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Satellite Power StationSatellite Power Station

andandMicrowave Power TransmissionMicrowave Power Transmission

Presented byPresented by--

MAYANK PATIDARMAYANK PATIDAR

EEEE07ERCEE03407ERCEE034



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OutlineOutline IntroductionIntroduction

Basic Concept Basic Concept

Solar Power SatelliteSolar Power Satellite

Microwave Power TransmissionMicrowave Power Transmission

SPS 2000SPS 2000 Issues InvolvedIssues Involved

ConclusionConclusion



33

IntroductionIntroduction The demand for energy worldwide has

increasing by 100% or almost doubled in everydecade.

The worlds main source of power is stillgenerated by fossil f uels which is limited

(85% of the total power globally).

Harmf ul effects of hydrocarbon-based power

sources to environment. Regional political and religious conflicts can

disrupt world-wide distribution of fossil f uel.



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Basic Concept Basic Concept

Solar Power Satellites providing a betterSolar Power Satellites providing a betterway of power generationway of power generation

Transmission of power to earth viaTransmission of power to earth via

microwavesmicrowaves Collection of power by specially developedCollection of power by specially developed

antennas (rectennas)antennas (rectennas)



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SOLAR POWER SATELLITESSOLAR POWER SATELLITES

Solar Power SatelliteSolar Power Satellite oror SPSSPS, is a, is aproposed satellite built in geostationaryproposed satellite built in geostationary

orbit that uses microwave powerorbit that uses microwave powertransmission to beam power to a verytransmission to beam power to a verylarge antenna on Earth where it can belarge antenna on Earth where it can be

used in place of conventional powerused in place of conventional powersources.sources.



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Basic componentsBasic components

A huge solar collector, typically made of A huge solar collector, typically made of solar cells.solar cells.

D.C. to Microwave conversion throughD.C. to Microwave conversion throughmagnetron.magnetron.

Transmitting antenna sub array on theTransmitting antenna sub array on the

satellite, aimed at earth.satellite, aimed at earth.



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Reference systemReference system



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DOE (US) St udyDOE (US) St udy

Construct the satellites in spaceConstruct the satellites in space

Each SPS would have 400 million solar cellsEach SPS would have 400 million solar cells

Use the Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle (HLLV) to get Use the Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle (HLLV) to get Solar Sailing Array Panels (SSAP) to a Low EarthSolar Sailing Array Panels (SSAP) to a Low EarthOrbit (LEO)Orbit (LEO)

Tow pieces to the assembly point (GEO) usingTow pieces to the assembly point (GEO) using

ion thruster mechanism powered by the solarion thruster mechanism powered by the solarenergy obtained from solar panelsenergy obtained from solar panels

Integration into SPS by teleroboticsIntegration into SPS by telerobotics



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Advantages over Earth basedAdvantages over Earth based

solar powersolar power More intense sunlight More intense sunlight

In geosynchronous orbit, 36,000 kmIn geosynchronous orbit, 36,000 km

(22,369 miles) an SPS would be(22,369 miles) an SPS would beilluminated over 99% of the timeilluminated over 99% of the time

Power can be beamed to any locationPower can be beamed to any locationwhere it is desired.where it is desired.

No air or water pollution is created duringNo air or water pollution is created duringgenerationgeneration



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SpecificationsSpecifications

1.1. Satellite antenna must be between 1 and 1.5Satellite antenna must be between 1 and 1.5kilometers in diameter and the groundkilometers in diameter and the groundrectenna around 14 kilometers by 10rectenna around 14 kilometers by 10

kilometers .kilometers .2.2. Collector area must be between 50 (19 sqCollector area must be between 50 (19 sqmiles) and 150 square kilometers (57 sq miles)miles) and 150 square kilometers (57 sq miles)

3.3. 50 Tons of material50 Tons of material

Current rates on the Space Shuttle runCurrent rates on the Space Shuttle runbetween $3500 and $5000 per poundbetween $3500 and $5000 per pound

50 tons (112,000lbs)=$392,000,00050 tons (112,000lbs)=$392,000,000



1111

ContinuedContinued4.4. Possible power generation of 5 to 10Possible power generation of 5 to 10

GigawattsGigawatts

³If the largest conceivable space power³If the largest conceivable space powerstation were built and operated 24station were built and operated 24hours a day all year round, it couldhours a day all year round, it couldproduce the equivalent output of ten 1produce the equivalent output of ten 1million kilowattmillion kilowatt--class nuclear powerclass nuclear powerstations.´ stations.´



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Possible DesignsPossible Designs



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Deployment IssuesDeployment Issues Cost of transporting materials into spaceCost of transporting materials into space

Construction of SSAPConstruction of SSAP

Space WalksSpace Walks

MaintenanceMaintenance

Routine checkupRoutine checkup

Meteor impactsMeteor impacts



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Microwave PowerMicrowave Power

TransmissionTransmission

How the power gets to Earth?How the power gets to Earth?



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From the SatelliteFrom the Satellite

Power from the satellite is sent toPower from the satellite is sent toEarth using a microwave transmitterEarth using a microwave transmitter

The beamed power is receivedThe beamed power is receivedthrough rectenna located at a placethrough rectenna located at a placeon Earthon Earth



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Microwave TransmissionMicrowave Transmission

1.1. Frequency 2.45 GHz microwave beamFrequency 2.45 GHz microwave beam

2.2. Beamed Power level is well below lethalBeamed Power level is well below lethallevels of concentration even for prolongedlevels of concentration even for prolonged

exposureexposure

3.3. High efficiency up to 85%High efficiency up to 85%

4.4. Cause interference with communicationCause interference with communication

satellitessatellites5.5. Safety ensured for flying bodies to greaterSafety ensured for flying bodies to greater

extent.extent.



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RectennaRectenna³An antenna comprising a mesh of dipoles and diodes³An antenna comprising a mesh of dipoles and diodes

for absorbing microwave energy from a transmitter for absorbing microwave energy from a transmitter

and converting it by rectification into D.C. power.´ and converting it by rectification into D.C. power.´ Microwaves are received with about Microwaves are received with about

85% efficiency85% efficiency

95% of the beam will fall on the95% of the beam will fall on therectennarectenna



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Basic block diagramBasic block diagram



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Power capt ured by rectennaPower capt ured by rectenna

The voltage at the terminal of rectenna isThe voltage at the terminal of rectenna isequal to the electric field times theequal to the electric field times the

effective length.effective length.

VVTT =El=El

Half of the power capt ured is scatteredHalf of the power capt ured is scattered

back and half is delivered to the load.back and half is delivered to the load.

PPTT == VVTT22 /4R/4RTT



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RectificationRectification

The conversion from A.C. to D.C. by means of The conversion from A.C. to D.C. by means of rectifying device.rectifying device.

Types of rectification schemes.Types of rectification schemes.

--half wavehalf wave

--f ull wavef ull wave The expected overall rectification efficiency,The expected overall rectification efficiency,

cc=dc output power/rf incident power=dc output power/rf incident power

The obtained conversion efficiency due toThe obtained conversion efficiency due tomismatch,mismatch,

cc=dc output power/=dc output power/

(rf incident power(rf incident power--rf reflected power)rf reflected power)



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Rectennas method of InterconnectionRectennas method of Interconnection

Solar rectennas model.

Series connection.

Parallel Connection.

Hybrid Connection.



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Solar Rectennas modelSolar Rectennas model



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Rectenna DesignRectenna Design

Currently there are two different designCurrently there are two different designtypes being looked at types being looked at

Wire mesh reflectorWire mesh reflector

Built on a rigid frame above theBuilt on a rigid frame above thegroundground

Visually transparent so that it wouldVisually transparent so that it would

not interfere with plant lifenot interfere with plant lifeMagic carpet Magic carpet

Material pegged to the groundMaterial pegged to the ground



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Rectenna IssuesRectenna Issues SizeSize

Miles acrossMiles across

LocationLocationAestheticAesthetic

Near population centerNear population center

Health and environmental side effectsHealth and environmental side effectsAlthough claim that microwaves wouldAlthough claim that microwaves would

be safe, how do you convince peoplebe safe, how do you convince people



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SPS 2000SPS 2000



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Working model of Japanese SpaceWorking model of Japanese Space

Solar Power Plant SPS2000 inSolar Power Plant SPS2000 inSagamihara, Japan.Sagamihara, Japan.



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Design Feat uresDesign Feat ures

LEO satellite: Approx. 1000Km altit udeLEO satellite: Approx. 1000Km altit udeto reduce launch costs and to minimizeto reduce launch costs and to minimizesize of transmitting antenna.size of transmitting antenna.

Power output: Ranging from 5GW toPower output: Ranging from 5GW to10GW10GW

Microwave beam footprints: groundMicrowave beam footprints: ground

footprint of 3Km in diameter andfootprint of 3Km in diameter andtransmitting antenna of 100m intransmitting antenna of 100m indiameter.diameter.



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ContinuedContinued 55--10 GW satellite delivering microwave10 GW satellite delivering microwave

powerpower

Will not be in geosynchronous orbit,Will not be in geosynchronous orbit,instead low orbit 1000 kminstead low orbit 1000 km

Much cheaper to put a satellite in lowMuch cheaper to put a satellite in low

orbit orbit 200 seconds of power on each pass200 seconds of power on each pass

over rectennaover rectenna



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Low Orbit Low Orbit

Proposed to have hundreds of satellites inProposed to have hundreds of satellites inlow earth orbit low earth orbit

Since a low orbit microwave beam wouldSince a low orbit microwave beam would

spread less, the ground based rectennaspread less, the ground based rectennacould be smaller i.e. in the range of fewcould be smaller i.e. in the range of fewhundred meters across instead of 10hundred meters across instead of 10kilometers.kilometers.

In low orbit they circle the Earth in about In low orbit they circle the Earth in about every 90 minutesevery 90 minutes



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ReliabilityReliability Ground based solarGround based solar

only works duringonly works during

clear days, and must clear days, and must have storage for night have storage for night

Power can be beamedPower can be beamedto the location whereto the location where

it is neededit is needed

A network of low orbit A network of low orbit satellites couldsatellites could

provide power toprovide power toalmost any point onalmost any point onEarth continuouslyEarth continuouslybecause one satellitebecause one satellite

would always be inwould always be inrangerange



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IssuesIssues InvolvedInvolved Motivation towards improved technologyMotivation towards improved technology

and economic benefits.and economic benefits.

Effect of long term exposure to microwaveEffect of long term exposure to microwave

Large no. of satellites would take up largeLarge no. of satellites would take up largesection of spacesection of space

Would require a network of satellitesWould require a network of satellites

Proper agreement about SPS pathsProper agreement about SPS paths



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ConclusionConclusion In order for SPS to become a realityIn order for SPS to become a reality

several things have to happen:several things have to happen:

Government support Government support

Cheaper launch pricesCheaper launch prices

Involvement of the private sectorInvolvement of the private sector



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Thank youThank you

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