumbaZeredaqtori: rusudan asaTianigamomcemeli: soso dumbaZe

pirveli gamocema, 2013ISBN 978�9941�0�5867�7yvela ufleba daculia

© sazogadoebrivi gamomcemloba sa.ga., 2013www.sa�ga.org

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sarCevi

winasityvaoba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

atraqcionebis montaJi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

kadrs miRma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

meoTxe ganzomileba kinoSi . . . . . . . . . . . 63

kinoformis dramaturgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

SeniSvnebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

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winasityvaoba

eizenSteinis biografia moxerxebulad Tavs-deba tradiciuli aRmzrdelobiTi romanis sqemaSi. burJuaziuli ojaxi iSleba mamis ti-raniisa da dedis nevrotuli Ralatebis gamo. erTaderTi vaJis cxovrebis gza winaswaraa gansazRvruli jer kidev mis dabadebamde. igi arqiteqtori unda gaxdes, rogorc mamamisi. Tumca, am gegmebSi revolucia SemoiWreba. igi mamas generlis Cins arTmevs, dedas ki _ qone-bas, samagierod, Svils sakuTari gadawyveti-lebebis miRebis SesaZleblobas aniWebs. Svili ar gahyveba mamas, romelic iZulebulia emig-raciaSi wavides. igi revolucias, rogorc sakuTar gaTavisuflebas ise ganicdis. is reJisori xdeba _ papa-s molodinisda miuxe-davad. ocdaSvidi wlisa is msoflio didebas ixveWs, rogorc revoluciuri mxatvari, xolo ormocdaaTi wlisa kvdeba, saxelganTqmul, mag ram Serisxul akademikosad...

am klasikosad qceuli avangardistis Se-faseba arasodes yofila calsaxa. mari se-toni, eizenSteinis pirveli biografi, mis pirov nebas daprogramebuli konfliqtebiT

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xsnis: kompleqsebi, romlebic Sereuli war-moSobidan ganviTarda (mama _ ebraeli, deda _ rusi); materialistebiT garemoculi misti-kosis TviTgandgoma. amasTan, setonisaTvis informaciis wyarod didwilad Tavad ei-zenSteini iqca, romelmac faqtobrivi masala uyoymanod gaamravalferovna sakuTari efeq-turi gamonagonebiT. dominik fernandesi Tavis eizeinSteinis fsiqoanalizur biogra-fiaSi sruliad endoba am monayolebs, romel-Ta safuZvelzec is darwmunebiT diagnosti-rebs farul homoseqsualizms. roca samocian wleb Si dasavleTSi xelaxla aRmoaCines sab-WoTa avangardi, evropeli inteleqtualebis axalgazrda Taobam eizenSteini memarcxene radikal mxatvrad gamoacxada. samSobloSi ki, uSualod XX yrilobis Semdeg, imave Ta-obam igi memarjvene konformistad Seracxa, romelmac, faSizmis madidebeli italieli futuristebis msgavsad, STambeWdavi da, ami-tom saeWvo, Zegli daudga stalinur epoqas. am mosazrebas axmovanebs, magaliTad, zeka X_123 aleqsandre solJenicinis `ivan denisoviCis erT dReSi~ (1962). axali Taoba eizenSteinis `Sokur~ esTetikas da mis survils, gavlena moaxdinos cnobierebaze kinos meSveobiT, ga-nixilavs, rogorc `totalitarul poetikas~ _ rogorc xelovnebas, romelic kurTxevas aZlevs saxelmwifo Zaladobas. eizenSteins

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surda daeswro yvela misi biografisaTvis. 1927 wels, froidis leonardo da vinCize nar-kvevis gavleniT, man sakuTar pirovnebaze fsiqoanalizuri gamokvlevis dawera gada-wyvita. am _ dauwerel _ wigns man inglisurad `My Art in Life~ (`Cemi xelovneba cxovrebaSi~) daarqva. Tavis avtobiografiul SeniSvnebSi, romelTa werac 1943 wels wamoiwyo, man Ta-visi Tavi Zvelmoduri aRmzrdelobiTi ro-manis gamogonil personaJad aqcia. es romani `avtomaturi weris~ uaxles stilSia gaazre-buli. eizenSteini Tavis cxovrebas retros-peqtulad gvixatavs, rogorc mizandasaxul, teleologiur da sistematur moZraobas, risTvisac Segnebulad axdens movlenaTa droSi gadaadgilebas da, arcTu iSviaTad, simarTles malavs. sinamdvileSi eizenStei-nis cxovreba moulodneli mixveul-moxveu-lebiTa da sacTurebiT iyo mdidari _ gamxda-riyo arqiteqtori Tu iaponiis (kulturis) specialisti? wasuliyo emigraciaSi germa-niaSi? darCeniliyo aSS-Si? Tu misi megobre-bis, isaak babelisa da vsevolod meierholdis msgavsad, sikvdils Segebeboda sasamarTlos ganaCeniT? eizenSteinma bevri piradi qarte-xili gadaitana, romelTac igi ubralod ar-Cevnis winaSe ki ar daayenes, aramed ufskru-lebic daanaxes Tavis burJuaziul saxlsa da avangardistuli qcevis egzistencialur

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models Soris, memarcxene mxatvris saxesa da mis auditorias _ proletariats Soris, ro-melsac am Tavisi warmomadgenlisa ar esmoda. mas, sabWoTa memarcxenes, evropul bohemas-Tan da holivudis manqanasTan Sejaxeba mou-xda. man iswavla stalinis droebaSi cxovreba _ pirobebSi, roca akrZalva, SantaJi, SiSi da cTuneba erTmaneTSi airia. mas eSinoda Tavi-si seqsualobis da gandevnida mas erotikul naxatebsa da xumrobebSi, romlebic bevr mis Tanamemamules acbunebda; da _ xelovnebaSi, romelic mis mier gagebuli iyo ara rogorc seqsualobis, aramed daTrgunuli sadizmis sublimacia. mSvenieri Wabukebi mis filmebSi Zaladobrivi sikvdiliT iRupebian. amazr-zeni cinikosis an mkvlelis roli man Tavis asistents, lamaz griSas gadasca. eizenSteini sakuTar Tavs daundobel bavSvad ganixilav-da, romlis sadizmi emociurma umwifrobam da seqsualurma akrZalvebma Camoayalibes.

Tavis xelovnebaSi, romelic mis mier Tav-dapirvel realobad da erTaderT aucileb-lobad aRiqmeboda, is Tavisi drois yvelaze mtkivneul Temebs exeba: Zaladoba da masob-rivi mkvlelobebi; xalxis brbos erotizmi da amiT daavadebuli sivrce; aRqmis fragmen-tacia da dakarguli mTlianobis wyurvili, romlis magaliTi eizenSteinisaTvis 1930-iani wlebis stalinuri utopia gaxda.

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Tavis pirvel filmSi `gaficva~ man revo-lucia warmoadgina rogorc kinematografiu-li, dinamikuri da tragikuli movlena. filmis kadrebi konstruqtivistul ferwerasa da fo-tografiasTan Sedarebas uZlebda; samsaxiobo eqscentrika meierholdis Teatrs epaeqrebo-da. amasTan, kadrebis uCveulo Sepirispireba da maTi sisastike _ bavSvs dedas arTmeven da kibeebis ujredSi agdeben (manamde mxolod erih fon Strohaims Tu eyo siTamame amgvari rame eCvenebina!) _ uprecedento, SemaZrwune-bel zemoqmedebas axdendnen. eizenSteinis ra-dikaluri montaJi novatoruli iyo. Cveuleb-rivi 40_60 Sewebeba-gadabmebis magier, nawil-ze aq iyo 379. scena, romelic xuTi wuTis gan-mavlobaSi grZeldeboda, TiTqmis 100 kadrs Seicavda, romelTa sigrZe 15 umoklesi kadri-dan dawybuli 1,5 metramde monacvleobda. `morwyuli momrwyvelis~ komikuri triuki man sastik cemad aqcia, baRis Slangi ki _ sasikv-dilo iaraRad. kazakebi cxenebiT kibeebze da-jiriTobdnen _ maTi rTuli sacirko baleti eizenSteinma daundobeli angariSsworebis pir quS preludiad gadaaqcia. maSindeli mayu-rebeli yvelaze metad im dros finalma gaa-oca: xaris dakvlis kadrebidan eizenSteini demonstraciis daxvretaze gadaxta. mayure-belTa didi nawili fiqrobda, rom sisxlis-Rvra saqonlis sasaklaoze xdeba. zogierTni

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ki varaudobdnen, rom sasaklaos damSeuli ga-ficulebi Seesivnen.

eizenSteinis kinematografiuli `atraq-cionebis montaJi~ man, rogorc mayureblis dazafvris daprogramebuli Tanmimdevroba, ise aawyo. igi acxadebda, rom xelovneba _ esaa adamianTa gamocdilebis marTvis saSualeba; misi kinosuraTi mayurebels xorcis sakep man-qanaSi atarebda. eizenSteins, `kinoinJiners~, fsiqikis marTvis berketebis mcodnes, montaJ-ma saSualeba misca stimulebis, erTmaneTTan uneblieT dakavSirebulebis, iseTi kombinacia Seeqmna, romelic socialuri refleqsebis ga-varjiSebas Seuwyobda xels _ rogorc klasob-rivi siZulvilisa, aseve klasobrivi solida-robis. igi Seecada amgvari zemoqmedebisTvis TeatrSic mieRwia, magram pirvelive cdebis mere aRmoaCina, rom Sokebis kombinaciebis mi-seuli sistema kinoSi ufro efeqturia. kino-gamosaxulebaze _ misi meti abstraqtulobis gamo _ mayurebeli ufro swrafad reagirebda, vinem `xorcSesxmul~ Sesrulebaze. kinokadri _ fotografirebuli suraTi _ asociaciebis nakadis ufro swraf gaxsnas uwyobda xels, vinem is, rac msaxiobebis scenaze realuri TamaSis dros xdeboda. montaJis daxmarebiT eizenSteinma SeaerTa demonstraciis daxvre-ta (saTamaSo scena, saerTo xedebiT mocemu-li) da xaris namdvili dakvla. am dokumen-

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tur gadaRebaSi, xedebad dayofilSi, kamera TandaTan uaxlovdeboda da Cerdeboda xaris farTod gaxelili Tvalis msxvil planze. fi-ziologiuri saSineleba, gancdili cxovelis nam dvili sikvdilis danaxvisas, amiT umweo xalxis masobrivi mkvlelobis gaTamaSebul scenaze gadataniT xdeboda. veranairi msaxio-bi ver SeZlebda amgvari SemaZrwunebeli, yov-lismomcveli efeqtis Seqmnas. es zemoqmedeba ar efuZneboda cxovelTa sasaklaos demon-straciis daxvretasTan logikur SeTavsebas, piriqiT, erTi movlenidan meoreze emociuri gancdis gadatana filmis zemoqmedebis safuZ-vels warmoadgenda, filmisa, romelic fina-luri titriT: `gaxsovdes, proletariato!~ sruldeboda.

eizenSteinis eqsperimentebi yvela im dro-isTvis gavrcelebul kinoformas Sordeboda: rogorc tradiciuli rusuli revoluciam-deli kinos fsiqologiur naturalizms, ise komerciulad warmatebul holivudur fil-mebsa da germanuli eqspresionizmis metad stilizebul xelovnebas. xelovnebis axalma saxeobam eizenSteini, mravali mizezis gamo, daatyveva. radikaluri avangarduli midgoma xelovnebisadmi _ deformacia, fragmentacia, dinamizmi, gaxleCa -garRvevebi, erTdroulo-ba, droisa da sivrcis urTierTSi SeRweva _ yovelive es kinoSi teqnikurad gamarTlebu-

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li iyo. kinoaparats SeeZlo sinamdvilis de-formireba da nakuwebad danawevreba, Semdeg ki maTi, rogorc gnebavT iseTi saxiT, axle-burad Sewebeba. mas SeeZlo drois mdinarebis rogorc daCqareba, ise Seneleba. naratiuli `anomaliebi~ _ motivaciis arqona, detalebis qaosi, alogizmi, daumTavrebloba _ Tavisu-fali asociaciebis poetikis safuZveli gaxda. kino iyo futuristuli forma par excellence. igi iZleoda srul Tavisuflebas geTamaSa stimulTan da reaqciasTan, sivrcesTan da drosTan, mizezobriobasTan da SemTxvevi-TobasTan, adamianis tanTan moZraobaSi da ritmTan, rogorc aseTTan. kinematografs ga-aCnda kidev erTi mimzidveli Tviseba. eizen-Steinma aRmoaCina TavisTvis ara mxolod dro-sa da sivrceze Zalaufleba, aramed realur xalxze Zalauflebac. mas unisonSi aTasebi emorCilebodnen. saqalaqo transportis moZ-raobac da qarxnis muSaobac SesaZloa gaCe-rebuliyo misi gankargulebiT. xalxis masebi SeiZleba Sekrebiliyvnen fabrikis ezoSi, raTa trockisTvis moesminaT, magram sinamdvileSi isini mas da mis films ekuTvnodnen. es preten-ziebi Zalauflebaze _ Tuki mis atraqcionebis Teorias marTebulad miviCnevT _ male kidev ufro did gaqanebas SeiZens. ara marto masebi kinoaparatis winaSe, aramed milionobiT mayu-rebeli mTel msoflioSi daiwyebs skamebidan

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wamoxtomas, yvirils, tirils misi Canafiqre-bis mixedviT, misi atraqcionebis montaJis ZaliT. garemoebaTa gamo, masebi aparatis win Cacmulebi iyvnen rogorc rusi proletarebi da ara rogorc, vTqvaT, romaeli anda babilo-neli meomrebi grifitis `SeuwynareblobaSi~, romelic eizenSteinisaTvis sanimuSo filmi iyo. maTi moqmedebani Tanamedrove indus-triul sivrceebze iyo gaSlili: qarxnebSi, xidebze, qalaquri peizaJis fonze. siuJetad ki daCagrulTa da dabeCavebulTa istoriuli bedi iyo gamoyenebuli. xolo Tavisi zemoqme-debis Zalas filmi am Cagrulebisadmi solida-robidan iZenda. masala iyo masebi, romelTac kinoaparatis winaSe statistebis jgufebi ga-nasaxierebdnen. masebiT manipulirebis gamoc-dileba mayurebelTa darbazSi da kinematog-rafis futuristuli SesaZleblobebi _ ai, ram aqcia sabolood eizenSteini bolSevikad. axalma xelovnebam Seisruta misi Zalian pira-duli midrekilebebi da, Tumca filmis Ziri-Tadi elementebi _ misi Tema, siuJeti, adre-sati iyo arsebiTad koleqtiuri, is gaxldaT misi avtori _ da TiTqmis RmerTad iqca.

filmi samefo flotis ajanyebul xomal-dze _ `javSnosani potiomkini~ (1925), klasi-kuri tragediis msgavsad, xuT moqmedebad iyo dayofili. filmis kompoziciis analizisas aTi, TxuTmeti, oci wlis Tavze, eizenSteini

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gaocebuli iyo misi improvizaciuli srulyo-filebiT. `potiomkinis~ uSualo zemoqmedeba imdenad Zlieri iyo, rom mis ritmul srulyo-filebas Tavdapirvelad yuradReba aravin miaqcia. eizenSteinma revoluciis uaRresad ambivalenturi suraTi daxata: Zaladoba ki-dev ufro met Zaladobas iwvevs; aamoqmedebs ra jaWvur reaqcias, revolucia am codvis trialSi adamianTa sul ufro did jgufebs iTrevs. borSCis gafuWebuli xorci ukmayo-filebas iwvevs, magram mezRvaurebs aiZule-ben Wamon borSCi. roca ociode mezRvauri uars ambobs, isini, rogorc meamboxeebi, unda daixvriton. ganaCenis sisruleSi moyvanisas ganwyoba Semobrundeba da ajanyebulTa nac-vlad yvela oficers klaven. xanmokle pauza, romelic moklul amxanagze _ wminda msxver-plze _ wuxiliTaa gamowveuli, mxolod win uZRvis Zaladobis axal talRas. man amjerad mTeli qalaqi unda moicvas. wesrigis dasamya-reblad qalaqSi kazakebi SemohyavT. magram am dros qalebi, xeibrebi, antisemitebi, revolu-cionerebi, TevziT movaWreebi, studentebi, gimnazisti gogonebi, usaqmuri macqerlebi, isinic, vinc mxari dauWira ajanyebas, da isi-nic, vinc mas mxari ar dauWira, yvelani mie-marTebian portSi dasaflavebaze. am xalxis daxvreta portis kibeze eqvsi wuTi grZelde-ba. xalxTa masebis qaoturad moZravi sxeuli

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xelisuflebis Zaladobis ulmobel, kargad organizebul manqanas ejaxeba. es manqana Seu-Cerebelia. kazakebis Tofebis baTqs ajanyebu-lebis mier xelSi Cagdebuli javSnosnis ar-tileria pasuxobs. javSnosnidan generalur Stabs esvrian. moxaza ra gasrolis traeqto-ria, eizenSteinma montaJur seriaSi sami qvis qandakeba CarTo _ mZinare lomis, gaRviZebuli lomis da lomis, naxtomisaTvis rom emzade-ba. kadrebi erTmaneTs ise Cqara mihyvebodnen, rom lomis moZraobis iluzias badebdnen, ra-mac mayurebeli Seacbuna da eWvic dabada: aris es revoluciuri risxvis gamovlineba, Tu, pi-riqiT, reaqciul ZalTa gaafTreba? yvelafe-ri gacilebiT ufro martivadaa, ityvis mog-vianebiT eizenSteini. lomebi, es idiomaturi gamoTqmis _ `qvebma daiRriales~ _ ganxor-cielebaa, vinaidan SeuZlebeli iyo afeqtis Semdgomi gaintensiureba adamianuri masalis gamoyenebiT.

finalSi mosalodneli sasaklaos ararse-boba aTavisuflebs iseT kaTarzisul Semsu-buqebas, romlis swors verc erT holivudur hepi-endSi ver naxavT. Tumca, eizenSteini Tavis films `nibelungebs~ adarebda, man mo-axerxa fric langis statikuri, ornamentul-masobrivi scenebisaTvis msxverplTa qaotu-ri brbo daepirispirebina. masebis dinamika eizenSteinTan usasrulod ufro rTuli da

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dramatuli iyo, vinem kinostudia `ufas~ geo-metriuli baleti. eizenSteinma mxolod revo-luciuri mowameobriobis yvelaze STambeWda-vi suraTi ki ar Seqmna, man aCvena isic, rom revoluciur xelovnebas mayureblis aRel-veba SeuZlia da uwindeburad SeuZlia darCes xelovnebad. berlinSi filmis premiera `apo-loSi~ gaimarTa, yofil miuzik-holSi, radgan didi kinoTeatrebis mflobelebs ar surdaT filmis demonstrireba. iyo kidev erTi mcde-loba CaegdoT Cveneba, magram aman memarcxene presis gaSmagebuli zewolis Sedegad fiasko ganicada. samxedro sardlobam jariskacebs mainc aukrZala `potiomkinis~ yureba.

rusulma suraTma daCrdila yvelaferi, rac ki odesme unaxavT berlinSi _ ̀ ufas~ monu-menturi speqtaklebi da amerikuli boevikebi kinovarskvlavTa monawileobiT. es iyo sasti-ki, sisxliani filmi, memarjvene presis azriT, moskovuri yaidis da `sabWoTa-ebrauli pro-pagandis~ ukiduresi brutaloba: yoveli ufrosisaTvis unda miecaT davaleba, daecvaT mayurebeli amgvari sanaxaobebisgan. magram berlinis yvela mniSvnelovanma kulturulma figuram aRiara, rom suraTi uCveulo, dama-tyvevebel, aRmgzneb STabeWdilebas tovebs. germaneli mwerlebi _ lion foihtvangeri, bertold brexti, gustav regleri _ Seecadnen misi fenomenaluri zemoqmedeba romanebSi da

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leqsebSi gadmoecaT. berlinis wreebSi fil-mis esTetika noyier niadagze moxvedrili aR-moCnda: es iyo dadas epoqa _ epoqa `bauhausis~ mxatvrebis eqperimentebisa fotografiis, xo-lo valter rutmanis, viking egelingis da hans rixterisa _ abstraqtuli kinos sferoSi. Tum-ca, `potiomkini~ movlenad ara mxolod am da-xurul wreebSi iqca. kompartiisa da ruseTis megobrebis Jurnalebi `Die Rote Fahne~ da `Das neue Rußland~ `potiomkinis~ efeqts~ mis ideo-logias miawerdnen. male ki cxadi gaxda, rom filmis mimzidveloba gacilebiT ufro far-Toa da ara marto proletariatze moqmedebs. `potiomkinis~ warmateba eleganturi kur-fiurstendamis kinoTeatrebis burJuaziul sazogadoebaSi rusi kinoreJisorisaTvis sru-li moulodneloba aRmoCnda. misma mgznebare, sastikma, sentimentalurma, eqscentrulma, pro pagandistulma da eqsperimentulma fil m-ma Tayvanismcemlebi moipova dadaistebsa da milionerebs, fsiqoanalitikosebsa da profe-sional revolucionerebs Soris.

`potiomkini~ kinos axleburi gagebis, ru-seTis sxva xatebisa da gmirebis sruliad sxva tipis demonstrirebas axdenda. aq revolucia dakavSirebuli iyo ZaladobasTan. swored es naturalisturi Zaladoba _ pogromi, daRup-va, amboxi, terori _ axali rusuli kinos siu-Jetad iqca. momavlis miseuli apokalifsuri

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xedva adamians eiforiuli aRgznebiT muxtav-da. axal esTetikas sagonebelSi Cagdeba Se-eZlo; mayureblebi misi hipnozuri zemoqme-debis mizezs zustad ver sazRvravdnen. keri varaudobda, rom warmateba rusuli kultu-ruli tradiciiT iyo Semzadebuli, romelic fesvebiT `velur aziur-slavur~ temperamen-tamde midioda: `rusi ori TvisebiT gamoirCe-va. erTi mxriv, igi rbilia, mgrZnobiare, meo-re mxriv _ radikaluri. dogmatur-diletan-turad amis formulireba ase SeiZleba: erTi mxriv _ slavi, meore mxriv _ TaTari. (...) es ori winaaRmdegoba (erTi mxriv, mgrZnobiare, meo-re mxriv, radikaluri) SeduRabebulia rusul kinoSi. anu rusuli xelovneba Tavis emociu-robaSi midis radikalurad _ bolomde~. Sem-TxveviTi araa, rom swored montaJi iTvleba rusuli kinos ZiriTad ganmasxvavebel niSnad, Tumca montaJis bevr eqsperiments, xalisiT, frangi da germaneli avangardistebic atareb-dnen. da mainc, es teqnikuri xerxi, damyare-buli ori, erTmaneTTan xSirad aranairad ar dakavSirebuli suraTis konfrontaciaze da Sewebebaze, fasdeba rogorc gansakuTrebuli mentalobis Tviseba da gamocxadebulia ru-suli kinoskolis erovnul Taviseburebad _ rogorc veluri slavur-TaTruli sulis gag-lejilobis erTgvari materializacia. ker-ma es `potiomkinSi~ dainaxa da moixibla misi

21

`ultrarealizmiT~ _ eTnografiuli tipebiT, mZvinvarebiT da dostoevskis, tolstoisa da stanislavskiseul vnebaTa ufskrulebiT.

amave dros, masebSi, ekranze warmodgenil maT koleqtiur sxeulSi, ver moZebnidiT verc tolstois glexs da verc dostoevskis nevro-tiks. eizenSteinma Tavisi filmi TviTmyofadi tipaJebisagan da sakuTari dasis msaxiobebi-sagan Camoasxa. igi gansakuTrebiT gaaxalisa iman, rom filmis erT-erTi recenzenti `Frank�furter Zeitung~-Si werda: eizenSteinis msaxiobe-bi imitom arian ase kargebi, rom yvelani sta-nislavskis Teatridan ariano. eizenSteinma iqve gamoaaSkarava, rom isini araviTari saxis Teat ralur ganaTlebas ar iyvnen naziarebni, miT umetes, misi `dauZinebeli mtris~ skoli-sas.

herbert ieringma `potiomkins~ uwoda `sa-xalxo filmi~. germaniaSi, amtkicebda igi, ara-feria misi tolfasi, radgan `Cven politiku-rad, sulierad da mxatvrulad dafleTilebi varT~. `potiomkinis~ miseuli Sepirispireba `iliadasTan~ da ̀ nibelungebTan~ winaswarmet-yveluri aRmoCnda. 1934 wels gebelsma Ta vis reJisorebs nacional-socialisturi `potiom-kini~ mosTxova. `Vossische Zeitung~-is recenzen-ti potiomkins ̀ ufas~ da holivudis masStabur istoriul dadgmebs adarebda, magram amasTan aRniSnavda, rom es ukanasknelni mis gverdiT

22

_ mxolod idiliuri pastoralebia. kritikos-ma oskar a. g. Smitma, Seadara ra filmi gasuli saukunis klasikur romanebs, masSi veraviTari mxatvruli Rirsebebi ver aRmoaCina, radgan aq ar iyo aranairi moazrovne da tanjuli pirov-neba. mas mkveTrad Seepasuxa valter beniamini. man yvelaze moulodneli da yvelaze zusti Sedareba SemogvTavaza: eizen Steinis filmi amerikul situaciur komedias enaTesaveba. groteskis am saxeobam saSinelebis is ufskru-li aRmoaCina, romeliskenac sazogadoebas teqnika ubiZgebs. `potiomkinma~ umowyalod warmoaCina slepstikuri sasacilo Riaoba _ manqanebis momakvdinebloba. cxovrebis axali sferos gmiri _ proletariati _ iZulebuli iyo aeTvisebina axali sivrceebi. `potiomkin-ma~ xelovnebis axali formula wamowia: masebi, Zaladoba, teqnika, teqnikis Zaladoba masebze, individualuri cnobierebis gaqroba da ko-leqtiuri bediswera.

am procesis mzardma gacnobierebam da ei-zenSteinis mier sivrcesa da koleqtiur beds Soris kavSiris arekvlam _ kavSirisa, romelic meoce saukunisTvis ganmsazRvreli gaxdeba, _ `potiomkini~ xelovnebaze Zveli warmod-genebis, kinos SesaZleblobebisa da `rusuli sulis~ gamocanebis farglebs gareT gaitana. kontrastuli daqsaqsuli movlenebis monta-JiT eizenSteinma mxolod radikaluri poe-

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tika ki ar Seqmna, romelic futuristebisa da siurealistebis eqsprimentebs win uswrebda, aramed samyaros totaluri xedvac, istoriu-li procesebisa da axali masobrivi qmedebebis mizezobriobas rom aSiSvlebda; ramac STan-Tqa individi misi gancdebiTurT da igi misgan damoukidebel mizezobriobas dauqvemdebara. es aRmoCena ara mxolod rusuli, aramed sa-erTaSoriso xelovnebisTvisac mniSvnelova-ni aRmoCnda; ara marto avangarduli da so-cialurad angaJirebulisaTvis, _ rogoric piskatorisa da brextis Teatri iyo, aramed komerciuli kinosTvisac. berlinSi `potiom-kinis~ premieris Semdeg rusuli montaJuri kino evropaSi modad gadaiqca _ Savkanianebis jazis kvaldakval, eizenSteini ki _ yvelaze cnobil reJisorad da axali agresiuli ga-momxatvelobis wamyvan Teoretikosad iqca. Tavis statiebSi da interviuebSi igi germa-nul, inglisur da frangul enebze ganmartav-da, Tu rogor aerTianebs kino fsiqoteqniki-sa da fsiqoanalizis gamocdilebas sivrcis pulverizaciis kubistur eqsperimentebTan, enis mimarT futuristebis eqsperimentebTan, moZraobis axali skolebis miRwevebTan, sxeu-lebriv gamomxatvelobas rom aTavisufleben.

bevri kinematografisti _ lui deliuki, valter rutmani, Ziga vertovi _ films iazreb-dnen, rogorc mxedvelobis da smenis gafar-

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Toebis instruments. eizenSteini kinoSi gaSu-alebiTobas, azrovnebis formebis materiali-zacias xedavda. ormagi eqspozicia, zeddeba, msxvili plani _ saazrovno figurebis vizua-lizacias axdendnen da maT analizis obieqte-bad aqcevdnen. mis TvalSi montaJi intermo-dalur kavSirebsa da asociaciebze aigeboda, rac ufro axlos iyo simultanuri azrovnebis formebTan, vinem xazovan logikasTan.

oqsana bulgakova

kadrs miRma

39

ucnauri da moulodnelia broSuris wera imaze, rac faqtobrivad ar arsebobs. xom ar arsebobs, magaliTad, kino kinematografiis gareSe. am dros, winamdebare wignis avtorma moaxerxa daewera wigni im qveynis kinoze, ro-melsac kinematografi ar gaaCnia,1

kinoze im qveynisa, romelsac Tavis kul-turaSi kinematografiuli niSan-Tvisebebis usasrulo simravle aqvs, Tumca isini mimo-fantulia yvelgan... TviT kinos garda.

kino _ es aris: amdeni firma, aseTi da aseTi sabrunavi kapitalebi, aseTi `varskvlavebi~, aseTi da aseTi dramebi.

kinematografia _ es aris, pirvel yovlisa, montaJi.

iaponuri kino kargadaa uzrunvelyofili firmebiT, msaxiobebiT, siuJetebiT.

Tumca iaponurma kinom srulebiT ar icis montaJi.

amave dros, montaJis principi SeiZleboda CagveTvala iaponuri saxviTi kulturis sti-qiad.

damwerloba,radgan damwerloba, pirvel rig Si, saxviTia.ieroglifi.sagnis naturalisturi gamosaxva Cvens

eramde, cankis gawafuli xelebiT, 2650 wlis ganmavlobaSi odnav sqematizirebas ganicdis,

40

xolo 539 TanamoZmesTan erTad ieroglifikis pirvel `kontingents~ qmnis.

bambukis firfitaze sadgisiT amokawruli sagnis portreti jer kidev yvelafriT waa-gavs originals.

magram, ai, III saukunis bolos gamoigones funji,

am `sasixarulo movlenis~ Semdeg I saukune-Si (Cv. w.) _ qaRaldi,

dabolos, 220 wels _ tuSi.sruli gadatrialeba. revolucia moxazu-

lobaSi. xolo, gaivlis ra istoriis ganmavlo-baSi damwerlobis ToTxmetamde sxvadasxva-gvar maneras, ieroglifi qvavdeba Tavisi Tana-medrove moxazulobiT.

warmoebis iaraRebi (funji da tuSi) gan-sazRvraven formas.

ToTxmetma reformam Tavisi gaakeTa.Sedegad: mgznebared ganviTarebad iero-

glifSi ̀ ma~ (cxeni) ukve warmoudgenelia Sevic-noT czan ses samwerlo stilis ukana fexebze

am aRelveblad Ca-buqnuli patara cxenis ieri, cxeni-sa, aserigad kar-gad nacnobi rom aris Zveli Cinuri qandakebidan (nax. 1).

naxati 1

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magram, iqamc iyos patara cxeni iseve, ro-gorc ̀ sian-xinis~ 607 danarCeni niSani _ ierog-lifebis pirveli saxviTi kategoria.

sakuTriv interesi iwyeba ieroglifebis me-ore kategoriidan _ `ho-i~, anu `erToblivi~-dan.

saqme isaa, rom erToblioba... ukeT rom vTqvaT, umartivesi rigis ori ieroglifis Se-Tavseba ganixileba ara rogorc maTi jami, aramed rogorc warmoebuli, anu rogorc sxva ganzomi-lebis, sxva xarisxis sidide; Tuki yoveli maTga-ni, calke aRebuli, Seesabameba sagans, faqts, maTi SeTanadeba ukve cnebis Sesatyvisi aRmoC-ndeba. ori `gamosaxvadis~ SeTavsebiT miiRweva grafikulad gamousaxvelis moxazuloba.

magaliTad: wylisa da Tvalis gamosaxule-ba niSnavs _ `tirils~,

yuris gamosaxuleba karebis naxatis gver-uleba karebis naxatis gver-diT _ `smenas~,

ZaRli da piri _ `yefas~,piri da bavSvi _ `yvirils~,piri da Citi _ `simReras~,dana da guli _ `sevdas~ da a.S.magram es xom _ montaJia!!diax. zustad is, rasac Cven vakeTebT kino-

Si, vuTanadebT ra erTmaneTs SeZlebisdagva-rad erTmniSvnelovan, azrobrivad neitra-lur, saxviT kadrisebs gaazrebul konteq-stebsa da rigebSi.

kinoformis dramaturgia

120

samive maTganis urTierTkavSiri _Tezis (abstraqtuli ideis) SigniT arse-

buli konfliqtia: 1) formulirdeba titris dialeqti-kaSi,2) formirdeba sivrcobrivad kadrSida konfliqtSi _ da3) feTqdeba kadrTa Soris daZabulo-bis zrdisas _ montaJuri konfliqti.

kvlavac sruli analogiiT adamianur ga-momxatvelobasTan.

romelic aris motivebis konfliqti. Tana-brad moazrebadi sam fazaSi:

1. wmindad sityvieri gamovlineba. into-naciis gareSe: enobrivi gamomxatveloba.2. Jestikulaciuri (mimikur-intonaci-uri) gamomxatveloba. konfliqtis pro-eqcia gamomxatvelobis unaris mqone adamianis mTel sxeulebriv sistemaze. (`Jesti~ da ̀ bgeriTi Jesti~ _ intonacia.)3. konfliqtis proeqcia sivrcobriv [ganzomilebaSi]. mzardi daZabulobisas (motivebisa) mimikuri gamomxatvelobis zigzagi ganityorcneba gare sivrceSi deformaciis imave formulis Tanaxmad. gamomxatvelobis zigzagi, romelic warmoiqmneba sivrcis danawevrebisas adamianis mier, am sivrceSi rom moZra-obs. (mizanscena.)

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ilustracia 1 ilustracia 2

ilustracia 3 ilustracia 4

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aq aris safuZveli kinoformis problemis sruliad axali gagebisa.

konfliqtebis magaliTebad SeiZleboda mogvetana:

1. grafikuli konfliqti (ix. il. 1),2. planebis konfliqti (ix. il. 2),3. moculobebis konfliqti (ix. il. 3),4. sivrciTi konfliqti (ix. il. 4),5. sinaTliseuli konfliqti,6. tempiseuli konfliqti da a.S. da a.S.

(NB. aq isini aRniSnulni arian mTavari ni-San-Tvisebis mixedviT, dominantas mixedviT. TavisTavad cxadia, rom isini ufro xSirad warmoCndebian kompleqsebis saxiT, erTmaneT-Tan dajgufebulni. es marTebulia rogorc kadris, ise montaJisaTvis.)

montaJze gadasvlisaTvis sakmarisi iqneba warmovidginoT TiToeuli magaliTi gaorebu-lad ori damoukidebeli naWris saxiT.

NB. grafikuli SemTxveva. igivea yvela sxva SemTxvevaSi.

Tu ramdenad Sors mivyavarT konfliqtis amgvar gagebas kinoformis ganmartebaSi, amas Semdegi magaliTebi gviCveneben:

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7. konfliqti masalasa da ra kurss So-ris (miiRweva siv rcobrivi damaxinje-biT ga daRebis kuTxis meSveobiT _ ix. il. 5)8. konfliqti masalasa da sivrceSi mis warmodgenas Soris (miiRweva optikuri deformaciiT obieqtivis meSveobiT).9. konfliqti movlenasa da mis droSi mimdinareobas Soris (miiRweva aCqare-buli da Senelebuli gadaRebiT _ cait-lupe da multiplikatori), dabolos,10. konfliqti mTlian optikur kom-pleqssa da sruliad sxva sferos Soris.

ilustracia 5

statika

kamera

konfliqti = dinamika

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SeniSvnebi

atraqcionebis montaJi

1 ... ori mimarTulebiT revoluciuri Sinaarsis zogadi niSniT. _ JurnalSi `mayurebeli muSa~ (1924, #6) Teatraluri kritikosi s. levmani werda: `proletkulti erTi ukiduresobidan meores miawyda, uari Tqva ra gancdebis, ganwyo-bebisa da naturalizmis Janrze, igi klounadaSi, bufonadasa da groteskSi gadaeSva~. am debule-bas eizenSteini xsnis Tavis statiaSi.

2 `proletkultis alionebi~ _ proletkultis Teatris speqtakli, romelSic inscenirebulia proletarul poetTa leqsebi. igi warmoiq mna, rogorc meierholdis mier verharnis piesis `ali onebi~ dadgmaze polemikuri pasuxi.

3 `lena~ _ v. f. pletniovis (1886-1942) piesa 1912 wlis lenis movlenebze, romelic 1921 w. 11 oq-tombers moskovis proletkultis Teatris gax-s nisTvis daidga. eizenSteini mxatvar nikitin Tan erTad am speqtaklis gaformebis avtori iyo.

4 arvatovi boris egnates-Ze (1896-1940) _ xelov-nebaTmcodne, avtori wignisa `xelovneba da kla-sebi~, romelic 1923 w. gamoica, da krebulisa ̀ xe-lovneba da warmoeba~, moskovis proletkultis

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gamomcemloba, 1926 w., `lef~-is jgufis monawi-le.

5 `meqsikeli~ _ jek londonis moTxrobis insce-nireba; eizenSteinis pirveli dadgma (v.s. smiS-liaevTan erTad) proletkultis Teatris sce-naze 1921 w. ianvar-martSi. eizenSteini, agreTve, dekoraciebisa da kostiumebis avtoric gaxl-daT.

6 smiSliaevi valentin sergis-Ze (1891-1936) _ moskovis mxatvruli Teatris pirveli studiis msaxiobi da reJisori, romelic 20-ian wlebSi gaxda proletkultis pirveli muSaTa Teatris reJisori. mas ekuTvnis wigni `scenuri sanaxao-bis damuSavebis teqnika~, sruliad ruseTis pro-letkultis gamomcemloba, 1922.

7 `xramis piras~ _ v. f. pletniovis piesa, dadgmu-li proletkultis TeatrSi 1922 w.

8 `brZeni~ _ s. m. tretiakovis mier gadakeTebuli a. n. ostrovskis komedia `yoveli brZenisTvis _ sakmao ubraloeba~.

9 peretru _ moskovis proletkultis Teatris moZravi dasis Semoklebuli saxelwodeba.

10 ostuJevi aleqsandre aleqsis-Ze (1874-1953) _ ssrk saxalxo artisti, klasikuri repertuaris mTeli rigi rolebis Semsrulebeli.

11 `WriWina Rumelze~ _ igulisxmeba moskovis mxat-vruli Teatris pirveli studiis saprogramo speqtakli C. dikensis mixedviT `WriWina Rumel-ze~, dadgmuli 1915 w.

12 giniolis Teatri, anu gran-ginioli _ parizis erT-erTi bulvaruli Teatri, arsebuli XIX s. meore naxevridan, romelmac Seqmna `saSineleba-Ta Teatris~ gansakuTrebuli stili _ audito-

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riaze zemoqmedebis tipis TvalsazrisiT panop-tikumTan miaxloebuli.

13 grosi georg (1893-1959) _ germaneli mxatvari, gansakuTrebiT cnobili rogorc grafikosi da karikaturisti, romlis naxatebSi mZafri socia-luri satiris elementebi Warbobs.

14 rodCenko aleqsandre mixeilis-Ze (1891-1956) _ sabWoTa mxatvari-grafikosi, fotografi, meierholdis mTeli rigi speqtaklebisTvis (kerZod, meierholdis TeatrSi maiakovskis `baRlinjos~ meore nawilisTvis) dekoraciebis avtori, fotomontaJis Janris erT-erTi Sem-qmneli. jgufi `lef~-is wevri.

15 `brZenis~ epilogi Sedgeboda ocdaxuTi `atraq-cionisgan~, romelTac CamoTvlis eizenSteini Tavis statiaSi. qvemoT motanilia am epilogis savaraudo reJisoruli sqema.1) scenazea (maneJze) glumovi, romelic [`eqs-

poziciur~] monologSi laparakobs imaze, rom mas mostaces dRiuri da rom es mas gamo-aSkaravebiT emuqreba. glumovma gadawyvita saswrafod iqorwinos maSenkaze, risTvi-sac scenaze `manefas~ (klouns) iwvevs da mRvdlis rolis Sesrulebas sTavazobs.

2) Suqi qvreba, ekranze _ SavniRbiani adamianis, golutvinis, mier glumovis dRiuris gata-cebaa. parodia amerikul deteqtiur filmze.

3) Suqi darbazSi. gamoCndeba sportsmen-avto-mrbolelis kostiumSi gamowyobili maSenka, saqorwino leCaqiT, mas sami misi dawunebuli sasiZo-oficeri (ostrovskis piesaSi _ kur-Caevi) mohyveba, momavali mejvareebi misi da glumovis qorwilSi. gaTamaSdeba ganSore-

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bis (`sevdis~) scena: maSenka `sastik~ romanss `dae, saflavma damsajos~ mReris, oficrebi vertinskis parodirebiT asruleben `Tqven TiTebs sakmevlis surneli asdis~. (eizenS-teinis Tavdapirveli CanafiqriT _ es scena gaTvaliswinebuli iyo rogorc eqscentriu-li musikaluri nomeri (qsilofoni), maSenkas dakvra eJvnebze, romlebic Rilebis saxiTaa oficrebis mundirebze mikerili).

4, 5, 6) maSenkas da sami oficris wasvlis Semdeg scenaze isev glumovia. masTan mayurebelTa darbazidan erTimeoris miyolebiT gamor-bian gorodulini, Jofri, mamiliukovi _ sami klouni; yoveli maTgani Tavis sacirko nomers asrulebs (burTulebiT Jonglireba, akrobatuli naxtomebi da sxva), da amisTvis gasamrjelos iTxovs. glumovi uars eubne-ba da midis. (`orfraziani klounis antre~ _ yoveli gamosvlisas _ teqstis ori fraza: klounis da glumovis replikebi).

7) gamoCndeba mamaeva, gamomwvevi mdidrulo-biT Cacmuli (`etuali~), sacirko SoltiT xelSi da mas mohyveba sami oficeri. mamaevas surs CaSalos glumovis qorwili, uaryofil sasiZoebs amSvidebs da maTi cxenis Sesaxeb replikis (`Wixvinebs Cemi nacnobi faSati~) Semdeg maT raxs Seatkacunebs _ da oficre-bi maneJze mimoifantebian. orni asaxiereben cxens, mesame _ mxedars.

8) scenaze _ mRvdelia (`manefa~), iwyeba `jvriswera~. yvelani, qorwilze myofni, mRe-rian: `mRvdels hyavda ZaRli~. `manefa~ saci-rko nomers (`kauCuki~) asrulebs, Tan ZaRls asaxierebs.

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9) ruporSi _ gazeTis gamyidvelis yvirili. glumovi, tovebs ra jvrisweras, garbis, raTa gaigos, daibeWda Tu ara misi dRiuri.

10) gamoCndeba dRiuris gamtacebeli _ ada-miani Savi niRbiT (golutvini). qreba Suqi. kinoekranze _ glumovis dRiuria; filmSi moTxrobilia, Tu rogor iqceva glumovi maRali mfarvelebis winaSe da, Sesabamisad, rogor gardaisaxeba is sxvadasxva pirobiT saxed (virad _ mamaevis winaSe, tankistad _ Jofris winaSe da sxva amgvari).

11) jvriswera ganaxldeba. gaqceuli glumovis adgils uaryofili sasiZoebi _ sami oficeri (`kurCaevi~) ikaveben.

12) imisda gamo, rom maSenka jvars erTbaSad sam sasiZosTan iwers, oTx uniformists mayu-rebelTa darbazidan dafaze mjdomi mola gamohyavT, romelic dawyebul jvrisweras agrZelebs, Tan mwvave Temebze asrulebs pa-rodiul kupletebs _ `ala-verdi~.

13) kupletebis dasrulebisTanave mola lekurs asrulebs, cekvaSi yvela monawileobs. mola aRmarTavs dafas, romelzec igi ijda, ukana mxares warweraa: `religia _ xalxis opiumia~. mola midis, xelSi es dafa uWiravs.

14) maSenkas da sam sasiZos yuTebSi aTavseben (sai-danac isini mayurebelTaTvis SeumCnevlad qrebian). saqorwilo ceremoniis monawileebi Tixis qoTnebs yuTze mirtymiT amsxvreven da amiT Zveleburi saqorwilo wesis _ `axalgaz-rdebis Cawvena~ _ parodirebas axdenen.

15) saqorwilo ceremoniis sami monawile (mami-liukovi, mamaevi, gorodulini) asruleben

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saqorwilo simReras: `vin aris CvenSi axal-gazrda, da vin _ ucolo~.

16) saqorwilo simReras wyvets glumovi, rome-lic Semorbis gazeTiT xelSi da gahyviris: `vaSa! gazeTSi araferia!~ mas yvelani dasci-nian, Semdeg miatoveben.

17) dRiuris gamoqveynebisa da warumatebeli qorwinebis gamo, glumovi sasowarkveTi-lia. igi gadawyvets Tavi moiklas, unifor-mistisgan `bawars~ iTxovs. Weridan misTvis lonJas CamouSveben. igi zurgze `angelosis frTebs~ imagrebs da mas, anTebuli sanTliT xelSi, Werisken asweven. gundi mReris `Sua-Ramis caze angelosi mofrinavda~ _ `lamazi gulis~ motivze. es scena `zecad amaRlebis~ parodirebas axdens.

18) scenaze golutvini (`borotmoqmedi~) ga-moCndeba. glumovi, dainaxavs ra mis mters, iwyebs mis lanZRvas da Camodis scenaze, raTa ekveTos `borotmoqmeds~.

19) glumovi da golutvini espadronebiT ibr-Zvian. imarjvebs glumovi. golutvini ecema da glumovi mas Sarvlidan iarliys moaclis, mis qveS sityva `nep~-ia.

20) golutvini asrulebs kupletebs nepze. glu-movi mas xmas auwyobs. orive cekvavs. golu-tvini mas `xelqveiTad gaxdomas~ da ruseTSi gamgzavrebas sTavazobs.

21) golutvini qolgiT balansirebs, daxril mav-Tulze mayurebelTa Tavebs gadauvlis da gadis Teatris balkonze _ `ruseTSi~ miem-gzavreba.

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22) glumovi gadawyvets misdios mas, adis mav-Tulze, magram mowydeba (sacirko `kaskadi~) da sityvebiT: `oh, fexi srialebs, srialebs, umjobesia SesaxvevebiT viaro~ _ mihyveba go-lutvins `ruseTSi~ naklebad saxifaTo gziT _ mayurebelTa darbazis gavliT.

23) scenaze gamodis `wiTuri~ (klouni), is tiris, butbutebs: `wavidnen, adamiani ki miatoves~. Teatris balkonidan, kbilebiT mavTulsCa-Widebuli, Camodis meore klouni.

24, 25) or `wiTurs~ Soris ayalmayali iwyeba; erTi meores wyals gadaasxams, is ki moulod-nelobisagan ecema. erTi maTgani acxadebs: `dasasruli~ da publikas Tavs ukravs. am momentSi mayurebelTa darbazSi, skamebqveS xdeba piroteqnikuri afeTqeba.

kadrs miRma

statia, dawerili 1929 w. TebervalSi, gamoqvey-nebuli iyo boloTqmis saxiT nikolai kaufmanis broSurisTvis `iaponuri kino~ (`TeakinobeWdva~, m., 1929, gv. 72-92), romlis teqstis mixedviTac aris igi aRdgenili, radgan avtografi Semonaxuli araa.

es aris axalgarda eizenSteinis erT-erTi umniS-vnelovanesi Teoriuli statia, romelSic man SeZlo kadrisa da montaJis Tanafardobis gansazRvreba ara imdenad Tavisi individualuri stilisTvis, ram-denadac kinos zogadi poetikisTvis: `kadri srule-biTac ar aris montaJis elementi. kadri _ monta-Jis ujredia. dialeqtikuri naxtomis miRma erTian

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rigSi kadri _ montaJia~. da Tumca amgvari gansaz-Rvrebis garegani impulsi iyo l.v. kuleSovis Sexe-dulebebTan polemika, Tumca jer kidev igrZnoboda eizenSteinis azrovnebaze `inteleqtualuri kinos~ hipoTezis gavlena, kinosi, romelsac uSualod SeuZ lia gadmosces ekranze cnebebi, _ formulireba imdenad moculobiTi aRmoCnda, rom axlac inarCu-nebs Teoriul mniSvnelobas da siRrmes montaJis, farTo gagebiT, fenomenTan mimarTebaSi.

ar aris SemTxveviTi, rom krebulSi `Film Form~ jei leidam (albaT, avtorTan SeTanxmebiT) am sta-tias `The Cinematographic Principle and the Ideogram~ <`ki-nematografiuli principi da ideograma~> daarqva; maSin, rodesac misi pirveli Targmani inglisurze (Sesrulebuli aivor montegiusa da sergei nalban-dovis mier da dabeWdili `joisianur~ JurnalSi `Transition~ 1930 w. ivnisSi) dasaTaurebuli iyo `The Cinematographic Principle and Japanese Culture~ <`kinema-tografiuli principi da iaponuri kultura~>. miu-xedavad imisa, rom eizenSteini kinoenis `saidumlo-ebis~ Ziebisas iaponuri poeziis da grafikis magali-Tebs mimarTavs, statiis centrad swored kadris, rogorc mravalniSna `ieroglifis~, da ara rogorc azrobrivad neitraluri `asos~, ganxilvaa, ramac mas misca `gasaRebi~ montaJis Teoriis Semdgomi gan-viTarebisaTvis.

unda aRiniSnos, rom bedma eizenSteini kargad Seamzada am `gasaRebis~ morgebisTvis: jer kidev 1920 w. samoqalaqo omSi da, maSinve, demobiliza-ciis Semdeg, man daiwyo iaponuri enis Seswavla. 1943 w. wignis `meTodi~ pirvel TavSi igi ixsenebda, Tu rogor gaxda reJisori da xelovnebis Teoreti-kosi:

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`frontidan moskovSi rom movxvedriliyavi, generaluri Stabis akademiis aRmosavlur enaTa ganyofilebaze Cavabare. amisTvis me aTasi iaponuri sityva davZlie; ieroglifebis asobiT ucnaur moxa-zulobas moverie (...) yvelaze rTulia _ ara daimax-sovro sityvebi, yvelaze rTulia _ Seicno CvenTvis uCveulo azrovnebis wyoba, riTic aigeba metyve-lebis aRmosavluri konstruqciebi, winadadebebis struqtura _ sityvaTSexamebebi, sityvaTdaweri-lobebi da a.S. rogori madlieri viyavi SemdgomSi bedis, rom man cdunebebs Soris gamatara da Zveli aRmosavluri enebis am ucnauri azrovnebis wyobas da sityvier piqtografias maziara! swored azrov-nebis es `ucnauri~ wyoba damexmara me momavalSi gavrkveuliyavi montaJis bunebaSi. xolo, roca es `wyoba~ mogvianebiT gacnobierda, rogorc Sinaga-ni grZnobadi azrovnebis kanonzomiereba, romelic Cveni, sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli `logikuris-gan~ ase gansxvavdeboda, maSin swored es damexmara saxelovnebo meTodis yvelaze idumal SreebSi gav-rkveuliyavi~ (cit. ip-s mixedviT, t. 1, gv. 98-99).

1 am dros, winamdebare wignis avtorma moaxerxa daewera wigni im qveynis kinoze, romelsac kinema-tografi ar gaaCnia... _

es araswori da umarTebulo gancxadeba iapo-nuri kinematografiis ararsebobis Taobaze damya-rebulia imaze, rom iaponeli kinematografistebis umaRlesi miRwevebi maSin ar iyo cnobili _ ara mar-to eizenSteinisTvis, aramed saerTod iaponiis far-glebs gareT. 1928 wlisTvis iq Camoyalibda kinos mravali Janri Tavisi erovnuli poetikiT; ukve mu-Saobdnen msoflio donis iseTi didi ostatebi, ro-

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gorc heinoske gose, iasuZiro oZu, kehiko usihara. Tuki eizenSteini kinematografiaSi iseT filmebs gulisxmobda, romelTac ganviTarebuli montaJuri saxviToba axasiaTebT, _ maSinac ki misi mtkiceba ar Seesabameboda realobas. `kadrs miRma~-s publika-ciis mere, maleve, igi teinoske kinugasam inaxula, romlis filmebi `SeSlilobis furceli~ (1926) da `gzajvaredini~ (1928) Tamami asociaciuri monta-JiT gamoirCeoda. meore mxriv, statiam seriozuli gavlena iqonia kinoTeoriis ganviTarebaze iaponia-Si, kinos Rrma kavSirebis gacnobierebaze erovnul kulturasTan (misi iaponuri Targmani Jurn. `kinema Ziumpo~-Si ukve 1930 w. gamoCnda).

2 ...`hai-kai~ (warmoqmnili XII saukunis damdegs)... _`hai-kai~ (anu hoku) _ iaponuri lirikuli poe-

ziis Janri. sampwkariani hoku xasiaTdeba mdgradi metriT: yovel pwkarSi marcvlebis garkveuli rao-denobaa _ xuTi pirvelSi da mesameSi, Svidi meoreSi. istoriulad hoku tankas _ romelic xuTi pwkaris-gan Sedgeba, pirvel nawils warmoadgens.

3 Tumca, gadavideT magaliTebze... _inglisurenovan variantSi, dabeWdilSi krebul-

Si `Film Form~, moyvanilia oTxi sxva hoku (viZleviT or maTgans v. markovas metrikis dacviT Sesrulebu-li Targmanis saxiT, krebulis mixedviT `iaponuri poezia~, m., ГИХЛ, 1956):

На голой в�тк� SiSvel totzeВорон сидит одиноко... yvavi Camomjdara martodmarto...Ос�нний в�ч�р! (base) Semodgomis saRamo! (base)

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Яркий лунный св�т! kaSkaSa mTvaris Suqi!На циновку т�нь свою Wilobze Tavisi CrdiliБросила сосна. (kikaku) moafina fiWvma (kikaku)

4 Teatr nos (`nogaku~) _Teatr nos ZiriTadi elementebia _ sceniuri

met yveleba, gamoxatuli reCitativis formiT an ari ozuli mReriT; musika _ SeerTebuli sityvasTan da instrumentuli; da moZraoba _ cekva da pozebisa da Jestebis Sexameba. Teatr nos msaxiobebi TamaSo-ben niRbebiT.

5 pozitivisturi realizmi sruliadac ar aris percefciis swori forma. ubralod _ socialuri wyobis garkveuli formis funqciaa, saxelmwifoeb-rivi erTxelisuflebianobis Semdgom saxelmwi-foebriv erTazrovrnebas rom amkvidrebs. _

percefcia (laT. perceptio) _ aRqma, obieqturi sinamdvilis uSualo asaxva grZnobaTa organoebiT. `pozitivistur realizms~ aq eizenSteini uwodebs sinamdvilis garegani Tvisebebis brtylad natu-ralistur, mkvdar, pasiur asaxvas. mTeli es gansaz-Rvreba gviCvenebs, rom eizenSteini naTlad erkveo-da zemodan mowodebuli `realizmis~ wyaroebsa da mizezebSi, realizmisa, romelic cxovrebismagvar sawyisze daiyvaneboda.

6 ̀ mkm~ _ moskovis komunaluri meurneoba (MKX).

7 `mxiaruli kanaris Citi~ _ lev vladimeris-Ze kuleSovis filmi, `meJrabpom filmis~ warmoeba (1929).

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8 `kst~ _ kinematografiis saxelmwifo teqnikumi (ГТК, amJamad ВГИК-i).

9 SCukinis muzeumi _ `axali dasavluri ferwer-is muzeumi~ moskovSi, Seqmnili ruseTis `teqstilis mefis~ sergei ivanes-Ze SCukinis (1854-1936) koleq-ciis nacionalizaciis Semdeg.

10 ...piesaSi `narukami~..._`narukami~ _ cuuti hanZiuros piesa, kabukis re-

pertuaris erT-erTi yvelaze popularuli speqtak-li.

11 ...Cvens axal soflis suraTSi. _igulisxmeba epizodi `separatori~ filmidan

`generaluri xazi~ (`Zveli da axali~, 1926-1929).

12 Cveulebriv es an saxviTobaa _ `wyalqveSa samefo~ (`baRdadeli qurdi~) an sizmari (`zveni-gora~). ufro xSirad _ ubralod formaluri bi-riulkebi da kameriT aramotivirebuli celqo-ba (`adamiani kinoaparatiT~). me ki mxedvelobaSi epSte inis `eSerebis saxlis daRupva~ maqvs.

`baRdadeli qurdi~ (1924) _ reJ. raul uolSis amerikuli saTavgadasavlo zRapari duglas fer-benqsiT mTavar rolSi. `zvenigora~ (1926) _ aleq-sandre petres-Ze dovJenkos filmi. `adamiani kino-aparatiT~ (1929) _ Ziga vertovis eqsperimentuli dokumenturi filmi, zedmetad mkacrad da miker-Zoebulad Sefasebuli eizenSteinis mier. `eSerebis saxlis daRupva~ (an `eSeris saxlis daRupva~, 1928) _ frangi reJisoris Jan epSteinis (1897-1953) filmi, gadaRebuli edgar pos moTxrobis mixedviT.

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13 ...amas me mTeli statia mivuZRveni... _laparakia statiaze `moulodneli Sepirapire-

ba~.

14 `Sinaganelebis mimdevrebi~ _ igulisxmebian msaxiobebi da reJisorebi, romlebic gacnobiere-bul meTodikas da mxatvrul saxeze muSaobis pro-fesiul teqnikas ver flobdnen da cdilobdnen Ta-visi Semoqmedeba cariel intuiciaze (`Sinaganze~) aegoT.

meoTxe ganzomileba kinoSi

statia dawerilia 1929w. agvisto-seqtemberSi. Semonaxulia Savad naweri avtografi, meore naxev-ris gadaTeTrebuli xelnaweri da manqanaze na-beWdi avtoris SesworebebiT (РГАЛИ, 1923_1_1014 da 2_795). statiis pirveli nawili gamoqveynebuli iyo saTauriT `oTxganzomilebiani kino~ moskovis gazeT `kino~-Si 1929 w. 27 agvistos. meore nawili, romelsac inglisur TargmanSi saTauri hqonda `Methods of Montage~ <`montaJis meTodebi~>, eizen-Steinma daasrula londonSi 1929 wlis Semodgoma-ze. ibeWdeba statiis sruli teqsti manqanuri na-beWdis mixedviT, sadac igi sabolood dasaTaurda.

statiaSi nayofierad viTardeba ideebi, ukve gamoTqmuli statiaSi `kadrs miRma~. aq grZeldeba eizenSteinis Ziebani montaJisa da kadris Teoriis sferoSi. magram aq mas ainteresebs ukve ara imdenad montaJuri `ori kadris Sepirapirebis~ semantika, ramdenadac droSi ganviTareba da mayurebelze kad-

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rebis montaJuri seriis, egreT wodebuli, ̀ oberto-nebis~ grZnobadi (`qvecnobieri~) zemoqmedeba.

mkiTxvelma ar unda gaazviados eizenSteinze v.m. bexterevis refleqsologiuri swavlebis gavlena; am swavlebas sakmaod meqanisturad dayavda adamia-nis fsiqikuri cxovrebis rTuli movlenebi umar-tives biologiur formebze, xolo fsiqologia _ sxvadasxvagvari refleqsebis sistemaze. statiaSi moyvanil bexterevis calkeul debulebebs da mis terminologias ara aqvT principuli mniSvneloba obertonuli montaJis TeoriisaTvis da reJiso-ris msjelobebis logikaze gavlenas ar axdenen, miT ufro, rom eizenSteini bexterevis terminebSi Tavis Sinaarss debs. ase magaliTad, gamaRizianebe-li misTvis ara fiziologiuri, aramed mayureblis grZnobasa da gonebaze moqmedi fsiqofiziologiu-ri faqtoria, gaRizianeba ki ara meqanikuri, aramed mayurebelze xelovnebis mxatvruli zemoqmedebis rTuli fsiqologiuri procesia; da sxva.

garkveuli gagebiT statia iyo pasuxi franguli `avangardis~ pirveli _ `impresionistuli~ _ tal-Ris reJisorebis (lui deliukis, abel gansis, Jan epSteinis, marsel l’erbies da sxvebis) kinematog-rafiul Ziebebze, romelTac surdaT aeTvisebinaT kadris `ganwyobiTi~, `grZnobadi~ elementebi kino-sanaxaobis dramaturgiaSi. kerZod, lui delukma (1890_1924) wamoayena `fotogeniis~, rogorc bune-bis garkveuli movlenebis an mdgomareobebis gansa-kuTrebuli Tvisebebis, koncefcia. amgvar Tviseba-Ta gamo, isini ekranze mimzidvelad gamoiyurebian. eizenSteini adreve SeekamaTa `fotogenurobis~ koncefcias, magram am statiaSi igi mas ar axsenebs; eizenSteinma aCvena, Tu kinogamosaxulebis romeli

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`fabulis gareTa~ Tvisebebis wyalobiT xdeba is _ fotogenuroba _ grZnobadad zemoqmedebis mqone.

statia, damyarebuli `generaluri xazis~ ga-mocdilebaze, iqca mniSvnelovan nabijad win _ mon-taJis mowifuli koncefciisaken, romelsac eizen-Steini mogvianebiT gamoscems Tavisi wignebis cikl-Si 1930-1940 ww.

1 ...me vwerdi... ...iaponuri Teatris gastro-lebTan dakavSirebiT..._

igulisxmeba statia `moulodneli Sepirapireba~.

2 ... isini memarcxene kompozitorebis (debiusi, skriabini) zemoqmedebis erT-erT SesaniSnav saSua-lebad gvevlinebian. _

klod aSil debiusi (1862-1918) _ frangi kompo-zitori, pianisti da diriJori, musikaluri impre-sionizmis lideri. a.n. skriabini axlos iyo simbo-lizmTan. maTi musikaluri novaciebi, 20-ian wleb-Si gacilebiT ufro radikaluri kompozitorebis gamoCenis miuxedavad, jer kidev metad revolu-ciurad aRiqmeboda, amitomac eizenSteini maT `me-marcxeneebs~ uwodebda.

3 orivesaTvis axali erTgvarovani formula Semodis: `SevigrZnob~. _

am adgilis Taobaze Savad nawer avtografSi ga-keTebulia SeniSvna:

`aq adgili aqvs SegrZnebis kategoriis xasia-Tis iseTsave dezindividualizacias, rogoric, magaliTad, sxva `fsiqologiuri~ fenomenis dros: `siamovnebis~ SegrZnebisas, warmoSobils metismeti tanjvisagan (garkveulwilad yvelasTvis nacnobi

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SegrZneba). masze wers Stekeli: `tkivili afeqturi gadaZabvisas aRar aRiqmeba rogorc tkivili, aramed SeigrZnoba rogorc mxolod nervuli daZabuloba... nervebis yovel Zlier daZabvas matonizirebeli qme-debis unari gaaCnia; tonusis aweva ki kmayofilebis da siamovnebis grZnobas iwvevs~.

vilhelm Stekeli (1868-1940) XX s. dasawyisis germaneli fsiqologi, fsiqoanalizis froidistul skolasTan daaxloebuli.

4 `meTerTmete~ (1928) _ Ziga vertovis filmi, dokumentur-publicisturi `poema qveynis socia-listur gardaqmnaze~ sabWoTa xelisuflebis 11 wlis pirobebSi.

5 `Cingis yaenis STamomavali~ (`Sturm über Asien~) _ vsevolod pudovkinis filmi, gadaRebuli 1928 w.; ucxoeTis gaqiravebaSi mas erqva `qariSxali aziaze~.

6 dabolos, obertonuli montaJi _ rogorc konfliqti naWris tonalur dasawyissa (dominan-turs) da obertonuls Soris. _

xelnawerSi Semdeg gadaxazulia: `ukanaskne-li kategoriis agebis yvelaze rTul da mimzidvel tipad CaiTvleba SemTxveva, roca naWrebis, ro-gorc `JReradobis~ fiziologiuri kompleqsebis konfliqti ara marto gaTvaliswinebulia, aramed daculia SesaZleblobac misi calkeuli Semadgene-li gamaRizianeblisaTvis mezobeli naWrebis Sesa-t yvis gamaRizianeblebTan Sevides damoukidebel konfliqtur urTierTobebSi. maSin Cven Tavisebur polifonias viRebT. Tavisebur orkestrs, romelic organulad aerTianebs calkeuli instrumentebis

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damoukidebel partiebs, Tavisi xazebi orkestruli JReradobis saerTo kompleqsSi rom gahyavT. `gene-raluri xazis~ yvelaze warmatebul gadawyvetebSi amis miRweva SesaZlebeli gaxda (magaliTad, nawili meore da masSi, gansakuTrebiT, `jvrebiT svla~)~.

7 msjelobaTa aseT tips, magaliTad, SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT kazimir maleviCis gamonaTqvamebi ki-noze _

rusi mxatvari, suprematizmis (`usagno ferwe-ra~) fuZemdebeli kazimir severinis-Ze maleviCi (1878-1935), kinoze sami statiis avtori. eizenS-teins, rogorc Cans, mxedvelobaSi aqvs misi ZiriTa-di Teoriuli statia `da xaroben saxeebi ekranebze~ (`kino-Jurnali APK~, 1925, #10, gv. 7-9).

kinoformis dramaturgia

statiis avtografebi, manqanaze nabeWdi varian-tebi da misi masalebi, dawerili germanul, rusul da inglisur enebze inaxeba РГАЛИ-Si (1923_1_1011) da eizenSteinis xelnawerebisa da biografiuli masalebis koleqciaSi niu-iorkis Tanamedove xe-lovnebis muzeumSi (moma).

statia dawerili iyo germanulad 1919 w. mart-aprilSi, germanul `bauhausTan~ daaxloebuli mxatvar-dizaineris el (lazar markis-Ze) lisickis (1890-1941) winadadebiT, StutgartSi sazogadoe-bis `kino da fotografia~ saerTaSoriso gamofenis katalogisTvis; magram katalogSi igi ver moxvda,

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radgan, p.m. ataSevas mowmobiT, ucxoeTidan kul-turuli kavSirebis sakavSiro sazogadoebis (BOKC) mier `gagzavnil iqna araswori misamarTiT~. sa-bednierod, avtografis garda, Semonaxulia manqa-naze nabeWdi teqsti, redaqtirebuli sofi kiupers-lisickis daxmarebiT. 1929 w. ivlisSi `generaluri xazis~ damatebiTi gadaRebebidan dabrunebuli ei-zenSteini isev ubrundeba `Stutgartul~ statias da akeTebs mTel rig damatebebs rusulad, apirebs ra dabeWdos igi mSobliur enaze. magram TviT sta-tiis Targmnas igi ver aswrebs: 19 agvistos eizen-Steinis jgufi miemgzavreba sazRvargareT mivli-nebiT. 2 seqtembers ciurixSi (Sveicaria), gzad damoukidebeli kinematografistebis kongresze la sarazSi, eizenSteini statias yofs or nawilad, pirvel nawils xelaxal redaqtirebas ukeTebs da asaTaurebs mas `Die Dramaturgie der Film Form~ (`kino-formis dramaturgia~); saTauri jer kidev moskovSi iqna mofiqrebuli. erTi wlis Tavze, 1930 w. 2 noem-bers holivudSi, igi Tavisi scenarebis _ `zuteris oqro~ da `amerikuli tragedia~ _ TanaavtorTan, ai-vor montegiusTan erTad iwyebs statiis `ciurixu-li~ variantis inglisur enaze Targmnas. es Targma-ni gamoqveyndeba londonur Jurn. `Close up~�Si 1931 w. seqtemberSi saTauriT `The Principles of Film Form~ <`kinoformis principebi (safuZvlebi~)>; da sta-tia Semoklebul variantSi xdeba farTod cnobili yvela qveyanaSi, sabWoTa kavSiris garda. mxolod 1949 w. krebulSi `Film Form~ jei leida gamoaqveynebs statiis srul variants, romelic avtoris mier xe-laxlaa redaqtirebuli da germanulidan ingli-surze Tagmnili saTauriT `A Dialectic Approach to Film Form~ <`kinoformisadmi dialeqtikuri midgo-

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ma~>, da mxolod 1991 w. КЗ-Si, #11 statia ibeWdeba rusul enaze (i.g. epSteinis da n.i. kleimanis mier germanulidan Sesrulebul Tar gmanSi). winamdebare publikacia efuZneba germanul originals da iTva-liswinebs damatebebs, romlebic eizenSteinma ame-rikuli gamocemisaTvis gaakeTa.

`kinoformis dramaturgia~ problematikiT ukavSirdeba eizenSteinis mier manamde daweril, yvela mTavar Teoriul statias montaJze, da avi-Tarebs maT mTavar debulebebs. maTi erToblio-bidan, romelic gankuTvnilia `burTismagvari wig-nisTvis~, naTeli xdeba, rom montaJis eizenSteini-seuli gageba Sors gadis terminis teqnologiuri gamoyenebis farglebidan _ `kadrebis Sewebebis~ azriT. montaJuroba eizenSteinis mier gagebuli rogorc `ekranis dramaturgia~, kinogamomsaxve-lobis yvela dones da sferos ganmsWvalavs, asaxavs ra mxatvruli Semoqmedebis ori aspeqtis erTiano-bas: masalis analizur diferenciacias da saxviTi struqturis inteleqtualur-grZnobad integra-cias, rac nawarmoebis zemoqmedebis efeqturobas uzrunvelyofs.

SeniSvnaSi `StutgartisTvis damatebaTa kon-speqtidan~ eizenSteini montaJs axasiaTebs, rogorc TanafardobaTa da SeTavsebaTa xelovnebas:

`saazrovno qmedeba arisSefardebiTi _ SedarebiTi.montaJi _ aseve SedarebiTi qmedebaa,da kinogamomsaxvelobis gaSlis kanonebi inte-

leqtualuri azrovnebis ganviTarebis kanonebs unda mihyves...~ (РГАЛИ, 1923-2-797, gv. 3).

Tumca, acxadebs ra `cnebaTa uSualo ekraniza-ciis~ da `azrovnebis svlis~ SesaZleblobas, eizen-

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Steini `konspeqtSi...~ akeTebs arsebiT SeniSvnas:`xatovaneba _ erTaderTi saSualebaa movlenebi-

sa da sagnebis cnebis gzaze (qona, floba). (...) Sesqe-leba _ Verdichtung.

Tumca Verdichtung _ imavdroulad gapoeturo-bacaa. kulminaciuri daZabulobis _ Sesqelebis _ momentSi, gamoxatvis saSualeba gadaisroleba xa-tovanebaSi, gamoxatvis `Sesqelebul~ formaSi, Ses-qelebaSi _ die Verdichtung-Si!~ (РГАЛИ, 1923-1-1030, gv. 75-78).

miTiTebul SeniSvnebSi _ inteleqtualur kino-ze calmxrivi hipoTezis daZlevis winapirobaa, xa-tovanebis, rogorc xelovnebis safuZvlisa da ro-gorc ganzogadebulis da konkretulis, logikuris da grZnobadis dialeqtikuri erTianobis gagebisa-ken gadasvla.

eizenSteinis WeSmariti zrunvis sagani aris ki-noxatovaneba, romelic ganmsWvalavs kinosanaxao-bis yvela ̀ donesa~ da gamosaxvis saSualebebs: siuJe-tur-fsiqologiuri masalidan dawyebuli kadris anda samontaJo frazis grafikul an sasinaTlo ga-dawyvetamde, misi rwmeniT, yvelaze `formaluri~ elementebic ki Rrmad Sinaarsiania, sagnis `ideur~ CanafiqrTan wilnayaria. `Stutgartis~ statia amis demonstrirebas kinos vizualuri dramaturgiis magaliTze axdens. da, am mxriv, igi polemikuria `ab-soluturi~ an `wminda~ (anu abstraqtuli, usagno) kinos Tanamed rove koncefciebis mimarT, romle-bic viTardeboda iseTi gamoCenili avangardiste-bis mier, rogorebic iyvnen hans rixteri, valter rutmani, viking egelingi da sxva. amasTan sanaxaobis musikaluri da xatovani `harmonizaciis~ ZiebaTa prob lematika ukugdebuli ki ar aris, aramed xe-lovnebis klasikuri gagebis konteqstSi Semodis.

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1`... Cven verasodes vxedavT bunebaSi...~ _goeTes 1826 w. 5 ivnisis saubridan ekermanTan.

cit. wignidan: i.p. ekermani, `saubrebi goeTesTan~, m., Academia, 1934, gv. 682 (t. rudnevas Targmani).

2...dialeqtikis sistema... .... gacnobierebuli kvlavwarmoeba... _

xelnawerSi da statiis gamocemaSi am postulats erTvis SeniSvna: razumovski, `istoriuli materia-lizmis Teoria~, m., 1928.

3 fridrix avgust kaulbaxi (1805-1874) _ germa-neli mxatvari, ferweraSi naturalizmis erT-erTi winamorbedi. aleqsandre porfiris-Ze arqipenko (1887-1964) _ kubizmTan da konstruqtivizmTan da-axloebuli skulptori, 1908 wlidan evropasa da amerikaSi moRvaweobda. statiis es debuleba ei-zenSteinma SemdgomSi ganaviTara saxelmZRvanelos `reJisura. mizansce nis xelovneba~ erT-erT TavSi _ `stilTa moZraoba~ (ix. ИП, t. 4, gv. 65-80).

4 ludvig klagesi (1872_1956) _ germaneli fi-losofosi, romelic adamianuri gamomsaxvelobis problemebs swavlobda. mis Sexedulebebs eizen-Steini ekamaTeboda Tavis adreul Teoriul sta-tiebSi `metyveli moZraoba~ (1923, s.m. tretiakovTan erTad) da `kino-atraqcionebis montaJi~ (1924).

5 cit. wignis: Walles Graham `The Great Society: A Psy�chological Analysis~, Macmillan, 1928, gv. 101, _ mixedviT.

6 ...menzendikis meqanikur-metruli sistema upirispirdeba bodes organikul-ritmul skolas... _

168

bes menzendiki _ pedagogi da cekvis Teoretiko-si, avtori wignisa `qalis sxeulis kultura~ (1900). rudolf bode _ eizenSteinis mier metad mowonebu-li wignis, `metyveli gimnastika~ (1922), avtori.

7 `...TavianT ocnebaTa sinTezisaTvis, ferweri-saTvis mieRwiaT.~ _

kamil mokleris winasityvaobidan Sarl bodle-ris wignis `borotebis yvavilebi~ gamocemisaTvis, ogiust rodenis ilustaciebiT. parizi. 1940.

8 `arasiswore aris nebismieri xelovnebis safuZveli.~ _

ogiust renuaris manifestidan `arasisworis momxreTa sazogadebisaTvis~ (1884).

9 ̀ ... silamazis arsebiT da saxasiaTo nawils war-moadgens.~ _

Canaweri Sarl bodleris dRiurSi, 1856 w. 13 maisi.

10 `...kadri _ montaJis ujredia (molekula)~. _avtocitata statiidan `kadrs miRma~.

11 uzume (uZume) _ mzis qalRmerTi Zveli iapone-lebis sintoistur panTeonSi.

12 ...(`gaficva~, 1924). _sxvaoba `gaficvis~ daTariRebaSi aixsneba imiT,

rom filmis scenarze muSaoba daiwyo 1923 wlis bolos, xolo gadaRebuli masalis montaJi dasrulda 1924 wlis bolosTvis. ilustracia 11 asaxavs filmSi `sa-saklaos~ scenis kadrebis montaJur wyobas; is pirvan-deli sascenaro damuSavebisagan odnav gansxvavdeba.

169

13 `cocxali leSi~ _ l.n. tolstois piesis mi-xedviT f.a. ocepis (1895-1940) mier dadgmuli filmi (1929).

14 ...filmSi tolstois Sesaxeb (1928). _mxedvelobaSia esTer ilias asul Subis amJamad

dakarguli dokumenturi filmi `nikoloz II da lev tolstois ruseTi~ (1928).

15 ...rom `kino _ umniSvnelovanesia xelovneba-Tagan~. _

rogorc cnobilia, v.i. leninis gamonaTqvami a.v. lunaCarskis gadmocemiT ase JRerda: `yvela Tqven xelovnebaTa Soris umniSvnelovanesi kinoa~. axdens ra citirebas mexsierebiT, eizenSteini arcTu SemTxveviT (Tumca, albaT, uneblieT) am gamoTqmas `redaqtirebas~ ukeTebs _ aq mJRavndeba garkveuli kinocentrizmi, damaxasiaTebeli 20 ww. mTeli kinoa-vangardisaTvis. SemdgomSi man amgvari eqscentrizmi daZlia; kinos igi ganixilavda rogorc `ufros xe-lovnebaTa STamomavals~, da rogorc `gasaRebs~ xelovnebis kanonzomierebebis SecnobisaTvis zoga-dad. ix. amis Sesaxeb, magaliTad, statiaSi `siamaye~ (ИП, t. 5, gv. 85-97).

16 ... erT-erTi Cemi Semdgomi filmi, romelmac xorci unda Seasxas marqsistul msoflmxedvelo-bas. _

igulisxmeba film `kapitalis~ Canafiqri (ix. Ca-nafiqris masalebis publikacia JurnalSi `kinos xe-lovneba~, 1973, #1, gv. 56-67).

sa.ga.-s wignis qurdi _ qurdi ar ariso!

Ziga vertovi _ adamiani kinoaparatiT

sabWoTa avangardistis, kinodokumentalistisa da dokumenturi kinos Teoretikosis, Ziga verto-vis (1896-1954) teqstebis krebuli »adamiani kino-aparatiT« aerTianebs vertovis mier daarsebuli SemoqmedebiTi jgufis »kinokebis« manifests _ »Cven. manifestis varianti« (1922), kino-Teori-ul statiebs _ »kinokebi. gadatrialeba« (1923), »»kinoTvalidan« »radioTvalamde«« (1929) da sascenaro variants filmisaTvis »adamiani kino-aparatiT« (1929). vertovis filmi »adamini kino-aparatiT« Tavisi novatoruli koncefciiT dRe-sac dokumenturi kinos praqtikul nimuSad rCeba.

wigns darTuli aqvs ger maneli profeso-ris, sabWoTa kinoavan-gardis specialistis, oqsana bulgakovas wi-na sityvaoba.

hans beleri _ kinomontaJis aspeqtebi

dasavleTSi farTod gavrcelebuli, Sesavali xasiaTis mqone kinosamontaJo saxelmZRvanelo teqsti, sadac gaanalizebulia aq tua luri samo n - taJo modelebi, cnebebi da reJisorTa spe ci-fikuri stilebi: eizenSteini, bunueli, hiC ko-ki, godari, tarkovski, kubriki, jarmuSi da sxva.

gamocemas axlavs kino-samonta Jo cn e be bis gan - ma r te bi Ti le q si koni; ka dris sidideTa ma C ve - nebeli da 180 gra dusis principis amsaxveli sqe - mebi.

rezo kveselava _ mogonebebi qarTvel kine matografistebze

qarTveli kinodramaturgis rezo kveselavas samemuaro werilebis krebulSi »mogonebebi qa-rTvel kinematografistebze« avtori ixsenebs: Tengiz abulaZes, akaki baqraZes, suliko JRents, mixeil kveselavas, mixeil kobaxiZes, kote miqaber-iZes, aleqsandre rexviaSvils, sergo farajanovs, oTar ioselians, dore xinTibiZesa da sxvebs.

gamocemaSi warmod-genelia qarTvel ki-ne matografistTa uni kaluri foto-ebi avtoris pira di arqividan da ki no- studia »qarTu li fi l mis« orasa mde Ta na mSromlis mokle biogra fiuli mo na-cemebi.

valter beniamini _ xelovnebis nawarmoebi misi teqnikuri reproducirebadobis epo-qaSi | istoriis cnebis Sesaxeb

mkiTxvels pirvelad eZleva saSualeba gaecnos qar-Tul enaze cnobili ebrauli warmoSobis germaneli filosofosisa da kulturis mkvlevris, valter beniaminis (1892-1940), or umniSvnelovanes naSroms: »xelovnebis nawarmoebi misi teqnikuri repro-ducirebadobis epoqaSi« (1935-1936) da »istoriis cnebis Sesaxeb« (1940).

pirveli werili xelovnebis nimuSis »auris« da-kargvis axsnas gvTavazobs da am movlenas teqni-kuri reproducirebis pirobebiT gansazRvravs. am teqstma gansakuTrebuli aqtualuroba SeiZina

1960-ian wlebSi da is faqtobrivad iqca mo -wodebad xelovneba ga moeyenebinaT ara fa Sisturi, aramed so-cialur-politikuri eman sipaciis mizniT.

Tezisebi »istoriis cnebis Sesaxeb« Tavi-seburad ajamebs msje-lobas istoriuli ma terializmis daniS-nulebaze imdroinde-li araorTodoqsuli marqsizmis farglebSi.

abas qiarosTami _ qaris mxardamxar

Tanamedrove iraneli kino reJisorisa da xelovnis, abas qiarosTamis minimalisturi stilis leqsebis krebuli »qaris mxardamxar«. krebulSi agreTve ixilavT avtoris mier gadaRe-bul iranis landSaftis amsaxvel fotoebsa da ger-maneli kinomcodnis tobias erbrextis kritikul teqsts iranul kinoze: »evropuli natvrebi da iranuli kulturis eqsporti«.

maqs horkhaimeri da Teodor v. adorno _ ganmanaTleblobis dialeqtika. filosofi-uri fragmentebi

„ganmanaTleblobis dialeqtika“ (1944/47-1969) „frank furtis skolis“ kritikuli Teoriis yve-laze didi gavlenis mqone naSromia. wignSi mocemu-lia Tanamedrove sazogadoebis Zireuli kritika. civilizaciis ganviTarebis fundamenturi ana-li zis safuZvelze gamokvleulia miTosidan gan-manaTleblobis warmoSoba da ganmanaTleblobis miTosiskenve Semobruneba. naSromi warmoadgens Tanamedrove subieqtis, misi „TviTis“, formirebis filosofiur Tavdapirvel istorias da ganixilavs zneobriobisa da uzneobis Tanxvedras Taname-drove sazogadoebaSi. am wignSi ganxilulia kul-turis industriis meSveobiT ada mianTa masobrivi

mot yuebis meqanizmebi. aseve, gaanalizebulia ganmanaTleblobis saz-Rvrebi, romlebsac, na-cional-socializmSi gan xorcielebuli ka-tas trofis Sedegad, an tisemitizmis ele-mentebi warmoadgenen.

pirvel qarTul Targ-mans Tan axlavs devi dumbaZis narkvevi imis axsnis mcdelobiT, Tu ratom rCeba „ganmanaT-leblobis dialeqtika“ dResac aqtualuri.

fsiqiatriasTan gamocdilebis mqone pirTa ger-manuli asociacia _ rCevebi da xerxebi _ rogor vmarToT »SeSlil-oba«?

»megzuri« gankuTvnilia fsiqiatriasTan ga moc -dilebis mqone adamianebisa da maTi axloblebi-saTvis, romlebic krizisis dros da mis Semdeg mxar Si udganan am pirovnebebs. aq mocemuli rCe-vebi saSualebas gvaZlevs individualurad da Sina-urulad movekidoT am mdgomareobas; gvexmareba, SeZlebisda gva ra d fsiqotropuli wamlebis gareSe,

organiz misadmi zianis miyenebis gve r dis av - liT, movle ne bis ma r - Tvasa da myu d ro ebisa da stabilu robis mo-povebaSi.

teqsts axlavs fsi-qiatr Temur ioseba-Zis bolosityva oba da damxmare or ga ni za-ciaTa sa kon ta qto in - for macia.

calke gamocemis saxiT pirvelad ibeWdeba Tanamed-rove qarTveli mwerlis, aka morCilaZis, eseisturi teqstebi: »kagdata in jorjia« (2008) da »piradi enciklopedia« (2007).

aka morCilaZe _ kagdata in jorjia

sa.ga.-s wignis qurdi _ qurdi ar ariso!

sa.ga.-s wignis qurdi _ qurdi ar ariso!