aleqsandre abdalaZe (abudalaZe)

saqarTvelo da somxeTi

gamomcemloba “egrisi”

Tbilisi 2008

2

saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi egreTwodebuli didi somxeTi

cdilobda qarTuli mxareebis dapyrobas, magram qarTveli

eri Seupovari brZoliT ukanve ibrunebda dakargul miwa-

wyals. Tu e. w. didi somxeTi Zalze iSviaTad amarTlebda Ta-

vis saxelwodebas, didi saqarTvelo namdvilad arsebobda ga-

cilebiT met xans. didma saqarTvelom gaaerTiana mTeli kav-

kasia. kavkasiis mzed saqarTvelo iqca da ara somxeTi. magram

somxuri wreebis pretenziebi qarTuli miwa-wylis mimarT

dRemde grZeldeba. yovelive amis Sesaxeb mokled moTxrobi-

lia winamdebare wignSi.

sponsori da redaqtori merab kostavas sazogadoebis

wevri vaJa afSinaSvili

avtori did madlobas moaxsenebs baton vaJa afSinaS-

vils, agreTve baton roland maTiaSvils da merab kostavas

sazogadoebis TanamSromlebs

© a. abdalaZe (abudalaZe), gamomcemloba “egrisi”, 2008

3

Sesavali

qarTvelebi da somxebi uZvelesi droidan, adamJamobidan

moaqJamamde erTmaneTis mezoblebi arian. mecnieruli sizus-

tiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es ori xalxi erTmaneTis gverdi-

gverd cxovrobs sul cota 26 saukunea mainc. SesaZloa, qar-

Tveli da somexi xalxebi, tomebi, maTi gansaxlebis terito-

ria ufro adrec esazRvreboda erTmaneTs, magram mecnierebis

ganviTarebis dRevandel etapze amis Taobaze gadaWriT Tqma

Znelia.

yuradRebas iqcevs is garemoebac, rom garkveuli mize-

zebis gamo, saqarTveloSi didi xnis win damkvidrda somxuri

mosaxleobis erTi nawili da dResac maTi naSieri sakmaod

didi raodenobiT cxovrobs saqarTveloSi.

marTalia, qarTvelebi marTlmadidebeli qristianebi

varT, xolo somxebi grigoriani (monofiziti) qristianebia,

magram orive eri xom mainc qristiania da maT mezoblobas

qristianuli morali, zneoba, principebi unda dadeboda sa-

fuZvlad.Mmoxda ki es ase? isic unda iTqvas, rom qarTvel-so-

mexTa saeklesio ganxeTqileba VII saukuneSi xdeba da amgvari

ram III-VI aswleulebSi, yovel SemTxvevaSi, mkafiod ar Seim-

Cneva.

cxadia, sasurveli iyo qarTvelebsa da somxebs uZvele-

si droidan dRemde hqonodaT keTilmezobluri urTierToba,

gamoenaxaT saerTo ena uamrav dampyrobTa winaaRmdeg erTiani

frontiT, erToblivi ZalisxmeviT sabrZolvelad, magram, sam-

wuxarod, es ase ar moxda. somxebma uZvelesi droidanve, yo-

vel SemTxvevaSi qristes Sobamde meore saukunidan aikviates,

rom unda arsebuliyo egreTwodebuli didi somxeTi, romel-

sac mTeli kavkasia unda moecva. bunebrivia, Zvel kolxTa na-

Sieri, didi warsulis mqone qarTvelebi somxebs ver gaibato-

nebdnen, ver gasomxdebodnen da yovelive amas moyva brZola,

omebi qarTvelebsa da somxebs Soris. es omebi dasturdeba 22

saukunis win, Semdgomac da, samwuxarod, somxeTis daSnakurma

respublikam jari 1918 welsac Semousia saqarTvelos.

dResac somxebi pretenzias acxadeben, rom somxeTs un-

da miekuTvnos ZirZveli, mravaltanjuli qarTuli mxare _

4

javaxeTi.Uufro metic, maT somxur miwa-wylad miaCniaT saqar-

Tvelos mniSvnelovani nawili da Cveni qveynis guli, dedaqa-

laqi Tbilisic.Aamas gahyvirian ara mxolod somexTa publi-

cistebi, aramed maTi mecnierebic, magaliTad, araqel babaxa-

niani (is leos fsevdonimiT aqveynebda naSromebs), paruir mu-

radiani, ronald siuni da mravali sxva. somxebi axerxeben

(fuli sakmaod aqvT, yovel SemTxvevaSi, qarTvelebze Seuda-

reblad bevrad meti) da amgvar azrebs gamoaTqmevineben sakma-

od xSirad ucxoel moRvaweebs, mecnierebsac. saqarTveloSi

ki qarTvel mecnierebsac ara aqvT SesaZlebloba, pirobebi

imisTvis, rom guldasmiT, dinjad, maRal mecnierul doneze

Seiswavlon saqarTvelo-somxeTis mravalsaukunovani urTier-

Tobebis istoria.

sakvlevi, saZiebeli imdenia, rom am dargiT dainterese-

bul TiToeul qarTvel mecniers, armenologs unda ufrT-

xildebodes saqarTvelos xelisufleba da unda arsebobdes

normaluri kadrebiT dakompleqtebuli samecniero ujredic.

sagangebo zrunvaa saWiro imisTvisac, rom aRizardos qarT-

vel armenologTa momavali, unariani Taoba. samwuxarod, ara-

feri amis msgavsi saqarTveloSi ar xdeba. ufro metic, somex-

Ta garkveuli wreebi yvelafers akeTeben im mizniT, rom ar

arsebobdnen saqarTvelo-somxeTis urTierTobebis istoriis

qarTveli, qarTuli erovnuli cnobierebis mqone specialis-

tebi. aseT viTarebaSi somxebs gauadvildebaT Tavis gemoze

mohfinon msoflios suraTi imisa, Tu ras warmoadgendnen

somxebi da qarTvelebi aTaswleulTa manZilze. sergo sergos

Ze mamulovma rusul enaze gamoqveynebul Tavis wignebSi da

sxva somxebmac ase gadaWres es problema: somxebi Semoqmedi

eria, xolo qarTvelebi maTi miRwevebis amTvisebelnio, somxe-

bis xelSi Semyureo.

Bbunebrivia, qarTvelebi veubnebiT somxebs: Tu qarTve-

li eri marTla somxuri kulturiT vikvebebodiT, maSin ro-

gor moxda, rom somxebma SoTa rusTavelis “vefxistyaosnis“

measedi Rirebulebis mqone nawarmoebi ver Seqmnes? ggoniaT,

ixtibars gaitexen? aramc da aramc!Ddandurovsa da mis msgavs

somxebs pasuxi gaSanSalebuli aqvT: SoTa rusTaveli xom so-

mexi iyoo. Tu sabuTs movTxovT, gvpasuxoben: warmoudgenelia,

5

qarTvels “vefxistyaosani” daewera, es mxolod somexs SeeZ-

lo, rameTu somxebi ariuli modgmis rasa, arielebi varTo.

sxva argumenti maT ar gaaCniaT.

mkiTxvelma rom gadaWarbeba ar damabralos, vfiqrob,

upriania movitano didi qarTvelebis, Cveni klasikosebis,

ilia WavWavaZis, akaki wereTlis, vaJa-fSavelas nawerebidan

calkeuli adgilebi imis Taobaze, Tu rogor cdilobdnen

somexTa garkveuli wreebi waerTmiaT qarTveli erisTvis sam-

Soblo, saqarTvelo, gaesomxurebinaT, gaesomxebinaT Cveni

qveyana, qarTvelebi.

qarTvel-somexTa urTierToba imdenad gamwvavda garkve-

uli mizezebis gamo, rom ilia WavWavaZe 1899 wels iZulebuli

gaxda daewera da gamoeqveynebina “somexTa mecnierni da qvaTa

RaRadi”, romelic ufro metad Semoklebuli saTauriT, ”qva-

Ta RaRadis“ saxiTaa cnobili.

saqarTvelos mimarT somexTa usaSvelo pretenziebis mi-

zezad ilia Tavisi Tanamedrove qarTvelebis gadajiSebas, da-

cemasac miiCnevs: “CvenisTana dabriyvebuli, dabal Robed miC-

neuli eri, CvenisTana saxelgatexili Znelad Tu sxva moi-

poveba dedamiwis zurgze. vinc gnebavT, an zed gvabotebs, an

gvqelavs da miwasTan gvasworebs”. ilias Rrma rwmeniT, amgva-

ri mizani dausaxavT, kerZod, somexTa garkveul, fulian wre-

ebs: maT “lamis kavkasiis qeds aqeT Cveni xseneba gaaCanagon,

qarTvelebis saxeli dedamiwis zurgidam aRgavon da Calasa-

viT qars gaatanon. TiTqo arc odesRac vyofilvarT, arc

dResa varT... suliT dabalni, WkuagonebiT Clungni, zneobada-

cemulni, sulelni, uswavlelni, gaunaTlebelni, gaRatake-

bulni, flidni, pirisgamtexni, mxdalni-laCarni _ ai Cvenis

sulier da xorciel avla-didebis suraTi!Aai rani vyofil-

varT, rani varT dRes imaTis sityviT, visac ase Tvisda sa-

sargeblod miuCnevia Cvenis saxelis gatexa, Cveni miwasTan

gasworeba. weriT Tu sityviT, Sin Tu gareT welebze fexs

idgmen, rom qveyana daajeron, viTomc Cven swored aseTi uxei-

roni da uRirsni vyofilvarT da dResac aseTnive varT, Tu

ar uaresni.

amisTana daRiT Sublze gaistumres qarTvelis saxeli

evropaSi, saca-ki ena da kalami miuwvdebodaT. aseTive saxeli

6

gauTqves qarTvelebs TviT ruseb Sorisac.” amiT miznad isa-

xavdnen, emtkicebinaT kavkasiaSi somexTa didi upiratesoba

qarTvelebTan SedarebiT; ilia ganagrZobs: “saxelis gatexas

Tqveni Wirimc wauRia. sityviTa da kalmiT qveyanas eficebian,

viTomc kavkasiis qeds aqeT tigrisa da efratis saTaveebamde,

TiTqmis Savis zRvidam kaspiis zRvamde, egreTwodebuli arme-

nia (viTomc somxeTi) yofila aTadam-babadam dRevandlamde,

da Tu sadme viRac “vracebi” (somxebi qarTvels vracis eZaxi-

an _ a. a.) yrilan _ erTi aTiode boslis adgili Tu sWeriaT

da isic TiTqmis somexTa mowyalebiT. TiTon es “vraciebi”,

viTarca eri arafrad saxsenebelia, imitom, rom gawyvetisa da

gadaSenebis gzaze dganan da, Tund esec ar iyos, Wkua imaT

ar gaaCniaT, rom Tavbedisa gaigon ram, aReb-micemobis unari

RmerTs imaTTvis ar uRirsebia, meurmeobisa da Calvadrobis

meti sxva xeloba ar ician da is patar-patara sabosleebic-ki

ver mouxmarebiaT, romelTac qveynis sasacilod, saqarTve-

los eZaxian...

am saxiT xom gvarTmeven yovel erovnul Rirsebas,

sTiTxnian Cvens vinaobas, da rom sul mTlad bolo mogviRon

qveynis winaSe, gvibaTileben mTel Cvens istoriasac, Cvens is-

toriuls matianeebs, istoriuls naSTsa da saxsovarsa, mTe-

ls Cvens sisxliT-mosils Rvawls qristianobisaTvis Sewi-

rulsa, da yovels amas TiTon iCemeben didis gaZvren-gamoZv-

reniTa...

risTvis aris atexili es mtver-buqi, es fuqsavati Weqa-

quxili? imisTvis, rom qveyana daajeron, viTomc amierkavkasi-

aSi erTaderTi somxis eria, romelic ZvelisZveladac yofi-

la, dResac aris, da amis gamo momavalic misTvis ufro upri-

ania, vidre sxvisaTvis, radganac istoriulad daamtkices

Tvisi sulier-xorcieli sidide da Zal-Rone, Tvisi Seuryev-

loba da simaRle Wkua-gonebisao.

visi unaria yovelive es? es ra Savi yorania, rom Tavs

dagvtrialebs, zed dagvyefs da dagvCxavis?” ilia adanaSau-

lebs somexTa garkveul wreebs mizanmimarTul antiqarTul

qmedebebSi. am wreebs dauskvniaT, rom qarTveli eris arsebo-

ba xels uSlida somexTa gaZlierebas: “Cven marto imas vCi-

viT, rom somxis maqeb-madidebeli gundi Cven, qarTvelebs,

7

gvTxris, sulierad da xorcielad gvabaTilebs da samarisa-

ken gviSvers xelsa, TiTqos marto Cveni araraobaa maTis

Rirsebis momaswavebeli, maTis Rirsebis maniSnebeli.”

Tu qarTvelebi somexTa pretenziebis safuZvlianad, sa-

marTlianad gabaTilebas, ukugdebas Seecdebodnen, somxebi

amaze gangaSs texdnen, qarTvel moRvaweebs aTasnair bralde-

bebs uyenebdnen, kacTmoZuleobasac ki abralebdnen: “Tqveni

wkipurtic-ki gvwyinso da Cvens panRurs-ki nu iwyenTo. ra na-

biWvrebi Cvena varT am wuTisoflisa, rom amas gveubnebian,

amiT gviTaTbireben... somexTa…mecnierTa da maTTa amqarTa oinebi karga xnis

ambavia.” isini cdilobeno, daarwmunon kacobrioba, rom “mTe-

li qveyana mtkvars iqiT, saca exla tfilisia, da sxva ufro

didi nawili saqarTvelosi _ mudam da yovelTvis ekuTvnoda

somxeTs da aq mosaxleobdnen somexni...”…yovelgvari wyaro,

qvebic ki RaRadebeno somexTa mecnierebis siyalbes, maT mier

mravaltanjuli saqarTvelos warsulis dakninebas, gabiabru-

ebas: “yovel amisda miuxedavad, somxebis mwignobarni mainc

Tavisas iZaxian da binas ikeTeben iq, saca ara hqoniaT. gana

aSkara ar aris, rom am cuRlutur mecnierobiT swadianT qve-

yana daajeron, viTomc istoriuli ufleba miuZRviT am adgi-

lebSi binis dadebisa.”

ilias da sxva qarTvel miRvaweTa Tanaxmad, somxuri

wreebi, TavianTi miznebis misaRwevad, JamTa siaves gadarCe-

nil sabuTebsac anadgurebdnen.Aam wreebisTviso “cotaa sxvi-

sa marTali hmalos, Tvisi tyuili ayviros. am gundma kargad

icis, rom sabuTi,rac ginda damalo, dResa Tu xvale gamom-

JRavndeba da Tavisas gaitans. saqme sabuTis gabaTilebaa, an

waSla, an Cafxek-amofxeka, an gadakeTeba saTavisod...

radganac dro iqneba, roca istoriuli naSTebi da sax-

sovrebi Tavisas ityvian , _ visa sWeria da vis uWiravs es ad-

gilebi, da radganac qvani, mravalni Senobani, taZrebi, monas-

trebi hRaRadebdnen, rom Zvelis-Zvelad am adgilebSi qarTve-

lebi yofilan, ra Tqma unda, saWiroa am utyuars mowmeebs

qarTvelebisas xma Caawyvetinon... auRiaT da, saca SesZlebiaT

da mouxelebiaT, wauSliaT yovelive kvali.

amisi moxerxeba…Zneli ar aris, oRond xalisi iyos da

8

namusi nebas iZleodes. dRes iseTi dRea, oRond-ki fons gax-

vide, Sen Seni gaiyvano, da motyuebiT iqneba, TaRliTobiT,

Tu oinbazobiT, amas viRa ikiTxavs.” Semdeg ilia asaxelebs

cnobili qarTveli istorikosis, dimitri baqraZis mier aRwe-

ril saTanado SemTxvevas: “d. baqraZe mogviTxrobs erTs amis-

Tana magaliTs, romelic gvaniSnebs am mSveniers unars somxe-

bis erTgvar gundisas. arTvinSi erTi didi ekklesiaa Turme

Zvelis-Zveli. iqaurs somxobas mouwadinebia mzamzareulad am

ekklesiis daCemeba.Mminam daiCemebdnen, berZnebi Sescilebian,

_ eg ekklesia ZvelTaganve qarTvelebisa yofila, maSasadame,

CvenTvis, viTarca marTlmadideblebisaTvis, ufro uprianiao.

am ekklesias marTlmadideblobis niSnad zeda hqonia qva qar-

Tulis warweriTa. somxebs... igi qva sadRac waubrZanebiaT da

miumalavT. am gziT igi ekklesia marTlmadidebelTaTvis xe-

lidam gamoutacniaT da dRes somxebs dauCemebiaT”.

ilia exeba somexi mecnieris qerope patkanovis tenden-

ciurobas, mis mier saqarTvelos warsulis gayalbebas, qar-

Tuli kulturis dakninebas da dasZens: “ase gvamkobs, ase mi-

wasTan gvasworebs qarTvelebs, mere ra xnis qarTvelebs? me-

Tormete saukunisebs. mere vin? profesori da mecnier-mwigno-

bari. marTalia, somexTa profesoria, somexTa mecnieria, mag-

ram nuTu aqao-da somexia, marTali ar unda sTqvas, marTali

ar unda dainaxos?Ggangeb Tvalebze xeli rad aufarebia me-

Tormete, an meTerTmete saukunoebis qarTvelebze...

vinc gangeb gonebadaxSuli ar aris, an gangeb Tvalebze

xelafarebuli, vinc kiTxva icis da gageba wakiTxulisa, gana

ikadrebs Tqmas, rom “vefxis-tyaosnis” Semqmneli eri imode-

nad briyvi iyoo, rom istoriis saWiroebis grZnobac ara hqo-

niao. vis mouva amis Tqma fiqrad, Tu ar somexTa filosofo-

sebsa da profesorebs.”

ilia miiCnevs, rom q. patkanovs antiqarTuli ganwyobi-

lebis virusi, bacila Seuyria Tavisi mowafisTvisac, saqar-

TveloSi dabadebuli da gazrdili, dediT qarTveli niko ma-

risTvisac. arsebobs versia, rom niko mari mamiTac qarTveli

iyo. am azrisaa, kerZod, gamoCenili mecnieri da moRvawe, niko

maris uaxloesi megobari, eqvTime TayaiSvili. n. maris ofi-

cialurma mamam, iakob marma n. maris deda, sruliad axalgaz-

9

rda qali, 85 wlis asakSi SeirTo colad da xsenebuli ver-

siis Tanaxmad, niko mari dedamiss qarTveli mamakacisgan Ses-

Zenia.

n. maris pozicias ilia ase gadmogvcems: “Tu rame kul-

turis nasaxi gaaCniaT qarTvelebsao, TiTqmis sul somxebis

mowyalebiTao, somxebis kultura rom uar-hyon, naxevari

kultura qarTvelebisa Tqvens Wirs waiRebso.” n. mari cnobi-

li mecnieri iyo, mas mniSvnelovani naSromebi aqvs Seqmnili

ara marto armenologiis, aramed qarTvelologiis proble-

mebzec, magram mas meryevi xasiaTi hqonda da somxuri wreebi

cdilobdnen amis gamoyenebas TavianT sasargeblod. isini

afinansebdnen kidec n. mars, rom mas arqeologiuri gaTxrebi

ewarmoebina somxeTis Zvel dedaqalaq anisSi, mecnierul do-

neze Seswavla anisis siZveleni, mis istoriasTan dakavSire-

buli problemebi, iseve rogorc, sazogadod, somexTmcodneo-

bis sakiTxebi. safiqrebelia, rom somxuri wreebi cdilobd-

nen, raTa n. mars qarTvelologiuri problemebi, saqarTvelo-

somxeTis urTierTobebis sakiTxebi somxuri poziciebidan ek-

vlia1 da zogjer amas aRwevdnen kidec. n. mari nawyenic iyo

qarTvelebze. profesorma aleqsandre cagarelma, n. maris

ucnaurobebis gamo, uari Tqva miewvia is Tavis kaTedraze, sa-

magierod miiwvia q. patkanovma. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom axal-

gazrda n. mari Seyvarebuli yofila qarTvel qaliSvilze,

romelic colad ar gahyva.

ilia adanaSaulebs TbilisSi mcxovreb somex moRvawe-

ebs, kerZod TbilisSi gamomavali somxuri gazeTis “mSakis”

redaqtors, grigol arwrunis, rom isini ucxoelebs yalb in-

formacias awvdidnen saqarTvelos Sesaxeb: “saqarTvelo, tfi-

lisiTurT, somxeTad moaCvenes evropiel korespondents da

es ambavi qveyanaSi moafenines ucxo kacs”… es imitomac mox-

dao, rom somxebma mas didi pativi sces da amiT moxibluls,

gabruebuls CasCiCinebdneno: “tfilisi da saqarTvelo Cveni

1 aRsaniSnavia, mag., rom petriwonis qarTul monasterTan dakavSirebuli

sakiTxebis Sesaxeb n. maris Tvalsazrisis siyalbesa da mcdarobaze sau-

baria l. menabdis wignSi – “Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis kerebi”, II, 1980,

gv. 257; n. mari am problemebsac somxuri Tvalsawieridan gamomdinare ud-

geboda.

10

binaao, Cveni qveyanaao”. frang korespondents somxebma isic

aTqmevines, rom amierkavkasiaSi, kerZod, saqarTveloSi XIX

saukunis ”dasasrulamde somxebi male gamravldebian da qar-

Tvelebze metni Seiqmnebiano”. ilia svams kiTxvas: “es ra uc-

nauri unaria somxebis gaSenebisa da qarTvelebis gadaSenebi-

sa, romlis ZaliTac 23 weliwadis ganmavlobaSi cota somexi

gabevrdeba da bevri qarTveli dacotavdeba”. somexTa garkve-

uli wreebi qarTvelebs momakvdav erad miiCnevdnen da Tu

qarTvelTa erTi nawili arsebobas mainc gaagrZelebda, maT

gasomxebaze fiqrobdnen.

ilias Tanaxmad, somexi mecnierebi da moRvaweebi yvela-

fers akeTeben da momavalSic gaakeTeben imisTvis, rom daarw-

munon msoflio, TiTqos amierkavkasiaSi ZvelaTac wamyvani

eri somxebi iyvnen da momavalic maT ekuTvniT, xolo qarTve-

lebi maCanCala eria, somxebze damokidebuli Zveladac da am-

Jamadaco: “gana aSkara ar aris, rom imisTana mecnierni, rogo-

ric patkanovia, filosofosi arwrunia da viRac ezovebi, xu-

dabaSovebi da mTeli maTi amqari, arafers Takiloben,

oRond-ki Tavisi Savi gaaTeTron da Cveni TeTri gaaSavon imi-

sda mixedviT, ra dros ra swyurianT, ra dros ra uxdebaT

tanad da pirad … gana aSkara ar aris, undaT qveyanas daanaxvon, rom som-

xebze ukeTesi, gamZle eri, yovlis niWiTa da unariT Semkobi-

li sxva aravin aris mcire aziaSi da nametnavad amierkavkasi-

aSi. marTalia, amierkavkasiaSi es raRac “vracebi” hyrian da

cotad Tu bevrad amaTac axseneben, magram aseT saqmes davmar-

TebT, ase gavubiabruebT saxels, rom saxsenebelic-ki aRar

darCeT. Tu istoria aqvT, gavuyalbebT, an Cven daviCemebT, mi-

wa-wyali aqvT da Cven CamovarTmevT, da qveyanas, tyuili iqm-

neba Tu marTali, davajerebT, rom qarTveloba gadaSenebis

gzazea Semdgari da dResa Tu xvale an amoswydebian deda-bu-

dianad, an gasomxdebian”.

dabolos, somxuri wreebis misamarTiT iliam ganacxada:

“Cven Cvensas nu gvecilebian, Cveni saxelis gatexiT nu cdi-

loben TavianTis saxelis keTebas da Semkobas.

Cven, bevri gvqonda, Tu cota, SegivrdomeT, Semogixiz-

11

neT, giZmeT da Sin mtrad nu gvekidebiT1.”

somxuri wreebisTvis imdenad miuRebeli iyo ilia WavWa-

vaZis didi masStabis erovnuli moRvaweoba, misi Tavganwiru-

li brZola saqarTvelos, qarTveli eris gadasarCenad, rom

Cemi azriT, ilias mkvlelobis mowyobaSi somxurma wreebmac

miiRes monawileoba. yovel SemTxvevaSi, maT daafinanses ma-

inc ilias mkvlelobis momwyobni da uSualo mkvlelebi.

mkvlelobis momwyobebma icodnen, rom ilias mokvla garkve-

ul somxur wreebs guls gauxarebdaT da am mizniT saqarTve-

los somxuri burJuazia fulis gaRebaze uars ar ityoda. es

fuli saqarTveloSi mcxovreb somxuri burJuaziis warmomad-

genlebs ZiriTadad xom qarTveli xalxis gayvlefis Sedegad

hqondaT naSovni da Tu qarTveli eris mamas, ilias moklav-

dnen, amiT somxuri wreebis gegmebi saqarTvelos dasakuTre-

bisa ufro advilad gansaxorcielebeli gaxdeboda. rac See-

xeba somxuri burJuaziis parpaSs saqarTveloSi, es ruseTis

imperiis antiqarTuli qmedebebis Sedegia.

akaki wereTels Tavis werilSi – “istoriuli ganxilva

saxel-wodebis: armenis, haistanis da somxeTis” – qarTul-som-

xur urTierTobebTan dakavSirebiT moaqvs nawyvetebi Tedo

razikaSvilis moTxrobidan – “fiTri”. akakis poziciis ukeT

gasagebad upriania cota ram mec amoviwero am moTxrobidan:

“mciva, mciva, Semibrale, TavSesafari momec, siciviT nu mom-

klav. xo xedav, ra patara var, lamis qarma gadamagdos da

Tovlma CamaxrCos! bina momec, casqveS nu damagdeb, _ ase

evedreboda sicivisagan sikvdilis pirze misuli pawawa fiT-

ris Tesli msxlis xesa, romelsac amayad Tavi maRla aeRo

da irxeoda.”

msxlis xe “eZebda, vin eZaxda, ra sulieri iyo mTxovne-

li, aTvalierebda, magram aravina Canda.” fiTris marcvali,

“rac Zali da Rone hqonda iWimeboda, daminaxoso … _ aqa var, patara var, daixare kidev, ro daminaxo; Cemi

tol-amxanagebidan marto me gadavrCi, gaumaZRarma CxarTvma

gadaylapa yvelani, mec naxevrad daglejil-dafleTilma aq

1 ilia WavWavaZe, rCeuli nawarmoebebi xuT tomad, tomi V, Tbilisi, 1987,

gv. 21-111.

12

Sen Semogafare Tavi. Sen Tu ar dammale, is msunagi mec Cam-

ylapavs, ar gadavurCebi… _ mciva, mciva! – wripinebda fiTris Tesli, _ aqve SevZv-

rebi, Torem es aris suli amovida.

_ SeZver, Se sawyalo, adgils rogor dagiWer, _ uTxra

gulmtkivneulad msxalma, _ Tu Tqvenebi kidev naxo vinme ga-

Wirvebuli, movidnen, ar daviSureb arc imaTTvis binasa, Tqven

xom nayofs ar SemiWamT WiebiviT… _ rasa brZanebT, Tqve dalocvilo, Cveni jiSi xileuls

ar ewyoba da arc me giaxlebiT, arxeinada brZandebode. oh,

ra madlobeli var, ra madli miyav, erTi suli momarCine

sikvdilsa. Tu fiTri var, gadagixdi Sens sikeTesa.

fiTris marcvali SeZvra msxlis qerqqveS, sadac ufro

Rrmad iyo gaxeTqili da zed cilaze miekra.

_ oh, ra kargad var, arc Semciva, arc momSiva! _ butbu-

tebda fiTri… ramdenic dro gadioda, imdeni fiTric icvleboda,

msxlis qerqze, tkipasaviT dakrobili, izrdeboda, ibereboda,

sul gan-gan iwevda. msxlis cila ramdenime alagas Caexvrita

da tuCebiT dahkvroda… cilaSi Cakrobili fiTris Tesli ki, rac Zali da Rone

hqonda, wuwnida axlad gamarTuli tuCebiT isec sicivisagan

gamofitul msxlis qerqsa. es sisxlis wovna ki ugrZnobeli ar darCa msxalsa…” gamZRari fiTri ixsenebs Tavisi jiS-jilagis Tavgadasa-

valsac: CxarTvio “sadac ki fiTrs naxavs, iq daibudebs, aRar

moeSveba, sanam saTiTaod ar gamohkenkavs… wava CxarTvic,

sadme qorfa msxalze an vaSlze moskintlavs, CvenebTaganic

vinme gahyveba skintlSi uWirvel-utkivari. Zalian bedierada

grZnobs iq Tavsa. samSoblos moSorebuli TavisTvis iwyebs

warmoebas. Sexedav sami-oTxi wlis Semdeg, erTi uSvelebeli

gamxdara. msxlis totebSi mwvane kordiviT gadafenila. gam-

ravldeba, gaavsebs totebsa da daiWers mTlad yvela adgils.

sakvirveli kai jiSi gvaqvs. is aris kidev sakvirveli, rom… Tu ar mzamzareuli sakvebiT, Cveni gvari ver xeirobs. Tu

sxvas ar vasxedvarT, dedamiwaze Camoyrilebi erT dRes veRa-

13

ra vcocxlobT… msxali ki TandaTan imSeoda. axla ki mwvaved igrZno

msxalma tkivili im adgilze, sadac fiTri ajda. . . _ vina xar, ra xar, ra sulieri xar? aRar momSorde-

bi? _ ekiTxeboda fiTrsa. _ Tu stumari xar, stumroba amdeni

xani ar gagonila. . .

_ xa! xa! xa! _ gadaixarxara fiTrma, iseTi sazareli

da saZageli xmiTa da kiloTi, romelSic gamoixateboda mwa-

re da gulis momkvleli dacinva. _ sad unda wavideT, vera

hxedav, ramdeni varT?! Cveni samSoblo es aris. . .

_ hai, hai, fiTro, aRar gaxsovs, am aTi-TxuTmeti wlis

winaT rogori iyav, roca msxals TavSesafars Txovdi. axla

ki msxalma Sen unda gTxovos, rom sicocxle aCuqo am sabra-

losa!’’ adamianebma fiTri moaSores, Camosxepes msxlis xis-

gan. momakvdavma msxalma gamococxleba iwyo: “Cven isev coc-

xlebi varT, ar movkvdebiT, Cvenamde jer sikvdils ar mouR-

wevia, sasoebas nu hkargavo. – iZaxdnen Turme fesvebi...”

msxlis xe gadarCa.1

Tedo razikaSvilis moTxrobidan nawyvetebis motanis

Semdeg akaki ase msjelobs: “rogorc mcenareebSi fiTri, su-

ro da xavsi, anu cxovelebSi mkbenari mwerebi, ise adamianis

tomebSiac urevian misTana gundebi, romelTac TviTarseboba

Tavis Tavad ar SeuZliaT da unda sxvis sxeulze ixaron.

amis magaliTs gviCvenebs is didi gundi movaWreTa, romelsac

Cven... somxebaT vuwodebT. uxsovari droidan, im TaviTve, gad-

moudgams Tu ara biji iveriel toms, isinic adevnebian... gad-moulaxavT masisi (ararati) da aqamde Camohyolian, rom fiT-

riviT gars Semoxveoden da kanSi CaWroden... Ees xalxi, sadac-ki Sexiznula da Tavi Seufarebia, co-

ta sulis mobrunebis Semdeg, dapatroneba moundomebia, Tavic

iqaur mkvidraT aRuarebia da boganoT mosuloba gadaufuCe-

Cebia. miuxedavaT qarTul-berZnul istoriis wyaroebisa, maT-

ma istoriam mefis warTmevac-ki mogvindoma da didi daviT ku-

rat-palati Tavis mefeT aRiara, rasakvirvelia im ganZraxviT,

rom qveyana daerwmunebia: Tu mefe Cveni iyo, maSasadame, misi

1 ixileT “qarTuli proza”, wigni XIV, Tb., 1987, gv. 70-80.

14

samflobelo_taosis kari anu axlandeli Woroxis xeobac sa-

somxeTo yofilao.Mmomavlis gasakvlevaT sxvisi warsulis mi-

sakuTreba da misive yofilis uaris yofa upirveles xerxaT

uWiravT xelSi. imaT istorias rom davekiTxoT, TviT-arsebo-

ba qarTvelTa arasodes ar yofila saxsenebeli, enac imaT

uwyalobebiaT CvenTvis, anbanic maTs mesrobs SeuTxzavs Cveni

da wes-wyobilebac maTgan migviRia!..”

aRsaniSnavia, rom amgvari Sexedulebebi dResac gavrce-

lebulia somxur samecniero literaturaSi, mag., “somexi

xalxis istoriis” mravaltomeulSi, “somxur sabWoTa encik-

lopediaSi” da bevrgan sxvaganac. somxuri wyaroebisa da ga-

mokvlevebis gavleniT msgavsi azrebi gvxvdeba ucxoel mec-

nierTa naSromebSic da samecniero-popularul gamocemebSic.

magaliTisTvis SeiZleba davasaxeloT am bolo wlebSi ru-

seTSi gamocemuli ”marTlmadidebluri enciklopediac.”Mmiu-

xedavad imisa, rom somxebi grigorianebi arian da ara marTl-

madideblebi, rusul “marTlmadideblur enciklopediaSic”

mouxerxebiaT saqarTvelo-somxeTis urTierTobebis tendeciu-

rad, somxuri poziciidan gaSuqeba, ufro sworad, Cabneleba.

saqme iqamde midis, rom akademikosad wodebulma s. aivazianma

am bolo xanebSi warmoSobiT somxebad gamoacxada TviT ilia

WavWavaZe, akaki wereTeli da yvela qarTuli Tavaduri gvari,

erTaderTi gamonaklisis garda. qarTvelebi, Turme, warmoSo-

biT somxebi yofilan, magram somexTa erTi nawili mogviane-

biT ratomRac gadajiSebulan da am gadajiSebul somxebs

darqmeviaT qarTvelebi.Aamgvari Tvalsazrisi gvxvdeba Zvel

somxur wyaroebSic da axal somxur gamokvlevebSic.

Aakaki ganagrZobs: vTqvaT daveTanxmeT somexTa mecnie-

rebso _ ”aRar viwameT da aRar virwmuneT arc ucxo erebis

istoriuli wyaroebi Cveni eris Sesaxeb, arc Cveni sakuTari

qronikebi, arc gujrebi; yalbaT vicaniT Cveni pergamentebi,

arxeologia, numizmaTika da sxvani, magram imas raRa vuyoT,

rac axla Cvens Tvalsa-da-xel-Sua xdeba da rasac ase naT-

laT Cveni TvaliTa vxedavT?! guSindeli ambavi ar aris maTi

Semoxizvna da Cven mier maT sapatronoT xelis gaSvera? Cven-

ma ukanasknelma mefeebma isini Sig Suagul saqarTveloSi Se-

15

moxiznes da rogorc vaWar-xalxs, omSi gamousadegars,1 qala-

qebi Caabares. qarTveli xalxi-ki brZolis velze aTen-aRameb-

da... daRaluli, daqanculi da dawylulebuli qarTvelebi,

Sin rom Semobrunden, ra dauxvdaT? is, rom maTi yofa-cxov-

reba Semoxiznul da moZmeT miRebul vaWrebis xelSi iyo da

bodiSis magieraT, pir-iqiT mediduraT hyviroden: “vin xarT

da saidan modixarTo? Tqven rodis yofilxarT aqo?Ees yo-

velTvis Cveni yofilao!” dasamtkiceblaT qarTvelebisve taZ-

reb-monastrebs miuTiTes, sadac qarTuli zed-warwera amoef-

xikaT da “daviT-bagratebis” nacvlaT “arSak-marSakebi” Caewe-

raT!.. Cven gvakvirvebs Secdoma da gulubriyvloba Cveni mefe-

ebisa da qarTveli xalxis, Tvara es sworeT asec unda mom-

xdariyo, radganac brZola arsebobisaTvis msoflio kanonia

da verc somxebi acdebodnen am kanons, miT ufro, rom Zveli

anderZi xelSi eWiraT da misi gatexa ise ar SeeZloT, ro-

gorc sakuTari rjulisa!.. Cven raRaT unda vecadoT somxebis

sinidisSi Cagdebas, rom msoflio kanons ewinaaRmdegon da

rjuli gatexon? magram sruli neba ki gvaqvs, vusayveduroT

im Seugnebel da cru-liberal qarTvel inteligentebs, ro-

melnic bans aZleven somxebs da gaiZaxian: “ibrZoleT Tqvenc

mxolod im iaraRiT, romelsac isini xmarobeno!” ra eTqmis im

mwyemss, romelsac farexSi mglebi SecveniaT da mis nacvlaT,

rom man kombali aiRos xelSi mosagereblaT, mxoloT iZaxis:

“unda mec ise moviqce, rogorc isini iqceviano! e.i. movicado

im dromdi, sanam Cem cxvrebsac ar amouvaT mglis kbilebi da

sakbenaTac mgluraT ar aeSlebaT saRerRelio?!“2

Aakaki aseve ambobda: raime materialuri sargeblobis

motana rom SeeZlos, darwmunebuli var, somxebi qarTvelebs

deda-enasac wagvarTmeveno.

1899 wels vaJa-fSavelas dauweria poema “haos da qarT-

los”. haosi da qarTlosi somexTa da qarTvelTa miTiuri wi-

naprebis saxelebia. 1899 welsve gazeT “iveriaSi” (# 116) ga-

moqveynda cnoba, rom i. imedaSvils ganuzraxavs am poemisa da

1 viTareba Seicvala: amJamad somxebze aRar iTqmis, omSi gamousadegarni

ariano _ yarabaRisTvis omi amis dasturia. 2 ix. Aakakis krebuli, #5, pirveli ganyofileba, Tb., 1898, gv. 32-38.

16

vaJas ramdenime leqsis calke wignad gamocema. magram imdro-

indelma, ruseTis imperiis cenzuram nebarTva ar gasca, ra-

Ta dastambuliyo es wigni. safiqrebelia, TbilisSi mokala-

Tebulma somxurma burJuaziam da misma amqarma moaxdines gav-

lena cenzuraze.Nn.Ddurnovos sityviT, qarTuli eklesiis gam-

Zarcveli saqarTvelos rusi egzarqosebi megobrobdnen somex

magnatebTan; saerTodac, somexi krezebi kvebaveno ruseTis im-

periis kavkasiel Cinovnikebs1. qarTveli xalxis gayvlefis Se-

degad gamdidrebuli somxebi moqrTamavdnen cenzurasac, ra-

Ta mas neba ar daerTo qarTvel avtorTa somexTaTvis miuRe-

beli Txzulebebis dastambvaze.

vaJa-fSavelas poema “haos da qarTlos” pirvelad dai-

beWda avtoris gardacvalebidan 17 wlis Semdeg, 1932 wels,

al. abaSelis redaqciiT gamocemul vaJas TxzulebaTa meoTxe

tomSi.

vaJas poemaSi qarTlosi gansaxierebaa qarTveli erisa,

xolo haosi _ somexi erisa. avtoris mixedviT, Tvalcremlia-

ni, konkebSi gaxveuli haosi “qarTloss moadga karzeda” da

Seexvewa: Zmao qarTlos, “nuTu daCagruls moZmesa binas ar

momcem saxlSia?” qarTlosi mtiral haoss “yels gadaeWdo,

akoca, rogorc wesia Zmobisa” da guluxvadac gaumaspinZlda.

purobis Jams haosi mouyva qarTloss, Tu rogor aiklo misi

qveyana mterma da kidev erTxel daxmareba sTxova qarTloss:

“adgilic mterma wamarTo, sarCo-sabadi yvelao, Rone Senzeda

davyare, Tu SagiZlian Svelao?!“ gulaCvilebulma qarTlosma

aRuTqva haoss: “raca maqvs, Sua gagiyof.” qarTlosma Seiked-

la, Seixizna haosi.

saqarTvelos odesme xangrZlivad Rirsebia mSvidoba?

qarTvel ers gana didxans moasvenebdnen dampyroblebi? arse-

bobs xatovani gamoTqmac: mSvidobiani periodebi saqarTvelos

istoriaSi SeiZleba SevadaroT antraqtebs Teatris warmod-

genebSi, speqtaklebSi. im xanebSic mtris urdoebi Semoesivnen

Cvens qveyanas. qarTlosi saqarTvelos dasacavad, saomrad ga-

eSura. man saxl-kari da col-Svilic haoss Caabara. uTvalav-

1 n. durnovo, qarTuli eklesiis bedi, Jurnali “ganTiadi”, 1990, # 10, gv.

45, 55.

17

ma mterma uTanasworo brZolaSi qarTvelebi Seaviwrova:

“uricxvi qarTlosiani mtrebTan brZolaSi kvdeboda.” omi

didxans gagrZelda da “didic mogvca ziani.“ qarTlosi “ibr-

Zoda pirofliani, xmals ar agebda budesa.” haosi ar monawi-

leobda omSi. igi arc gulxeldakrefili yofila omianobis

dros, Sromobda, “magram rogor da visTvisa?! cxvari vis da-

ubarebav, Tqvengan ar mikvirs, mglisTvisa?”

qarTlosi rom saomrad wavida, im weliwads SimSiloba

iyo. “haosmac purebi yida da zogic sesxad gaiRo, da kaloo-

bas erTs kodze ori sargeblad aiRo!” gaTavxedebulmaHhaosma

daaskvna: qarTvelebi “bilani1 xalxi yofila da mindobilis

gulisa_aqa yofila kidevac swored xazina fulisa.’’Hhaosma

saqarTveloSi gaxsna duqani da “mas aqeTia haosi aris da

aris msuqani.” man Seaviwrova qarTlosis col-Svili, sakuTa-

ri saxlidan gandevna isini. maT keraze “haos-xanuma dafuZnd-

nen,” agreTve maTi Zeni, mikiC da galusta.

mZimed daWrili qarTlosi qarTlosianebma sakaciT mo-

iyvanes. haosma qarTlosi missave saxlSic aRar SeuSva: “aq

mas bina aqvs arao... sad iyo, ra gamikeTa, aba ra moitanao?”

haosis veragobiT gamwarebuli “qarTlosis coli Tamari za-

riT mosTqvamda amasa: “Rirsi ar aris, nu stiriT, Svilebo,

Tavis mamasa, TqvenTvis yelebis saWrelad haoss aZlevda da-

nasa. dRes sxva hmkis gadamTieli Tqvenis mamulis yanasa...

sawyalis gulis patrono, vis endobodi,radao?”

poemis finalSi vaJaseuli siRrmiTaa daxatuli “kai

ymis,” “daWrili arwivis,” qarTlosis saxe: sakuTari saxli-

dan gamogdebul, fanCaturSi mwoliare qarTloss “roca mos-

cems sicxesa _ utydeba texa wylulisa, maSin amodis da gves-

mis pasuxi imis gulisa. iqneb ggoniaT saxl-karis, mamulis

dakargulisa? haosis moRalatoba, simrude imis sulisa? _

ara, is omsve igonebs, hbodavs: “dahkariT mtersao... fari da

xmali sada maqvs;” iqiTken iwvdis xelsao.”2

niSandoblivia, rom vaJa-fSavelam “haos da qarTlos”

dawera imave wels, roca Seiqmna da gamoqveynda ilias “somex-

1 bilani gulubryvilos niSnavs.

2 vaJa-fSavela, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad, t. III, Tb., 1964 w.

18

Ta mecnierni da qvaTa RaRadi.” zemoT akakis werilidan naw-

yvetebi rom movitaneT, is 1898 welsaa dabeWdili. 1897 wels

ki daistamba iakob gogebaSvilis wigni “simarTle Tbilisis

Sesaxeb” (rusul enaze), romelSic iakobi amxelda vinme “mo-

qalaqes” (erovnebiT somexs). “moqalaqe” Tavis nawerSi acxa-

debda, rom Tbilisi yovelTvis somxuri qalaqi iyo. daviT

aRmaSenebeli, Tamar mefe, giorgi brwyinvale da sxvebi somex-

Ta mefeebi iyvnen? anda vaxtang gorgasalma Tbilisi qalaqad,

dedaqalaqad somxebisTvis Seqmna? imdenad araseriozuli, im-

denad akviatebuli, ise binZuria msgavsi azrebi, rom naSro-

mis Sesaval nawilSi amaze sagangebo msjelobas ver gavmar-

TavT. es kia, rom uneburad gvagondeba TbilisTan dakavSire-

bul somexTa pretenziebze nodar dumbaZis xumroba: vaxtang

gorgaslis garda Tbilisis daarsebaze sxvasac Tu aqvs vin-

mes pretenzia, SemovujenT gorgasals cxenze, adgili kia da

yvelaferio. igulisxmeba gorgaslis Zegli metexis ezoSi.

ilia, akaki, vaJa da sxva qarTveli moRvaweebi darwmune-

bulni iyvnen, rom somxur wreebs qarTuli miwa-wylis mitace-

ba, saqarTvelos, qarTveli eris gasomxureba, gasomxeba ewa-

daT. amitomac astexes maT gangaSi, riTac kvlav daamtkices,

rom didi eriskacebi iyvnen mravaltanjuli qarTveli erisa.

is ar gveyofoda, rom qarTveli eris gadaSenebas cdilob-

dnen did-didi dampyroblebi, sparselebi, arabebi, Turqebi,

monRolebi, rusebi, da sxvebi? XIX saukuneSi aseTive mizani

daisaxes somxurma wreebmac. ismis kiTxva: SemTxveviTi iyo es

movlena, Tu mas fesvebi warsulSi aqvs gadgmuli? am kiTxva-

ze pasuxis gacemas Sevecdebi winamdebare, samecniero-popula-

ruli xasiaTis naSromSi.

19

pirveli Tavi

saqarTvelo da somxeTi uZvelesi droidan

gaqristianebamde

amJamad samecniero literaturaSi miRebulia, rom qar-

Tuli tomebi istoriuli saqarTvelos (is dRevandel saqar-

Tveloze gacilebiT did teritorias moicavda) miwa-wyalze

uZvelesi droidan, adamJamobidan mkvidrobdnen. rac Seexeba

somxeTs, iq qristes Sobamde meore aTaswleulSi xuritul-

urartuli tomebi cxovrobdnen da ara somxebi1. somxeTis is-

toriis mamad miCneuli movses xorenacis cnobebiTac, sanam

somexTa modgma somxeTSi daidebda binas, manamde iq sul

sxva, somexTagan gansxvavebuli tomebi mkvidrobdnen. am droi-

sTvis qarTuli tomebi karga xania (Tu imTaviTve, dasabamidan

ara) saqarTvelos miwa-wylis mkvidrni arian da swored isto-

riuli saqarTvelos teritoriaze, garkveuli mizezebis gamo,

dawyebulia fuZe-qarTuli enis daSla dialeqtebad, ris Se-

degadac TandaTanobiT Camoyalibdnen Zveli qarTuli, svanu-

ri da megrul-lazuri (Wanuri) enebi.

r. gordezianis Tanaxmad, dRes aravin ar davobs imaze,

rom indoevropelma somxebma somxeTSi, yovel SemTxvevaSi, is-

toriuli saqarTvelos mezobel, momijnave somxeTis mxareeb-

Si mxolod urartus samefos daqveiTebis anu qristes Sobam-

de VII-VI saukuneTa mijnidan iwyes SeRweva da maTi fiqsacia

am teritoriebis mkvidrebad swored qristes Sobamde VI sau-

kunidan iwyeba2. oTxi aswleulis Semdeg dasturdeba somexTa

swrafva iqiTken, rom daepyroT qarTuli miwa-wyali. vinaidan

qarTvelebi somxebze didi xniT adre mkvidrobdnen amierkav-

kasiaSi da maT saamayo warsulic hqondaT im droisaTvis, ro-

desac somxebma qarTuli mxareebis dapyroba scades, cxadia,

qarTveli eri somexTa qarTvelebze gabatonebas ver Seegue-

boda.

qristes Sobamde pirveli saukunis da qristes Sobidan

1 ix. somexi xalxis istoria, mravaltomeuli, t. I, erevani, 1971 w., gv. 148

(somxur enaze). 2 r. gordeziani, qarTuli TviTSegnebis Camoyalibebis problema, Tb., 1993,

gv. 47.

20

pirveli aswleulis dasawyisis cnobili berZeni swavluli,

straboni gvauwyebs: “mogviTxroben armeniaze, rom pirvelad

is patara yofila, gazrdila artaqsiasa (artaSesis – a. a.) da

zariadris meSveobiT, romlebic pirvelad antioq didis sar-

dlebi iyvnen, xolo mere, misi damarcxebis Semdeg, gamefdnen,

erTi sofenes, akisenes, odomantissa da zog sxva [mxareSi],

xolo meore _ artaqsatas midamoebSi. amaT gazardes [qveyana

imis xarjze], rom mezobel xalxebs CamoaWres nawilebi; midi-

elTagan _ kaspiane, favniti da basoropeda; iberebs _ paria-

dres kalTebi, xorzene da gogarene, romelic mtkvris gadaR-

ma aris. xalibebisa da mosinikebisagan [waiRes] kareniti da

qserqsene, romlebic mcire armeniis mezoblad arian, Tu misi

nawilebi arian; kataonTagan _ akilisene da antitavrosTan

mdebare adgilebi, sirielTagan _ taroniti, ise rom yvelani

exla erT enaze laparakoben.’’1

Ees ambebi qristes Sobamde meore saukunis dasawyisSi

moxda. dadgenilia, rom somxebs im xanebSi daupyriaT qar-

Tuli mxareebi _ basiani, tao, speri, kola-artaani, qvemo qar-

Tlis nawili, SesaZloa, naxevari javaxeTic da sxvac. es mox-

da iseT politikur viTarebaSi, rodesac romis gaZlierebul-

ma saxelmwifom daamarcxa siriasa da mezobel qveynebSi ar-

sebuli selevkidebis samefo, romelic aleqsandre makedone-

lis mier Seqmnili imperiis daSlis Sedegad warmoiqmna. ro-

misa da selevkidebis samefos Soris omis dros iberiis same-

fo selevkidebis saxelmwifos mokavSire iyo, xolo somexTa

xelisufalni gandgomian selevkid mefes, antioq dids da mim-

xrobian roms. strabonisve cnobiT, “antioq didis sardlebis

(rodesac antioqi romaelebs ebrZoda) artaqsiasa da zariad-

risagan, [armenia] orad iyo gayofili. eseni marTavdnen, min-

dobili ki mefisagan (antioqisagan _ a. a.) hqondaT. [rodesac

mefe] damarcxda, isini SeuerTdnen romaelebs da moewyvnen

TavTavisTvis rogorc mefeebi’’.2 etyoba, romis mxardaWeriT,

daxmarebiT moxda, rom somxebma SeZles mezoblebis, kerZod,

1 T. yauxCiSvili, strabonis geografia, cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, Tb.,

1957, gv. 189. 2 iqve , gv. 196.

21

qarTvelebis miwa-wylis erTi nawilis dapyroba.

somxur samecniero Tu popularul literaturaSi miRe-

bulia azri, rom strabonis mier moxsenebuli, somexTagan

dapyrobili qarTvelTa mxareebi adrec somxebis yofila, Sem-

dgomSi, TiTqos, qarTvelebs daupyriaT da qristes Sobamde

meore saukuneSi somxebs kvlav daubrunebiaT isini. es Sexe-

duleba gatarebulia, kerZod, zemoT dasaxelebul “somexi

xalxis istoriis” pirvel tomSi da “somxeTis istoriis” me-

xuTe klasis saxelmZRvaneloSic ki.Aam mosazrebis dasamtki-

ceblad araviTari masala ar arsebobs.1

“somexi xalxis istoriis” mravaltomeulis pirvel tom-

Si akademikosi suren eremiani aWarasac somxeTis nawilad ac-

xadebs: “vsaubrobT ra didi somxeTis teritoriuli cvlile-

bebis Taobaze 37 w. (qristes Sobidan _ a. a) sazavo xelSek-

rulebis mixedviT, aucilebelia aRiniSnos, rom CrdiloeTi-

Tac Camocilebul iqna da qarTvelTa samefos SeuerTda didi

somxeTis Crdilo sanapiro mxare, goderZakani, romelic moi-

cavda... aWarisa da samcxis olqebs.” aWara didxans somxeTis

Semdgeneli nawili iyoo. “somxur sabWoTa enciklopediaSic”

acxadeben: kRarjqi (e. i. klarjeTi) ariso didi somxeTis gu-

garqis mxaris olqi. qristes Sobamde meSvide saukunis dasaw-

yisidan moeqca urartus samefos, xolo Semdgom didi somxe-

Tis SemadgenlobaSi. somxeTis arSakunTa samefos dacemis

(428 w.) Semdeg klarjeTi miaTvaleso qarTlis samarzpanos.

Semdeg omSi somxebma daibruneso es mxare. rac Seexeba aWa-

ras, is klarjeTis nawiliao, e.i. aWara saukuneTa ganmavloba-

Si somxeTis SemadgenlobaSi Sediodao.

araviTari masala ar arsebobs imis samtkiceblad, rom

aWara somxeTs daepyro da Tanac mravali saukunis manZilze

yofiliyo somxeTis nawili. marTalia, qristes Sobamde

pirvel aswleulSi somxeTis mefem, tigran II didma SeZlo

mravali qveynis Tu mxaris dapyroba, magram tigranis aram-

yari imperia mxolod ociode weliwads arsebobda da Semdeg

1 ix. a. abdalaZe, qvemo qarTli Zv. w. II saukunidan ax. w. IV saukunemde,

krebuli “dmanisi,” t. III, Tb., 2001; q. quTaTelaZe, qvemo qarTli, politi-

kuri istoriis sakiTxebi, Tb., 2001, gv. 17,35.

22

daiSala. amasTanave, tigrani iyo pontos mefis, miTridate VI

evpatoris mokavSire da xSirad misi karnaxiTac moqmedeb-

da.Amis dasturia berZeni mematianis, apianes cnoba: “miTrida-

tem Seaguliana... tigrani, raTa igi Tavs dasxmoda kapadoki-

as.”Yyovel SemTxvevaSi, tigrani miTridatesTan SeTanxmebiT

moqmedebda manamde mainc, sanam romis saxelmwifosgan damar-

cxebis safrTxe daemuqreboda. amis Semdeg is male damarcxda

da dakninda kidec. dasavleT saqarTvelo ki miTridates gav-

lenis qveS iyo moqceuli da tigranic aWaras ver daipyrob-

da. miT ufro gamoricxulia somexTa SedarebiT susti, sxva

mefeebis mier aWaris dapyroba.

rac Seexeba gamoTqmas, termin did somxeTs, is Tavda-

pirvelad gaCnda imis gamo, rom somxeTis es nawili ganesxva-

vebinaT e. w. mcire somxeTisgan. mogvianebiT ki saxelwodeba

did somxeTSi imperiuli Sinaarsic Casdes. straboni rom aR-

niSnavs, somxeTsa da dapyrobil mxareebSi amJamad yvelani

erT enaze laparakobeno (igulisxmeba erTi saxelmwifo enis

daweseba), e. i. somxurado, cxadia, aqac somexTa imperiuli

miznebia asaxuli.

rogorc ukve iTqva, qarTvelebi ver Seeguebodnen somex-

Ta batonobas, somxeTis mier qarTuli mxareebis dapyrobas.

cnobilia, rom qristes Sobamde 65 wels iberiis samefos

jarma sisxlismRvreli brZolebi gaumarTa Zalian Zlieri

romis saxelmwifos jarebs, romelsac pompeusi sardlobda

da miznad iberiis dapyrobas isaxavda. dampyrobeli romis wi-

naaRmdeg brZolebSi qarTveli qalebic omobdnen da Seewir-

nen kidec samSoblos Tavisuflebas. romis saxelmwifo igive

tigraniseul somxeTze bevrad Zlieri iyo da tigransac ar

Seepuebodnen qarTvelebi. rogorc iTqva, tigranis imperia

ociode weliwadSi daingra, somexTa sxva mefeebi tigranze

gacilebiT sustebi iyvnen da didi xniT qarTuli mxareebis

dapyrobas, SenarCunebas ver SesZlebdnen.

qristes Sobamde II saukuneSi artaqsiamac (artaSesma)

rom daipyro qarTuli mxareebi, amis Semdeg male is damar-

cxda, selevkid mefesTan brZolaSi, tyvedac Cavarda. safiqre-

belia, qarTvelebi ukve im xanebSi ecdebodnen somexTagan mi-

tacebuli qarTuli mxareebis ukan dabrunebas. aseve, cnobi-

23

lia, rom tigran II didi, sanam mefe gaxdeboda, ufliswulo-

bis dros, aTi wlis manZilze parTiis (iranis) xelisuflebas

hyavda mZevlad, rac imdroindeli somxeTis sisustiT iyo gan-

pirobebuli. qarTvelebi am garemoebiTac isargeblebdnen da

Tu somxeTs kvlav hqonda mitacebuli qarTuli miwa-wyali (im

xanebSi da SemdgomSic qarTvel-somexTa Soris sadavod qceu-

li mxareebi xelidan xelSi gadadioda), Cveni winaprebi isev

ecdebodnen danakargis dabrunebas. amas gvafiqrebinebs is,

rom sanam somxebi Semogvitevdnen, Cven ukve istoriis grZeli

gza gvqonda gavlili, somxebTan SedarebiT amierkavkasiis ga-

cilebiT ufro Zvel mkvidrebad viTvlebodiT da tradiciac

Seqmniliyo imisa, rom qarTvelebi Tavis TviTmyofadobas,

erovnul meobas ar daTmobdnen, sanam dampyrobeli yvela qar-

Tvels ar mospobda, maT gvamebze ar gadaivlida. es Cveni qve-

ynis did-didma dampyroblebma ver SeZles somxebis asparezze

gamoCenamdec da miT ufro somxebi ver SeZlebdnen.

rodesac vsaubrobT amierkavkasiaSi qarTuli saxelmwi-

foebriobis siZveleze somxurTan SedarebiT, pirvel rigSi

vgulisxmobT Zveli kolxeTis samefos. istoriis mamad wode-

buli, qristes Sobamde mexuTe saukunis avtoris, herodotes

cnobiT, kolxebi warmoSobiT egviptelebi yofilan – qristes

Sobamde XIII aswleulSi egviptelTa jaris erTi nawili dar-

Ca, damkvidrda kolxeTSi da maTi naSieria kolxebio. mecni-

erTa umetesoba am Sexedulebas ar iziarebs, magram herodo-

tes cnobaSi is ambavi namdviladaa asaxuli, rom kolxebis,

viTarca uZvelesi kulturisa da saxelmwifoebriobis mqone

xalxis, Zvel egviptelebTan Sedareba SesaZlebeli yofila.

gavixsenoT berZnuli miTic Zveli kolxeTis Sesaxeb, sxva ma-

salebic da ufleba mogvecema davaskvnaT, rom Zveli kolxe-

Tis saxelmwifo sul cota 3500 wlis win ukve arsebobda.

Zveli kolxeTis samefo marto dasavleT saqarTvelos-

Tan ar unda gavaigivoT. masSi Sedioda aRmosavleT da sam-

xreT saqarTvelos erTi nawili mainc. am mxriv yuradRebas

iqcevs saxelwodeba kolxic. masSi –xi daboloebas, sufiqss

warmoadgens, fuZed ki gvrCeba kol. kola qarTul mxares er-

qva mtkvris saTaveSi, romelic dRes TurqeTis Semadgenloba-

Sia moqceuli qarTveli eris Savbedobis gamo. aRsaniSnavia,

24

rom Zveli berZnebi aseve qarTveli eris mouSuSebeli tkivi-

lis, ZirZveli qarTuli mxaris, taos mkvidrT taoxebs eZax-

dnen. kola taosTan SedarebiT Zalze patara mxarea da masa-

lebic mis Sesaxeb cota SemogvrCa, Torem, SesaZloa, taoxe-

bis analogiurad kolaelebisTvisac ewodebinaT kolaxebi,

kolxebi. erTi sityviT, eWvi ar unda Segveparos imaSi, rom

Zveli kolxeTi sruliad saqarTvelos gaerTianebas Seecde-

boda saukuneebis manZilze da ara marto dasavleT saqarTve-

losas. mogvianebiT yoveli saqarTvelos gaerTianebas cdi-

lobda iberiis samefo farnavazianTa dinastiiT saTaveSi. am-

gvar ltolvas safuZveli Cauyara, tradicia Seuqmna Zveli

kolxeTis samefom.

Zveli kolxeTis garda igive uZveles xanebSi arsebobda

diaoxis qarTuli saxelmwifoc. saxelwodeba diaoxi igivea,

rac taoxi anu tao. rogorc Cans, diaoxis saxelmwifos cen-

tralur nawils tao warmoadgenda. xsenebuli herodote did

tomad miiCnevs uZvelesi qarTuli mxaris speris (axlandeli

ispiri TurqeTis SemadgenlobaSi) mkvidrT, sperelebs, ro-

melsac is sasperebs uwodebs.

qristes Sobamde IV saukunis damlevs Seiqmna iberiis

samefo centriT mcxeTaSi. is moicavda, kerZod, im qarTul

mxareebsac, romlebic somxebma daipyres qristes Sobamde meo-

re aswleulis dasawyisSi. straboni gvauwyebs, rom iberiele-

bi, qristes Sobamde meore saukunis mematianis, “apolodores

mtkicebis Tanaxmad, armenias esazRvrebian araqsiT”.1 aq SeiZ-

leba igulisxmebodes araqsis zemo dinebis auzi, magram yve-

la SemTxvevaSi faqtia, rom somxebi saerTodac gvian mkvidr-

debian araqsis CrdiloeTiT da amis Semdeg qarTuli miwa-

wylis dapyrobasac axerxeben. aRsaniSnavia, rom somxeTis

sazRvrebSi moqceul yarss Zvelad qarTuli saxeli kari,

karni erqva. aqedanaa miRebuli somxuri kars, xolo Turquli

enis gavleniT – yars, yarsi2.

strabonisve cnobiT, “mosxebis (mesxebis – a. a.) qveyana,

romelSic aris samlocvelo, sam nawils Seicavs: erTi misi

1 T. yauxCiSvili, strabonis geografia, gv. 81. 2 ix. a. SaniZe, qarTvelTa monasteri bulgareTSi, Tb., 1971, gv. 13.

25

nawili aqvT kolxebs, meore iberebs da mesame armenielebs”.1

aq, am SemTxvevaSi mosxebis qveyana, anu mesxeTi nagulisxmevia

farTo mniSvnelobiT. is moicavs samxreT da samxreT-dasav-

leT saqarTvelos. mesxeTi rom qarTuli miwa-wyalia, amaze,

wesiT da rigiT, somexi mecnierebi, saerTod, Wkuazemyofeli

adamiani ar unda Segvecilos. maSasadame, ZirZveli qarTuli

mxaris, mesxeTis nawili somxebs hqoniaT dapyrobili. rac Se-

exeba mesxeTis sxva nawilebis moqcevas iberiisa da kolxeTis

SemadgenlobaSi, es mesxebisaTvis ise mtkivneuli ar unda yo-

filiyo, rogorc somxeTis mier mesxeTis erTi nawilis mita-

ceba, rameTu iberiasa da kolxeTSi mesxebi TavianT qarTul

ier-saxes SeinarCunebdnen. ufro metic, qarTuli saxelmwi-

fos sazRvrebSi moqceuli mesxeTi, mesxebi iberielebTan da

kolxebTan erTad Seecdebodnen somxeTis mier dapyrobili

mesxeTis nawilis gaTavisuflebas somexTa batonobisagan.

mesxeTi rom iberiis samefos nawili unda yofiliyo da

ara somxeTisa, amas kanonzomierad miiCnevs meeqvse saukunis

cnobili berZeni mematiane prokopi kesarielic: “iberiis gas-

wvriv cxovroben ZveliTganve iberTa qveSevrdomi mesxebi, ro-

melTac mTebSi aqvT sabinadro adgilebi. mesxeTis mTebi arc

mwiria da arc nayofierebas moklebuli, aramed savsea yovel-

gvari sikeTiT, radganac mesxebic marjve miwismuSebi arian

da iq venaxebic aris. am qveyanaSi mTebic metad maRalia,

uzarmazari… amaT ukan aRmosavleTiT aris iberia”2.

somxeTis samefos sazRvrebSi moqceul qarTul mxareeb-

Si qarTvelTa gasomxeba uceb ver moxdeboda, amas xangrZlivi

dro sWirdeboda, metadre uZveles epoqebsa da adre Sua sau-

kuneebSi. amas ganapirobebda is, rom qarTvelebs ukve im xa-

nebSi gamokveTili TviTmyofadoba, erovnuli saxe gaaCndaT.

am mxriv gasaTvaliswinebelia somexi mecnieris, n. adoncis

azric: “mdebareobda ra xalxTa didi moZraobis gzajvaredin-

ze, igi (somxeTi – a. a.) itovebda da isrutavda Tavis niadag-

ze bevr rasobriv mimdinareobasa da tomobriv nakadebs. qvey-

1 T. yauxCiSvili, strabonis geografia, gv. 125. 2 georgika, bizantieli mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, s. yaux-

CiSvilis gamocema, t. II, Tb., 1965, gv. 127.

26

nis pirobebi xels ar uwyobda asimilacias: maRali mTagrexi-

lebi, romlebic seravdnen qveyanas yoveli mimarTulebiT,

qmnidnen xevxuvebis qsels, romelTagan TiToeuli warmoad-

genda tomobrivi Taviseburebebis dacvisaTvis uaRresad xel-

sayrel Caketil garemos”.1 es debuleba gansakuTrebiT SeiZ-

leba mivusadagoT im epoqebs, sanam somxuri eklesia gamokve-

Tilad erovnul mimarTulebas miiRebda da qveynis cxovreba-

Si umniSvnelovanesi rolis Sesrulebas itvirTavda. mniSvne-

loba hqonda am mxriv somxuri damwerlobis Seqmnas da som-

xuri mwerlobis gaCenas mexuTe saukunidan.

ufro adrindel somxeTSi, kerZod, somxeTis mier dap-

yrobil ucxo mxareebSi, rogorc wesi, ar arsebobdnen iseTi

Zalebi, ar moqmedebdnen sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis imgvari

faqtorebi, romlebic sxvadasxva xalxebis, metadre qarTve-

lebis gasomxebas, maTi TviTmyofadobis waSla-gaqrobas gamo-

iwvevdnen.

cnobilia, rom qristes Sobidan I-II saukuneebi iberiis

samefos Zlierebis xanaa. amis Sesaxeb moTxrobilia berZnul-

laTinur wyaroebSi, kerZod, tacitusisa da dion kasiusis

saistorio TxzulebebSi. “ax. w. I-II saukuneebSi, rodesac qar-

Tlis (anu iberiis – a. a.) samefo2 politikur aRmavlobas ga-

nicdis, eWvi ar aris, misgan adre waRebuli teritoriebi mis-

save farglebSi Semodioda”.3 igulisxmeba, kerZod, somxeTis

mier dapyrobili qarTuli mxareebis dabruneba qarTvelTagan

qristes Sobidan pirvel aswleulSi. ufro metic, im xanebSi

iberiis mefe farsman I cdilobda daemorCilebina mTeli som-

xeTi. qristes Sobidan I saukuneSi somxeTis samefo taxtze

qarTveli mefeebi, jer farsman I-is Zma miTridate, xolo Sem-

deg misive vaJi radamisti akurTxes.4

1 n. adonci, somxeTi iustinianes epoqaSi, erevani, 1971, gv. 392 (rusul ena-

ze). 2 qarTli am SemTxvevaSi ixmareba farTo mniSvnelobiT. qarTlis samefo-

Si Sedioda zogjer mTeli saqarTveloc an, ufro xSirad, Cveni qveynis

didi nawili. kaxeTi, mag., im xanebSi qarTlis samefos ganuyofeli nawi-

lia. 3 d. musxeliSvili, saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiis ZiriTadi sakiT-

xebi, I, Tb., 1977, gv. 80. 4 saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, I, Tb., 1970, gv. 511-516.

27

tacitusis mixedviT, farsman pirveli “ufro amwvavebda

ZveliTgan momdinare mtrobasa da siZulvils armenielebis

mimarT”. es mtroba da siZulvili momdinareobda iqedan, rom

somxeTi qristes Sobamde II-I saukuneebSi cdilobda qarTuli

mxareebis dapyrobas, rasac omebSi gamowrTobili qarTveli

eri ver Seurigdeboda. tacitusisve cnobiT, qristes Sobidan

58 wels farsman I-is brZanebiT, somxeTSi SeiWrnen mesxebi.1

marTalia, farsman I romis imperiis mokavSire iyo, magram

roms iberiis samefos metismetad gaZliereba ar awyobda da

is yoveli RoniT cdilobda iberiis samefos somxeTi ar Se-

erTebina. romis imperiis xelisufalni TviTon isaxavdnen sa-

boloo miznad rogorc somxeTis, aseve saqarTvelos dapyro-

bas. romis imperiis veraguli politikis dasturad gamodgeba

erTi aseTi magaliTic: qristes Sobidan III saukuneSi roms

sparseTis winaaRmdeg omebSi Zalian daexmara palmiris mefe.

roms im xanebSi uWirda gaZlierebuli sasanianTa2 sparseTis

Setevebis mogerieba. palmiris mefis jarma am Sexla-Semoxla-

Si mravalgzis daamarcxa sparselebi. romis imperias ar aw-

yobda arc misi mokavSiris, palmiris gaZliereba. romaelebma

mospes kidec palmiris samefo 273 wels.

marTalia, farsman I-s romma ar darTo neba, SeerTebina

somxeTi, magram iberiis mefem garkveul warmatebas mainc mi-

aRwia. tacitusis sityviT, romis imperiis xelisufalTagan

“nabrZanebi iyo armeniis garkveuli nawilebi damorCilebod-

nen farasmanes” (e. i. farsman I-s), misi samefos mosazRvre.

dion kasiusis mixedviTac, saqarTvelo-somxeTs Soris sada-

vod qceuli mxareebi I-II saukuneebSi iberiis samefos Semad-

genlobaSia, II-III aswleulTa mijnazec mtkvris orive mxares

somxebi ki ara, qarTvelebi (iberielebi) cxovrobdnen.3 qris-

tes Sobidan I saukunis romaeli avtoris, plinius ufrosis

cnobiTac, qvemo qarTlis samxreTi nawili, taSiri iberiis

samefos SemadgenlobaSia. qristes Sobidan I-II aswleulebis

berZeni JamTaaRmwerlis, plutarqes Tanaxmad, “mdinare mtkva-

1 tacitusi,analebi,XIII. 37. 2 sparseTis imdroindeli mmarTveli dinastiaa. 3 T. yauxCiSvili,saqarTvelos istoriis Zveli berZnuli wyaroebi,Tb., 1976,

gv. 196-206.

28

ri iberTa mTebidan gamodis, gzaze somxeTidan momaval

araqss ierTebs da Tormeti SesarTaviT kaspiis zRvaSi Cadis.1

somxeTis istoriis mamad miCneuli movses xorenacis

cnobiT, somexTa mefe artaSesma (es igive straboniseuli ar-

taqsiaa, romelsac qarTuli miwa-wyali daupyria) “Tavisi asu-

li, artaSama miaTxova vinme mihrdats,qarTvelTa did piti-

axSs.” aq igulisxmeba qvemo qarTlis, straboniseuli gogare-

nes (somxuri saxelwodebiT gugarqis) pitiaxSi.2 maSasadame,

movses xorenaci artaSesianTa xanis gogarenes sapitiaxSos

qarTvelTa sapitiaxSos uwodebs, miuxedavad imisa, rom som-

xeTma SesZlo gogarenes (qvemo qarTlis an misi erTi nawi-

lis saxelwodebaa) garkveuli xniT dapyroba. saerTodac, xo-

renaci qvemo qarTls qarTul miwa-wylad miiCnevs da ara som-

xurad, Tumca misi saTanado cnobebi bundovania, CaxlarTu-

lia. es, albaT, gamowveulia imiT, rom somexTa survili iyo

qvemo qarTli somxeTis organuli nawili gamxdariyo.

movses xorenaci axsenebs gugarelTa pitiaxSs aSuSasac

da mis samTavros, taSiris mxares.3 arSuSa anu aSuSa gugare-

Tis, qvemo qarTlis Tu misi erTi nawilis pitiaxSia mexuTe

saukunis 20-50-ian wlebSi. igi mama iyo avad saxsenebeli, sa-

qarTvelos moRalate varsqen pitiaxSisa. yuradRebas ipyrobs,

Tu ratom ixsenieba somxur wyaroebSi (koriuni, xorenaci)

arSuSa taSiris mTavrad. d. musxeliSvilis sityviT, xorena-

cis saTanado cnoba “arSuSas mflobelobis gaorebul xasi-

aTs gulisxmobs: rogorc feodali, igi memkvidreobiT mflo-

belia, mTavaria taSirisa, xolo rogorc centraluri xeli-

suflebis warmomadgeneli anu moxele _ gugarqis pitiaxSia”.

aRsaniSnavia, rom zogierTi somexi mkvlevarisaTvis (mag.,

“lores kvirikiani mefeebis istoriis“ avtoris, R. movsesia-

nisTvis) saxelwodebebi _ gugarqi da taSiri sinonimebia. “ta-

Siris “ ornairi, viwro da farTo azriT, mniSvnelobiT gamo-

yeneba dadasturebulia X-XI saukuneebSic.4

1 Pplutarqe, rCeuli biografiebi, a. uruSaZis gamocema, Tb. 1975,gv. 329. 2 Mmovses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, a. abdaliZis gamocema, Tb.,1984, gv.

111, 266. 3 iqve, gv.231. 4 r. maTevosiani, taSir-Zorageti, erevani, 1982, gv. 58 (somxur enaze).

29

movses xorenacis mier gugarelTa pitiaxSad moxsenie-

bul aSuSas V aswleulis meore naxevris somexi mematiane

lazar farpeci xSirad axsenebs da mis Sesaxeb ambobs: “qar-

TvelTa qveynidan bdeSxi (pitiaxSi _ a. a.) aSuSa”... “qarTlis

bdeSxi aSuSa”... “qarTlis iSxani (mTavari _ a. a.) aSuSa”... sa-ubrobs ra sparseTis xelisuflebisagan Seviwroebul hmaiak

mamikonianis colze, mis Sesaxeb lazar farpeci ambobs: “Ta-

visi vaJebi man aRzarda da aswavla maT qarTlis qveyanaSi,

qarTlis bdeSx aSuSas saxlSi.”1 maSasadame, gugareTi, gugar-

qi, straboniseuli gogarene lazar farpecisTvis qarTlis,

iberiis samefos nawilia.

IX_X saukuneebis somexi mematiane (romelic somexTa ka-

Tolikos-patriarqic iyo) ovanes drasxanakertci gvauwyebs:

“exla me mWmunvare da sevdian ambavs mogiTxrobT: Cvenma me-

zoblebma da xalxebma, Cvens garSemo rom arian, berZnebma,

megrelebma (dedanSia _ egriselebi _ a. a.), gugarelebma da

utielebma _ kavkasiis Ziras mosaxle Crdiloelma tomebma

gadawyvites sakuTari ZaliT exsnaT Tavi... magram Semdeg maT

avazakebi da mekobreebi Seerivnen [da] Cveni qveynis winaaRm-

deg sabrZolvelad wamovidnen. yvelaze [didi ubedureba] ma-

inc is iyo, rac maTgan Tavs gadaxda RmrTivnaSen eklesiebs:

garemoedvnen maT da daarRvies, waaxdines da gaauqmes. mrava-

li qveyana2 udabnod, gauval da urwyul [adgilad] aqcies,

TiTqmis iseT qveynad, sadac ar gauvlia kacs da arc Ze kaci-

sa [iq odesme] damkvidrebula. amrigad, gaSenebuli daba udab-

nod iqca. erTmaneTTan Setakebis dros didZali sisxli daiR-

vara, Cveni qveyana gvamebiT aivso. saerTod, did-Zali alafi

da nadavli waiRes TiToeuli qveynisTvis Tanabrad. ase gau-

kacrielda, umemkvidrod darCa, gapartaxda da dakarga brwyi-

nvaleba Cvenma dabebma da soflebma. isini nareklian yanebad

iqcnen. gadaxma yanebi da saZovrebi. Cveni qalaqebi ki daemxo

mosaxleobis gadaSenebis gamo. miwaTmoqmedni daZabundnen.

glovam moicva [yvela]. ase amgvarad mogvezRo Cven Cveni upa-

1 Ll.-n. janaSia, lazar farpecis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, Tb., 1962,

gv. 218, 226, 234, 235, 239, 242. 2 Aam SemTxvevaSi somxeTis calkeuli mxareebi igulisxmeba.

30

tiobis gamo da asrulda Cvenze esaias winaswarmetyveleba:

“queyana Tqueni oxer ars, qalaqni Tquenni cecxliT momwuar,

sayofelsa Tquensa winaSe ucxoni SeSWamden, da mooxrebul

ars da daqceul erisagan ucxo TeslTaisa.”

amgvarad ganvicadeT ra Wiri da umweoba ucxo avazakTa-

gan, Cveni qveynis mefeebs, mTavrebs, Tavkacebsa da naxararebs

(erisTavebs _ a. a.) davuwyeT cqera [imedis TvaliT]”...1 aSka-raa, rom somexTa kaTolikos-patriarqi ovanes drasxanaker-

tci (am saxeldebis qarTuli formaa ioane drasxanakerteli)

iseve ar miiCnevs gugareTis (gugarqis, gogarenes) mkvidr gug-

arelebs somxebad, rogorc berZnebsa da egriselebs. amasTa-

nave, ovanesi gugarelebad Tvlis zogjer mTeli aRmosavleT

saqarTvelos mosaxleobas. maSasadame, gugarelebi ovanesis-

Tvis igive qarTvelebia. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom Zvelad somxe-

bi qvemo qarTlis erT nawils “vrac daSts,” e.i. “qarTvelTa

vels” eZaxdnen. somexi mecnierebi ki miiCneven, rom qvemo qar-

Tli, gugarqi (gogarene) somxuri miwa-wyalia. “somxur sabWo-

Ta enciklopediaSic” ki (saTanado monakveTis avtoria amJa-

mad somxeTis upirvelesi qarTvelologi p. muradiani) SaviT

TeTrze sweria, rom somxeT-saqarTvelos politikuri da eT-

nografiuli sazRvari mtkvris Sua wels gasdevda.

Qqristes Sobidan I saukunis romaeli avtori pliniusi

ixseniebs “armenoxalibebs”.2 Aamgvari saxelwodebis gaCena, Ce-

mi azriT, imis Sedegia, rom somxebma qristes Sobamde II as-

wleulis dasawyisSi daipyres xalibTa qarTuli (qarTvelu-

ri) tomis qveyana, mxare an misi erTi nawili. rogorc etyoba,

somxebs saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi xalibTa gasomxeba ver mou-

xerxebiaT. aseve ver gaasomxebdnen isini sxva qarTul tomeb-

sac. amas xels SeuSlida, kerZod, is, rom qarTvelebi ganuw-

yvetliv ibrZodnen somexTagan dapyrobili qarTuli mxaree-

bis gasaTavisufleblad.

cnobilia, rom iberiis samefo friad gaZlierda qris-

tes Sobidan II saukuneSi, farsman II qvelis mefobis Jams.

1 ioane drasxanakerteli, somxeTis istoria, e. cagareiSvilis gamocema,

Tb., 1965, gv. 177-179. 2 ix. T. yauxCiSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis Zveli berZnuli wyaroebi, gv.

161.

31

farsmani ar epueboda romis uzarmazar, uZlieres imperias.

masTan WidilSi farsman qvelma Rirseulad daicva Tavisi

eris sasicocxlo interesebi. farsmanis mefobis wlebSi ibe-

riis samefom SeZlo dasavleT saqarTveloSi samflobelos

gafarToeba da romis imperiis winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad,

Sav zRvaze gasasvlelic moipova. romis xelisufleba bolos

da bolos iZulebuli gaxda farsman qveli Seerigebina da

iberiis samefos mimarT daTmobebze wasuliyo. II-III saukunee-

bis berZeni mematiane dion kasiusi mogviTxrobs: “roca fa-

rasmanes iberieli meuRlesTan erTad romSi Cavida, (antoni-

nus piusma) gaudida mas samflobelo, neba darTo kapitoli-

umSi msxverpli Seewira, misi cxenosani qandakeba aRmarTa

marsis moedanze da TviTon (e.i. romis imperatori _ a. a.) uyu-

rebda farasmanesis, misis vaJis da sxva iberi Tavkacebis as-

parezobas”.1 imdroindeli somxeTi ar warmodgenda Zlier sa-

xelmwifos da Tu mis SemadgenlobaSi moqceuli iyo qarTu-

li miwa-wyali, ueWvelia, farsman qveli SeZlebda maT dabru-

nebas. es exeba ara marto qvemo qarTls, aramed basians, taos,

spers, kola-artaans. aki farsmanma qarTuli mxareebis erTi

nawili mainc daicva TviT romis imperiis agresiisganac.

qarTvelebi, marTalia, ar apirebdnen somxeTis batono-

bas Seguebodnen, magram faqtia isic, rom qristes Sobamde II

saukunis dasawyisidan somxebi drodadro axerxebdnen zo-

gierTi qarTuli mxaris dapyrobas. ismis kiTxva: riTi iyo es

gamowveuli? mTavari mizezia is, rom uZveles xanebSi dasav-

leT da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos erT saxelmwifoSi mtkiced

gaerTieneba ver xerxdeboda. gaerTianebis cdebi uTuod iyo

jer kidev Zveli kolxeTis saxelmwifos arsebobis dros,

SemdgomSi farnavazis, farsman II qvelis mefobis Jams da sxva

xanebSic, magram am mxriv didi warmatebebi ver moipoves Cven-

ma winaprebma. es ZiriTadad ganpirobebuli iyo dampyrobTa

xSiri SemosevebiT. yuradReba unda mieqces, kerZod, im gare-

moebas, rom saqarTvelo, saxeldobr, misi dasavleT nawili,

Savi zRvispira qveyanaa. dampyroblebs ar surdaT, saqarTve-

lo Zlier sazRvao saxelmwifod qceuliyo. am mizniT isini

1 iqve, gv. 206.

32

xels uSlidnen saqarTvelos gaerTianebasac, gaZlierebas.

erTiani, Zlevamosili saqarTvelo ar dauSvebda Savi zRvis

qarTul sanapiroze dampyrobTa batonobas, parpaSs. cal-cal-

ke aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTvelosTan SedarebiT ki

somxeTi ufro didi qveyana iyo.

somxeTis xelisuflebam uZvelesi droidanve miznad da-

isaxa mTels kavkasiaSi gabatoneba. amis Taobaze cnobebi, ma-

salebi daculia Zvel somex mematianeTa, kerZod, movses xo-

renacis, TxzulebebSi. xorenaci mogviTxrobs: “arSak didi,

sparsTa da parTelTa mefe, romelic tomiT parTeli1 iyo,

rogorc amboben, aujanyda makedonelebs da gamefda mTels

aRmosavleTsa da asureTSi; mokla ra nineviaSi antioqiis me-

fe, daimorCila man mTeli qveyana. arSakma Tavisi Zalaufle-

bis simtkicisaTvis mizanSewonilad CaTvala misi Zma valar-

Saki2 gaemefebina somxeTSi. sataxto qalaqad gadasca mas ni-

zibini, xolo samflobelod gamouyo dasavleT asureTis er-

Ti nawili, palestina, azia, mTeli Sua xmeleTi, Tetalia,

pontos zRvidan im adgilamde, sadac kavkasiis [mTa] uerTdeba

dasavleTis zRvas3, agreTve atropatena.

4 “sxvac [Seni iyoso],

uTxra mas, ramdensac Seni goneba da simamace miswvdeba, rame-

Tu vaJkacT iseTive sazRvrebi aqvT, ra zomiTac maTi iaraRi

gasWris5”. rogorc vxedavT, iranis Sahs somxeTis mefisTvis,

TiTqos, mravali qveyana, uzarmazari teritoria gadaucia

samflobelod, misTvisve daurTavs neba, daepyro sxva qveyne-

bic da xorenaci mTel kavkasiasac somxeTis samefos Semad-

genlobaSi rom aqcevdes, es raRa gasakviria.

xorenacis mixedviT, somxeTis mefe artaSesi mfarvelob-

da alan-osebs Crdilo kavkasiaSi. es ambavi ase momxdara: “im

xanebSi alanebi SeuTanxmdnen yvela mTielebs, miimxres qar-

TvelTa naxevari qveyanac da didZali laSqriT moefinnen Cve-

1 parTuli ena ekuTvnis iranul enaTa ojaxis Crdilo-dasavlur jgufs. 2 X saukunidan es saxeli somxur enaSi gamoiTqmis, rogorc vaRarSaki. 3 pontos zRva Savi zRvaa, dasavleTis zRvaSi ki nagulisxmevia kaspiis

zRva. dasavleTis zRvad misi moxsenieba gasagebi gaxdeba, Tu gamovalT

parTelTa (iranelTa) TvalTaxedvis aridan. 4 ase ewodeboda samxreT anu iranis azerbaijans. 5 movses xoranaci, somxeTis istoria. 1984, gv. 67.

33

ns (e.i. somxebis _ a. a) miwa-wyals1. artaSesmac Sehyara Tavisi

mravalricxovani jari da atyda omi or mamac, mSvildosan

naTesavs (xalxs, ers – a. a.) Soris. alanebma cota ukan dai-

wies, gadalaxes didi mdinare mtkvari da daibanakes mis

Crdilo napirze. artaSesi mihyva maT da daisadgura [mtkvris]

samxreTiT; [metoqeebs] mdinare hyofda erTmaneTisagan.

radgan somexma meomrebma Seipyres alani ufliswuli da

mihgvares artaSess, alanTa mefem zavi iTxova; [igi dahpirda]

artaSess, rom rasac moiwadinebda, miscemda...…roca artaSesma uari Tqva [datyvevebuli] moymis ganTavisuflebaze, maSin im

Wabukis da avida mdinaris napirze mdebare erT borcvze da

TarjimanTa meSveobiT gasZaxa artaSesis banakisaken”... mSveni-

eri alani asuli aRiarebda artaSesis vaJkacobas, alanTa da-

marcxebas da zavs, agreTve Zmis tyveobidan gaTavisuflebas

iTxovda. somexTa mefes moswonebia alanTa mefis asuli, saxe-

lad saTeniki da misi colad SerTva ganuzraxavs. motacebiT

Tu alanTa mefesTan SeTanxmebiT artaSess SeurTavs kidec

saTeniki: “saTeniki pirveli gaxda artaSesis colebs Soris.”

xorenacisve cnobiT, artaSesis sardals, smbats dau-

laSqravs Crdilo kavkasia: “ubrZana mas artaSesma, rom waey-

vana jari da wasuliyo alanTa qveyanaSi saTenikis Zmis da-

saxmareblad, rameTu saTenikis mamis sikvdilis Semdeg mZlav-

robiT viRac sxva gamefebuliyo alanTa qveyanaSi da igi dev-

nida saTenikis Zmas. smbatma gaagdo, gaaZeva is da gaabatona

im mxareSi saTenikis Zma, imisi mowinaaRmdegeebis qveyana da-

arbia, daatyveva iqaurebi da artaSatSi2 wamoasxa uricxvi su-

li”3. ise gamodis, rom somxeTisTvis did siZneles ar warmo-

adgenda Crdilo kavkasiis, kerZod, oseTis dalaSqvra. sinam-

dvileSi es ase ar yofila. somexTa jari oseTSi rom Sesu-

liyo, mas unda gaevlo aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTi.

1 iberielebi da alan-osebi somxeTSi SeiWren qristes Sobidan I saukunis

70-ian wlebSi. 2 somxeTis erT-erTi dedaqalaqi, artaSati Seqmnilia qristes Sobamde II

saukunis pirvel naxevarSi iq, sadac md. mewamori uerTdeba md. araqss

(erevnis samxreTiT). mas, damaarseblis, artaSes I-is saxelis mixedviT ar-

taSati ewoda _ ix. “somexi xalxis istoria,” I, gv. 850 (somxur enaze). 3 Mmovses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, 1984, gv. 141-144.

34

amas qarTvelTa nebarTvis gareSe did-didi dampyroblebi ver

axerxebdnen da somxeTi miT ufro ver SeZlebda.

naTqvamis dasturad erT faqts movitanT. cnobilia, rom

arabTa saxalifos sardalma, buRa Turqma IX saukunis Sua

xanebSi dalaSqra, daarbia amierkavkasiis qveynebi. “matiane

qarTlisais” ucnobi avtori mogviTxrobs: “movida buRa Tur-

qi, mona, baRdadiT (baRdadidan _ a. a.), romeli gamoegzavna

amir-mumnsa, spiTa didiTa: Semusra yoveli somxiTi da tyue

yvna yovelni mTavarni maTni. da movida da moadga qalaqsa

tfilissa... Semusra tfilisi, dawua cecxliTa da moaoxrna

yovelni areni misni.

Dda Tevdosi, mefe afxazTa, gamovida winaaRdgomad misa,

da dadga kuercxobs. xolo buRa, viTarca cna, waravlina zi-

raq, spasalari Tvisi, da bagrat, Ze aSot kurapalatisa: Seib-

nes da gaaqcivnes afxazni, da moswyda simravle uricxvi. da

Tevdosi mefe warvida meoti gzasa dvaleTisasa”. buRa Turqi

“movida WarTaleTs, da dadga mun Sina; aRiyvanna mTiulTagan

mZevalni, kaci samasi, da lamoda Seslvasa ovseTad, da Sevi-

da cxavatamdis.”Gguaram mamfalma da kidev erTma erisTavma

“miuweres mTiulTa, raTa ara SeuSuan. xolo maT gawirnes

mZevalni maTni.1 uSvelan RmerTman: rameTu movida Tovli, da-

udges wina da Seebnes. mosca RmerTman Zleva, da mokuda

uricxvi eri sarkinozTa; da cxenman maTman Zova ieli, da da-

ixoca friad. xolo simravlisagan laSqrisa ara aCnda dak-

leba, rameTu iyo simravle misi viTar asoci aTasi.” buRa

Turqi “Seiqca gare da daizamTra bardavs”.2

is rac SeuZlebeli gaxda uzarmazari arabTa imperiis-

Tvis, e.i. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis gavliT oseTSi

SeWra, miuRweveli iqneboda somxeTis samefosTvisac. movses

xorenaci Tu amas advil saqmed miiCnevs, es imitom, rom misi

da saerTod Zveli somxuri ideologiis mixedviT, somxeTi

mTeli kavkasiis baton-patroni, somxoba wamyvani eri iyo da

mis nebas verc erTi kavkasieli xalxi win ver aRudgeboda.

1 Ees ganwiruli 300 mTiuli 300 aragvelTa Rirseul winaprebad SeiZleba

miviCnioT. 2 ix. qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, s. yauxCiSvilis gamocema, Tb., 1955, gv. 256.

35

xorenaci, saubrobs ra somxeTis mefis, tigran I-is Sesa-

xeb, aRniSnavs, rom tigranis erT-erTi vaJi iyoo vahagni.

Tqmulebis mixedviTo, “vahagni SeebrZola da sZlia veSapebs,

mas heraklesaviT vaJkacad Tvlian.Aamboben agreTve, rom igi

gaaRmerTes, qarTvelTa qveyanaSi Tavisi zomis qandakebac da-

udges da Tayvans scemdnen, msxverpls swiravdnen. vahagnis

STamomavlebia vahunebi.”1 sinamdvileSi arc erTi somexi uf-

liswuli, miT umetes, vahunebi saqarTveloSi ar gauRmerTebi-

aT, msxverpls ar swiravdnen maT. amgvari akviatebuli war-

modgenebi isev da isev somxuri ideologiis nayofia, misgan

gamomdinareobs. am sakiTxze sagangebo msjeloba maqvs gamar-

Tuli xorenacis “somxeTis istoriis” Cemeul gamocemaSi da

aq sityvas aRar gavagrZeleb.

Tu rodis cxovrobda da saqmianobda movses xorenaci,

es dRemde garkveuli ar aris. mkvlevarni asaxeleben sxvada-

sxva saukuneebs, mexuTidan mecxre aswleulamde. rogorc et-

yoba, xorenacis xanaSi somxeTi dasustebuli iyo. aman gamo-

iwvia avtoris godeba: “dagtiri Sen, somexTa qveyanav, dagti-

ri Sen, yovelTa CrdiloelTa Soris gamorCeulo.’’2 maSasada-

me, CrdiloeTis xalxebTan, tomebTan, erebTan SedarebiT som-

xebi rCeuli eri yofila. ukve movitane xorenacis is cnoba,

Tu ra vrceli teritoria gadasca iranis Sahma arSakma som-

xeTis mefe valarSaks samflobelod.Aamis Taobaze movsesi

Tavisi wignis sxva adgilas ase iuwyeba: “arSakma im xanebSi

somexTa qveyanaSi Tavisi Zma, valarSaki gaamefa, misca mas

sabrZaneblad CrdiloeTi da dasavleTi”.3 “dasavleTSi” aq,

pirvel rigSi, SeiZleba igulisxmebodes zemoT motanili xo-

renaciseuli cnobis “mTeli Sua xmeleTi.” VII saukunis som-

xur “geografiaSi”,4 romlis avtoradac amJamad anania Sira-

kacia miCneuli, “Sua xmeleTi” ewodeba berZenTa da pontos, e.

i. xmelTaSua da Sav zRvebs Soris moTavsebul miwa-wyals

anu mcire azias. aSkaraa, rom somxeTis CrdiloeTiT mcxov-

1 Mmovses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, gv. 94-95. 2 Mmovses xorenaci, gv.240. 3 iqve, gv. 101. 4 es Txzuleba samecniero literaturaSi somxuri,”aSxarhacuicis” sa-

xelwodebiTac gvxvdeba.

36

reb xalxTa Soris xorenaci qarTvelebsac gulisxmobs da

maTTan SedarebiTac miiCnevs somxebs rCeul erad.Aamdenad,

somxuri ideologiiT, qarTvelebs xeli ar unda SeeSalaT

somxebisTvis mTels kavkasiaSi gabatonebis saqmeSi _ piriqiT,

qarTvelebi moxaruli unda iyono, Tu somexTa “rCeuli eri”

kavkasiis patronobas itvirTaveno. kavkasiis erTianoba uamrav

dampyrobTa winaaRmdeg omebSi, cxadia, sasurveli iyo, magram

es ver moxdeboda somxuri gegmis mixedviT_qarTveli eri ver

Seegueboda Cveni qveynis gadaqcevas somxeTis nawilad, mis

provinciad, saqarTvelos gasomxurebas, qarTvelTa gasom-

xebas.

Aama Tu im qveynis geografiul mdebareobas Zvel xaneb-

Si, imroindeli santransporto saSualebebis ganuviTareblo-

bis gamoc, kidev ufro didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda, vidre am-

Jaad. kavkasiis centrs warmoadgenda saqarTvelo, metadre,

aRosavleTi saqarTvelo da ara somxeTi. qarTvelTa dedaqa-

laqebi, mcxeTa da Tbilisi swored kavkasiis SuagulSi mde-

bareoben, rasac ver vityviT somxeTis dedaqalaqebze. amde-

nad, kavkasiis gaerTianeba, darazmva qarTuli droSis irgv-

liv ufro advili iyo, vidre somxuri droSis qveS. amas som-

xebi rom xedavdnen, yoveli RoniT cdilobdnen aRmosavleT

da samxreT saqarTveloSi gabatonebas, raTa amis Semdeg ga-

advilebodaT mTeli kavkasiis dapyroba. qarTvelebi, saqar-

Tvelos mtkiced gaerTienebamdec ki, Seupovrad ibrZodnen

somxuri agresiis winaaRmdeg, amsxvrevdnen somexTa gegmebs.

ilia WavWavaZis Tanamoazre, cnobili istorikosi dimit-

ri baqraZe1 gadaWriT acxadebda: “qarTvelebi meomruli su-

liskveTebiT gamoirCeodnen da maTi gandevna mSobliuri ad-

gilebidan SesaZlebeli iyo mxolod maTze Zlieri mtris xan-

grZlivi SeteviT; qarTvelebi rogorc ricxobrivad, ise fi-

zikuri ZaliT, Tu ar aRematebodnen, ar Camouvardebodnen ma-

inc somxebs. amitom somxebs SeeZloT mxolod drodadro mie-

tacebinaT maTTvis miwa-wyali, daesaxlebinaT maTs teritori-

1 aRsaniSnavia, rom iliam d. baqraZis dakrZalvisas miitana gvirgvini war-

weriT: “saflavi SenisTana kacisa salocavia mamulisa.” saerTodac, ilia

miiCnevda, rom saqarTvelos istoriis mkvlevarni did erovnul saqmes

akeTebdnen, vinc keTilsindisierad iRwvoda.

37

aze Tavisi moaxalSeneebi, magram Zala ar SeswevdaT sabolo-

od waeglijaT maTTvis miwa-wyali. ase Sexeda am sakiTxs som-

xeTis istoriis saukeTeso mcodnem, cnobilma orientalistma

sen-martenma, romelic, miuxedavad somxebisadmi erTgvari mi-

kerZoebisa, iZulebuli iyo eRiarebina, rom Woroxis, mtkvris,

evfratisa da araqsis wyalgamyofi qedi, ori eris, somxebisa

da qarTvelebis, mudmivi sazRvari iyo, da rom somxebi, maTi

mwerlebis mtkicebis miuxedavad, Tu gadascdebodnen TavianT

bunebriv sazRvrebs, mxolod droebiT, magram ar SeeZloT Se-

moemtkicebinaT dapyrobili miwa-wyali. sen-martenis es Sexe-

duleba savsebiT eTanxmeba qarTul cnobebs, saidanac Cans,

rom somxebi zogjer marTlac waaglejdnen saqarTvelos zo-

gierT kuTxes, magram atydeboda brZola da saqarTvelo

kvlav ibrunebda Tavisas.

mTeli Woroxis auzi da mtkvris zemo weli, mokle Sua-

ledis gamoklebiT, yovelTvis saqarTvelos xelSi rom iyo,

amas cxadyofs Semdegi cnobebi: saxelebi mTebis, mdinareebis,

cixeebisa da mTeli ubnebisa, Cvens welTaRricxvamde didi

xniT adre rom warmoiSva1”... somxebi SeZlebdnen Tu qarTvelebi kavkasiis gaerTiane-

bas, es garkveulwilad damokidebuli iyo imazec, vin moaxer-

xebda Tavisi gavlenis qveS moeqcia Crdilo kavkasiis meomari

tomebi, xalxebi. Crdilo kavkasielebi xSirad arbevdnen sa-

qarTvelosa da somxeTs, magram ufro meti safrTxe maTgan

Cvens qveyanas emuqreboda, rameTu Crdilo kavkasia uSualod

saqarTvelos esazRvreboda da ara somxeTs. saqarTvelos

mSvidoba, gaZliereba ar eRirseboda, Tu Crdilo kavkasiaze

Tavis gavlenas ar gaavrcelebda. qarTvelebi yoveli RoniT

cdilobdnen amis miRwevas da xSirad dasaxul mizansac an-

xorcielebdnen. rodesac Crdilo kavkasia saqarTvelos uze-

naesobas cnobda, qarTvelebs xelewifebodaT iqedan maSveli

jaric gadmoeyvanaT da TavianTi mtrebisTvis miesiaT, kerZod,

somxebisaTvisac, Tu maTi jari Tavs esxmoda Cvens qveyanas

1 d. baqraZe, arqeologiuri mogzauroba guriasa da aWaraSi, baTumi, 1987,

gv.38. d. baqraZis es naSromi Tavdapirvelad rusul enaze gamoqveynda 1878

wels peterburgSi.

38

da qarTuli miwa-wylis mitacebas cdilobda. somxeTs imito-

mac surda saqarTevlos dapyroba da gasomxureba, qarTveli

eris gasomxeba, rom amis Sedegad uSualod gamezobleboda

Crdilo kavkasias, Tavis samsaxurSi Caeyenebina is. magram

Crdilo kavkasiaze gavlenis mopoveba didi xnis ganmavlobaSi

SeZlo saqarTvelom da ver SeZlo somxeTma.

faqtia, rom saqarvelos istoriis oqros xanaSi, XII sa-

ukunesa da XIII aswleulis pirvel meoTxedSi Crdilo kavka-

siis tomebi saqarTvelos samefos uzenaesobas cnobdnen da

qristianobac saqarTvelodan vrceldeboda Crdilo kavkasia-

Si. am movlenas ki safuZvlebi saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi eyre-

boda. qarTuli saxelmwifoebi XIX aswleulamdec cdilob-

dnen TavianTi gavlena gaevrcelebinaT Crdilo kavkasiaze da

erTgvar warmatebasac aRwevdnen. Tu qarTvelebi am gzas ar

daadgebodnen, Cveni qveynis sisxlismsmeli dampyroblebi ec-

debodnen Crdilo kavkasieli tomebi SemoesiaT saqarTvelo-

saTvis, gavixsenoT, mag., qarTveli erisTvis damRupveli mov-

lena _ lekianoba. miuxedavad lekianobisa da msgavsi movle-

nebisa, xsovna Crdilo kavkasiaze saqarTvelos didi gavlenis

arsebobisa axal dromde SemorCa. am mxriv sayuradReboa cno-

bili moRvawis, giorgi lasxiSvilis mogoneba.

1887 wlis dekemberSi g. lasxiSvili odesaSi daupatim-

rebiaT revoluciuri saqmianobisaTvis. garkveuli xnis Sem-

deg is saqarTveloSi gamoagzavnes policiis zedamxedvelo-

bis qveS. mgzavrobis droso “sapatimro vagonSi Semoiyvanes

kidev ori tusaRi, erTma maTganma maSinve miiqcia Cveni yurad-

rReba: maRali, mSvenieri, tanadi, Cveneburad gamowyobili mo-

xuci, imerel Tavadad miviReT, saldaTebma igi CvenTan das-

ves. aRmoCnda, rom axovani moxuci yabardoeli iyo. me pirve-

lad vxedavdi Crdilo kavkasiels da cnobismoyvareobiT ga-

movesaubre... me gadakvriT davuwye laparaki kavkasiis mdgoma-

reobaze... rogorRac uxalisod maZlevda pasuxs da mec Tavi dava-

nebe. mere Cven gamogvkiTxa vinaoba. roca gaigo, qarTvelebi

viyaviT, siamovneba gamoacxada. karga xnis siCumis Semdeg

Rrmad amoioxra da sTqva:

_ roca kavkasiis mze Caesvena, mTeli Cveni qveyana maSin

39

daiRupa. _ me vifiqre _ Samils gulisxmobs-meTqi da amitom

raRac imis Sesaxeb vkiTxe.

_ ara ymawvilo; _ mipasuxa moxucma, _ me Samilze rodi

miTqvams, kavkasiis mze _ saqarTvelo iyo1”... somxebs didi

survili hqondaT kavkasiis mze saqarTvelo ki ara, somxeTi

yofiliyo, yvelafers akeTebdnen amisaTvis, saZraxis saqciel-

sac (mag., dampyroblebTan garigebas) ar Takilobdnen, magram

ar gamouvidaT. igive XIX saukuneSi somxuri burJuazia, ker-

Zod, saqarTveloSi, Zalian gamdidrda, qarTvelebi Raribebi

iyvnen, ruseTis imperiam mospo qarTuli eklesiis avtokefa-

liac, somxur eklesias ki SeunarCuna avtokefalia, magram

qarTveli eris didma warsulma, didma brZolisunarianobam

is Sedegi gamoiRo, rom XIX aswleulSi qarTvelebs gvyavda

bumberazi eriskacebi ilia da akaki, somxebs ki aseTebi ar

hyavdaT.

ukve movitane movses xorenacis cnobebi, romliTac

“somxeTis istoriis mama” cdilobs mkiTxvelis darwmunebas,

rom qarTlis anu iberiis saxelmwifo, TiTqos, somxeTis

ymadnafics, vasals warmoadgenda. l. janaSias sityviT, “xo-

renacis koncefciiT qarTli somxeTis erT-erTi mxarea, xo-

lo qarTlis mmarTveli (kerZod, Cveni pirveli qristiani me-

fe mirianic – a. a.) somxeTis mefis qveSevrdomia”.2 xorenaci

ayalbebs ara marto saqarTvelos, aramed sxva qveynebis war-

sulsac. ase mag., movsesis “somxeTis istoriaSi”3 gasomxebu-

lia, somexTa saamayo Svilad, somexTa mefedaa gamocxadebu-

li sirielTa kerpi, edesis mefe abgari (gasomxebulia misi

Tanamosagreebic). xorenaci, Tu misi somxuri wyaro, imeorebs

somxur quraSi nawrTob siriul gadmocemas imis Sesaxeb, rom

abgars TiTqos miwer-mowera hqonia ieso qristesTan, qristes

wamebisTanave monaTlula kidec da sxva qveynebis xelisuf-

lebsac, maT Soris romis imperatorsac urCevda qristes

rjulis Sewynarebas. marTalia, sinamdvileSi qristes Tana-

medrove edesis mefe abgari ar gaqristianebula, magram faq-

tia isic, rom msoflioSi pirveli qristiani mefe III saukunis

1 g. lasxiSvili, memuarebi, Tb., 1992, gv.34-39.

2 l.-n. janaSia, lazar farpecis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, gv.185. 3 movses xorenaci, gv. 123-130.

40

damdegs swored edesis mefe abgar IX Seiqmna. qristianobis

saTaveebTan mdgomi, TiTqos, qristes keTilmosurne mefis,

qristes Tanamedrovis, sirieli abgarisa da misi amalis ga-

somxeba xorenacis “Rvawlia”.1 cxadia, xorenacis amgvari na-

biji Sors gamiznulia. misi survilia, warmoaCinos somxeTis

didi amagi qristianuli moZRvrebis gamarjvebis saqmeSi, ga-

moacxados somxeTi msoflioSi qristianobis erT-erT yvela-

ze ufro uZveles kerad.

xorenacis mixedviT, somexTa mefed qceulma abgarma si-

riaSi “aago qalaqi im adgilas, romelsac adre somexTa jari

icavda… qalaqs edesa daarqves. [abgarma] nizibinidan iq gada-

itana samefo kari da yvela Tavisi kerpi...” sinamdvileSi ro-

gorc abgari ar iyo somexTa mefe, ise arc qalaqi edesa au-

gia somexTa romelime gvirgvinosans. edesa, romelic Suamdi-

nareTSi mdebareobs, somxeTis dedaqalaqi arasodes yofila.

erT mSvenier dRes somxeTidan wargzavnilma despaneb-

mao “ierusalimSi gaiares Cveni macxovris, qristes saxilve-

lad, rameTu smenodaT misi saswaulmoqmedebebis Sesaxeb; maT

TavianTi TvaliTac ixiles es da uambes abgars [yovelive].

abgari saxtad darCa da irwmuna, rom [qriste] namdvilad iyo

Ze RmrTisa… vinaidan abgaris sxeuls xrwnidnen uborotesi

sneulebani, romelnic sparsTa qveyanaSi Sehyroda mas Svidi

wlis win da kacTagan veravis ganekurna igi, amitom vedrebis

werili gaugzavna [abgarma] qristes, rom mosuliyo da moer-

Cina igi; [werili] Semdegi saxisa [iyo].

abgaris baraTi macxovrisadmi

abgari, Ze arSamisa, qveynis mTavari, salams giZRvnis ie-

so macxovarsa da ganmkiTxavs, romelic gamoCndi ierusali-

mis qveyanaSi.

Sens Sesaxeb Sevityve isic, rom ZalgiZs gankurno adami-

ani wamlebis, balaxebis gareSe... mkvdrebic ki gagicocxle-

bia. roca Sevityve yovelive es Sens Sesaxeb, ori azri dame-

1 h. g. melqoniani, somxur-asuruli urTierTobebis istoriidan (III-V sau-

kuneebi), erevani, 1970, gv. 158-166 (somxur enaze); xorenacis “istoriis” in-

glisuri Targmani, 1979 w., gv. 13.

41

bada: an xar RmerTi, ciT movlenili, anda Ze RmrTisa da amis

gamo xelgewifeba amgvari saqmeebis keTeba. amitomac gigzavni

werils da gevedrebi, rom gaiRo msxverpli, moxvide CemTan

da ganmkurno sneulebaTagan. gavige isic, rom gkicxaven uri-

ebi, Seni wameba surT maT.” somexTa mefe epatiJeba ieso qris-

tes, Cems samflobelos Seafare Tavio. xorenaci ganagrZobs:

“baraTis wamRebni Sexvdnen qristes ierusalimSi, rasac adas-

turebs saxarebis sityvebic; “movidnen masTan vinme warmarT-

Tagannio”_o, [naTqvamia] iq.” cxadia, saxarebis am sityvebidan

sulac ar gamomdinareobs, rom xsenebuli warmarTebi main-

cdamainc somexTa mefis wargzavnilebi iyvnen. ieso qristes

ver miuRia somexTa mefis miwveva, Tumca, TiTqos, werili ki

miuweria misTvis:

“pasuxi abgaris baraTisa, romelic

macxovris brZanebiT dawera Toma mociqulma

netar iyos, visac ar vunaxivar da swams Cemi, rameTu

asea dawerili: vinc mixilavs, mas ara swams, xolo romelnic

ver mxedaven, maT aqvT Cemi rwmena da cxondebian. Sen rom

mwer, movide SenTan, amis Taobaze getyvi, rom me aq unda Se-

vasrulo yovelive, risTvisac gamomgzavnes, Semdgom ki avmaR-

ldebi masTan, vinc momavlina. raJams avmaRldebi, SenTan ga-

movuSveb erT-erT Cems mowafes, raTa gangkurnos sneuleba-

Tagan da moganiWoT cxovreba Senc da Sens garSemo myof

[adamianebsac].” sinamdvileSi somexTa mefis ki ara, siriele-

bis, edesis mefis, abgar ukamas1 saxels ukavSirdeba Tqmule-

baTa cikli, romlebic warmoiqmnen siriaSi ara ugvianes IV

saukunis pirveli naxevrisa. es cikli nawilobriv Setanilia

siriul TxzulebaSi “addas moZRvreba,” romelic klasikuri

siriuli literaturis saTaveebTan dgas. es Tqmulebebi far-

Tod gavrceldnen aRmosavlurqristianuli kulturuli wris

xalxTa Soris (adre sirielebic qristianebi iyvnen; JamTa

siavis gamo siriel qristianTa ricxvi TandaTanobiT mcirde-

boda). gansakuTrebiT popularuli iyo Tqmuleba abgar ukamas

1 “ukama” Savs niSnavs da abgaris metsaxelia. is edesis mefe iyo qristes

Sobamde 4 _ qristes Sobidan 7 da 14_50 wlebSi.

42

qristesTan mimowerisa da edesis mflobelis saswaulebrivi

gankurnebis Sesaxeb. aRsaniSnavia, rom sirielTa mefis abga-

ris, abgariosis saxelisagan aris warmoqmnili sityva avgaro-

zi.

raki “somxeTis istoriis mama” movses xorenaci ayal-

bebs, akninebs saqarTvelos da sxva mezobeli qveynebis war-

suls, raTa amiT meti brwyinvaleba mianiWos somxeTis isto-

rias, “mamas” “Svilebmac” mibaZes, e.i. sxva somexma mematianeeb-

mac, romelTa rigebi sakmaod mravalricxovania. Zveli somxu-

ri saistorio mwerloba rom friad uxvmosavliania, es, cxa-

dia, SesaniSnavi movlenaa da ara marto somxeTisTvis, aramed

mezobeli qveynebis, maT Soris, saqarTvelos istoriis prob-

lemebis sakvlevadac, magram faqtia isic, rom somxuri wyaro-

ebi saocrad tendenciuria. somxeTSi ZvelTaganve, imTaviTve

damkvidrda tradicia, romlis mimdevari somexi mematianeebi,

rogorc wesi, mrude sarkeSi ucqerdnen saqarTvelos war-

suls, qarTul kulturas, akninebdnen mas. Zvel somex mematia-

neTa es tradicia aitaces axali drois, Tanamedrove somexma

istorikosebmac. maTac didi survili aqvT msoflios mohfi-

non ambavi, TiTqos, kavkasiaSi somxebi warmoadgendnen rCeul

ers da ara qarTvelebi, viTomc kavkasiis mze somxeTi iyo da

ara saqarTvelo. ra icodnen maT, amis Taobaze Tu rogori

azri hqonda gaTavisebuli, SeTvisebuli yabardoel moxucs

saukunoebrivi tradiciis ZaliT, Torem ecdebodnen mis gaCu-

mebas, mosyidvas.

Mme darwmunebuli var, rom somxebma saqarTvelos pirve-

lad qristes Sobamde meore saukunis dasawyisSi Semouti-

es.Yyovel SemTxvevaSi, araviTari ueWveli masala ara gvaqvs

imis samtkiceblad, rom somxuri saxelmwifo ufro adrec

axerxebda qarTuli miwa-wylis mitacebas. amdenad, miuRebe-

lia Sexeduleba imis Taobaze, TiTqos, somxebs upiratesoba

gaaCndaT qarTvelebTan SedarebiT uZvelesi droidan, adamJa-

mobidan. arada, amgvari Tvalsazrisi gatarebulia ZvelTagan-

ve qarTveli eris wminda, patiosan wignad aRiarebul “qarT-

lis cxovrebis” Semadgenel pirvel TxzulebaSi (“cxovreba

qarTvelTa mefeTa“), romlis avtoradac XI saukunis moRvawe,

ruisis mTavarepiskoposi leonti mrovelia miCneuli.Ees miT

43

ufro ucnauria, rom qarTvelebi, marTlmadidebluri qarTu-

li eklesia monofizit, grigorian somxebs mwvaleblebad, ie-

so qristesgan gandgomil erad miiCnevdnen da am dros qar-

Tveli mTavarepiskoposic, somxuri wyaroebis msgavsad, som-

xebs kavkasiaSi lamis rCeul xalxad acxadebs, maT upirate-

sobas RaRadebs.

Lleonti mroveli mogviTxrobs: “pirvelad vaxsenoT ese,

rameTu somexTa da qarTvelTa, ranTa da movaknelTa, herTa

da lekTa, megrelTa da kavkasianTa _ amaT TvisTa (naTesavTa

_ a. a.) erTi iyo mama, saxeliT Targamos. ese Targamos iyo Ze

TarSisi, Ziswuli iafeTisi, Zisa noesi. da iyo ese Targamos

kaci gmiri...

xolo SvilTa Soris misTa gamoCndes kacni rvani,

gmirni Zlierni da saxelovanni, romelTa saxelebi ese ars:

pirvelsa erqua haos, meoresa qarTlos, mesamesa bardos,

meoTxesa movakan, mexuTesa lek, meequsesa heros, meSvidesa

kavkas, mervesa egros. ese rvani iyvnes gmirni. xolo haos

umetes gmiri iyo yovelTasa, rameTu egeviTari araodes yo-

fil iyo arca wylis-rRunis winaT da arca Semdgomad tani-

Ta, ZaliTa da simxniTa’’.1Lleonti mroveli kavkasiis xalxebs

erTi modgmisad, Zmebad rom acxadebs,2 es gakeTebulia im miz-

niT, rom erToba damyarebuliyo kavkasielTa Soris, raTa

isini saerTo ZalisxmeviT dapirispirebodnen uamrav dam-

pyroblebs.Mmagram ratom aniWebs qarTveli mematiane upirate-

sobas somexTa miTiur winapars, haoss (somxurad mas haiki

ewodeba) qarTvelTa miTiur winaparTan, qarTlosTan Sedare-

biT, es Zneli asaxsnelia.

Hhaosis gamorCeuloba leontis Semdgomi Txrobidanac

Cans: “ganuyo Targamos (Targamosma _ a. a.) queyana da naTesa-

vi Tvisi rvaTa amaT gmirTa: naxevari naTesavisa misisa da na-

xevari da umjobesi queyanisa misisa misca haoss, xolo Svid-

Ta amaT misca” darCenili naxevario.3 “xolo haos daemkvidra

sayofelsa mamisa Tvisisa TargamosisTa... da amaT SvidTave

1 qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, Tb., 1955, gv. 3-4. 2 sinamdvileSi, faqtia, rom qarTvelebi da somxebi sxvadasxva warmoSo-

bis xalxebia, maTi enebic enaTa sxvadasxva ojaxebs miekuTvnebian. 3 qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, gv.4.

44

gmirTa zeda iyo ganmgebel da ufal haos. da ese yovelni

iyvnes morCil haosisa. da ese rvanive erTobiT hmonebdes neb-

roTs gmirsa, romeli iyo pirveli mefe yovlisa queyanisa.

Semdgomad amisa mciredTa weliwadTa mouwoda haos

SvidTa maT gmirTa, Semokribna da rqua maT: “moguca RmerT-

man maRalman Zali da simravle naTesavisa Cuenisa,” aRar da-

vemorCiloTo nebroTs. “ewamnes Svidni igi gmirni, da daum-

tkices ganzraxva igi; da ganudges nebroTs da arRara misces

xarki... maSin ganuwyra nebroT, da Semokribna gmirni misni da

yovelni romelni erCdes spani misni, da momarTa Targamo-

sianTa.” pirvel brZolaSi Targamosianebma gaimajves.Ees am-

bavi “viTarca esma nebroTs, ganwyra da warmoemarTa maT ker-

Zo yovliTa ZaliTa misiTa. xolo haoss ara hyves spani neb-

roTis spaTa odenni: ganmagrda igi RirRalTa Sina masisi-

saTa.Mmiudga queSe kerZo nebroT; da iyo igi Wurvili rkini-

Ta da rvaliTa terfTagan vidre Txemamde. da aRxda gorasa

erTsa zeda zraxvadHhaosisa da etyoda damorCilebasave mis-

sa... xolo haos rqua gmirTa misTa: “ganmimagreT zurgiT kerZi

Cemi, da miveaxlo nebroTs’’.

Dda warvida da mivida pirispir maxlobelad nebroTisa,

da styorca isari daHhkra mkerdsa nebroTissa, ficarsa zeda

rvalisasa, da ganavlo zurgiT. maSin daeca nebroT, da iota

banaki misi. da ganTavisufldes naTesavni Targamosisni.Dda

maSin haos hyo Tavi Tvisi mefed ZmaTa TvisTa zeda da sxua-

Taca naTesavTa zeda, maxlobelTa sazRvarTa misTasa. xolo

Svidnive ese Zmani warvides Tvis-Tvisad queyanad, da iyvnes

morCil haosisa”.

aRsaniSnavia, rom leonti mroveli momxrea qarTvelebis

mokavSireobisa, megobrobisa ara marto kavkasielebTan, ker-

Zod, somxebTan, aramed sxva xalxebTanac, rameTu amas saWi-

rod miiCnevs mravalricxovani mtris, saxeldobr, sparsele-

bis mosagerieblad. sparsTa mefem daamarcxao Turqebi. amaT

“gamovles zRua gurganisi (kaspiis zRva _ a. a.), aRmoyves

mtkuarsa da movides mcxeTas... da ezraxnes mamasaxlissa (ma-

Sindel uzenaes xelisufals _ a. a.) mcxeTisasa, aRuTques Se-

wevna sparsTa zeda. xolo mamasaxlisman mcxeTelman auwya

45

yovelTa qarTvelTa. inebes damegobreba maT TurqTa,1 rameTu

aqunda SiSi sparsTa, da SemweobisaTvis daimegobrnes Turq-

ni”... es Turqebi, TiTqos, dausaxlebiaT kidec saqarTvelos

sxvadasxva adgilebSi: “xolo umravlesni maTganni movides

da poves adgili erTi mcxeTas,2 dasavliT kerZo kldeTa So-

ris gamokueTili, Rrma, da moiTxoves adgili igi mcxeTelTa

mamasaxlisisagan. misca da aRaSenes igi, mozRudes mtkiced,

da ewoda mas adgilsa sarkine.

da iyvnes ese Turqni da qarTvelni nebismyofel erTma-

nerTisa, moelodes moslvasa sparsTasa, amagrebdes cixeTa

da qalaqTa.Mmas Jamsa Sina sadaTac vin mividis Zviris-moqmed-

Tagan saberZneTiT, gina asuriT otebuli, gina xazareTiT, yo-

velive daimegobrian qarTvelTa SemweobisaTvis sparsTa zeda.

da gamoxdes amas Sina Jamni mravalni. maSin nabuqodono-

sor mefeman warmostyuena ierusalemi, da muniT otebulni

uriani movides qarTls, da moiTxoves mcxeTelTa mamasaxli-

sisagan queyana xarkiTa. misca da dasxna aragusa zeda, wyaro-

sa, romelsa hqvian zanavi.”3 rogorc vxedavT, qarTvelTa mo-

kavSireni, megobrebi gamxdaran sxvadasxva xalxebi, isini,

TiTqos, dausaxlebiaT kidec saqarTveloSi, magram arc erT

maTgans leonti mroveli upiratesobas ar aniWebs qarTveleb-

Tan SedarebiT, arc berZnebsa da ebraelebs.Uupiratesobis pa-

tivs leonti mxolod somxebs miagebs.

axsenebs ra babilonis mefe nabuqodonosors da misgan

ltolvil ebraelTa saqarTveloSi mosvlas, e. i. qristes So-

bamde VI saukunis ambebs, leonti mroveli dasZens: “aqamomdis

qarTlosianTa ena somxuri iyo, romelsa zraxvides.4 xolo

odes Semokrbes ese uricxuni naTesavni qarTlsa Sina, maSin

qarTvelTaca dauteves ena somxuri.Dda amaT yovelTa naTesav-

Tagan Seiqmna ena qarTuli.”5 Tu rogor unda gavigoT leon-

tis es cnoba, amis Sesaxeb kamaTi xSirad cxare xasiaTs

1 leontis Tanaxmad, es ambavi momxdara babilonis mefis, nabuqodonoso-

ris xelmwifobamde (qristes Sobamde VII-VI saukuneebi) bevrad ufro ad-

re. 2 nagulisxmevia mcxeTis sanaxebi. 3 qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, gv. 14-16. 4 qarTvelTa deda-ena aRniSnul dromde somxuri iyoo. 5 qarTlis cxovreba t. I, gv. 16.

46

iRebs da leonti mrovelsac armenofil avtors uwodeben.

leontis armenofilurma cnobebma proletaruli poeti, alio

mircxulavac (maSaSvili) ki aRaSfoTa. wesiT da rigiT, pro-

letaruli poeti internacionalisti unda iyos da erovnuli

grZnobebi ar unda awuxebdes, Tavisi qveynis warsuliTac ar

unda amayobdes, SeiZleba es warsuli mxolod ganaqiqos, mag-

ram alio mircxulava gamonaklisi aRmoCnda – Tu manamde

ara, 54 wlis asakSi masSi erovnuli grZnobebi aSkarad Cans.

1957 wlis 2 marts gazeT “axalgazrda komunistSi”

(#27)1 gamoqveynda a. mircxulavas werili mravlismetyveli

saTauriT: “es aris Cveni istoria?!”, romelSic avtori ver ma-

lavs aRSfoTebas 1955 wels gamoqveynebul “qarTlis cxovre-

bis” pirvel tomSi leonti mrovlis armenofiluri Tvalsaz-

risis Semcveli Txzulebis ucvlelad Setanis gamo. mircxu-

lavas sityviT, arqeologiur naSromSi – “mcxeTa” – “moTavse-

buli masalebi, arqeologiuri Zeglebi amtkiceben, rom es

qveyana, sadac Cven vcxovrobT, modgmidanve qarTvelebis sam-

kvidro-sacxovrisia. am mxriv amouwuravi da eWvmiutaneli ma-

sala eZleva qarTvel istorikosebs. da ai, 1955 welsve para-

lelurad gamodis sruli “qarTlis cxovreba” s. yauxCiSvi-

lis redaqciiT. unda iTqvas, rom es wigni diametriulad ewi-

naaRmdegeba im faqtobriv Zeglebsa da masalebs, rac mocemu-

lia arqeologiur naSromSi “mcxeTa”.

a. mircxulavas mixedviT, “qarTlis cxovrebis” pirvel

tomSi Setanili leonti mrovelis “cxovreba qarTvelTa me-

feTa” “met SemTxvevaSi yalb wyaroebzea agebuli… da saqar-Tvelos uZvelesi istoriis saxiT warmodgenilia Cvens wina-

Se”. es Txzulebao “Rrma mecnieruli Seswavlis sagans ar

warmoadgens”, masSi “naklebad sCans saqarTvelos istoria.

eyrdnoba ra ZiriTadad Zveli somexi istorikosebisa da mema-

tianeebis naxevradzRaprul, apokriful da tendenciur cno-

bebs, igi arasworad aSuqebs qarTlis istorias, kerZod, qar-

Tvel mefeTa istorias, maT vinaobas, genealogias, gvartomo-

bas… leontis cnobiT saqarTvelos yvela mefe yofila an

1 rogorc Cans, am gazeTis redaqtori da TanamSromlebic qarTveli pat-

riotebi iyvnen da ara namdvili, mamali komunistebi.

47

sparsi, an somexi”. a. mircxulava aq ferebs amuqebs. leonti

saqarTvelos yvela mefes araqarTvelad ar acxadebs, Tumca

bevr maTgans ki miiCnevs aseTad – uZvelesi droidan mexuTe

saukunemde.

a. mircxulava ganagrZobs: “zRaparze agebuli istoria

qarTvel ers ar sWirdeba. Tqven ggoniaT es savalalo mdgo-

mareoba gasuli saukunis qarTvel erismoZRvrebs ar awuxeb-

daT? gaixseneT akakisa da ilias galaSqreba am yalbi versie-

bis winaaRmdeg”. a. mircxulavas sityviT, “qarTlis cxovre-

bis” “redaqtorsa da Semdgenels (e. i. s. yauxCiSvils – a. a.)

SeeZlo wignidan amoeSala yalbi adgilebi, an eWvis qveS dae-

yenebia isini da mecnieruli analiziT gaebaTilebia; Torem

metismetad arasasiamovno istoria gamodis. Cven, kargi, moviT-

menT, magram ase unda vaswavloT Cvens norCsa da momaval Ta-

obas mSobliuri istoria?”

moaqvs ra leonti mrovelis cnoba, babilonis mefis, na-

buqodonosoris (qristes Sobamde 604-562 wlebi) dromde qar-

TvelTa deda-ena, mSobliuri ena, TiTqos, somxuri yofili-

yos da mxolod am xanebSi Seqmniliyos qarTuli ena, a. mir-

cxulava dasZens: “ara mgonia esec WeSmaritebas Seicavdes.

aseTi “qarTlis cxovreba” araa saWiro arc CvenTvis, arc

somxebisaTvis,1 arc Cveni momavali TaobebisaTvis. amiT Cven

moZme somexi xalxis warsul cxovrebasac eWvis qveS vayene-

bT.2 me did pativs vcem da vafaseb somex ers, nuravin ifiq-

rebs, TiTqos yvelaferi es patriotuli mikerZoebis Sedegia.

ara. magram unda vicodeT: arsebobs erTa erTmaneTisadmi pa-

tiviscemisa da siyvarulis grZnoba, magram arsebobs yvela

erSi erovnuli Tavmoyvareobis grZnobac”. raki proletaru-

li poetic ki erovnul Tavmoyvareobaze alaparakda, imedia,

qarTvelebSi dRes Sesustebuli, dakninebuli erovnuli Seg-

neba momavalSi kvlavac gaZlierdeba.

cxadia, “qarTlis cxovrebidan” raimes amoSlis ufleba,

Tundac “yalbi adgilebisa”, aravis ara aqvs, sanam ar dam-

1 somxebs Zalianac moswonT leonti mrovelis armenofiloba da TavianT

sasargeblodac iyeneben. 2 rogor? somxebma moisyides leonti mroveli?

48

tkicdeba, rom yalbad miCneuli esa Tu is cnoba gviandeli

CanarTia. unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom “qarTlis cxovrebis”

avtorebi saqarTvelos samefo karis interesebs asaxavdnen,

maTi Txzulebebi saqarTvelos mefeebis politikis safuZvli-

anobis dasabuTebas isaxavdnen miznad. bunebrivia, Cndeba

kiTxva: XI saukunis saqarTvelos mefisaTvis misaRebi iyo le-

onti mrovelis Txzuleba, romelic Zalze xSirad armenofi-

luria, uZvelesi droidan IV aswleulamde qarTvelebTan Se-

darebiT somexTa upiratesobas qadagebs? sakiTxavi ai, es

aris! Cemi azriT, saqarTvelo-somxeTis urTierTobebis Rrmad

Seswavla am problemas Suqs hfens. amis Taobaze winamdebare

naSromis meore TavSic visaubreb, rameTu leonti mroveli XI

saukunis avtoria da misi armenofiluri koncefciis gasage-

bad saWiroa gaviTvaliswinoT qarTul-somxuri urTierTobe-

bis istoria uZvelesi droidan XII saukunemde mainc.

levan sanikiZis sityviT, leonti mroveli aris “araqar-

Tuli orientaciis mqone istorikosi”. amasTanave, mkvlevars

aRniSnuli aqvs “saerTod qarTulobisadmi misi (leontis – a.

a.) tendenciuri da saziano ganwyobileba“1. leontis Tval-

sazrisis amgvar Sefasebas mohyva simon yauxCiSvilis gamox-

maureba: “Zalian daamcireT2 Cveni SesaniSnavi (vityodi swo-

rupovari) istorikosi leonti mroveli…

leonti mroveli XI saukunis is pirveli qarTveli is-

torikosia, romliTac iwyeba Cveni “wmidaTa-wmida” wigni “qar-

Tlis cxovreba”… leonti mrovelis am SesaniSnav naSromze

izrdeboda mTeli rigi saukuneebis manZilze qarTveli axal-

gazrdoba; mTeli qarTveli sazogadoeba imiT ecnoboda sa-

qarTvelos istorias… rogor fiqrobT Tqven… ”araqarTuli

orientaciis mqone istorikoss”, “qarTulisadmi misi saziano

ganwyobilebis” matarebel adamians qarTveli sazogadoeba Ta-

vis maswavleblad gaixdida?”.

Semdeg s. yauxCiSvili gamoTqvams guliswyromas leonti

mrovelis armenofilad gamocxadebis gamo: “zogierTi misi

1 l. sanikiZe, tacitusi qarTuli umaRlesi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb, “ciska-

ri”. 1972, #2, gv. 133.

2 mimarTavs s. yauxCiSvili l. sanikiZes.

49

(leontis – a. a.) gamonaTqvami sabuTs aZlevda mkvlevarebs

elaparakaT leonti mrovelis armenofilur ganwyobaze, rac

Tqven… ufro gaaRrmaveT da leonti mroveli gamoacxadeT

araqarTuli orientaciis mqone istorikosad, ufro metic,

qarTulisadmi tendenciurad ganwyobil adamianad.”

“leonti mrovelis Sesaxeb iv. javaxiSvilis mier gamoT-

qmuli eWvebi qarTvelebisa da somexTa Zmobis Sesaxeb sxva

mkvlevarebma... “gaaRrmaves’’ da mas, leonti mrovels armeno-

filoba daswames”.1 arsaidan ar Cans, rom qarTvelebs sauku-

neTa ganmavlobaSi moswondaT leonti mrovelis Txzulebis

is adgilebi, sadac mematiane qarTvelebTan SedarebiT somex-

Ta upiratesobas qadagebs. cnobilia, mag., rom XII aswleulis

qarTveli avtori, arsen beri ar iziarebda leontis armeno-

filobas (pirobiTad mainc vixmaroT es termini). rogorc et-

yoba, XII saukunisa da XIII aswleulis saqarTvelos samefo

kars, garkveuli mizezebis gamo (amaze qvemoT visaubrebT), mi-

zanSewonilad ar miuCnevia leontis “cxovreba qarTvelTa me-

feTas” nacvlad axali Txzulebis Seqmna da Setana “qarTlis

cxovrebaSi.” Semdgom ki, XIII-XVIII saukuneebSi, sxvadasxva

juris dampyroblebma lamis samSoblo Tavze dagvamxes da

amisTvis viRas cxeloda. Tumca im drosac qarTveli eri, sa-

qarTvelos xelisufalni kvlav fiqrobdnen kavkasiis erTia-

nobaze da kavkasielebis, kerZod, somxebis ganawyenebas eride-

bodnen. iqneb, amitomac aRar amoiRes “qarTlis cxovrebidan”

erTxel ukve masSi Setanili leontis Txzuleba da arc ga-

daakeTes is.

Cems naSromSi kvlavac vapireb leonti mrovelis arme-

nofiluri cnobebis motanas da ganxilvas, magram raki leon-

tis Tvalsazrisis Sesaxeb cxare kamaTis gaCaReba vaxsene, aq-

ve vityvi, rom amgvari kamaTi gaimarTa 1998 welsac, rodesac

gamoqveynda cnobili armenologis, zaza aleqsiZis werili _

”Cveni istoriis gakveTilebi.”2 z. aleqsiZes moaqvs leonti

mrovelis “cxovreba qarTvelTa mefeTas” is cnobebi, romle-

1 s. yauxCiSvili, Ria werili profesor levan sanikiZes, gazeTi “quTaisi,”

1972 w., 12 aprili. 2 ix. gazeTi “saqarTvelos respublika”, 1998 w., 11 ianvari.

50

bic uZveles xanaSi kavkasiaSi somexTa upiratesobas RaRade-

ben, cdilobs Taviseburad gaiazros es masala da dasZens,

rom leonti mrovels tyuilad, usamarTlod swameben armeno-

filobas.

z. aleqsiZis sityviT, “amierkavkasiis qveynebi (saqarTve-

lo, somxeTi) ekuTvnian im iSviaTi qveynebis ricxvs, romel-

Tac sxvadasxva periodSi wyvetilebiT, magram SeinarCunes

TavianTi saxelmwifoebrioba antikurobidan dRemde.” am mxriv

saqarTvelos da somxeTis Sedareba nuTu SeiZleba? amierkav-

kasiaSi somxuri saxelmwifoebrioba daeca XI saukuneSi da

1918 wlamde (daSnakebamde) aRar aRmdgara. somxebi TandaTan

aiyarnen TavianTi samSoblodan da sxvadasxva qveynebSi gai-

fantnen. saqarTvelom ki XII aswleulSi Tavisi istoriis oq-

ros xana Seqmna da warmatebebs miaRwia mTeli kavkasiis mter-

Tagan dacvis saqmeSic. qarTveli xelisufalni im xanebSi

mfarvelobdnen, kerZod, somxebsac da cdilobdnen maT damag-

rebas somxeTSi an saqarTveloSi asaxlebdnen maT, raTa xel-

sayrel pirobebSi somxeTSi daebrunebinaT da saerTod Cae-

nergaT somxebisTvis rwmena, rom maT qarTvelebTan erTad un-

da ebrZolaT Tavisive samSoblos, somxeTis gadasarCenad.

marTalia, XIII saukunidan saqarTvelos bedis Carxic

ukuRma datrialda (gamonaklisia giorgi brwyinvalis epoqa),

magram Cveni istoriis oqros xanaSi Seiqmna qarTuli, erovnu-

li saxareba, “vefxistyaosani,” maRali donis qarTuli kul-

tura, romelsac “vefxistyaosnis”kultura SeiZleba vuwo-

doT.Aamis wyalobiT qarTulma saxelmwifoebriobam gauZlo

XIII_XVIII aswleulebis jojoxeTs da SemdgomSic gaZlebda,

moyvrulad mosul, e. w. erTmorwmune mters, ruseTis imperias

motyuebiT, veragulad rom ar moespo, ar daengria qarTuli

samefo-samTavroebi, saxelmwifoebi.

somxuri saxelmwifoebrioba imitomac daeca, rom som-

xebma ver Seqmnes “vefxistyaosnis” msgavsi erovnuli saxare-

ba, romelic maT gaaZlebinebda TavianT samSobloSi umZimes

pirobebSiac. rogorc iTqva, somxeTis imperia arsebobda tig-

ran II didis dros, magram maSin somxuri mwerloba, somxuri

damwerloba ar arsebobda da erovnuli saxarebis Seqmnac

ver moxerxdeboda. amasTanave, tigranis imperia Seiqmna iseT

51

pirobebSi, rodesac pontos mefe miTridate romis saxelmwi-

fos eomeboda da romi somxeTis mier mezobeli qveynebis dap-

yrobas did yuradRebas ver miaqcevda, xolo miTridates aw-

yobda mokavSire hyoloda tigranis saxiT. erTi sityviT, som-

xeTis imperiis Seqmna tigran II-is dros Tu savsebiT ara,

mniSvnelovanwilad mainc SemTxveviTi movlena iyo, mas mtki-

ce safuZveli ar gaaCnda da da amitomac oci wlis metxans

ver gaZlo, daingra. didi qarTuli saxelmwifo, didi saqar-

Tvelo ki saukuneTa manZilze Sendeboda, mas mtkice safuZv-

lebi gaaCnda da aman gaaZlebina qarTul saxelmwifoebrioba-

sac XIX aswleulamde. “vefxistyaosnis” kulturiT (romel-

sac safuZvlebi XII saukunemde bevrad adre Caeyara, aswleu-

lebis manZilze mzaddeboda) STagonebuli qarTvelebi ki sa-

xelmwifos SesanarCuneblad Tavdauzogavad ibrZodnen 1810

wlamde da saswaulebsac axdendnen omebSi_xSirad erT qar-

Tvel meomarze mtris asi mebrZoli modioda da mainc qarTve-

lebi imarjvebdnen. aseT viTarebaSi gaCnda qarTul enaSi mi-

salmebis aRmniSvnel sityvad_gamarjveba, gamarjobac. saqar-

Tvelo, miuxedavad imisa, rom TviTon Zalze uWirda XIII sau-

kunidan, somxeTis gadarCenasac cdilobda, saamisod irjebo-

da, SemorCenil Zalebs ar zogavda. @@

z. aleqsiZe aRniSnavs: leonti mrovelis koncefciao “XI

s-is meore naxevarSi cxaddeba, rodesac kavkasiaSi saqarTve-

los politikuri upiratesoba sruliad aSkaraa. miuxedavad

amisa, leonti mrovelis sqemaSi rva Zmas Soris ufrosi da

“ugmiresi Ze” haosia (somexTa eTnarqi) da ara qarTlosi (qar-

TvelTa eTnarqi). haosi flobs memkvidreobiT kavkasiaSi “um-

jobes” miwas da ara qarTlosi. ratom moxda ase? imitom, rom

leonti mroveli istorikosia da man ar uRalata istoriisa

da logikis kanonebs. kavkasiis eTnarqTa warmomavloba man

bibliidan gamoiyvana... Tavis obieqturobaSi leonti mroveli

kidev ufro Sors midis. axla mas surs gaarkvios, ra enaze

laparakobda Tavdapirvelad qarTvelTa eTnarqi qarTlosi,

Ze Targamosisa. cxadia, igi laparakobda Tavisi mamis enaze.

leonti mrovelma icis, rom Targamosis ufrosi Svilis, hao-

sis STamomavalTa ena somxuria. maSasadame, rva kavkasieli

eTnarqis, da, maT Soris, qarTlosis enac somxuri unda yofi-

52

liyo garkveul dromde...

iwyeba didi procesi kavkasiis gaerTianebisa saqarTve-

los egidiT da am epoqis qarTvel meistories ar eSinia Ta-

vis istoriulad ufros Zmad somexTa eTnarqi gamoacxados,

xolo somexTa qveyana saqarTveloze ukeTes qveynad... leonti

mroveli araviTar angariSs ar uwevs Tavisi epoqis naciona-

listurad ganwyobil Zalebs da arc istoriis samsjavrosi

eSinia, radgan darwmunebulia Tavisi koncefciis istoriul

WeSmaritebasa da politikur aucileblobaSi”...

z. aleqsiZis debulebebma vnebaTa Relva gamoiwvia qar-

Tul sazogadoebaSi. Mmis sapasuxod araerTi kritikuli we-

rili daibeWda. mec ar viziareb z. aleqsiZis mosazrebebs.

amis Taobaze Cemi pozicia ukve gamoqveynebulic maqvs1 da uf-

ro vrclad mas winamdebare naSromSic gadmovcem TandaTan.

aq mokled vityvi, rom leonti mroveli, garkveuli mizezebis

gamo, somxuri wyaroebiT sargeblobda da qarTvelebTan Se-

darebiT somxebis upiratesobis (uZvelesi droidan, qristes

Sobidan IV saukunemde) ideac iqedan aqvs SeTvisebuli. avi-

RoT, mag., sakiTxi, TiTqos, qarTvelTa deda-ena Zvelad som-

xuri yofila, kerZod, qristes Sobamde VI aswleulamde. rea-

lurad aq SeiZleba igulisxmebodes is, rom swored am drom-

de amierkavkasiaSi saukuneTa manZilze batonobda, ufro swo-

rad, cdilobda gabatonebuliyo urartus Zlieri saxelmwi-

fo.MmarTalia, qarTvelebi urartus dampyrobel jarebs did

winaaRmdegobas uwevdnen, magram mainc Sesawynarebeli Cans is

azri, rom urartu axerxebda Tavisi gavlenis gavrcelebas

amierkavkasiaSi.Aaqedan gamomdinare, im xanebSi urartul ena-

sac zogjer qarTulze meti mniSvneloba mieniWeboda. SesaZ-

lebelia, am faqtma mogvianebiT somxuri qura gamoiara da

urartuli ena somxuriT Caanacvles.

somxuri enis gansakuTrebulobis Sesaxeb somxuri le-

gendebi adreve Cans warmoqmnili.Aamis Taobaze masala moipo-

veba XIII saukunis somexi mematianis, vardan arevelcis (“aRmo-

savlelis”) “msoflio istoriaSic.” vinaidan noes kidobani

1 “qarTlis cxovrebis” pirveli matianis armenofilobis Taobaze, gazeTi

“saqarTvelos respublika”, 1998 w., 18 marti.

53

araratis mTaze gaCerebula (arsebobs iseTi gadmocemebic,

rom noes kidobani somxeTSi ki ara, sxvagan gaCerda), etyoba,

Zveladve gaCnda somxuri legendebi, romlebSic noes sasaub-

ro enad somxuri gamocxadda.

XVIII saukunis cnobili somexi istorikosis, miqael Cam-

Cianis, iseve, rogorc zogierTi misi Tanamedrovis “mtkice-

biT”, is erTaderTi ena, romelzedac, TiTqos, kacobrioba

laparakobda babilonis godolis mSeneblobamde da amasTan

dakavSirebul “enaTa aRrevamde,” Turme somxuri yofila da,

maSasadame, “enaTa aRrevis” Sedegad gaCenili yvela enac som-

xuris safuZvelze warmoSobila.Mm. CamCianis Tanaxmad, amgvari

gadmocema somxeTSi adreve iyo gavrcelebuli, magram Tu so-

mexi mematianeebi ar aRniSnavdnen am faqts, es imitomo, rom

isini am sakiTxSi ganicdian eklesiis mamebis, saRvTismetyve-

lo mwerlobis gavlenas, romelSic msoflios Tavdapirvel

enad ebrauli an asurulia gamocxadebuli.1

XI saukuneSi, leonti mrovelis dros, saqarTveloSi

sakmao raodenobiT cxovrobdnen somxebi, rogorc monofizi-

tebi (grigorianebi), ise qalkedonitebi (marTlmadidebelni).

legenda qarTvelebTan SedarebiT somexTa upiratesobis Sesa-

xeb saqarTveloSi mcxovreb somexTa orive jgufSi iyo gavr-

celebuli. rogorc etyoba, leonti mrovelma qalkedonit

(marTlmadidebel) somexTagan SeiTvisa legenda, TiTqos, qar-

TvelTa deda-ena uZveles droSi somxuri yofila. amgvari

legendis gaCena somxur garemoSi, Cveni azriT, gamowveuli

iyo imiT, rom somex saero xelisufalT, aseve, somxuri ekle-

siis Tavkacebs qarTvelTa gasomxeba, saqarTvelos gasomxure-

ba hqondaT miznad dasaxuli. leonti mroveli amis momxre ar

iqneboda, magram, garkveuli mosazrebiT, man Tavis Txzuleba-

Si somxuri legendebi mainc Seitana.

z. aleqsiZis kidev erTi debuleba unda ganvixilo mok-

led. mis werilSi2 naTqvamia: “387 wels bizantiam da iranma

1 m. CamCiani, somxeTis istoria, t.I, venecia, 1784, gv.153-157, 164 (somx.Eenaze)

a. abdalaZe, “qarTlis cxovreba”da saqarTvelo-somxeTis urTierToba,

Tb., 1982, gv. 144-146. 2 sxvaTa Soris, es naSromi wakiTxulia moxsenebad gelaTis mecnierebaTa

akademiis yovelwliur samecniero konferenciaze 26. IX . 97w.

54

somxeTi Suaze gaiyves da sul raRac ormoci wlis manZilze

orivegan moSales adgilobrivi samefo xelisufleba.Yyvela

piroba Seiqmna imisaTvis, rom upatronod darCenil qveyanas

erovnuli saxe daekarga, somexi xalxis erovnuli konsoli-

dacia uimedod Seferxebuliyo. magram moxda is, rac dRemde

auxsneli rCeba. swored mexuTe saukuneSi, am socialuri

gardatexebisa da politikuri ganukiTxaobis epoqaSi, somxur-

ma kulturam miaRwia iseT simaRles, romelic misTvisac ki

miuwvdomeli aRmoCnda Semdegac.Oorad gaglejilma qveyanam,

romlis saero da sasuliero cxovrebaSi ucxo enebi bato-

nobdnen, sul raRac ormoci wlis manZilze Seqmna saerTo

erovnuli ena, romelsac dResac klasikur somxurs vuwo-

debT, da saerTo erovnuli mwerloba, romelsac aseve klasi-

kuri ewodeba dRemde. swored amitom, Tavis istoriaSi erT-

erT yvelaze ufro did Znelbedobis saukunes, paradoqsia,

albaT, magram somexma xalxma “oqros xana” uwoda”... am “oq-ros xanasTan” dakavSirebiT unda gaviTvaliswinoT isic, rom

somxebSi iyo tendencia, daeZvelebinaT TavianTi miRwevebi,

monapovarni.Aase mag., somxeTis “istoriis mama,”1 movses xore-

naci Tavs V saukunis avtorad acxadebs, magram bevri serio-

zuli mecnieris mtkicebiT, is VIII_IX aswleulTa avtoria.

amis Taobaze saubaria xorenacis “somxeTis istoriis” Ceme-

ul gamocemaSi.

z. aleqsiZe saubrobs saqarTvelos oqros xanazec da

askvnis: “amrigad, somxeTisTvis “oqros xanaa” V s., rodesac

ukiduresi Znelbedoba da politikuri artaxebi mxolod

biZgs aZlevs misi xalxis sulier amaRlebasa da Sinagan Ta-

visuflebas.2 saqarTvelosTvis “oqros xanaa” XIIs., rodesac

politikuri siZliere da ekonomikuri simdidre udides ga-

saqans aZlevs misi xalxis laR mxatvrul warmosaxvasa da

akademiur azrovnebas.”

1 aRsaniSnavia, rom Zvel somxur originalur mwerlobaSi saistorio

mwerlobas wamyvani adgili uWiravs. 2 Tu somxebs Wirsa Sigan gamagrebis aseTi unari hqondaT da upirveles

yovlisa maTTvis samSoblo, somxeTi arsebobda, romlis sasicocxlo in-

teresebs yvelaferze maRla ayenebdnen, maSin XI saukunidan somxeTs ar

miatovebdnen da sxvadasxva qveynebSi ar gaifantebodnen.

55

gvrCeba iseTi STabeWdileba, rom raki somxebis “oqros

xanaa” V saukune, xolo leonti mroveli, avtori, mematiane

mcxovrebi XI aswleulSi, ver moeswro qarTvelTa oqros xa-

nas, amitomac qadagebs leonti qarTvelebTan SedarebiT so-

mexTa upiratesobas dasabamidan IV saukunemde qristes Sobi-

dan. sinamdvileSi V aswleuli qarTvelebisTvisac gamorCeu-

lia. vaxtang gorgaslis epoqam didad Seuwyo xeli saqarTve-

los aRmavlobas, qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis safuZvlebis

ganmtkicebas, saqarTvelos erTianobis ideis gaZlierebas.

SemTxveviTi araa is ambavi, rom qarTveli eris oqros xanaSi

Cvens saxelmwifo droSas gorgaslian-daviTians uwodebdnen.

qarTuli kulturac maRal doneze idga petre iberisa da

vaxtang gorgaslis xanaSi. sazogadod, gorgaslis epoqa sa-

qarTvelos istoriaSi saetapo mniSvnelobisaa da mTlianoba-

Si Tu ganvsjiT, igi somxebis erTgvar “oqros xanas” araf-

riT Camouvardeba, Tu ar sWarbobs kidec. amis Taobaze kar-

gad icodnen leonti mrovelis drosac, XI saukunis saqarTve-

loSi. gorgaslis epoqaSi gaZlierebuli qarTuli suli ar

dakninebula momdevno saukuneebSi da amanac ganapiroba, amis

Sedegicaa oqros xanis Seqmna uricxv mterTagan garemocul

saqarTveloSi.

axla isev leonti mrovels movusminoT. sanam aleqsan-

dre makedonelis gamoCenaze daiwyebdes Txrobas, leonti aR-

niSnavs: “izraxeboda qarTlsa Sina equsi ena: somxuri, qarTu-

li, xazaruli, asuruli, ebrauli da berZuli. ese enani ico-

des yovelTa mefeTa qarTlisaTa, mamaTa da dedaTa”.1 rogorc

vxedavT, qarTlSi, anu iberiis saxelmwifoSi gavrcelebul

enaTa Soris pirvel adgilze somxuria dasaxelebuli, rac

leonti mrovelis armenofilobis kidev erTi gamovlenaa. mag-

ram isic unda iTqvas, rom leonti mTlianad ar iziarebs so-

mexTa teritoriul pretenziebs saqarTvelos mimarT. misi

cnobebiT, jer kidev qarTlosis samflobelo yofila qvemo

qarTli, javaxeTi, klarjeTi da sxvac, romelTa dapyroba

somxebma daisaxes miznad qristes Sobamde II saukunidan.

leonti mrovelis sityviT, qvemo qarTlSi qarTlosma

1 qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, gv. 16.

56

“aRaSena cixe orbisa, romelsa aw hqvian samSvilde da kua-

lad aRaSena mtueris cixe, romelsac aw hqvian xunani”. qar-

Tlosis gardacvalebis Semdeg qvemo qarTlSi mSenebloba ga-

ugrZelebia mis meuRles: “Semdgomad amissa colman misman

aRaSena deda-cixe. da manve aRaSena bostan-qalaqi, romelsa

aw hqvian rusTavi.1”

saubrobs ra qristes Sobamde IV-III saukuneebis iberiis

cnobil mefe farnavazze, leonti aRniSnavs: farnavazmao “Tu-

eni gazafxulisa da sTulisa arisani dayvnis mcxeTas, sameu-

fosa qalaqsa; da Tueni zamTrisani dayvnis gaCianTa; xolo

Tueni zafxulisani – wundas. da JamiTi-Jamad mividis egriss

da klarjeTs, da moikiTxnis megrelni da klarjni, da gana-

gis yoveli saqme daSlili.2” gaCiani qvemo qarTlSi mdebare-

obda, xolo wunda – javaxeTSi.

leonti mroveli ar iziarebs arc im somxur Teorias,

TiTqos, qarTuli damwerloba somexi mesrop-maStocis mier

iyos Seqmnili. qarTuli anbanis gaCenas leonti farnavazis

saxels ukavSirebs: farnavazmao “ganavrco ena qarTuli, da

arRara izraxeboda sxua ena qarTlsa Sina Tvinier (garda _

a. a.) qarTulisa. da aman Seqmna mwignobroba qarTuli3”.

leonti mrovelis Tanaxmad, iberiis meoTxe mefem, far-

najomma “Seiyuara sjuli sparsTa, cecxlis msaxureba, moiy-

vanna sparseTiT cecxlismsaxurni da moguni, da dasxna igini

mcxeTas... amisTvis moiZules igi mkvidrTa qarTlisaTa.” qar-

Tvelebs mxsnelad somxebi moevlineno: “maSin SeiTqunes eris-

Tavni qarTlisani umravlesni, da waravlines mociquli wina-

Se somexTa mefisa da rques: “mefe Cueni gardaxda sjulsa ma-

maTa CuenTasa, arRara msaxurebs RmerTTa mpyrobelTa qar-

TlisaTa... aw arRara Rirs ars igi mefed Cuenda. moguec Ze Seni arSak, romelsa uzis colad naTesavi farnavazianTa, me-

feTa CuenTa, guaSuele Zali Seni, da vaotoT farnajom, Se-

momRebeli axlisa sjulisa, da iyos mefed Cuenda Ze Seni ar-

Sak.” somexTa mefes iberieli erisTavebisTvis SemouTvlia:

1 iqve, gv. 4-5, 8. 2 iqve, gv. 25. 3 qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, gv. 26.

57

“Tquen yovelTa erisTavTa momeciT me mZevali, da migce Ze

Cemi mefed Tquenda da yovliTave niWiTa (simdidriT, saboZva-

riT _ a. a.) aRgavsne.”

maSin erisTavTa qarTlisaTa umravlesTa misces mZevle-

bi da ganacxades gandgoma farnajomisi. maSin somexTa mefe

yovliTa ZaliTa misiTa warmoemarTa qarTls”. farnajoms

sparselebi miSvelebian, qarTvelTa nawilic misi erTguli

darCenila. somexTa mefes da mis momyvan qarTvelebs daumar-

cxebiaT mowinaaRmdege: “moikla farnajom da mosres spa mi-

si... xolo somexTa mefeman mosca (gviwyaloba _ a. a.) Ze Tvisi

arSak.

dajda mefed arSak, da daipyra yoveli qarTli; da me-

fobda igi nebierad.” arSakis Semdeg iberiis mefe gamxdara

misi Svili da SviliSvilic.1 sinamdvileSi, mecnierebisaTvis

araa cnobili, rom iberiaSi somxebs emefoT. leonti mroveli

am SemTxvevaSic tendenciur somxur wyaroebs emyareba. am uka-

nasknelT ki xSirad somxuri legendebi, zepirgadmocemebi

kvebavdnen.

leonti mrovelis Tanaxmad, qristes Sobis Jams iberiis

mefe yofila aderki: “xolo amas aderkis esxnes orni Zeni,

romelTa erqua saxelad erTsa bartom da meoresa qarTam. da

amaT ganuyo yoveli queyana Tvisi.” maSasadame. iberiis samefo

orad gayofila, ormefoba dawesebula. Tu amgvari ram marT-

la moxda iberiaSi, is mainc udavoa, rom leontis qronolo-

gia areuli aqvs _ mecnierebisaTvis cnobilia, rom qristes

Sobidan I-II saukuneebSi iberia Zlier saxelmwifos warmoad-

genda da im dros iq araviTari ormefoba ar yofila. barto-

misa da qarTamis mefobis Semdeg gamefebulan maTi vaJebi

farsmani da kaosi. leontis sityviT, “aderkisiTgan vidre

amaT mefobamde iyvnes morCilebasa Sina somexTa mefisasa. da

umetes armazelni mefeni2 Seeweodes somexTa yovelTa mterTa

maTTa zeda. maSin mefe iqmna somxiTs didi igi mefe iarvand.

da daiviwya man keTili qarTvelTa, emZlavra farsmans arma-

1 iqve, gv. 29-30. 2 leontis mixedviT iberiaSi ormefobis dros samefo taxtebi erTmaneTis

gverdi-gverd daudgamT, erTi mcxeTaSi, meore armazSi.

58

zelsa, da mouRo (waarTva, CamoaWra _a. a.) sazRvarsa qarTli-

sasa qalaqi wunda da artani mtkuramde1”. aq aSkarad Cans le-

onti mrovelis pozicia, ganwyobileba: is gmobs somexTa me-

fes qarTvelebisadmi gamoCenili umadurobisTvis, agresiis-

Tvis. leontis rwmeniT, qarTvelebma da somxebma erToblivi

ZalisxmeviT unda ibrZolon saerTo mtris winaaRmdeg da er-

TmaneTs ar unda daerion.

somexTa mefem, iarvandmao “dasxna wundas Sina kacni

mxecni, naTesavni devTani, da uwoda wundasa saxelad qajatu-

ni, romeli-ese iTargmnebis devTa-saxlad. da ver iZebnes mefe-

Ta qarTlisaTa sazRvari, da mokudes mwuxarebasa Sina didsa

farsman da kaos”2. leonti mrovelis am cnobaSi asaxulia is

ambavi, rom somxebi rodesac qarTul miwa-wyals daipyrobd-

nen, iq adgilebs saxelebs ucvlidnen, qarTul saxelwode-

bebs somxuriT cvlidnen, raTa gaesomxebinaT iqauri qarTve-

lebi, gaesomxurebinaT qarTuli mxareebi. magram, leontisave

sityviT, qarTvelTa mefeebis mwuxareba usazRvro yofila,

rameTu somexTa mefem qarTul miwa-wyali miitaca. aSkaraa,

qarTvelebi far-xmals ar yridnen da saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi

ibrZodnen dakarguli mxareebis dasabruneblad.

leonti mrovelis mixedviT, farsmanisa da kaosis Sem-

deg gamefebulan azorki da armazeli: “xolo ese mefeni arma-

zel da azork iyvnes kacni mxneni da SemmarTebelni. da SeiT-

qunes eseni, da ganizraxes Zieba sazRvarTa qarTlisaTa. maSin

mokla sumbat bivritianman iarvand, mefe somexTa, da dasva

mefed Zma iarvandisi, romelsa ewodeboda saxelad artaSan.”

azorks da armazels miumxriaT Crdilo kavkasielebi da ga-

erTianebuli jariT Sesevian somxeTs: “maSin sumbat bivriti-

anman mouwoda spaTa somxiTisaTa, da Sekrbes mswrafl somex-

ni da devna uyves.” sabolood somxebma gaimarjveso: “maSin

sumbat gamarjuebuli Semovida qarTlad, da moaoxra qarT-

li, romeli pova cixeTa da qalaqTa gare; xolo cixe-qalaq-

Ta ara hbrZoda, rameTu ara mza iyo mswrafl gamoslvisa-

gan”... sumbatis iberiidan wasvlis Semdeg “mefeni ese qarTli-

1 qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, gv. 35. 43-44. 2 iqve, gv.44.

59

sani, arzok da armazel, sificxliTa gulisa maTisaTa ara

SeuSindes, aramed ganamagrnes cixeni da qalaqni Tvisni... da ara dascxres kirTebisagan (kirTeba Setevas niSnavs aq _ a. a.)

somexTa zeda”.

somxeTis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi Tavi gamouCenia klarje-

Tis erisTavsac: “da iyo klarjeTs erisTavi arzok mefisa,

aznaurTavegani. da igi avnebdis sazRvarTa somxiTisaTa, que-

yanasa parxlisasa, romel ars tao, da veravin Sevidoda mavne

klarjeTs, rameTu Seuvali da magari iyo tyiTa da kldiTa,

da mkvidrni klarjeTisani iyvnes kacni mkvircxni da mxedar-

nica.”1 leonti amjeradac somxuri wyaroebis tyveobaSi imyo-

feba, rodesac parxals, taos somxur miwa-wylad acxadebs.

tao xom qristes Sobamde II saukunis dasawyisSi waarTva ibe-

rias somexTa mefe artaSesma. magram qarTvelebi swored

klarjeTze dayrdnobiT ibrZodnen taos dasabruneblad da

mizansac aRwevdnen. Tumca isic unda iTqvas, rom somxebi

kvlav axerxebdnen taos dapyrobas da ase, saukuneTa ganmav-

lobaSi, tao xelidan xelSi gadadioda. zogjer mis dapyro-

bas bizantiis imperiac axerxebda.

iberiis mefeTa dasamorCileblado “warmoemarTa ZaliTa

TvisiTa yovliTa artaSan, mefe somexTa, da spaspeti misi sum-

bat bivritiani… maSin SesWirda qarTvelTa da ovsTa (qar-

Tvelebis mokavSirenia im dros – a. a.), iTxoves mSvidoba, da

aRuTques morCileba da arRara Zieba sisxlisa da zRvarisa.

maSin ismina somexTa mefeman vedreba maTi. da qmnes fici da

aRTqma, da daimonna qarTvelni da ovsni somexTa mefeman, da

warvida”2. rogorc vxedavT, movses xorenacis msgavsad, arme-

nofili qarTveli mematiane, leonti mrovelic aRniSnavs, rom

somxeTis mefis uzenaesobas ara marto iberia, Crdilo kavka-

siac, kerZod, oseTi aRiarebda. aq ufro somex xelisufalTa

gegmebia asaxuli, vidre realuri viTareba. sinamdvileSi, so-

mexTa mefeebi zogjer Tu axerxebdnen qarTuli mxareebis

dapyrobas (mag., igive artaSani, romelic artaSesi unda iyos),

isini, ipyrobdnen iberiis samefos mxolod nawils, mis samx-

1 qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 45-48. 2 qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv 48.

60

reT mxareebs da ara mTel iberias. somxeTisgan damoukidebe-

li iberiis nawili yoveli RoniT cdilobda Crdilo kavkasi-

elTa mimxrobas, maTTan erTad brZolas somxeTis winaaRmdeg

da mizansac aRwevda, rameTu Crdilo kavkasiis tomebi mra-

valnairad dakavSirebuli iyvnen saqarTvelosTan da ara som-

xeTTan. qarTvelebs SeeZloT Crdilo kavkasielebisTvis kav-

kasionis gadmosasvleli uReltexilebi, zekarebic CaeketaT

(mag., dariali da sxvac) da moewyvitaT isini samxreTis samya-

rosgan, rac Crdilo kavkasiis mkvidrTaTvis aramc da aramc

sasurveli ar iyo. sxva rom ara iyos ra, Crdilo kavkasiis

tomebi xSirad laSqrobdnen samxreTis qveynebSi, Soulobd-

nen didZal nadavls, rac maT cxovrebaSi mniSvnelovan rols

asrulebda. iberiis samefo axerxebda, Crdilo kavkasielTa

amgvari swrafva Tavis sasargeblod gamoeyenebina, Crdilo

kavkasiis tomebze saqarTvelos gavlena gaevrcelebina.

somexTa mefis, artaSanis iberiidan wasvlis Semdego

“gardaxdes… welni raodennime. da aRSenda qarTli mooxre-

buli somexTagan. maSin ucalo iqmnes somexni, rameTu iwyes

brZola sparsTa da berZenTa. da poves mas Sina Jami marjue

qarTvelTa da ovsTa, iwyes kirTebad somexTa… viTar ganam-

ravles qarTvelTa da ovsTa vneba somexTa, maSin artaSan me-

feman Sekribna spani, romelni Sina darComodes, da miscna Ze-

sa Tvissa zarens, da warmogzavna qarTvelTa zeda.

xolo Sekrbes qarTvelni da ovsni, da miegebnes queyana-

sa javaxeTisasa. da ewyunes da sZlies qarTvelTa da ovsTa,

da aotes zaren, Ze somexTa mefisa, da mosres spa misi yove-

li da sdevnes sazRvarTamde somxiTisa; miewivnes zarens, Ze-

sa mefisasa, da Seipyres igi tbisa mis pirsa, romelsa rqvian

celi, da ukmoiyvanes.

xolo ovsTa hnebvida moklva mis zarenisi… aramed qar-TvelTa daicves cocxlebiT ZiebisaTvis sazRvarTa maTTasa,

da dasues pyrobilad cixesa darialanissa”.1 rogorc vxe-

davT, iberiis Semadgeneli nawilia javaxeTic da darialic.

amasTanave, qarTvelebs somexTa ufliswulis darialis cixe-

simagreSi gamoketva, Camwyvdeva moundomebiaT imisaTvis, rom

1 qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 48-49.

61

aRedginaT iberiis samefos Zveli sazRvrebi, daebrunebinaT

somxeTis mier mitacebuli qarTuli mxareebi. amdenad, le-

onti mroveli somxeTis sasargeblod amuqebs ferebs,1 rode-

sac ambobs, rom somexTa mefem “daimonna qarTvelni”. TviT

leontis Txrobis kritikuli analizi gvidasturebs, rom

qarTvelebs damonebisa araferi etyobaT.

ismis kiTxvac: raRa maincadamainc darialis cixe-simag-

reSi gamoamwyvdies qarTvelebma somexTa ufliswuli? es gaa-

keTes imitom, rom somxebs darialze xeli ar miuwvdebodaT.

aqedanac Cans, rom Crdilo kavkasiaze somxeTis gavlenis gav-

rceleba mxolod somexTa ocnebas warmoadgenda da realur

sinamdviles ar Seesabameboda. yuradRebas iqcevs is faqtic,

rom osebs, SurisZiebis niadagze, somexTa ufliswulis mokv-

la Zalian ndomiaT, magram qarTvelebma CaSales osTa gan-

zraxva da es gaukeTebiaT iberiis samefos interesebis dasa-

cavad, Sesabamisad. esec imaze metyvelebs, rom Crdilo kavka-

sielebi, kerZod, osebi, saqarTvelos gavlenis qveS imyofe-

bodnen. sxvaTa Soris, motanil amonawerebSi leonti mroveli

qarTvelTa mokavSired osebs rom asaxelebs, SesaZlebelia,

aq osebi krebiTi saxelwodeba iyos. osebi axerxebdnen Crdi-

lo kavkasiis zogierTi tomis daqvemdebarebas da am tomTa

Svilebic ibrZodnen osebTan erTad qarTvelebis mxardamxar.

male somxebma mTeli ZaliT Semoutieso iberias: “welsa

mesamesa movida sumbat bivritiani da orni Zeni mefisani, ar-

tavaz da tigran, yovliTa spiTa somxiTisaTa. maSin mefeTa

qarTlisaTa ubrZanes queyanasa maTsa Seltolva cixeTa da

qalaqTa, da mTeuleTTa ganamagrnes cixeni da qalaqni. xolo

movides somexni da dadges TrialeTs. da aRdges maT Soris

mociqulni da daizavnes; misces qarTvelTa Ze mefisa Sepyro-

bili, da aRuTques Sewevna esreT: “ukeTu vin aRdges mteri

Tquen zeda da moRmarT [g]ebrZodis, Cuen ornive mefeni Tavi-

Ta CueniTa da spiTa CueniTa TanadagidgeT da giSueloT; da

ukeTu kualad visme miRmarT hbrZodiT, aTas-aTasiTa mxed-

riTa WurviliTa SegeweodiT”. da eseca aRuTques qarTvelTa,

viTarmed: “qalaqsa amas Cuensa drama (fuli _ a. a.) artaSan

1 es gamowveulia imiT, rom is somxur wyaroebs emyareba.

62

mefisa xatiTa davsceTo”.

xolo amisTvis somexTa ukmosces sazRvari qarTlisa,

qalaqi wunda da cixe demoTisa, javaxeTi da artani. da mie-

riTgan iqmnes moyuare somexni da qrTvelni da ovsni. da sam-

nive erTobiT brZodes mterTa.

da aResrulnes arzok da armazaeli, nugeSinis-cemulni

didad. rameTu simxniTa maTiTa ukumoixunes (ukanve daibrunes

_ a. a.) sazRvarni qarTlisani”1. qarTvelebs rom fuli somex-

Ta mefis, artaSanis (artaSesis) saxeliT moeWraT da, amave

dros, misi gamosaxulebiT, amgvari ram istoriam ar icis. es

imas gavs, movses xorenaci Tavisi tendenciuri koncefciis

Sesatyvisad rom ambobs, qarTvelebma somexTa ufliswuli va-

hagni RmerTad gaixadeso. leonti mrovelic am SemTxvevaSic

uTuod somxuri wyaroTi ikvebeba, sargeblobs. es iqedanac

Cans, rom leonti amdens laparakobs somxeTis jarebis laS-

qrobebze iberiaSi, somex xelisufalTa gavlenaze iberiis

samefoSi, xolo arafers ambobs imaze, rom qarTvelTa mefis,

farsman I-is Zma miTridate da Svili radamisti (radami)

qristes Sobidan I saukuneSi somxeTis mefeebi gaxdnen. rac

Seexeba imas, rom somxebi, qarTvelebi da osebi saerTo Za-

lisxmeviT ebrZodnen mterso2, es leonti mrovelis idea-

lia_misi didi survilia damyardes kavkasiis xalxebis, ker-

Zod, qarTvelebisa da somxebis erToba, raTa amiT Zlieri,

erTiani iyos mTeli kavkasia.

qristes Sobidan III saukunis I naxevarSi sparseTSi gaba-

tonda sasanianTa dinastia. maTi TavkacobiT gaZlierda spar-

seTis agresia mezobeli qveynebis, kerZod, amierkavkasiis

xalxebis mimarT. leonti mrovelis sityviT, iberiis mefis,

asfaguris dros “mefe iqmna sparseTs qasre anuSarvan sasani-

ani... xolo somxeTs mefe iqmna kosaro (xosro _ a. a.). da aman

kosaro somexTa mefeman uwyo brZolad qasre mefesa sparsTa-

sa, da Seeweoda mas asfagur, mefe qarTvelTa, da aman asfa-

gur ganuxunis karni kavkasianTani da gamoiyvannis ovsni, lek-

1 qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 49_50. 2 drois romeliRac monakveTSi.

63

ni da xazarni, da mividis kosaro mefisa Tana somexTasa

brZolad sparsTa.

da pirvelsave Seslvasa sparseTad ewyo qasre, mefe

sparsTa, da aotes igi da mosres spa misi. da mieriTgan ver-

Rara winaaRudga amaT mefe igi sparsTa, da ganamravles Ses-

lva sparseTad da tyuenva sparseTisa”. amis gamo sparseTis

mefe, TiTqos, sagonebelSi Cavardnila. mas Semoukrebia Tavi-

si didebulebi saTaTbirod: “aRuTqmida niWsa didsa da pativ-

sa, romelman uZlos da uZios Rone Suris-gebisa.

xolo krebulsa mas Soris iyo warCinebuli erTi mTa-

vari, saxeliT anak... aRdga igi, warmodga da Tqua: “otebul

ars spa Cueni kosaros somexTa mefisagan, awyuedil arian

mxedarni Cuenni, da dasdebia SiSi da Zrwola maTi sparsTa

zeda, da ganZlierebul arian igini, da ver Zal gvic winaaRm-

dgomad maTda. aw ese ars ganzraxva Cemi, raTa mSvidobiTa da

vedrebiTa da xarkisa micemiTa davamSvidoT kosaro mefe”... amis Semdeg “ganmzadebul iyo kosaro mefe kualad Seslvad

sparseTs”. sparselebma SeZles veragobiT moewyoT somexTa

mefis mkvleloba da am gziT gadaurCnen did safrTxes, rome-

lic somexTagan elodaTo: “viTarca esma ambavi ese sparsTa

mefesa qasres sasaniansa, aRivso sixaruliTa” ...1 rodesac somexTa mefes ase usazRvrod ganadidebs2 le-

onti mroveli, aqac biblias emyareba? rogorc z. aleqsiZe da

sxva qarTveli mkvlevarebic aRniSnaven, saqarTvelosTan Se-

darebiT somxeTis upiratesobis qadagebisas leonti mroveli

bibliidan amodis. roca somexTa mefe kosaro (xosro), gaZli-

erebul sparseTs, TiTqos, SiSis zars scemda, am SemTxveva-

Sic bibliaSi veZeboT axsna? sinamdvileSi somexTa

gandidebisas leonti somxur wyaroebs, somxur legendebs em-

yareboda. movses xorenacis Tanaxmad, qristes Sobidan III

saukunis I naxevarSi “somexTa mefe xosrovma mtkiced gadaw-

yvita SurisZieba” sasanianTa sparseTis SahinSahebze. xosrov-

mao “Tavisi jariTa da keTilmosurneebis, agreTve Crdiloel

1 qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 59_62. 2 sasaniani mefeebi, kerZod, TavianTi mmarTvelobis pirvel etapze, Zalze

Zlieri xelisufalni iyvnen da somxeTs sad SeeZlo sparseTis dapyroba-

ze efiqra.

64

tomTa SewevniT sZlia artaSirs (sasanian mefes _ a. a.), aota

igi indoelTa qveynamde...

xosrovis mier indoeTamde otebulma, friad Seviwroe-

bulma artaSirma aRuTqva naxararebs (erisTavebs _ a. a.) uam-

ravi ram, oRond exsna igi vinmes xosrovisagan, an moewamla,

anda farulad, maxviliT daekla [somexTa mefe]. [artaSiri]

nair-nair wyalobas hpirdeboda, [vinc amas gaakeTebda]”. somex-

Ta mefisgan vinc ixsnidao, sparseTis sasaniani SahinSahi ar-

taSiri aRuTqvamda mas “mefur pativsa da didebas, arielTa

[qveynis]1 naxevarsa da xelmwifis Semdeg qveynis meore [kacad]

qcevas. amiT moxiblulma anakma, suren pahlavTa gvariSvilma,

ikisra, rom moklavda xosrovs. man moigona, rom artaSirs ga-

nudga da amitom unda gascloda mas. [xalxis] Tvalis asaxve-

vad [anaks] daedevna sparsTa jari da TiTqos gandevnes igi...

xosrov didma rom Seityo es.... razmi gagzavna anakis misaSve-leblad. isini Sexvdnen anaks da mefis brZanebiT miiyvanes“

somxeTSi.

“somxeTSi anakis mosvlidan gavida ori weli da roca

mesame dadga, mokla man xosrovi... imave dros daiRupa ana-kic”2. leonti mrovelis mixedviTac, somexTa mefe xosro (ko-

saro) anaks mouklavs veragulad: “warmovida anak da Zma misi

deda-wuliTa maTiTa reca (TiTqos _ a. a.) gandgomad sparsTa

mefisagan. da movida sazRvarTa somxiTisaTa... sazamTroTa

adgilTa somexTa mefeTasa. ixila ra mefeman kosaro, didiTa

pativiTa Seiwynara, rameTu yovliTave simarjviTa moslvasa

missa sarwmunod aCuenebda3; da xedvida mefe, rameTu yovliTa

saxleuliTa misiTa misda moemarTa. maSin mefeman misca mas

pativi”... SemdgomSi moxdao ise, rom “ganvida mefe nadirobad, da gahyves Tana anak da Zma misi, da ipyrnes maxvilni lesul-

ni farulad sawvimarsa queSe steoedsa4; da poves dro da

mokles mefe da ivltodes. xolo devna uyves mTavarTa somxi-

TisaTa, da mouswres vieTme xidsa da romelTame mouswres

1 igulisxmeba sparseTi. 2 movses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, Tb., 1984, gv. 158_160. 3 moyvrulad mosuli mteri iyoo, aRniSnaven xorenacic da leontic. 4 steoedi steviT naqsovs niSnavs. sulxan-saba orbelianis mixedviT, ste-

vi aqlemis matyls erqva.

65

fonsa, da iwyudines iwrosa Sina; da vervin wauvides, da mok-

lnes iginica”1. aSkaraa, rom somxeTis ambebi leonti mrovels

ase dawvrilebiT somxuri wyaroebidan aqvs SeTvisebuli. maT-

ze damyarebiT da ara bibliis SemweobiT ganadidebs leonti

somxebs.

leonti mroveli gazviadebulad aRwers somexTa mefe

xosros (kosaros) vaJis, Trdatis Tavgadasavalsac: xosros

mokvlis Semdego, sparseTis SahinSahi “movida pirvelad som-

xiTs da daipyra somxiTi, mosra da tyue yo yoveli naTesavi

somexTa mefisa. xolo erTi Ze kosaro mefisa, mcire yrma, Se-

ivltoda sazRvarTa saberZneTisaTa da mun (iq _ a. a.) izarde-

boda, romelsa erqua Trdat”2. am Trdats, romelic mogviane-

biT somxeTis pirveli qristiani mefe xdeba, leonti arc “sa-

berZneTSi” (sinamdvileSi romis imperiaSi) tovebs yuradRebis

gareSe: “mefe guTTa spiTa uricxviTa Sevida saberZneTs. xo-

lo mefe berZenTa (romis imperatori _ a. a.) Sekrba spiTa di-

diTa da winaaRudga. maSin mefeman guTTaman sTxova Tavis-Tav

brZola (orTabrZola _ a. a.) keisarsa. xolo keisarsa ver

Zal-edva brZola misi. xolo maSin mun iyo spaTa Tana ber-

ZenTasa (romis imperiis jarTan _ a. a.) Ze kosaros somexTa

mefisa, saxeliT Trdat... aRzrdil iyo igi saberZneTs, da

iyo igi goliaTi. mas Jamsa Sina iyo igi spasa Tana berZenTa-

sa, da igi gamoarCies yovelTa spaTa berZenTa, da Semoses igi

SesamosliTa da saWurveliTa keisrisaTa, da keisris saxed

(viTom Trdati romis imperatoriao _ a. a.) gaugzavnes brZo-

lad guTTa mefesa. gamovida muniT (iqedan _ a. a.) guTTa me-

fe da mietevnes urTierTas brZolad: sZlo Trdat da xelad

Seipyra, da iotes banaki guTTa. xolo keisarman miscna spani

Trdats da gamogzavna somxiTs, mamulsa Tvissa.”3

SemdgomSi romis imperators, TiTqos, werili gamoug-

zavnia TrdatisTvis da Tavisi saimperatoro taxtis mozia-

red gamoucxadebia somexTa mefe: “moiwivnes mociqulni keis-

risani winaSe Trdat somexTa mefisa da moarTues wigni keis-

1 qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 61. 2 iqve, gv. 62. 3 qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 68.

66

risa, romelsa weril iyo esreT:

“TviTmpyrobeli keisari sayuarelsa Zmasa da megobarsa

da Tanamosaydresa Cemsa Trdats gikiTxav. uwyebul iyavn Zmo-

ba Seni da Tana Semweoba”...1 aSkaraa, leonti mroveli amjera-

dac somxuri wyaroebis tyveobaSia.2 Trdatisa da qarTvelTa

pirveli qristiani mefis, mirianis dapirispirebis aRwerisas

leonti ixseniebs kidec Tavis somxur wyaros. mirians leon-

ti ratomRac sparseTis mefis Zed, sparselad miiCnevs. mirian-

mao “Zali moirTo sparseTiT da uwyo brZolad Trdats. xo-

lo odes moirTis Zali Trdat saberZneTiT da momarTis mi-

rians, da mas ver Zal-edvis winaaRdgomad, da gaamagrnis ci-

xeni da qalaqni, da movlis Trdat queyana misi. da odes gan-

Zlierdis mirian sparseTiT, maSin ver winaaRudgis Trdat, da

movlis mirian somxiTi. da esreT daucxromelad iyvis SfoTi

maT Soris welTa mravalTa, da aravin ipova odes sparsTa

Soris martod-mbrZoli Trdatisi. da saxelovan iqmna igi yo-

velsa queyanasa da sZlo yovladve mbrZolTa misTa, viTarca

weril ars ambavi misi cxorebasa somexTasa”3. “somexTa cxov-

rebaSi”, Zvel somxur matianeebSi ki gandidebulia somxeTis,

xolo dakninebulia saqarTvelos warsuli.

leonti mrovelis mixedviT, rodesac sparselebma vera-

gulad mokles somexTa mefe xosro da sparseTis mefem daip-

yro somxeTi, igi Tavisi jariT Semoesia iberiis samefosac.

amis gamo “warvida asfagur qarTvelTa mefe ovseTs, raTamca

moimatna spani ovseTiT da ganamagrna cixe-qalaqni. xolo ra-

Jams Sevida asfagur ovseTs, ewia sikudili da mokuda mun.

amas asfagurs ara esua Ze, aramed asuli erTi. maSin

Sekrbes yovelni erisTavni mcxeTas qalaqsa spaspetisa Tana,

romelsa erqua maeJan”, raTa eTaTbiraT, Tu rogor gamkla-

vebodnen sparselebs. maeJans uTqvams: “ukeTumca iyo Cuen Ta-

na Zali ezomi, Cuenmca mesamedTa sparsTa SevesworebodeT,

damcavsxeniT Tavni Cuenni sikudilad da winaaRudegiT maT.

da Tumca darComil iyo mkvidri mefisa Cuenisa anu naTesavi

1 iqve, gv. 82. 2 ix. mag., movses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, 1984, gv. 162-164, 166-170, 178-

179. 3 qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 64, 69.

67

mefeTa CuenTa, romelimca Rirs iyo mefobasa, davdegiTmca

cixe-qalaqTa Sina, davsxeniTmca Tavni Cuenni sikudilad... aramed mowevnadsa Jamsa esreT mouvlenia, rameTu moikla

sparsTagan didi igi mefe somxiTisa, waRebul ars somxiTi,

romelsa ekida samefo Cueni, da aRuRia piri misi sparsTa me-

fesa STanTqmad yovlisa queyanisa. aravin ars Cuen Tana wina-

aRmdgomi misi da darComil varT Cuen oblad, viTarca cxo-

varni umwyemsoni”1. sinamdvileSi, iberiis samefo somxeTs ar

ekida, masze damokidebuli ar yofila. marTalia, zogjer

somxebi ipyrobdnen iberiis erT nawils, magram, rogorc ukve

iTqva, qarTvelebi axerxebdnen dakarguli mxareebis dabrune-

bas, xolo qristes Sobidan I saukuneSi somxeTi iberiis same-

fom daiqvemdebara. ase rom, iberia somxeTs ekidao, es somxe-

bis mogonilia, somxuri ideologiis mieraa SeTxzuli da

iqedanaa gadmotanili leonti mrovelis “cxovreba qarTvel-

Ta mefeTaSi”.

saubrobs ra wminda ninos moRvaweobis Sesaxeb, leonti

mroveli aRniSnavs: saqarTvelosken momavali wminda nino

“moiwia mTaTa javaxeTisaTa, sada-igi miemTxvia tbasa didsa

gardamdinaresa, romelsa hqvian faravna... da dayo mun ori dRe da iTxova sazrdeli meTevzurTa-

gan, tbasa mas Sina monadireTasa. da mwyemsnica iyvnes masve

adgilsa... xolo wmida nino mecnier iyo mcired enasa somxursa,

rameTu pirvel eswavla niaforisgan, da pova mwyemsTa maT

Soris somxurad mzraxveli (mosaubre _ a. a.) da hkiTxa mas,

viTarmed: “romlisa soflisani (sofeli aq mxares niSnavs _

a. a.) xarT?” xolo man miugo da rqua, viTarmed: “dabiT elar-

biniT da safurcliT, da qinZarelni, rabatelni2 didisa qa-

laqisa mcxeTisani, sada RmerTni RmerToben da mefeni mefo-

ben”3. raki iberiis samefos gaqristianebamdec hyolia aseTi

RirsSesaniSnavi RmerTebi da mefeebi, esec imis mowmobaa, rom

iberia somxeTs ar ekida, masze damokidebuli ar iyo. am mx-

1 iqve, gv. 62_63. 2 rabati cixe-qalaqis samosaxlo nawils erqva. 3 qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 85_86.

68

riv, leonti mroveli winaaRmdegobaSi vardeba. is saubrobs

iberiis did warsulzec, magram somxuri wyaroebis gavleniT

am warsuls xSirad akninebs kidec.

leonti mrovelis motanil cnobaze dayrdnobiT cnobi-

li somexi istorikosi leo (misi namdvili saxeli da gva-

ria_araqel babaxaniani) aRniSnavs: “somxuri enisa da kultu-

ris upiratesoba javaxqSi (javaxeTSi _ a. a.) SesamCnevia jer

kidev meoTxe saukuneSi. amis damadasturebel sabuTs Cven

isev da isev qarTul gadmocemebSi vpoulobT. ase magaliTad,

wm. nunem (wminda ninom _ a. a.), miemgzavreboda ra somxeTidan

saqarTveloSi qristianobis gasavrceleblad, gzad gaiara

javaxqi, sadac, rogorc Cans, Sirakidan gadavida (Siraki ani-

sis garemomcveli mxarea _ a. a.). aq, Tafaravanis tbis max-

loblad igi Sexvda qarTvel mwyemsebs, romlebic mcxeTidan

da misi sanaxebidan amosuliyvnen. am mwyemsebisgan gaigo wm.

nunem, Tu romel mxares mdebareobda mcxeTa. misi saubari

mwyemsebTan, gadmocemis Tanaxmad, somxur enaze mimdinareob-

da.

am cnobidan gamomdinareobs, rom somxuri ena javaxqSi

imdenad gavrcelebuli, gamoyenebuli yofila IV saukuneSi,

rom mis sazRvrebs gareT mcxovrebi mwyemsebic iZulebulni

gamxdaran eswavlaT es ena, raTa SeZlebodaT urTierTobis

damyareba adgilobriv mkvidr mosaxleobasTan”,1 e.i. somxebTa-

no. pirvel rigSi, unda iTqvas, rom wminda nino Tu marTla

somxeTidan Semovida saqarTveloSi, es imas ar niSnavs, rom

is somexi iyo an somxebma gamogzavnes saqarTveloSi qristia-

nobis gasavrceleblad. leonti mrovelis Txrobidanac Cans,

rom Cveni qveynisaken momaval wminda ninos somxeTi mxolod

da mxolod gzad gamouvlia.

rac Seexeba javaxeTis somxurobas Zvel xanebSi, es le-

os da ZmaTa misTa mogonilia. SesaZloa, qristes Sobamde II_I

saukuneebSi somxebma marTlac daipyres javaxeTis nawili,

1 leo, sasazRvro dava_lore, axalqalaqi, yarabaRi, Tb., 1919w. (somxur

enaze). rogorc am wignis saTauridanac Cans, somxuri wreebi lore-taSi-

ris, yofili axalqalaqis mazris, e.i. javaxeTis da yarabaRis problemebs

somxeTisTvis erT sibrtyeze ayeneben. somxebma ukve daisakuTres lore-

taSiri da yarabaRi; amJamad javaxeTsac umizneben.

69

magram, rogorc ukve iTqva, qristes Sobidan I_II aswleuleb-

Si, rodesac iberiis samefo farsman I-isa da farsman II qve-

lis moRvaweobis Sedegad gaZlierebulia, javaxeTi ueWvelad

iberiis saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSia. aRsaniSnavia, rom V

saukunis somexi mematianis, favstos buzandis cnobebiT, som-

xebsa da qarTvelebs Soris cxare brZolebi gamarTula qvemo

qarTlisTvis IV aswleulSi. iberiam SeZlo kidec qvemo qar-

Tlis dabruneba im xanebSi. rogorc Cans, javaxeTic iberiis

SemadgenlobaSia im dros, Torem raki somxebi pretenzias ac-

xadebdnen am ZirZvel qarTul mxarezec da qarTvelebic coc-

xali TaviT ar Tmobdnen TavianT miwa-wyals, kerZod, java-

xeTs, mosalodneli iyo qvemo qarTlTan erTad qarTvel-so-

mexTa Soris brZolebi javaxeTisTvisac gaimarTeboda, rac

uTuod aisaxeboda Zalze mdidar Zvel somxur saistorio

mwerlobaSi. Tu naxevar javaxeTs qristes Sobamde II_I sauku-

neebSi marTla daetyo somxuri elferi, gaviTvaliswinebT ra

Zveli iberielebis brZolisunarianobas, maT SemarTebas qar-

Tuli miwa-wylis dasacavad, dabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas,

rom qristes Sobidan I_II aswleulebSi javaxeTma savsebiT

aRidgina qarTuli, mSobliuri iersaxe.

leo javaxeTs somxur mxared rom acxadebs (somexi po-

litikosebi, istorikosebi Tu publicistebi dRemdec am azr-

ze mtkiced dganan), am mizniT iSveliebs VII saukunis somxur

“geografiasac”. am TxzulebaSi ki sruliad mkafiod, garkve-

viT weria, rom somxeTis SemadgenlobaSi moeqca mxolod da

mxolod zemo javaxeTi.1 maSasadame, somxeTs erTxans, droe-

biT SeiZleboda daepyro mxolod javaxeTis nawili da ara

mTeli javaxeTi. ase amaxinjeben, ayalbeben leo da Zmani mis-

ni, TavianTi winaswar SemuSavebuli SexedulebisaTvis mosar-

gebad, somxuri wyaroebisve monacemebs, romlebic isedac ten-

denciurad asaxaven saqarTvelo-somxeTis urTierTobebs.

movses xorenacis cnobiT, “Saras naSiers, guSars ergo

mTinis mTa, anu kangarqi, naxevari javaxeTi2”… am cnobis mi-xedviTac, somxeTis SemadgenlobaSi droebiT moqceula mxo-

1 ix. anania Sirakaci, Txzulebebi, erevani, 1979, gv. 297, somxur enaze. 2 movses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, 1984, gv. 106.

70

lod naxevari da ara mTeli javaxeTi1. amasTanave yuradRebas

ipyrobs is garemoebac, rom xorenacis “somxeTis istoriaSi”

guSaris saxels somexTa mamamTavris, haikis (leonti mroveli

mas haoss uwodebs) uSualo STamomavalTa Soris ver vxvde-

biT. rogorc etyoba, guSaris dakavSireba somexTa miTiur wi-

napar haikTan gvian unda momxdariyo, raTa amiT “daesabuTebi-

naT” somxeTis xelisufalTa miswrafebebi, mezoblebis xar-

jze maTi samflobelos gafarToebisaken rom iyo mimarTuli.

gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom guSari gogarene-gugarqis (qvemo

qarTlis, Tu misi erTi nawilis) qarTuli mxaris eponimi,

saxelwodebis mimniWebeli unda iyos.2 zemoT ukve motanili

leonti mrovelis cnobiT, mefe farnavazi weliwadis erT na-

wils atarebda mcxeTaSi, meores gaCianSi (qvemo qarTlSi),

xolo mesames – wundaSi (javaxeTSi). am cnobaSi xazgasmulia

Zveli qarTlis (iberiis) samefos sami centris udidesi mniSv-

neloba, “saidanac mosaxerxebeli iyo Sida, qvemo da zemo

qarTlis adgilze marTva-gangeba3.” javaxeTi zemo qarTlis

nawili iyo da amdenad qarTuli samyaros sisxli sisxlTaga-

ni da xorci xorcTagani. amis dasturia isic, rom javaxeTi

moqceuli iyo rogorc aRmosavlurqarTul, ise dasavlur-

qarTul kulturul-istoriul sferoSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom

iseve, rogorc mTel samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi, javaxe-

Tis toponimiaSic SeiniSneba zanuri (megrul-Wanuri) enis

nakvalevi. es SeiZleba gamowveuli iyos imiTac, rom javaxe-

Tis toponimebis nawils safuZvlad daedo fuZe-qarTuli enis

leqsika, e.i. imdroindeli sityvebi, sanam fuZe-qarTuli ena

samad daiSleboda_svanur, megrul-lazur (Wanur) da qarTul

enebad.

javaxeTis toponimebis udidesi nawili, saerTod, qar-

Tulia. friad mravlismetyvelia is faqti, rom javaxeTis to-

ponim xerTvisSi qarTuli enis uZvelesi, e.w. xanmeti formaa

dadasturebuli. aRsaniSnavia, rom javaxeTSi ar SemogvrCenia

1ix. d. berZeniSvili, narkvevebi saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiidan,

zemo qarTli _ Tori, javaxeTi, Tb., 1985, gv. 78, 126. 2 iv. javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoriis Sesavali, I, Tb., 1950, gv. 24-25. 3 d. berZeniSvili, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 76.

71

uZvelesi somxuri warwerebi, aseTi aq mxolod qarTulia.1

rac Seexeba faravnis tbasTan, javaxeTSi wm. ninos som-

xurad dalaparakebas iberiel mwyemsebTan, es somxur legen-

das warmoadgens_leonti mroveli xom xSirad sazrdoobda

somxuri TqmulebebiT. somxur gadmocemebSi, saukuneTa ganmav-

lobaSi, wm. ninos saxeli ufro da ufro mWidrod daukavSi-

res somxeTs. saqme iqamdec mivida, rom XII_XIII aswleulebis

somxur natyuar TxzulebaSi, e.w. “xelSekrulebis wignSi” wm.

nino (nune) pirvel rigSi somexTa, xolo Semdeg qarTvelTa

“moZRvradaa” dasaxelebuli. masSi naTqvamia, rom qarTvelebi

“Cvens (somxebis _ a. a.) nunes daemowafnen”-o; agreTve “Cveni

(somxebis _ a. a.) da qarTvelTa moZRvari” ewodeba wm. ninos

am somxur TxzulebaSi.2 sayuradReboa, rom es “xelSekrule-

bis wigni”, TiTqos, IV saukuneSi gaCenila da warmoadgendao

SeTanxmebas, erTi mxriv, romis imperiis pirvel qristian impe-

rator konstantinesa da romis paps, silvestrs, xolo, meore

mxriv, somxeTis mefe Trdatsa da grigol somexTa ganmanaT-

lebels Soris, samyaros “gavlenis sferoebad” danawilebis

Sesaxeb. romaelebs dasavleTi, viTomc, TavisTvis dautovebi-

aT, xolo aRmosavleTis qveynebi, maT Soris saqarTveloc,

somexTa saero Tu sasuliero xelisufalTaTvis gadauciaT.

amgvar somxur legendebs daswafebia ratomRac leonti mro-

velic.

aRsaniSnavia, rom X saukunis somexi mematiane, uxtanesi

VI_VII aswleulTa qarTveli kaTolikosis, kirionis Sesaxeb

gvauwyebs: “is (kirioni _ a. a.) iyo qveyniT da naTesaviT qar-

TvelTagan, javaxeTis gavaridan (mxaridan _ a. a.); soflidan,

romelsac skutri ewodeba”...3 kirionis warmoSoba ase dawvri-lebiT imitom ainteresebs somex mematianes, rom swored kiri-

onis kaTolikosobis Jams moxda ganxeTqileba qarTul-som-

xur eklesiebs Soris, rac somxurma eklesiam somxeTisaTvis

1 d. berZeniSvili, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 126. 2 xelSekrulebis wigni, k.v. Sahnazariancis gamocema, parizi, 1862, gv. 21,

25, somxur enaze. uZveles droSive damkvidrebuli tradiciiT, wm. nino

kapadokieli iyo. 3 uxtanesi, istoria gamoyofisa qarTvelTa somexTagan, z. aleqsiZis gamo-

cema, Tb., 1975, gv. 21.

72

did ubedurebad miiCnia, rameTu, somexTa SexedulebiT, qar-

Tuli eklesia somxurs unda daqvemdebareboda. rogorc vxe-

davT, uxtanesic javaxeTs qarTvelTa qveynis nawilad acxa-

debs da ara somxeTisad. kirionis javaxeTidan warmoSoba yu-

radRebas ipyrobs sxva mxrivac: kirionsa da somxuri eklesi-

is saWeTmpyrobelTa Soris dapirispireba warmoiSva qvemo

qarTlis samxreTi nawilis Taobazec, sadac qarTvelebTan

erTad, garkveuli mizezebis gamo,1 somxebic cxovrobdnen. ga-

sagebia, kirions surda, rom es somxebi qarTuli eklesiis

samwysos nawili gamxdariyvnen, rameTu ZirZvel qarTul miwa-

wyals qarTuli ier-saxe unda hqonoda da ara somxuri. somex-

Tagan mitacebul qarTul mxareebs qarTvelebi rodesac ukan-

ve ibrunebdnen, bunebrivia, cdilobdnen maTi qarTuli elfe-

ris srulad aRdgenas, ver iTmendnen qarTul saxelmwifoSi

dabrunebuli uZvelesi mxaris gaucxoebas. aSkaraa, rom amgva-

ri problema ar mdgara javaxeTis winaSe, iq somxebi an sul

ar cxovrobdnen, an Zalze mcire raodenobiT, Torem javaxi

kirioni qvemo qarTlis samxreT nawilis garda, javaxeTis ga-

moc daupirispirdeboda somxuri eklesiis Tavkacebs. Tu ja-

vaxeTSi somxebi kompaqturad, didi odenobiT binadrobdnen,

kirioni Seecdeboda, isinic qarTuli eklesiis mrevlis nawi-

li gamxdariyvnen, razec somxuri eklesia iseTive mwvave rea-

girebas moaxdenda, rogorc es qvemo qarTlis samxreT nawi-

lis SemTxvevaSi dasturdeba.2

uxtanesi javaxeTs qarTul mxared rom miiCnevs, cxadia,

mas amis gamo qarTvelebis mimarT mikerZoebulad veravin

CaTvlis, radgan isic, sxva somex mematianeTa msgavsad, gana-

didebs somxeTis warsuls da mas upiratesobas aniWebs saqar-

TvelosTan SedarebiTac. misi Txzulebis mxolod saTauric

ki – “istoria gamoyofisa qarTvelTa somexTagan” – amis das-

turia. uxtanesis mixedviT, somxeTi uZlieresi saxelmwifo

yofila adamJamobidanve, lamis iqedanve, roca RmerTma qvey-

niereba Seqmna. am mematianis sityviT, legendarulma aramma,

1 somxebi droebiT qarTul mxareebs rom ipyrobdnen, maTi gasomxurebis

mizniT iq somxuri mosaxleobac Cndeboda. 2 es simwvave kargad Cans “epistoleTa wignSi” (z. aleqsiZis gamocema, Tb.,

1968) da uxtanesis dasaxelebul TxzulebaSi.

73

TiTqos, somexTa erT-erTma mamamTavarma, miTiurma winaparma

“Tavisi simamaciT ganavrco somxeTis sazRvrebi imdenad, rom

yoveli eri somxeTs dids eZaxda.1” aRsaniSnavia, rom biblia-

Si arami semis vaJadaa warmodgenili da misi gamocxadeba so-

mexTa erT-erT mamamTavrad, winaprad, bibliuri da somxuri

tradiciis Serwymis Sedegia. amasTanave, somxeTis gaZliereba

xdeba qristes Sobamde II saukunidan da ara adam da evadan.

leonti mrovelic amgvari somxuri legendebis tyveobaSia da

bibliuri da somxuri tradiciebis Serwymis Sedegebsac gvTa-

vazobs “cxovreba qarTvelTa mefeTaSi”.

leonti mrovelis armenofilur koncefcias qarTvelebi

ar iziarebdnen. marTalia, “qarTlis cxovreba” saqarTveloSi

wminda, patiosan wignad miaCndaT, magram masSi moTavsebuli

“cxovreba qarTvelTa mefeTas”, am krebulis pirveli matianis

mimarT mainc kritikul damokidebulebas iCendnen. gviandel

xanebze rom aRaraferi vTqvaT, am mxriv friad sayuradReboa

XII saukunis pirvel naxevarSi moRvawe mwerlis, arsen beris

pozicia. arseni ekamaTeba leonti mrovels im gancxadebis ga-

mo, TiTqos, nabuqodonosoris xanamde “qarTlosianTa ena

somxuri iyo” da sxva sakiTxebzec. arsen bers Tavisi “cxov-

rebai ninoisi”-saTvis daurTavs, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, “qar-

Tlis mokle matiane.” pavle ingoroyvas sityviT, es danarTi

warmoadgens “mokle matianisebur mimoxilvas saqarTvelos

istoriisas”. mkvlevari mas “arseni metafrastis matianes”

uwodebs.2

arsen bers miznad dausaxavs qarTvelTa warmomavlobis

garkvevac: “uwyebai jer-ars amisica, sayuarelno, viTarmed

ese mefe mirian,3 anu sxuani mefeni qarTvelTani, romlisa to-

misagan iyvnes, anu Cuen qarTvelni romelTa naTesavTa (modg-

mis – a. a.) Svilni varT.” Semdeg arseni gadmogvcems aleqsan-

dre makedonelis qarTlSi laSqrobis ambavs (sadReisod mec-

nierebaSi miRebulia azri, rom aleqsandre makedoneli pira-

1 uxtanes episkoposi, somxeTis istoria, vaRarSapati, 1871, gv. 29, somxur

enaze. 2 p. ingoroyva, TxzulebaTa krebuli, t. IV, Tb., 1978, gv. 527-528. 3 igulisxmeba iberiis pirveli qristiani mefe, romelsac leonti mrove-

li sparselad miiCnevs.

74

dad iberiaSi ar yofila, magram, SesaZloa, misma romelime

sardalma ilaSqra saqarTveloSi), ixseniebs aleqsandres

Tanmxleb azos, romelic yofila “Ze arian qarTvelTa mefi-

sa”. Tu sad mdebareobda arian qarTvelTa qveyana, mxare, ari-

an-qarTli, amis Taobaze mecnierebaSi mravali mosazreba ga-

moiTqva. amJamad ufro miRebulia azri, rom arian-qarTli1

ewodeboda istoriul samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos, rome-

lic moicavda tao-klarjeTs, spers, basians da sxva uZveles

qarTul mxareebs.

arsen beris mixedviT, aleqsandre makedonels azosTvis

gadaucia “queyanai ese Cueni sameufod da samkvidrebelad”.

arseni ganagrZobs: “xolo ese azove warvida arian qarTlad

mamisa Tvisisa da warmoiyvana muniT aTasi saxli mdabioi da

moqalaqe dedebiT, yrmebiTurT maTiT da kualad aTi saxli

mTavarTagan palatisaTa dedebiT da yrmebiTurT maTiT: da

maT Tana hyves kerpni RmrTad. da ese azove ars pirveli mefe

qarTvelTai.2 da amisTa Svilis-SvilTagan ocdamerve mefe iyo

mirian… Cuen qarTvelni Svilni varT maT arian qarTliT ga-

mosrulTani da ena maTi uwyiT. da yovelni mefeni qarTlisa-

ni amaT mefeTa Svilis-Svilni arian.3” aSkaraa, rom arsen be-

ris Txzulebidan motanil amonaridebSi gamoyenebulia “moq-

cevai qarTlisais” qronika, magram arsens aqvs sakuTari po-

ziciac qarTvelTa da maTi vinaobis, aseve sxva sakiTxebis Se-

saxebac. “moqcevai qarTlisaiSi” qarTvelTa enaze araferia

naTqvami. amis Taobaze arsenamde mxolod leonti mrovelis

“cxovreba qarTvelTa mefeTaSi” aris warmodgenili armeno-

filuri Sexeduleba da arsenis Tvalsazrisi swored mas upi-

rispirdeba. meoregan arseni saxeldebiTac akritikebs “cxov-

reba qarTvelTa mefeTas”, ixseniebs ra mas “hanbavi mefeTas”

saxelwodebiT, iseve, rogorc “moqcevai qarTlisais,” aRar

sjerdeba maT arapirdapir kritikas: “wmidano mamano da

1 sayuradReboa, rom arian-qarTlSi qarTuli saxelmwifo arsebobda qar-

Tuli tradiciis mixedviT. 2 sinamdvileSi, qarTvelebs mefeebi aleqsandre makedonelis epoqaze ga-

cilebiT adre hyavdaT Zveli kolxeTisa da diaoxis saxelmwifoebSi. 3 Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, t. III, ilia abu-

laZis redaqciiT, Tb., 1971, gv. 46-47.

75

Zmano, ese netarisa ninois “cxorebai” Seuwyobelad da ganbne-

ulad “qarTlisa moqcevasa” Tana da “hanbavsa mefeTasa” Tana

aRreulad sweria, viTarca Tquen uwyiT… win ukuana da ukua-na war, igive da erTi piri. da amisTvis saeklesiod mkiTx-

velTaTvis friad sawyino iyo da msmenelTaTvis uxmar da

ver sacnaur.1”

simon janaSias Tanaxmad, arsen beri friad saintereso,

sayuradRebo mweralia; “Tavisi wminda literaturuli amoca-

na fsevdo-arsenim (s. janaSia ase ixseniebs “cxovrebai ninoi-

sis” avtors – a. a.) Cinebulad gadawyvita, magram CvenTvis igi

kidev ufro sainteresoa, rogorc publicisti. igi sapatio

adgils daiWers Zveli periodis qarTuli sazogadoebrivi

azrovnebis istoriaSi Tavisi gamokveTili msoflmxedvelo-

biT. radganac fsevdo-arsenis misTvis saintereso sakiTxebis

garSemo ukve garkveuli, sawinaaRmdego Sexedulebebi daxvda

mwerlobaSi, amitom man sakuTari koncefciis gamoTqmas po-

lemikuri forma misca. vfiqrobT, rom roca fsevdo-arseni

sxva avtorebs, kerZod – leonti mrovels ambisa da Txrobis

“Seuwyoblobas”, “ganbneulobas”, “aRreulobas” ukiJinebs, igi

marto literaturul mxares ki ar gulisxmobs, aramed arse-

biTad ekamaTeba Tavis mowinaaRmdegeebs.”

qarTvelTa, maTi enisa da mefeebis warmomavlobis sa-

kiTxebis arsen beriseuli gaazrebis Sedegad, “Zireulad uar-

yofil iqna leontiseuli konstruqcia dinastiaTa cvlis Se-

saxeb qarTlSi da… bagrationebis samefo prerogativebis ge-

nezisic TviT qarTlis samefos dasawyiss daukavSirda faru-

lad. ramdenadac kategoriulad, amdenadve samarTlianad uku-

agdo fsevdo-arsenim leontis ususuri debulebac qarTuli

enis warmoSobis Sesaxeb. Cven “ena maTi (e. i. arian-qarTvele-

bis) uwyiT”, Zvelsa da axal samSobloSi2 xalxi erTsa da

imave enaze metyvelebdao, aseTi iyo axali debuleba”3… zemoT ukve iTqva, rom somxur samecniero literatura-

Si klarjeTic somxur mxared cxaddeba. aseTadaa is miCneu-

1 iqve, gv. 51. 2 sinamdvileSi, arian qarTlic da danarCeni qarTlic (iberia) qarTvelTa

Zveli samSobloa; arian qarTlis cnebis axlandeli gageba amas mowmobs. 3 s. janaSia, Sromebi, t. VI, Tb., 1988, gv. 99-100.

76

li, kerZod, “somxur sabWoTa enciklobediaSic”. amasTan da-

kavSirebiT unda aRiniSnos isic, rom klarjeTSi uZvelesi

droidan SeimCneva megrul-lazuri kvalic.1 klarjeTis cen-

tris artanujis (qarTuli saistorio tradiciis mixedviT,

artanuji vaxtang gorgaslis drosaa agebuli) saxelwodebac,

rogorc miRebulia mecnierebaSi, warmomdgaria “artaaniS yu-

ji”-sagan, rac artaanis yures niSnavs. megrul-lazuri yuji

yurs qvia. lazuri warmoSobisaa oSkis saxelic (a. SaniZe).

somxuri, VII saukunis “geografiis” mixedviT, klarjeTs ekv-

ris an SeiZleba sulac klarjeTis nawilia egris olqi.2 es

egr Ziri gvaqvs daculi sityvebSi – egrisi da megreli. eg-

ris olqis mkvidri mosaxleoba, cxadia, megrul-lazur toms

warmoadgenda. egerelTa mxareebs samxreT-dasavleT saqarTve-

loSi, taos maxloblad ixseniebs movses xorenacic.3 TviT

armenofil leonti mrovelsac eWvi ar epareba, rom klarje-

Ti qarTuli mxare iyo da ara somxuri. somxur “geografiaSi”

ixsenieba “SavSeT”, qarTuli –eT daboloebiT, magram iqve

naTqvamia, rom es mxare qarTvelebma waarTves somxebs sxva

olqebTan erTad.4 etyoba, “geografiis” avtorma ar icoda,

rom –eT daboloeba wminda qarTulia, Torem SavSeTs saxels

Seucvlida, SavSq-s daarqmevda.5 ai, aseTi tendenciuri som-

xuri wyaroebis safuZvelze acxadeben Tanamedrove somexi

mecnierebi ZirZvel qarTul mxareebs somxurad, kerZod, qvemo

qarTlsac ki, romelic ekvroda qarTvelTa dedaqalaqebs,

mcxeTas da Tbiliss. es xdeba im mizniT, rom somxebma moma-

valSic SeZlon qarTuli miwa-wylis mitaceba. maT moaxerxes

1921 wels, ruseTis bolSevikuri imperiis daxmarebiT, qvemo

qarTlis samxreT nawilis, lore-taSiris misakuTreba da am-

Jamad javaxeTis saqarTvelosgan moglejasac gegmaven. arada,

lore-taSiris SesanarCuneblad, gadasarCenad qarTvelebs sa-

ukuneTa ganmavlobaSi zRva sisxli aqvT daRvrili.

1 ix. a. SaniZe, qarTvelTa monasteri bulgareTSi, gv. 266-267. 2 anania Sirakaci, Txzulebani, erevani, 1979, gv. 298, somxur enaze. 3 movses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, 1984, gv. 103. 4 anania Sirakaci, Txzulebani, gv. 289, 290, 297. 5 Tanamedrove somexi mecnierebi (mag., p. muradiani) SavSeTs SavSqs uwode-

ben, isini tendenciurobaSi Zvel somxur matianeebsac ki aWarbeben – ix.

mari da armenologiis sakiTxebi, erevani, 1968, gv. 65, somxur enaze.

77

meore Tavi

saqarTvelo da somxeTi IV_XI saukuneebSi

zemoT ukve iTqva imis Taobazec, rom somxuri wayroe-

bis mixedviT, saqarTveloSi qristianoba, TiTqos, somxeTs,

somxebs, kerZod, somexTa pirvel qristian mefe Trdats da

somxeTis ganmanaTlebel grigols gauvrcelebiaT. amis Sesa-

xeb moTxrobilia V saukunis somexi mematianis, agaTangelo-

sis “somxeTis istoriis,” “somexTa moqcevis” sxvadasxva re-

daqciebSi.1 movses xorenacis mixedviTac, wm. nino somxeTis

ganmanaTleblis, grigoris TanaSemwe yofila TiTqos: “erTi

qali, saxelad nune (wm. nino _ a. a.), [devnil] da gafantul

wmida rifsimianTa amxanagTagani,2 iltvoda da miaRwia qar-

TvelTa qveyanas, maT dedaqalaqs, mcxeTas. didi gulmodgine-

bis wyalobiT man SeiTvisa mkurnalobis xelovneba da mrava-

li sneuli moarCina, savsebiT [gankurna] qarTvelTa winamZRo-

lis, mirianis (tendenciurobis gamo xorenaci mirians mefes

ar uwodebs3 _ a. a.) colic. maSin hkiTxa mas mirianma, Tu ra

Zalis meoxebiT Cadis amgvar saocrebebs, [nunem ki] amaze

qristes saxarebis qadagebiT upasuxa; [miriani] gatacebiT us-

menda mas, merme [amis Sesaxeb] mouyva Tavis naxararebsac

(erisTavebs – a. a.) da qebac ar dauSurebia. male man Seityo

im sakvirvelebaTa Sesaxeb, rac somxeTSi mefesa da naxara-

rebs SeemTxvaT (nagulisxmevia maTi gaqristianeba – a. a.), ag-

reTve sanatreli nunes amxanagebis (rifsimianebis – a. a.) [Tav-

gadasavali]. gancvifrebulma [mirianma] uambo es sanatrel

nunes, romlisganac ufro sarwmunod da dawvrilebiT gaigo

yovelive.

imave xanebSi sanadirod wasul mirians Znelsaval mTeb-

Si gza daebna; mas TvalT ki ar daubnelda, aramed nisli Ca-

mowva… amnairad, miriani moeqca sibneleSi, rac gaxda mizezi

misTvis samudamo sinaTlis miniWebisa, rameTu SeSinebuls mo-

agonda Trdatis Sesaxeb mosmenili ambavi: rodesac iman moi-

1 ix. iv. javaxiSvili, Zveli somxuri saistorio mwerloba, Tb., 1935 w. 2 somxeTSi mosuli qristian qalTa jgufi; wm. rifsimes Tanamosagreni

uwamebiaT, SeuviwroebiaT Trdat mefis gaqristianebamde. 3 miriani somexTa mefis oTxi mxedarTmTavridan erT-erTi iyoo.

78

wadina nadiroba da gzas gaudga, RvTis risxva daatyda Tavs.

mirianma ifiqra, rom masac msgavsi ram SeemTxveva da Tavzar-

dacemuli mohyva locva-vedrebas, raTa nisli gafantuliyo

da Sin mSvidobiT misuliyo. [samagierod], igi pirobas debda,

rom Tayvans scemda nunes RmerTs; ausrulda mas survili da

TviTonac ar gatexa sityva.

sanatrelma nunem moiTxova sando kacebi da gagzavna

isini wmida grigorTan [imis gasagebad], Tu ris gakeTebas

ubrZanebda mas Semdeg, rac qarTvelebma siamovnebiT Seiwyna-

res saxareba. [nunem] miiRo brZaneba, rom moespo kerpebi, ro-

gorc es Tavad [grigorma] qna da aRemarTa jvari patiosani

jer kidev manamde, sanam ufali uwyalobebda maT mwyemss wi-

namZRvrad. [nunem] dauyovnebliv mospo Weqa-quxilis [momvli-

nebeli] aramazdis (armazis – a. a.) qandakeba,1 romelic qala-

qisagan (mcxeTisgan – a. a.) gancalkevebiT, didi mdinaris

(mtkvris – a. a.) meore mxares idga2”.

marTalia, xorenaci wm. ninos somexTa ganmanaTlebels

umorCilebs, iseve, rogorc qarTvelTa pirvel qristian mefe

mirians somxeTis mefe Trdats, magram nebsiT Tu uneblieT

mis TxrobaSi gamosWvivis azric, rom somxeTis da iberiis me-

feebi TiTqmis erTdroulad gaqristianebulan. cxadia, miria-

ni mezobeli somxeTis mefis gaqristianebas maSinve Seityob-

da. am mxriv mas xels Seuwyobda isic, rom iberiis, kerZod,

qvemo qarTlis samxreT nawilSi, somxeT-iberiis sazRvarTan

somxebic cxovrobdnen. rogorc ki gaugia somxeTis mefis gaq-

ristianeba, mirianic, xorenacis sityviT, “imave xanebSi sana-

dirod” wasula da gaqristianebula. raki es asea, maSasadame,

somxeTs ar dasWirvebia zrunva, wlebis ganmavlobaSi saqmia-

noba iberiis gasaqristianeblad. es somxeTisagan damoukideb-

lad moxda.

somxeTSic da saqarTveloSic qristianobis saxelmwifo

religiad gamocxadeba romis imperiasTan SeTanxmebiT moxda.

im periodSi somxeTic da iberiac romis imperatoris uzenae-

sobas cnobdnen da mas Semdeg, rac qristianobam romis impe-

1 movses xorenacis somexTa uzenaes RvTaebasTan, aramazdTan gauigivebia

qarTvelTa uzenaesi RmerTi armazi. 2 movses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, 1984, gv. 170-171.

79

riaSi gaimarjva, iberiasa da somxeTSic gamocxadda saxel-

mwifo religiad. somxuri saistorio tradiciis, kerZod, aga-

Tangelosis Tanaxmadac, TviT somexTa ganmanaTlebeli gri-

gori romis imperiaSi, saxeldobr, qalaq kesariaSi aRizarda,

gaqristianda da iqve moxda misi somexTa episkoposad xel-

dasxmac. vinaidan romis imperia gareulia iberiasa da som-

xeTSi qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebis saq-

meSi, am mxriv somxeTis rolze laparaki iberiis mimarT sru-

liad usafuZvloa da mxolod somxuri ideologiis Semqne-

lebs Tu mouvidodaT TavSi azrad.

l. janaSias sityviT, “im wyaroTa Soris, romlebic qar-

Tlis gaqristianebas aRweren, uZvelesia berZnul-romauli.

isini TiTqmis mxolod naxevari saukuniT arian dacilebuli

TviT qarTlis moqcevas. metad mniSvnelovania is, rom swo-

red am uZveles wyaroebSi araferia naTqvami imaze, rom qar-

Tlis gaqristianeba riTime yofiliyos dakavSirebuli somxe-

Tis gaqristianebasTan”1. aRsaniSnavia, rom bolnisis sionis V

saukunis qarTul warweraSi gvxvdeba sityva eklesia berZnu-

li formiT. aseve, wminda berZnuli vokativis (wodebiTis)

forma iesu qristes saxelisa_iesus qristus mxolod qar-

TulSia gamoyenebuli saxelobiTSi. es garemoebani “sxva niS-

nebisa da sabuTebis gverdiT gamodgeba imis sabuTad, rom

qristianoba saqarTveloSi berZnuli warmoSobisaa da ara

somxurisa.”2

isic unda iTqvas, rom IV saukunis pirvel naxevarSi, Se-

saZloa, zogierTi qarTuli mxare, mag., qvemo qarTlis samxre-

Ti nawili, somxeTs hqonda mitacebuli. am mxareebSi qristia-

noba saxelmwifo religiad, cxadia, somxeTis xelisufalTa

nebiT, igive grigol ganmanaTleblis monawileobiT gamoc-

xaddeboda. SemdgomSi es mxareebi saqarTvelom ukanve daib-

runa. amis safuZvelze somxuri ideologiis Semqmnelebma bu-

zi spilod aqcies da mTeli saqarTvelo somxeTis wyalobiT

1 ix. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. II, Tb., 1973, gv. 76. aRsaniSnavia,

rom berZenma mematianem gelasi kesarielma da sxvebmac qarTvelTa gaq-

ristianebis, aseve wm. ninos Sesaxeb iberiis mefis Zis, bakurisagan Seity-

ves. 2 m. TarxniSvili, werilebi, Tb., 1994, gv. 307.

80

gaqristianebulad gamoacxades.

leon meliqseT-begis da sxvaTa Tanaxmad, qarTuli bib-

liis “uZvelesi versiebi somxuridanac iyo Targmnili”1. am

faqtsac iSvelieben imis dasturad, TiTqos, qarTveli eri

somxeTis wyalobiT gaqristianda. rogorc iTqva, somxeTi

axerxebda qarTuli mxareebis dapyrobas, romlebsac saqar-

Tvelo brZoliT ukanve ibrunebda. somxeTisagan mitacebul

qarTul mxareebSi mcxovreb qarTvelebs ecodinebodaT som-

xuri enac. garda amisa, saqarTveloSi qarTvelebis gverdiT

xom uZvelesi droidan, kerZod, qristes Sobamde II saukunidan

cxovrobdnen somxebic. amis Sedegadac zogierT qarTvels

ecodineboda somxuri ena. es saWiro iyo qarTuli saxelmwi-

fosTvisac, rameTu saqarTvelo-somxeTis ganuwyveteli teri-

toriuli davis viTarebaSi qarTveli xelisufalni somxuri

enis mcodne qarTvelebs gamoiyenebdnen mzveravebad, saqarTve-

los mimarT somxeTis gegmebis dawvrilebiT Sesatyobad. raki

zogierTma qarTvelma icoda somxuri ena, raRa gasakviria,

rom qarTul-somxuri eklesiebis ganxeTqilebamde bibliis

calkeuli nawilebi qarTulad somxuridanac eTargmnaT.

somexi mematianeebi, koriuni, movses xorenaci da sxve-

bic qarTuli damwerlobis Seqmnas somexTa saeklesio moRva-

wes, mesrop-maStocs miaweren. es azri gabatonebulia somexTa

Soris dResac imdenad, rom V klasis “somxeTis istoriaSic”

kia Setanili. ufro metic, somxebi cdiloben amgvari tenden-

ciuri, usafuZvlo Sexedulebebi mTel msoflios mohfinon.

xorenacis mixedviT, somexTa mefis, vramSapuhis dros

(387/88-413/14) siriel episkopos daniels Seuqmnia somxuri an-

bani. igi gadasces somexTa eklesiis saWeTmpyrobels sahaks

da mis Tanamosagre mesrops (maStocs): “isini Seudgnen mis

Seswavlas, ramdenime weliwads bavSvebic avarjiSes, magram

darwmundnen, rom am asoebiT SeuZlebeli iyo somxuri enis

bgerebis zedmiwevniT, damakmayofileblad gadmocema, anbani

mwiri gamodga”. amis Semdeg mesrop-maStocma RmerTis

STagonebiT Seqmnao somxuri damwerloba. magram mesrop-maS-

tocis muza somxuri damwerlobis Seqmnisas rodi damcxra-

1 l. meliqseT-begi, Zveli somxuri literaturis istoria, Tb., 1941, gv. 56.

81

la. erT mSvenier dReso mesrop-maStoci “wavida qarTvelTa

qveyanaSi da madlis zegardmo miniWebiT maTac Seuqmna anbani

vinme jalasTan erTad, romelic berZnuli da somxuri ene-

bidan Targmnida. [mesrops] xels uwyobdnen imaTi mefe bakuri

da mose episkoposi. man (mesropmao _ a. a.) SearCia bavSvebi,

gahyo isini or jgufad da moZRvrebad dautova Tavisi [ori]

mowafeTagani, ter xorZenaci da muSe taronaci.

[amis Semdeg] mesropi gadavida alvaneTSi (kavkasiis al-

baneTSi _ a. a.)... [mesropma] miixmo vinme beniamini, niWieri

mTargmneli, romelic dauyovnebliv gaugzavna mas siuniqis

xelisufalma, ymawvilma vasakma Tavisi episkoposis ananis

TanxlebiT. maTi SewevniT [mesropma] Seqmna anbani gar-

garelTa (albanelTa _ a. a.) xorxismieri, arakeTilxmovani,

barbarosuli da uxeSi enisaTvis...”1 koriunis Tanaxmad, mes-

rop-maStocs ar scodnia arc qarTuli da arc albanuri ene-

bi. mas beniamenisagan mousmenia albanuri enis sityvebi da ase

gamougonebia albanelTaTvis damwerloba. qarTuli anbanic

mesrop-maStocma qarTuli enis codnis gareSe Seqmnao.2

aRsaniSnavia, rom XI saukunis somexi mematianis, stefa-

nos taronecis (asoRikis) cnobiT, “daniel asurTa filoso-

fosma somxurisTvis 29 aso moigona, xolo Svidi danaklisi

aso netarma mesrop taronelma vedrebiT RmerTisagan miiRo”-

o. XIII aswleulis somexi istorikosis, vardan arevelcis Ta-

naxmad, “wminda mesropma somxuri mwignobroba moagvara Zveli

droiTgan daniel asurisagan mopovebul 22 asoze” damyare-

biT.3 rogorc vxedavT, somxurive cnobebiT, mesrop-maStocs

somxuri damwerlobac ar Seuqmnia, mas mxolod Seuvsia is.

miT ufro eWvs iwvevs mesrop-maStocis mier qarTuli anbanis

gamogoneba.

specialistebi didi xania aRniSnaven, rom damwerlobis

Seqmna rTuli lingvisturi procesia. gamoricxulia, vinmem

ama Tu im enisaTvis gamoigonos anbani, Tu am enis bunebas,

Taviseburebebs Rrmad ar Cawvda. mesrop-maStocs ki srule-

biT ar codnia qarTuli ena. rogorc koriuni da movses xo-

1 movses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, 1984, gv. 222-224. 2 ix. iv. javaxiSvili, Zveli somxuri saistorio mwerloba, gv. 155. 3 ix. iqve, gv. 165.

82

renaci aRniSnaven, sirieli anu asuri danielis mier Seqmni-

li somxuri anbani ar esadageboda somxuri enis bunebas. Tu

danielma marTla Seadgina somxuri damwerloba, safiqrebe-

lia, mesrop-maStocma da sxva somxebma ara marto Seavses,

aramed gadaamuSaves kidec is. miT umetes, uvargisi iqneboda

qarTuli enis ucodinari somexis mier Seqmnili qarTuli an-

bani. ase rom, mesrop-maStocis mier qarTuli damwerlobis

gamogoneba somxuri legendaa, zRaparia da meti araferi. yu-

radRebas ipyrobs is garemoebac, rom V saukunis meore naxev-

ris somexi mematiane, lazar farpeci koriunze dayrdnobiT

aRwers mesrop-maStocis mier somxuri anbanis Seqmnas, magram

arafers ambobs misgan qarTuli damwerlobis gamogonebis Ta-

obaze. arada, lazar farpecic iziarebs im somxur pozicias,

romlis mixedviTac kavkasiaSi wamyvani eri somxebi unda iyv-

nen. aqedan gamomdinare, lazarma Tu icoda cnoba, Wori mes-

rop-maStocis mier qarTuli anbanis gamogonebaze, amas usa-

Tuod moaTavsebda Tavis “somxeTis istoriaSi.” maSasadame,

somxuri legenda, zRapari, TiTqos, mesrop-maStocs Seuqmnia

qarTuli damwerloba, ar arsebobda V saukuneSi, igi gviande-

li SenaTxzia, somxuri ideologiis monapovaria.

vaxtang gorgaslis moRvaweobis Sesaxeb misive Tanadro-

uli, sando pirvelwyaroebi maincdamainc ar mogvepoveba. mag-

ram gorgasali namdvilad didi mefe, xelmwife rom iyo, amas

adasturebs erTi arapirdapiri Cvenebac. cnobilia, rom ama

Tu im qveynis pirvel qristian mefes metismetad ganadideb-

dnen xolme. ase moxda bizantiaSi, somxeTSic da sxvaganac.

saqarTveloSi ki mirianze metad daaxloebiT erTi saukunis

Semdeg gamefebuli vaxtang gorgasali ganadides. es ar mox-

deboda, Tu gorgasalma sinamdvileSic udidesi roli ar Se-

asrula saqarTvelos istoriaSi. somexi mematiane, vaxtang

gorgaslis Tanamedrove lazar farpeci ki xan aqebs da xanac

lanZRavs vaxtang mefes. amis gamo mizanSewonilad mimaCnia

ganvixilo lazar farpecis cnobebi saqarTvelos, saqarTve-

lo-somxeTis urTierTobebis Sesaxeb.

iranis Sahs, iezdigerd II-s (439-457) Tavisi veziri moax-

senebdao: “uwinares yovlisa somexTa didi qveyanaa saWiro

da sasargeblo, da masTan erTad qarTli da albaneTi... Tqven

83

TviTonac iciT da yovelma arielma (sparselma _ a. a.), Tu

raoden didia da sasargeblo somexTa qveyana. [amasTan] igi

maxlobelia da mosazRvre keisris samefosi (bizantiis impe-

riisa _ a. a.) da rjuli da msaxureba iseTive aqvs, radganac

keisars upyria maTi samTavro. magram Tu Cvens rjuls miaC-

vevT, dauaxlovdebian mas da SeZleben mis cnobas, aqamde Tu

Semcdarni iyvnen, axla [swor] gzas daadgebian, Semdeg Tqvenc

Segiyvareben da arielTa qveyanasac, xolo keisars, mis

rjulsa da qveyanas ki ganudgebian da ganSordebian. maSin

CvenTan eg qveyana mtkice siyvaruliTa da TanxmobiT iqneba.

xolo, rodesac somxeTi mtkiced iqneba Cveni, maSin swored

qarTlica da albaneTic Cveni iqneba.”1 rogorc vxedavT, so-

mexi mematiane xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom somxeTi didi qveya-

naa, xolo iberia da albaneTi somxeTis danamatia. sinamdvi-

leSi, iberia, rogorc ukve iTqva, somxeTis upiratesobas ar

cnobda. sparseTis imperiisTvisac iberias somxeTze naklebi

mniSvneloba rodi hqonda. iberia xom kavkasiis centrSi mde-

bareobda da Cvens qveyanaze dayrdnobiT sparseTs SeeZlo Ta-

visi gavlena gaevrcelebina Crdilo kavkasiaze, risi didi

survilic hqonda.

iezdigerd Sahs werili miuweria somxeTis didebulebi-

saTvis: “radganac Tqven sasargeblo da CvenTvis sayvareli

qveyana xarT, Cven gvnebavs, rom Cveni marTali da WeSmariti

rjuli2 iswavloT da miiRoT... aw, moismineT es Cveni brZane-

ba, nebiTa da siyvaruliT Tavs ideviT igi da sxva rames sru-

lebiTac nu gaivlebT gulSi... xolo, rodesac Tqvenc Cvensa-

viT scnobT Cvens WeSmarit rjuls, qarTli da albaneTi Cve-

ni da Tqveni nebis iqiT gadasvlas ver gabedaven”.3 maSasadame,

somexTa azriT, Tu somxeTi damorCildeboda sparseTs, dayve-

boda mis nebas, sparseTi da somxeTi erTdroulad ibatoneb-

dnen iberiasa da albaneTSi; sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, didi ba-

toni sparseTi iqneboda, magram iberiasa da albaneTSi spar-

1 l.-n. janaSia, lazar farpecis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, Tb., 1962,

gv. 209-210. 2 nagulisxmevia mazdeanoba (igive zoroastrizmi, cecxlTayvanismcem-

loba). 3 l.-n. janaSia, lazar farpecis... gv. 213.

84

seTis mier mouravebad daniSnuli somxebic ibatonebdnen.

somxeTs es Zalian surda, Tumca qristianobas ar Tmobda.

amierkavkasieli didebulebi iZulebuli gaxdnen iezdi-

gerd Sahs xlebodnen sparseTSi. Sahi maTgan gamazdeanebas

moiTxovda: “maSin samive qveynis, somxeTis, qarTlisa da al-

baneTis yvela naxarari (erisTavi _ a. a.) erT adgilas Seik-

riba, yoymanobda da bWobda, Tu ra saSualebiT da mofiqre-

biT moeZebnaT gamosavali am saqmidan. mcire dReTa ganmavlo-

baSi bevri ifiqres da imsjeles da droebiT im azrze SeTan-

xmdnen da ganmtkicdnen, rom “gadarCenis araviTari sxva Rone

ar gagvaCnia im maxisagan, romelic dagvigo borotma monadi-

re satanam da romelSic gagvaba, garda imisa, rom droebiT,

garegnulad Tavs vidvaT maTi brZaneba. Semdeg wavideT Cven-

Cven qveyanaSi da imieridan an vicxovroT qristes WeSmariti

sarwmunoebis msaxurebiT, romelSic davibadeT embazis ga-

naxlebiTa da uwmindesi moZRvrebiT wminda grigorisa da mi-

si Svilisa, an mivatovoT Cveni qveyana da wavideT”...1 Tu gvi-

andeli CanarTi araa sagulisxmebeli bolo striqonebSi, ma-

Sin gamodis, rom somxuri legenda, TiTqos, grigori qar-

TvelTa ganmanaTlebelic iyo, V saukunis dasasrulisTvis

ukve arsebula. SesaZloa, isic vifiqroT, rom lazar farpeci

am SemTxvevaSi gulisxmobs qvemo qarTlis sapitiaxSos, arSu-

Sa pitiaxSis samflobelos. sparseTSi gaemgzavrao im momen-

tSi “qarTvelTa qveynidan bdeSxi(pitiaxSi _ a. a.) aSuSa da im

qveynis sxva” didebulebi.2 aqcenti qvemo qarTlis pitiaxSzea

mimarTuli. qvemo qarTlis erTi nawili ki, rogorc zemoT

iTqva, SesaZloa, IV saukunis pirvel naxevarSi somxeTs hqon-

da mitacebuli da am SemTxvevaSi qristianobasac saxelmwifo

religiad iq somxeTi gamoacxadebda. magram radgan motanil

cnobaSi somxeTis, qarTlisa da albaneTis ganmanaTleblad

grigoria gamocxadebuli, aq mainc SeimCneva imis tendencia,

iqeTken swrafva, rom somexTa ganmanaTleblis kulti mTels

amierkavkasiaSi dainergos da somxur eklesias qarTul-alba-

nuri eklesiebic daeqvemdebaros.

1 iqve, gv. 223. 2 iqve, gv. 217-218.

85

lazar farpecis mixedviT, ...“ucbad qarTlis qveyanaSi

moxda SfoTi da areuloba. vaxtangma (gorgasalma _ a. a.)

mokla urjulo bdeSxi vazgeni1 mefe perozis (iranis Sahis _

a. a.) ocdamexuTe wels. es gaigo somxeTis qveynis xalxma...

rodesac maT gaiges qarTlis mefis ajanyebis Sesaxeb, mxia-

ruli guliT gaixares, radganac maT ambavi miuvidaT, qarT-

lis mefe ambobs: “me brZolas aravis davanaxveb, imden hons

(hunebs _ a. a.) gadmoviyvan, rom sparsTa jarebi win ver daud-

gneno.” qristes moyvarulni gamxnevdnen am ambisagan da moe-

lodnen TavisTvisac sargeblobisa da keTilmowyalebis pov-

nas [cad] amaRlebulisagan...”

erTmaneTSi moiTaTbira zogierTma somexma naxararma:

...”eg qarTvelTa mefe vaxtangi mamacia, vin icis, iqneb mraval-

mowyale RmerTi gadmoxedavs Cvens gaWirvebas, dagvexmareba

da, egebis, qarTvelebTan erTad SevZloT cotaTi mainc miva-

yenoT Sroma sparsTa”-o. ase moiTaTbires mciredma somexma

naxararebma, da es ganzraxva sxvebsac gaagebines. vinc ki gai-

go igi, yvela nebiTa da mondomebiT SeuerTda mas, rogorc

RmrTis winamZRolobiT [miRebuls]”.2 im xanebSi somxeTis sa-

mefo aRar arsebobda. sparseTis imperiis nebiTa da, SesaZ-

loa, somex didebulTa erTi nawilis decentralisturi mis-

wrafebebis, qmedebebis Sedegadac somxeTSi mefoba gauqmebul

iqna 428 wels. somex didebulebs vaxtang gorgasalTan SeTan-

xmebuli moqmedeba sWirodaT imisaTvisac, rom mefis, metadre

didi mefis avtoriteti saerTo saqmes wadgomoda.

somex didebulTa Soris erT-erT gamorCeulTagans, va-

han mamikonians3 ar gauziarebia vaxtang gorgaslis antispar-

suli ajanyebiT gamxnevebuli somexi didebulebis pozicia:

“SeuerTde Tqvens gadawyvetilebas, romelic gangizraxavT,

da giTxraT, kargia eg azri da imoqmedeT-Tqo, magis Tqma arc

SemiZlia da verc vbedav, radganac kargad vici arielTa Za-

la da Seupovroba, xolo hromTa (bizantielTa _ a. a.) sisus-

te da matyuvroba. Tqvenc gicnobT Cemi gamocdilebiT, Tu

rogor migiciaT ficiT aRTqma Cveni mamebisTvis da mogityue-

1 nagulisxmevia qvemo qarTlis pitiaxSi varsqeni. 2 l.-n.janaSia, lazar farpecis... gv. 243-245. 3 mamikonianebi warmoSobiT Wanebi(lazebi) iyvnen, magram gasomxdnen.

86

biaT. rac Seexeba imas, rasac ambobT qarTlis mefis da honTa

Sesaxeb, [getyviT], rom calke qarTli susti qveyanaa da mxed-

robiT mcirericxovani. honTa Sesaxeb ki, vin icis, daTanxmde-

bian mosvlas, Tu ara isini, vinc aq arc arian da arca Canan?

magram yvelaze metad ki Tqvenive Tavisa geSinodeT, radgan

cru da arasando xalxi xarT. me Tu mkiTxavT da Cems sity-

vas aasrulebT da daijerebT, Tavi gaanebeT mag azrebs da

mxolod evedreT RmerTs... mogaZebninoT gamosavali mag saqme-

ebidan. me ki Tqveni amao da gamousadegari ganzraxviT nu

mrjiT”.1 rogorc vxedavT, somexi mematiane xazs usvams, rom

vaxtang gorgaslis droindeli qarTlis, iberiis samefo

“susti qveyanaa da mxedrobiTac mcirericxovani.” ise ga-

modis, iberiis qveyana patara yofila, Torem, cnobilia, rom

qarTvelebs brZolis velze, kerZod, sparselTa winaaRmdeg

omebSi qudze kaci gamoyavdaT da mcirericxovani jari rad

eyoleboda vaxtang gorgasals? Zlieri da mravalricxovani

mxedrobis gareSe gorgasali verc moipovebda didi, gmiri me-

fis saxels, rameTu man bevri omi gadaixada uricxvi mtris

winaaRmdeg. amave dros, lazar farpecis mixedviT, sparseTic

ki aRiarebda, rom somxeTi didi qveyana iyo, e.i. arsebobda

didi somxeTi. amdenad, somxebs bunebrivad miaCndaT, rom kav-

kasiaSi wamyvani saxelmwifo yofiliyo e. w. didi somxeTi,

xolo “susti iberia” mas damorCileboda. qarTvelebi, cxa-

dia, ar iziarebdnen somexTa pozicias da es iwvevda dapiris-

pirebas maT Soris.

sabolood, vahan mamikoniani mainc daiyolies da iberi-

asTan erTad somxeTSic daiwyo sparseTis sawinaaRmdego

ajanyeba. lazar farpecis sityviT, “zogierTi uRmrTo somexi

naxararTagani” sparselTa erTguli darCenila da maTTan er-

Tad ebrZoda qarTvel da somex ajanyebulebs.2 qarTvelTagan

im dros sparseTis momxre da erTguli mxolod varsqen

pitiaxSi yofila da isic iomebda ajanyebulTa winaaRmdeg;

amitomac moakvlevina varsqeni vaxtang gorgasalma.

damxmare jaris momlodine somxebma “saswrafod gagzav-

1 l.n. janaSia, lazar farpecis... gv. 245-246. 2 l.-n. janaSia, lazar farpecis... gv. 246-247.

87

nes despani qarTlis mefe vaxtangTan, raTa Tavisi dapirebe-

bisamebr mieca maTTvis honebi. is ki drois gasayvani sityve-

biT aWianurebda Tavisi naTqvamis [asrulebas]. Semdeg saidan-

Rac Sekriba samasi honi da gamogzavna somxeTSi. magram jer

kidev zamTris erTi Tvec ar gasuliyo, rom saswrafo momize-

zebiT isev TavisTan gaixmo.” male somxeTSio “moawia despan-

ma qarTlis mefe vaxtangisagan: “qarTlis qveyanaSi didi jari

movida. me davinaxe, rom ver aRvudgebi win da gavecale som-

xeTis mTebSi, qarTlis sazRvrebTan, da Tqven gelodebiT”-o.

[despans] werilic hqonda motyuebiT [miwerili] vaxtangisagan:

“honTa jars vubrZane mosuliyo, magram jer ar mosula. mag-

ram sanam Tqven moxvalT, isinic moaweven da imieridan Tqven,

Cven da honebi davRupavT maT. Tumca me mgonia, rom rodesac

honebi movlen, Cven srulebiT aRaraferi mogviwevs gasa-

keTeblad, isini TiTon moagvareben am saqmes, radgan uzomo

simravles vubrZane mosvla”-o...

somexTa mTeli jari dauyovnebliv mivida qarTlis me-

fesTan da cota xniT daibanaka kangarqis gavarSi. iq qarT-

lis mefe vaxtangi momacdunebeli sityvebiT atyuebda da iyo-

liebda somexTa zoravar (mxedarmTavars _ a. a.) vahan mamiko-

niansa da sxva uxuces somex tanuterebs (didebulebs _ a. a.)...

“ori dReca da honTa jarebi moaweven”-o. xolo, rodesac ga-

vida am cru paemanis ori dRe, maSin igi mesame da meoTxe

dReze gadaitana, Semdeg ki meeqvse da meSvide dRezec. merme

mzveravebi gaagzavnina qarTvelTa da somexTa jaridan. rode-

sac isini Cavidnen erT-erT velze, man daanaxva maT mravali

cecxlis sinaTle da xis kunZebi adamianis magvarad Seiara-

Rebuli, aleqsandre makedonelis eSmakobis msgavsad. igi isev

ambobda: “honTa jari ar amodis CvenTan mTebSi. isini amboben,

aq, am velze Camoiyvane da gvaCvene somxebi da yovelive Sens

sityvas verwmunebiT, rac CvenTvis giTqvams da Semogificavs.

maSin ris gakeTebasac gvibrZaneb, yvelafers SevasrulebT.

Tu ara da, ara gvjera, rom somxebi SenTan erTad arian. mag-

ram Tu namdvilad davinaxavT amas, maSin sparselebi Cven dag-

vanebeT da Tavs nu SeiwuxebTo. axla, Tu Tqven am velze ar

CaxvalT, xolo honTa jari me ar damijerebs da im qveynidan

arsaiTken ar daiZvreba,” sparselTa mxedroba ki “mibrundeba

88

da qarTls aaoxrebs, ra sargebloba eqneba CemTvis Tqvens aq

mosvlas?”

somexTa jari ki, radganac pirobiT iyo Sekruli qarT-

lis mefesTan, rasac igi eubneboda, marTali iyo Tu tyuili,

yvelafris asrulebas cdilobda saxarebis SiSiT”.1 somexi

mematiane sxva adgilzec uwodebs vaxtang gorgasals crus,

somexTa momtyuebels: ...”rodesac meore dRes brZolis velze

gavidnen, maSinac elaparakeboda da eubneboda qarTlis mefe

somexTa zoravar vahansa da sxva somex uxuces tanuterebsa

da sepuhebs(didebulebs _ a. a.): “CvenTvis umjobesi iyo dRes

SevbrZolebodiT sparsTa jars, radgan Cvenc veyofiT maT da

win ver dagvidgebian. magram, Tu dResac davizarebdiT, honebi

movidodnen da gamarjvebis saxelsa da nadavls isini waiRe-

bdnen.” igi aqamdisac ki ganagrZobda motyuebas cru sityve-

biT.

maSin somexTa zoravars vahan mamikonians guli mouvida

qarTlis mefis cru da uxams sityvebze... magram vahan mamiko-

nianma mainc gaawyo jari sabrZolo wyobis wesisamebr. mar-

jvena mxare man Caabara barSil vahevunisa da saton gabeli-

ans, marcxena mxare misca qarTlis mefe vaxtangs, xolo Sua

nawils ki TviTon adgenda netari arSaviris samive vaJisa da

gnunTa netar ufalTan erTad. xolo netari aspeti sahaki da

babgen sivnieli Tavis Tavisa da barSilis Soris daayena”.2

ise gamodis, rom sparseTis winaaRmdeg ajanyebis momwyobi

vaxtang gorgasali gadamwyveti brZolis Jams somexTa mxe-

darTmTavris nebis aRmsrulebeli, mis xelebSi Semyure yofi-

la. brZolis velze umniSvnelovanes rols, Turme, somexTa

jari asrulebda, xolo vaxtang gorgaslis laSqari mis dan-

amats warmoadgenda. ra Tqma unda, es sicruea, somexi mematia-

ne akninebs vaxtang mefes. Tu gorgasali ar ufrTxildeboda

Tavis mefur avtoritets, rogorc es lazar farpecis Txro-

bidan gamosWvivis, maSin vaxtang mefe qarTvel erSi ver daim-

kvidrebda gamorCeuli xelmwifisa da wmindanis saxels.

sabolood, sparselTa mravalricxovanma jarma daamar-

1 l.-n. janaSia, lazar farpecis... gv. 248-251. 2 iqve, gv. 252-253.

89

cxa ajanyebulni. amis gamoo “somexTa mTeli jari da masTan

erTad qarTvelTa gamousadegari jari Tavis mefe vaxtangTan

erTad daiSala da daifanta.”1 vaxtang gorgasali XII sauku-

neSi Seqmnili didi saqarTvelos erT-erTi gamoCenili mesa-

Zirkvlea; somexi mematiane ki vaxtang mefesa da mis jars

uvargiss, gamousadegars uwodebs. Tu gorgasali ar iyo Zli-

eri, gamorCeuli mefe da mis jarsac Tavi ar gamouCenia omeb-

Si, vimeoreb, maSin qarTvelTa pirveli qristiani mefe, miria-

ni, romlis Sesaxebac kargis meti araferi gvsmenia, ratom

gorgasalze SedarebiT naklebad ganadides Cvenma winaprebma?

lazar farpecis Tanaxmad, ajanyebis CaxSobis Semdeg

sparselTa sardals mouxsenebia Tavisi qveynis SahisTvis va-

han mamikonianisa da somxebis guladobis ambebi da, bolos,

uTqvams: “somxeTis qveynis sidide da sargeblianoba Tqvenc

kargad iciT. magram vahani da sxva warCinebulni, romelnic

masTan arian, dResac rom mSvidobianad yofiliyvnen Tqvens

samsaxurSi,” am ambavso me “nugeSad CavTvlidi. radgan, rode-

sac somxebi aseTi xalxiT Cveni iqnebodnen, qarTlica da al-

baneTic srulebiT ver gabedavdnen piri eqciaT Cvengan, an

sxvanairad ganezraxaT raime”.2 isev da isev mematiane xazs us-

vams somxeTis sidides, somexTa guladobas, xolo iberia,

TiTqos, somxeTis danamati yofila, miuxedavad imisa, rom im

xanebSi somxeTis samefo ar arsebobda, xolo iberias hyavda

didi mefe gorgasali. motanil nawyvetSi yuradRebas ipyrobs

isic, rom sparselebi aRar iTxoven somxebis gamazdianebas,

oRond dagvmorCildnen da, jani gavardes, qristianebad darC-

neno. es Sedegia imisa, rom, marTalia, sparselebma CaaxSves

vaxtang mefis TavkacobiT mowyobili ajanyeba, magram mainc

iZulebulni gaxdnen daTmobebze wasuliyvnen amboxebul qar-

TvelTa da somexTa mimarT.

lazar farpecis mier vahan mamikonianTan gagzavnil we-

rilSi naTqvamia: “rodesac netarma dedaSenma wagiyvanaT

Tqven bdeSxTan, mis karze Cvenc gvaswavlidnen.”3 aq igulis-

xmeba, rom daoblebuli vahani da misi Zmebi qvemo qarTlis

1 iqve, gv. 255-257. 2 iqve, gv. 266-267. 3 iqve, gv. 267.

90

pitiaxSis arSuSas (varsqen pitiaxSis mamis) karze izrdebod-

nen_arSuSas meuRle vahanis deida iyo. lazar farpecic va-

hans da mis Zmebs Tan axlda da isic qvemo qarTlSi izrdebo-

da. vinaidan lazari vahanTan daaxloebuli yofila, swored

esecaa mizezi, rom somexi mematiane vaxtang gorgaslisa da

vahan mamikonianis urTierTobaSi vahanis momxreobas iCens,

tendenciurad ganadidebs mas.

miuxedavad imisa, rom lazar farpeci qarTlSi izrde-

boda, is, rogorc davinaxeT, lanZRavs wmindanad Seracxul

qarTvelTa mefe vaxtang gorgasals. amis mizezi, Cemi azriT,

isaa, rom somxebs ar moswondaT gorgaslis miswrafeba, gam-

xdariyo mTeli kavkasiis Tavkaci. arada, sparseTis imperiis

winaRmdeg brZola Zalze Zneli, SeuZlebelic ki iqneboda,

Tu kavkasielebi saerTo ZalisxmeviT ar daicavdnen Tavs. ro-

gorc ukve iTqva, somxeTis samefo im dros ar arsebobda da

vis unda daerazma kavkasielebi, Tu ara vaxtang gorgasals?

es ki imas niSnavda, rom kavkasiaSi wamyvani iqneboda iberiis

samefo da ara somxeTi, rac somxebisTvis da maTi mematiane

lazar farpecisTvis miuRebeli iyo. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom

im xanebSi ZirZveli qarTuli mxare tao somxeTis Semadgen-

lobaSi iyo moqceuli, mamikonianTa samflobelos warmoad-

genda. vaxtang gorgasals, cxadia, dagegmili eqneboda taos

dabrunebac da rom dascloda, daibrunebda kidec, yovel Sem-

TxvevaSi, aqtiurad imoqmedebda saamisod. vahan mamikonianis-

Tvis miuRebeli iyo gorgaslis es gegma da amitomac ar mos-

wondaT masa da mis mexotbe mematianes, lazar farpecis vax-

tang mefe.

somex mkvlevarT miaCniaT, rom qarTuli eklesia did-

xans somxur eklesias eqvemdebareboda. ase mag., v. inglizia-

nis mixedviT, 506 wlisTvis qarTuli eklesia somxuri ekle-

siis iurisdiqciis qveS imyofeboda. msgavsi azrebi gamoTqmu-

lia n. akinianis da sxvaTa naSromebSic. amgvari Sexeduleba

zogierT qarTvelsac gasCenia. 2007 wlis 29 martis gazeT

“jorjian TaimsSi” daibeWda gubaz sanikiZis interviu, ro-

melSic naTqvamia: 451 wlis qalkedonis krebis Semdego “sa-

qarTvelo moxvda monofizitur samyaroSi... somxuri, qarTu-

li da albanuri eklesiebi_saeklesio federacias warmoad-

91

genda, romelSic pirveloba somxebs hqondaT. am eklesiaTa

centri iyo dvini.”

aRsaniSnavia, rom sparseTis imperia ereoda rogorc

qarTuli, ise somxuri eklesiis saqmeebSi. sparselebi dar-

wmundnen, rom verc qarTvelebs da verc somxebs qristianoba-

ze uars ver aTqmevinebdnen, mazdianebad ver aqcevdnen. maSin

sparseTis xelisuflebam miznad daisaxa, iberiasa da somxeTs

mieRoT qristianobis iseTi mimdinareoba, romelic dapirispi-

rebuli iqneboda bizantiis imperiaSi aRiarebuli qristianu-

li mimdinareobisagan. amiT sparseTs surda aRmoefxvra bi-

zantiis gavlena saqarTvelosa da somxeTSi. sparseTma raki

SeZlo 428 wels somxeTSi mefobis mospoba, xolo iberiis sa-

mefo amis Semdeg mTeli saukunis ganmavlobaSi arsebobda,

sparseTisTvis ufro advili iyo somxuri eklesiis moqceva

Tavisi gavlenis qveS, vidre qarTuli eklesiisa. somxuri

eklesiac, Tu gamazdeanebas ar aiZulebdnen, garkveuli mize-

zebis gamo, TandaTan Tanaxma xdeboda sparseTis xelisufle-

bas morigeboda.

movses xorenacis Tanaxmad, somxeTSi mefobis gauqmebis

Semdeg somxuri eklesiis saWeTmpyrobeli sahaki sparseTSi

Casula. Sahma “miixmo sahaki xalxmraval samsjavroSi da uTx-

ra: “daifice Seni rjulis mixedviT, rom erTgulad gvemsaxu-

rebi Cven, ar gacdunebs berZenTa erTmorwmuneobis sicrue da

fiqrad ar gaivleb amboxebas, raTa amiT mizezi ar gaxde

Cvens mier somexTa qveynis warwymedisa, Tqvendami Cveni ke-

Tilganwyobilebis mtrobiT Secvlisa.” sahaks ar moswonebia

Sahis laparaki, kerZod, mis mier “erTmorwmuneobis sicruis”

xseneba, magram mainc moundomebia, rom sparseTis xelmwifes

misTvis ori ram Seesrulebina. Sahmao “brZanos, rom somex

naxararTa xarisxTa rigi momavalSic imgvaradve darCes, ro-

gorc... iyo aqamde, sparsma marzpanebma gaiTvaliswinon es da

nu eqnebaT ufleba TavianTi survilisamebr misi Secvlisa.

amasTanave... Wabuk gazavons, hrahatis Zes, daubrunos samflo-

belo, Tu Zvel adgilze ara... sxva naxararTa gverdiT mainc

daayenos igi, romel adgilzec moisurvebs, iseve, rogorc

imis naTesavs, kamsarakans anda amatunis uyves, romelnic, aR-

zevebulni, mamapapuri taxtidan CamoaqveiTes, dabal safexur-

92

ze ganamweses; an iqneb miandos mas da mis naSiers mefis (ira-

nis Sahis _ a. a.) moxeleoba.”

Sahi “daTanxmda da brZana, yovelive SeesrulebinaT [sa-

hakisaTvis]. misi SviliSvili vardan stratelatic [mefem]

kvlav daadgina sakuTari gvaris, mamikonianTa uflad da som-

xeTSi gagzavna.”1 cxadia, sparseTis xelisuflebasa da som-

xur eklesias Soris arsebobda winaaRmdegobebi, dapirispire-

ba, magram iyo morigebis, garigebis cdebic da es Cans motani-

li amonarididanac. erTi somxuri wyaros cnobiT, VI sauku-

nis Sua xanebSi sparseTis Sahma Zalian mouwona somxeTis ka-

Tolikoss, nerse mijins berZnul eklesiasTan dapirispireba:

“meeqvse kreba moiwvia nerse mijinma dvinSi da gamoeyo somxe-

Ti saberZneTsa da ierusalemSi wasvlas, risTvisac didad

aRuTqva xosrom, sparseTis mefem, nerses...”2

VII saukunis 10-ian wlebSi sparseTis Sahma, xosrom II-m

eklesiaTa e.w. sparsuli kreba moiwvia. krebaze ganixiles sa-

kiTxi sparseTis imperiis mier daqvemdebarebuli qristianuli

qveynebisa da tomebis aRmsaareblobis Sesaxeb. krebis zedam-

xedveloba mindobili hqonda somex didmoxeles smbat bagra-

tunis. krebis dadgenilebis safuZvelze xosro II-m gamosca

brZaneba: “yvela Cemma qveSevrdomma qristianma unda miiRos

somxuri sarwmunoeba.”3 igulisxmeba monofizitoba, gviandeli

terminiT rom vTqvaT, grigorianoba. am ambavs mogviTxrobs

VII saukunis somexi mematiane sebeosi. SeiZleba vinmem eWvic

Seitanos sebeosis cnobis sisworeSi, magram aSkaraa, rom

somxebs, kerZod, sebeoss didi survili hqoniaT, somxur ek-

lesias sparseTis daxmarebiT daqvemdebareboda qarTuli da

sxva xalxTa eklesiebic.

vaxtang gorgasalma Tavisi gavlena rom gaavrcela TiT-

qmis mTels kavkasiaze, kerZod, somxeTzec, amis Sedegad qar-

Tuli eklesiac moindomebda pirvelobas amierkavkasiaSi. yo-

vel SemTxvevaSi, somxuri eklesiis Tavkacebi dainaxavdnen,

rom isini, sparseTis dauxmareblad qarTuli eklesiis daq-

vemdebarebas ver SeZlebdnen. arada, amisken miswrafeba maT

1 movses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, 1984, gv. 236-237. 2 ix. epistoleTa wigni, Tb., 1968, gv. 064. 3 istoria sebeosisa, erevani, 1979, gv. 151, somxur enaze.

93

hqondaT. iseve, rogorc somxeTis mefeebi acxadebdnen preten-

zias mTeli kavkasiis damorCilebaze da zogjer ama Tu im

qarTuli mxaris mitacebasac axerxebdnen, somxuri eklesiac

gegmavda qarTulis daqvemdebarebas.1 magram gorgasalis dros

iberiaSi mazdeanur samlocveloTa adgilze qarTuli saepis-

koposoebi Seiqmna, qarTuli eklesiis sabrZolo suliskve-

Teba gaZlierda da, cxadia, is somxur eklesias ar eymoboda.

piriqiT, qarTuli eklesia Seecdeboda somxuris pretenziebis

ganqarvebas da Tavisi pirvelobis win wamowevas. es ki iwvev-

da somxuri eklesiis Semdgom daaxloebas sparseTis xeli-

suflebasTan.

marTalia, VI saukunis pirvel naxevarSi sparseTma me-

foba iberiaSic mospo, magram VI aswleulis damdegidanve uZ-

velesi droidan qarTvelTa dedaqalaqi mcxeTa saeklesio qa-

laqad, centrad gamocxadda Tbilisis gadedaqalaqebis Sem-

deg. amiT qarTuli eklesiis avtoriteti kidev ufro metad

gaizrdeboda.2

aRsaniSnavia, rom somexTa ganmanaTlebeli grigori par-

Telad, e.i. iranelad, sparselad iwodeba. marTalia, is zog-

jer berZenad, romaelad, kapadokieladac miaCndaT, magram sa-

bolood grigoris parTelobas mieniWa upiratesoba. safiqre-

belia, rom es sparseTs xels aZlevda da cdilobda kidec

grigoris parTelobis azris damkvidrebas ara marto som-

xeTSi, aramed saqarTveloSic. Tu monofizitur somxur ekle-

sias qarTuli daeqvemdebareboda, amiT, sparselTa azriT, di-

ofizituri, qalkedonuri bizantiis imperiis gavlena amier-

kavkasiaSi friad Semcirdeboda. am mizniT sasurveli iyo so-

mexTa ganmanaTleblis, grigol parTelis kulti iberiaSic

danergiliyo. amis gamoc moxda erTxans wm. ninos CrdilSi

moqceva, Torem VI saukuneSi iberiaSi wm. ninos kultis arse-

bobas adasturebs qarTuli “mravalTavis” masalebi, romelic

gamoikvlia m. van-esbrokma. grigoris kultis iberiaSi gavr-

1 somxuri eklesiis amgvari survili gaZlierdeboda somxeTSi mefobis

gauqmebis Semdeg, 428 wlidan, rameTu amieridan somxuri eklesiis roli

somxeTSi Zalze gaizarda. 2 cnobilia, rom vaxtang gorgaslis dros qarTulma eklesiam avtokefa-

liac moipova.

94

celebas xels uwyobdnen is qarTvelebic, romelTa mSobliu-

ri mxareebi gaqristianebis dros somxeTs hqonda mitacebuli

(mag., qvemo qarTlis erTi nawili) da SemdgomSi iberiam daib-

runa. am mxriv gasaTvaliswinebelia qalkedoniani, gviandeli

terminiT rom vTqvaT, marTlmadidebeli somxebis rolic. am

aRmsareblobis somxebi sakmao raodenobiT cxovrobdnen Cvens

qveyanaSi da qarTul eklesiasTan mWidrod iyvnen dakavSire-

bulni. qarTvelTa saero Tu sasuliero xelisufleba qalke-

doniani somxebis gamoyenebiT cdilobda monofiziti, grigo-

riani somxebis moqcevas marTlmadideblobaze. amdenad, qal-

kedonian somxebs saqarTveloSi aravin uSlida maTi Sexedu-

lebebis qadagebas, gavrcelebas, kerZod, grigoris Tayvanis-

cemas.

somxurma eklesiam sparseTis mxardaWeriTac ver SeZlo

qarTuli eklesiis daqvemdebareba (somxuri eklesiis did

pretenziebze metyvelebs arsen safarelis is cnobac, sadac

VI s-is somexTa kaTalikos nerse mijins aSxarakali ewodeba;1

aSxarhakal somxurad samyaros mpyrobels niSnavs. qarTveleb-

ma icodnen, razec ocnebobda somxuri eklesia). maT Soris

dapirispireba TandaTan izrdeboda da VII saukunis dasaw-

yisSi, daaxloebiT 607 wels moxda ganxeTqileba, maSin, rode-

sac qarTvelTa kaTolikosi iyo kirion I. amasTan dakavSire-

biT somexTa kaTolikosi abraami Tavis samwysosadmi mimar-

Tul sayovelTao epistoleSi Tanamemamuleebs mouwodebda:

qarTvelebio “radgan ar moiqcnen WeSmaritebaze,” e. i. mono-

fizitobaze (grigorianobaze), Cveno “vbrZaneT qarTvelTa Se-

saxeb: sruliad ar eziaroT maT arc locvaSi, arc Wamasa da

smaSi, arc megobrobaSi, arc dedamZuZeobaSi, arc salocavad

wasvliT jvarSi, romelic ganTqmulia mcxeTis midamoSi, arc

manglisis jvarSi da nurc Cvens eklesiaSi miiRebT maT, ara-

med maTTan qorwinebisaganac sruliad ganeSoreT, mxolod

iyideT da mihyideT viTarca uriebs!..

Cven ar davdumdebiT wvrTna-darigebaSi, sanam cocxali

varT da vinc Cven Semdeg [iqneba], SevevedrebiT, rom mogvba-

1 arseni safareli, ganyofisaTvis qarTvelTa da somexTa, z. aleqsiZis

gamocema, Tb., 1980, gv. 85-86.

95

Zon da moaqcion isini simarTleze”1. marTlac, somxuri ekle-

sia amis Semdegac cdilobda qarTulis daqvemdebarebas da am

mizniT arab dapyrobTa mxardaWeris mopovebasac gegmavda. sa-

zogadod, somxur-qarTuli eklesiebis ganxeTqilebam uaryo-

fiTi roli Seasrula saqarTvelo-somxeTis urTierTobebSi,

am ori xalxis istoriaSi. amieridan qarTvelebi da somxebi

erTmaneTs eretikosebs, mwvaleblebs uwodebdnen, rac kidev

ufro metad, vidre aqamde abrkolebda maT erTobliv brZo-

las saerTo mtrebis, dampyroblebis winaaRmdeg. qarTul da

somxur eklesiebs didi gavlena hqondaT TavianT qveynebSi da

maTi dapirispireba mrevlzec gadadioda. vinaidan somxuri

eklesia 607 wlis Semdegac qarTulis daqvemdebarebaze pre-

tenzias acxadebda, qarTul eklesiaSic gaZlierda swrafva

iqeTken, rom monofiziti (grigoriani) somxebi, romelTac,

garkveuli mizezis gamo, xaCecarebsac uwodebdnen, diofizi-

tobaze, qalkedonianobaze, marTlmadideblobaze moeqciaT.

wminda eqvTime TayaiSvilis sityviT, “kirioni rom ara,

Cven namdvilad gavsomxdebodiT. didi saqme qna erovnuli

TvalsazrisiT, nametani gonieri, magari da gamWriaxi kaci yo-

fila, rogorc gavs! Cven mas Zegli unda davudgaT2”. ara mgo-

nia, rom mxolod kirionma gadagvarCina qarTvelebi gasomxe-

bas. Tu qarTvelma erma Tavisi erovnuli saxe dRemde Seinar-

Cuna da didi kulturac Seqmna, es Cveni winaprebis Tavgan-

wiruli, sisxlismRvreli brZolebis Sedegia. qarTveli eri

ki Tavdauzogavad omobda, sisxls Rvrida kirionamdec da

Semdegac. magram aSkaraa isic, rom xaCecari somxebi, kerZod,

somxuri eklesia cdilobdnen saqarTvelos gasomxurebas,

qarTvelebis gasomxebas. sxvaTa Soris, somxurma eklesiam

gaasomxura kavkasiis albaneTis eklesia. aRsaniSnavia, rom

albanuri eklesiis cneba, albanTa kaTalikosebi XIX sauku-

nemde SemorCnen, magram e. w. albanur eklesiaSi didi xania

RvTismsaxureba somxurad sruldeboda.

XIII aswleulis somexi mematianis, vardan arevelcis

cnobaze dayrdnobiT somexi mkvlevarni miiCneven, rom qar-

1 epistoleTa wigni, Tb., 1968, gv. 121-122. 2 ix. g. lomTaTiZe, qarTuli kulturis mematiane eqvTime TayaiSvili, Tb.,

1990, gv. 102.

96

Tveli bagrationebi warmoSobiT somxebia da VIII saukunis

bolos gadmovidnen somxeTidan saqarTveloSi, sadac mefeebi

gaxdneno. aseTi Tvalsazrisi warmodgenilia, kerZod, 1984

wels erevanSi somxur enaze gamoqveynebul “somexi xalxis

istoriis” mravaltomeulis meore tomSi1 da mravalgan sxva-

ganac. “somxeTis istoriis” V klasis saxelmZRvaneloSic na-

Tqvamia, rom somexi bagratuniebis “erTi Sto damkvidrda sa-

qarTveloSi da maRal mdgomareobas miaRwia im qveyanaSi”2.

cnobilia, rom bagrationTa uZveles samkvidros speris

mxare warmoadgenda. amis Sesaxeb gvauwyebs movses xorenaci3

da favstos buzandic (V. 44). speri rom ZirZveli qarTuli

mxarea, amas adasturebs isic, rom qarTvelebi Sav zRvas spe-

ris zRvas eZaxdnen, xolo mdinare Woroxs speris mdinares.4

SavizRvispira saqarTveloSi am zRvas ucxo mxaris saxels

rad uwodebdnen? aseve, Woroxic saqarTveloSi miedineboda.

zogjer somxebi ki ipyrobdnen Woroxis auzSi mdebare qar-

Tuli miwa-wylis nawils, magram mTeli Woroxis xeoba maT

arasdros miutacebiaT. Woroxsac speris mdinares Tu sulac

spers uwodebdnen qarTvelebi imitom, rom speri qarTuli

mxare iyo. marTalia, qristeSobamde II saukuneSi somxebma da-

ipyres speri, magram es droebiTi movlena iyo. qarTvelebi

ibrZodnen mis dasabruneblad da mizansac aRwevdnen. speris

saxelwodebasTan dakavSirebiT aRsaniSnavia leCxumSi mdeba-

re sofeli nasperic. es toponimi eTnikuri saxelidan momdi-

nareobs da speris qarTulobaze migvaniSnebs.

rogorc ukve iTqva, somxeTis mier dapyrobili xalxe-

bis, tomebis gasomxeba somxuri eklesiis gaZlierebamde, V-VI

saukuneebamde TiTqmis ar xdeboda. am dromde arc spereli

bagrationebi gasomxdebodnen. sxva ambavia, Tu sperel bag-

rationTa nawili damkvidrda somxur mxareebSi. amas xels

Seuwyobda is garemoeba, rom zogierTi bagratidi adreve da-

winaurda somxeTis mefeTa samsaxurSi. bagrationTa dawi-

1 ix. a. abdalaZe, mikerZoebis seni isev mZvinvarebs, Jurnali “mnaTobi”,

1988 w., #9. 2 1998 w. gamocema, gv. 114-115, somxur enaze. 3 movses xorenaci, 1984 w., gv. 133, 151, 214. 4 qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 8, 9, 17, 19, 205.

97

naureba dadasturebulia iberiis samefoSic V saukuneSi. am

sagvareulos warmomadgeneli bivritiani oZrxis, samcxis

erisTavia vaxtang gorgaslis mefobisas.1 im xanebSi iberiaSi

bagrationTa aRzevebas adasturebs bizantiis imperatori, ama-

ve dros mematiane konstantine porfirogeneti.

mematiane imperatoris cnobiT, bagrationebi iberiis xe-

lisufalni gamxdaran misi Txzulebis (“imperiis marTvis Se-

saxeb”) daweramde, e. i. 952 wlamde 400 Tu 500 wliT adre.2 ma-

Ti STamomavalni ganagebda qarTvelTa qveyanas konstantine

porfirogenetis drosac. mematiane imperatoris igive Txzu-

lebidan Cans, rom X saukuneSi iberiel bagrationebsa da bi-

zantiel xelisufalTa Soris sasazRvro mxareebis gamo dava

amtydariyo. bizantiis imperiaSi ar moswondaT qarTvelTa sa-

mefos gaZliereba, misi sazRvrebis gazrda-gafarToeba. keis-

rebs qarTvel bagrationTa samflobelo TavianT vasalur sa-

xelmwifod miaCndaT da mis mzard pretenziebs ver eguebod-

nen. amave dros, bizantiuri diplomatia ganviTarebis uaRre-

sad maRal safexurze idga da saqarTvelosTan mWidro urTi-

erTobis viTarebaSi bizantielebs isic garkveuli eqnebodaT,

Tu daaxloebiT rodis aRzevdnen iberiaSi bagrationebi. kon-

stantine porfirogeneti imasac iuwyeba, rom iberebi, kurapa-

latis iberebi “Tavisi Tavis ganmadidebeli arian”. aq pirvel

rigSi swored qarTvel bagrationTa pretenziebia nagu-

lisxmevi. raki mematiane imperatori erTgvar antipaTiasac ki

amJRavnebs maT mimarT (rac saqarTvelo-bizantiis interesTa

dapirispirebiTaa gamowveuli), warmoudgenelia porfiroge-

nets daeZvelebina bagrationTa iberiaSi gaxelmwifeba, miT

umetes, rom TviTon axlad gamomcxvari dinastiis warmomad-

genelia.

rac Seexeba vardan arevelcis, is, sazogadod, saqar-

Tvelo-somxeTis urTierTobis tendenciurad amsaxveli mema-

tianea. vardani gamgrZelebelia im somex JamTaaRmwerelTa

saqmisa, romelTa warmodgeniT kavkasiaSi pirveloba ekuTv-

nodaT somxeTsa da somxebs da ara saqarTvelos. sxvanairad,

1 iqve, gv. 185, 189, 200, 204. 2 georgika, t. IV, nakv. II, s. yauxCiSvilis gamocema, Tb., 1952, gv. 259-260.

98

TiTqos, istoriis kanonzomiereba irRvevoda. raxan XII sauku-

nesa da XIII aswleulis pirvel meoTxedSi didi saqarTvelos

samefo mTel kavkasias moicavda, rogorc etyoba, vardansa da

mis Tanamoazreebs es ambavi eucxovebaT, emcxeTebaT, ar mos-

wonT da cdiloben warmoaCinon somexTa wvlili am did saq-

meSi.

movses xorenacis TxzulebaSi naTqvamia: “zogierTi, nak-

lebad sando adamiani TviTneburad, WeSmaritebis ugulvebel-

yofiT, ambobs, rom bagratuniebis... gvari haikis naSieria. amis Taobaze unda giTxra (mimarTavs xorenaci “Tavis mecenats” –

a. a.): amgvar ugunur xmebs nu irwmuneb, rameTu isini usafuZv-

loa da sruliad moklebuli simarTles”.1 rogorc vxedavT,

somxeTis istoriis mama, Tavisi qveynis didi patrioti xore-

naci gacxarebuli uaryofs bagratidTa gvaris somxur warmo-

Sobas. Tu is darwmunebuli ar iyo bagratidTa arasomxur

warmoSobaSi, ase gacxarebiT ar Seutevda sawinaaRmdego az-

ris mqone somxebs.

aRsaniSnavia, rom qristeSobamde VIII saukuneSi urmiis

tbis midamoebSi arsebobda manas samefo, romelic moqceuli

iyo urartus saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi, misi nawili

gaxldaT. qristeSobamde VIII aswleulSive moxseniebulia ma-

nas mefe bagadati. mecnierebi fiqroben, rom saxeli bagrati,

saidanac warmomdgaria gvari bagrationi, bagadatisgan momdi-

nareobs. ase, rom bagrationTa winaprebi, SesaZloa, urarte-

lebi an manas samefodanac iyvnen. speri moqceuli iyo urar-

tus gavlenis qveS da, dasaSvebia, bagrationTa gvaris winapa-

ri urartudan an manas samefodan sperSi gadmosaxlebuliyo.

arc isaa gamoricxuli, rom urartus saxelmwifoSi dadastu-

rebuli saxeli bagadati sperSic Semosuliyo, rameTu speri

urartus uzenaesobas aRiarebda erTxans. SeiZleba isic vi-

fiqroT, rom vinaidan bagrationebi Tavis RvTiur warmoSobas

xazs usvamdnen, isini xsenebuli mefe bagadatis dinastiidan

momdinareoben. sayuradReboa, rom Zveli sparsuli sityva

bagadata “RvTis mocemuls”, “RvTis wyalobas” niSnavs2.

1 movses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, 1984, gv. 87. 2 m. andronikaSvili, narkvevebi iranul-qarTuli enobrivi urTierTobi-dan, Tb., 1966, gv. 443.

99

SeiZleba imis Tqma, rom somxebi md. araqsis Crdiloe-

TiT damkvidrden SedarebiT gvian, daaxloebiT qristeSobam-

de III-II saukuneebSi.1 apolodores cnobiTac xom qarTvelebsa

da somxebs erTmaneTisgan md. araqsi mijnavdaT. am droisaT-

vis bagrationTa winaprebi ukve sperSi saxlobdnen. amierkav-

kasiaSi mosul somxebs isini sperSi daxvdnen.

VII aswleulis somexi mematianis, sebeosis cnobiT, baga-

rati, bagratidTa sagvareulos fuZemdebeli, faraziani yofi-

la. sebeosi imasac gveubneba, rom bagarati farnavazis Ze

iyo.2 udavoa, rom sebeosiseuli faraziani igive farnavazia-

nia. farnavazianTa qarTuli dinastia ki, rogorc cnobilia,

saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi mefobda iberiaSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom

V aswleulis somexi mematiane, favstos buzandi (V.15) qar-

Tlis farnavazianTa dinastias faravazianTa saxelwodebiT

ixseniebs. faravaziani Sualeduri formaa qarTul farnavazi-

ansa da sebeosiseul farazians Soris. marTalia, sebeosi

farnavazs somxad miiCnevs, magram es imis Sedegia, rom es

mematianec somxuri ideologiis poziciebidan ucqeris ibe-

riis samefos, is somxeTis nawilad miaCnia Tavis mefeebianad.

miuxedavad amisa, sebeosis “istoriaSi”, avtoris uneburad,

gaparula cnoba, arapirdapiri Cveneba, rom bagrationTa wi-

naprebi qarTvelebia.

niko marma gamoTqva tendenciuri, mcdari mosazreba,

rom tao-klarjeTSi mxolod somxebi cxovrobdnen. isini

qalkedonitebi (marTlmadideblebi) iyvnen da raki somxuri

monofizituri (grigorianuli) eklesia maT upirispirdeboda,

tao-klarjeTis qalkedoniani somxebi IX-X saukuneebSi gaqar-

Tveldneno, rameTu tao-klarjeTi qarTuli saxelmwifos

farglebSi moeqca da aq qarTuli eklesiis poziciebi gaZli-

erdao.3 n. maris es Sexeduleba aitaces somexma da maTma

Tanamoazre ucxoelma mkvlevarebmac (n. adonci, p. muradiani,

v. aruTinova-fidaniani da sxvani) da araerTi cnobili qar-

1 ix. a. abdalaZe, qvemo qarTli Zv. w. II saukunidan ax. w. IV saukunemde,

krebuli “dmanisi”, III, Tb., 2001. 2 istoria sebeosisa, 1979, gv. 51, 54, somxur enaze. 3 n. mari, kavkasiuri kulturuli samyaro da somxeTi, erevani, 1995, gv.

209-276, rusul enaze.

100

Tveli moRvawe somxad gamoacxades.1 maT somxad miiCnies, ker-

Zod, gamoCenili qarTveli swavluli da mwerali eqvTime mTa-

wmindeli. zemoT ukve iTqva, rom somxebi ver axerxebdnen qar-

Tuli mxareebis gasomxebas, qarTvelTa ganuwyveteli brZola

dakarguli miwa-wylis dasabruneblad somxebs amis saSuale-

bas ar aZlevda. tao-klarjeTSi cxovrobda somxuri mosaxle-

obac, magram iq ufro meti qarTvelebi mkvidrobdnen. amis Se-

saxeb ukve visaubre, aq ki damatebiT erT faqtsac movitan.

wminda eqvTime TayaiSvili i. megreliZes werda: “Tqvenma sta-

tiam (fxes Sesaxeb) masiamovna, kidevac gamoviyene. erT frag-

mentarul warweraSi parxalisa (taoSi _ a. a.) amovikiTxe

sityva Sanifxe, ese igi SaniZis asuli (qali)”.2 Sanifxe Sani-

Zis asuls lazurad niSnavs. maSasadame, taoSi sxva qarTve-

lebTan erTad lazebic cxovrobdnen. am mxriv sayuradReboa

isic, rom taos mefis, daviT kurapalatis sardali iyo gab-

riel oCopintres Ze. oCopintre nadirT mfarvel RvTaebas

warmoadgenda. oCi lazur-megrulad vacs qvia.

rac Seexeba eqvTime mTawmindels, mamamiss, ioanes gada-

uwyvetia qarTvelTa saZebrad bizantiidan, aTonis mTidan es-

paneTSi gamgzavreba, iqauri qarTvelebis gacnoba. Cemi Sexe-

dulebiT, istoriam ar icis iseTi gaqarTvelebuli somxis

arseboba, romelic qarTvelobaze im zomiT dadebda Tavs, ise

Tavgadakluli qarTveli gaxdeboda, rom X saukuneSi espa-

neTSi wavidoda iqaur qarTvelTa saZebnelad. es gamowveulia

saqarTvelo-somxeTis mravalsaukunovani urTierTobebis spe-

cifikiT. saqme isaa, somxebs sisxlSi hqondaT gamjdari, rom

kavkasiaSi wamyvani eri somxoba unda yofiliyo da ara qar-

Tvelebi. amis gamoc somxebi, sxvadasxva mizeziT, Tu qarTve-

ldebodnen, es xdeboda zedapirulad, moCvenebiT da ara mTe-

li suliTa da guliT. ioane mTawmindeli ki did qarTvelTa

“laSqris” mSvenebaa. taoSi Tu gvxvdeba somxuri saxelebi, es

bevrs arafers ar niSnavs. qrTvelebi da somxebi gverdi-

1 ix. s. janaSia, istoriuli simarTlis damaxinjebis erTi magaliTis Se-

saxeb, Tb., 1947, rusul enaze; n. lomouri, petriwonis qarTuli monas-

tris istoriisaTvis, Tb., 1981, rusul enaze; a. bogveraZis naSromi kre-

bulSi: amierkavkasiis istoriis problemebi, Tb., 1991 w. 2 i. megreliZe, eqvTime TayaiSvili, Tb., 1989, gv. 365.

101

gverd cxovrobdnen, kaTolikos abraamis akrZalvis miuxeda-

vad, erTmaneTzec qorwindebodnen. amis Sedegad qarTulSi

Semosula, mag., somxuri saxeli Tornik (Tornikes saxiT),

somxebisTvis daurqmeviaT qarTuli gvanca, naTela. 1213 wlis

xnZoreqsis somxur warweraSi somxis saxelia sityva “qarTve-

li”. bizantiis imperia IX-X saukuneebSi samxreT-dasavleT

saqarTvelos, kerZod, taos mitacebas cdilobda. miitaca ki-

dec es mxare XI s-is damdegs. bizantias taoSi qarTvelTa po-

ziciebis gaZliereba ar awyobda. is arc taoeli qalkedonia-

ni somxebis gaqarTvelebas dauSvebda, maT gaberZnebas ecde-

boda da miaRwevda kidec.

isev ioane mTawmindels mivubrundeT. giorgi mTawminde-

li mogviTxrobs: “ganizraxa netarman mamaman Cuenman iovane,

raiTa aRiRos Ze Tvisi da ravdennime mowafeni da ivltodis

spaniad (espaneTSi – a. a.)... rameTu asmioda, viTarmed qar-

Tvelni armciredni naTesavni da erni mkvidr arian mun.1 da

amis pirisaTvis warvida vidre avidosamde, raiTa mier povos

navi, kerZoTa spaniisaTa mimavali, da warvides mun”. iqaur

mTavars ioanesTvis amis neba ar miucia. rodesac bizantiis

imperiis am didmoxelem “ixila mamai iovane damtkicebuli

Tvissave gulis-sityuasa zeda,” es ambavi saimperatoro karis-

Tvis ucnobebia. iqedan mosula brZaneba, rom ioane da misi

mxlebelni qarTvelTa saZebnelad espaneTSi ar gaeSvaT.2 vime-

oreb, aseTi Tavgamodebuli, gulanTebuli qarTveli nasom-

xrebs Soris ar arsebobda. ioane Zal-Rones ar iSurebda

imisTvisac, rom did qarTvel moRvawed aRezarda vaJiSvili

eqvTime, rasac miaRwia kidec. mis mier dafuZnebulma qar-

TvelTa monasterma aTonis mTaze xom qarTuli kulturis

ganviTarebaSi udidesi wvlili Seitana.

sparselTa kvaldakval arab dampyrobTaTvisac Sedare-

biT misaRebi iyo, rom maTi qveSevrdomi qristianebi monofi-

zitebi (grigorianebi) yofiliyvnen da ara marTlmadidebel-

ni,3 rameTu arabTa saxelmwifosac surda bizantiis imperiis

1 ioane emyareboda im faqts, rom Zvelad espaneTsac iberia erqva. 2 Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, wigni II, ilia abu-laZis redaqciiT, Tb., 1967, gv. 54-55. 3 ix. a. abdalaZe, amierkavkasiis politikur erTeulTa urTierToba IX-XI saukuneebSi, Tb., 1988 w.

102

dasusteba, kerZod, misi gavlenis aRmofxvra amierkavkasiaSi.

aqedan gamomdinare, arabebi qarTvelebs ufro undoblad uc-

qerdnen, vidre monofizit (grigorian), xaCecar somxebs. som-

xuri eklesiis Tavkacebmac scades dampyrobel arabTa xeli-

suflebasTan TanamSromloba, saerTo enis gamonaxva.

VIII saukunis somexi mematianis, Revondis Tanaxmad, so-

mexTa kaTolikosi sahak III (677-703) episkoposTa TanxlebiT

somxeTidan gamgzavrebula arabebTan zavis dasamyareblad.

magram qalaq xaranSi sahaki avad gaxda da gardaicvala. mas

ar dascalda Sexvedroda somxeTisaken daZrul arabTa jaris

sardals mahmeds. sikvdilis win kaTolikosma werili miswe-

rao arab sardals: “uboZe Cems xalxs mSvidoba da igi dage-

morCileba Sen, gadagixdis xarks... dae, nuravin TqvenTagani

nu gvawamebs Cven da nu gvaiZulebs rjulis gamocvlas. aw,

ukeTu Seasruleb Cems Txovnas, ufali ganamtkicebs Sens xe-

lisuflebas da aRasrulebs Sens survilebs, dagimorCilebs

yovelT... uyuradRebod nu moekidebi Cems saTxovars da

aRsruldeba Sens mimarT Cemi locva-kurTxeva.”1 rogorc

vxedavT, somexTa kaTolokosi locva-kurTxevasac ar iSurebs

mZvinvare dampyroblisaTvis. oRond somxeTma aicilos Tavi-

dan arabTa TareSi da sahaki mzadaa ilocos imisaTvis, rom

arabebma Tundac mTeli saqristiano samyaro daipyron. kaTo-

likosis garjas amaod ar Cauvliao. sahaki jerac ar daekrZa-

laT, mahmedi rom Cavida xaranSi. arabTa sardalio “dadga ra

micvalebulis cxedarTan, miesalma mas TavianTi Cveulebisa-

mebr. rogorc marTlismTqmel kacTagan gvsmenia, man gaimeora

da mesamedac [warmoTqva] igive sityvebi. Semdgom CabRuja misi

xeli, viTarca cocxali adamianisa, daelaparaka, uTxra mas:

“Sevityve Seni sibrZne im ustaridan, romelic wavikiTxe... Ta-

naxma var, Cemi xmali Cavago ucodvel kacTa winaSe. aw, Sevas-

ruleb, gavakeTeb yovelives, rasac werilSi iTxov Cemgan da,

dae, Seni RvTisnieri locva-kurTxeva aRsruldes Cems mi-

marT.” somxebio “amis Semdeg monuri morCilebiT emsaxurebo-

dnen ismaitelebs”2, e. i. arabebs.

1 istoria Revondisa, somexTa didi varTapetisa, 1887, gv. 28-30, somxur ena-ze. 2 iqve, gv. 30-31.

103

amave TemasTan dakavSirebiT sayuradReboa somexTa ka-

Talikosis ovanes oZnecis (717-728) Sesaxeb Seqmnili somxuri

gadmocemac. ovanesi, Turme nu ityviT, imdeni uqiaT arabTa

xalifis, omar II-sTvis (717-720), rom mas saocrad mondomebia,

exila es sakvirveli pirovneba da TavisTan miuwvevia kidec

somxuri eklesiis saWeTmpyrobeli. somexTa Soris bolo xane-

bamde SemorCenila gadmocemebi arabTa mfarvelobiT ovanes

oZnecis brZolis Taobaze qalkedonianobis (marTlmadideb-

lobis) winaaRmdeg.1 somexTa kaTolikosebsa da xalifebs So-

ris arsebuli “keTilmegobruli” urTierTobis tradicia

mogvianebiTac gagrZelebula.

aRsaniSnavia somexTa kaTolikos eRia (elia) I-is (703-

717) mier qalkedonuri mrwamsisaken (marTlmadideblobisaken)

gadaxrili albanelTa kaTolikosisa da maTive dedoflis

dasmena xalifas winaSe. eRiam miswerao xalifas: “aw, is, vinc

albanelTa kaTolikosia da bardavSi zis, SeuTanxmda berZen-

Ta keisars, ixseniebs mas locvebSi da aiZulebs qveyanas, misi

TanaaRmsarebelni da Tanamoazreni gaxdnen. uwyodeT Tqven

amis Sesaxeb da nu gamoiCenT uyuradRebobas, rameTu erTi

didgvarovani qalbatonic Tanamosagrea misi. Tqveni didi uf-

lebamosilebiT brZaneT TavianT saqmeTa Sesaferisad imaTi

dasja, vinc ganizraxa Sescodos RmerTs.”2 arabTa xalifas,

TiTqos, ase miuweria eRiasTvis: “RvTis kaco, eRia, somexTa

naTesavis (modgmis – a. a.) kaTolikoso, wavikiTxe Seni, er-

Tgulebis [gamomxatveli] werili da madlierebis niSnad gig-

zavni Cems keTilsaimedo monas didZali jariT. vbrZanebT,

Cveni xelisuflebisagan gandgomili albanelebi Sens sarwmu-

noebaze moiqcnen. Cvens ganaCens [maT mimarT] bardavSi Sens

Tvalwin aRasrulebs Cveni mona (sardali – a. a.), xolo ner-

sess3 da mis Tanamoazre qals rkinis borkilebs daadebs, Se-

uracxyofilT moiyvans samefo karze, raTa yovel ajanyebuls

Wkua vaswavlo maT magaliTze.” eRias arabTa mxardaWeriT mo-

1 leo, somxeTis istoria, t. II, erevani, 1947, gv. 470-473, somxur enaze; a. n.

ter-Revondiani, somxeTi da arabTa saxalifo, erevani, 1977, gv. 82-83, ru-

sul enaze. 2 ix. a. abdalaZe, amierkavkasiis politikur erTeulTa... gv. 162. 3 nersesi albaneTis kaTolikosi iyo 689-706 wlebSi.

104

uxerxebia albanuri eklesiis daqvemdebareba.1

vinaidan arabi dampyroblebisTvis monofiziti (grigo-

riani) somxebi ufro misaRebi iyvnen, vidre marTlmadidebeli,

berZenTa, bizantielTa erTmorwmune qarTvelebi, arabTa saxa-

lifos politikac saqarTvelosa da somxeTis mimarT ase Tu

ise sxvadasxvanairi iyo. amas Sedegad mohyva is, rom IX sau-

kunis II naxevarSi, rodesac saxalifo TandaTan sustdeba da

iSleba, somxeTi erTian qveyanas warmoadgenda, xolo saar-

Tvelo samefo-samTavroebad iyo dayofili. aqedan gamomdina-

re, somexTa xelisuflebma (885 wels aRsdga somxeTis same-

foc) SeZles saqarTvelos saSinao saqmeebSi Careva da qvemo

qarTlis didi nawili miitaces. somxeTis mefeebma, somxebma

kvlav gaixsenes Zveli gegmebi da miznad daisaxes mTels kav-

kasiaSi, kerZod, saqarTveloSi gabatoneba.2 somexTagan mita-

cebul qvemo qarTlSi somxurma eklesiamac imZlavra, somxu-

ri saqmianoba gaaCaRa da amis Sedegia, rom qvemo qarTlis

erT nawils X saukuneSi somxiTi daerqva. X aswleulSive

somxeTi calkeul samefoebad daiSala (saqarTvelo, piriqiT,

im xanebSi erTiandeboda). aseT viTarebaSi somxebma samefo

qvemo qarTlSic Seqmnes3 X saukunis II naxevarSi, romlis sa-

taxto qalaqs erTxans samSvilde warmoadgenda. somexTa es

samefo taSir-Zoragetis an lores samefos saxelwodebiTaa

cnobili. 1065 wels saqarTvelos mefem, bagrat IV-m samSvil-

didan gandevna somexi bagratuniebi, e. w. kvirikianTa dinas-

tia, romelic amis Semdeg loreSi mokalaTda. SemdgomSi lo-

re Turq-selCukebma daipyres. 1118 wels daviT aRmaSeneblis

jarma gaaTavisufla lore da saqarTvelos daubruna. aRmaSe-

nebelma xom mahmadianTagan oTxas wels mitacebuli Tbili-

sic gaaTavisufla; cxadia, is, iseve, rogorc, sazogadod,

qarTveli eri, miznad isaxavda, Tundac didi xnis win dakar-

guli yvela qarTuli mxaris dabrunebas. qarTveli eris sasi-

cocxlo interesebi iTxovda amas da lore-taSiric, qvemo

1 ix. a. abdalaZe, amierkavkasiis... gv. 162-163; movses kalankatuaci, alvanTa qveynis istoria, l. davlianiZis gamocema, Tb., 1985, gv. 139-144. 2 ix. a. abdalaZe, amierkavkasiis politikur erTeulTa urTierToba... 3 amis Taobaze somexi mematiane, mxiTar airivaneci gvauwyebs: “daiwyo bag-ratuniebis mefoba qarTvelebze” (mxiTar airivaneci, qronografiuli is-toria, l. davlianiZis gamocema, Tb., 1990, gv. 74).

105

qarTlis es samxreTi nawili, saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi

unda moqceuliyo, rac somxebisTvis miuRebeli iyo. amis Sesa-

xeb qvemoTac visaubrebT.

qarTul-somxuri eklesiebis urTierTobas VII saukunis

Semdegac simwvave ar akldeboda. somexi mematianis, uxtanesis

sityviT (gv. 71), is qarTvelebi, romlebic somxur eklesias-

Tan ganxeTqilebis gzas daadgnen, “satanas Zeni arian da Ta-

naxma maTi”. somxuri eklesiis saWeTmpyrobelni cdilobdnen,

iseve daeqvemdebarebinaT qarTuli eklesiac, rogorc kavkasi-

is albaneTis eklesia moaqcies TavianTi iurisdiqciis qveS.

ase, mag., somexTa kaTolikosi ovanes drasxanakertci, romel-

sac “somxeTis istoriac” dauweria, X saukunis I meoTxedSic

miiCnevda, rom qarTuli eklesia somxurs unda eqvemdebarebo-

des, iseve, rogorc mTeli saqarTvelo unda cnobdeso somxe-

Tis uzenaesobas.1 somexTa amgvarma usafuZvlo pretenziebmac

gamoiwvies, rom qarTuli eklesiac somxuris mimarT Setevaze

gadavida. am mxriv aRsaniSnavia, mag., tbeTis episkoposis, ste-

fane mtbevaris Txzuleba “wameba wmidisa mowamisa gobroni-

si”, romelic 914-918 wlebs Sorisaa dawerili. stefane mtbe-

varis sityviT, “scoda boroti didman saxlman (qveyanam _ a.

a.) somxiTisaman”. amis sanacvlodo RmerTma “miscna igini (so-

mxebi – a. a.) maxvilsa borotsa da... srvasa sikvdilisasa uw-

yalosa, romelTa mflvel aravin iyo...

rameTu miwai igi somxiTisai ampartavan ars da mkvidrni

misni cudad mzvaobar, angahar, laR da codvis moyvare, am-

partavan, uwyalo, uyvarul da yovliTa ukeTurebiTa savse,

romelsa Sina ara ipova Tavisa misadrekeli qristesi, romel-

TaTvis qriste cudad mokvda...

emsgavsa saxli igi somxiTisai kacsa mas ugunursa, ro-

melman dadga saxli safuZvelsa zeda sacTurebisasa da qvi-

Sasa zeda wvalebisasa”.2

aRsaniSnavia, rom eqvTime mTawmindels grigol nazian-

zelis erT-erTi Txzulebis Targmnisas somexTa Sesaxeb naTq-

vami sityvebi friad gaumZafrebia, TargmanSi ufro Tavisi da-

1 ix. a. abdalaZe, amierkavkasiis politikur erTeulTa... gv. 77 da Semdgo-

mi. 2 qarTuli proza, t. I, Tb., 1981, gv. 158-160.

106

mokidebuleba gamoumJRavnebia somxebisadmi, vidre grigol

nazianzelisa: “ars naTesavi (modgma – a. a.) igi somexTai ara

wrfeli, aramed mzakuvari da gularZnili (gulmrude, cbieri

– a. a.), da boroti, mimsgavsebuli kldeTa maT, romelni dafa-

rul arian zRuasa Sina, da ver ixilven maT menaveni, vidre

ara scen navi da gantexon. esreT sxuasa ityvian igini (somxe-

bi – a. a.) da sxuai uc gulsa, da siwrfoebai maT Tana ara

ars. da rai sakvirvel ars ukueTu kacsa ecruvnen, vinaiTgan

Tavadisa RmrTisa mimarT cru arian da mzakuvar, da boro-

tad aRmsaarebel.”1

giorgi mTawmindelis biografi, giorgi mcired wodebu-

li mwerali, SesaniSnavi mwignobari, somxuridan qarTulad

wignis Targmnasac ki saCoTiro saqmed miiCnevda: “daRacaTu

pirveliTganve guqondes werilnica da sarwmunoebai WeSmari-

ti da marTali, garna queyanai Cueni Sors iyo queyanisagan

saberZneTisa. da viTarca Teslni arawmidani Soris Cuensa da-

Tesul iyvnes borotni igi Teslni somexTani, gularZnilni

da manqanani, da amis mier friad guevneboda, rameTu naTesavi

Cueni (qarTveli eri – a. a.) wrfeli iyo da umankoi; xolo

igini reca mizeziTa wesierebisaiTa, reca cTunebad guazmnob-

des, da romelnime wignnica guqondes maTgan Targmnilni.”2

giorgi mcires mixedviT, giorgi mTawmindelic cudad yofi-

la ganwyobili somxuri sarwmunoebisadmi. is, erT mSvenier

dRes, konstantinopolSi bizantiis imperator konstantine X

dukas (1059-1067) winaSe warmdgara. am dros imperatorTan yo-

filan yarsis (vanandis) somxuri samefos mefe gagiki, misi

Tanmxlebi pirebi da sxvebic. saubris dros imperators gior-

gi mTawmindelisTvis ukiTxavs somexTa sarwmunoebis Taoba-

zec: “merme kualad hkiTxa mefeman somexTaTvis: “Tu aqus rai

nawili qristianeTa Tana?” giorgi mTawmindelma ase upasuxao

– “xolo miugo wmidaman mokled, viTarmed: ”borotsa sarwmu-

noebasa saxelca nu edebin”.3

somxuri eklesiis mimarT arakeTilganwyobileba qar-

1 e. xinTibiZe, qarTul-bizantiuri literaturuli urTierTobis istorii-

saTvis, Tb., 1982, gv. 221-223. 2 Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, II, gv. 123. 3 iqve, gv. 178-180.

107

Tul saero wreebs, jarsac gadasdebia. am mxriv niSandobli-

vi Cans X-XI saukuneebis somexi mematianis, stefanos tarone-

cis (asoRikis) saTanado cnoba. 997 wels, rodesac daviT ku-

rapalatis jars alya Semourtyams qalaq xlaTisaTvis, qar-

Tvelebs somxuri taZari, eklesia jariskacebisa da cxenebis

sadgomad uqceviaT. xlaTel mahmadianTa replikaze, Tu ratom

epyrobian qarTveli qristianebi ase udierad somex qristian-

Ta wminda adgils, qarTvelebs upasuxiaT: “somxur eklesiasa

da Tqvens meCeTs CvenTvis erTi fasi aqvs”-o.1

XI saukunis somexi mematiane aristakes lastiverci mog-

viTxrobs: anis-Sirakis, somexTa mefe gagikis gardacvalebis

(daaxl. 1017 w.) Semdego xelisuflebas “daeuflnen misi

Svilebi: sumbati, romelic ioaned iwodeboda da aSoti, [sum-

batis] mkvidri Zma. sumbati iyo tanad mosuli da Zlier msu-

qani... isini erTmaneTs Seetaknen qveynis danawilebisaTvis,

saWiro Seiqmna sasamarTlo. maTTan movida afxazTa mefe gi-

orgi (nagulisxmevia saqarTvelos mefe giorgi I – a. a.)2 da

mSvidobianad Seariga isini. ori saxelis mqone sumbats [asa-

kiT] ufrosobis gamo [giorgim] misca wili: anisis cixe... sum-

bati daTanxmda da dabrunda Tavis qalaqSi. igi gzaze SeCer-

da sxeulis modunebis gamo da udardelad daiZina. [maSin]

aSotis mxridan erTi mTavari saCivriT mivida giorgisTan da

uTxra, rom “Satiki Cemi samkvidro adgilia, romelic Cemgan

usamarTlod waiRo sumbatmao”. es rom giorgim moismina, di-

di risxviTa da sibraziT aRenTo da jari daadevna [sumbats]

kvaldakval. isini mividnen da moulodnelad Tavs daacxrnen

mas ise, rom [sumbatma] sxeulis damZimebis gamo verc ki SeZ-

lo cxenze Sejdoma. masTan myofi mTavrebi swrafad gaiqcnen.

ukan dadevnebulma [giorgis jarebma] gzaze [qalaq] anisis ka-

ramde gvamebis grova daayenes, xolo iqidan dabrunebisas ga-

Zarcves sakaTedro taZris mokazmuloba. moglijes jvrebs

lursmnebi da Tan lanZRviT gaiZaxodnen: “mogvaqvs, raTa cxe-

1 stefanos taronecis, asoRikis msoflio istoria, sanktpeterburgi, 1885,

gv. 268-269, somxur enaze. 2 afxazTa samefo qarTuli saxelmwifo iyo da saqarTvelos mefeebs ar

eCoTirebodaT TavianT titulaturaSi pirvel adgilze sityva afxazTa

daesvaT.

108

nebis nali gavakeToT”-o. samarTlianma RmerTma isini Sesafe-

ris dros xelT misca horomebs (bizantielebs – a. a.)... Sepy-

robili sumbati maT giorgisTan miiyvanes, romelmac brZana

misi Camwyvdeva. Semdeg waarTva sami cixe-simagre da gaaTavi-

sufla [sumbati]”.1 male e. w. erTmorwmune bizantiis jari Se-

moesia saqarTvelos, am brZolebSi bizantielebma uamravi

qarTveli daxoces, Tumca arc TviTon dadgomiaT kargi dRe

qarTvelebisgan. somexi mematiane miiCnevs, rom bizantiis ja-

ris Semosevis saxiT qarTvelebs RvTis risxva daatydaT Tavs

da es moxdao imitom, rom qarTvelebi usamarTlod moeqcnen

somxebs.

qarTul-somxuri eklesiebis dapirispirebas msxverplic

mohyolia. stefanos taronecis (asoRikis) cnobiT, somxeTis

kaTolikosis, xaCik I-is (973-992) dros, imJamad erT-erTi yve-

laze ufro cnobili varTapeti (moZRvari, sasuliero piri)

ovanesi sicocxles gamoesalma “gacofebuli qarTvelTa to-

misagan maxviliT da daimarxa savaneSi, romelsac aksigomi

ewodeba, basianis gavarSi”,2 anu basianis olqSi. basiani Zir-

Zveli qarTuli mxarea. am saxelwodebis fuZe bas anu fas

igivea, rac dadasturebulia md. rionis meore saxelSi – fa-

zisSi. somxebi drodadro axerxebdnen basianis dapyrobas,

magram arc qarTvelebs dauviwyebiaT es mxare da ukanve dai-

brunes. bunebrivia, qarTvelebi miznad daisaxavdnen basianSi

qarTuli eklesia-monastrebis dafuZnebas (iseve, rogorc gri-

gol xanZTelma da misma Tanamosagreebma tao-klarjeTi gaab-

rwyines qarTuli eklesia-monas-trebiT), rasac somxebs garda

xels uSlidnen mahmadiani da bizantieli dampyroblebic. Cve-

ni winaprebi arc erT maTgans ar epuebodnen sazogadod da,

kerZod, basianisaTvis brZolaSi. amis Sedegi Cans somexi var-

Tapetis mokvla qarTvelTagan.

gaZlierebuli qarTuli eklesia da misi mxardamWeri sa-

qarTvelos samefo karic (es ukanaskneli frTxilad) cdi-

lobdnen monofizit (grigorian) somexTa moqcevas marTlma-

1 aristakes lastiverteci, istoria, e. cagareiSvilis gamocema, Tb., 1974,

gv. 44. 2 stefanos taronecis, asoRikis msoflio istoria, gv. 185.

109

dideblobaze.1 es pirvel rigSi gamowveuli iyo imiT, rom

mazdeanurma sparseTma da mahmadianurma arabTa saxalifom

SeZles TanamSromloba, saerTo enis gamonaxva somxur ekle-

siasTan. arsebobda safrTxe, rom momavalSic muslimi dam-

pyroblebi daupirispirebdnen monofizitur (grigorianul)

somxur eklesias saqarTvelos, qarTul eklesias.

1046 wels javaxeTSi, sofel RrtilaSi gamarTula qar-

Tvel-somexTa saeklesio kreba, paeqroba imis Sesaxeb, qar-

TvelTa rjuli iyo marTali sarwmunoeba, Tu somxebisa. am

paeqrobis dros somxeTidan Camosul somexTa Tavkaci yofi-

la marmaSenis monastris winamZRvari sosTeni, romelsac da-

pirispirebia qarTveli beri, eqvTime grZeli. eqvTimes Rrma

rwmeniT, saqarTvelos didi upiratesoba gaaCnda somxeTTan

SedarebiT. eqvTime mimarTavs sosTens: “esreT ars wesi, ro-

mel: mefeni Tquenni winaSe CuenTa da mRdelT-moZRuarni

mRdelT-moZRuarTa da mTavarni mTavarTa SiSiT da ZrwoliT

warmodgebian da SevrdomiT Tayuanis-scemen.2” qarTuli

Txzulebis, _ “sityvis-geba berisa efTvime grZelisa sosTe-

nis mimarT, somexT moZRurisas”, _ mixedviT, paeqrobaSi qar-

Tvelebs somxebi daumarcxebiaT da mouTxoviaT maTgan mar-

Tlmadideblobaze, qarTul rjulze moqceva. saqarTvelos

mefes, bagrat IV-s, TiTqos, ase miumarTavs sosTenisTvis:

_ “sosTen, gaqusRa rai sityuad Cuenda anu sruliad iZ-

lie?”

“miugo sosTeni mefesa:

_ “me ara Tu kacisagan viZlie, arca Zleul var, aramed

WeSmaritebisagan.”

kualad hrqua mefeman sosTenis:

_ “rad ara moiqcevi?”

miugo sosTeni:

_ “marmaSeni viTar (rogor – a. a.) dauteo?”

xolo hrqua mefeman:

_ “mis wil Cuengan miiRe.”

miugo sosTeni:

1 ix. a. abdalaZe, amierkavkasiis politikur erTeulTa ... gv. 108-111. 2 Zveli qarTuli polemikuri literaturis ori Zegli (publikacia i.

lolaSvilisa), krebulSi: literaturuli Ziebani, Tb., 1983, gv. 282.

110

_ “egeoden ara advilad datevebul iqmnebis Cemgan mar-

maSeni”.1 rogorc vxedavT, qarTvelebi, kerZod, saqarTvelos

mefec cdiloben somexTa marTlmadideblobaze moqcevas, mag-

ram somxebi amaze Znelad dasaTanxmebeli yofilan, isini som-

xur rjulze mtkiced idgnen. bagrat IV sosTens pirdeboda,

Tu moiqceoda, marTlmadidebluri monastris winamZRvrobas,

magram uari miiRo. somexi saero pirebic Tu miiRebdnen mar-

Tlmadideblobas, qarTul rjuls, saqarTvelos mefe maTac

daawinaurebda, imdenad mniSvnelovnad miaCnda somexTa moqce-

va.

XI saukuneSi somxeTSi daeca, moispo somxuri saxelmwi-

foebrioba, pirisagan miwisa aRigava somxuri samefoebi. es Zi-

riTadad Sedegi iyo bizantiis imperiis agresiuli politiki-

sa, romelmac daipyro somxeTi. bizantias ganzraxuli hqonda

saqarTvelos samefos mospobac, qarTuli saxelmwifoebrio-

bis ganadgurebac, magram qarTveli eris Tavganwiruli, gmi-

ruli brZolis gamo bizantia iZulebuli gaxda Cveni winapre-

bis mimarT daTmobebze wasuliyo, ukan daexia. cnobili qar-

Tveli moRvawe, grigol bakurianis Ze ambobda: qarTvelebi

ganuwyvetliv vomobTo – “mciredniRa vin Cvenganni momkudar

arian sarecelsa zeda Tvissa mSvidobiT”. amis Sedegad saqar-

Tvelos samefo gadarCa.

QqarTvel bagrationTa dinastia somex bagratuniebze

gacilebiT ufro sicocxlisunariani, Zlevamosili rom ga-

modga, amisi erT-erTi mizezi aseTia: saqarTveloSi xazi esme-

boda im garemoebas, rom daviT winaswarmetyvelis STamomav-

lebad miCneuli bagrationebi naTesavebi iyvnen RvTismSobli-

sa da xorcielad ieso qristesic. monofizitur somxeTSi

qristes “xorcieli” winaprebis Tu STamomavlobis Sesaxeb

Sexedulebebi ver gavrceldeboda. somex bagratuniebsac ver

gamoacxadebdnen qristes naTesavebad.

mkvlevar h. barTikianis sityviT, “naTlad Cans, rom X s-

is Sua xanebisTvis somxebi moxetiale, aramdgar xalxad miaC-

ndaT.” h. barTikiani fiqrobs, rom es ar aris somexTaTvis bu-

nebrivi, Tandayolili Tviseba, igi SemdgomSi unda iyoso Se-

1 iqve, gv. 286.

111

Zenili. asea Tu ise, faqtia, rom X_XI aswleulebSi uamravi

somexi aiyara Tavisi mSobliuri miwa-wylidan da ucxo qvey-

nebs miaSura.1 samSoblodan gaqcevis gasamarTleblad somexma

mematianeebma saxarebis sityvebic moiSvelies: “raJams gdevni-

dnen Tquen amier qalaqiT, miivltodeT sxuad” (maTe, 10 : 23).2

somexTa samSoblodan gaqcevac iyo mizezi somxuri saxelmwi-

foebriobis dacemisa. XI saukuneSi somxebs saqarTvelosTvi-

sac SemoufarebiaT Tavi. aristakes lastivercis cnobiT, so-

mexTa “upatrono cxenosani jari daxetialobs zogi sparse-

Tis, zogi saberZneTis, xolo nawili qarTvelTa mxareebSi.

aznaurTa sepuhi (warCinebuli _ a. a.) gundi, samSoblodan wa-

suli, Zlevamosilebas moklebuli, drtvinavs Tavis adgil-

samyofelSi, rogorc lomebis lekvebi. samefo sasaxleebi

aoxrebuli da gaukacrielebulia. dasaxlebuli qveyana (som-

xeTi _ a. a.) dacarielda mcxovrebTagan”.3 somexTa erTi jgu-

fi somxeTidan saqarTveloSi rom mosula bagrat IV-is mefo-

bis dros, es asaxulia ioane bagrationis TxzulebaSic _

”SemoklebiT aRwera saqarTvelosa Sina mcxovrebTa TavadTa

da aznaurTa gvarebisa.”4 daviT aRmaSenebels, Turme, e.w. mab-

ralobelni ar uwonebdnen yivCaRTa Camosaxlebas saqarTve-

los samefoSi (aRmaSenebelma yivCaRebi qarTuli miwa-wylis

garda somxur da albanur mxareebSic Caasaxla). XI saukuneSi

saqarTvelos mefes arc somexTa Cvens qveyanaSi Camosaxlebas

mouwonebda qarTvelTa erTi nawili. qarTuli eklesia XI as-

wleulSi amayobda imiT, rom qarTvelebSi mwvalebloba aras-

dros yofilao gavrcelebuli. amitom qarTuli eklesiis

warmomadgenlebic ar iqnebodnen momxre saqarTveloSi mwva-

leblebad miCneuli somxebis Camosaxlebisa, miT umetes, rom

es monofiziti (grigoriani) somxebi araviTar survils ar

iCendnen marTlmadideblobaze, qarTul rjulze moqcevisa.

bizantiis imperia yoveli RoniT cdilobda somxeTis

centraluri, anis-Sirakis samefos dapyrobasac. somxeTis

1 ioane skilica, h. barTikianis gamocema, erevani, 1979, gv. LXXVII_LXXXII, somxur enaze. 2 ix. a. abdalaZe, amierkavkasiis polotikur erTeulTa... gv. 169, 208. 3 aristakes lastiverteci, istoria, Tb., 1974, gv. 68-69. 4 z. kacelaSvilis gamocema, Tb., 1997, gv. 36.

112

dapyrobis Semdeg bizantia kidev erTxel ecdeboda qarTuli

saxelmwifoebriobis mospobasac. amitomac saqarTvelos me-

fem, bagrat IV-m gadawyvita 1045 wels daeswro bizantiisTvis

da anis-Sirakis samefos teritoria Cveni qveynisTvis Semoeer-

Tebina. bagrats anisel somxebSi mxardamWerni hyolia.1 mas am

mxriv xels uwyobda isic, rom dedamisi, saqarTvelos dedo-

fali mariami, giorgi I-is qvrivi somexi iyo. im xanebSi wesad

iyo miRebuli, rom saqarTvelos mefes sxva qveynis mefis asu-

li unda SeerTo colad. “matiane qarTlisais” cnobiT, “daa-

go sueman bagratisman Jami; moerTo vesti (anis-Sirakis dide-

buli _ a. a.) cxriTa cixiTa anisisaTa, Tvinier amberdisaTa.

da mosces anelTa anisi bagratis dedasa, rameTu mamulad ey-

vodes somexni_senaqerem somexTa mefisa asuli iyo mariam de-

dofali, bagratis deda”.2 im dros bizantiis imperiis agenti

iyo qarTveli warCinebuli, kldekaris erisTavi liparit baR-

vaSi. bizantiis xelisuflebam mas daavala, rom bagrat IV-is

jari gaeZevebina anisidan. ra Tqma unda, bizantiam liparits

amisTvis didZali fuli gadauxada. am fuliT liparitma ga-

aZliera Tavisi laSqari da anisisaken daiZra. am dros bag-

rat IV Tbilisis gaTavisuflebas cdilobda mahmadianTa

batonobisagan da mTeli Tavisi ZalebiT ver ibrZoda anis-Si-

rakis SemosaerTeblad. amiT isargebles bizantiis imperiam

da misma agentma liparit baRvaSma: “kualad iwyo liparit

maTve ficxelTa sauravTa. da gamoityuvna anisiT dedoflisa-

gan abuseri, erisTavi artanujisa, da xixaTa da cixis-juari-

sa da awyueris cixis patroni, da ivane erisTavi, ivane dadia-

ni da guaram goderZis Ze, beWis cixisa patroni, _ da Seipyr-

na igini anisis karsa”.3 amis Sedegad bizantiis imperiam daip-

yro anis-Siraki. bunebrivia, bagrat IV-is momxre anis-Sira-

kelTa erTi nawili mainc am movlenebis Semdeg saqarTvelos

moaSurebda, rameTu bizantielebi maT eWvis TvaliT dauwyeb-

dnen cqeras.

1 aristakes lastiverteci, istoria, 1974, gv. 70-71. 2 qarTlis cxovreba, I, 1955, gv. 299. anisis cxra cixe rom ixsenieba, ag-reTve amberdi (anberdi), es mowmobs, rom anisi misi sanaxebiT gadmosces saqarTvelos. qarTul jarTan erTad, anisSi saqarTveloSi myofi somex-Ta razmic gailaSqrebda. 3 qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 300.

113

axla leonti mrovelis armenofilobis sakiTxs davub-

rundeT. leonti XI saukunis avtoria. me ase Tu ise ganvixi-

le saqarTvelo-somxeTis urTierTobebi XI aswleulis 60-ian

wlebamde da yovelive zemoT Tqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT Se-

vecdebi avxsna, Tu riTia gamowveuli qarTveli mematianis,

ruisis mTavarepiskopos leonti mrovelis armenofiloba. XI

saukunisaTvis qarTvelTa erovnuli Segneba maRal doneze

idga. qarTul eklesiaSic erovnuli mimarTuleba gamokveTi-

li iyo. gavixsenoT ioane zosimes “qebai da didebai qarTu-

lisa enisai” da isic, rom ioane mTawmindeli espaneTSi api-

rebda qarTvelebis moZebnas. am mxriv yuradRebas ipyrobs X

aswleulSi sinas mTis qarTveli berebis mier locvebSi qar-

Tvelobisa da farTo gagebiT qarTlisTvis, e.i. saqarTvelos-

Tvis didi adgilis daTmoba, rac imdroindeli qristianuli

eklesiisTvis, sazogadod, Cveulebriv movlenas ar warmoad-

gens. sinas mTis qarTveli berebi SesTxovdnen macxovars:

“qriste Seiwyale... yovelni Zmani da yovelni qristianeni da

ufrois yovelTasa yovelni qarTvelni”. isini loculobdnen

“qarTlisa mSvidobisa, sazRvarTa ganmagrebisa... mterTa gare-

miqcevis” wadiliT.1 aseT viTarebaSi qarTvelTa wminda, pat-

iosan wignSi, “qarTlis cxovrebaSi” SeaqvT armenofiluri ma-

tiane, maSin, rodesac qarTvelebs kargad axsovdaT, rom som-

xeTi mudam cdilobda saqarTvelos dapyrobas, Cveni qveynis

gasomxurebas, qarTvelTa gasomxebas. magram politikuri miz-

nebiT raRa ar xdeba!

somxeTSi somxuri saxelmwifoebrioba, rogorc iTqva,

XI saukuneSi daeca, moispo. saqarTvelos samefo kars ki ukve

im dros hqonda seriozuli gegmebi dasaxuli, rom gaeerTia-

nebina mTeli kavkasia nikofsiidan darubandamde. saqarTve-

los saxelmwifos mesveurni, rogorc Cans, fiqrobdnen, rom

qarTvel-somexTa dapirispireba kargs arafers uqadda qarTu-

li droSis qveS mTeli kavkasiis gaerTianebis did saqmes. XI

aswleulis qarTveli mematianis, sumbat daviTis Zis sityviT,

saqarTvelos mefem, bagrat III-m, romelic 1014 wels gardaic-

vala, “daipyra yoveli kavkasia TviTmpyrobelobiTa jiqeTiT-

1 ix. l. menabde, Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis kerebi, t. II, Tb., 1980, gv. 50.

114

gan vidre gurgenadmde (kaspiis zRvamde – a. a.). xolo adarba-

dagani (iranis azerbaijani – a. a.) da Sarvani moxarke yo,

somxiTisa xelmwifebiTa, nebierad ganagebda. mefe sparsTa

Tvis megobrad da erTgul yo sibrZniTa da ZlierebiTa Tvi-

siTa ufros saxleulTa TvisTasa da berZenT mefesaca (bi-

zantiis imperators – a. a.) SiSi aqunda amisi yovladve.”1 es

cnoba nawilobriv gazviadebulia, magram udavoa isic, rom

bagrat III-is mefobis Jams saqarTvelos samefo kars miznad

hqonda dasaxuli mTeli kavkasiis gaerTianeba, rasac win uaR-

resad didi siZneleebi, problemebi eRobeboda.

bizantiis imperiam XI saukunis dasawyisSi tao waarTva

saqarTvelos da Cveni qveynis mier kavkasiis gaerTianebas da-

uSvebda? bizantiisTvis saqarTvelos gaZliereba miuRebeli

iyo. rogorc vnaxeT, bagrat IV-is jarma 1045 wels somexTa

dedaqalaqi anisic daikava droebiT. bizantiis xelisufleba

SeSfoTebuli iyo imiT, rom mis gabatonebas somxeTSi qar-

Tvelebi win aRudgnen. bizantiis imperiis somxeTidan gansa-

devnad, miT ufro, islamuri samyaros mosagerieblad auci-

lebeli iyo qarTvel-somexTa erToblivi ZalisxmeviT moqme-

deba da ara dapirispireba maT Soris. qarTvel-somexTa Tana-

mSromloba rom Semdgariyo, saWiro xdeboda qarTvelebSi an-

tisomxuri ganwyobilebis Serbileba. qarTul-somxur eklesi-

ebs Soris arsebuli mwvave urTierTobac xels SeuSlida

upatronod darCenili somxeTis2 saqarTvelosTan SemoerTe-

bas. XI aswleulis 50-iani wlebidan Turq-selCukTa gamanad-

gurebeli Semosevebis safrTxec daemuqra amierkavkasias. aR-

mavlobis, gaZlierebis gzaze damdgari saqarTvelo dampyrob-

lebs SeiZleba miwasTan gaesworebinaT. isini yoveli RoniT

cdilobdnen somxebis gadabirebasac da saqarTvelosadmi da-

pirispirebas.

amave dros, somxebs TviTon hqondaT pretenzia kavkasia-

Si pirvelobisa da saqarTvelos droSis qveS kavkasiis gaer-

Tianebas advilad ver Seeguebodnen. somxuri eklesiac amis

winaaRmdegi iyo, rameTu saqarTvelos Zlevamosilebis viTa-

1 qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 382. 2 bizantiis nebiT somexTa sakaTolikosoc XI s-is Sua xanebSi somxeTis

sazRvrebs gareT gadaitanes.

115

rebaSi qarTuli eklesia monofiziti (grigoriani) somxebis,

kerZod, saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi, mwvaleblebad miCneuli

grigoriani somxebis marTlmadideblobaze, qarTul rjulze

mosaqcevad yvelafers iRonebda. es aucilebeli xdeboda imis

gamoc, rom rogorc sparseTma da arabTa saxalifom SeZles

somxur eklesiasTan saerTo enis gamonaxva, sxva dampyroble-

bic amasve izamdnen. aseT pirobebSi didi mniSvneloba eniWe-

boda im faqts, rom qalkedoniani (marTlmadidebeli) somxebi

upirispirdebodnen somxur monofizitur (grigorianul) ek-

lesias da keTilad iyvnen ganwyobili qarTuli eklesiisadmi.

amasTanave, marTlmadidebel somxebs XI saukuneSi somxuri

erovnuli saxe SenarCunebuli hqondaT da somxeTis warsuli-

Tac amayobdnen. am mxriv aRsaniSnavia, mag., rom bizantiaSi

aTonis mTis proti (niSnavs pirvels), monastris winamZRvari,

qalkedoniani somexi 1037 wels sabuTs somxurad awers xels.1

saqarTveloSi da somxeTis erT nawilSi mcxovrebi mar-

Tlmadidebeli somxebi qarTuli eklesiis samwysos Seadgen-

dnen. SeiZleboda maTi gamoyeneba imisaTvis, rom monofiziti

(grigoriani) somxebic SeCveodnen kavkasiaSi saqarTvelos,

qarTvelobis pirvelobis azrs. amisTvis saWiro oyo somexTa

erovnuli Tavmoyvareobis dakmayofilebac. marTlmadidebel

somxebsac sisxlSi hqondaT gamjdari Sexeduleba, rom Zve-

lad, VII saukunemde mainc, sanam somxuri eklesia mwvaleblu-

ri gaxdeboda, kavkasiaSi wamyvan ers somxebi warmoadgendnen.

aucilebeli xdeboda, somxebi dayvavebiT, maTi warsulisadmi

pativiscemis gamoCeniT, somxuri legendebis, zRaprebis dasa-

jereblad miCneviT, SeeCviaT saqarTvelos, qarTvelebis pir-

velobis azrisaTvis. am mizniT saqarTvelos samefo karma ga-

dawyvita, qarTul enaze Seqmniliyo armenofiluri matiane da

is SeetanaT “qarTlis cxovrebaSi.” kavkasiis, kerZod, somxe-

Tis gadarCena XI s-dan mxolod saqarTvelos SeeZlo. qarTve-

lebs unda ebrZolaT, rom somxeTSi mosaxleobis umravleso-

ba mahmadianuri ar yofiliyo. somxebs is ki undodaT, rom

saqarTvelos exsna somxeTi dampyrobTa, metadre, islamuri

samyaros klanWebisgan, magram qarTvelTa pirvelobas kavkasi-

1 ix. n. lomouri, petriwonis qarTuli monastris istoriisaTvis, gv. 37.

116

aSi mainc ver eguebodnen. saqarTvelos ki somxeTis gadasar-

Cenad somexTa gverdSi dgomac sWiroda. amis misaRwevad dai-

wera qarTulad armenofiluri matiane. sayuradReboa, rom ma-

le “qarTlis cxovreba” da masSi Setanili armenofiluri ma-

tianec somxurad iTargmna. saqarTvelos samefo kari somexTa

moqcevasac sifrTxiliT apirebda.

SesaZloa, leonti moZRvravs somxebs: Tu somxuri ekle-

sia marTlmadidebluri gaxdeba, somxeTi kvlav gaZlierde-

bao.

taSir-Zoragetis somexi, bagratuni mefis vaJma, gagikma

XI saukunis 30-ian wlebSi Tavisi dedis Zmis, kaxeT-hereTis

gardacvlili mefis, kvirikes taxti daikava, kaxeT-hereTSi ga-

mefda.1 kvirikes ar surda misi samefo, kaxeT-hereTi danarCen

saqarTvelos SeerTeboda da amitomac airCia memkvidred, mar-

Talia, disSvili, magram mainc somexi mefis vaJi. gagikis Sem-

deg kaxeT-hereTis mefe gaxda misi Ze, aRsarTani. is damor-

Cilda saqarTveloSi SemoWril Turq-selCukTa sulTan al-

farslans: “xolo aRsarTan mierTo sultansa. miuZRuana ZRu-

eni didi, dauteva sjuli, daicviTa wina,” gamahmadianda.2 igi-

ve aRsarTani meoredac gamuslimda: “maT JamTa aRsarTanca,

kaxTa mefe, warvida maliq-Sas winaSe, dauteva qristeanobai

da SeeZina sarkinozTa sjulsa.”3 ufro adre, wina saukuneeb-

Si, mahmadian dampyroblebs araerTxel ucdiaT qarTvel xe-

lisufalTa, arCil mefis, argveTis mTavrebis, daviTisa da

konstantines, agreTve konstanti-kaxas, miqel-gobronis da

sxvebis gamuslimeba, amgram am mefe-mTavrebma Tavi gaswires

qristianobisTvisa da samSoblosTvis. isini saSineli tanj-

viT awames. viTom SemTxveviTia, rom saqarTvelos istoriaSi

pirveli gamahmadianda somxuri warmoSobis, kaxeT-hereTis me-

fed movlenili aRsarTani? albaT, ara! TiTqos gaqarTvele-

buli nasomxrebi (sinamdvileSi, somxebis gaqarTveleba moCve-

nebiTia), maT Soris, aRsarTan mefec, saerTodac, gamonakli-

sis gareSe, pirad interesebs saqarTvelos sasicocxlo inte-

resebze maRla ayenebdnen. es dResac ase xdeba.

1 qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 297. 2 iqve, gv. 309. 3 cxorebai mefeT-mefisa daviTisi, m. SaniZis gamocema, Tb., 1992, gv. 163.

117

mesame Tavi

saqarTvelo da somxeTi XII_XVIII saukuneebSi

daviT aRmaSenebeli warmatebiT ibrZoda Turq-selCukTa

batonobisagan somxeTis gasaTavisufleblad. es saqarTvelo-

saTvis aucilebeli iyo, radgan Tu Turq-selCukebi somxeTSi

iqnebodnen mokalaTebulni, isini gamudmebiT safrTxes Seuqm-

nidnen Cvens qveyanasac. am did brZolaSi aRmaSenebels somxe-

bis, yovel SemTxvevaSi, maTi erTi nawilis mxardaWerac moup-

ovebia. daviT mefis Tanamedrovis, zemo SuamdinareTSi, qalaq

edesaSi (urhaSi) mcxovrebi somexi mematianis, maTeos urhae-

cis sityviT, “daviT mefe iyo wminda da mxne, gamoirCeoda

RvTismsaxurebiT da samarTlianobiT; is aRmoCnda mimRebi da

moyvare somexTa tomisa. masTan Semokrba somexTa jaris nar-

Cenebi. daviTma qarTvelTa qveyanaSi aaSena qalaqi somexTaT-

vis, romelSic mravali eklesia-monasteri daafuZna. im qa-

laqs saxelad gora (gori _ a. a.) uwoda; didi sixaruli, sia-

movneba [mianiWa] misdami daqvemdebarebul somexTa mTel naTe-

savs,” e. i. somex ers. aRmaSeneblis mier somexTa dedaqalaqis,

anisis dakavebasTan dakavSirebiT (1124w.), maTeos urhaecisve

Tanaxmad, “gaxarebuli iyo somexTa mTeli saxli”, e.i. yoveli

somxeTi.1 anisis gaTavisufleba dampyrobTa TareSisagan ani-

seli somxebis Tavkacebma Txoves aRmaSenebels. aseT viTare-

baSi somxuri eklesiis saWeTmpyrobelTac imedi gasCeniaT,

rom saqarTvelos daxmarebiT sruliad somexTa sakaToliko-

sos kvlav somxeTSi daabrunebdnen.2

daviT mefis mematianis sityviT, aRmaSenebelTan “movi-

des mewigneni anelTa TavadTani da moaxsenes mocemai qalaqi-

sa da cixeTai boJanas wyaroTa zeda mdgomsa. da myis wignebi

wuevisai mimodaisrbola da mesamesa dResa sameoci aTasi mxe-

dari winaSe udga. waremarTa da mesamesa dResa aRiRo qalaqi

anisi da cixeni misni uWirvelad da sofelni da queyanani

(mxareebi _ a. a.) mimdgomni anisisani...

anisis mcvelad dautevna aznaurni mesxni da warmovida

1 maTeos urhaeci, JamTaaRmwerloba, 1898, gv. 356, 359, somxur enaze. 2 ix. a. abdalaZe, somxur xelnawerTa X_XIII saukuneebis anderZ-minawere-bis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, Tb., 2005, gv. 35-36.

118

qarTlad.” aRmaSeneblis istorikosis TxzulebaSi moipoveba

CanarTic, sadac naTqvamia: daviT mefemo “daipyrna arfaslani-

anni da amoswyuitna igini, romelTa didi saydari anisisa

misgiTad moekazmaT da qristianeTa sisxliTa igi saydari da

qalaqi moerwyo. imuqfa RmrTis moyuareman daviT aRmaSenebe-

lman, molaTa da dariSmanTa sisxliTa axladve man morwyo

da saydari igi axlad monaTla, romeli aReSena berZenTa

asulsa dedufalsa katronites (somexTa mefis meuRles _ a.

a.) da iqive esaflava. maSin mivida TviT mefe daviT da kaTa-

likozi, episkopozni da erTobili laSqarni saflavsa zeda,

da axlad wesi aRuges. da TviT mefeman sam gzis saflavsa

CasZaxa: gixaroden Sen, wmidao dedofalo, romel ixsna Rmer-

Tman saydari Seni usjuloTa xelTagan.”1

“qarTlis cxovrebis” Zveli somxuri Targmanis CanarTis

mixedviT, aRmaSenebeli Turme keTilganwyobas iCenda somxebi-

sadmi da maTi rjulis, monofizitobis(grigorianobis) mimar-

Tac: “xolo TviT uyvarda somexTa tomi, eklesiebi da erTi

vinme ritori, [monastris] winamZRvari haxbats, saxelad sarka-

vagi; aRuarebda mas Tavis Secodebebs, daudrekda patiosan

Tavs da misgan moiRebda kurTxevas. ijda masTan da exveoda

qedze. xolo is eubneboda: daxsnili var da suni midis me

Cemi siberiT, gameSore, rom ar SegemTxvios Sroma.” mefe ki

eamboreboda da eubneboda: “numc momklebia es suni, mamao pa-

tiosano.” da uboZa mas sofeli monastris axlos mis samsaxu-

reblad. mefis dalocvis dros amas ambobda, roca xels

adebda Tavze: “vpove daviT mona Cemi da wmida zeTi vcxe mas”

(da ase Semdeg) meaTe muxlamdis. uxaroda mefes da aqebda so-

mexTa mSvenivrad [Sesrulebul] Targmanebas.

da marTlac vnaxeT, rom Sesrulda fsalmunis sityva

mefeze. mravali im sityvaTagani auxda mas”...2 aRmaSenebeli

politikuri mosazrebebiT iCenda sifrTxiles, keTilganwyo-

bilebas somxuri eklesis mimarT, raTa amiT somxeTis saqar-

TvelosTan SemoerTeba gaadvilebuliyo, mahmadian dampyrob-

lebs ver moexerxebinaT somxebis, somxuri eklesiis dapiris-

1 cxorebai mefeT-mefisa daviTisi, 1992, gv. 196-197. 2 qarTlis cxovrebis Zveli somxuri Targmani, ilia abulaZis gamocema,

Tb., 1953, gv. 255.

119

pireba saqarTvelosadmi. leonti mrovelis armenofiluri ma-

tianec am mizniT daiwera da saqarTvelos samefo karis Tan-

xmobiT “qarTlis cxovrebaSic” Seitanes. aRsaniSnavia, rom

mogvianebiT kaTolike misionerebi ambobdnen: saqarTvelo yo-

veli mxridano “garemoculia iseTi mahmadiani saSineli mtre-

bisagan, rom TviT dedamiwasac umZims maTi yofna”.1 Tu saqar-

Tvelo somxeTs ar SemoierTebda, mtrebi somxeTs gamoiyeneb-

dnen bazad, sayrdenad Cveni qveynis dapyrobis mizniT.

miuxedavad imisa, rom daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosi

TavgamodebiT esarCleba, amarTlebs didi mefis yovel na-

bijs, igi ar TanaugrZnobda daviTis lmobier damokidebu-

lebas, keTilmosurneobas somxebisa da somxuri eklesis mi-

marT: “Semokrba odesme winaSe mefisa naTesavi gularZnili

(veragi _ a. a.), yovlad borotTa somexTa episkoposebi da mo-

nasterTa maTTa winamZRurebi mravali, romelni friad azmno-

bdes TavTa TvisTa miwevnad Tavsa yovlisa swavlulebisa da

mecnierebisasa. da moaxsenes, raiTamca yo brZanebiTa misiTa

krebai, da yvesmca sityvis-gebai da gamoZiebai sjulisai; da

ukueTu iZlivnen, iqmnen TanaerTxma sjuliTa, da Tvisi Sea-

Cuenon; xolo ukueTu sZlon, ese oden miemadlos: “raiTa ar-

Rara guxedvideTo mwvalebelad da arca SeguaCuenebdeT...

mouwoda mefemanca iovanes, kaTalikossa qarTlisasa da

misqueSeTa episkoposTa da meudabnoeTa da arsenis iyalToe-

lsa, Targmansa da mecniersa berZenTa da qarTvelTa enaTasa

da ganmanaTlebelsa yovelTa eklesiaTasa da sxuaTa mecnier-

Ta da brZenTa kacTa”...2 qarTvel-somexTa am krebas somxebis

marTlmadideblobaze, qarTul rjulze moqceva ar mohyolia

Sedegad. arada, aRmaSenebels hqonia amgvari mizani. man “moi-

surva somexTa da qarTvelTa SeerTebac... gamarTa kreba da

gamoiZiebdnen dilidan saRamomdis, magram ver daeTanxmnen

erTimeores”. maSin daviT mefem “daawynara orive mxare da ga-

1 m. TamaraSvili, istoria kaTolikobisa qarTvelTa Soris, Tb., 1902, gv

266. 2 cxorebai mefeT-mefisa daviTisi, 1992, gv. 213-214; unda iTqvas, rom qarT-

vel-somexTa am saeklesio paeqrobaSi somxebis mxridan arsen iyalToe-

lis Sesadari didi swavluli ar monawileobda. amitom ueWvelia, rom

qarTuli eklesiis Tavkacebma kamaTSi daamarcxes somexi varTapetebi

(moZRvarni, sasuliero pirebi).

120

uSva kreba.”1 aSkaraa, rom aRmaSenebeli erideba somxebis,

kerZod, somxuri eklesiis warmomadgenlebis gaRizianebas; mi-

si Rrma rwmeniT, somexTa marTlmadideblobaze, qarTul

rjulze mosaqcevad saWiroa dro da uaRresad frTxili Ro-

nisZiebani saqarTvelos mxridan. es aucilebeli iyo, raTa

somxeTis saqarTvelosTan SemoerTebis, Semomtkicebis saqmes

zedmeti garTulebebi, dabrkolebebi ar Seqmnoda.

aRmaSeneblis drosac somexTa erTi nawili ar malavda

Tavis dapirispirebas qarTvelebis mimarT. am mxriv yuradRe-

bas iqcevs cnobili somexi saeklesio moRvawis, daviT mefis

Tanamedrovis, daviT alavikis Zis e.w. “kanonTa krebulSi” er-

Ti aseTi “kanonis” Setana: monofizit (grigorian) somexTaga-

no “aravin Wamdes qarTvelis mier dakluli cxovelis xorcs

SimSilisagan iZulebulis garda”.2 somxuri eklesiis rwme-

niT, WeSmariti rjulis aRmsarebelni somxebi iyvnen, xolo

gansxvavebuli mimdinareobis qristianebi iseTive wyeuli yo-

filan, rogorc qarTvelebi. somexi mematianis, uxtanesis sit-

yviT, “qarTvelebi somxebTan erTobas gamoeyvnen wyeuli ki-

ronis (kirionis _ a. a.) mier, agreTve berZnebi da italia maT-

Tan erTad”.3

islamuri samyaros Tavkacebma miiCnies, rom daviT aRma-

Seneblis gardacvalebis Semdeg maT gauadvildebodaT brZo-

la saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg, kerZod, somxeTis CamoSoreba sa-

qarTvelosagan. marTlac, mahmadianma xelisuflebma anisis

didebulebs dapirebebi aRuTqves4 da saqarTvelos mefe de-

metre I iZulebuli gaxda anisi, ymadnaficobis, vasalobis pi-

robiT, 1126 wels islamuri dinastiis warmomadgenlisTvis

gadaeca. es ukanaskneli da misi memkvidreni yoveli RoniT

cdilobdnen saqarTvelos sasicocxlo interesebis sawinaaR-

mdegod emoqmedaT. maT anisis garemomcvel mxareSi, SirakSi

XII saukuneSi daasaxles Turqebi, mahmadianur saamiroTa dam-

1 qarTlis cxovrebis Zveli somxuri Targmani, gv. 254-255. 2 l. meliqseT-begi, “Crdilo mxareTa somexTa moZRvarni” da maTi vinaoba

Tb., 1928, gv. 165-168. 3 uxtanesi, istoria gamoyofisa... Tb., 1975, gv. 205. 4 somexi xalxis istoria, mravaltomeuli, t. III, erevani, 1976, gv. 481,

somxur enaze.

121

naSave elementebi.1 anisis muslimi xelisufalni somxebis ga-

dabirebasac axerxebdnen. amas Sedegad moyva is, rom rogorc

maTeos urhaecis “JamTaaRmwerlobis” gamgrZelebeli grigor

xucesi gvauwyebs, 1161 wels, rodesac saqarTvelos mefem, gi-

orgi III-m aiRo anisi, “daxoca aTasi suli qristiani da uc-

xoTeslni.” etyoba, es somexi qristianebi gadaibires mahmadia-

nebma da saqarTvelos daupirispires, maSin, rodesac qarTve-

lebi Cveni istoriis oqros xanaSi da Semdgomac mudam amira-

nis xmals iqnevdnen, amiranis oms ixdidnen ara marto saqar-

Tvelos interesebisaTvis, aramed somexTa gadasarCenadac,

somxeTSi maT dasamagrebladac. rom dagvcloda, kargi iqne-

boda somxeTSi, ltolvili somxebis nacvlad, qarTvelebi

dasaxlebuliyvnen, raTa somxeTi ar gamxdariyo mahmadianuri

qveyana XIII saukunis Semdeg.

somexi mematianeni ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamdnen imis ga-

mo, rom somexi bagratuniebi lore-taSiridan, TiTqos, saqar-

Tvelos mefeebs ganudevniaT. cnobili somexi mwerali da

moRvawe mxiTar goSi (gardaicvala 1213 wels) mogviTxrobs:

“rodesac gardaicvala mefe demetre (aRmaSeneblis Ze _ a. a.),

mis nacvlad gamefda misi Svili daviTi, kaci keTilgonieri,

gansakuTrebiT im somexi iSxanebis (mTavrebis _ a. a.) mimarT,

romlebic mis xelT imyofebodnen... imdenad keTilgulovneba

gamoiCina, rom gagzavna [kaci] da ixmo mefe kvirike, mefe da-

viT bagratunis Svili da dapirda mas, rom daubrundeba mis

samkvidrebels (lore-taSirs _ a. a.), romelic Tavis wi-

naprebs CamoerTvaT misTvis.” daviT demetres Zes, TiTqos,

isic mouwadinebia, rom moewvia kreba da gaerkvia, qarTvlTa

sarwmunoeba iyo WeSmariti, Tu somexTa rjuli, monofizito-

ba, grigorianoba.2 XIII saukunis somexi mematianeebis, kirakos

ganZakecisa da vardan arevelcis cnobebiTac, qvemo qarTlis

samxreT nawilSi, lore-taSirSi mokalaTebuli somexi mefee-

bi, bagratuniebi, anu kvirikianebi qarTvelebs SeuviwroebiaT

da amis Sedegad miutovebiaT maT TavianTi samefo. sinamdvi-

1 iqve, gv. 482. 2 l. davlianiZe, mxiTar goSis “albaneTis qronika,” krebulSi: qarTuli

wayroTmcodneoba, II, Tb., 1968, gv. 46-47.

122

leSi, kvirikianebis samefo Turq-selCukebma miitaces.1

aRmaSeneblis istorikosis cnobiT, 1118 wels “warmoe-

marTa mefe (daviTi – a. a.) RanuxiT warslvad raxsis pirsa

da zatiki (aRdgomis dResaswauli – a. a) gardaixada naxi-

durs. mun moarTues ambavi beSqen jayelisa javaxeTs TurqTa-

gan moklvisai; da amisTvis uSlides didebulni mas Jamsa

warslvad; da yovlad ara moismina, aramed daesxa TurqTa,

raxsis (md. araqsis – a. a.) pirsa mdgomTa, mosra simravle ma-

Ti da warmoiRo tyue da alafi uricxvi.

amasve welsa aRiRo… cixe-qalaqi lore da maSinve iv-

lissa aRixuna agarani meoresa dResa ciskars.2” aSkaraa, rom

aRmaSenebeli farTo frontiT utevs Turq-selCukebs, miereke-

ba maT amierkavkasiidan. selCukebi javaxeTSi SemoWrilan,

magram daviT mefem amis gamo ar gadado dagegmili laSqroba

araqsis napirebze. aseT viTarebaSi aRmaSenebeli somxebs da-

uwyebda kinklaobas? cxadia, man loredan Turq-selCukebi ga-

reka da ara bagratuniebi, somexi kvirikiani mefeebi. etyoba,

somxebs gauCndaT pretenzia imisa, rom daviT aRmaSenebels

somexi kvirikiani mefeebisTvis daebrunebina lore-taSiri,

saidanac isini Turq-selCukebma gandevnes. aRmaSenebelma mTe-

li kavkasia gaaerTiana da qarTul miwa-wyalze, lore-taSir-

Si, Tavis droze usamarTlod Seqmnil somxur samefos veRar

aRadgenda.

Tamar mefis pirveli istorikosi, “istoriani da azmani

SaravandedTanis” ucnobi avtori gvauwyebs, rom Tamaris xel-

mwifobis dros kvlav gamarTula qarTvel-somexTa saeklesio

kreba, paeqroba. gaCaRebul saRvTismetyvelo kamaTSi qarTve-

lebs gaumarjviaT da somxebisTvis mouTxoviaT, mieRoT mar-

Tlmadidebloba. qarTvelebma gamarjvebis Semdego “mxiaru-

liTa piriTa movles yoveli banaki. somexni, viTarca myuari

(bayayi – a. a.) utbo, egreT dges uxmod, queyanad (miwaze – a.

a.) mxedvelni… xolo Tu viTari sixaruli, sasoeba da mad-

loba RmrTisa moiwia qarTvelTa zeda, Txroba SeuZlebel

ars. da Se-ra-vides, didi seri (nadimi – a. a.) Semzades mefe-

1 ix. r. i. maTevosiani, taSir-Zorageti, erevani, 1982, gv. 105, somxur enaze. 2 cxorebai mefeT-mefisa daviTisi, 1992, gv. 181.

123

man da kaTalikosman.

xolo somexni sircxvileulni warvides mxargrZelTa

karvad.1 ivane msaxurTuxucesi etyoda Zmasa Tvissa, amirspasa-

larsa zaqarias… ”qarTvelTa marTali sarwmunoeba upyries.

raRa ars myenebel Cuenda, rome marTali sarwmunoeba ara Se-

viwynaroT da ara naTel-viRoT qarTvelisa kaTalikosisa mi-

er?” xolo igi miugebda: “uwyi, Zmao, rameTu marTali sjuli

ars qarTvelTa,” magram, miuxedavad amisao, “me ara SeverTvi

qarTvelTa!” da esma ivanes da rqua: “mikvirs sibrZnisa Seni-

sagan, romel umjobessa ara arCev, me ara SeverTvi ganzraxva-

sa Sensa, naTel-viReb sarwmunoebasa zeda qarTvelTasa”...

movida da naTel-iRo sarwmunoebasa zeda Cuensa ioanes

mier kaTalikosisa. da mravali simravle somexTa movida naT-

lisRebad. da iqmna sixaruli” 2… zaqaria mxargrZelis gar-

dacvalebis Sesaxeb saubrisas igive mematiane aRniSnavs: zaqa-

ria “iyo sarwmunoebiTa somexi, aramed yovelni saTnoebani

saRmrToni da sakacoboni aqundes”.3 Tamar mefis meore isto-

rikosis, basili ezosmoZRvris matianeSi – “cxovreba mefeT-

mefisa Tamarisi” – zaqaria da ivane mxargrZelebis Sesaxeb

naTqvamia: “ese kacni Rirsni iyvnes kacobisani: daRacaTu sju-

liTa somexni iyvnes, garna yovliTurT marTlmadideblobisa

mosavni. ese ivane werilTa zedamiwevniTa swavluli iyo, rom-

lisaTvisca gulisxma hyo simrude sjulisa somexTasa, naTel

iRo da iqmna WeSmarit qristiane.4”

zaqaria mxargrZelis vaJi SanSec marlTmadiebeli, qar-

Tuli rjulis aRmsaarebeli gaxda. TviT zaqariac moiTxov-

da, rom somxur eklesias Tavis wesebSi, RvTismsaxurebaSi Se-

etana mTeli rigi cvlilebebi qarTuli eklesiis gavleniT.

im xanebSi marTlmadidebluri eklesia-monastrebic momravl-

da somxeTSi, kerZod, somexTa dedaqalaq anisSic. es eklesia-

monastrebi miznad isaxavdnen, rac SeiZleba meti somexi moeq-

1 mxargrZelebi gasomxebuli qurTebi iyvnen. aRsaniSnavia, rom Crdilo

kavkasiaSi cxovrobda qurdTa tomi. qvemo qarTlSi mdebareobda

qurdvaWris xevi. arsebobs mosazreba, rom mxargrZelebi, SesaZloa,

warmoSobiT Crdilo kavkasiidan iyvnen da ara qurTebi. 2 qarTlis cxovreba, t. II, s. yauxCiSvilis gamocema, Tb., 1959, gv. 90. 3 iqve, gv. 110. 4 iqve, gv. 123.

124

ciaT marTlmadideblobaze, qarTul rjulze. saqarTvlos ka-

Tolikosi mouwodebda anisis marTlmadidebel mRvdlebs:

xalxisgan mcire gamosaRebs dasjerdiTo. es xels uwyobda

somexTa marTlmadideblad moqcevas. yovelive amas Sedegad

mohyolia qarTul-somxuri eklesiebis urTierTobis gamwvave-

ba. mxiTar goSis “epistoleSi” Cans gulistkivili imis gamo,

rom, Turme, qarTveli sasuliero moRvaweebi amxedrebdnen

“Tavis xalxs” “somxebze, rom taWiki (mahmadiani _ a. a.) da

uria umjobesia somexzeo.” qarTvelebio “imdenad arian so-

mexTa Zviris momxsenebeli, rom nakurTx eklesias angreven da

sakurTxevels, romelzec Sewirulia qriste, gareT agdeben;

ityvian ZaRlis dakvlas somexTa eklesiaSi”... mxiTar goSi

qarTvel mefeebs, kerZod, Tamar mefes sTxovs, rom maT “same-

fo xelmwifebiT risxva dascen, raTa ar daarRvion RvTis ek-

lesia da (ar) daswvan jvari”.1 marTalia, qarTul-somxuri ek-

lesiebis urTierToba gamwvavda, magram isic unda iTqvas,

rom saqarTvelos sazRvrebSi moqceuli somxeTic iseve dawi-

naurda, gamdidrda, rogorc sakuTriv saqarTvelo Cveni isto-

riis oqros xanaSi. Tu XI saukuneSi da ufro adrec somxebi

tovebdnen TavianT samSoblos, XII aswleulsa da XIII sauku-

nis pirvel meoTxedSi amgvari ram TiTqmis aRar xdeboda; sa-

qarTvelos wyalobiT somxebma daaskvnes, rom maT somxeTSi

cxovreba da saqmianoba SeeZloT.

somxuri “saxarebis” 1214 wlis anderZ-minaweris Tanax-

mad, am xelnaweris damzadeba momxdara “saqarTveloSi laSas

mefobisas, romelic flobda tfiliss, aniss da adrindel

somex, alan da alvanel tanuterTa (xelisufalTa _ a. a.)

mraval sxva qalaqs, karinidan (arzrumidan _ a. a.) sparseTam-

de.”2 maSasadame, giorgi-laSa iseTive mflobelia somexTa de-

daqalaq anisisa da kavkasiis sxva qalaqebisa, rogorc Tbili-

sisa. es cnoba, iseve, rogorc sxva masalebi, savsebiT dauje-

rebels xdian somex mkvlevarTa, kerZod, l. babaianis mosaz-

rebas imis Sesaxeb, rom zaqaridebisaTvis (ase somexi mkvle-

varni usafuZvlod uwodeben mxargrZelebs) gadacemul teri-

1 ix. a. abdalaZe, somxur xelnawerTa X_XIII saukuneebis anderZ-

minawerebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, gv. 113-116, 150-157. 2 iqve, gv. 49.

125

toriebs Tanamedroveni ar Tvlidnen saqarTvelos saxelmwi-

fos nawilad. maT isini, TiTqos, miaCndaT “zaqaridebis” da-

moukidebel samflobelod. qarTul wyaroebze rom aRarafe-

ri vTqvaT, somxuri wyaroebis mecnieruli Seswavlac adastu-

rebs, rom mxargrZelebic iseTive ymebi, qveSevrdomebi iyvnen

saqarTvelos mefisa, rogorc sakuTriv qarTuli miwa-wylis

erisTavebi.1 Tu Tamar mefem zaqaria da ivane mxargrZelebi

aRazeva didi saqarTvelos samefo karze da ivanesTvis axali

Tanamdeboba, aTabagobac ki dawesda, es gakeTda im mizniT,

rom somxeTis saqarTvelosTan kidev ufro metad Semomtkice-

ba momxdariyo, Cvens qveyanas SemoeerTebina samxreT somxeTis

mxareebic da somxebi masobrivad moqceuliyvnen marTlmadi-

deblobaze, qarTul rjulze. samxreT somxeTis mahmadiani

mflobelni Sah-armenebad, e. i. somexTa Sahebad (mefeebad)

iwodebodnen. isini mtrobdnen saqarTvelos. Cveni qveynis

usafrTxoebisTvis aucilebeli iyo Sah-armenTa gandevna sam-

xreT somxeTidan.

aramcTu saqarTvelos istoriis oqros xanaSi, XIV sau-

kuneSic ki TviT somxebi somxeTs saqarTvelos Semadgenel

nawilad miiCnevdnen. amas ganapirobebda Cveni qveynis gaZlie-

rebac giorgi brwyinvalis mefobis Jams. 1336 wels somexi

mwignobari, terter(tiracu) erevanci, e.i. erevneli, romelic

yirimSi wasula, wers: “me, tiracu, kaci uRirsi (sasuliero

pirisTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tavmdablobaa _ a. a.), sabralobe-

li, udebi (zarmaci, daudevari _ a. a.) mRvdeli... Camovel sa-

qarTvelodan, xor-virapis mezobeli, SesaniSnav qalaq erevni-

dan.” es mwignobari meoreganac aRniSnavs: “me, terteri, uRir-

si mwerali, romelmac es wigni, “vardani,” davwere, codvebiT

savse da Tanamdebi, udebi mRvdeli, sabralobeli, movedi sa-

qarTvelodan, xor-virapis da ejmiawinis (eCmiaZinis _ a. a.) me-

zobeli SesaniSnav qalaq erevnidan.”2 rogorc vxedavT, ere-

vani XIV saukuneSic saqarTvelos organuli Semadgeneli na-

1 ix. iqve, gv. 123-125, 129-130, 144 da sxvac; ilia abulaZe, Sromebi, t. IV, Tb., 1985, gv. 50_61; a. abdalaZe, somxur xelnawerTa VII-XIII saukuneebis anderZ-minawerebis (hiSatakaranebis) cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, krebulSi: literaturuli Ziebani, t. XXIV, Tb., 2003w. 2 somxur xelnawerTa XIV_XV saukuneebis anderZebis (hiSatakaranebis) cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, a. abdalaZis gamocema, Tb., 1978, gv. 22-23.

126

wili yofila. cxadia, amgvarive viTarebaa saqarTvelos isto-

riis oqros xanaSic, didi saqarTvelos epoqaSi.

XIII saukunis somexi mematianis, kirakos ganZakecis sity-

viT, xvarazmelebis sulTanTan, jalaledidTan brZolis1 win

qarTvelebi “uzomo yoyoCobiT da ampartavnebiT pirobas deb-

dnen, (rom) ukeTu sZlion mas (jalaledins _ a. a.), maTi xe-

lisuflebis qveS myof yovel somexs qarTvelTa rjulze

moaqcevdnen, xolo winaaRmdgomT maxviliT aRxocavdnen.” ki-

rakosi da aseve XIII aswleulis meore somexi mematiane, var-

dan arevelci garnisSi saqarTvelos jaris damarcxebis mize-

zad miiCneven qarTvelTa Zaladobas monofiziti somxebis

(grigorianebis) marTlmadideblobaze, qarTul rjulze mo-

saqcevad, agreTve qarTvelebis mier somexTa wmindanis saf-

lavis wabilwvas. somxur eklesias Tavis samwysoze didi gav-

lena hqonda da, albaT, ganawyobda kidec mas saqarTvelos

winaaRmdeg. amdenad, araa gamosaricxi, rom garnisis brZo-

laSi, sadac dasamarda saqarTvelos oqros xana, somexTa er-

Tma nawilma uRalata Cvens qveyanas. jalaledinic Seecdebo-

da esargebla qarTvel-somexTa dapirispirebiT da somxebi ga-

daebirebina.2 XIII saukunisve somexi mematiane, stefanos orbe-

liani (warmoSobiT qarTveli, magram gasomxebuli) garnisis

brZolaSi somex-qarTvelTa uTanxmoebaze laparakobs, rac ga-

moiwvevda saqarTvelos jaris damarcxebas. am mxriv aRsaniS-

navia XIV aswleulis ucnobi qarTveli mematianis3 cnobebi.

garnisis brZolaSi saqarTvelos jaris mTavarsardali iyo

ivane aTabagi, mxargrZeli (im dros Cveni mefea rusudani),

qarTvelTa winambrZol jars (avangards) ki meTaurobdnen

Salva da ivane axalcixelebi.

qarTveli JamTaaRmwereli, saerTod, aqebs ivane mxargr-

Zels, magram garnisis brZolaSi saqarTvelos sastik marcxs

da 1225 wlidan Cveni qveynis damxobas, rasac is qristes

jvarcmas adarebs, saqarTvelos jaris mTavarsardals, ivane

aTabags abralebs. raki mematiane saqarTvelos mefis samsa-

xurSi ivane mxargrZelis Rvawlsac warmoaCens, mis mimarT wa-

1 es brZola gaimarTa somxeTSi, garnisSi(erevanTan axlos) 1225wels. 2 ix. a. abdalaZe, somxur xelnawerTa X_XIII saukuneebis... gv. 156. 3 iv. javaxiSvilma mas JamTaaRmwereli Searqva.

127

yenebuli braldebac, rogorc etyoba, usafuZvlo araa. jala-

ledinisa da qarTvel winambrZolTa jarebi erTmaneTis pi-

rispir rom dadgnen, “aqa daipyra ferxi ivane aTabagman. it-

yvian, viTarmed SuriTa yo axalcixelTa Salva da ivanesiTa.

hoi, Suri, yovelTa borotTa dasabami.” ivane mxargrZels “wi-

nambrZolTa yovelTa mouvlines kaci da rques: “daaxloebul

varT sultansa da spaTa misTa da Cuen didad umcires varT

da omi Zlieri wina gvic. warmoimalon mxneTa spaTa mefisaTa

da simxneman Senman.” ese orgzis da samgzis mouvlines, xolo

igi ara-rasa miugebda. xolo vinaTgan winambrZolni Torelni

da umetes axalcixelni Salva da ivane axovan iyvnen da wyo-

baTa Sina (brZolebSi _ a. a.) saxelovanni, arRara rides sim-

ravlesa sultnisa spaTasa, viTa mxecni zeda mietevnes, da

iqmnes Zlierni omni. moswyda orgniTve uricxvi, da Zlierad

mbrZolobdes Salva da ivane, axovanTa da ZlierTa srvides,

da gangrZelda omi sastiki. xolo ivane aTabagi da spani...

xedvides Zliersa omsa da ara Seiwyalebdes TanamonaTesave-

Ta da erTsjulTa, qristes aRmsarebelTa TorelTa da maT

Tana mravalTa saxelovanTa, aramed dges SoriT, da ara ineba

Suela ivane aTabagman, romelsa SuriT ityvian amas yofad da

ara Tu SiSiTa.

da viTar gangrZelda omi, orTave ZmaTa axalcixelTa

dauxoces cxenni, da queiTni mxned ibrZodes da moisrnes or-

gniTve uricxuni, da umetes Torelni. da viTar SenivTda

Zlierad omi, xrmalnica axalcixelTani gantydes Cabalaxsa

zeda, maSin ivltodes qarTvelni”.1 SesaZlebelia, ivane aTaba-

gis Ralatis ambavi asaxuli iyos erT javaxur TqmulebaSic:

“Tamar dedofli SulisaTvin (SvilisaTvis _ a. a.) uRalatnia

mTavar aTabegebs”...2 raki “aTabegi” mravlobiT ricxvSia, iva-

nesTan erTad, SesaZloa, nagulisxmevia misi vaJi avagic. ga-

somxebulma qurTma Tu qurdma, ivane aTabagma Tavis Suriano-

bas, pirad interesebs anacvala oqros xanis saqarTvelo. es

SeiZleba gamowveuli iyos imiTac, rom bevri somexi ver egue-

boda saqarTvelos Zlierebas, qarTuli droSis qveS kavkasi-

1 qarTlis cxovreba, t. II, gv. 169-170. 2 i. gigineiSvili, v. Tofuria, i. qavTaraZe, qarTuli dialeqtologia, t. I,

Tb., 1961, gv. 351.

128

is gaerTianebas.

XIII saukuneSic araerTi somexi lanZRavda qarTvelebs,

mag., istorikosebi kirakos ganZakeci da vardan arevelci. ma-

Ti aRmzrdeli maswavlebeli, vanakanic ukmayofilebas gamoT-

qvams qarTvelTa mimarT. misi sityviT, “qarTvelni gvgmoben

Cven da gvRalatoben,” miuxedavad imisao, rom “mesropma mis-

ca maT anbani, da varZiis jvari manve akurTxa.” qarTvelebi

umadurobas iCeneno somxebisadmi.1 gamodis, rom varZiis samo-

nastro kompleqsi vanakans V aswleulis Zeglad miuCnevia,

riTac, cxadia, didi Secdoma mosdis. aseve daujerebelia mi-

si zRaprebi mesrop-maStocis did Rvawlze qarTuli kultu-

ris ganviTarebaSi. isev da isev saqme gvaqvs somxur ideolo-

giasTan, romlis mixedviTac kavkasiaSi wamyvani eri somxebi

unda iyvnen da ara qarTvelebi. vanakans da mis amqars, albaT,

araferi smeniaT dinozavrebsa da saTafliaze, Torem ityod-

nen _ saTafliaSi dinozavrebi somxeTidan movidneno! ra Se-

uSlidaT xels dinozavrebs, saTafliidan wasuliyvnen som-

xeTSi? somxebis azriT, qarTulma eklesiamac Tavi daiRupa,

rodesac, TiTqos, gamoeyo somxur eklesias qarTvelTa

kaTolikosis, kirion I-is dros. amis gamo XIII s-is somexi me-

matiane, mxiTar airivanecic, agrZelebs ra somxur tradicias,

kirions bilws uwodebs.2

qarTvel-somexTa metoqeoba, dapirispireba Cans l. maRa-

laSviliseuli “saxarebis” 1310 wlis anderZ-minaweridanac.

saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqma eqvTimemo “mibrZana qur-

muxisa mTavarefiskopossa da yovlisa mTeulisa winamZRuarsa

kvirile donaursa gardawerinebad saxarebisa da wargzavnad

TuiTeulisaTvis eklesiisa.” me “saxarebao” “warvgzavnen say-

darTa, monasterTa da SvidTa saswavlelTa TavsmdgomTadmi

da vubrZane swavlebad sjuli WeSmariti... qarTlisa cxore-

ba[i] da cxoreba[i] alvaniisa (kavkasiis albaneTis _ a. a.)...

romeli dawera petre lagaZeman da vinme somexman ga[daiRo]

1 l. meliqseT-begi, Zveli somxuri literaturis istoria, gv. 131-132. ro-

gorc etyoba, vanakans samcxe-javaxeTi, cxadia, usafuZvlod, somxur miwa-

wylad miaCnia da ver egueba, rom mis dros es mxare qarTuli kulturis

umniSvnelovanes keras warmoadgenda. 2 mxiTar airivaneci, qronografiuli istoria, 1990, gv. 32.

129

igi. da sakuTrad dawerilad gamoacxada da somexTac advi-

lad iwames Cueulebisamebr.”1

mas Semdeg, rac Temur lengis urdoebma aaoxres saqar-

Tvelo, 1412 wels Cveni qveynis mefe gaxda aleqsandre I. mahma-

diani dampyroblebi aleqsandres mefobis Jamsac gacxarebiT

utevdnen saqarTvelos, misi miwasTan gasworeba surdaT. miu-

xedavad amisa, 1431 wels aleqsandre mefem didi laSqroba

moawyo qvemo qarTlis samxreT nawilis, lore-taSiris gasa-

Tavisufleblad da es mxare kvlav saqarTvelos daubrunda.

lore-taSirisaTvis brZolaSi didi wvlili Seutania qar-

TvelTa imdroindel kaTolikoss Tevdores.mas ase miumar-

Tavs saqarTvelos jarisTvis: “ama usjuloTa agaris naTesav-

Ta (mahmadianebs _ a. a.) andronikes Svili alastaneli giorgi

mouklavs (alastani sofelia javaxeTSi _ a. a.) da mravalni

qristianeni wamebiTa aRusrulebian da dautyueebian, da tax-

ti mefeTa ganuryvnia da sapationi da camdis maRalni say-

darni Seuracx uqmnian, saxl-salocveli quab avazakTa uqmnia

da uneTa (cxenebisTvis _ a. a.) maTTvis sayofad ganuCenia. aw

brZoleT Zlierad da daRaTu vinme omsa Sigan aRsasruli mi-

iRoT, qristesTuis wamebulTa guerdis miiTualviT; da daRa-

Tu vinme dakodiTa (daWriT _ a. a.) anu daSavebiTa da raTaca

tkiviliT itanjebiT, yovelsave qriste misad nebismyofelad

miiTualavs”.2 rogorc vxedavT, saqarTvelos kaTolikosi

Tevdore STaagonebda qarTvelTa jars, rom mas jvarosnuli

laSqroba moewyo qarTuli miwa-wylis, lore-taSiris gasaTa-

visufleblad.

mefe aleqsandre I-s loreli unda ewodos, radgan man

saqarTvelosTvis uaRresad mZime pirobebSi SesZlo qarTuli

jaris fexze dayeneba da imdenad gaZliereba, rom Cveni qvey-

nis TavdacvisTvis metad mniSvnelovani lores cixe-simagre,

lore-taSiris mxare mtrisgan gawmendil iqna. msgavsi saxel-

wodebebi ki, mag., afrikeli, neveli, erevneli (paskeviC-erevne-

li) damkvidrebulia msoflio istoriaSi. 1921 wels ruseTis

imperiam lore-taSiri waarTva saqarTvelos, somxeTs gad-

asca.

1 m. janaSvili, saqarTvelos istoria, Tb., 1895, gv. 204-205. 2 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. II, i. doliZis gamocema, Tb., 1965, gv. 123.

130

iyvnen iseTi somxebic, romlebsac saqarTvelos marcxi

ar moswondaT. mag., somexi mwignobari, maTeos monazoni wuxs

XV saukunis dasawyisSi mtris mier saqarTvelos mefis, kon-

stantines mokvlis gamo: “warwymides mefe saqarTvelosi,

Turqmenis boroti naTesavis, [i]usufad saxeldebuli satanis

mier datyvevebuli kostantine. moicva didma mwuxarebam gone-

baca da arseba Cveni, radganac didsa naTesavs Cvensas (somex

ers _ a. a.) hyavda is Tavis mefis magivrad; davkargeT igi...”1

daaxloebiT 1411 wels meore somexi swavluli, maTeos juRa-

eci aRniSnavda: sikeTe oTxi saxisaa, esenia _ Sewyaleba,

kacTmoyvareoba, stumarTmoyvareoba da guluxvoba; “qarTvel-

Ta naTesavs aqvs es [Tvisebebi] srulyofilad, amis gamo ga-

darCa maTi samefo.”2 am somxebs imedi hqondaT, rom saqarTve-

lo Tu SeZlebda, daexmareboda maT, yovel SemTxvevaSi, som-

xeTidan ltolvil somxebs TavSesafars miscemda. XV sauku-

nis miwuruls saqarTvelosTvis, kerZod, lore-taSirSi mde-

bare monastris, haRbatisaTvis (axpatisaTvis) Tavi Semoufare-

bia ejmiawinidan ltolvil somexTa kaTolikos sargiss.3 ej-

miawinSi somexTa sakaTolikoso gadmotanil iqna 1441 wels.

rogorc zemoT iTqva, somexTa sakaTolikoso somxeTs moa-

Sora bizantiis imperiam XI s-is Sua xanebSi. saqarTeloSi

somexTa kaTolikoss XVII aswleulSic upovia TavSesafari.

1437 wels gadawerili somxuri xelnaweris anderZ-mina-

werSi naTqvamia: xelnaweri wigni damzaddao “sanainis monas-

terSi... saqarTveloSi RvTismsaxuri aleqsandres mefobisas.”

xelnaweris gadamweri JamTa siaves uCivis: “sasowarkveTili

var drois sisastikisa da somexTa qveynis mravali vaebisa da

aoxrebis gamo, rameTu movida SeCvenebuli, boroti mZlavri

da antiqristes winamorbedi, Ze satanisa Sahruxi, lang-Ta-

muris Svili, tomiT sparsi (mahmadiani igulisxmeba _ a. a.);

igi samxreTidan daiZra didi laSqriT, uricxvi mxedrobiT,

movida da daaqcia Cveni qveyana, gaZarcva da daatyveva yove-

live... es mesamed mosvla da darbeva iyo, Cveni eklesiebi sib-

nelem moicva... Cveni Zmobis wevrebi (somexi berebi _ a. a.) ga-

1 somxur xelnawerTa XIV_XV saukuneebis anderZebis... gv. 35-36. 2 iqve, gv. 138. 3 iqve, gv. 99-101.

131

viqeciT da gavifanteT qarTvelTa qveyanaSi... am mizezis gamo

davmkvidrdiT sanainis am wm. monasterSi”.1 sanainis monasteri

lore-taSirSi mdebareobda. rogorc vxedavT, somexi mwigno-

bari sanainsa da lore-taSirs qarTvelTa qveynis nawilad mi-

iCnevs da ara somxeTisad. raki saqarTvelos xelisufleba

somxeTidan ltolvil somxebs TavSesafars aZlevda, bunebri-

via, maT Cvens qveyanaSi somxuri eklesia-monastrebic hqondaT.

yuradRebas ipyrobs 1438 wels gadawerili somxuri

xelnaweris anderZ-minaweric: ...”Tamuris Ze, Sahruxad saxel-

debuli, didZali mxedrobiT, sastiki, gulqva, uwyalo da

qristianTa sisxls mowyurebuli, oTxgzis daesxa Tavs Tav-

rizis qveyanas da didi, eniT uTqmeli ziani miayena somxeTs,

rameTu zogi maxviliT mosres, zogi Seubraleblad tyved wa-

asxes da warwymides; sxvebi SimSilisagan mimkvdarebuliyo.

maTgan zogi mokvda, zogic mglebma da mxecebma SeWames da

daglijes, xolo danarCeni, ganadgurebulebi aqeT-iqiT miaw-

ydnen da miaSures saqarTvelos. sruliad gaukacrielda da

aoxrda Cveni qveyana, cis mobaZav taZarTa karni daiketa, lam-

prebi da sanTlebi Caqra, dabnelda, sakmeveli da Sesawiravi

Semcirda, locvam da fsalmunTa galobam iklo da Sewyda,

msxverplad Sesawiri da eklesiis yoveli siwminde, jvari da

saxareba, yvela samoseli da eklesiis samsaxurebeli urju-

loebma xelT igdes tyved. didad damwuxrda, SeZrwunda, moT-

qvamda da godebda somexTa eklesia. gavxdiT viTarca Zveli

israeli, yvela naTesavisagan daTrgunvili da damcirebuli...

am sastik da ubedurebis xanaSi, did gaWirvebasa da si-

RatakeSi davawerine es wigni ucxo qveyanaSi, saqarTveloSi,

hohanes mRvdels, haRbatis monasterSi... saqarTveloSi aleq-

sandres mefobisas”.2 haRbatis anu axpatis monasteric lore-

taSirSi mdebareobda. anderZ-minaweris somexi avtori lore-

taSirs somxebisaTvis ucxo mxared, saqarTvelos organul

nawilad miiCnevs. somxeTidan ltolvil, gaWirvebul somxebs

saqarTveloSi, kerZod, lore-taSirSi dasaxlebaze, Semoxizv-

naze qarTvelebi uars rom ar eubnebodnen, es imitomac xde-

1 iqve, gv. 51. 2 iqve, gv. 53-54.

132

boda, rom Cvens winaprebs miaCndaT, kvlav aRidgendnen, xel-

meored Seiqmnidnen saqarTveloSi oqros xanas, sjerodaT,

rom qarTuli suli kvlavac gaSlida, Seisxamda frTebs,

Cvens qveyanas isev moevlineboda daviT aRmaSenebeli da Tama-

ri, romlebic SeZlebdnen kavkasiis gaerTianebasac, rac auci-

lebeli iyo mozRvavebul mterTa mosagerieblad. kavkasiis

gasaerTianeblad ki saWiro iyo normaluri urTierTobebi

damyarebuliyo kavkasiel xalxebs, erebs Soris. am mizniT

qarTveli xelisufalni marto somxebs ki ara, saerTod, yve-

la kavkasiels uRebdnen Cveni qveynis karebs, SeZlebisdagva-

rad maspinZlobdnen.

lore-taSirisaTvis brZolas qarTvelebi saqarTvelos

samefo-samTavroebad daSlis Semdegac agrZelebdnen. 1491

wels qarTlis mefe konstantine II-s, mahmadian dampyrobTa

rac SeiZleba Sors gasarekad, sevanis tbamde ulaSqria. am

dros qarTlis “mefem aiRo lores cixe da mbrZaneblobs am

qveyanaze.”1 lore-taSirisaTvis brZola kidev ufro gamZafrda

XVI saukuneSi, kerZod, qarTlis mefis, simonis dros. 1579

wels, rodesac Turq-osmalebi TareSobdnen qarTlSi, simon

mefes daulaSqravs lore-taSiri, magram lores cixe-simagre

ver gauwmendia TurqTagan. 1586 wels simonma “kualad Sehyara

spa Tavisi da waremarTa loresa zeda. ra mivida, gamovida

faSa muneburi (iqauri _ a. a.) da ewyunen (SeebrZolnen – a. a.)

urTierTas da iqmna brZola Zlieri da RvTiT gaemarjua me-

fesa svimons, da moswyda urumi (Turqi – a. a.) mravali… da

aRiRo quabebi (gamoqvabulebi – a. a.) lorisa, daipyra2 lore,

da cixe maTve urumT eWira.

da gamovida xani, mciredTa JamTa Seisuena da kualad

Seiyara da warmovida da moadga cixesa lorisasa, dauwyo

brZola da aRiRo cixe lorisa.”3 ase grZeldeboda gauTaveb-

lad saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi.4 bevri rom ar gavagrZeloT,

qarTvelebs, aswleulebis manZilze, lore-taSiris gasaTavi-

1 iqve, gv. 98. 2 imdroindel qarTul enaSi es sityva dakavebas, daWerasac niSnavs. 3 qarTlis cxovreba, II, gv. 372-374. 4 ix. papuna orbeliani, ambavni qarTlisani, e. cagareiSvilis gamocema,

Tb., 1981, gv. 67, 99, 121-122, 125, 139.

133

sufleblad, SesanarCuneblad zRva sisxli aqvT daRvrili.

amdenad, usamarTlobaa, rom dRes lore-taSiri somxeTis Se-

madgenlobaSia da ara saqarTvelos sazRvrebSi.

XVI saukunis erT Turqul dokumentSi naTqvamia: “seid

Cuquris reaias (e. i. erevnis mxaris glexebis – a. a.) umravle-

sobam Tavisi ojaxis gamosakvebad lukma-purisaTvis saqarTve-

los miaSura.” Zalian xSirad xdeboda ase.1 lukma-puris arm-

qone somexi glexebi Soreul qveynebSi gadaxvewas verc SeZ-

lebdnen usaxsrobis gamo. saqarTvelomde ki rogorme moaR-

wevdnen da darwmunebulic iyvnen, rom Cvens qveyanaSi TavSe-

safarsac da “arsobis pursac” moipovebdnen. miuxedavad imisa,

rom XV saukunidan qarTvelebsac Zalian uWirdaT da saqar-

Tvelo calkeul samefo-samTavroebadac daiSala dampyrobTa

Semotevebis, veragobis Sedegad, qarTveli eris jansaRi nawi-

li mudam ibrZoda saqarTvelos gasaerTianeblad da kavkasi-

is erTobisTvisac. kavkasielebsac, SeZlebisdagvarad, exmare-

bodnen, mfarvelobdnen Cveni winaprebi.

XVI aswleulSi TurqeTma daipyro javaxeTi. amave sau-

kunis bolos dampyrobelma Turqebma, rac SeiZleba meti xar-

kis akrefis mizniT, aRweres javaxeTi.2 aRweris masalebidan

irkveva, rom XVI saukuneSi javaxeTis mosaxleobis 90 _ 95

procents qarTvelebi Seadgendnen. ase, rom usafuZvloa so-

mex mklevarTa, publicistTa Tu politologTa gancxadebebi,

TiTqos, javaxeTi XIX saukunemdec somxur mxares warmoad-

genda. ruseTis imperiisa da somxuri wreebis nebiTa Tu mcde-

lobiT javaxeTi xelovnurad aqcies somxur mxared swored

XIX_XX aswleulebSi.

dampyroblebi cdilobdnen, saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi

somxebi TavianT sayrdenad gamoeyenebinaT qarTveli eris wi-

naaRmdeg brZolaSi. es movlena adridanve dasturdeba, mag.,

monRolTa batonobis dros.3 amasve akeTebda sisxlismsmeli

Sah-abas I-c. mas miumxria, kerZod, Tbiliseli somxebi, romle-

1 Turquli wyaroebi samcxe-saaTabagos istoriisaTvis, c. abulaZis gamo-

cema, Tb., 1983, gv. 28-29, 48, 52. 2 ix. gurjistanis vilaieTis didi davTari, s. jiqias gamocema, t. II, Tb.,

1941 w. 3 qarTlis cxovreba II, gv. 244.

134

bic giorgi saakaZis winaaRmdeg moqmedebdnen, mxars uWerdnen

yizilbaSebs. giorgi saakaZes kicxavs warmoSobiT somexi mema-

tiane, goreli farsadan gorgijaniZec _ rogor misca Tavs

ufleba saakaZem, rogor gabeda Sah-abasis winaaRmdeg ajanye-

bao.1 roca amas saqarTvelos sasicocxlo interesebi moiT-

xovda, qarTvelebi Sah-abasis, Temur lengis da nebismieri

mtarvalis winaaRmdeg ajanyebas, brZolas bedavdnen da Tu

mTlianad vera, nawilobriv mainc mizansac aRwevdnen, avad

Tu kargad axerxebdnen samSoblos dacvas, saxelmwifoebrio-

bis SenarCunebas. somxebis msgavsad, qarTvelebsac rom mieto-

vebinaT TavianTi samSoblo da sxvadasxva qveynebSi gadaxve-

wiliyvnen (sparseT-TurqeTi xom yoveli RoniT cdilobda

qarTveli eris winaaRmdegobis gatexvas, qarTvelobis gada-

gvarebas, maT mospobas), islamuri samyaro Seisrulebda Ta-

vis mizans da mTels kavkasias gaamahmadianebda. aseT SemTxve-

vaSi somxebs gauWirdebodaT XIX_XX saukuneebSi somxeTSi

dabruneba Tundac ruseTis imperiis daxmarebiT.

italielma pietro dela valem 1627 wels romis paps wa-

rudgina “informacia saqarTvelos Sesaxeb.” pietro saqarTve-

loSi namyofi ar aris, man es “informacia” sxvaTagan gagoni-

li ambebis safuZvelze Seadgina. pietros sityviT, calke me-

fe hyavs qarTlsac, “romelic warmoadgens didi somxeTis na-

wils da misi mTavari rezidenciaa tfilisi.” axlandeli sa-

qarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi moqceuliao somxeTis erTi nawi-

li.2 saqarTvelom Tavisi araerTi mxare dakarga saukuneebis

ganmavlobaSi, mag., tao-klarjeTi, kola-artaani da sxvebic

da maincdamainc somxur miwa-wyals daexarba? igive sparseTi

da TurqeTi qarTul mxareebs rom itacebdnen da mTeli som-

xeTic dapyrobili hqondaT, saqarTvelosagan somxuri miwa-

wylis misakuTrebas moiTmendnen? cxadia, ara! aSkaraa, rom

safrangeTis agent pietro dela vales somxebma miawodes

mcdari informacia; SesaZloa, somexma vaWrebma, somxurma ek-

lesiam pietro moisyida kidec. pietro dela vales “informa-

1 ix. saistorio moambe, II, 1925w., gv. 233. 2 g. Jordania, z. gamezardaSvili, romis kaTolikuri misia da saqarTve-

lo, nawili I, Tb., 1994, gv. 347, 351-352, rusul enaze; msgavsi cnobebi sxva

ucxoel avtorTa nawerebSic gvxvdeba.

135

cia” saeWvod emTxveva erTi somxuri xelnaweris 1629 wlis an-

derZ-minaweris cnobas, sadac Tbiliss somexTa qalaqi ewode-

ba.1 sinamdvileSi, im dros Tbilisi qarTlis samefos dedaqa-

laqi iyo da, tradiciulad, sruliad saqarTvelos, yovelTa

qarTvelTa sataxto qalaqad aRiqmeboda. qarTvelebi aTas-

wleulebis ganmavlobaSi TavganwirviT imisTvis ar omobdnen,

brZolis velze Cveni winaprebis zRva sisxli imitom ar iRv-

reboda, rom saqarTvelos dedaqalaqi Tbilisi somxebisTvis

daeTmoT. XVIIs-is poetis, feSangis Tanaxmad, sparseTis Sahs

uTqvams qarTvelebze: “ver ewyobian muqaras maTi modgma da

jilagi.” XVIIIs-is ucnobi poeti ambobs: “qarTvelni lomni,

uyvaran omni.” omi ra sayvarelia, magram samSoblos, igive

Tbilisis gadarCena sxvagvarad ar iqneboda. Tu qarTvelTa

mefeebi somxebs TbilisSi dasaxlebis nebas rTavdnen, es xde-

boda imis gamoc, rom saqarTveloSi JamTa siavis drosac

cocxlobda kavkasiis erTianobis idea.

XVII_XVIII saukuneebis cnobili somexi moRvawe, somxuri

saxelmwifoebriobis, somxeTis samefos aRdgenis mosurne is-

rael ori evropelebs umtkicebda, rom “saqarTvelo did sa-

somxeTSia da yvela iqauri qristianebic sul somxebi aria-

no.”2 somxur wreebSi maradJams cocxlobda kavkasiaSi somex-

Ta pirvelobis idea. maT miaCndaT, rom rodesac somxeTis sa-

mefo mkvdreTiT aRdgeboda, saqarTvelo misi nawili unda

gamxdariyo, rameTu somxuri ideologiis mamebs somxeT-saqar-

Tvelos urTierToba sxvagvarad ver warmoedginaT. am dros

qristianuli samefoebi mxolod saqarTveloSi arsebobda da

isini TavganwirviT ebrZodnen uricxv mters kavkasiaSi qris-

tianobis gadasarCenad. qarTvelebi somxeTis gaTavisufleba-

sac rom isaxavdnen miznad, amis dasturia XVIII s-is 20-iani

wlebis ambebic. im dros somxeTis erT-erT mxareSi, siuniqSi

(sivnieTSi) somxebi aujanydnen dampyroblebs da daxmareba

sTxoves qarTlis samefo kars. qarTlis xelisuflebam siv-

nieTSi gagzavna qarTul jarSi gamowrTobili, saqarTveloSi

1 somxur xelnawerTa XVII saukunis hiSatakaranebi, t. II, Seadgines v. ako-

fianma da a. ovanisianma, erevani, 1978, gv. 321, somxur enaze. 2 ix. m. TamaraSvili, pasuxaT somxis mwerlebs, romelnic uaryofen qar-

TvelTa kaTolikobas, Tb., 1904, gv. 43.

136

mcxovrebi somexi daviT-begi da sxvebic. daviT-begis razmma

sivnieTSi mniSvnelovani gamarjvebebi moipova. daviT-begi so-

mexTa erovnul gmirad iqca. qarTveli mefeebi fiqrobdnen,

rom kavkasiaSi somexi qristianebis arsebobac aucilebeli

iyo, raTa amiT eCvenebinaT msofliosaTvis, rom kavkasiaSi

qristianobas meti safuZveli, uflebebi gaaCnda, vidre

mahmadianobas, romelic walekviT emuqreboda mTels kavkasi-

as.

somxeTi ki TandaTan somxebisgan icleboda. XVIII sauku-

nis bolos somxeTSi mxolod 25000 somexi cxovrobda, danar-

Ceni mosaxleoba somxeTisa arasomxuri, mahmadianuri iyo. ej-

miawinis somxuri sakaTolikoso haerSi gamokidebuli rom ar

darCeniliyo, amitomac asaxlebdnen qarTveli mefeebi somxe-

Tidan ltovil somxebs saqarTvelos im mxareebSi, kerZod,

lore-taSirSi, romlebic somxeTs esazRvrebodnen. miuxeda-

vad imisa, rom XIII saukunidan, metadre, XV aswleulidan sa-

qarTveloc mZime mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda, gaWirvebuli

somxebi mainc moiltvodnen Cveni qveynisaken. am mxriv sayu-

radReboa XVII-XVIII saukuneebis somexi poetis, nayaS ionaTa-

nis magaliTic. is aRniSnavs, rom erevanSi “hava mavnebelia,

aris cieb-cxeleba, wayli mRvriea”. am qalaqSi araferia saqe-

beli, yvelaferi Zviriao. poetis sityviT, mas erevanSi gul-

RviZli daexruka, daavadda da TbilisSi gamoipara.1 moiswra-

fvodnen somxebi saqarTvelosken, Tbilisiskenac, magram amis

gamo samSoblos warTmeva xom ar unda dagvipiron?! somxuri

eklesiis saWeTmpyrobelTac XVIII saukuneSic kvlav hqondaT

pretenzia, rom sasuliero sferoSi maT qarTvelebze ufro

Zveli da Zlieri tradiciebi gaaCndaT. amis dasturia erekle

II-is Tanamedrove somexTa cnobili kaTolikosis, simeon ere-

vancis gamokveTilad (cxadia, usafuZvlod) naTqvami sityvebi:

wyeul kirionamdeo2 qarTvelebi yvelaferSi emorCilebodnen

somxur eklesias.3

1 l. meliqseT-begi, Zveli somxuri literaturis istoria, gv. 183-187; nayaS ionaTani xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom im xanebSic uricxvma mterma ver daa-Coqa qarTveli eri: “saqarTvelos xalxi Ronieria, sxva mileTze uZvele-si eria, urcxvi mteri bevrjer moigeria.” 2 nagulisxmevia VI-VII saukuneebis qarTvelTa kaTolikosi, kirion I. 3 simeon erevanci, jambri, 1958, gv. 138-139, rusul enaze.

137

somexTa amgvari, antiqarTuli pozicia aRizianebda zo-

gierT qarTvels, rameTu isini miiCnevdnen, rom somxebi saqar-

Tvelos, qarTveli eris mimarT umadurobas iCendnen. somxe-

biT gaRizianebul qarTvelTa ricxvs ekuTvnis, kerZod, erek-

le II-is Tanamedrove mwerali iese baraTaSvili: “uRmToni

somexni, mterni qristesni da mesisxleni marTlmadidebelTa-

ni, raoden ZalucsT da Tu dros icemen, vaWarni vaWrulad

da codvisaTvis Cvenisa mefisa palatsa Semocvivnulni, kal-

miT sisxlis mRvrelni, romlisa brali qristeman maTgan

izRvos… mTavroba da mefoba-aRZrcvilni da yoelsa pirsa

qveyanisasa RvTis mier monad micemulni, saqarTveloSi uf-

lad da ganmged da aznaurad daudgeniaT, winaaRmdegad RvTis

brZanebisa… naxeT aRmosavali, dasavali… sada aqvs somexsa aznaureba! RmerTman ganxeTqa, kacma viT aRadginos?”1 erekle

II somxebs Tavis samsaxurSi Tu awinaurebda, amas im mizniT

Svreboda, rom erevnis saxano erekles eqvemdebareboda, misi

moxarke iyo. araerTxel mkvdreTiT aRmdgari saqarTvelo,

ereklec, qarTuli tradiciisamebr, fiqrobda kavkasiis gaer-

Tianebaze, kerZod, somxeTis gaTavisuflebaze muslimTa ba-

tonobisagan, saqarTvelosTan somxeTis SemoerTebaze. imdro-

indel rTul viTarebaSi saamisod erekle mefes somexTa, sa-

xeldobr, ejmiawinis sakaTolikosos mxardaWerac sWirdebo-

da.

XVIII saukunis meore naxevris germaneli mogzauris, aka-

demikos giuldenStendis cnobiT, “javaxeTi… aris qarTuli

mxare, romelic amJamad mTlianad Turqebis xelSia da ekuT-

vnis axalcixis gubernias.” javaxeTi dasaxlebuliao qarTve-

lebiT, romlebic qarTulad laparakobeno.2 qarTvelebs didi

Zalisxmeva dasWirdaT imisTvis, rom XVI saukunidan Turqe-

Tis sazRvrebSi moqceul javaxeTs qarTuli ier-saxe Seenar-

Cunebina. ase, rom somxebi javaxeTSi, iseve, rogorc, saerTod,

saqarTveloSi mosaxleobis umciresobas Seadgendnen XIX sa-

ukunemde da ara umravlesobas. javaxebSi arsebobs gamoTqma:

“javaxeTi oTxmocjer waxdenila da oTxmocdaaTjer aRSene-

1 qarTuli proza, V, Tb., 1983, gv. 645. 2 giuldenStedtis mogzauroba saqarTveloSi, t. I, g. gelaSvilis gamoce-ma, Tb., 1962, gv. 215, 315, 317.

138

bula.”1 somxebi, rogorc ukve iTqva, samSoblos masobrivad

tovebdnen da sxvadasxva qveynebs exiznebodnen. mterTagan da-

culi arc javaxeTi iyo, am mxareSi xSirad TareSobdnen dam-

pyrobni da javaxeTis 90-jer aRSenebas somxebi Tavs ar Seak-

lavdnen. es rom ndomodaT, TavianT samSoblosac ar miatove-

bdnen. aqedanac gamomdinareobs, rom javaxeTSi somxebs XIX

saukunemde mxolod mcire raodenobiT SeiZleba ecxovraT.

amasTanave, aRsaniSnavia, rom somxebi, xedavdnen ra qarTvel-

Ta Seupovar brZolas iran-TurqeTisa da lekebis winaaRmdeg,

darwmundnen, rom amierkavkasiaSi qristianuli samefos arse-

boba Turme SeiZleba. somxebSic gaZlierda swrafva somxuri

samefos aRdgenisa.

dampyroblebi, rogorc sparseTisa da TurqeTis, aseve

ruseTis imperiebi cdilobdnen gaeCinaT, gaemravlebinaT agen-

tebi, jaSuSebi saqarTvelos somxur mosaxleobaSi. maT es

somxebi gamoiyenes rogorc krwanisis omSi, 1795 wels erekle

II-is dasamarcxeblad, aseve, ruseTis mier saqarTvelos dap-

yrobis mizniT. amis Taobaze arsebobs sxvadasxva saxis cno-

bebi, gadmocemebi. sparseTis saWurisma mbrZanebulma, aRa-mah-

mad-xanma 1795 wels Tbilisi rom gadabuga, daangria da rbe-

va-TareSiT saqarTvelos droebiT gaecala, im dReebSi SioS

TumaniSvili werda sulxan da manuCar TumaniSvilebs (es

somxuri warmomavlobis pirebi dawinaurebuli iyvnen mefe

erekles samsaxurSi): “batoni (erekle II _ a. a.) TianeTs wab-

rZanda, Tavi ver davaRwieT, Tan viaxel. aq darCa Cveni yuTe-

bi, damtvreuli da uklito, sablebiT Semikravs da TviTeu-

lad damiweria. aq duSeTis miSkarbaSs da qaluas mivabare...

Tqven rom mobrZandebiT, me ki wamoval. Tu iSovnoT, cota

TeTri (fuli _ a. a.) wamoiRe qalaqisa, kargi dro aris, ege-

bis cotaTi bevri viSovoT.” maSasadame, erekle mefis somexi

moxeleebi cdilobdnen, xeli moeTboT im cecxlze, romli-

Tac iwvoda Tbilisi da mTeli saqarTvelo, rasac ewirebod-

nen samasi aragvelni da mravali sxva qarTvelni.

Tbiliseli somexi monazvnebis, Taguhi mirimanianisa da

gaiane xoja-behbudianis 1795 w. oqtombriT daTariRebul we-

1 i. gigineiSvili, v. Tofuria, i. qavTaraZe, qarTuli dialeqtologia, I, gv. 331.

139

rilSi naTqvamia: qarTvelebio “Caebnen brZolaSi mis (aRa-

mahmad-xanis _ a. a.) winaaRmdeg; magram mcire jariT (ufro me-

tad imis gamo, rom qarTvelTa da somexTa Soris ganxeTqile-

ba arsebobda) mefem ver SeZlo win aRdgomoda sparsTa jars.”

mefe erekles SviliSvili, mecnieri Teimuraz bagrationi gva-

uwyebs: krwanisis omSi damarcxebul, mTiuleTSi gaxiznul

ereklesTan misulan ganjis xelisuflis, javad xanis elCebi.

maT moaxsenes aRa-mahmad-xans: “Cveni ara nebavdaT gamotevebai

(gamoSveba _ a. a.)1... magram idumal movides Cven Tana maxlo-

belni vinme kacni mefisani, romelnica arian megobar javad-

xanisa da dafarviT Rame gamogviteves maT.” maSasadame, mefis-

Tvis mis moxeleebs uRalatniaT. erekles mravali somxuri

warmoSobis moxele hyavda, kerZod, ukve naxsenebi TumaniSvi-

lebi da maTi msgavsni, romlebic Ralatsac ar iTakilebdnen.

cnobilia, rom saqarTvelosken, Tbilisisken aRa-mahmad-

xanis jars mouZRoda yarabaReli somexi meliqi (gamgebeli)

mejlumi, Tavisi razmiT. amis gamo mas kicxavs somexi poeti

SamCi-melqo: “meliq-mejlum ZaRli gaxdes...”2

am utyuari masalebis Suqze sarwmuno xdeba erekle II-

is SviliSvilis, aleqsandre orbelianiseuli da sxva gadmo-

cemebic somexTa Ralatze, kerZod, imis Sesaxeb, rom aRa-mah-

mad-xans ar hqonda imedi mefe erekles damarcxebisa, brZolis

velidan ukan gabrunebasac apirebda, magram “iuda Jams eZieb-

da.”3 jaSuSebma, maT Soris, somxebma aRa-mahmad-xani daarwmu-

nes, rom erekles mcirericxovani jari hyavda da didxans ver

gauZlebda sparselTa urdoebs. erekles sakmao raodenobiT

rom ar hyavda laSqari, esec, mniSvnelovanwilad, igive jaSu-

Sebis damsaxurebaa. isini qarTl-kaxeTSi xmebs avrcelebdnen,

rom sparselebi mTel aRmosavleT saqarTvelos aiklebdnen,

lekebic Semoeseodnen qarTl-kaxeTs. amitom yvelam TavianTi

kuTxe-kunWuli unda daicvas da ereklesTan TbilisSi jari

ar unda gagzavnoTo. daviT guramiSvilis sityviT, “Turqi,

1 am dros erekle axal jars agrovebda sparselebTan saomrad. 2 l. meliqseT-begi, Zveli somxuri literaturis istoria, gv. 212; v. nal-bandiani, Tbilisi Zvel somxur mwerlobaSi, Tb., 1959, gv. 166. 3 es sityvebi nikoloz baraTaSvils ekuTvnis. am ambebze ix. a. abdalaZe, krwanisis omi da somexTa pozicia, gazeTi “bedi qarTlisa,” 7. IX. 1995w., #3.

140

sparsi, leki, osi, Cerqez, RliRvi, dido, qisti, srulad qar-

Tlis mterni iyvnen, yvelam wakra TviTo qiSti!” am kavkasie-

lebs iran-TurqeTi aqezebda. da mainc saqarTvelo cdilobda

erTobis miRwevas kavkasiaSi.

1783 w. traqtatis ZaliT, ruseTi erekles mxedrobiT un-

da daxmareboda aRa-mahmad-xanis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. es miT

ufro aucilebeli iyo, rom traqtatiT SeSfoTebulma isla-

murma samyarom gaorkecebuli ZalebiT Semoutia qarTl-ka-

xeTs, ris Sedegadac qarTl-kaxeTis mosaxleoba 1783-1801

wlebSi ganaxevrda, rogorc amas aRniSnavs ivane javaxiSvi-

li.1 ruseTis imperia imitom ar daexmara erekles krwanisis

omSi, rom mas awyobda qarTvelTa damarcxeba, raTa amiT ga-

advileboda qarTl-kaxeTis ruseTTan SeerTeba. arada, traq-

tatis mixedviT, qarTuli saxelmwifoebrioba ruseTs ar un-

da moespo, qarTl-kaxeTis samefo unda Sesuliyo ruseTis

mfarvelobis qveS, misi vasali unda gamxdariyo. es ruseTs

sWirdeboda imisTvis, rom kavkasiaSi sayrdeni moepovebina da

aqedan Seetia TurqeTisa da sparseTisaTvis. ruseTi qarTl-

kaxeTis samefos vasalobas aRar dasjerda da qarTuli sa-

xelmwifoebrioba gaanadgura. rac TurqeTma da sparseTma ver

SeZles, is gaakeTa moyvrulad mosulma, Semoparulma mterma,

ruseTis imperiam. erekle fiqrobda, rom ruseTis mfarve-

lobiT saqarTvelo gaZlierdeboda, gaerTiandeboda da som-

xeTic saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi iqneboda. es arc ruseTs

da arc somexTa garkveul wreebs ar awyobdaT. amis gamo ru-

seTis xelisuflebam ereklesTan daaxloebuli somxebic ga-

moiyena maxis dasagebad, erTmorwmune2 qarTvelebis mosa-

tyueblad, ris Sedegadac samiaTaswlovani qarTuli saxelm-

wifoebrioba Cvens mravaltanjul winaprebs Tavze daamxes.

somxebma miznad daisaxes, rom ruseTTan aliansiT pirveloba

moepovebinaT amierkavkasiaSi. maT awyobdaT qarTl-kaxeTis sa-

mefos mospoba.

1 ix.iv. javaxiSvili, p. surgulaZe, prof. listi, istoriuli raritetebi,

Tb., 1989w. 2 cxadia, imperiisTvis erTmorwmuneoba arafers niSnavs da is SeiZleba

mxolod vinmes gasabriyveblad gamoiyenos. mterTagan Seviwroebuli qar-

Tvelebi ruseTis xelisuflebis veragobas gvian mixvdnen.

141

ioane bagrationi XVIII saukunis bolos qarTl-kaxeTis

samefos saxelmwifoebrivi reformebis proeqtSi aRniSnavda:

“pirveli saqme ars, riTac SeiZlebodes vaWroba davagvaroT

qarTvelTa kacTa Soris. amisTvis, romel risac sarwmunoebi-

sa aris mefe da erni, vaWarnica misive sarwmunoebisani umjo-

bes iqmnebian. Cven TiTqmis somxebis da TaTrebis vaWrebis xe-

lis Semxedvelni varT da es Zliereba iqmneba Cveni, odesca

vaWarnica Cvenni iqmnebian. da amisTvis gamovarCioT qarTli-

dam, kaxeTidam, raodennime kacni, isev vaWrebTan namyofni da

SevaCvioT vaWrobas. amaT xeli ganemarTos saqveynos Semosav-

lidam, raTa iswavlon vaWrobai.”1 rogorc vxedavT, qarTl-

kaxeTis mefis Svili ioane ar endoba somex da mahmadian vaW-

rebs. es faqtic mowmobs, rom qarTvel-somexTa urTierToba

im xanebSi gamwvavebuli yofila. qarTvelebi ganuwyvetliv

omobdnen da maT Soris damkvidrda tradicia, rom vaWrebs

zemodan uyurebdnen. Tu saqarTveloSi Semoxiznul somxebs

Cvenma mefeebma vaWrobis saqme miandes, es moxda isev da isev

im mizniT, rom kavkasiis erTianobas, somxeTSi saqarTvelos

gavlenis gaZlierebas, dampyrobTa winaaRmdeg qarTvel-somex-

Ta erTobliv brZolas amiT xeli Sewyoboda. Tu am mosazre-

biT ar xelmZRvanelobdnen, qarTvelTa mefeebs, cxadia, SeeZ-

loT vaWrobis saqme ufro metad qarTveli ebraelebisaTvis

miendoT da ara somxebisaTvis.

1 ioane bagrationi, sjuldeba, iv. surgulaZis gamocema, Tb., 1957, gv. 39-40.

142

meoTxe Tavi

saqarTvelo da somxeTi XIX-XX saukuneebSi

saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelo saomar banakad

iyo gadaqceuli, dampyrobTa mosagerieblad aucilebeli xde-

boda omebSi qudze kacis gamoyvana. qarTveli eri avad Tu

kargad, ase Tu ise Tavis dacvas axerxebda uTanasworo brZo-

lebSi. amis Sedegad qarTvelTa erovnuli siamaye Zlierdebo-

da. amitomac qarTveli eri ver Seurigda ruseTis imperiis

mier motyuebiT qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis mospobas da

qarTuli eklesiis avtokefaliis gauqmebas. aRsaniSnavia isic,

rom ruseTis moxeleebi yovelive qarTul adaT-wess uxeSad

Slidnen, angrevdnen saqarTveloSi. aSkara xdeboda, rom ru-

seTi qarTvelTa garusebas apirebda. amis gamo XIX saukunis

damdegidanve qarTvelebma daiwyes antirusuli ajanyebebi.

sayuradReboa, rom ruseTis xelisuflebas somxuri ek-

lesiis avtokefalia ar gauuqmebia. amiT amierkavkasiaSi XIX

aswleulSi somxebs upiratesoba eniWebodaT qarTvelebTan

SedarebiT, radgan somex ers hyavda meTauri, winamZRoli

Zlieri somxuri eklesiis saxiT, xolo qarTvelebs mouspes

samefo xelisuflebac da eklesiis avtokefaliac. rac qar-

Tuli eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgenisaTvis saukuneze met

xans Cvens winaprebs brZola dasWirdaT, im erovnuli energi-

iT sxva didi qarTuli saqmeebi gakeTdeboda.

ruseTis xelisuflebam saqarTveloSi qarTvelebis wina-

aRmdeg somxebi gaixada sayrdenad, Zalze moamravla somxuri

mosaxleobac Cvens qveyanaSi XIX saukuneSi, SeiZleba iTqvas,

somxebi Semousia saqarTvelos. n. durnovos sityviT, “ru-

sulma biurokratiam, nacvlad imisa, siyvaruliTa da simar-

TliT hqondeT avsebuli guli, qarTvelebma rom rusuli ar-

wivis frTebqveS Seafares Tavi, maT xarbi eqsploatatorebi –

somxebi Seusia.” … “rusuli biurokratia cdilobda gaesomxe-

bia qarTuli miwa.”1 1812 wlis, ruseTis batonobis winaaRmdeg

kaxeTis ajanyebis dros,2 ruseTis xelisuflebisTvis didi

1 n. durnovo, qarTuli eklesiis bedi, gv. 44, 53, 2 gavixsenoT, rom im weliwads ruseTis imperias eomeboda safrangeTis imperatori napoleoni.

143

samsaxuri gauwevia saqarTvelos somxur mosaxleobas qar-

TvelTa amboxebis CaxSobis mizniT. somexi mkvlevaris, a. eri-

cianis sityviT, 1812 welso “mTeli saqarTvelo mRelvarebam

moicva da qveyanaSi rusul mmarTvelobas friad saSiSi mdgo-

mareoba Seeqmna. ai, am gaWirvebis Jams mTavrobas Semweoba aR-

mouCina qveynis somxurma elementma.”1

aleqsandre fronelis Tanaxmad, “kaxeTis amboxebam naT-

lad daanaxva rusis mTavrobas, rom mas saqarTveloSi megob-

rebi ara hyavs. mRvdeli da beri, Tavadi da aznauri, glexi

da moxele, TiTqmis sruliad saqarTvelo TiTo-orola muxa-

naTs garda, fexze dadga, iaraRs waavlo xeli.” aseT viTare-

baSio ruseTisTvis saqarTvelos somxuri mosaxleobis mxar-

daWeras didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda. 1813 w. maisSi kavkasiis

mTavarmarTebeli rtiSCevi moaxsenebda ruseTis imperators

aleqsandre I-s: saqarTvelos somxobao qarTvelTa ajanyebis

dros ruseTis mxaresaa – “somexTa erTguleba mTavrobisadmi

sali kldesaviT ucvleli da gautexeli iyo.” 1812 welso,

“rodesac mTel saqarTveloSi kaci aRar darCa Cveni erTgu-

li, marto somxebma ara Tu ar miiRes araviTari monawileoba

amboxebaSi, aramed sicocxlesa da qonebasac ar zogavdnen.

Cven jarebTan erTgul da erTsul iyvnen… ibrZodnen maSfo-

TarTa gasawyvetad… aqauri mTavroba somxebs unda umadlo-

des, rom droze da windawin igebda, ras apirebdnen meamboxe-

ni da sad hqondaT bina. kaxeTis sxvadasxva kuTxeSi gabneuli,

erTmaneTs mowyvetili jari Tu rames igebda erTmaneTisas, es

sul somxebis wyalobiT, romelnic siamovnebiT da xalisiT

asrulebdnen aseT saxifaTo mindobilobas da xSirad sicoc-

xlesac esalmebodnen.” rtiSCevis azriT, aucilebeli iyo

somxebis waxaliseba, maTTvis jildoebis darigeba. amgvari

qmedebao “TviT qarTvelTa tomis xalxebSi dahbadebs jibrsa

da gamoiwvevs wabaZvas.”

ruseTis imperatorma aleqsandre I-ma samadlobeli si-

geli gamougzavna saqarTveloSi mcxovreb somxebs, romelSic

isini ruseTis burjad miiCnia qarTvelTa “urCobis” alagmvis

1 a. ericianci, sruliad somexTa sakaTalikoso da kavkasiis somxoba XIX saukuneSi, nawili pirveli, Tb., 1894, gv. 63, somxur enaze.

144

saqmeSi.1 sigelisa da Cin-medlebis garda, male somxebma sa-

qarTveloSi ruseTisagan ufro didi, realuri jildo mii-

Res. 1828-1829 wlebis ruseT-TurqeTis omis Semdeg, 1830 wli-

dan samcxeSi, ufro metad ki javaxeTSi rusebma didi raode-

nobiT Camoasaxles somxebi, xolo am mxaridan ltolvil qar-

Tvelebs uari uTxres mSobliur kuTxeSi dabrunebaze.2 Zir-

Zveli qarTuli mxare javaxeTi, romelmac TurqeTis mraval-

saukunovani batonobis Jamsac ki SeinarCuna qarTuli ier-sa-

xe, ase aqcies XIX-XX aswleulebSi somxur mxared. dRes iq

mosaxleobis 95 procenti, Tu metic ara, somexia. nugeSad Se-

mogvrCa mxolod javaxeTze Tu javaxeTSi Seqmnili qarTuli

folkloris nimuSebi: “me javaxeTs ra miSavda, mTvare idga

mzesaviTa, kalmaxi da qeris puri win meyara bzesaviTa;” “Tav-

faravneli Wabuki asfaras qalsa hyvarobda”… somxebs aseTi

Tavankara qarTuli ar sCveodaT.

saqarTvelos, qarTveli eris dasustebis mizniT, ruse-

Tis imperiam gadawyvita Cveni qveynis eTnikurad aWreleba da

amitom ruseTis xelisuflebam daakmayofila somexTa wadili

samcxe-javaxeTSi maTi Camosaxlebisa. amisTvis rusebi da ma-

Ti mouravebi saqarTveloSi – somexi moxeleebi ar dasjerd-

nen samcxe-javaxeTis mxolod mahmadiani qarTvelebis Seviw-

roebas, iqauri qristiani qarTvelebic ar daundviaT. am uka-

nasknelTa Soris gavrcelebuli yofila Tqmuleba: “generali

yofila da im generalma uTxra xalxsao: _ Cqara moSordiT

aqedanao! Tu jari movida uknidanao, kai dRe Tqven dagadge-

baTo. erTs ar gagiSvans cocxalsao! – isinebma (imaT – a. a.)

ro e SiSi gaignes (gaiges – a. a.), gacvindes ormoebSi da ma-

RaroebSi, daimaleso, ro gaignes, gamoiara jarma, vidre isne-

bi gaigenen i jaris ambavs, vidre i generalma (paskeviCma – a.

a.) somxebi gadmoreka azrumidano. aqaur somxebs azrumis wes-

wyobileba aq. namdvilia es, su azrumidan arian gamosuli,

Cven ro gadmoveliTo tyidano, somxebs dakavebuli hqondaT

1 al. froneli, amboxeba kaxeTisa, Tb., 1907, gv. 226-235. 2 iv. javaxiSvili da sxvebi, istoriuli raritetebi; S. lomsaZe, samcxe-

javaxeTi, Tb., 1975, gv. 251, 262, 355, 368, 423, 425, 427, 454.

145

mamulebi da SevrCiT aq glaxa miwawyalsao.”1

al. fronelis sityviT, javaxeTSi somexTa masobrivi Ca-

mosaxlebiT kidev erTxel “aRSenebiT aRSenda javaxeTi, mag-

ram sxvanairad, ukuRma. qarTvelebis gasagisi TiTqmis amovar-

da da maT naoxrebze sxva damkvidrda.” saqarTvelos, qarTve-

li eris Savbedobis gamo al. fronelsave aRmoxda Semzaravi

sityvebi: “gana ara sjobs, daingres varZia, vidre sxvas dar-

Ces?”2 RmerTma nu inebos da Tu varZia qarTveli erisa ar iq-

neba da sxvas darCeba, es sxva somxebi iqnebian.

samcxe-javaxeTSi somxebis didi raodenobiT Camosaxle-

biT qarTvel ers XIX_XX saukuneebSi is ubedurebac daatyda

Tavs, rom samcxe-javaxeTis mahmadiani qarTvelebi somxur ga-

remoSi moeqcnen. nuTu qarTveli erisTvis sakmarisi ar unda

yofiliyo is tanjva-wameba, rac Turqebma ganacdevines mas am

mahmadiani qarTvelebis winaprebis gaTaTrebis, gaTurqebis

mizniT? rogorc iTqva, ruseTis xelisufleba aviwroebda

qarTvelebs, mfarvelobda somxebs. saswavleblebSic qarTul

enas devnidnen, somxur eklesias ki uamravi saswavlebeli

hqonda da iq swavla somxur enaze mimdinareobda. mahmadian

qarTvelTa skolebSic mTavari adgili eWira rusul da Tur-

qul enebs. mahmadianma qarTvelebma upiratesoba Turqul enas

mianiWes da amis gamoc TandaTan gaTurqdnen. mahmadiani qar-

Tvelebi qarTul, qarTulenovan garemoSi rom moxvedriliyv-

nen, amas SeiZleba iavnanasaviT emoqmeda maTze, iseve, rogorc

iakob gogebaSvilis moTxrobis gmir, lekebisagan gatacebul,

datyvevebul qarTvel gogonaze imoqmeda dedis iavnanis mra-

valgzis ganmeorebam.

aRsaniSnavia isic, rom 1832 w. SeTqmulebis Cavardnisa

da ruseTis xelisuflebis mier SeTqmulebis monawileTa ga-

neitralebis, ganiaraRebis, daSinebis Sedegad imdroindeli

qarTuli sazogadoebrioba xerxemalSi iqna gadatexili. am

sazogadoebriobam ver SeZlo TurqeTisagan CamorTmeuli sam-

cxe-javaxeTis mahmadiani qarTvelebis mimarT yuradRebis ga-

1 S. ZiZiguri, qarTuli dialeqtologiis masalebi, Tb., 1974, gv. 104; gr.

beriZe, qarTuli enis javaxuri kilo, Tb., 1988, gv. 7; S. lomsaZe, samcxe-

javaxeTi, gv. 353. 2 al.froneli, didebuli mesxeTi, Tb., 1991, gv. 107, 156.

146

moCena 1830-iani wlebidanve. aWara rom Camoscilda TurqeTs

1878 wels, iq qarTvelma moRvaweebma didi erovnuli saqmiano-

ba gaaCaRes da Semdegmac ar daayovna. msgavsi ram SeiZleba

momxdariyo samcxe-javaxeTis mahmadian qarTvelebSic, es mxa-

re rom mTlianad ruseTis imperiisa da misi sayrdeni somxe-

bis klanWebSi ar moqceuliyo. somxurma wreebma miznad dai-

saxes samcxe-javaxeTis gasomxureba da maT awyobdaT, mahmadi-

ani qarTvelebi am mxareSi Tu aRar iqnebodnen, ruseTs Tu

daupirispirdebodnen, qarTul erovnul cnobierebasac ar

aRidgendnen. samcxe-javaxeTis mahmadiani qarTvelebi Tu qar-

Tulenovan garemoSi iqnebodnen, maT skolebSi qarTul ena-

sac Tu sapatio adgili miekuTvneboda da imTaviTve qarTvel

moRvaweebs eqnebodaT SesaZlebloba ezrunaT mahmadian qar-

TvelTa qarTuli erovnuli Segnebis aRdgenaze, dRes Cveni

qveynis winaSe aRar dadgeboda e. w. Turqi mesxebis problema.

ruseTis xelisuflebam XIX saukuneSi saqarTvelos

TiTqmis mTeli vaWroba somxebs Caugdo xelT. somxuri bur-

Juazia, ruseTis mxardaWeriT, yvlefda, sisxls wovda qarT-

vel xalxs da TviTon mdidrdeboda. am gziT naSovn fuls

rus moxeleebsac unawilebda, rogorc amas n. durnovoc aR-

niSnavs. saqarTveloSi somxuri burJuaziis Tu somexi CarC-

vaWrebis parpaSze masalebi sakmaod arsebobs. amis Taobaze

saubaria, kerZod, cnobili moRvawis, sergei mesxis werilSic

– “sami kvira kaxeTSi”: “bevri cudi ram gamegona kaxeTis foC-

tis stanciebze, _ awvaleben xalxso… male davrwmundi, rom

amgvari gakilva siRnaRis traqtisa gazviadebuli da garda-

metebuli ki ara, Semsubuqebulic yofila.” s. mesxma da misma

Tanamgzavrebma fostis samcxena etliT, rogorc iqna, Tbili-

sidan orxevamde miaRwies. aqo “namZinarevi viRac gamovida

stanciidam, dacinebiT Semomxeda, padaroJna CamomarTva da

isev gabrunda. _ iqneba cxenebi Tu ara?

_ niatu!..

_ cxenebi ara gyavT?

_ est da niatu!

147

yvela ubedurebasTan gamodga, rom es kaci viRac kro1

Tu yarabaReli somexi yofila, arc rusuli esmis, arc qar-

Tuli...

azamburis stanciamdin mivaRwie. aqac isev is Cveulebri-

vi mkvaxe sityva: cxenebi ar gaxlavT! TviTon am stanciebis

(Tbilisidam siRnaRamde) meijaradris_mirzoevis (erovnebiT

somxis _ a. a.) Zmiswuli iyo aq, mivmarTe imas.” qarTvelebis-

Tvis Tbilis-siRnaRis gza aqac daketili aRmoCnda: “bevri

gvinaxavs TqvenisTana moCivari! bevri saCivrebi CauweriaT

Cvens wignebSio, ar gveSiniano, “niCavo ni budiTo!”

s. mesxis Tanaxmad, kaxeTis saukeTeso soflebSi, ker-

Zod, winandalSi, mukuzanSi, bakurcixesa da sxvagan qarTve-

lebi Raribebi iyvnen: “Raribebi viqnebiT, ma ra viqnebiTo,

miTxra erTma iqaurma glexma _ yvela soflebSi somxebi Ca-

mogvesaxlneno da Cveni avla-dideba imaT miaqvTo.” maSasadame,

ruseTis mTavrobis mxardaWeriT, somxur burJuazias da mis

amqars kaxelebisaTvis kaxeTSive gza Seukravs da rogorc mo-

eprianeba, ise Zarcvavs, aviwroebs maT: “Tqven warmoidgineT

kaxeli memamulisa da glexis mdgomareoba, didi mosavali

mouvida, Tuki gza ara aqvs, rom waiRos da gaasaRos sadme,

Tuki Rvino qvevrebSi gaufuWdeba da puri _ ormoebSi, Tuki,

rac mometebuli aqvs, fulad ver aqcevs, an erTi rad unda,

an meore? modis somexi vaWari da RvTisagan uxvad nawyalobe-

bi Rvino da puri TiTqmis muqTad miaqvs, is mdidrdeba, kaxe-

li ki pir-Ria rCeba.”2 ase xdeboda saqarTvelos sxva mxareeb-

Sic.

vaJa-fSavelas sityviT, saqarTveloSio “...arian mxolod

CarC-sovdagrebi, parunebi,3 romelnic rogorc Waobidan Tva-

lebgadmobrecili bayayebi, warmomsxdaran duqnebis win da

muStars mielian, elian dilidam moyolebuli meore dilam-

de, rom miutano lukma-puri, iyido ram da xeiri, mogeba aCve-

no, SaurianSi eqvsi Sauri misce. CarCebi daxetialoben sawv-

rilmanoTi da xuTis maneTis zizil-pipilebs xuTs Tumans

1 kro somxurad uzrdels, gauTlels niSnavs; ase eZaxdnen TurqeTidan

gadmoxvewil somxebs. 2 s. mesxi, Txzulebani, t. III, Tb., 1964, gv. 304-307, 315, 323. 3 parun, paron somxurad batons niSnavs.

148

gaagdebineben.”1

XIX saukuneSi kvlav gamococxlda, aRorZinda e. w. di-

di somxeTis idea. raki ruseTis mTavrobam saqarTveloSi Ta-

vis mouravad somxebi daiyena, somxurma wreebma miznad daisa-

xes rusebTan erTad gabatonebuliyvnen saqarTveloSi, ker-

Zod, TbilisSi da sxvaganac. am mxriv aqtiurobda somxuri ek-

lesiac. XIX aswleulis 70-ian wlebSi Tbilisis qalaqis Tavi

iyo gamoCenili moRvawe, dimitri yifiani. erT mSvenier dRes

qalaqis sabWos erT-erT somex xmosans (deputats) fici unda

daedo. am ceremonials eswreboda somexi mRvdelic, tertera.

somexma deputatma daiwyo ficis dadeba somxur enaze. d. yi-

fianma SeaCera _ me somxuri ena ar mesmis, garda magisa, Tbi-

lisi saqarTvelos dedaqalaqia, fici an qarTulad dadeT, an

rusulado. tertera da sxva somxebic amaze ganawyendnen da

protestis niSnad darbazi datoves. maT surdaT, Tbilisi di-

di somxeTis dedaqalaqi yofiliyo. sxvaTa Soris, Tbilisis

qalaqis Tavebic, ruseTis politikis Sedegad, XIX saukunis

bolo mesamedsa da XX aswleulis dasawyisSi, 1917 wlamde,

umeteswilad somxebi iyvnen.

1881 wels TbilisSi gaimarTa ruseTis arqeologTa V

yriloba. im dros sityva arqeologia farTo mniSvnelobiT

ixmareboda, yovelgvar siZveleebs aRniSnavda. yrilobaze

cnobil peterburgel mecniers, aRmosavleTmcodnes, profe-

sor d. xvolsons Tavis misasalmebel sityvaSi uTqvams: “me

bednieri var, rom vimyofebi somxeTis dedaqalaq tfilis-

Sio.”2 yrilobas eswrebodnen akaki wereTeli da sxva qarTve-

li moRvaweebi. cxadia, isini aRSfoTdnen. d. xvolsons Sec-

doma mouvida imis gamo, rom somxebi cdilobdnen, mTeli

msoflio daerwmunebinaT, TiTqos, saqarTvelo da Tbilisic

e.w. didi somxeTis nawili iyo.

somexi mwerali, Sirvanzade meore somexi mwerlis, Ra-

zaros aRaianis Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs: somexTa kaTolikosis

erT-erTi arCevnebis dros aRaianma SesTavazao Tavis mego-

1 vaJa-fSavela, Txzulebani, Tb., 1979, gv. 137-138. 2 a. wereTeli, rCeuli nawarmoebebi xuT tomad, t. IV, Tb., 1990, gv. 308-309;

e. TayaiSvili, rCeuli naSromebi, I, Tb., 1968, gv. 273; n. gurgeniZe, i. gor-

gaZe, akaki wereTeli, biobibliografiuli qronika, 1989, gv. 138-139.

149

bars, episkopos aristakes sedrakians, wasuliyo kunZul kvip-

rosze da iq gamoecxadebina Tavi yovelTa somexTa kaToli-

kosad. aRaiani fiqrobdao, rom inglisi mfarvelobas gauwev-

da sedrakians. amis Sedegad ki qveynierebis yvela kuTxe-kun-

Wulidan somxebi Cavidodnen kviprosze da iq axal samSob-

los aiSenebdnen TavisTviso.1 Znelia Tqma, aRaianis am gegmas

sxvebic iziarebdnen Tu ara, magram aSkaraa, rom somexTa gar-

kveul wreebsac hqondaT msgavsi idea. oRond isini aRaianiviT

Sors gadaxvewas ki ar apirebdnen, saqarTveloSi fiqrobdnen

axali samSoblos Seqmnas, rac qarTvelebis gasomxebasac gu-

lisxmobda. am mxriv aRsaniSnavia isic, rasac cnobili mecni-

eri m. TamaraSvili werda 1904 wels: 15-20 wlis winaTo, “som-

xebs tfilisis seminariis TavianTi moswavleebi viTom mihyav-

daT gasaseirneblad tfilisis mazraSi, sadac es mowafeebi

Turme lursmnebiT sCiCqniden, amaxinjebden da erTian aox-

rebden, rac ki qarTuli warwerebi da sxva ram msgavsi naSTi

SexvdebodaT Cveni namyoisa.”2 amgvar faqtebze sxva qarTveli

moRvaweebic amaxvileben yuradRebas. aSkaraa, rom somxur

wreebs qarTuli kvalis waSla surdaT saqarTveloSi, ker-

Zod, Tbilisis sanaxebSi, raTa amis Semdeg ufro Tavisuflad

ganecxadebinaT _ Tbilisi somxuri qalaqi iyo adrec da ax-

lac somxebs unda miekuTvnoTo.

istorikos leos (araqel babaxanianis) mixedviT, XIX sa-

ukunis bolos TbilisSi gamomavali oficiozis, gazeT “kavka-

zis” redaqtorad daniSnuli v. veliCkos “somexTmoZule bod-

vas siamovnebiT Seuwyo xma qarTulma “kniazurma” presamac.

ilia WavWavaZe, akaki wereTeli, nikolaZe da sxvac mravali

maTi msgavsi “kavkazis” poeti redaqtoris adiutantebi iyvnen.

Turqebidan (nagulisxmevia kavkasiis azerbaijanlebi _ a. a.)

ahmed-beg aRaievma aayola mas xma, xolo erT mSvenier dRes

SuSaSi (yarabaRSi _ a. a.) asparezze gamovida vinme “dali-aba-

si”, adre policiis moxele, yomarbazi da loTbazara, rome-

lmac agreTve Cawixla somxebi.”3 rogorc vxedavT, leo did

qarTvel moRvaweebs viRac yomarbazisa da loTbazaras gver-

1 Sirvanzade, cxovrebis brZmedidan, erevani, 1930, gv. 307, somxur enaze. 2 m. TamaraSvili, pasuxaT somxis mwerlebs... gv. 156-157. 3 leo, warsulidan, Tb., 1925, gv. 132-134, somxur enaze.

150

diT ayenebs, riTac Seuracxyofs mTels qarTvel ers. Tana-

medroveTa gadmocemiT, ilias urTierToba ki hqonia veliC-

kosTan, magram igi gulze sulac ar exateboda. ilias eZnele-

bodao “tutuci veliCkos” saubris mosmena.1 aseTive damokide-

buleba hqonda veliCkosTan akakisac. Tu iliam da akakim ve-

liCkos somexTmoZuleobis winaaRmdeg ar gailaSqres, es mox-

da imitom, rom somxuri wreebi, ruseTis mxardaWeriT, mTeli

XIX saukunis ganmavlobaSi parpaSobdnen saqarTveloSi, ker-

Zod, TbilisSi da qarTvelTa gasomxebas isaxavdnen miznad.

roca qarTveli eris ori mteri, ruseTis xelisufleba da

garkveuli somxuri wreebi droebiT erTmaneTs waekidnen,

iliam, akakim da sxva qarTvelma moRvaweebma neitralur po-

ziciaze dgoma amjobines. leo TbilisSi cxovrobda da saq-

mianobda. isic somexTa im amqars ekuTvnoda, vinc Tbilisisa

da TiTqmis mTeli saqarTvelos mitacebas isaxavda miznad.

gasagebia, aseTi somxebisTvis ilias da akakis erovnuli moR-

vaweoba miuRebeli iyo da ebrZodnen maT, Seuracxyofasac

ayenebdnen.

somxebi, kerZod, somxuri eklesia, qarTvelTa gasomxe-

bas, grigorianobaze maT moqcevas rom cdilobdnen, amas mow-

mobs ipolite varTagavas mogonebac: XX saukunis 10-ian wleb-

Sio Tbilisis komerciul saswavlebelSi “Semovida vinme no-

rakiZe, imereTidan. dokumentebis gadasinjvis dros aRmoCnda,

rom mas dabadebis mowmobaSi ewera, grigoriani ariso.

aman administracia daainteresa… daibares da kiTxes

norakiZes –qarTvelia Tu somexi; man ganacxada, rom qarTve-

lia. “maS, rad giweria dabadebis mowmobaSi, rom grigoriani

xaro”, ekiTxeboda saswavleblis xelmZRvaneli. “mowafem jer

verc ki gaigo, raSi iyo saqme, Semdeg RimiliT ambobda: ”qar-

Tveli var, imereli, mec arc ki gamigonia, ra aris grigoria-

nio.”

ymawvili ded-mamiT oboli aRmoCnda. “qarTul eklesia-

Si dadixar Tu somxurSio,” kvlav hkiTxes mowafes. “qarTul-

Sio, CvenSi sad aris somxuri eklesiao – upasuxa ymawvilma.”

saswavleblis erT-erTi TanamSromeli yofila somexi deka-

1 ix. krebuli: “ilia”, Tb., 1987, gv. 201, 554-555.

151

nozi. mas kolegebi “mamas” eZaxdnen. “norakiZem daiwyo swav-

la. saRvTo rjuli pirvel sagnad iTvleboda. am sagans no-

rakiZe, sanam komerciul saswavlebelSi Semovidoda, rusu-

lad swavlobda dabal klasebSi (marTlmadideblad). aq ki

“mamam” moiTxova, rom norakiZes saRvTo rjuli somxur enaze

eswavla, rogorc “grigorians”. mowafem ki erTi sityvac ar

icoda somxuri. maSin administracia kompromisze wavida: sa-

nam saqmis viTareba danamdvilebiT gamoirkveodes, norakiZe

gaeTavisuflebinaT saRvTo rjulis swavlebidan. amaze ara-

viTar SemTxvevaSi ar daTanxmda “mama”. is moiTxovda, rom no-

rakiZe daswreboda mis gakveTilebs. administraciam daavala

norakiZes “mamas” gakveTilebze daswreba. is jerac ver gar-

kveuliyo, raSi iyo saqme; davalebas asrulebda, magram “inCi-

binCi” ar gaegeboda, gakveTilebze ra keTdeboda.

bolos es… imiT damTavrda, rom norakiZem Tavi daaneba

saswavlebels”.1 qarTvelTa gasomxebas somxuri eklesia ad-

rec cdilobda, mag., XVII s-is 30-ian wlebSi, roca Sah-abasis

Semosevebis Semdeg qarTl-kaxeTi mZime mdgomareobaSi imyofe-

boda. magram XIX aswleulamde, Cemi azriT, saqarTveloSi Zi-

riTadad gaqarTvelebuli somxebis xelaxla gasomxeba, gri-

gorianobaze moqceva xdeboda. saqme isaa, rom qarTvelTa me-

feebi, qarTuli eklesia dauSveblad miiCnevdnen marTlmadi-

debel qarTvelTa gagrigorianebas, gasomxebas.2 XIX s-Si ki,

roca qarTvelebs aRarc TavianTi mefeebi hyavdaT da qar-

Tuli eklesiis avtokefaliac ruseTma mospo, amasTanave, qar-

Tvelebi Raribebic iyvnen ruseTis mTavrobisa da maTi mou-

ravi somxebis qmedebaTa Sedegad, mdidar somxur eklesias me-

ti gasaqani mieca qarTvelTa gasagrigorianeblad. gasuli sa-

ukunis 70-ian wlebSi goris raionis sof. SindisSi, soso pa-

piaSvilis ojaxSi movismine gamoTqma: “tertera abazad naT-

lavda, mRvdeli or abazadao.” terterebi, somxuri eklesia

dapirdebodnen qarTvelebs cxovrebis pirobebis gaumjobese-

basac da amiT zogierT maTgans, albaT, acdunebdnen kidec.

ivane javaxiSvilis Tanaxmad, 1918 wlis dasawyisSi Tbi-

1 i. varTagava, mogonebebi, II, Tb., 1962, gv. 343-344. 2 kaTolikobac ki didi raodenobis qarTvelebs ar miuRiaT, miT ufro ar miiRebdnen grigorianobas.

152

lisSi qarTuli universitetis daarsebas “mtrulad Sexvda

saqarTveloSi myofi mTeli rusTa moxeleoba da imperialis-

turad ganwyobili maTi aq mcxovrebi TanamoZmeni, iseve, ro-

gorc somexTa plutokratiisa da daSnakelebis mesveurni,

romlebic… TavianTs kulturuls saqmianobas somxeTSi ki

ara, aramed tfilisSi da baqoSi awarmoebdnen da yvela mTa-

vari aseTi dawesebulebani, ejmiawinis sasuliero akademias

garda, gamomcemloba da sxvac yvelaferi am ori qveynis, sa-

qarTvelos da azerbaijanis, zemodasaxelebul dedaqalaqeb-

Si hqondaT Tavmoyrili. somexTa plutokratiasa da maTs yve-

laze Zliersa da mravalricxovan politikur partias tfi-

lisi da baqo aramcTu undodaT TavianT qalaqebad eqciaT,

aramed aseT TavianT ucilobel sakuTrebad miaCndaT kide-

vac”...1 aSkaraa, rom somxuri wreebi mTels amierkavkasiaSi ga-

batonebas isaxavdnen miznad.

1918 wlis maisSi saqarTvelos da somxeTis damoukidebe-

li respublikebi rom Seiqmna, qarTvel-somexTa urTierToba

kidev ufro metad gamwvavda. aRsaniSnavia, rom somxeTis saTa-

veSi moeqca erovnuli xelisufleba, daSnakcuTiunis (daSna-

kebis) partia, xolo saqarTveloSi gaxelisuflebuli menSe-

vikebi internacionalistebi, marqsistebi iyvnen da erovnuli

TiTqmis araferi ecxoT. amis mowmobaa Tundac is, rom noe

Jordaniam da misma mTavrobam Tbilisis centralur pros-

peqts daarqves marqsisti plexanovis da ara romelime didi

qarTvelis saxeli. qarTvelebSi marqsizmis bacilam, utopi-

urma ideebma rom fesvi gaidges, es gamoiwvia qarTuli saxel-

mwifoebriobis, samefo xelisuflebis da qarTuli eklesiis

avtokefaliis mospobam, agreTve qarTvelTa siRaribem. maT

daijeres, rom marqsistuli ideebis, ideologiis gaTaviseba

ixsnida saqarTvelos, qarTvel xalxs siRaribisagan. somxuri

eklesiis saWeTmpyrobelTa erovnuli saqmianobis Sedegad ki

somex xalxze marqsizms SedarebiT naklebi gavlena hqonda

da amitomac moeqca 1918 wels somxeTis saTaveSi erovnuli

mTavroba.

sayuradReboa, rom somxeTis mTavroba 1918w. mais-ivnisSi

1 ix. “qarTuli ena da literatura skolaSi,” 1986, #2-3, gv. 124.

153

Seiqmna ara erevanSi, aramed TbilisSi, radgan rogorc iTqva,

aq hqondaT somxebs TavianTi dawesebulebani. somxeTis mTav-

roba Tbilisidan erevanSi gadasvlas ayovnebda, ajanjlebda.

Cemi azriT, amis mizezi isic iyo, rom somxebi emzadebodnen

saqarTvelosTan omisTvis1 da surdaT Cvens qveyanaSi Seeqm-

naT TavianTi mexuTe kolona. jer kidev 1918 w. 22 ianvars

axalqalaqis samazro aRmasrulebelma komitetma daadgina:

“xvalindel dRidan ukve aRiarebulia javaxeTi aleqsandro-

polis (gumbris, leninakanis _ a. a.) guberniad (e. i. somxeTis

nawilad _ a. a.) da es Cveni dadgenileba gamoecxados yvela

dawesebulebasao.” ilia alxaziSvilis sityviT, “amgvarad an-

derZi auges javaxeTs”.2 javaxeTsa da qvemo qarTlze somxebi

wina wlebSic, 1917 w. revoluciamdec acxadebdnen pretenzi-

as,3 magram verc maSin da verc 1918w. ianvarSi mizans ver miaR-

wies. somxeTis damoukidebeli respublikis daSnakurma mTav-

robam ki naxevari saqarTvelos, kerZod, Tbilisis, goris, ba-

Tumis da sxvaTa mitaceba ganizraxa. im xanebSi dabeWdil

somxur rukebzec naxevari saqarTvelo somxeTis Semadgenlo-

baSia moqceuli.

saqarTvelo-somxeTis sazRvarze garTulebebi 1918 w. oq-

tombridan SeimCneoda, amave wlis dekembris pirvel naxevarSi

ki somexTa jari omis gamoucxadeblad, veragulad Semoesia

saqarTvelos. SeiZleba gviTxran, rom rigiTi somxebi arafer

SuaSia, daSnakurma mTavrobam aiZula isini, eomaT saqarTve-

los winaaRmdego. magram ubedurebac isaa, rom TiTqmis yvela

somexi momxre iyo saqarTvelosTan omisa, TiTo-orola gamo-

naklisis garda. noe Jordanias mTavroba am omisTvis ar mom-

zadebula. maT egonaT, rom vinaidan somxeTi im xanebSi mZime

1 somxeT-saqarTvelos omis Sesaxeb ix. a. CaCxiani, daSnakTa nacionalis-

tur-eqspansionisturi ideologia da somxeT-saqarTvelos 1918-1919 wlebis

omi, Tb., 2007; a. abdalaZe, meti obieqturoba! Jurnali “mnaTobi,” 1998, #3-

4, gv. 172-187. es werili me ase davasaTaure: “qarTvelebi brZolis uunaro

dampyroblebia?!“ somexi avtorebi aseTebad acxadeben qarTvelebs 1918w.

somxeT-saqarTvelos omSi. amiT STaagoneben somex xalxs, TiTqos, qar-

Tvelebs surdaT somxuri miwa-wylis mitaceba, magram somexma zinvorebma

(meomrebma), Turme nu ityviT, maT kudiT qva asrolines. “mnaTobis” redaq-

ciam Cems werils saTauri Seucvala. 2 ix. gaz. “saqarTvelo,” 4. II. 1918, #28. 3 ix. iv. javaxiSvili da sxvebi, istoriuli raritetebi.

154

mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda (gavixsenoT somexTa didi raode-

nobiT gaJleta TurqeTSi 1915 wels; amasTanave, 1918 w. bolos

somxeTSi mZvinvarebda infeqciuri daavadeba, romelmac bevri

adamiani imsxverpla, erevnis quCebSi daumarxavi mkvdrebi

eyarnen, rogorc amas leo aRniSnavs), saqarTvelosTan oms

ver gabedavda. menSevikebma ar icodnen saqarTvelo-somxeTis

urTierTobebis istoria, arc ilia WavWavaZisa swamdaT raime,

Torem mis “qvaTa RaRads” yuradRebas miaqcevdnen. noe Jorda-

nias arc is adardebda, ZirZveli qarTuli mxare, qvemo qar-

Tlis samxreTi nawili, lore-taSiri iqneboda Tu ara saqar-

Tvelos SemadgenlobaSi. 1921 w. TebervalSi bolSevikuri ru-

seTis jarma saqarTvelos loredan rom Semoutia da maT mi-

emxrnen loreli somxebic (lore-taSirSi somxebi ruseTma

moamravla XIXs-Si), amasTan dakavSirebiT n. Jordania wers:

“rasakvirvelia, am somxebiT dasaxlebuli midamoebis Semoer-

Teba iyo didi Secdoma, magram Cvenma strategebma ase gadaw-

yvites, Tavdacvis simagreT dainaxes Zveleburi mTa-gora da

ara TviT mcxovrebTa sulis kveTeba”.1 zemoT ukve visaubre,

rom somxebi uZvelesi droidanve, garkveuli mizezebis gamo,

sakmao raodenobiT cxovrobdnen saqarTveloSi, isini Cvens

qveyanaSi, kerZod, TbilisSic Zalian moamravla ruseTis mTa-

vrobam. somxebi pretenzias lore-taSirTan erTad Tbiliszec

acxadebdnen. n. Jordanias raki lore-taSiri ase advilad eT-

moboda, emeteboda, barem Tbilisic daeTmo somxebisTvis. mag-

ram Tbilisi Tavis rezidenciad undoda. RvTis madliT, im

xanebSi saqarTveloSi marqsizmiT mowamluli menSevikebis

garda, iyvnen erovnuli Zalebic, Torem lore-taSirTan er-

Tad sxva mxareebsac davkargavdiT.

somxeT-saqarTvelos omis Sesaxeb saubaria 1918 wlis

movlenebis SuagulSi myofi ioseb imedaSvilis TxzulebaSi,

_ ”ganaxlebuli sicocxle,” _ romelic 1919-1920 wlebSi Jur-

nal “Teatri da cxovrebaSi” daibeWda. masSi laparakia, ker-

Zod, TbilisSi somexTa erT-erTi TavSeyris Sesaxeb, romel-

sac somxuris mcodne erTi qarTveli mweralic eswreboda.

somxebma pretenzia ganacxades Tbilisze.

1 n. Jordania, Cemi warsuli, Tb., 1990, gv. 93.

155

“gana istoriulad qalaqi Tbilisi qarTvelebisa ar

aris? ikiTxa qarTvelma mweralma.

_ romeli istoriiT? hkiTxa tigranma.

_ qarTvelebis sisxliTa da ofliT rom daiwera,_miugo

qarTvelma mweralma.

_ dRes ki istoria oqro-vercxliT iwereba...

SexeT, Cveni (somxebiso _ a. a.) Tbilisi TandaTan rogor ivse-

ba qarTvelebiT.” somxebma unda movspoTo qarTvelebi, radgan

saqarTveloSi somexTa winsvlas eRobebian, xels uSliano:

“saqarTvelo unda mokvdes da mokvdeba kidec _ sTqva tig-

ranma.” aRniSnul krebaze kaxeTSi mcxovreb erT somexs ga-

nucxadebia: ”siRnaRisa da Telavis mazrebSi mofantuli som-

xebi saukeTesod arian mowyobilni, mTeli xalxi xelSi hyavT

da saiTac undaT, iqiT mouRrecen kisers... iqac ki, saca vi-

Tom qarTvelebi gamgebloben, Cveni kacebi gvyavs SeCenili

da Cvens uneblieT erTi nabijic ver gadaidgmeba. swored

amas unda mivaweroT, rom saqarTvelos jaris Sekreba savse-

biT ver moxerxda... Cvenis amxanagebis CagonebiT qarTveli

glexis Svilebi an ar Sedian samxedro samsaxurSi, da Tu

rogorme Caiyvanes, tanisamoss Caicmen, fexsamoss miiReben, ia-

raRs Caibareben da ukanve brundebian...

Cveni agentebic muSaoben da xalxSi avrceleben mTavro-

bisadmi zizRs.”

qarTlSi mcxovreb somexTa warmomadgenels uTqvams:

“social-demokratiul partiis (marqsistebis _ a. a.) propagan-

distTa CagonebiT da Cvenis mecadineobiTac xalxs gulidan

amorecxili aqvs samSoblos siyvaruli da saqarTvelos saxe-

li. xalxi or banakad gavyaviT da erTi meores esisineba.”

terteras mouxsenebia krebisTvis: “karga xania, TiTqmis ocda-

aTi weliwadi, rac mTel saqarTveloSi Cveni sjulis da

gvar-tomis gamavrcelebeli sulis mamani davgzavneT... Cvenis

terterebis sasaxelod unda iTqvas, rom saqmec kargad midis.

bevr adgilas SegxvdebaT ded-mama namdvili qarTveli tetie-

bi, somxuri enis arc erTi sityvis mcodne, magram Svilebi ki

somxur wes-rigze aRzrdili... ra wuTsac mibrZanebT, maSinve

Tavs davesxmiT Tbiliss dasapyrobad da qarTvelebs mZina-

156

rebs amovwyvet! _ daabolava rixianad aRtacebiT terteram.”1

Tbilisis sabWos xmosans (deputats), paron xaCos ganucxade-

bia: “dgeba momenti, rodesac somxis erma frTebi mZlavrad

unda gaSalos Tavis farTe miznebis misaRwevad, _ ukeTes

dros veRar vnaxavT, saqarTvelos damoukideblobis Seqmnac

_ jer kidev CanasaxSia, Tu movspobT axla, Tu ara da mere

gaZneldeba.”

aRwers ra omis ambebs, i. imedaSvili aRniSnavs: brZo-

lis velzeo qarTvelTa “razmis ufrosma oficerma ucabedad

wamoiZaxa: _Cvenma mTavrobam gagvyida, ueWvelad gagvyida!.. To-

rem sad gagonila ase upatronod mitoveba xalxisa, _ gvxo-

cavden, Sen-ki ar SegeZlos pasuxis gacema. sad aris mamulis

Rirsebis dacva?.. fui, amisTana naZrax sicocxles!” am sityve-

bis TqmisTanave qarTvelma oficerma Tavi moiklao. i. imedaS-

vilis Tanaxmad, somxebs saSineli sibinZurec ukadrebiaT: po-

ruCikma “korZaiam dahxeda da ra naxa _ RamiT somxebs daeti-

tvlebinaT da SeepilwnaT muxanaTur TavdasxmaSi daxocili

qarTveli oficer-jariskacni. agera titlikana meomari, ro-

melsac sasircxo aso moWrili aqvs da pirSi sCria... ager

cxvirmoWrilebi, mTlad gatitvlebulni; ager SubiT Tvaleb-

CaTxrilni, ager aso-aso akuwuli”... gadmocemiT, sasircxo

aso mravali mokluli qarTvelisTvis CauCriaT pirSi.

ivane javaxiSvilis, viqtor nozaZis, noe Jordanias da

sxvaTa mixedviTac, somxeTma saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg omi rom

gaaCaRa, Tbilisis aRebas isaxavda miznad. cxadia, sanam Tbi-

lisTan movidodnen, qvemo qarTlis dakaveba hqondaT somxebs,

kerZod, maT mTavarsardal dros (misi namdvili saxeli da

gvaria _ drastamat kanaiani), ganzraxuli.2 amasTanave, somxe-

Tis mTavrobam da parlamentma 1918 wlis dekemberSi erTxmad

daadgina, rom somxeTis jars daekavebina javaxqi (javaxeTi).3

somxeT-saqarTvelos omis dros saqarTveloSi mcxovreb

1 saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi somexTa mRvdlebis _ terterebis antiqarTuli

saqmianobis Sesaxeb aRniSnuli aqvs menSevik yaribsac(p. geleiSvils). 2 patriot qarTvelebs ki kargad axsovdaT, rom Cvenma winaprebma zRva

sisxli daRvares qvemo qarTlis gadasarCenad _ “kidevac daizrdebian

algeTs lekvebi mglisani, ise ar amowydebian, javri SesWamon mtrisani.”

qarTveli am sityvebs ver daiviwyebs. 3 gr. CalxuSiani, wiTeli wigni, donis rostovi, 1919, gv. 181, rusul enaze.

157

somexTa mniSvnelovani nawili daSnakebma gadaibires da qar-

Tvelebs daupirispires. cxadia, amas arc erTi eri, arc erTi

saxelmwifo ar moiTmenda. qarTvelebic moiTxovdnen moRala-

te, umaduri somxebis dasjas (gamoTqma _ Savi umadurebac

gvxvdeba somxebis mimarT). ase, mag., erovnul-demokratiuli

partiis Tavmjdomare spiridon kedia werda:

“Tbilisi gasawmendia.

aTiaTasjer gamogvecxada, rom aq auarebeli samWedloe-

bia, sadac Cveni damoukideblobis mtrebi sxedan da saqarTve-

los dasaqcevaT yumbarebs asxamdnen da xmals lesavdnen. es

saxelosnoebi unda daiSalos da xelosnebi unda iqnan daWe-

rilni. rusul-somxuri gazeTebi, romelnic TavaSvebulad da

utifrad ilaSqrebdnen da laSqroben Cvens winaaRmdeg, unda

dauyovnebliv iqmnan daketilni. SeuZlebelia, Tbilisis gaze-

Tebi bedavdnen da gvedavebodnen Cveni saxelmwifos terito-

rias. vakxanalia elvis siswrafiT unda ailagmos. vin ar

icis, rom saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg somxeTis gamolaSqreba

ideologiurad da texnikurad TbilisSi moewyo”... spiridon

kedia mimarTavda saqarTvelos mTavrobas: “dauyovnebliv gas-

wmindeT Cveni qveynis guli, Cveni Tbilisi im borotganmzra-

xvel da saxelmwifo damnaSave elementebisagan, romelnic aq

budoben da, rac saqarTvelos damoukidebloba gamocxadda,

mas aqeT, dRe da Ram saqarTvelos dasamxobaT zraxven da

moqmedeben.

gaswmindeT Tbilisi, rom aq SeiZlebodes uSiSari muSa-

oba da saqmianoba. es aris pirveli sawindari brZolis velze

(somxeT-saqarTvelos omSi _ a. a.) saqarTvelos jaris gamarj-

vebisa.”1 saqarTvelos menSevikuri mTavrobac, miuxedavad Ta-

visi internacionalistobisa, iZulebuli gaxda Tbilisidan

gaesaxlebina is somxebi, romlebic danamdvilebiT SemCneuli

iyvnen Cveni qveynis sasicocxlo interesebis sawinaaRmdego

qmedebebSi, saqarTvelos RalatSi.2 roca somxeTi geomeboda,

Cvens qveyanaSi mcxovreb somxebs rogor endobodi?! isini mah-

madianur saxelmwifoebsa da ruseTis imperias emxrobodnen

1 gaz. “saqarTvelo,” 19. XII. 1918w. 2 a. abdalaZe, saqarTvelodan somxebis gasaxlebis Taobaze, gaz. “aisi,” 4.

VII. 2006 w.

158

qarTveli eris winaaRmdeg brZolaSi da somxeTs aRar miem-

xrobodnen?!

RvTis madliT, im xanebSi saqarTveloSi sakmaod Zlieri

iyvnen erovnuli Zalebi. am mxriv marto ivane javaxiSvilisa

da eqvTime TayaiSvilis saxelebi rad Rirs. qarTveli mamu-

liSvilebi aRSfoTdnen somexTa veraguli qmedebebiT, daira-

zmnen maT winaaRmdeg da male saqarTvelos jari general gi-

orgi mazniaSvilis meTaurobiT Setevaze gadavida somxebTan

omSi. SesaZlebeli xdeboda, qarTvelebs erevanic aeRoT, mag-

ram inglis-safrangeTis moTxovniT 1918 wlis 31 dekembris 24

saaTze saomari moqmedebebi Sewyvetil iqna. inglisis nebiT,

qvemo qarTlis samxreTi nawili, ZirZveli qarTuli mxare,

lore-taSiri neitralur zonad gamocxadda. ase Caeyara sa-

fuZveli lore-taSiris saqarTvelosgan CamoSorebas. ingli-

sis xelisuflebam somxebis mxare daiWira. es gamowveuli iyo

imiT, rom didi saxelmwifoebi, kerZod, inglisic TurqeTSi

mcxovreb somxebs Tavisi interesebisTvis iyenebdnen da moma-

valSic SeiZleboda inglisis politikaSi somexTa sakiTxs

garkveuli adgili daekavebina. da ai, saqarTvelos xarjze

inglisma xeli gauwoda somxeTs. 1921 wels bolSevikurma ru-

seTma lore-taSiri CamoarTva saqarTvelos da gadasca som-

xeTs. ruseTi im dros TurqeTis mokavSire iyo, somxuri mxa-

reebi dauTmo TurqeTs da masTan Caxutebul kavkasiis azer-

baijans da samagierod sazRvrebSekvecil somxeTs gadasca

qarTuli miwa-wyali, lore-taSiri, iseve, rogorc azerbai-

jans miakuTvna kaxeTis nawili, hereTi anu saingilo. rac Se-

exeba javaxeTs, mis mierTebas somxeTTan somxebi cdilobdnen

sabWoTa periodSic, XX saukunis 20-30-ian wlebSi. qarTul

warwerebsac isev spobdnen javaxeTis istoriul Zeglebze.1

didi somxeTis idea sabWoTa kavSiris, ruseTis komuni-

sturi imperiis arsebobis Jamsac cocxlobda. somxurma wre-

ebma moaxerxes da iugoslaviis saxelmwifos komunist meTa-

urs, iosip broz titos aTqmevines meore msoflio omis Sem-

deg: “somexi xalxis samarTliani uflebaa, hqondes didi som-

1 ix. mag., n. berZeniSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, I, Tb., 1964, gv.

70-71, 75, 104-106, 109-110, 157.

159

xeTi.”1 somxebi didi somxeTis Seqmnas qarTuli miwa-wylis mi-

tacebis gziTac apireben. cnobilia, rom igive afxazeTis

omis dros somxebi ebrZodnen qarTvelebs. amas Svrebodnen

imitomac, rom somxur wreebs awyobT saqarTvelos calkeul

nawilebad daSla, dasusteba, raTa amis Sedegad amierkavkasi-

aSi wamyvan saxelmwifod iqces somxeTi, saqarTvelos faqtob-

rivad CamoSordes javaxeTi. SeiZleba saerTaSoriso sazoga-

doebriobam, organizaciebma javaxeTis somxeTTan SeerTebas

mxari ar dauWiron, magram Tu Sesrulda somexTa moTxovna

da javaxeTs farTo avtonomia mieniWa, es niSnavs am mxaris

saqarTvelosgan faqtobrivad CamoSorebas, somxeTis sruli

gavlenis qveS moqcevas. mogvianebiT, vTqvaT, 40-50 wlis Sem-

deg, vin icis, kidev ra moxdeba.

1996 wels somxur gazeT “lragirSi” dabeWdil werilSi

_ ”didi somxeTi mcire sazRvrebSi” _ naTqvamia: “Cven unda

movTxovoT saqarTvelos, ara marto Sewyvitos Cveni

Tanamemamuleebis devna-Seviwroeba, aramed movTxovoT teri-

toriuli damoukideblobac javaxeTelebisaTvis. Tu saqar-

Tvelo amaze ar dagvTanxmdeba, maSin Cven unda gavaTavisuf-

loT Cveni miwa-wyali iaraRiT xelSi, miT umetes, rom gvaqvs

amis SesaZlebloba.” samcxe, axalcixis mxarec somxuri miwa-

wyalia, unda davibrunoTo. qarTvelebi brZolaSi, omSi ver

gagvimklavdebiano somxebs: “qarTveli eri, rogorc erTiani

organizmi, ar arsebobs. am saxelwodebiT igulisxmebian mra-

valricxovani eTnikuri jgufebi, romlebic erTmaneTisagan

didad gansxvavdebian.” somexTa mxridan msgavsi gamoxdomebi,

saqarTvelos istoriis daknineba, gayalbeba dRemde grZelde-

ba. cotne dadianma qarTulTan erTad megruli enac Tu ico-

da, amitom Segnebulad ar gaswira Tavi sruliad saqarTve-

losTvis, ar gaxda saqarTvelos erovnuli gmiri? megrelebi

da svanebi iseve monawileobdnen qarTveli eris gadarCenis-

Tvis gaCaRebul saukunovan brZolebSi, omebSi, rogorc sxva

qarTvelebi, sxva qarTul mxareTa mkvidrni.

vinaidan saqarTveloSi uZvelesi droidan sakmao raode-

1 ix. s. stefanianci, somxuri samociqulo eklesia stalinuri tiraniis

xanaSi, erevani, 1994, gv. 185, somxur enaze.

160

nobiT cxovrobdnen somxebi garkveuli mizezebis gamo, gasa-

gebia, droTa ganmavlobaSi maTi gaqarTveleba xdeboda. mag-

ram am gaqarTvelebul somxebsac gamokveTili qarTuli erov-

nuli Segneba ar hqondaT. amis gamo saqarTvelos istoriam

ar icis iseTi magaliTi, rom romelime gaqarTvelebul so-

mexs didi qarTuli erovnuli saqme ekeTebinos. isini pirad

interesebs qarTveli eris sasicocxlo interesebze maRla

ayenebdnen. imis gamoc, rom somxebi mravali saukunis ganmav-

lobaSi miznad isaxavdnen qarTvelTa gasomxebas, saqarTve-

los gasomxurebas, magram moxda piriqiT, gacilebiT, Seuda-

reblad meti somexi gaqarTvelda, vidre qarTveli gasomxda,

am movlenam Taviseburi, araqarTuli, xSirad antiqarTuli

buneba, dedaarsi SesZina gaqarTvelebuli somxis fsiqikasac.

dRes saqarTvelos xelisuflebis saTaveSi moqcevas

araerTi gaqarTvelebuli somexi, nasomxari cdilobs, rac,

zemoTqmulis gamo, Cvens qveyanas, qarTvel ers kargs arafers

uqadis. aRsaniSnavia, rom msoflios wamyvan qveynebSi Zlieri,

mdidari, gavleniani somxuri diaspora arsebobs. maTi warmo-

madgenlebi cdiloben, rom saqarTvelos umaRles xelisuf-

lebaSi swored gaqarTvelebuli somxebi, nasomxrebi moxv-

dnen, radgan ician, rom es xels SeuSlis qarTveli eris fex-

ze dadgomas, gaZlierebas, mkvdreTiT aRdgomas. amiT ki, sabo-

loo angariSiT, somxuri saqme keTdeba, saqarTvelos dasus-

teba, qarTveli eris dauZlureba somxeTs, somxebs awyobT.

imis gamo, rom qarTvelebi Raribebi varT, bevri qarTveli

Tanaxmaa seroJistic gaxdes_oRond gamaZRon da vinc ginda,

imaT warmarTon saqarTvelos bedio. zogi vaiqarTveli Tavi-

si seroJistobiT mdidrdeba kidec.

qarTveli eri fxizlad unda iyos, ar unda misces som-

xur wreebs SesaZlebloba, ganaxorcielon TavianTi is gegme-

bi, romlebic saqarTvelos, qarTveli eris dasustebisakenaa

mimarTuli. qarTvelebma aRar unda dauSvan, rom somxeTma

kvlav Camoacilos saqarTvelos Cveni winaprebis sisxliT

morwyuli, maTive ZvlebiT gapoxierebuli qarTuli miwa-wya-

li, rogorc es moxda 1921 wels, rodesac Cvenma qveyanam da-

karga qvemo qarTlis samxreTi nawili _ lore-taSiri. rac

Seexeba didi somxeTis arsebobis gasamarTleblad iosip

161

broz titos moSveliebas, amgvari ram qarTvelebmac SeiZleba

gavakeToT. ase, mag., pakistanis saxelmwifos meTauri, benazir

fxuto ambobda: islami evropas moedeboda, saqarTvelos xe-

li rom ar SeeSalao. marTlac, qarTveli eri saukuneebis

ganmavlobaSi gmirulad ibrZoda, rom kavkasiaSi islamur sam-

yaros qristianoba ar aRmoefxvra. es xdeboda im aswleuleb-

Si, roca qristianuli saqarTvelos ganadgurebis mosurne,

mahmadianobis burj TurqeTs dapyrobiTi, dampyrobluri ome-

bis raodenobiT pirveli adgili uWiravs msoflioSi. kavkasi-

aSi qristianobis amoZirkvis, qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis

mospobis SemTxvevaSi mahmadianoba evropiskenac ufro advi-

lad gaikvlevda gzas. amdenad, didi saqarTvelos arsebobas,

aRdgenas meti safuZveli gaaCnia, vidre didi somxeTisas. di-

di saqarTvelo ki Tavis istoriul miwa-wyals, mag., tao-

klarjeTs1 da sxva ZirZvel qarTul mxareebs arc somxeTs da

arc sxva qveynebs ar dauTmobda.

1 romelic momavali didi somxeTis nawilad warmoudgeniaT stefaniancs

da sxvebs.

162

danarTi

somxebs unda gadaeceT eklesiebi saqarTveloSi?!

am bolo xanebSi xSirad iwereba imis Sesaxeb, rom so-

mexTa garkveuli wreebi pretenzias acxadeben 650 eklesiaze

saqarTveloSi. es eklesiebi somxebis iyo da isev maT unda

daubrundeTo. somxebi iTxoven eklesiebis gadacemas Tbilis-

Sic. saqarTvelos amJamindeli xelisuflebis zogierTi ma-

RalCinosanic maT mxars uWers!

aqvs Tu ara raime safuZveli somexTa pretenziebs, amis

gasarkvevad aucilebelia wiaRsvla istoriaSi. samwuxarod,

saqarTvelo-somxeTis urTierTobis mravali problema dRemde

jerovnad damuSavebuli, Seswavlili ar aris. saqarTveloSi

arc aravin zrunavs imaze, rom am saqmes moevlos, qarTvel

armenologebs SeeqmnaT pirobebi samuSaod. sagangebo yurad-

Reba unda eqceodes imasac, rom aRizardos unarian qarTvel

armenologTa axali Taoba. magram aseTi laparaki rCeba xmad

mRaRadeblisa udabnosa Sina.

vaxuSti batoniSvili, saubrobs ra Zveli Tbilisis ek-

lesiebis Sesaxeb, erTgan aRniSnavs: “kualad ugumbaTo oTxi

aw upyravT somexTa” (qarTlis cxovreba, IV, 1973, gv. 336). “aw

upyravT somexTa” imas niSnavs, rom manamde sxvas, e. i. qarTve-

lebs ekuTvnodaT es eklesiebi.

ismis kiTxva: ram gamoiwvia somexTa momravleba saqar-

TveloSi? saqarTveloSi mcxovreb somxebs, cxadia, TavianTi

eklesiebic eqnebodaT – zogs TviTon aaSenebdnen, zogs sa-

qarTvelos, an Cveni qveynis dampyroblis xelisufleba uwya-

lobebda (TelavSi, mag., iq Camosaxlebuli somxebisaTvis

erekle II-s, politikuri mosazrebiT, uboZebia qarTuli ekle-

sia – ix. al. orbeliani, Telavi, 1997 w., gv. 5), rameTu saqar-

TveloSi mcxovrebi somxebi yovelTvis cdilobdnen, Cveni

samSoblos nebismier dampyrobelTan kargi urTierToba hqo-

nodaT (jaSuSebadac udgebodnen maT), saerTo ena gamoenaxaT.

da mainc, 650 somxuri eklesia saqarTveloSi ar yofila.

amjerad meaTe saukuneze ufro adrindel ambebs aRar

gadavwvdebi, moveridebi sagazeTo werilis gadatvirTvas. so-

mexi mkvlevaris, h. barTikianis sityviT, “naTlad Cans, rom X

163

saukunis Sua xanebisaTvis somxebi moxetiale, aramdgrad

xalxad miaCndaT.” h. barTikiani fiqrobs, rom es ar aris so-

mexTaTvis bunebrivi, Tandayolili Tviseba, igi SemdgomSi un-

da iyoso SeZenili. asea Tu ise, faqtia, rom adrec da, metad-

re, X-XI aswleulebSi uamravi somexi aiyara Tavisi mSobliu-

ri miwa-wylidan da ucxo qveynebs miaSura (ix. a. abdalaZe,

amierkavkasiis politikur erTeulTa urTierToba IX-XI sau-

kuneebSi, 1988, gv. 208). didi raodenobiT Semoexiznen isini sa-

qarTvelosac. sayuradReboa, rom im xanebSi qarTul-somxuri

eklesiebis urTierToba Zalze gamwvavebuli iyo garkveuli

mizezebis gamo da saqarTvelos mefeebi, aseT viTarebaSi, rad

rTavdnen somxebs nebas, damkvidrebuliyvnen Cvens qveyanaSi,

hqonodaT aq monofizituri (grigorianuli) eklesiebi? mar-

Tlmadidebeli qarTvelebi da grigoriani somxebi xom erTma-

neTs mwvaleblebad miiCnevdnen.

somxeTidan gaqceuli somxebis adgils am qveyanaSi mah-

madianebi iWerdnen. XI saukuneSi somxeTSi daeca somxuri sa-

xelmwifoebrioba, moispo somxuri samefoebi da Seiqmna sa-

SiSroeba imisi, rom somxeTis mosaxleobis udidesi nawili

mahmadianuri iqneboda. es saqarTvelosTvis miuRebeli iyo.

Cveni qveynis samefo xelisuflebas erCia, somxeTSi ecxovraT

qristian somxebs da ara sxvadasxva juris muslimebs. ufro

metic, qarTveli eris sasicocxlo interess Seadgenda, rom

mTeli kavkasia qristianuli yofiliyo. qristianoba xom is-

lamze adre gavrcelda kavkasiaSi.

saqarTvelos mefeebi fiqrobdnen, rom Cvens qveyanaSi

dasaxlebuli somxebi, xelsayreli pirobebis Seqmnisas, ufro

advilad dabrundebodnen samSobloSi, vidre Soreul qvey-

nebSi gadaxvewilni (im dros xom Zalze Zneli iyo egviptidan

an italiidan somxeTSi Camosvla). rTul geopolitikur gare-

moSi myof kavkasielTa gadasarCenad aucilebeli iyo saerTo

ZalisxmeviT ebrZolaT mravalricxovan dampyrobTa winaaRm-

deg.

XII saukunesa da XIII aswleulis pirvel meoTxedSi sa-

qarTvelos samefom SeZlo kidec mTeli kavkasiis gaer-

Tianeba, somxeTis gamoxsnac mahmadian dampyrobTa klanWebis-

gan. saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi moqceuli somxeTic Tanda-

164

Tan iseve ayvavda, rogorc sakuTriv qarTuli miwa-wyali, qar-

Tveli eri.

monRolTa Semosevebs sxva vin gauZlebda, rom saqarTve-

los gaeZlo? ruseTic xom daipyres monRolebma. Semdeg iyo

Temur lengi, Sah-abasi da aTasi ubedureba. saqarTvelo wel-

Si veRar gaimarTa miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTveli eris jan-

saRi nawili TavganwirviT ebrZoda nairnair dampyroblebs.

qarTuli samefoebi mainc inarCunebdnen arsebobas. somxeTSi

ki somxuri saxelmwifoebrioba XI saukunidan moyolebuli

1918 wlamde, daSnakebis epoqamde, aRar arsebula. somxeTi

kvlavac icleboda somxuri mosaxleobisgan. 1827 wlisaTvis,

roca ruseTma SeierTa somxeTi, am qveyanaSi mxolod 25 aTasi

somexiRa cxovrobda, danarCeni mahmadianebi iyvnen.

marTalia, XIII-XVIII saukuneebSi saqarTvelosac Zalian

uWirda, magram qarTvelTa mefeebi fiqrobdnen, rom maT unda

epatronaT somxebisTvisac, rameTu somxeTis islamur qveynad

gadaqceva saqarTvelosac kargs arafers uqadda. amis gamo

somxeTidan gamoqceul, ltolvil somxebs farTod uRebdnen

Cveni qveynis karebs. sxva qveynebSi mimavali somxebic jer sa-

qarTveloSi modiodnen, aq suls moiTqvamdnen da Semdeg

agrZelebdnen gzas. saqarTveloSi, qarTveli eris Tavkacebs

miaCndaT, rom raki qarTuli saxelmwifoebrioba avad Tu kar-

gad arsebobas ganagrZobda, Cvens qveyanaSi mcxovreb somxeb-

Sic cxovelmyofeli iqneboda idea somxeTSi somxebis dabru-

nebisa, somxeTis mkvdreTiT aRdgomisa. ejmiawinis (eCmiaZins

somxurad ejmiawini hqvia) meSveobiT es idea mTeli msof-

lios somxebSic gavrceldeboda. saqarTvelodan gasuli som-

xebic TanamemamuleebSi, sxva qveynebSi hfendnen am ideas.

egreTwodebuli erTmorwmune ruseTis imperiis xeli-

suflebam qristes, qristianobis, marTlmadideblobis saxe-

liT veragulad moatyua, gaacura qarTveli eri, Cveni mefe-

ebi. ruseTma pirisagan miwisa aRgava mravaltanjuli qarTu-

li saxelmwifoebrioba, qarTuli eklesiis avtokefalia. qar-

TvelTa Segnebuli, jansaRi nawili aujanyda ruseTis imperi-

as.

qarTvelTa dasaTrgunad, dasamorCileblad ruseTis xe-

lisuflebam gadawyvita, saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi somxebic

165

gamoeyenebina. amasTanave, ruseTis imperiis mTavrobam metisme-

tad moamravla somxebi saqarTveloSi, kerZod, TbilisSi, sam-

cxe-javaxeTSi, afxazeTSi da sxvaganac. somxuri eklesiebic

momravlda Cvens qveyanaSi. amas isic uwyobda xels, rom sa-

qarTvelos vaWroba ruseTma ZiriTadad somxebs Caugdo xel-

Si. marTalia, qarTveli kaci Zvelad vaWrobas ar misdevda,

Takilobda, rameTu mas Tavis daniSnulebad mtris winaaRmdeg

xmliT brZola miaCnda, magram TandaTan qarTvelebi acnobie-

rebdnen Tavis am naklovanebasac. ase, magaliTad, ioane bato-

niSvili XVIII saukunis bolos aRniSnavda, rom qarTvelebi

aucileblad unda Cabmuliyvnen Tavisi qveynis vaWrobis saqme-

ebSi. ganaTlebuli qarTveli ufliswulis am gegmas, ruseTis

imperiis batonobis viTarebaSi, XIX saukuneSi ganxorcieleba

ar ewera. ruseTis xelisuflebas miaCnda, rom qarTvelebi

ekonomikurad Tu moRonierdebodnen, ufro meti warmatebiT

SeZlebdnen qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenisaTvis

brZolas.

samwuxarod, saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi somxebi emxrobod-

nen ruseTis koloniur politikas Cveni qveynis mimarT da sa-

qarTveloSi somxuri interesebis ganxorcielebasac Seudg-

nen. Tu rogor unda gaeyoT saqarTvelo rusebsa da somxebs,

es, cota ar iyos, problematuri sakiTxia, magram faqtia, rom

rusebi marto TviTon ki ar Semoesivnen saqarTvelos, somxe-

bic Semousies Cvens qveyanas. amitomac ambobda akaki wereTe-

li: raime materialuri sargeblobis motana rom SeeZlos,

somxebi Cvens deda-enasac wagvarTmevdneno.

didi somxeTis idea uZveles dros gaCnda somexTa So-

ris. XIX saukuneSi es idea kvlav gacocxlda, aRorZinda.

somxebma TurqeTSi rom ver SeZles TavianTi sawadelis gan-

xorcieleba, ver moipoves e. w. TurqeTis somxeTis avtonomia

(maT am saqmeSi ruseTis, inglisis da sxva didi saxelmwifoe-

bis mxardaWeris imedi hqondaT), piriqiT, amas somexTa Jle-

tac moyva TurqeTSi 1915 wels, gadawyvites didi somxeTis Se-

qmna saqarTvelos, qarTuli miwa-wylis xarjze wamoewyoT. am

mizniT 1918 wlis bolos somxeTis daSnakurma mTavrobam omis

gamoucxadeblad, veragulad jari Semousia saqarTvelos. sa-

qarTvelos winaaRmdeg omSi somxeTma miimxro saqarTveloSi,

166

kerZod, TbilisSi mcxovrebi somxebi. rac somxebs TurqeTis

mimarT boRma daugrovdaT, imis gadmonTxeva qarTvelebze ga-

nizraxes. nawilobriv mizansac miarwies – jer inglisis, xo-

lo 1921 wels ruseTis bolSevikuri xelisuflebis wyalobiT

miitaces qvemo qarTlis samxreTi nawili, lore-taSiri, rom-

lis SesanarCuneblad qarTvelebma saukuneTa manZilze zRva

sisxli Rvares. ruseTisave daxmarebiT somxebma SeZles qar-

Tuli mxaris, mravaltanjuli javaxeTis somxur mxared qceva

XIX-XX saukuneebSi. gamovida ise, rogorc naTqvamia: “obolo,

visa scem da vinc gamzardao”.

didi somxeTis idea dResac cocxlobs. somxuri tradi-

ciiT ki, did somxeTSi naxevari saqarTvelo mainc unda moeq-

ces, TviT baTumis CaTvliTac. saqarTveloSi 650 eklesiasac

am mizniT iTxoven. imedi aqvT, mdidari, gavleniani somxuri

diaspora, kerZod, amerikis somxuri diasporac aqtiur mona-

wileobas miiRebs am saqmeebSi. Cemi azriT, somexTa garkveuli

wreebi fiqroben, rom saqarTveloSi somxur eklesiebs somxu-

ri erovnuli ideologiis kerebad aqceven. amgvari ideolo-

gia ki saqarTvelos winaaRmdegaa mimarTuli.

rogorc iTqva, saqarTvelos mefeebi somxebs Cvens qveya-

naSi asaxlebdnen imitom, rom momxdariyo qarTvelTa da so-

mexTa daaxloeba, raTa maT odesme mainc saerTo ZaliT ebr-

ZolaT mtris winaaRmdeg. samwuxarod, somexTa mizeziT, es ar

moxda. amitom usamarTloa somexTa moTxovna, saqarTveloSi

maT gadaeceT eklesiebi. bolos da bolos, xom aRsdga som-

xuri saxelmwifoebrioba. visac saqarTveloSi moqmedi somxu-

ri eklesiebis raodenoba ar akmayofilebs, aqve, ori fexis

nabijzea somxeTis respublika, ejmiawini, wavidnen saqarTve-

lodan da iq ilocon. am gziT ukeT miiRweva qarTveli da

somexi erebis keTilmezobluri urTierToba, rac orive xal-

xisTvis sasurveli unda iyos. magram araferi sasikeTo ar

gamova, Tu somxebi, rac e. w. TurqeTis somxeTSi eklesiebi

dakarges, imis anazRaurebas saqarTveloSi Seecdebian. marTa-

lia, maT wagvarTves lore-taSiri, javaxeTic somxur mxared

aqcies, magram amas Sedegad is moyva, rom qarTveli eri veRar

endoba somex ers, rac ara mgonia TviT somxebisTvis kargi

iyos.

167

P. S. somxebi sruliad usafuZvlod bevr rames rom gve-

davebian, es imdenad aRmaSfoTebelia, rom erTxel aseTi koS-

maruli sizmari vnaxe: vwerdi gamokvlevas imaze, rom somexTa

pretenzia petriwonis monastris mimarT safuZvels moklebu-

lia. Tavs damadgnen SeiaraRebuli somxebi da Cemi naweri wa-

marTves.

168

javaxeTi, zreski. laSa-giorgis egreTwodebuli xeliani qva

qarTuli warweriT. am qvis garSemo 1996 wels somxuri sam-

locvelo augiaT _ ix. javaxeTi, Tb., 2000, gv. 100.

169

zaqaria da ivane mxargrZelebis horeliefi

hariWis eklesiaSi (1201 w.)

170

171

Sinaarsi

Sesavali .................................................................................................................... 3

pirveli Tavi

saqarTvelo da somxeTi uZvelesi droidan

gaqristianebamde ................................................................................................19

meore Tavi

saqarTvelo da somxeTi IV- XI saukuneebSi ........................ 77

mesame Tavi

saqarTvelo da somxeTi XII - XVIII saukuneebSi ............ 117

meoTxe Tavi

saqarTvelo da somxeTi XIX - XX saukuneebSi .............. 142

danarTi

somxebs unda gadaeceT eklesiebi saqarTveloSi?! .... 162

172

gamomcemlobis redaqtori _ zaur molaSxia

kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa – gogita TodraZe

tiraJi 300

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