Regionálna

energetická agentúra Šaľa – Galanta Partizánska 20

Mesto Šaľa Námestie Sv. Trojice 7

927 01 Šaľa 927 15 Šaľa

SSaavviinngg ppootteennttiiaallss CCoommmmuunniittyy ooff ŠŠaaľľaa

Work page 3

EffCoBuild, 22.12.2006

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CONTENT 1. Introduction 2 2. Aim determination 3 2.1 Slovak energy policy 3 2.2 Energy policy of the EU 4 3. Objects in the city of Šaľa 5 3.1 Flats 5 3.2 Family houses 6 3.3 City objects 6 3.4 Other buildings and industry 7 4. Objects fumigation 7 4.1 Flats 7 4.2 Family houses 8 4.3 Other buildings and industry 9 4.4 Summary of objects in the city of Šaľa 9 5. Types of peripheral walls of objects in the city 12 5.1 Flats and family houses 12 5.2 Public objects 12 5.3 Overall comparison 13 6. Ventilation and illumination system 14 7. Overall of individual source emissions of CO2 for the city of Šaľa 15 8. Provisions for energy usage reduction 17 8.1 Flats 18 8.2 City buildings 19 9. Survey results 21 9.1 Overall comparison of the arrangements carried out on the buildings of the city 21 9.2 Flats and family houses 21 9.3 Public objects and firms 22 9.4 Overall comparison 22 10. Slovak energy policy- recommendation 23 10.1 Rate of energy demands of Slovakia and the EU 23 10.2 Final energy usage 24 10.3 Natural gas 25 11. Rationalized provision costs 26 11.1 Energy costs 26 11.2 Costs of regulation on distribution of heat, valves... 28 11.3 Costs of peripheral wall insulation 28 11.4 Costs of changing windows for plastic ones 29 11.5 Costs of roof and floor insulation 29 12. Conclusion 29 13. Literature 30 14 Summary of the valid legislation 30

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1. Introduction

Šaľa with its location and lowland character belongs to the hottest and at the same time to the driest region of Slovakia. The city is situated in a geothermal area. It has got some artesian wells of which the water is used by the inhabitants in their households ( drinking and preparation of meals). Šaľa has got only 3, 5 % share of forestland which is critically substandard according to the whole view of Slovakia.

From the demographic point of view regarding the data of population evidence of the City Council /MsÚ/ in Šaľa is an obvious continuous decrease of the number of population. It is about 1 to 2 tenth of percent ( 0,1- 0,2 %) per year. After 1993 it gets to the slump of dwelling house building and more family houses are built. In this period from state sponsorship apartment houses are built ( 50 % of state grant and 50 % of state fund for housing development ) Climatic conditions in Šaľa: Šaľa is situated in the altitude of 122 m. During the heating season the average outside temperature is 3, 8 0C and the heating period takes 206 days in average ( from 190 to 277 days). Counted in measurements of cold D20 = 3 337 K. The heating period in Šaľa for the last years begins with a span from 12th September till 6th October and ends with a span from 14th thto 28 April. Characterization of the present situation regarding energy supply: In the city natural gas is being used for the heating of residential and non- residential objects. In total in the city of Šaľa including localities of individual housing developments approx. 19 654 626 m3 natural gas is being used.

from which 8 334 737 m3 is being used for heat production in the system of centralized heat supply(SCZT).

The datas are from the usage of natural gas from 2004. There are two main consumers of natural gas , heat producers-

3

MET Šaľa limited company /spol. s.r.o./,- city heating plant ( 76 % of market share of heat) MENERT- THERM limited company / spol. s.r.o./ private company ( 19 % of market

share ) 59 consumers – legal entity/PO/ and private individual /FO/

( 5 % of market share)

Others

2. Aim determination

The city of Šaľa and the Agency of Regional Energy Šaľa- Galanta cooperate on a project of the EU with other partners of the project from Austria ( Thalgau), Germany ( Eggesin ) and Slovenia ( Jesenica). The aim of this project is an idea of developing provisions which supposed to reduce the usage of energy in the buildings. There is a possibility to develop innovative solutions through awareness between old and new countries of the EU. Activities realized within the project till now

o energy data observation regarding city objects o energy data observation regarding households and village industry o determination of capacity saving o analysis of statutory frame conditions o discussions with communal and regional involved groups and informing them about

the ideas and experiences

2.1 Slovak energy policy Even if the Slovak energy policy has not been accepted yet its proposal is accessible on the Internet and therefore also in this material we tried to work in these aims of conceptual material into the aims of our city in accord with Energy concept of the city of Šaľa which the city has developed since 2005. Energy policy is a strategic document which defines the basic aims and frames of the expansion of energetics in a long term outlook. Energy policy is a part of National economy strategy of the Slovak Republic as the assurance of the highest economic increase is the continuously kept development under the conditions of reliable optimal energy costs and a suitable protection of the environment.

The aim of energy policy is to create the conditions to guarantee the sufficient amount of energy, its effective usage, safe and continuous supply and the maximization of savings regarding consumption.

Through the realization of energy policy we achieve the assurance of energy needs of the Slovak Republic, the way to the permanent decrease of energy demands, the creation of competitive surroundings on the energy market with an aim of decreasing costs on each levels and to eliminate a one- sided- dependence on an energy supplier.At the same time its realization creates conditions for the increase of energy effectiveness.

The energy policy is based on the equity of a statute No. 656/ 2004 Coll. ( equity of a statute) about energy and about changes of some statutes for the period of 25 years. The Slovak Ministry of Economy shall update energy policy minimally each year by taking the changes of components into consideration, which have a direct or indirect effect on energy policy.

4

2.2 Energy policy of the EU countries The main aim of EU member states energy policy is:

- to assure the sufficient amount of energy sources during maximization of energy savings regarding consumption,

- to assure safe and continuous energy supply during balanced structure of some of its individual elements in a way that if there is a case of power failure of one energy source this failure could be substituted by another source.

In the last few years in each EU member states the diversification of energy sources is becoming a key issue not only according to certain energy source types but also in accordance with the region of their geographic origin. Nowadays, the EU member states cover almost half of their energy usage through import from the territory of the third countries. Because of the expected increase of energy usage in the future and the possibility of using domestic energy sources for fulfilling the increase of usage the increase of dependece can be expected. The most often used domestic energy source in the EU member states is coal. Clear coal technologies enable to use relatively big coal reserves with the least impact on the environment. While brown coal is supplied predominantly through domestic mining, the need of black coal is even supplied by import from the territories outside the EU member states.

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3. Objects in the city of Šaľa 3.1. Flats: There are 8 668 flats in Šaľa altogether from which there are 8 170 permanently

inhabited and of which there are 1 459 family houses. At evaluation for simplicity flats were compared in categories according to the year of building.

Category of flats: Category 1 – year of construction 1963-1974 Category 2 – year of construction 1975-1984 Category 3 – year of construction 1985-1994 Category 4 – year of construction 1995-2005

Representing of flats in particular categories:

byty rozdelené podľa roku výstavby

19%

47%

14%

20%

1963 - 1974 1975 - 1984 1985 - 1994 1995 - 2004

In the city there are residential buildings of building systems PV - 2, T 06B ZA, T 06B KE, T06B NA, T06B BB and P1.15, according to these other buildings were built between 1954 and 1988.

On the basis of typal foundation of building systems the following basic features of residential buildings, the usage regarding type of system and used materials during their building were set:

a) Building structure T 06B KE Indicative energy demands: point approx. 173 kWh/m2year linear approx.170 kWh/m2year

b) Building structure T 06B ZA Indicative energy demands: point approx. 160 kWh/m2year linear approx. 165 kWh/m2year

c) Building structure T 06B NA Indicative energy demands: point approx. 136 kWh/m2year linear approx. 129 kWh/m2year

d) Building structure T 06B BB Indicative energy demands: point approx. 189 kWh/m2year Linear approx. 157 kWh/m2year

e) Building structure PV 2

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Indicative energy demands: linear approx.150 kWh/m2year f) Building structure P 1.15

Indicative energy demands: point approx. 129 kWh/m2year 3.2 Family houses : In Šaľa there are 2 075 houses altogether of which there are 1 903

permanently inhabited. There are 1 431 family houses. Energy demans and also the level of the achieved savings are effected by the constructive

building parameters of the building, its technical condition and the regulatory capability of the heating system.

Features of heating- techniques and the lack of buildings in the city of Šaľa : The bigger promotion of housing development in the city of Šaľa started at the beginning of 60th of the last century when the building of chemical industry DUSLO Šaľa was started. Till that time in the city only family houses and some walled- dwelling houses existed. Flats, built in the period of 1960 to 1993 and before do not fit today´s requirements on heat- technical features of the building.

Heat – technical demands are given by low heat- insulating features on the full areas of peripheral linings ( in the given period the normative criterias were followed in the year 1954 up to 1988). At the wooden built- in constructions after the years affected time and meteorological changes the functional features were lost and nowadays it gets to a deformation of shape, leaking and losing of tightness. For this reason these buildings do not satisfy the recommended values valid nowadays STN 73 0540 for reconstructions.

Present times : According to the above mentioned reasons and the reasons of increasing the prices of energy it comes to the heating of these buildings and to the changing of window and door fillings for plastic ones. Nowadays in Šala are approx.15 % of heated flats from this period (approx. 1 200 flats) and others are being prepared for heating.

New building nowadays uses modern materials which fit the STN 73 0540 for constructions. 3.3 City objects The city owns some areas with city buildings. We can divide them into the following groups:

Administrative School Social Others

In the table below there is an energy usage of city equipments for a year:

name El. power Gas Water Heat * kWh m3 m3 GJ

administrative 88 413 39 030 2 175 - school 323 164 158 498 27 473 18 510 social 113 297 58 868 4 827 850 others 512 884 75 847 1 418 927 4 385 in total 1 037 758 332 243 1 453 402 23 745

• There are no datas of all objects

7

Graphic illustration of energy usage in city buildings :

0100200300400500600

el.power gas water heat

administr. schools social others

3.4 Other buildings and industry : There are also buildings in the city owned by the state and by the County., and there are also private property buildings. The city economy shows a significant share of chemical, engineering, food and building industry. Including the sector of services is over average and positive for the future. 4. Object fumigation 4.1 Flats : Dwelling houses on the region of the city Šaľa are fumigated by the Central Sources of Heat (CZT) and only a small part has its own housing boiler room with natural gas ( 22 panel houses ). CZT is assured through two central producers of heat:

MET Šaľa /spol. s r.o./ limited company- 1. produces heat in two central boiler rooms (CK31, CK34) with a total capacity of 46,15 MW.

Menert /spol.s r.o./limited company - 2. produces heat in two central boiler rooms with a total capacity of 12,26 MW.

Fumigation in flats is assured by using radiators. In the year 2004 the usage of energy for heating from CZT was the following – expressed in percentage:

84%

16%

MET Menert

8

Tabular and graphic illustration of energy usage for heat production in flats:

Natural gas Electric power Brown coal %

CZT and small boiler rooms

96,08 3,67 0,25

0

20

40

60

80

100

natural gas el.power Coal

4.2 Family houses : Almost every family house is heated by natural gas. A very small amount is heated by coal

and electric power. Tabular and graphic illustration of heat production in family houses:

Natural gas Electric power Brown coal %

Family houses 96,28 3,25 0,47

0

20

40

60

80

100

natural gas el.energy coal

9

4.3. Other buildings and industry: Public objects are heated by CZT as by individual boiler rooms. Firms on the territory of the city of Šaľa have their individual house boiler rooms for natural gas of which we do not have exacts information- we used a competent appraisal and some are connected to CZT. Tabular illustration of heat production in case of public objects and firms (approx.) :

Natural gas Electric power Brown coal %

Public objects and firms 67,74 30,41 1,85

010203040506070

natural gas el.power coal

4.4 Summary of objects in the city of Šaľa In the city there are 10 073 flats and family houses altogether, 46 city objects and objects of other institutions on the territory of the city and 59 objects of entrepreneurial field (industry). These datas are from the year 2002. Overall tabular and graphic illustration of heat production according to the objects in the city of Šaľa :

Natural gas Electric power Brown coal %

Flats 58,19 2,22 0,16 Family houses 34,52 1,22 0,18 Public sectors and others 2,37 1,07 0,07 In total (100 %) 95,08 4,51 0,41

Graphic illustration of heat production in case of public objects and firms (approx.) :

10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Natural gas El.power Coal

Flats Family houses Public sectors and others

Table and graph of objects in the city of Šaľa according to the method of heating :

Heating Category No.of

objects CZT Local Small boiler rooms

Flats and family houses 10 073 7 730 1 903 440

City objects and others 46 18 8 20

59 7 0 52 Industry 10 168 7 755 1 903 519 Amount

0

1 000

2 000

3 000

4 000

5 000

6 000

7 000

8 000

CZT Local Small boiler rooms

Flats and family houses City objects and public sector entrepreneurs

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Table and graph of objects in the city according to the heated surface in m2 :

Heated surface in m

Category No. of objects 2* 10 073 755 475 Flats and family houses

46 55 710 City objects and public sector 59 6 753 Entrepreneurs( industry)

10 178 817 938 Amount * some datas are only according to the statistic appraisal because exact datas were not provided

755475

55710 67530

100000

200000

300000

400000

500000

600000

700000

800000

Flats and family houses City and public sector Industry

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5. Type of outer walls of city objects

5.1. Flats and family houses The structure of outer walls of flats is the following:

flats and family houses - type of outer walls

pôrobetón; 152

tehly; 20

iné; 38

betón; 139

tvárnice; 170

betón pôrobetón tvárnice tehly iné

5.2. Public objects The structure of outer walls of the public objects is the following:

public objects - type of outer walls

Pôrobetón

Pôrobetón

Pôrobetón

Pôrobetón

tvárnice

tvárnice

tvárnice

tvárnice

tehly

bricks

bricks

bricks

others

others

others

others

Administrative

School

Social

Another

Pôrobetón tvárnice tehly iné

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5.3. Complete comparison

Type of outer walls %

No. of objects Category Profilated

bricks Bricks OthersConcrete Pórobetón

Flats and family houses 10 073 26,8 29,3 32,8 3,9 7,2 Public objects 46 0 4,3 0 69,6 26,1 Industry 59 40 0 0 40 20 Amount 10 178 25,8 28,0 31,1 6,9 8,2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

concrete profilatedbricks

others

flats and family houses public sectors industry

14

6. Ventilation and lighting system Ventilation of all objects ( flats, family houses, firms and public objects ) is assured by intensive natural ventilation. In the recent times the fixing of air- conditioning into administrative buildings and entrepreneurial subjects has been started. Bulbs in a predominant amount are used for lighting but in the last few years fluorescent lamps and economic bulbs also got into the centre of attention. Public lighting of the city of Šaľa was built in in the 60th of the last century. It was completed step by step till the period of the 90th of the last century. According to this it is obvious that the whole system of public lighting in the city became morally outdated. The total amount of lighting points in the city is 1 872 pieces for 1 644 poles of the total length of cable line 29,5 km and of air 30 km. The total installed power is 276 kW. Table and graph of public lighting of the city of Šaľa Usage of el. power kWh 2003 2004

No. of poles ks

Length of distribution in m

Public lighting 1 192 424 1 059 960 1 644 59,5

980000

1000000

1020000

1040000

1060000

1080000

1100000

1120000

1140000

1160000

1180000

1200000

2003 2004Public lighting

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7. Summary of certain CO2 emission sources for the city of Šaľa The last complex accessible datas are from the year 2002. In the table below are CO2 emissions accounted for the city and for an inhabitant. Because of the high gasification the CO2 emissions in the city are significantly higher than before the year 1992 when the gasification of city boiler rooms was started. Type CO2 emissions in t/city and

year CO2 emissions in t/inhabitant and year

Natural gas 38 755 23 276 0,95 Big / middle consumers 14 530 0,59 Small consumers 949 0,04 Others

Electric power 1 806 889 0,04 Inhabitants -flats 491 0,02 Inhabitants –family houses 426 0,02 Others (approx.)

Brown coal 159 62 0,003 Big / middle consumers 71 0,003 Small consumers 26 0,0002 Others

Fuel in total 40 720 Waste economy 12 284

6 355 0,25 Population 2 851 0,12 Organizations 1 220 0,05 Rubbish on a large area 360 0,01 Rubbish - allotments 87 0,004 Rubbish- cemeteries 1 411 0,06 Rubbish – landscaping

Propellant 42 377 32 710 1,34 Petrol 9 663 0,4 Diesel oil 4 0,0001 LPG

In total 95 381

38 755

1 806 159

0

10 000

20 000

30 000

40 000

CO2 t/year

Natural gas El. Power Coal

Graph illustrating the amount of produced CO in the city of Šaľa for a year from energy fuels 2

16

Overall table and graph of produced CO in the city of Šaľa for the year 2002 2

Type Emissions CO2 in t/city and year

Fuels 40 720 Waste 12 284 Propellant 42 377

40 720

12 284

42 377

0

10 000

20 000

30 000

40 000

50 000

CO2/t year

Fuels Waste Propellant

As it is impossible to find out the way ( type of fuel) how the electric power is being produced in Slovakia, our starting point was the rate of representing the way of production on the whole of Slovakia ( approx. 27,4 % is made of fossile fuels, at which CO2 emission comes up). At CO emission calculation the following relation was taken into account: 2

1 kWh = 3 600 000 J = 3 600 MJ = 3,6 GJ = 0,0036 TJ Because of the unwilligness from the side of the energy supplier of providing these datas, it is not possible to express the usage of electric power in a production sphere of the city of Šaľa. Industrial developed countries in the year 1997 on a summit in a Japanese Kjota decided about the reduction of CO2 emissions and other gases in a period from 2008 to 2012 in average of 5,2 % (Slovakia was obliged to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases of 8 % from the level of the year 1990; the USA did not sign it).

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8. Provisions for energy usage reduction Recounting of rates between units of energy measure (heat) :

1 GJ = 277,778 kWh = 0,277778 MWh 1 J = 0,238846 cal = 0,000238846 kcal

1Wh = 3 600 J = 0, 0000036 GJ 1cal = 4,1868 J = 0, 0000000041868 GJ

Capacity of natural gas = 0,034 GJ/m3

Slovak housing fund up to 96 % was built after the year 1945 and it contains approx. 1,76 million flats.Of this amount approx. 85 % was built in the period from 1960 up to 1992 (panel technology). The average utility surface of these houses is 62,29 m2 per flats. The complete quality of these flats is mainly affected by neglected maintenance and inadequately operated reconstructions.These inadequacies can be divided into three main groups: ♦ inadequacies affecting usage safety ♦ inadequacies decreasing utility value, increasing operating costs and in some time can lead to the arise of defects threating health ♦ inadequacies caused by used up lifetime of building constructions and technical arrangements of buildings In the added table is showned the lifetime of some materials, building constructions and technical arrangements of buildings in case some needed maintenance would take place:

Name Lifetime in years Hydro- insulating material 20 Windows 40 Water distributions 30 – 40 Heating distributions 40 Ceramic and wooden floors 30 - 40 Lifts 25 - 40 Electric distributions and wiring 30 - 50 The characteristic signs of public housing development are the results of neglected or inadequate maintenance, inadequate thermal insulation ability, ending of lifetime of some building constructions and technical arrangements of buildings, aspect uniformity and the complete negligence not only of buildings but also of the whole area. Even if the housing fund has a low rate of lifetime it is necessary mainly in a housing fund built up till the year 1970 to complete the renewal and modernization taking into consideration that many built- in supplementary building constructions and equipments draw to an end of or are over their lifetime. Considering mutual connection of individual changes which take the improvement of living conditions into account the following renewal resulting steps can be recommended: ♦ thermal insulation of middle lining with a simultaneous roof repairing, also with repairing of concrete constructions and replacing of windows with plastic ones– possibly being siutable for present requirements ♦ replacing of windows in the staircase, entrance doors with post boxes ♦ replacing of wiring, gas distribution, heating and water, sewage waste, ventilation through regulation and measuring ♦ replacing the main point of the flat and electricity in the flat ♦ replacing, possibly renewing of lifts

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♦ changing the top surface of the flooring in a communication space, fixing of the internal surfaces and flooring of corridors ♦ replacing and renewing of building constructions and technical equipments from the point of view of fire security Even if these datas according to the statistics refer to the whole of Slovakia we can apply them for our city. In about 19 % of block of panel flats were built in our city till the year 1970 and therefore there are on or beyond the borders of lifetime almost with all indicators from the previous table.

8.1. Flats On the basis of the research the received results were elaborated and a qualified appraisal of the following datas was developed (thermal insulation of peripheral linings of buildings; fixing of heat meters on the side of fumigation; fixing of heat meters for hot water heating; setting thermo-regulatory- valves into the flats; fixing of proportional heat distributors;) According to the reached datas and qualified recounts the following components appear in flats in percentages expressed in accordance with the year of construction: Table and graph of the fulfilled provisions on heating systems of a flat :

100 % Provisions in % Hot utility water meter/TUV/No. of flats *Heat meter TRV Rate distributors Category

1963 - 1974 19,2 100 31 31 60 1975 - 1984 46,8 100 69 69 40 1985 - 1994 14,2 100 0 0 0 1995 - 2004 19,8 100 0 0 0

020406080

100

heat meters heat utility watermeters

thermo-valves rate distributors

1963-1974 1975-1984 1985-1994 1995-2004

Note: TUV – hot utility water; TRV – thermo- valves; * - not in the flats but on stations dealing with heat. According to the fact that the systematic provision of energy decrease starts only in this period at the present time we have no comlete results in disposition to give evidence to this.These will be in disposition in about 3 to 5 years, when the number of systemic steps achieves the level of about 60 % of the total constructed and operating sources of fumigation and hot utility water heating /TÚV/.

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The datas of the results from the research were also elaborated in the following table. Through research datas were noticed about peripheral linings of buildings, replacing of windows with plastic ones and about thermal insulation of panel dwelling houses. Table and graph of the accopmlished provisions on the building side of panel dwelling houses in Šala :

Provisions % % Category Thermal insulation of

peripheral linings Changing of

winows Thermal insulation

of roofs No. of flats

1963 - 1974 19,2/100 40,7 3 15,7 1975 - 1984 46,8/100 59,3 4,4 9,4 1985- 1994 14,2/100 0 0 0 1995 - 2004 19,8/100 0 0 0

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

%

peripheral lining windows roof

1963-1974 1975-1984 1985-1994 1995-2004

8.2 City buildings The city owns 36 buildings which serve the interest of the inhabitants of the city.

Through research the condition of heating systems was determined ( substitution of the boiler, fixing of the heat meters for fumigation, fixing of the heat meters for hot utility water heating, installation of thermoregulatory valves and of proportional heat distributors.

Established datas are elaborated in the following table and on the relevant graph.They are

expressed in percentages. The following components appear in the city objects:

Provisions v % 100 % /TUV/ hot

utility water meter

/TRV/ thermo- valves

Boiler substitution Heat meter Rate distributors No. of objects

Category Administrative 1 100 100 100 100 100 School 16 18,75 31,25 12,5 6,25 0 social 4 0 0 25 25 0 ohers 15 13,33 33,33 20 13,33 6,66 Amount 36 6/16,66 11/30,56 7/19,44 5/13,89 2/5,56

20

0102030405060708090

100

boiler heat meter hot utilitywater meter

thermo-valve ratedifference

Administrative School Social Others

Note: TUV – hot utility water; TRV – thermo- valves The following table and the relevant graph introduce the percentages which show that on how many city objects were carried out thermal insulations of peripheral linings and roofs and on how many objects were changed windows for plastic ones.

Provisions v % 100 % Changing of

windows No. of objects Heating of walls Heating of roofs Category Administrative 1 100 0 0 School 16 6,25 12,5 12,5 Social 4 25 0 0 Others 15 0 0 0 Amount 36 3/8,33 2/5,56 2/5,56

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

windows peripheral lining roof

administrative schools social others

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9. Survey results

The overall comparison of the research based on the accomplished provisions on the 9.1 buildings of the city of Šaľa

In the following tables is a summary of the total amount of objects in the city of Šaľa, how many objects were involved in the research and it is expressed in percentages on the graphs.

Provisions in % Changing

of the boiler

Hot utility water

meter/TUV/ No. of objects Category Thermo-

valves/TRV/ Rate

difference Heat meter piece/piece / % Flats and family houses 10 073/732/7,3 0 377/3,7 403/4 328/3,3 110/1,1

46/38/82,6 Public objects 6/13 11/23,9 7/15,2 5/10,9 2/4,3 59/6/10,2 industry 3/5,1 1/1,7 1/1,7 4/6,8 2/3,4

10 178/776/7,6 9/0,09 389/3,8 411/4 337/3,3 114/1,1 Amount

Provisions in % Heating of No. of objects Changing of

windows walls roofs Category

piece / piece / % piece / % piece / % piece / %

Flats and family houses 10 073/732/7,3 19/0,2 76/0,8 54/0,5

46/38/82,6 Public objects 3/6,5 4/8,7 2/4,3 59/6/10,2 industry 3/5,1 3/5,1 3/5,1

10 178/776/7,6 25/0,25 83/0,8 59/0,6 Amount

byty a rodinné domy

6244992,3

2995164,81

342594,3

central heating

warm utility water

electic energy

9.2 Flats and family houses Total costs of energy on poll flats for the year 2005 were 19 127 503 Sk. Costs of fumigation in the year 2005 were approx. 761 Sk/m2 of the fumigated surface of the flat, costs of hot utility water/TÚV/ preparation were 366 Sk/ m2 and the costs of electric power were 42 Sk/ m2 . Graphic illustration of costs of energy in the year 2005:

22

9.3 Public objects and firms Total costs of energy on public objects for the year 2005 were 226 519 927,1 Sk. Costs of fumigation for the year 2005 were approx. 3232 Sk/m2 of the fumigated surface of the flat, costs of hot utility water /TÚV/ preparation were 45 Sk/ m2 and the costs of electric power were 1465 Sk/ m2 .

Graphic illustration of the costs of energy in the year 2005:

v erejné objekty

145199495,6

182638

81137793,54

central heating

warm utility water

electic energy

9.4 Overall comparison

Central heating /ÚK/

Hot utility water/TUV/ Category Electric power

Flats and family houses 6244992,3 2995164,81 342594,30 Public objects 145199495,6 182638 81137793,54 Industry 531075 60109 680644 Amount 151975562,9 3237911,81 82161031,84

The energy situation of the city of Šaľa is satisfying, as long as natural gas is being predominantly used for fumigation and fumigation by using heavy fumigation oils and coal is zero. In the city of Šaľa the energy vision is focusing on the usage of reneable energy sources available in the region which are predominantly geothermal energy and biomass. The city inhabitants just as the directors or owners of the buildings consider the field of energy and energy savings to be interesting and in the recent period they pay a great attention to it as it comes to the increase of fossil fuel prices. In the city of Šaľa within the project there was a “ Free energy comsultancy“ provided for the inhabitants of the city and energy consultancy for the surrounding villages which were predominantly used by the flat owners.

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Interest in consultancy on the field of energetics also as planned reconstructions of the objects of research via questionnaire are evident from the following table. Interest in consulting and planned reconstruction of the objects:

reconstruction consulting Category yes no yes no coal % coal % coal % coal % Flats and family houses 101 13,79 231 31,55 20 2,59 162 22,13 Public objects 9 23,68 21 55,26 9 23,68 17 44,73 Industry 0 0 6 100 1 16,66 5 83,33 Amount 110 37,47 258 186,81 30 42,93 184 150,19 10. Slovak energy policy - proposal The Government of the SR with the Government Dicision No. 29 from 11.01.2006 authorized the proposal of the energy policy of the SR and obliged the authorized minister to develop a strategy of higher usage of renewable energy sources in the SR. Even if the material has not been completely accepted yet it helps with the possibility to define what kind of provisions has been made and are under preparation. 10.1 Rate of energy demands of the Slovak Republic and EU 15 For comparing energy demands with the EU 15 member states it is more appropriate to use instead of HDP expressed in constant numbers its formulation in purchasing power parity. It is possible to see on the graph that energy demands even counted in this way have in Slovakia from the year 1995 permanently decreasing tendency. In the year 1995 the energy demands were 2,3 times higher than the average of the EU, to which in the year 2003 this indicator was only 1,9 times higher. In spite of this positive development the reason of permanent high energy demands is the continuous considerable industry share for the production of domestic product. To achieve the EU 15 energy demands further decrease of this rate is needed.

Energetická náročnosť vyjadrená v parite kúpnej sily

(PEZ/ HDP ppp)

0

5

10

15

20

25

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

PJ/ m

ld. E

UR

1,0

1,2

1,4

1,6

1,8

2,0

2,2

2,4

EU 15

Slovensko

Pomer energetickejnáročnosti SR kuEU15 (pravá os)

24

Indicator 2004 2005 2010 2020 2030 Rate of energy demands of

Slovakia to the EU15 1,85 1,80 1,60 1,30 1,10

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

2004 2005 2010 2020 2030

Final energy usage10.2

appraisal reality

1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2010 2020 2030

KSE – Final energy usage

(PJ) 545 507 512 519 499 500 491 473 461 464 444 450 455 460 470 480

0100200300400500600

1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2010 2020 2030

Source: MH SR

According to the datas of the final energy usage development it can be stated that the final energy usage has a tendency of decrease every year. The reason of this state is a progressive realization of economic provisions regarding usage.

The appraisal of final energy usage development is based on the following conditions: • the increase of costs of electricity usage because of production start in new producing

factories, • the increase of electricity usage in households, • the increase of fuel usage in transport,

At the appraisal of the final energy usage the realization of provisions based on the decrease of the final usage was also taken into consideration.

25

Vývoj spotreby primárnych energetických zdrojov

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

90019

9319

9419

9519

9619

9719

9819

9920

0020

0120

0220

0320

0420

05

2010

2020

2030

PJ

Obnoviteľné zdroje energie

Teplo z jadrových elektrární

Ropa

Zemný plyn

Uhlie

10.3 Natural gas The annual usage of natural gas is approx. 7 mld. M3. The domestic production has a share

of about 3 % of this usage. The rest of natural gas is imported from the Russian federation. In the following period a mild increase of natural gas usage is expected mainly as a result of the increase of usage in the industry and in electricity and heat production. Gas utilization is also appropriate because of minimal impact on the environment. This assumption comes from keeping price relations of natural gas in contrast with other primary sources. In case a noticable change of price relation of natural gas comes up the change of the whole usage can be expected.

2005 2010 2020 2030 Total usage of natural gas (mld.m3) 6,5 6,9 7,0 7,1

6,2

6,4

6,6

6,8

7

7,2

2005 2010 2020 2030

mld. m3

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11. Costs of rationalizing arrangements 11.1 Energy costs The following tables and graphs show the approximate division of annual energy usage in a household:

Name GJ / year % Cooking 4,9 32 Cooling, refrigeration 3,4 23 Washing 3,1 21 Lighting 1,8 12 Others 1,8 12 Total household operation 15,0 19 Water heating 24,0 30 Heating 42,0 51 Household in total 81,0 100

32

23 21

12 12

0

10

20

30

40

%

cooking cooling and refrigeration washing lighting others

Graph: Approximate division of annual energy usage in the household

1930

51

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

%

others water heating heating

27

If we consider the average calculated value of energy usage for fumigation: • in a flat it is 40 GJ = 1 200 m3 of natural gas • in a family house 100 GJ = 3 000 m3 of natural gas

after placing into the table and observing the savings of approx. 15 % of costs during the period of years 2004 – 2013, at basic provisions we get the following datas which are demonstrated in the enclosed table and on the appropriate graph :

Name Coefficient per unit No. of units

Average annual usage Saving of 15 % for 10 years 2004 - 20013

GJ m3 ZP pieces GJ m3 ZP GJ m3 ZP Family houses 100 3 000 1 903 190 300 5 709 000 28 545 856 350

40 1 200 8 170 326 800 9 804 000 49 020 1 470 600 Flats City and public buildings

80 2 400 46 3 680 110 400 552 16 560

120 * 3 600 59 7 080 212 400 1 062 31 860 others 527 860 15 835 800 79 179 2 375 370

190 300

326 800

3 680 7 080

0

50 000

100 000

150 000

200 000

250 000

300 000

350 000

GJ

family houses Flats City and public buildings others

* taking into consideration an operation during more shifts

28

Average annual usage

Savings of 15 % for 10 years 2004 -

20013

Average annual usage

Savings of 15 % for 10 years 2004 -

20013

Name

GJ GJ m3 ZP m3 ZP The city of Šaľa 527 860 79 179 15 835 800 2 375 370

527 860

79 179

0

200 000

400 000

600 000

GJ

annual usage savings

Example model 1 : a 6-floored- house with these parameters:

• built in the 70th of the last century; walls made of ruined panel made of ceramic granules with a thickness of 290 mm; with a coefficient of heat transition through the walls 1,68.

• Windows earlier with a coefficient of heat transition 2,9. • Heat usage for 1 m2 reaches 0,6 GJ/ year • At the price of heat 650,- Sk/GJ and at total usage of 42 GJ for the heat 27 300,- Sk is paid.

Example model 2 : a-10- floored prefab with the following parameters: • Built in the 80th of the last century; walls made of laminated panel with a thickness of 300

mm; with a coefficient of heat transition 0,65 to 0,81 • windows earlier with the coefficient of heat transition 2,9 • heat usage in a house for 1 m2 reaches 0,5 GJ/year

Costs of regulation of heat distribution, valves and heat meter11.2

Price for a flat in Sk*

Price for accommodation

unit in Sk

No. of flats Name

Model 1 36 288 000

* 4 radiators in a flat x 1 200,- Sk (price for a hydraulic regulation of distributions counting one radiator with a thermo- valve + 800,- Sk for a proportional heat meter

8 000 Model 2 60 480 000 11.3 Costs of thermal insulation of outer walls

Height of

building in m

Insulated surface in

m

No. of flats

Price for a flat in Sk

Price for a house in Sk

Possible material

Price for mName 2 in Sk 2

Model 1 36 16,9 1 260 Styrofoam 1 200 42 000 1 510 000 Styrofoam +

wool Model 2 1 320 * 46 200 2 777 000 60 28,1 2 100 * 6 floors (1 260 m2) regarding the fire safety are insulated with styrofoam at the price of 1 200,- Sk/m2 and the 4 floors is insuated with mineral wool at the price of 1 500,- Sk/m2.

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11.4 Costs of changing windows for plastic ones

* Price for

a window in Sk

Name No. of No. of windows

Price for a flat in Sk

Price for a house in Sk

Model 1 36 108 2 330 000

* at price 6 000,- Sk (material + installation) size of the window 2,4 x 1,5 m.

Model 2 60 180 21 600 64 800 3 888 000 11.5 Costs of thermal insulation of roofs and floors

Insulated surface in

mName No. of

flats Price for m2

in Sk Price for a flat in Sk

Price for a house in Sk 2

Model 1-floor 36 195 500 500 5 400 Model 1-roof 36 1 000 10 800 390 000 Model 2-floor 60 500 5 400 195 500 390

Model 2- roof 60 1 000 10 800 390 000 The result of the accomplished provisions : Model 1 – The costs of all investments achieve 4 713 000,- Sk which means 130 000,- Sk per flat. The coefficient of heat transition falls to 0,5. The coefficient of heat transition through the windows falls to 1,1. Less heat will disappear through the cellar and roof. Heat usage in the house falls to 0,3 GJ/m2 per year. An average three-room- flat with a surface area of 70 m2 uses for heating 21 GJ of heat per year. At the present price of 650 Sk/GJ pays for the heat approx. 13 560,- Sk for one year. At the same saving, yearly regarding the investments and the payed interests a 12- year- recoverability can be expected. The lifetime of the accomplished provisions at an appropriate maintenance reaches approx. 25 years. Model 2 – The costs of all investments achieve 7 700 000,- Sk which means 130 000,- Sk per house. The coefficient of heat transition through walls falls to 0,286 up to 0,305. The coefficient of heat transition through the windows falls to 1,1. Less heat will disappear through the cellar and roof. Heat usage in the houe falls to 0,25 GJ/m2 per year. An average three-rooom- flat with a surface area of 70 m2 uses for heating 17,5 GJ of heat per year. At the present price of 650 Sk/GJ pays for the heat approx. 11 400,- Sk for one year. At the same saving, yearly regarding the investments and the payed interests a 13- year- recoverability can be expected. The lifetime of the accomplished provisions at an appropriate maintenance reaches approx. 25 years. 12. Conclusion 12.1 To achieve the goals set in this document it is necessary to come out of the Slovak energy policy in which apart from others are stated the following basic priorities:

1. to accept the provisions focusing on the energy savings and on the decrease of energy effectivenes regarding usage,

2. to use domestic primary energy sources for electricity and heat production based on the principle of economical effectiveness,

3. to increse the usage of combined electricity and heat production 4. to increase the proportion of renewable energy sources in electricity and heat production

with an aim of creating appropriate supplementary sources necessary for covering domestic demands,

5. to complete systems and network to be able to guarantee ordinary and reliable transfer of heat,

30

6. to support the usage of alternative fuel in transport.

12.2. Starting points for achieving the goals of energy policy – balance of sources and needs

The Slovak Republic almost 90 % of primary energy sources assures by buying from the outside territory of the inner market of the EU. The only important domestic energy source is brown coal as home mining of natural gas and oil is not significant. For this reason the importance of renewable energy sources ( such as biomass, water, geothermal energy, solar energy and wind power) is constantly growing.

Regarding the analysis in a long term outlook it can be assumed (up to the year 2030) that the main role in supplying the consumptions will be payed by the higher use of nuclear fuel, natural gas and renewable energy sources. This development comes from the hypothesis that as a result of the tightened emission limits the usage of coal will decrease. The same event can be expected in case if the emission limits in sufficient amount do not frighten off from the usage of coal. For the reason of substituting oil elements with biofuels only a mild increase of oil usage can be expected mainly in transport. 13. Literature

1. Slovak Energy Policy- proposal 2. Energy conception of the city of Šaľa 2005 3. Towards TUR: common European indicators– Šaľa 2003 4. Research of entrepreneurial environment– the city of Šaľa 2003 5. The Internet 6. Daily press 7. Trust of the city of Šaľa- public tender

14. Summary of current legislation The field of energetics is modified by more legal regulations of the EU of which the most important ones are the following:

- Directive No. 93/76/EEC of 13 September 1993 to limit carbon dioxide emissions by improving energy efficiency (SAVE),

- Directive No. 2001/77/EC of 27 October 2001 on Electricity Production from Renewable Energy Sources,

- Directive No. 2002/91/EC of 16 December 2002 on the energy performance of buildings, - Directive No. 2003/30/EC of 8 May 2003 on the promotion of the use of biofuels or other

renewable fuels for transport, - Directive No. 2003/54/EC of 26 June 2003 concerning common rules for the Internal

market in electricity, - Directive No. 2003/55/EC of 26 June 2003 concerning common rules for the Internal

market in natural gas, - Directive No. 2003/96/EC of 27 October 2003 restructuring the Community framework for

the taxation of energy products and electricity, - Directive No. 2004/8/EC of 11 February 2004 on the promotion of cogeneration based on

a useful heat demand in the internal energy market, - Directive No. 2004/67/EC of 26 April 2004 concerning measures to safeguarding security

of natural gas supply, - Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council No. 2002/1407/EC on state aid

to the coal industry,

31

- Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council No. 2003/1228/EC of 26 June 2003 conditions for access to the network for cross- border exchanges in electricity.

The field of energetics is modified mainly by the following legal regulations of the Slovak Republic:

- Act No. 656/2004 Coll. on Energetics, - Act No. 657/2004 Coll. on Heat Energetics, - Act No. 276/2001 Coll. on Regulation in Network Industries and on Amandements and

Additions to Some Acts, - Provisions of the Council of the SR No. 123/2005 Coll. on Rules of Functioning of Market

with Gas, - Provisions of the Council of the SR No. 124/2005 Coll. on Rules for the Internal Market in

Electricity, - Act No. 541/2004 CZ.Coll. on the Peaceful Use of Nuclear Energy ( Atomic Law). - Act No. 254/1994 Coll. as amanded on creation of state fund for NPP decommissioning,

spent fuel management and disposal investment gives the details on creation and use of fund

- Act No. 82/1994 Coll. on the State Material Reserves, - Act No.170/2001 Coll. on Emergency Reserves of Crude Oil and Petroleum Products and

on Addressing Situations of Oil Crises, - Act No. 51/1988 Coll. of the Natinal Counsil of Mining Activities, Explosives and the

State Mining Administration, and on Amendments and Additions to Some Acts, - Act No. 44/1988 Coll. on the Protection and Use of Mineral Resources ( Mining Acts) as

amended, - Act No. 127/1994 Coll., on Environmental Impact Assessment, - Act No. 71/1967 Coll. on Administrative Proceedings as amanded changes, - Act No. 272/1994 Coll. on the protection of the health of person and on Amendments and

Additions to Some Acts, - Act No. 478/2002 Coll. on Air Protection as amanded - Act No. 401/1998 Coll on Air Pollution Charges as amanded ( Air Act) - Act No. 184/2002 Coll on Waters and on Amendments and Supplementation of Certain

Laws ( Water Act), - Act No. 50/1976 Coll. on Territorial Planning and the Construction Code ( Construction

Code), - Act No. 572/2004 Coll. on Trading with Emission Quotas and on Amendments and

Supplementations of Certain Laws, - Draft Ordinance of the Government of the SR No. 236/2005 Coll. of 18 May 2005

concerning the performance of heat sources for heating the premises and preparation of hot service water in non- industrial buildings,

- Draft Ordinance of the Government of the SR on minimal technical efficiency of electrical appliances,

- Draft Ordinance of the Government of the SR with regard to Energy Labelling of Household. The Legal Amendement of the SR modifying the field of energetics already take into

consideration all the presently valid legal regulations of the EU. Amendments of legal regulations will be made in accordance with incorporating information of their application or for the reason of accepting new regulations of the EU.

32