Saivam
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1-Guhzq;fSk;> rka newpAk;Kd;Diu
jpUg;Ngh&h;g; Guhzj;jpy; irt rhjdq;fs; vd;gJ ,q;F vLj;Jf; nfhs;sg;ngw;w Muha;r;rp. irtk; vd;gJ xU rkak;> rhjdk; vd;gJ mr;rka newpapdh; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; newp. vdNt Ng&h;g; Guhzk; $Wk; rka newp vd;W fUj;Jf; fpilf;fpwJ. ,J Ng&h;g; Guhzj;jpw;F kl;Lk; jhd; chpa jd;ikah? vy;yh Guhzj;jpw;Fk; chpa nghJj; jd;ikah? vd;gJ Muha;r;rpf;FhpajhFk;. me;j Muha;r;rpNa ,q;F Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
Guhzk; vd;Dk; nrhy; tof;fpd; njhd;ik
Guhzq;fis gy mUshsh;fSk;> Kdpth; ngUkf;fSk; ,e;j ,lj;jpy; epd;W rPhpa ngUk; gzpfs; gy nra;J rkaj;ij cyfpw;Fj; njhptpf;Fk; nghUl;Lr; nra;ag;gl;ljhFk;. Guhzk; vd;gJ gioa tuyhW vdg; nghUs;gLk;.1 NkYk;> Guhzk; - vd;w nrhy; Guh + et - vdg; gphpj;Jg; goQ;nra;jpiag; Gjpa Kiwapy; nrhy;tjw;Fg; Guhzk; vd;gJ rhd;Nwhh;2.
Guhzk; - vd;gJ> vJ njhd;W njhl;L ,d;W tiuf;Fk; gutpapUf;fpwNjh mJNt Guhzk; vd;W thA Guhzk; $Wfpd;wJ3 ,J mjh;tz Ntj fhyj;jpNy Guhz Ehy;fs; rpwe;j ,yf;fpaq;fshff; fUjg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd. Guhzk; vd;Dk; nrhy; cgepljq;fspYk;> rhj;jpuq;fspYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. kfhghujj;jpy; Guhzq;fspd; ngah;fs; $wg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd. fp.K. 4-k; Ehw;whz;by; nfsbypah; jkJ mh;j;j rhj;jpuj;jpy; muR Fkhuh;fs; Kf;fpakhff; fw;f Ntz;ba Ehy;fSs; GuhzKk; xd;W vd;W $Wfpwhh;. mkurpk;kd; Nghd;w gioa epfz;lhrphpah;fs; Guhzk; vd;Dk; E}y; 1. cyfj; Njhw;wk;> 2. xLf;fk;> 3. kDte;juk;> 4. KdpkuG> 5. mur kuG Mfpa Ie;J ,yf;FfisAk; cilajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W $wpapUf;fpwhh;fs;. Mdhy;> Kw;fhyj;Jg; Guhzq;fs; kl;LNk ,e;j ma;e;J ,yf;fizq;fisAk; ciladthf ,Ue;jd.
Ntj fhyj;jpw;F Kd;Ng Guhzq;fs; gioa fijfshf ,Ue;jdNtad;wp Ehy;fshf ,Uf;ftpy;iy. Guhzq;fspy; MjpGuhzq;fs;> Gj;jh; fhyj;jpw;F Kd;dUk;> Vida Guhzq;fs; Gj;jh; fhyj;jpw;Fg; gpd;dUk; Mf;fg;gl;lit vd;W $wg;ngWfpd;wd.
kfhGuhzq;fs;-18 vd;gJk;> cgGuhzq;fs;-18 vd;gJk;> gyUk; mwpe;j xg;gpa nra;jp. cgGuhzq;fs; gpw;fhyj;jit> mit rkar; rhh;Gilait. Mdhy; kfhGuhzq;fs; Fwpg;gpl;l rkar; rhh;Gilait my;y. rptd;> tpl;LZ Kjyhd flTsiu topglyhk; vd;Nw mitfs; $Wfpd;wd. ,e;jpa ehl;Lg; gz;il ,yf;fpaq;fis NtjEhy;fs; vd;Wk;> ,jpfhr> Guhz Ehy;fs; vd;Wk; ,uz;lhfg; gphpf;fyhk;. NtjEhy;fs; xU rhuhUf;Nf chpikAiladthf ,Ue;jd. Mjyhy; rKjhaj;jpy; kf;fs; ,jpfhr Guhz Ehy;fisNa gbj;J te;jdh;.
Guhzq;fspd; gad;
gz;ilf; fhyj;J fpuhkq;fspy; rka newpAk;> gj;jp tsKk; ngUFk; nghUl;L mitfSf;Fg; nghUs; $wg;gl;L te;jd. kf;fs; mtw;iwf; Nfl;L xOf;fKk;> fy;tpAk; ngw;W te;jdh;. Guhzq;fSk;> ,jpfhrq;fSk; kf;fSila nghJg; gz;ghl;bw;Fg; nghpJk; Jiz nra;J te;jd vd;W tp.Mh;. ,uh. $Wfpd;whh;.4
ek; ehl;by; rka newpAk;> ,iw newpAk; mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;Fr; rhjdkhf rhj;jpuk;> Njhj;jpuk;> Guhzk; vd;w gFg;gpUe;jd. ,jidNa Ntjk;> Mfkk;> Guhzk; vd %d;whfg; gphpg;gh;. ,jid Ntjq;fSf;F cgg;ngUq;fzk;5 vd;W nrhy;th;. Ntjq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s Mfk El;gk; kdpjDf;Fg; gad;gl;lJ. NkYk; Ntjq;fisAk;> Mfkq;fisAk; vspa Kiwapy; rhjhuz kf;fs; rha cz;ikfisg; Ghpe;J nfhs;sKbahJ. mt;tifapid Nehf;Fk;NghJ> rhjhuz kf;fSk; nka;g;nghUspay; Gfioj; njspthfg; Ghpe;J nfhs;tjw;fhfTk;> rkanewp czh;j;Jtjw;fhfTk; Guhzq;fs; Njhd;wpd vd;gh;.Guhzq;fspd; Njhw;wk;
Guhzq;fs; ghl rptngUkhd;-ee;jp ngUkhDf;F cgNjrpf;f> mjd;gpd;dh; mth; rdw;Fkhu Kdpth;f;F cgNjrpf;f> mjd; gpd;dh; mth; #jKdpth;f;F cgNjrpf;f> NkYk; mth; Vida Kdpth;f;F cgNjrpj;jjhfj; njhpfpd;wJ. ,t;thW Guhzk; ngUf topfhl;bahf ,Ue;jJ vd;gJ njhpfpd;wJ.6mt;tifapy; Qhdpfs; ,iwtdpd; ngUikfis ntspf; fhl;Ltjw;fhf mt;tj; jyj;jpd; rpwg;gpid tpsf;fpj; jyGuhzkhfg; ghb jk; njhz;bidg; ngUf;fpdh;. mt;tifapy; 1. ckhgjprptk;> 2. epuk;g mofpa Njrpfh;> 3. guQ;Nrhjp Kdpth;> 4. rptQhd Kdpth;> 5. fr;rpag;g Kdpth;> 6. kfhtpj;Jthd; kPdhl;rp Re;juk; gps;isath;fs; rpwg;gpw;Fhpatuhfg; Nghw;wg; ngWfpd;wdh;.
Guhzj;jpy;> irt rkaf; fUj;Jf;fs; gy tifapy; Ngrg;gLfpd;wd. mt;tifapy; fe;jGuhzj;jpy;> khahthjk;> irt rpj;jhe;jk;> cyfhapjk; Kjypa jj;Jt tpsf;fq;fs; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd. jpUtpisahly; Guhzj;jpy; jpUthjt+ubfSf;F cgNjrpj;j glyk; $Wk; NghJ irt rpj;jhe;j cz;ikfs; Ngrg;gLfpd;wd. ,ijg; NghyNt Vidag; Guhzq;fspYk; cs;sd. ek; fr;rpag;g Kdpth; jpUthidf;fh Guhzk;> jpUg;Ng&h;g; Guhzk;> jpUj;jzpifg; Guhzk; Mfpatw;wpy; irt rpj;jhe;j cz;ikfisj; njhif> tif> tphpahfg; ghbAs;shh;.
jyGuhzq;fspd; ngUik
,jd; ngUikiaf; $Wk;NghJ rhtpaha;f; fple;j gl;bfs; vd;W Njhd;whj gb xt;Nthh; ChpidAk; mg;Gyth; flTspd; jdp mUs; ngw;w epiyaq;fs; vd;Wk;> ,e;jpud;> #hpad;> tUzd;> thA> re;jpud;> fpufq;fs; te;J topghL nra;j Gz;zpaf; fUt+yfq;fs; vd;Wk; Gfoe;J> mg;gho; epyq;fisg; nghd; tpise;j fsq;fshfg; ghtd;ik nfhz;L ghbj; jq;fs; fw;gid eaj;jhy; thDyfpYk; rpwe;j g+Nyhf ifyhaq;fshfTk;> itFe;jq;fshfTk; Gide;J itj;J kf;fSf;F> kfpo;r;rpa+l;b mth;fis rpwpJ ek;gTk; nra;jdh;. ,e;j tifapy; kf;fs; jd;ek;gpf;if apd;wpj; jsh;e;J rhfhjgb fhj;j ngUik ,e;j jyGuhzq;fSf;F cz;L.,e;j jyGuhzq;fs; Nfhapiyg; gw;wp vOe;jitahjypd;> Nfhapypy; cs;s gy nja;t tbtq;fisAk;> fij tbthf tpsf;fp itf;fpd;wd. jpUg;gj;Jhh;g; Guhzk; Mz;ltDila vOtifj; jhz;ltq;fisAk;> njspTgLj;JfpwJ. Guhzk; vOjpath;fSf;Ff; NfhapypYs;s tpf;fpuq;fs; cs;sPlhf> vd;Wk; mopahJ xspUk; moF tbthfr; rpw;gp fz;l flTs; fhl;rpNaahFk;. mwf;nfhbNahh; vy;yhk; jhk; nra;j nfhLikf;F mQ;rp> Mz;ltd; vjpNu kdk; khwp epw;Fk; NghJ mth;fis Mz;ltd; jd; mUshy; NkYyfk; mDg;Gfpd;w fijfs; gy ,e;jg; Guhzq;fspy; tUfpd;wd. kpfg; gioa fhyj;jpypUe;Nj Guhzf; fijfSf;Fj; jj;Jthh;j;jk; $Wk; tof;fk; ,Uf;fpd;wJ.7Guhzq;fspy; tuyhW
Guhzq;fspy; ehl;L tuyhWk;> Ch;fspd; tuyhWk; rpyNghJ fhzg;gLfpd;wd. jpUtpisahlw; Guhzj;jpy; ghz;bah; tuyhW $wg;ngw;Ws;sJ. Nfhapw; Guhzk; ,uzpath;kd;> rpk;kth;kd; vd;w murh;fs; ngah;fisr; Rl;Lfpd;wJ. ,th;fs; gy;yt murh; Fbiar; Nrh;e;jth;fNsh vd;W tuyhw;W Muha;r;rpahsh; fUjj; njhlq;fpdh;. jyGuhzk; ghba Gyth;fspy; ngUk;ghNyhh; rpwe;j ehL vt;thW ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vdf; fdT fz;L> ,yf;fpa eankyhk; Njhd;wg; ghbAs;sdh;. ,jpy; ngUk; gFjp coT Kjypadtw;iwg; Gide;Jiuj;jhYk;> murpay; mikg;gpidg; gw;wpr; rpwpJ fhz;fpNwhk;. fs;th;> twpath;> nry;tuhjy; Kjypa rKjha Vw;wj;jho;Tfs; fhzg;ngWfpd;wd. ,t;thW Guhzq;fspd; mikg;G Kjypa tuyhw;Wr; nra;jpfs; Ngrg;gLfpd;wd.Guhzq;fSk; rka newpAk;
jkpopy; ckhgjprptk; fhyk; njhl;Nl Guhzapyf;fpak; Njhd;wyhapw;W. ,q;qdk; Guhzq;fs; njhd;ikr;; rpwg;G ciladtha;> gj;jp czh;ita+l;Ltdtha;> nghJ kf;fshy; vspjpy; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sKbtjha; ,Uj;jypd;> nghJ kf;fshy; nghpJk; kjpj;Jg; Nghw;wg;gLtdthapd.
rka newp vd;gJ kf;fs; kWikg; gad; Fwpj;J ,k;ikNa Nkw;nfhs;Sk; rpy newpKiwfisf; Fwpg;gjhFk;. ,e;newp Kiwfspd; gad; ,k;ikapNyNa KOikahff; fpilf;Fk; vd;W nrhy;y KbahJ. kWikapy; fpilf;Fk; vd;gJ ,g;nghOJ vg;gb mwpe;J nfhs;tJ? ,jpy; kf;fspd; kdk; CryhLfpwJ. CryhLfpd;w kdj;jpw;F cWjp nfhLf;f Xh; fUtp Ntz;Lk;. mf;fUtpahfg; Guhzq;fs; gad;gLfpd;wd.
Guhzq;fspy; nrhy;yg;gLfpd;w fijfs; kf;fshy; ek;gg;gLfpd;wd (m) ek;Gk; tifapy; nrhy;yg;gLfpd;wd. Fwpg;ghf nghpaGuhzk; $Wk; epfo;r;rpfs; tuyhw;Wr; rhd;Wiladtha; cs;sd. ,jid kf;fs; ek;Gtjpy; jilapy;iy. Vida jyGuhz epfo;r;rpapYk;> mt;tj;jyj;J jpUf;Nfhapy;fspy; Mz;LNjhWk; jpUtpohthf elj;jpf; fhl;lg;gl;ld. rpiyfshf> rpj;jpuq;fshf> epiyahf tbj;J itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,tw;iwf; fz;Lk;> Nfl;Lk; tUfpd;w kf;fSf;Fg; Guhz epfo;r;rpfspy; ,aw;ifahfNt ek;gpf;if Vw;gLfpd;wJ. ,jdhy; Guhzk; fhl;ba newpapy; tho;f;ifia mikj;Jf; nfhs;s KbfpwJ. vdNt rka newp mth;fsplj;jpy; cWjpg;gLtjw;Fg; Guhzq;fs; ,d;wpikahjdthf cs;sd vd mwpayhk;.kfhtpj;Jthd; kPdhl;rp Re;juk; gps;isath;fs; irt rka newpapy; epw;gth;f;Fg; nghpa Guhzk; vt;tsT cWJizahf tpsf;FfpwJ vd;gjid>
.. mUs; topr;nryP,
Neha;g;gpwtp Nghf;Fthh;f;F
Nehw;Wth; Guhzkpy; yhjik juhjh
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mbf;Fwpg;Gfs;1. fh. Rg;gpukzpagps;is> Nrf;fpohh; Rthkpfs; rhpj;jpuKk;> nghpaGuhz Muha;r;rpAk;> g.9.
2. irtrpj;jhe;j mQ;ry;topf; fy;tp> jpUthtLJiw MjPdk;> jhs;-3> g.2.
3. fiyf; fsQ;rpak;> njhFjp 7> g.436.4. Nk.$.Eh.> njhFjp 7> g.436.5. Nk.$.Eh.> njhFjp 7> g.436.
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Njhw;Wtha;
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Kd;ndhUehl; rhjdj;Js; Ke;JjpU ntz;zPW
kd;Dk; caphpd; cWkhR xopf;Fk;11
vd;gjhYk;> NkYk;> g+f;Nfhy Nkdpg; nghbg+rp12 vd ,iwtd; jpUf;Nfhyj;ijf; Fwpg;gjhYk; jpUePw;wpd; ngUikia Kjd;ikg;gLj;jpg; Ngrg;ngWfpd;wJ. NkYk;;>Gz;zpag; Gdy gbe;J G+jp rhjdk; Gide;jhd; rhjdk;> Uj;uhl;rk;13 vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ. ,q;F rhjdk; vd;gJ jpUePW> cUj;jpuhf;fk; Kjypatw;iw Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
jpUthjt+uh; Guhzj;jpy; ghLk;NghJ>
cUg; nghyhjth; ey;nyhOf;fk; kpy;yt nud;W ek;kstpy;
tpUg;gpyhjt nudpDk; nka;e;ePWkpf;f rhjd NtlKq; fz;lhh;14 vd;fpwhh;.jpUehTf;fuR Rthkpfs; Njthuj;jpy;>
vtNuDe; jhkhf tpyhlj; jpl;ljpUePWQ; rhjdKq; fz;lh Ys;fp15vd;W ghbdhh;. ,q;F rhjdk; vd;gJ rptNtlj;Jizg; nghUisf; Fwpf;Fk;. nghpa Guhzj;jpy; tUk; jpUf;Fwpg;Gj; njhz;l ehadhh; Guhzj;jpy;>g+jp rhjdk; Nghw;wpa nghw;gpdhy; tpsq;Fk;16vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;. ,jw;F rptf;ftpkzp ciuapy; jpUty;yk; vd;w jykhdJ jpUePw;wpidAk; mjDld; Nrh;e;j rptrhjdkhfpa cUj;jpuhf;fj;jpidAk; Ngzpa mofpDld; tpsq;Ftjhk;. ,q;F rhjdh; vd;gNj ghlNgjkhf rhjdk; vd te;jJ vd;fpwhh;.
ehndwpfs;ehndwpfisg; gw;wp mwpQh; gyh; gytifapy; tpsf;fpAs;sdh;. mtw;iw ,q;F Ma;tJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.171. rhpia
ehndwpfs; vd;W nrhy;yg;gLtdtw;wpy; KjyhtJ rhpia ahFk;. ,J rpthyaj;jpy; nra;ag;gLk; Gwj;njhopy; MFk;. topghl;Lf;Fhpa njhz;Lfspy; cjTjy; Kjypad. mit> jpUf;NfhapYf;Fk;> Kjy;td; mbahh;fSf;Fk; njhz;L Ghpjy; Kjypait ,jd; fz; mlq;Fk;. jhrkhh;f;fk; vd;gJ rq;fud; jd; Nfhapy; jsk; jpUtyfpLjy;> jpUnkOf;fpLjy;> NghJ nfha;J jUjy;> khiyAk;> fz;zpAk; njhLj;Jf; nfhLj;jy;> Gfo;e;J ghLjy;> jpUtpsf;fpLjy;> jpUee;jtdk; mikj;jy; Kjypad. ,r;rhpia nra;thh;
epiyngWkh nwz;Z jpNay; neQ;Nr! ePth
epj;jYnkk; gpuhDila Nfhapy; Gf;Fg;
Gyh;tjd;Kd; myfpl;L nkOf;F kpl;Lg;
g+khiy Gide;Njj;jpg; Gfo;e;J ghbj;
jiyahuf; Fk;gpl;Lf; $j;J khbr;
rq;fuh raNghw;wp Nghw;wp nad;Wk;
miyG dy;Nrh; nrQ;rilnak; khjPnad;W
kh&uh ntd;nwd;Nw aywh epy;Ny19vd;Dk; ghlypy; tpsf;fpAs;shh;
2. fphpia
njhz;L newpapy; gapd;W te;Njhh;f;Fg; gf;Ft Kjph;r;rp gw;wp Ez;Zdh;T kpFe;j md;G KjpUk;. ,J rptngUkhDila mUcUtj; jpUNkdpahfpa rptypq;fj;ij Nehf;fpr; nra;ag;gLk; mfj;njhopYk;> Gwj;njhopYk; MFk;. ,J ,e;jphpaq;fisr; rptDf;F mh;g;gpj;J> Gjpa kzk; kpf;f kyh;fisAk;> kw;Wk; mgpNlfg; nghUs;fisAk;> epNtjdk; Kjypa nghUs;fisAk; mikj;Jf; nfhz;L> g+j Rj;jp> jhd Rj;jp> jputpa Rj;jp> ke;jpu Rj;jp> ,ypq;f Rj;jp vd;Dk; ma;tifr; Rj;jpfisr; nra;J nfhz;L> Mrdk; ,l;L mkh;e;J> jdJ ,l;l %h;j;jpahd rptguk;nghUis md;gpdhy; mgpNlfk;> myq;fhuk;> epNtj;jpak;> mUr;rid> Njhj;jpuk; nra;J topgLjy; ,jpy; mlq;Fk;. ,jd; gad; rhkPgkhFk;. jpUQhd rk;ge;jh; tho;f;ifapid ,jw;F cjhuzkhff; fhl;Lth; ,e;newp rw;Gj;jpu khh;f;fk;20 vd;W rptQhd rpj;jpahhpy; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.,jid jpUQhdrk;ge;jg; ngUkhd;>
eiwkyp jUksnwL KifeFkyh; GifkpFtsnuhsp
epiwGdy; nfhLjid epidnthL epajKk; topgLkbath;
Fiwtpy gjkid jutUs; FzKil apiwAiwtdgjp
rpiwGdykh; rptGukJ epidgth; nrak fliytNu21vd;fpwhh;.
3. Nahfk;
,J rptngUkhDila mUtj;jpUNkdpia Nehf;fp mfj;jpy nra;Ak; njhopy;. ,J fuzq;fisr; rptDf;F mh;g;gpj;jy;. ,J fphpiaapy; epd;Nwhh;f;F epfOk; gf;Ft Kjph;r;rpahy; mjpEl;g czh;Tk;> mjw;Fj; jFe;j md;Gk; tsUk;. ma;k;nghwpfisAk; mlf;fp gpuhzthAit newpg;gLj;jp> kdj;ij rydkpy;yhky; ,Uj;jp cs;Ns %yhjhuk;> Rthjpl;lhdk;> kzpg;g+ufk;> mdhfjk;> tpRj;jp> Mf;iQ vd;Dk; MW Mjhuq;fspy; vOe;jUspAs;s %h;j;jq;fis topgl;L> Mjhuq;fSf;F NkNy nrd;W gpukue;jpuj;jpy; cs;s re;jpu fiyapd; mKjjhiuapdhy; cly; eide;J Fspuf; Fspu mjw;F NkNy guntspapy; rkhjp $bapUj;jy;. ,jw;F ml;lhq;f Nahfg; gapw;rp Ntz;Lk;.22 mit ,akk;> epakk;> Mrdk;> gpuhzhahkk;> gpuj;jpahfhuk;> jhuiz> jpahdk;> rkhjp vd;gd. ,jid>capuh tzkpUe;J cw;W Nehf;fp
cs;sf; fpopapd; cUntOjp
capuh tdQ;nra;jpl;L cd;ifj; je;jhy;
czug; gLthNuhL xl;b tho;jp
mapuh tzNkwhJ MNdW Vwp
mkuh;ehL MshJ M&h; mz;l
mapuh tzNk> nad;mk;kh Ndepd;
mUl;fz;zhy; Nehf;fhjh; ;myyh jhNu23vd;Dk; mg;gh; Rthkpfs; ghlyhYk; mwpayhk;.4. Qhdk;
cUtk;> mUtk;> mUcUtk; - vd;w %d;Wk; fle;j Kjw;nghUsplj;J mwpthy; nra;Ak; topghL. ,J Md;khitNa rptDf;F mh;g;gpj;jy;. rhj;jpuq;fs;> Guhzq;fs; gytw;iwAk; Xjpg; gpd; gjp> gR> ghrk; - vd;Dk; %d;iwAk; czh;j;Jk; Qhd E}iyf; fw;W mjd; topapy; epw;wy;> ,jid>
Qhdj;jpd; kpf;f mwnewp ehl;by;iy
.. ... .
Qhdj;jpd; kpf;fhh; euhpd; kpf;fhNu24vd;W jpUke;;jpuk; $WfpwJ.
NkYk; Xjy;> XJtpj;jy;> Nfl;ly;> Nfl;gpj;jy;> rpe;jpj;jy;> njspjy;> epl;il $Ljy; vd;git ,jDs; mlq;Fk;. mwpgtd;> mwpT> mwpag;gLk; nghUs; - vd;Dk; Ntw;Wik fle;j Kjy;tDld; mj;Jtpjkha;f; fyf;fpd;w epiyik vd;gh;. ,jd; gad; rhAr;rkhfpa tPLNgwhFk;. ,e;newpf;F khzpf;fthrfg; ngUkhid vLj;Jf; fhl;Lth;. ,th; Qhdj;jpd; thapyha; tPl;il mile;jth;. ,jid nka;fz;lhh;> Nkw;rhpia fphpah> Nahfq;fisr; nra;Jop>
ed;newpahfpa Qhdj;ijf; fhl;bay;yJ25 vd;Dk; VJthf;fpaj;jpy; tpsf;fpdhh;. ,iwtd; mtw;wpf;F czh;j;Jk; KiwAk; gy;NtW tifg;gLk;. caph; FU mUspa Qhdj;jhy; ghrj;jpd; ePq;fp ,iwtDila jpUtbia mile;J kPSjypd;wp tPl;bd;gk; Ja;f;Fk;. ,jw;Fr; rd;khh;f;fk; vd;W ngah;.
NkNy $wpa %d;W newpfs; Kj;jpf;Fg; gbfsha; mikAk;> Mdhy; ghrk; ePq;fhJ. ,e;j Qhdnewpapdhy; Md;khitg; gw;wpAs;s ghrk; jLf;fg;gl;L Kj;jpaila gad;gLfpwJ. ,JNt ehndwpapd; %yk; Kj;jpailAk; topahFk;. ,jidj; jpU%y ehadhuhy;>
gj;jd; fphpia rhpia gapy;Tw;Wr;
Rj;j mUshy; Jhprw;w Nahfj;jpy;
ca;j;j newpAk; Wzh;fpd;w Qhdj;jhy;
rpj;jq; FUtU shw;rpt khFNk26vd;W $wg;ngw;Ws;sJ.
jPf;if
MrhhpaUila mUs; Nehf;fk;> kyj;ijf; nfLj;J Qhdj;ijf; nfhLg;gJ. jPf;ifg; ngw;wtNu irth; vdj; jFjpAilath;. ,J rka jPf;if> tpNrl jPf;if> epHthz jPf;if vd %tifg;gLk;. rka jPf;if vd;gJ irt rkaj;jpy; Eiotjw;Fj; jFjpiaf; nfhLg;gJ. tpNrl jPf;if vd;gJ rptg+ir nra;aj; jFjpiaf; nfhLg;gJ> eph;thz jPf;if vd;gJ Qhd newpahy; Nkhl;rk; miltjw;Fhpa gapw;rpf;Fj; jFjpiaj; jUtJ.,iwtNd Mrhhpa tbtj;jpy; te;J Kk;kyj;jhy; gpzpf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; Md;khf;fspd; gf;Ftk; mwpe;J
ghynuhL thyPrh; tpUj;jh; gzp nkhopahh;
gy;Nghfj;jth; tpahjpg; gl;lth;f;Fg; gz;ZQ;
rPykJ eph;g;gPrQ; rkahrhue; jpfo;Rj;jp
rkapGj; jpuw;F epj;jj;
NjYkjp fhuj;ij apaw;wpj; jhD
nkopdpujp fhiunad epd;wpuz;lha; tpsq;FQ;
rhyepfo; Njf ghjj; jpNdhL
rpj;jpa eph;thz nkdr;rhw; Wq;fhNy28vd;w ghlypYk;>
XjpAzh;e;j njhOf;f newpapOf; fhey;y
Tj;jkh;f;Fr; nra;tJah; gPrkpth; jk;ik
ePjpapdh dpj;jpa iekpj;jpa fhkpaj;jp dpWj;jp
epuk;gjpfhu epfo;j;J tJQ;nra;J
rhjfhrhhp aUkhf;fp tPLjU tpf;F
KNyhf rptjd; kpzpnad; wpuz;lh
khjypdhy jpfhiuaQ; rka tpNrl
epUthzk gpNlf kptw;wlq; Fkd;Nw29vd;w ghlypYk;>
moptpyhf; fphpia apdhyhjy; rj;jpkj;jh
thjyj;J thRj;jp gz;zp kykfw;wp
nahoptpyhr; rptk;gpu fhrpf;F Qhd
Kjpgpj;Jw; gte;Jilg; giunahU %th;f;Fk;30vd;Dk; ghly;fspy; jPf;ifg; gw;wpr; rptQhdrpj;jp tpsf;FfpwJ.FUtopghL
FUTf;F Kjyplk; jUjy; midj;Jr; irtnewpf;Fk; cld;ghL. mbahUf;Fj; jpUf;fhl;rpiaf; fhl;b> mff;fz;izj; jpwf;Fk; mUs; je;ij FUththh;.
F-,opT@ U xopg;gtd;> Fwp> cz;lhf;fpf; nfhz;L Njhd;wpf; Fzq;Fwp fle;j guk;nghUis czh;j;Jgtd; FU vd;w tpsf;fk; kfpoj;jf;fJ.31 MfNt ,iwtNd FUthf vOe;jUsptUfpwhd;. FUtopghL irtrkaj;jpy; rpwg;ghfg; Ngrg;gLfpwJ. FUthdth; jd;ghy; mZfpa rPldplj;J Qhdk; Njhd;wr; nra;Ak; typik cilath;. rPld; Qhdj;ij czh;j;Jk; FUtpid ,iwtdhfNt fUjp topgLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
mEl;lhdk;
FUtpdplj;jpy; rkajPf;if Kjypad ngw;wth;> mth; fhl;ba newpapy; epd;W fhiy> khiy Neuq;fspy; topghl;Lr; rlq;fpidj; jtwhky; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,jpy; Kiwg;gb jpUePwzpjy;> rpt #hpa tzf;fk;> rptfhaj;jphp nrgk;> rptke;jpu nrgk; Kjypad mlq;Fk;.
mbahh; topghL
rptdbahh;fisr; rptd; vd;Nw fz;L topgLjy; Ntz;Lk;. irt Mrhhpah;fs;> ehad;khh;fs;> mbahh;fs; Kj;jpaile;j ehspidf; nfhz;lhLjy; Ntz;Lk;. me;ehspy; rptdbahh;fSf;F mKjspj;J cgrhuk; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,J kNfRu g+ir vdg;gLk;. rptdbahh;fsplj;jpy; vt;tifapYk; NtWghL fUjf;$lhJ.
Mya topghL
jpUf;Nfhapypy; ,Uf;Fk; ,iwtDila jpUNkdpia ,iwtdhfNt fz;L topgLjy; Ntz;Lk;. jpUf;Nfhapy;fspy; epfOk; ehs;topghL> rpwg;G topghL> jpUtpohf;fs; Kjypatw;wpy; ,ad;wsT clyhYk;> nghUshYk; cjtpnra;J fye;J nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,itnay;yhk; rka newpfspy; epw;gtUf;Fhpa milahsq;fshfTk;> tPL NgW miltjw;Fhpa fUtpfshfTk; fUjg;gLfpd;wd. ,tw;iwg; gw;wpnay;yhk; Ng&h;g; Guhzk; vd;d $Wfpd;wJ? vt;thW $Wfpd;wJ? vd;git tUk; fl;Liuapy; tpsf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
,t; Ma;tpd; %yk; irt rhjdq;fs; vd;why; vd;d? mij Nkw;nfhs;Sk; mZFKiwfs; ahit? mjdhy; tUk; gad; ahJ? Kjyhapd nra;jpfs; ,t;tha;tpd; %yk; mwpTWj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
mbf;Fwpg;Gfs;
1. rpjk;gudhh;.m.> fofr; irt tpdh tpil> g.42. mUzhryk;.K.> irt rkak;> g.193. gtde;jp Kdpth;> ed;Dhy;> rptQhd Kdpth; ciu> #j;-10
4. mUzhryk;.K.> irt rkak;> g.100
5. jpU%yh;> jpUke;jpuk;> nr.16706. Nk.$.M.> jpUke;jpuk;> nr. 1673> mb-3. 7. Nk.$.M.> jpUke;jpuk;> nr. 1662 8. Nrf;fpohh;> nghpaGuhzk;> jpUQhdrk;ge;jh; Guhzk;> nr.18.9. Ibid, nr.26.10. rptg;gpufhr Rthkpfs;> rptQhd ghya Njrpfh; jhyhl;L> fz;zp-73.11. Nk.$.M.> rptQhd ghya Rthkpfs; neQ;R tpLJhJ> fz;zp-52.12. fhiuf;fhyk;ikahh;> mw;Gjj; jpUte;jhjp> nr.29.13. ghyRg;gpukzpad;. lhf;lh;. jp.> rptr; rpd;dq;fs;> g. 138.14. flTs; khKdpth;> jpUthjT+ubfs; Guhzk;> nr.120.15. mg;gh; Njthuk;> fd;whg;G+h; gjpfk;> nr.613.16. Nrf;fpohh;> nghpaGuhzk;> jpUf;Fwpg;Gj; njhz;l ehadhh; Guhzk;> nr.30. 17. gpd;dpizg;G18. mUze;jp Njt ehadhh;> rptQhd rpj;jpahh;> nr.27019. mg;gh; Rthkpfs;> Njthuk;> jhz;lfg; gjpfk;> nr.31220. mUze;jp Njt ehadhh;> rptQhd rpj;jpahh;> nr.27121. jpUQhd rk;ge;jh;> Njthuk;> jpUr;rptGuk; gjpfk;> nr.422. gpd;dpizg;G23. mg;gh; Rthkpfs;> Njthuk;> jhz;lfg; gjpfk;> nr.252
24. jpU%yh;> jpUke;jpuk;> nr.246
25. nka;fz;lhh;> rptQhd Nghjk;> #j;.
26. jpU%yh;> jpUke;jpuk;> nr.1455
27. mUze;jp Njt ehadhh;> rptQhd rpj;jpahh;> nr. 254
28. Nk.$.M.> rptQhd rpj;jpahh;> nr.255
29. Nk.$.M.> rptQhd rpj;jpahh;> nr.256
30. Nk.$.M.> rptQhd rpj;jpahh;> nr.257
31. ,uj;jpudrghgjp. it.> tPu irtk;> g. 1743-jpUePW
jpUePW vd;gJ irt rkaj;jhh;f;Fhpa milahsq;fSs; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdJ. rhjdq;fSs; ePW Ke;jpaJ1 vd;gh;. jpUePW vd;gJ gRtpd; rhzj;ijg; gf;Ftg;gLj;jp jPapy; Rl;L vLf;fg;gl;l rhk;gNyahFk;. irt rkaj;jpy; gRtpw;F Kf;fpa gq;F cz;L. mjd; ngUik nrhy;nyhz;zhjJ.2 irt rkaj;jpd; KOKjw; flTshfpa rptgpuhid clk;G KOtJk; jpUePW g+rpa NfhyKilatdhff; Fwpg;gpLtJ kuG.
nka;nayhk; ntz;zPW re;epj;j Nkdpad;3vd;gJ mg;gh; Rthkpfs; jpUthf;FRliyg; nghbg+rp vd; cs;sk; fth; fs;td; vd;gJ Njthuk;4caph;fSf;Fj; jpUePW ngUQ;nry;tkhFk;. ,iwtd; jpUePW mzptJ vjw;nfdpy; VidNahUk; mJNghy; mzpaNtz;Lk; vd;W topfhl;Ltjw;Fj;jhd;. MfNt jpUePW cyfpy; epiyngw;w rhjdk; vd;gJk;> ,iwtd; jpUtb mila> top tFf;fpwJ vd;gJk; GydhfpwJ ,jid>fq;fhsd; g+Rk; frtj; jpUePw;iw kq;fhkw; g+rp kfpo;tNu ahkhfpy; jq;fh tpidfSs; rhUk; rptfjp
rpq;fhukhd jpUtb Nrh;tNu5 jpU%yh;
vd;gJ mg;ghly;
rptgpuhd; rh;trq;fhu fhyj;jpy; vy;yhtw;iwAk; rq;fhpj;J ntw;wplkhfpa RLfhl;by; clk;ngy;yhk; cyF nte;jtpe;j rhk;giyg; g+rp MLfpd;whd; vd;w Fwpg;G njhif Ehy;fspYk;> fhg;gpaj;jpYk; ,lk; ngw;wpUf;fpwJ. fypj;njhif flTs; tho;j;jpy;>
kz;lkh; gyfle;J kJifahy; ePwzpe;J
gz;luq;f khLq;fhy;6vd;W rptguk;nghUs; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. ,g;ghlypy; tUk; ePW vd;gJ jpUePNw vd;gJ ntspg;gil. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; $j;Jg; gw;wpf; $Wk;NghJ>Jzq;ifah; Fuita uzq;nfOe; jhb7vd;W khjtpapd; nraiyf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
jpUePw;wpd; ngUik gw;wp cgepljq;fSk; $Wfpd;wd vd;gh;. ,j;jpUePw;wpd; ngUikiag; gw;wp jpUQhdrk;ge;jh; ghz;baDila ntw;G Nehapid ePf;fpa epfo;r;rpapdhYk; mg;nghOJ ghba>
ke;jpukhtJ ePW8vd;Dk; njhlf;fj;ij cila jpUePw;Wg; gjpfj;jpdhYk; czh;e;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.
,j;jpUePw;iw vt;thW nra;tJ? ,jpy; vj;jid tif cz;L? vt;thW mzptJ? ,jdhy; tpisAk; gad;fs; ahit? vd;gJ gw;wpr; irt rkaj;jpy; gy E}y;fspy; Fwpg;Gf;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. nghpa Guhzk;
KO ePW g+rpa Kdpth; Guhzj;jpy;9Fwpg;Gf; fhzg;gLfpwJ. kw;Wk;>
gpukTj;uf; fhz;lj;jpy; - tpg+jp kfpikAiuj;j mj;jpahak;10vd;w gFjpapYk;>
irt rka tpdh tpil jpUePw;wpay;11vd;w gFjpapYk; nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ. NkYk; ,d;Dk; gy Ehy;fspYk; nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ. ,j;jpUePW mzpe;jth;fisf; fz;lhy;> mth;fisr; rptkhfNt fUjp topgly; Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ nghpa Guhzk; fowpw;wwpthh; Guhzj;jhYk;> nka;g;nghUs; ehadhh; Guhzj;jhYk; tpsq;Fk;. irtuha; ,Ug;gth;fs; jpUePw;wplj;J kpfTk; md;Gilatuhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.gutpa jpUePw;wd;G ghJfhj;J ca;g;gPh;11
vd;gJ nka;g;nghUs; ehadhh; jk;ghprpdq;fSf;F ,l;l fl;lisahFk;. mJ vy;yh nraYf;Fk; nghUe;JtjhFk;.
,j;jifa jpUePw;iwg; gw;wp Ng&h;g; Guhzk; cgNjrg; glyj;jpYk;> jpUePw;W Nkl;Lg; glyj;jpYk;> kw;Wk; gy ,lq;fspYk; tphpthff; $wg;gLfpd;wd. mit ,q;F njhFj;Jj; jug;gLfpd;wd.
jpUePw;W Nkl;Lg; glyj;jpy; fr;rpag;g Kdpth; nrhy;Yk; NghJ Mafiy mWgj;J ehd;fpidAk; mwpe;j gpuhkddhfpa ,tNd mw;g muf;fdhthd;. ,td; ke;jpuk; KjypaitfSf;F ePq;f khl;lhd;. ciknahU ghfdhff; nfhz;L nts;spak;gyj;jpNy jpUf;$j;ijr; rptngUkhd; Njth;fnsy;yhk; tzq;Fk;gb nra;jUSk; jpUg;Ng&hpNy gpukNjtd; ahfk; nra;j Nkk;gl;l ahfFz;lk; xd;W cs;sJ.mJ rptngUkhDila jpUtUspdhNy me;j ahfFz;lj;jpNy tpg+jp ngUfptUtjhk;. mf;Fz;lj;jpNy nghUe;jpa jpUePw;iwj; jhpj;jth;fSila tpidfnsy;yhk; nfl;nlhopAk;> rj;jpak; ,Jthk;> eP cd; kidtpahfpa tpj;JUyijia mioj;Jf; nfhz;L vspa jd;ikia vy;yhk; nfLf;Fk; fhQ;rp ejp ePhpNy mtis KOfr;nra;J> gpukjPh;j;jj;ijAk; vLj;J KOf;fhl;b Nkk;gl;l me;j Fz;lj;jpYs;s jpUePw;iwAk; mts; clk;G KOtJk; ed;whfg; g+Rtha;> nghUe;Jk; jPtpidiaAila me;j muf;fd; mtis tpl;lfYthd; vd;W $wpj; Njth;fshy; tzq;fg;gLk; ehujKdpth; kiwe;jUspdhh;.
gpd;dh; jpUePw;WNkl;il mile;J> tpsq;Fk; jpUePw;iw epiwa vLj;J fhQ;rp ejp jPh;j;jj;ijAk;> gpuk jPh;j;jj;ijAk; Cw;wpf; Fioj;J murd; jd; kidtpapd; cly; KOtJk; g+rpdhh;. gpukd; ahf Fz;lj;jpypUe;J vLj;J ePw;iw epiwag; g+rpdhh;. clNdNa tpj;JUyij clk;gpypUe;J ePq;fp mq;NfAs;s xU ghiwapNy jpBh; vd;W tpOe;J ePz;l KbapNy nghUe;jpa gpukuhf;fjd; jPa tpidahYz;lhfpa clk;ig tpiue;J tpLj;jhd;.
,g;gb ahtuhDk; Jjpf;fg; ngWk; ePw;WNkl;bNy tpsq;Fk; tpg+jpiaj; jhpj;Jf; nfhz;lth;fSf;F gpukuhrd; kl;Lky;yhky;> kyl;Lj; jd;ikAk;> Neha;fSk;> nfhba Jd;gKk;> jPatpidfSk; ePq;Ftd. ,jdhy; Nkyhd gy nghUs;fSk;> tpz;Zyf tho;Tk;> tPl;bd;gKk; te;j nghUe;JtdthFk; vd;W jpUePw;wpd; ngUikahf ,g;gFjpapy; NgRfpd;whh;.,dp> cgNjrg;glyj;jpy; irt rhjdq;fspd; ngUikia ,iwtd;> cikak;ikf;F vLj;Jf; $Wtjhf fr;rpag;g Kdpth; mikj;Jf; $Wfpd;whh;. xU ehs; cikak;ik rptgpuhdplk; ,iwtNd! rpthde;jj;J mOe;Jgth;f;F mUSfpd;w Mde;jj; jhz;ltj; jpUf;fhl;rpia NfhKdpf;Fk;> gl;bKdpf;Fk; mUspa fhuzk; vd;d? vd;W tpdtpdhh;. mjw;F ,iwtd;>
. nre;jP
xj;j rilAk; ntz;zPW Kah;fz; kzpA kpitjhpj;Jf;
nfhj;j tsh;$ tpsj;jsph;fs; nfhz;bq; Fgrh uj;njk;ikr;
Rj;j kspf;F kpypq;fj;Jj;; njhLj;J neLehl; g+rpj;jhh;13md;wpAk; guk;nghUspd; $j;jhLk; jpUNkdpapYk; g+rpj;jhh;. tpoh> rpwg;G tpoh vLj;jhh;. cs;sj;J}a;ik cilauha; Mde;jj; jhz;lt eldj;ij jhprpf;f tpUk;gpdhh;. Mjypd; mtUf;F ,jid mUspNdhk; vd;W tpil $wpdhh;.,t;Tiuahliy itj;J fr;rpag;gh; ril> ntz;zPW> cUj;jpuhf;fk;> tpy;thh;r;rid> rptypq;f topghL> kNfRu%h;j;jp topghL> jpUtpoh nra;jy; Mfpad Kj;jpg; Ngw;wpw;Fhpa rhdjq;fs; vd;W Gyg;gLj;jpapUf;fpwhh;. ,jidj; njhlh;e;J ,th; xt;nthd;wpd; rpwg;igAk; tphpj;Jg; NgRfpd;whh;. mtw;Ws; jpUePw;wpd; gpd;tUkhW $Wfpd;whh;.jpUePw;wpd; tif
jpUePW itjPf ePW vd;Wk;> ,nysfPf ePW vd;Wk; ,uz;L tif. itjPf ePW vd;gJ xkFz;lj;jpypUe;J vLf;fg;gLtJ> ,nysfPf ePW vd;gJ Mtpd; Nfhkaj;jpypUe;J jahhpf;fg;gLtjhFk;. itjPfj; jpUePw;wpYk; Guhjdp vd;Wk;> rj;Nahrhd; vd;Wk; ,uz;L tifg;gLk;. Guhjdp vd;gJ gpuk;kNjtDila XkFz;lj;jpypUe;J fpilg;gjhFk;. rj;Nahrhij vd;gJ me;jzh;fSila epj;jpa mf;fpdp topghl;by; ,Ue;J fpilg;gjhFk;.
,nysfPf tpg+jpAk; ,uz;L tifahFk;. mit> irt ePW kw;wJ mirt ePW. irt ePW-vd;gJ jPf;ifg; ngw;wth;fs; mzptjhFk;. mirt ePW vd;gJ jPf;ifg; ngwhjth; mzptjhFk;. ,d;Dk; jpUePw;iw 1. fw;gk; 2. mDfw;gk; 3. cgfw;gk; vd %d;whfg; gFj;J tpsf;fpAs;shh;.1. fw;g tpg+jp
fw;g tpg+jpia jahhpf;Fk; Kiwia Kjypy; tpsf;Ffpd;whh;. 1. fd;W 2. 3. fd;W ,we;j gR> 4. kyl;Lg; gR> 5. ,U fd;Wfis XNu rkaj;jpy; 6. fpol;Lg; gR> 7. fUTw;Ws;s gR> 8. Fiwe;j nrtp> NfhL> thy; ,tw;iwAila gR> 9. kyh; jpd;Dk; gR> 10. tapwhu Nka;e;J tUk; gR> 11. NehAw;w gR Mfpa ,tw;iw tpyf;fp fd;iwAila gRf;fisj; Njh;e;njLj;J> mg;gRf;fs; gq;Fdpj; jpq;fspy; ney; mWtil nra;j gpd;G taypy; tpisAk;> kW jhspd; Gy;iy Nka;e;J ,Lk; rhzj;ij ml;lkp> rJh;j;jrp> ngsh;zkp jpjpfspy; mr; rhzk; g+kpapy; tpOKd; rj;jpNahrhj ke;jpuk;14 nrhy;yp jhkiu ,iyapy; Vw;Wf; nfhs;f. rhzj;jpd; NkYs;s tOk;ghd gFjpia tpyf;fp> chpa ke;jpuj;ij Xjp Md; ma;e;J ,l;L> mNfhu ke;jpuj;jpdhy;> gpire;J> jl;GUr ke;jpuj;ijr; nrgpj;Jf; nfhz;Nl cUz;il nra;J> cyh;j;jp Xkj;jPapy; ,l;L ePwhf;fp vLj;Jf; nfhs;f.mt;thW vLf;Fk; nghOJ Gjpa ghidapy; ,l;L rptfhaj;jphp ke;jpuk; nrgpj;J> Jha ,lj;jpy; itj;J> Gjpa eWkyh;fis ,l;L ghidapd; Jha Jzpahy; %bf;fl;b itj;Jf; nfhs;f vd;W $Wfpd;whh;. rhz cUz;ilfis cyh;j;jhkNy vhpapy; ,l;L ePwhf;fp vLj;Jf; nfhs;sYk; xU KiwahFk; vd;W fw;gtpg+jpiag; gw;wp tpsf;fpAs;shh;.
2. mDfw;gk;
mDfw;g tpg+jp jahhpj;jiyAk;> gpd; cgfw;gk; jahhpj;jiyAk; $wg;gl;Ls;sd. mJ fhl;bNy cyh;e;J fplf;Fk; Nfhkaj;ijr; rpj;jpiu khjj;jpNy nfhz;L te;J Jhshfr; nra;J mjpNy Nfhryj;ij thh;j;J vLj;J Kd;G nrhd;d KiwNa mf;fpdpapy; itj;J tpisj;Jf; nfhs;tjhFk;. ,jw;F mDfw;g tpg+jp vd;W ngah;.
3. cgfw;g tpg+jp
fhl;bNy kuj;NjhL kuk; ,ize;J nja;tjhy; cz;lhFk; jP mjpfhpj;J vOe;J nte;J tpise;j rhk;gypy; gQ;rnfsaj;ij thh;j;Jg; gpire;J Kd;Nd nrhd;dgb mf;fpdpapy; ,l;L vLj;Jf; nfhs;tjhFk;.jpUePw;wpd; tz;zKk;> gaDk;
jpUePw;wpd; gy tz;zq;fisAk;> mtw;iw mzptjhy; tUk; gyidAk; fr;rpag;g Kdpth; $Wfpd;whh;. ePy epwkhd jpUePW gpzpiaj; jUk;> nrk;G epwKs;s jpUePW MAisf; Fiwf;Fk;> nre;epwkhd jpUePW Gfiof; nfLf;Fk;> nghd;dpwkhd tpg+jp tWikf; nfhLf;Fk; vd;fpwhh;. MfNt mtw;iw ePf;fp ntz;zpwkhd jpUePw;iwNa mzpjy; Ntz;Lk;. m/J Gz;zpaj;ij tpistpf;Fk; vd;fpwhh;. mtw;iw khd;Njhy;> Gypj;Njhy;> Jzp ,tw;why; Mfpa gz;zpuz;lq;Fy cauKk;> vl;lq;Fy mfyKk; cs;s tl;l tbtkhd thaike;j jpUePw;Wg; igfspy; Nrkpj;J itj;J mzpAk;gb cgNjrpf;fpd;whh;. NkYk; mg;igfis jpUePw;wpd; Myaq;fs; vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.1. jhpj;Jf; nfhs;Sjw;F chpa tpuy;fs;: Rl;L tpuYk;> rpW tpuYk; ePq;fpa %d;W tpuy;fSkhk;. mtw;why; ,l;Lf; nfhs;Sk; KiwikahtJ Nkhjpu tpuy;> eL tpuy; ,tw;why; ,lg;gf;fk; Kjyhf ,Oj;J tyg;ghy; njhLj;;J ,ilapNy ngUtpuyhy; vjpuhf ,Of;fyhk;. tyj;NjhSf;F vjpuhf KiwNa jhpj;Jf; nfhs;Sjy; Kiwahk;.2. ,ilNaAs;s %d;W tpuy;fshYk; xUq;Nf nghUe;j NeNu ,l;Lf; nfhs;SjYk; Kiwikahk;. jiy> new;wp> khh;G> ce;jp> ,e;j ,lq;fspy; mzpAk; nghOJ KiwNa: 1. 2. jw;GUlk; 3. MNfhuk; 4. thkNjtk; Mfpa ke;jpuq;fisf; $wp mzpe;J gpwF rj;jpNahrhj ke;jpuk; $wp Koe;jhs;> Njhs;> Koq;if> Kd;if> fz;lk;> KJF> fhJ Mfpatw;why; mzpar; nrhy;fpd;whh;.
3. mzpAk; nghOJ jpUePw;Wf; fPw;Wf;fs; xd;Wld; xd;W NruhkYk; kpFe;j ,ilntspapy;yhkYk;> tistpy;yhkYk;> ,ilapy; mWjy; ,y;yhkYk; mzpaf; $Wfpd;whh;. mt;thW mzpAk; jpUePw;wpd; NfhLfspd; ePsk; new;wp> khh;G> Njhs;> Mfpatw;wpy; MW mq;FyKk;> Vida ,lq;fspy; xU mq;FykhfTk; ,Lf vd;W njUl;Lfpd;whh;. jpUePw;iw iftpuy;fshy; mzpjiyg; NghyNt jphp#yk; Nghy mzpjy; Kiw vd;W XJfpd;whh;.
4. fhiy> khiy mEl;lhdk; nra;Ak; NghJ tpg+jpia cj;JhsdkhfNt mzpe;J nfhz;L gpd;dh; jpUePw;Wg; Gdypy; Fioj;Jj; jphpGz;lukhf mzpjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;> Vida fhyq;fspy; cj;JhsdkhfNt mzpa Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; $Wfpd;whh;. ,Jtiu irtePW mzpAk;Kiw $wpw;W>fq;fhsh; g+Rk; ftrj; jpUePw;iw
kq;fhky; g+rp kfpo;thNu15vd;w jpUke;jpuj;jpw; Nfw;g xt;nthU tUzj;jhUk; jpUePW mzpAk; Kiwia tiuaWj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;whh;.
kiwath;fs; : cr;rp> Ejy;> khh;G> ,UNjhs;fs; Mfpa ,lq;fspy; kl;Lk; mzpaf; flth;.
kd;dh; : kd;dh; Fyj;jpy; gpwe;jth;fs;> kiwath;fs; mzpAk; ,lq;fNshL Nky; NjhspYk;> JilapYk; mzpjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhh;.Vida tUzj;jhh;: ,t;tplq;fspy; mzptJld; Koq;if> Kd;if> Koe;jhs;> KJF> nrtp> fz;fs; Mfpatw;wpYk; jpUePW mzpaNtz;Lk; vd;fpwhh;. kiwath;fs; Njhs;> Jil Mfpa ,lq;fspy; mzpAk; kuGk; cz;L vd;W kw;nwhU tpjpAk; $Wfpd;whh;. Mapd; JilfspYk;> fz;fspYk; jpUePW mzpAk; tof;fk; ,d;W eilKiwapy; fhzg;gltpy;iy.
jphpGz;luj;jpd; jj;Jtk;
jphpGz;lukhfpa jpUePw;wpd; NkYs;s Kjy; NfhL gpuztj;jpYs;s mfu vOj;ijAk;> ,Uf;F Ntjj;ijAk;> ,uhrj Fzj;ijAk;> Md;kh vd;W njhFjpahf nghwp Kjypatw;iwAk;> fphpah rf;jpiaAk;> kfh NjtiuAk;> fhUfgj;jpak; vd;Dk; Nts;tpj; jPiaAk; Fwpg;gjhFk; vd;fpwhh;.,uz;lhtJ Nuif gpuztj;jpYs;s cfuj;ijAk;> aRh;Ntjj;ijAk;> rhj;Jtpj Fzj;ijAk;> kdj;Jld; $ba Md;khitAk;> ,r;rh rf;jpiaAk;> kNfRu%h;j;jpiaAk; Fwpf;Fk; vd;fpwhh;.
%d;whtJ Nuif gpuztj;jpYs;s kfuj;ijAk;> rhk Ntjj;ijAk;> jhkr Fzj;ijAk; Mtz kyj;ij xLf;Fk; gukhd;khitAk;> Whd rf;jpiaAk;> MftdPak; vd;Dk; Nts;tpj; jPiaAk; Fwpf;Fk; vd;W tpsf;Ffpd;whh;.
jpUePw;iw mzpa chpah;
ePw;iw Ntjj;jpd; topapy; epd;W Nts;tp nra;Ak; me;jzh;f;Fk;> murh;f;Fk;> tzpfh;f;Fk; itjPfj; jpUePW chpaJ vd;fpwhh;. Myaj;J klg; gs;spapYk;> mbahh;fs; trpf;Fk; jpUklq;fspy; cs;s kilg; gs;spapYk; cs;s mLg;Gfspy; fpilf;Fk; jpUePWk;> fhdfk; - vhptjhy; fpilf;Fk; jpUePWk; mirt tpg+jp vd;fpwhh;. ,tw;Ws; jPl;irapy;yhj ehd;fhk; tUzj;jhh;f;F kilg; gs;sp tpg+jpAk;> rq;fu rhjpahUf;F fhdfk; - vhpe;jjhy; fpilf;Fk; tpg+jpAk; chpad vd;fpwhh;.jpUePW mzpAk; nghOJ ftdpf;f Ntz;bait
rhd;Nwhh;fsplk; jpUePWngWk; nghOJ xU ifahy; Vw;Wj; jpUePWk;> NkNy $wpa tpjpfspd;gb rikf;fg; ngwhj jpUePWk;> tpyf;fg; ngw;wj; jpUePWk;> jPf;ifapy;yhjhhplk; ngw;wj; jpUePWk; jpUePWk; Mfpait mzpayhfh vd;fpwhh;. jpUePw;iwj; jhpf;Fk; nghOJ> jpUePW jiuapy; rpe;JjYk;> tha; jpwe;J jhpj;jYk;> jiy eLq;fpf; nfhz;L jhpj;jYk;> jiy Fzpe;J jhpj;jYk; jtph;j;J jpUePW ,Lf vd;W topfhl;Lfpwhh;.
me;jzh;fs; cj;J}sdkhf cly; KOtJk; mzpayhk;. murUk;> tzpfUk; ehgpf;F Nky; mzpayhk;. ehd;fhk; tUzj;Njhh; %d;W tpuy;fshy; vOj;Jg; Nghy; mzpth; vd;W $wp> NkNyhh; jpUePW mzpahky; ey;ywr; nray;fis nra;ahh; vd;fpwhh;.
mwpe;Nj nra;Ak; jtWilahiuf; $Wk;NghJ:
,j;jpUePw;iw mjd; Kiwik mwpe;J mzpahjth;fs; kiwnahOf;fj;jpdpd;Wk; tpyfpa ,oprdh; Mth;. mth;fs; Kfk; RLfhl;bw;Fr; rkkhFk;.
ePwpy;yh new;wp gho;16vd;fpwhh; mt;it. mk;Kfq;fis Nehf;Fk; ey;Nyhh; mjdhy; tUk; ghtj;ij ePf;f EhWKiw jpUite;njOj;ij nrgpg;ghh;fs; vd;W $Wfpd;whh;. ,jidNa kzpthrfg; ngUkhd; $Wk; NghJ>
gutp ntz;zPW
mzpfpyh jtiuf; fz;lhy; mk;kehk;
mQ;R khNw17vd;W $Wfpd;whh;.
,dpj; jpUePW jhpahky; nra;Ak; jtk; Kjypa ey;ywq;fs; fsh; epyj;jpy; tpijj;j tpijfisg; Nghy; gadpd;nwhoptd. jpUePW mzpe;Njhh; mr;nray; xd;wpdhNyNa ngUk; jtj;ijr; nra;jth; Mth;. njd;GWj;jhh; fld; Kjypatw;iw jpUePW mzpe;Nj nra;f vd;fpwhh;.
jpUePw;wpd; ngaUk;> fhuzKk;
,jpy; jpUePw;wpw;F toq;Fk; gy ngah;fisAk;> mg;ngah;fs; toq;Fk; fhuzj;ijAk; $Wfpd;whh;.
1. ePW -jPtpidaidj;ijAk; rhk;gyhf;Ftjhy; ,g;ngah; ngw;wJ.
2. tpg+jp-mopahj ngUQ; nry;tj;ijj; jUtjhy; ,g;ngah; ngw;wJ.
3. rhuk;-caph;fNshL fye;jpUf;fpd;w kykhfpa mOf;fpidf; fOtp
J}a;ik nra;tjhy; ,g;ngah; ngw;wJ.
4. grpjk;-mwpahikia ePf;fp Qhd xspiaj; jUtjhy; ,g;ngah; ngw;wJ.
5. gRkk;-ghtq;fis ePf;Fjy;
6. fhg;G-jPtpidapdpd;W fhj;J ey;yUs; nra;tjhy; ,g;ngah; ngw;wJ.
7. ,ul;ir -Md;khf;fshfpa gRf;fis Jd;gj;jpypUe;J ePf;fpf; fhj;J
,ul;rpg;gjhy; ,J ,ul;ir vdg;gLfpwJ.
,jidf; $Wk; NghJ>
ePl tWe;jP tpidaidj;Jk; ePw;wp tplyh tPnwd;Wk;
tPl;by; ntWf;if jUjypdhy; tpg+jpnad;W Kaph;NjhWq;
$L kykh rpidf;fOTq; Fzj;jhw; rhu nkd;Wkl
Nkhl tsh;Nrh jpiaj; juyhw; grpj nkd;W Kiug;ghuhy;18vd;fpwhh;. ,ijNa rpj;jhe;j rpfhkzp $Wk;NghJ>
g+jpNadg; gLQ;nry;t VJtpdhw;
rptkhFk; nghUs; jpfo;e;JK;
VJtpdpw; grpjkpF ghtq;f
likar;rj; jpirj;j yhNy
XjYWk; gw;gnkd ,lhpilepd;
wfw;Wjyh nyhd;WQ; rhuk;
jPjfy midtiuAk; mspj;jjdhy;
,uf;ifnadr; nrg;G E}Ny19vd;fpwJ.
Kbthf Nga;fs;> g+jk;> Ntjhsk;> jPa ke;jpu rf;jp Mfpatw;why; miyg;GWjy;> rpW nja;tq;fshy; tUk; Jd;gk;> mr;rk;> gop> ghtq;fs;> mwpahik Mfpatw;iw KOtijAk; vspjpy; mfw;wp jd;idj; jhprpg;NghidAq; fhg;gjhy; fhg;G vd;Wk; ngah; ngWk;. vdNt g+Tyfpy; ,jd; ngUikia KOJk;> KOtJk; tpsf;FtJ mhpa nray; vd;W rptngUkhd; thapyhfNt $wp epiwT nra;fpd;whh;.
jpUePW gw;wp ,jw;Fk; kw;w Ehy;fSf;Fk; cs;s NtWghL
jpUePW gw;wpg; Ng&h;g; Guhzj;jpy; Vwf;Fiwa 35 nra;Al;fSf;F Nky; tphpj;Jg; ghbAs;shh;. mjpy; jpUePW %d;W tifahfj;jhd; cs;sJ vd;W mWjpapl;Lr; nrhy;yg;gl;Ls;sJ. Mdhy; nja;tr Nrf;fpohh; jhk; gilj;j nghpa Guhzj;jpy; 1. fw;gk;> 2. mEfw;gk;> 3. cgfw;gk;> 3. mfw;gk; vd ehd;fhfg; ghbAs;shh;. mij>
Mjhu khaidj;Jk; Mfp epd;w
mq;fzd;nak; ngUkhd;ePh; mzpe;j Ntzpf;
fhjhh;ntz; jpUf;Fioahd; mUspr; nra;j
fw;gk;mE fw;gk;cg fw;ge; jhdhk;
Mfhnjd; wq;Fiuj;j mfw;gk; ePf;fp
Mnkd;W Kd;nkhope;j %d;W Ngjk;
Nkhfhjp Fw;wq;fs; mWf;Fk; ePw;iw
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mit:
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,y;yj;jpy; mkh;e;J nrgk; nra;ayhk;. mLj;J Mepiufs; jq;Fk; njhOtj;jpy; mkh;e;J nrgk; nra;ayhk;. ,jdhy; va;Jk; gad; Kd;djhy; va;Jk; gaidtpl gj;J klq;F nghpjhFk;. ejpapd; fiuapy; mkh;e;J nrgk; nra;jy; mjdpDk; E}W klq;F gyd;jUk;. fhdfj;jpy; mkh;e;J nra;jy; mjdpDk; Ehwhapuk; klq;F Gz;zpa gyd; jUk;. kiyapy; mkh;e;J nrgk; nra;jy; mjdpDk; Nfhb klq;Fk; gyd; jUk;. jpUf;Nfhapypy; ,iwtd; rd;djpapy; mkh;e;J nra;Ak; nrgj;jpw;fhd gyid mstpl;L ciuf;f xz;zhJ vd;W ek;ik Mw;Wg;gLj;Jfpd;whh;. ,t;tplq;fspy; xd;wf;nfhd;W mjpf mikAk;> nja;tPf #o;epiyAk; nfhz;L tpsq;Fjhy;> Mq;fhq;F mkh;e;J nrgk; nra;Ak; NghJ ,iwepidtpy; kdk; mjpf mstpy; xd;Wtjw;Fj; Jiz nra;tjhfpwJ. ,ij ehk; eilKiwapYk; fhzyhk;. ,j;Jiz El;gkhf vLj;Jf;$wp Mrphpah; ekf;F mwpTWj;JtJ NgUtif gag;gjhFk;.
#hpad;> re;jpud;> mf;fpdp> jPgk;> ejp> gpuhkzh;> gRf;$l;lk; vd;gtw;wpf;F Kd;dh; vjph;KfkhapUe;J nrgpf;ff; flth;. fpof;F Nehf;fpr; nrgpf;fpd; tpUk;gpa nghUs; ahTk; ngWth;. njw;F Nehf;fpr; nrgpf;fpd; mgrhuKilatuhthh;. Nkw;F Nehf;fpr; nrgpf;fpd; ,l;lrpj;jpAk;> tlf;fpy; nrgpf;fpd; tpahjpfs; jPUk; vd;fpwhh;.
11nrgkhiyapd; vz;zpf;ifAk;> nrgpj;jypd; gaDk;
nrg khiyfSf;F tpjpf;fg;gl;l vz;zpf;ifAk;> mtw;iwf; nfhz;L nrgk; nra;tjhy; va;Jk; gaidAk;> ekf;F cgNjrpf;fpd;whh;. tPl;bd;gj;ij kl;Lk; tpioNthh; ,Ugj;ije;J kzpfs; Nfhh;f;fg;gl;l khiyiag; gad;gLj;Jf. Rfj;ij tpUk;GNthh; ,Ugj;NjO kzpfshy; Md khiyiaf; iff;nfhs;f. nghUsPl;l tpUk;GNthh; Kg;gJ kzpfshyhd khiyapy; nrgk; nra;f. jPa gaid Nehf;fpr; nra;Ak; MgPrhukhfpa #dpak;> gpy;yp> Vty;> Nghd;w ghtfhhpaq;fisr; nra;Nthh; gjpide;J kzpfisf; nfhz;l khiyiaf; iff;nfhs;fpd;wdh; vd;W $Wfpd;whh;.
. . , , 108 , , .12 , . . , , , , , . , . , . , , ,, , , . , , , , . ,, . , , . . , .
, , . ., , . ,
-
11 , . . . . , . , . . .cUj;jpuhf;fj;jpd; ngUik
cUj;jpuhf;fj;jpd; ngUikia tpje;Njhjp ek;ik kpf cr;r epiyf;F mioj;Jr; nrd;W> mg;ngUikfis jhprpj;J ,d;GWk;gbr; nra;J Kbf;fpdw;hh;. cUj;jpuhf;fj;ijf; fz;fshy; fz;lth;fs; ngUk; Gz;zpak; va;Jth;. ,g;Gz;zpak; Vida Gz;zpaq;fspYk; Ehwhapuk; klq;F mjpfk; vd;why; cUj;jpuhf;fj;ij ifapdhy; jPz;bath;fs; mjdpDk; xU Nfhb klq;F Gz;zpak; va;Jth;. cUj;jpuhf;fk; nfhz;L nrgk; nra;Nthh; mstpy;yhj Gz;zpaj;ij va;Jth;. mg;Gz;zpa gadhf gpwF gifth;fis nty;th;. gpd;dhy; rptrh&gk; ngWth;. Mifapdhy; cUj;jpuhf;fj;jpd; ty;yikAk;> ngUikAk; ek;khy; mse;J ciug;gjw;F mhpjhd nrayhFkk; vd;W vy;yhk; ty;y rptngUkhdpd; thapyhfNt ,jidr; nrhy;yp itj;Js;shh;. , , , , . , , 13. mbf;Fwpg;Gfs;1. m. rpjk;gudh;> irtrpj;jhe;j E}w; gjpg;Gf; fofk;> irt tpdh tpil g.10
2. it.. . tPuirtk;> g.164
3. , 4. , 5. . , , 926. gonkhopf; nfhj;J, -207. fr;rpag;g Kdpth;()> Ng&h;g;Guhzk;, cgNjrg; glyk;> -558. it.. . tPuirtk;> g.1649. . , , 9310. , , 9411. , -8112. , , 106 13. , 5 ehndwpfs;
Kd;Diu
jpUg;Ng&h;g; Guhzj;jpy; fr;rpag;g Kdpth; Md;kh rhj;jpak; mila rhjdq;fshfg; gytw;iwf; $wpAs;shh;. mtw;Ws; jpUePW> mf;fkzp> jpUite;njOj;J> rpttopghL> fy;yhil> rilKb Kjypait jpUNtlkhfg; Gidag;gLk; fUtpfshFk;. mJ kl;Lkpd;wp ehndwpahfpa rhjdj;jpd; %yKk; rhj;jpak; mila KbAk; vd;W Guhzq;fs; $Wfpd;wd. mt;tifapy; Ng&h;g; Guhzj;jpy; $wg;gLk; ehndwpfisg; gw;wp Ma;tpy; tpsf;fg;gLfpwJ.ehndwp vd;gJ rkaj;Jiwapy; Kj;jp miltjw;Fhpa newpNaahFk;. irtj;jpy; ,J ehy;tifahfr; nrhy;yg;gLk;. mit rhpia> fphpia> Nahfk;> Qhdk; vd;gd. irt tho;f;if rthh;g;gpjkhd tho;f;ifahk;. ,jDs; rhpia cliyAk;> fphpia - ,e;jphpaq;fisAk;> Nahfk; - fuzq;fisAk;> Qhdk; - Md;khthfpa jd;idAk; rpthh;g;gpjk; nra;jy; vd;W nghUs; gLk;.
1. rhpia
rhpia vd;gJ rptngUkhd; jpUf;Nfhapypy; mkh;e;Js;s jpUcUtj;ij Nehf;fpr; nra;Ak; Gwj;njhopy; msthd topghL MFk;. mit rptngUkhd; vOe;jUspapUf;fpd;w jpUf;Nfhapypy; jpUtyfpLjy;> jpUnkOf;fpLjy;> tpsf;Nfw;Wjy;> jpUee;jtdk; itj;jy;> gj;jpu> Gl;gk; vLj;jy;> jpUg;gs;spj; jhkj;Jf;Fj; jpUkhiy> ,z;il> fz;zp Kjypad Gide;J mtd; jpUNkdpapy; mzpar; nra;jy;> Rfe;j J}gk; ,Ljy;> mtd; Gfo; ghLjy;> $j;jhLjy;> mbahiu tzq;Fjy; Kjypad. ,jw;F jpUQhd rk;ge;jiu rhd;W $Wth;. mth; ghlypy;>
fhtpid apl;Lq; Fsk;gy njhl;Lq; fdpkdj;jhd;
Vtpid ahnyapd; %d;nwhpj; jPnud; wpUnghOJk;g+tpidf; nfha;J kyub Nghw;wJ ehkbNahd;
jPtpid te;njikj; jPz;lg; ngwhjpU ePyfz;lk;1
vd;W ghbAs;shh;.
,jid>
jhjkhh;f; fQ;rhw;wpy; rq;fud;wd; Nfhapw;
wykyfpl; byFjpU nkOf;FQ; rhh;j;jpg;
nghJfSq; nfha;Jg+e; jhh;khiy fz;zp
Gzpjw;Fg; gyrikj;Jg; Gfo;e;J ghbj;
jPjpwpL tpsf;fpl;Lj; jpUee;j tdKQ;
nra;JjpU Ntlq;fz; lhybNad; nra;tjpahJgzp aPnud;W gzpe;jth;jk; gzpA
kpaw;Wtjpr; rhpianra;Nth hPrDy fpUg;gh;2vd;W rptQhd rpj;jpahhpy; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
jpUg;Ng&h;g; Guhzj;jpy; KRFe;jd; Kfk; ngW glyj;jpy; RFkhhp cly; Rj;jp nra;J jpUePW mzpe;J> rptypq;f%h;j;jpapd; tbtj;ijj; jpahdpj;J ee;jtdj;jpw;Fg; g+f;$il vLj;Jr; nrd;W g+Tk; jspUk;> NtUk; vLj;J te;J mh;r;rid nra;jjhff; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
NkYk; jpUefug; glyj;jpy; gyklq;fs; fl;bapUe;jd vd;Wk;> mjpy; rhpia Kjypa gzpfs; ,aw;wp te;jdh; vd;gJk; ,jpy; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. rka E}y;fspy; cghar; rhpia vd;Wk;> cz;ikr; rhpia vd;Wk; ,jpy; Ngrg;gl;Ls;sJ.
2. fphpiafphpia vd;gJ rptngUkhDila mUTUtj; jpUNkdpahfpa rptypq;fj;ij Nehf;fpr; nra;Ak; Gwj;njhopYk;> mfj;njhopYk; msthd topghL fphpia MFk;.
fphpah khh;f;fk; vd;gJ kzk; nghUe;jpa kyh;fs; vLj;J> J}gk; jPgk;> jpUkQ;rdk;> jpUthrfk;> jpU mKJ Nghd;wtw;iwj; njhFj;J itj;Jf; nfhz;L Itif Rj;jp nra;J> chpa Mrdj;jpy; mkh;e;J> jd; ,\;l %h;j;jpahd guk;nghUis Mrd %h;j;jp %yq;fspdhNy Mthfdk; gz;zp> Qhd xsp tbtpddhfg; ghtpj;J> J}a;ikahd nka; md;gpdhy; mUr;rid nra;J> g+rpj;J> cs;sk; cUfpj; Jjpj;J> topghL nra;J> epj;jpa mf;fpdp fhhpaKk; nra;jy; MFk;. kyh;fis tpjpg;gb vLf;f Ntz;Lk;> Qhdp cjph;e;j g+f;fSk; vLf;fyhk;. g+tpd;wpg; grpa ,iy nfhz;NlAk; mUr;rpf;fyhk;. ,e;jg; g+ir Md;khh;j;j g+ir vdg;gLk;.
,jw;F ehTf;fuR ngUkhid rhd;W fhl;Lth;. ,jid>Gj;jpukhh;f; fk;Gfypw; Gjpatpiug; NghJ
Gif nahspkQ; rdkKJ Kjy; nfhz; ile;J
Rj;jp nra;jh rd%h;j;jp %h;j;jp khdhQ;
NrhjpiaAk; ghtpj;jh thfpj;Jr; Rj;j
gj;jpapdh yUr;rpj;Jg; gutpg; Nghw;wp
ghptpNdhL nkhpapy;tU fhhpaKk; gz;zy;
epj;jYkpf; fphpiaapid apaw;W Nthh;f
zpd;kyd;w dUfpUg;gh; epidAq; fhNy3vd Qhd rhj;jpug; ghlyhk; mwpayhk;.
Ng&h;g; Guhzj;jpy; $Wk; NghJ jpUkhy; Ng&hpy; njd;fapyhak; ngUkhid vOe;jUsg; gz;zpdhd;. rf;fu %h;j;jk; vd;Dk; ngahpy; xU jPH;j;jk; mikj;jhd;. mj;jPHj;jj;jhy; ,iwtid ePuhl;bdhd;> ghptlk;lk; rhj;jpdhd;> rhe;jk; g+rpdhd;> MuKk;> KbAk; mzptpj;jhd;> kyh;khiy #l;Ltpj;jhd;> ke;jpuq;fs; Xjpdhd;. mWRit cz;b gilj;jhd;> gpd;dh; jPgk; Kjypatw;whNy Muhjid nra;jhd; vd;W mt;topgl;l Kiwiar; nrhy;fpd;whh;. ,J njd;fapyhag; glyj;jpy; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.tlfapyhag; glyj;jpy; jpUkhy; Myq;fhl;Lf; fhspNfhapYf;Ff; fpof;fpYk;> fhtyd; g+rpj;j ,iwtd; NfhapYf;F Nkw;fpYk;> fhQ;rpahw;wpw;Fj; njw;fpYk;> gd;dPh; kuj;jbapYs;s rptypq;fg; ngUkhDf;F tlf;fpYk; mike;j ,lj;ij mile;j> mq;F fkyz;lj;ijj; jPh;j;jkhfg; g+kpapy; Gijj;;J> Njth;fSk; tlfapyhak; vdg; Nghw;w jPtsUk; fhlhfpa ,Lfhl;by; fhQ;rpahw;W ePuhDk; rptngUkhid mgpNlfpj;J> tz;L jPz;lhj g+f;fisr; rhj;jp> epNtjdk; nra;J> J}gjPgq;fs; fhl;b kfpo;tpj;jhd;. Myaq;fhl;by; thOk; fhspia md;NghL g+rpj;J nts;spaq;fphpf;Fr; nrd;W> mq;F rptngUkhidAk; tzq;fp> nts;spak;gyj;ijAk; fz;L tzq;fpdhd;. ehNlhWk; MjpGuj;jpy; cs;s rptngUkhDf;F Vw;w gzpfis md;NghL Mw;wpf; fhytKdptNdhLk;> NfhKdptNdhLk; murtdj;jpy; jq;fpapUf;Fk; fhiyapy; Nkhl;rk; ey;Fk; ahfk; xd;W nra;jhd;.
3. Nahfk;Nahfk; vd;gJ rptngUkhDila mUtj;jpUNkdpia Nehf;fp mfj;njhopy; msthf kl;Lk; nra;Ak; topghL Nahfk; vdg;gLk;. Nahf khh;f;fk; mDgtg+h;tkhf Md;khtpy; jhNd czuj;jf;fJ. mt;tDgtk; nrhy;Yf;F mg;ghw;wgl;l epiy. vdpDk;> rhj;jpuq;fs; $Wk; tpjj;ij ,q;F Fwpg;gplyhk;. cyfg; nghUs;fspy; nry;Yk; Ik;Gyd;fisAk; > cs;Sk; GwKk;> rQ;rhpj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;w thAitj; jilg;gLj;jp mr;RWj;jpr; ROKid ehb topahf NkNy nrYj;jp> kdj;jpd; njhopYk; Xa;e;J jwhjhuq;fspd; epiyia czh;e;J> mtw;Wf;Fhpa NjtijfisAk; g+rpj;J> q;F mr;rigahdJ rptnrh&gkhf epw;Fk; cz;ikia czh;e;J> %yhjhuk; njhlq;fpg; gpukue;jpuk; msTk; mrigAlNd NkNy nrd;W> mq;F re;jpu kz;lyj;jpNy cz;lhfpa mKjj;jpid jdJ Njfk; KOikAk; epiwj;Jj; Njf;fpg; guk; nghUisg; g+uz xsp tbtkhfj; jpahdpj;J ,Uj;jyhFk;.,tw;Wf;Fk; Nkyhf> gpuhrhr Nahfj;ijr; irt rkak; $Wk;; cyhjhuk; njhlq;fpg; gpukje;jpuk; tiuAs;s Md;khtpd; rQ;rhuj;ij Nkij $Wjy; mehrpUij tiuapy; gjpdhU fiyfshff; nfhz;L ,tw;wpd; ngah;> epahagfk;> khj;jpiu> msT> &gk;> xsp KjypadTk; mwpe;J4, ,tw;wpw;Fhpa NjtijfisAk;> jj;Jtq;fisAk; jhprpj;J guk;nghUsplj;Nj epuhjhu ghtidahNy jd;idAk; rptidAk; tpahgfkha; ghtpj;J epw;wNy Nahfk; vd;W .,jw;F Re;ju%h;j;jp Rthkpfis rhd;whff; fhl;Lth;. mth; ghLk; NghJ>
NjLtd; NwLtd; nrk;kyh;g; ghjq;fzh nlhWk;
ehLt dhLt dhgpf;F NkNyNahh; ehy;tpuy;
khLtd; khLtd; td;if gpbjj;J kfpo;e;JNs
MLt dhLt dhkhj; ; kbfNs5
vd;gh.;
Ng&h;g; Guhzaj;jpy; fhytd; topgL glyj;jpy; fhytKdptid rptNahf newpapy; epd;wtdhff; fhl;Lfpd;whh;. fhyt Kdptd; jpUg;Ng&iu mile;J> jd; ngauhy; jPH;j;jk; xd;iw mikj;J ,iwtDf;F mgpNlfk; Kjypadr; nra;J> rptNahfj;jpy; ,Ue;jhh;. ,jd; gadha; ,iwtd; rptfzk; Gil#o fhl;rpaspj;jhd; vd;W mr;rptNahfj;jpd; ngUikiaf; $Wk; NghJ>
gQ;r Je;Jgp Kof;fKQ; rptfzk; gue;ju funtd;d
tpQ;;R WQ;rpt Kof;fKQ; nrtpj;Jis tputnka;r; rptNahfpd;
neQ;r Ka;j;jt ndha;nad tpopj;jd dpd;kyd; widf;fz;lhd;
mQ;R Ks;sNkh nlOe;jdd; gzpe;jd dtrkha;f; fplf;fpd;whd;6vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.
njd;fapyhag; glyj;jpy; $Wk;NghJ ,iwtid jhprpf;f kj;jpae;jd Kdpth; Nahfj;jpy; itj;j kzj;NjhL ,q;F jq;fpapUe;jhh; vd;fpwhh;.
ehujd; topgL glyj;jpy; - ehuj Kdptd; cz;ik Qhdj;ij czUk; rptNahfpah; cs;sk; Mwhjuq;fisAk; fle;J mg;ghypUf;Fk; rf];jpuhuj;jpYs;s rptr;Nrhjpia mile;jJ Nghy ngUikAila kiyfs;> MWfs; fle;J Ngha; rpfuk; cilkiyahfpa njd;fapyhak; mile;jhd;. mq;F kdk; mlf;fp newpahy; Qhd ntspahd rptj;ijf; fhz;gtUf;F eldrghgjp fhl;rp jUthh; vd;W nahf epiy Ngrg;gLfpwJ. ,jid>
fUj;j lq;fpNah fj;jpdh Nrhjpiaf; fhz;gth;f; fdnze;ij
jpUj;j tz;rpyk; nghypnaO tpj;njd neLfpspd; ,opj;Njhq;F7vd;W ghLfpd;whh;.
4. Qhdk;cz;ik> cghak; - vd;W $Wk; Qhdk;> vy;yhf; fiy Qhdq;fisAk; Guhzk;> Ntjk;> rhj;jpuk; gpw E}y;fs; MfpaitAk; Muha;e;Jzh;e;J cyfg; nghUs; gyTk; fPo; vd;W ePf;fp> gjp> gR> ghrk; czh;j;jyhfpa nghUs; xd;Nw Nky; vd;W njspe;J> gurptj;ijj; jhprpg;gpf;fpd;w Nkyhd Qhd fhz;lk; vd;Dk; ey;topiaj; jhDk; Xjp> XJtpj;J - ,g;gb mj;Jtpjkha; rr;rpjhde;j tbtkha; epw;fpd;w Kjy;tNdhL fyf;fpd;w jd;ik cilaJ Qhd khh;f;fkhFk;.,jw;Fr; rhd;whf khzpf;f thrfiuf; $Wth;. mth;ghly; $Wk;NghJ>
ctiyr; rkaq;fs; xt;thj rhj;jpukhk;
rtiyf; fly;csdha;f; ;fple;J jLkhWq;
ftiyf; nfLj;Jf; foypiz je;jUSQ;
nraiyg; gutpehk; njs;Nszq; nfhl;lhNkh8vd;fpwhh;.
,jidNa rptQhd rpj;jpahh;>
rd;khh;f;fQ; rfyfiy Guhz Ntj
rhj;jpuq;fs; rkaq;f lhk;gyT Kzh;e;J
gd;khh;f;fg; nghUs;gyTq; fPohf Nkyhk;
gjpgRgh re;njhpj;Jg; gurptidf; fhl;b
ed;khh;f;f Qhdj;ij ehb Qhd
NQankhL QhjpUT ehlh tz;zk;
gd;khh;f;fr; rptDldhk; ngw;w Qhdg;
ngUikAil Nahh;rptidg; ngWth; fhNz9vd;gh;.
Ng&h;g;Guhzj;jpy; tlfapyhag; glyj;jpy; Qhdnrh&gpahd ,iwtDila tskhd jpUtbfisj; jpahdpj;J ehd;F Ntjq;fspYk; ty;ytdhd gl;bg; ngUkhid tzq;Ffpd;wdh;. Qhdpfs; jPapy; epd;Wk;> ePhpil epd;Wk;> fhl;by; ciwe;Jk;> Nkfq;fs; jtOk; kiyAr;rpapy; jq;fpAk;> czT Jwe;Jk;> cyf KOJk; nfhz;lhLk; rpj;jpfisg; ngw;Wk; Qhdpfs; milAk; fjpaidj;ijAk; tlfapiyia topgbd; xUehspd; fz; epuk;gf; nfhLf;Fk; vd;W #jKdpth; Qhdpfs; ngUik $Wfpd;whh;.Qhdpfs; XLk; nrk;nghd;Dk; xf;fNt Nehf;Fthh;10 vd;Dk; ,ay;Gilath;. ,th;fs; $Ltpl;L $LghAk; rpj;Jty;yik ngw;wth;fs; vd;gd nghpaGuhzk; $WtJ Nghy Ng&h;g; Guhzj;jpy; Qhdj;jpd; gad; tPL vd;gijAk;> mth;fs; ngUikAk; Ngrg;gl;Ls;sd. Qhdk; ngw;whiuf; $Wk;NghJ>
%d;W ghOK iwapdp fo;e;jwj;
Njhd;W Nkiyr;R fg;ngUk; ghopil11
rhpia Nahhpud; Le;jtp uhjth;
fphpia Nahhpuz; Lq;nfL Kw;wth;
chpa Nahf kpuz;LK Qw;Weh;
khpa Jhaklq;fs de;jNk12
vd;fpwhh;.
KbTiu
,t;thW ehndwpfspd; gaDk;> me;newpapy; tho;e;Njhh; jd;ikAk;> Ng&h;g; Guhzk; $Wk; ehndwpAk; gw;wpf; fr;rpag;g Kdpth; kpfj; njspthf tpsf;fpAs;shh;. 1. mbf;Fwpg;Gfs;
2. , , , 23. , , -270
4. .,, , -271
5. , , -94
6. , , , -97. (), , -388. .,, , -19
9. , , -251
10. , , -273
11. , , -812. (), , -84
13. .,, , -83
6-gpw
,Jtiu irt rhjdq;fSs; rpwg;Gila jpUePWk;> mf;fkzpAk; gw;wpf; $wg;gl;ld. rhjdkhf itj;J vz;zj;jf;f NtW rpytw;iwg; gw;wp ,t;tpaypy; $wg;gLfpwJ.1. tpy;tk;
irt rhjdkhfg; gytw;iwf; $wpdhYk; ,q;F gpwtiffs; vd;w mikg;gpNy Nehf;Fk; NghJ Kjyplk; ngWtJ tpy;tkhFk;. ,J topghl;by; mUr;ridf;Fhpa ghj;jpukhfg; gad;gLtJ. ,iwtDila Kf;fz;zpd; tbthff; fhl;rpaspg;gJ. cgNjrg; glyj;jpy; xd;gJ ghly;fspy; tpy;tj;jpd; ngUik $wg;gLfpwJ.
miy tPRfpd;w jpUg;ghw; fliyj; Njth;fs; ahtUk; nrd;W Eiu vOk;gbf; file;j fhyj;jpNy tpy;tgj;jpuKk;> kzk; tPRk; jpUj;johAk; tpsq;Fk;gbj; Njhd;wpa fhuzj;jpdhy; mit ,iwth;f;F tpUg;ge;jUtdthk;.
Jstj;ij tplr; rpwe;jJ Jhajhfpa tpy;tj;jsph;. mJ kpfTk; Kjph;e;jjhapDk;> rUfhf cyh;e;J NghapDk; ,iy ,uz;nlhd;W nghUe;jpapUe;jhYk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;Fhpajhk;. cyfj;jpYs;s caph;fSf;nfy;yhk; nropg;igj; jUfpd;w jpUkfSf;F me;j mjpfhuk; nghUe;jpapUj;jypd; mt;tpy;tj; jsphpNy ngha;ikapy;yhj ,yf;Fkp Njtp nghUe;jp tho;ths;.Neha;fs; ePq;f Ntz;bdhYk;> typik ngw Ntz;bdhYk;> cyfk; fhy;fspy; tpOe;J tzq;f Ntz;bdhYk;> tpz;Zyfj;ij Ntz;bdhYk; fpilf;fg; ngWth;. mt;tpy;tj;jhy; mUr;rpg;Nghh; Mztk;> fd;kk;> khia vd;Dk; Kk;kyq;fSk; ePq;fpa ey;y Kj;jpg;Ngw;iwAk; ngw;W tho;th;.
mt;tifapy; Ehw;nwl;L Kiw m\;Nlhj;jpu ke;jpuq;fisr; nrhy;ypAk;> Mapuk; ngah;fisf; (rfj;jpu ehkk;) $wpAk; tpUg;gj;JlNd ,with; jpUtb kyh;fspy; tpy;tj; jsph;fisf; nfhz;L mUr;rid nra;apd; mjdhy; cz;lhFk; gad; nrhy;y Kbahj ed;ikia tpistpf;Fk; vd;W fr;rpag;g Kdpth;;; ,iwtd;> ,iwtpf;F cgNjrpf;Fk; Kiwapy; itj;J ekf;F cgNjrpf;fpd;whh;.
2. ril KbAk;> fy;yhilAk;:jtnewpapy; Kay;gth;fs; nfhs;Sk; Kiwapy; rilAk; xd;S ,r;ril kpfTk; rpwg;GilaJ vd;W cgNjrg;glyj;jpy; tps;ffg;gLfpwJ. fhytd; topgL glyj;jpYk;> fhyKdptd;; murtdkhfpa Ng&Uf;Fr; nrd;W rptngUkhidf; fz;L> gutrkile;J> kz;zpy; tpOe;J tzq;fp vOe;J $j;jhLfpd;whh; vd;gijf; $wte;j ,lj;jpy; mtDila rilf; Nfhyj;ij fhl;Lk;NghJ>
Guz;L kz;kpir naOe;jdd; nwhOjdd; Ghpril eWe;Jhsp
tuz;b td;dpyj; Jopjuj; jl;lkpl; lhbdhd; tyk; te;jhd;1
vd;W $Wfpd;whh;.
rilKbAk;> fy;yhilAk; gw;wpj; njd;fapyhag; glyj;jpy; NfhKdpahf cUf;nfhz;lijr; nrhy;Ykplj;jpy; jdf;F ,ay;ghf cs;s gl;lhil tpLg;G kuThp jhpj;jhd; vd;Wk;> rhe;jk; Kjypa tpLj;Jj; jpUePW mzpe;jhd; vd;Wk;> nghd; Mguzq;fis tpLj;J mf;fkhiyia mzpe;jhd; vd;Wk;> tUzpf;fpwhh;. ,jdhy; jtNtlk; vd;gJ ,j;jifaJ vd;W Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;whh; vdyhk;. mg;ghly;fs;>
nghw;fiy g+kp gLj;jdd;
tw;fiy khz TLj;jhd;
tpw;fypd; Nkhyp tpLj;jdd;
mw;fypy; Ntzp aLj;jhd;2tpiunahL rhe;jk; ntWj;jdd;
GiujG g+jp nghWj;jdd;
ciufy dhjp nahWj;jdd;
RiugL kf;fe; JWj;jdd;3vd;gdthk;
mJkl;L kpd;wp cgNjrg; glyj;jpy; rptngUkhd; cikak;ikia Nehf;fp $Wk;NghJ tpsq;Fk; neUg;ig nahj;J xsptPRk; rilahdJ> %TyfKk; tpag;gilaj; jpUKbapNy tpsq;Fk; Njhw;wj;jpid AilaJ> murh;fSf;Fhpa milahsj;ij mzpe;J nfhz;lth;fisAk;> murd; vd;W tpiue;J kjpj;J vtUk; cgrhuq;fisr; nra;thh;fs;> mJNghy Fw;wkpy;yhj mk;ikag;gd; riliaj; jhpj;Js;s J}NahiuAk; ,iwtd; vd;Nw thf;fhy;> kdj;jhy;> fhaj;jhy; Njth; KjypNahh; topghL nra;th;.
ePz;l ril xt;nthd;Wk; xt;nthU rptypq;f%h;j;jp vd;Nw fUjj;jFk;. riliaj; jhpj;Njhd; ahtd;> mtDila Mapue;jiy Kiwfspy; Kd;Nd nghUe;jpj; Njhd;wpNdhUk;> mtUf;F Mpaue;jiy KiwfspNy gpd; te;J gpwg;NghUkk;> tpidfs; vy;yhk; ePq;fg; ngw;W rptNyhfk; te;J milth;.
NkYk;> tpsq;Ffpd;w riliaj; jhpj;Js;s xUtidf; fz;L tzq;fhky; ,Ue;jtDila jtk; KOtJk; ePq;Fk; vd;Wk;> tpUg;GlNd fz;L tzq;fpdtd; kpf;f ghtpahf ,Ue;jhdhapDk; Kw;Wg; ngw;w jtj;JlNd Nkk;gl;l nry;tKk; nfhopf;Fk;gb mtd; tho;thd; vd;Wk; .
mJ kl;Lkpd;wp> tpsq;Fk; rilapNy jq;fpa ePH;j;Jsp xd;W xUtd; Nky; njwpj;jhy; nghpa Nga;> g+jq;fSk;> kpfTk; tUj;jk; JL;l nja;tq;fshy; NeUk; Jd;gq;fSk;> Neha;fSk;> ghtq;fSk; Mfpa vy;yhk; nfl;NlhLk; vd;Wk; $Wfpwhh;. ckhkNfruDila KWf;fp tpl;l mofpa rlhKBiaAila Fyj;jpNy nghUe;jp ,dpikAld; tho;thh;fs; vd;why; rilia mzpe;jth;fspd; ngUikia Njth;fshYk; mstpl;Liuf;f KbANkh? vd;w rptngUkhNd cikak;ikf;F cgNjrpj;jjhf .
3. rptnewpapy; epw;gtUila ehl;flikrptnewpapy; epw;gth;fs; Japyzh;e;njOe;jJ Kjy; nra;a Ntz;ba flikfs; ,itnad;gij KRFe;jd; Kfk; ;ngW glyk; vd;Dk; glyj;jpy; njspthff; $Wfpwhh;. ,jpy; g+rid KiwAk; njspthff; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
RFkhhp vd;gth; Xh; me;jzd; kfs;> mtSf;Fj; je;ijahfpa me;jzd;> mtSila gf;Ft epiyia mwpe;J ke;jpuhjpfhuKk;> mh;r;rdhjpfhuKk; nfhLj;jhd;. mts; Kiwg;gb rptypq;fg; ngUkhidg; g+ir nra;jhs;. mtSila ehl;flikia gpd;tUkhW fr;rpag;g Kdpth; ghLfpwhh;. itfiwg; nghOjpy; vOe;J> cly; Rj;jp nra;J> jpUepW mzpe;J> rptypq;f%h;j;jpapd; tbtj;ijj; jpahdpj;J> tPl;bd; Gwk;Ng nrd;W fhiyf; fld;fis Kbj;Jg; gy;Jyf;fpf; Fsj;jpy; ePuhb> clypy; jpUePW g+rp> ee;jtdj;jpw;Fg; g+f;$il Ve;jpr; nrd;W ee;jpah tl;lk; Kjypa kyh;fisg; gwpj;Jf; nfhzh;e;j rptguk;nghUis mUr;rid nra;J tho;e;jhh; vd;fpwhh;. ,jpy; irt rka newpapy; epw;Fk; xUtd; Japy; czh;e;njOe;J nra;a Ntz;ba fld;fs; Kiwahff; $wg;gl;Ls;sd. ,jpy; kyh; gwit gl;bay; jug;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jpy; g+Tk;> jspUk;> NtUk; Mf 111 tghl;Lf;Fhpa kyh;fs; gad;gLj;jpajhff; $wg;gLfpwJ.
kyh;fspd; gl;bay;
1. ee;jpah tl;lk;
2. myhp
3. ke;jhuk;
4. Qhoy;
5. ehfk;
6. thio
7. tFsk;
8. nrUj;jp
9. gpz;b
10. ghjphp
11. $jhsk;
12. rz;gfk;
13. fd;dpfhuk;
14. nfhd;iw
15. Gd;id
16. ntg;ghiy
17. nrt;tfj;jp
18. Ntq;if
19. nfhf;F
20. ke;jhuk;
21. nghd;dhtpiu
22. ntl;rp
23. khJis
24. gl;b
25. gUj;jp
26. nrt;tuj;ij
27. nghw;fhQ;rp
28. Gud;
29. mopQ;rpy;
30. Jk;ig
31. gd;dPh;
32. jpUthj;jp
33. kuh
34. fUQ;nrk;ig
35. jpNyhj;jk;
36. tOJiz
37. fz;lq;fj;jphp
38. kh
39. Fuhkyh;
40. jhsp
41. $j;jd;
42. Fjk;ig
43. Nfhl;lk;
44. ghf;F
45. rjFg;ig
46. tp\;Zfhe;jp
47. Nrtfd;
48. g+thj;jp
49. tpy;tk;
50. td;dp
51. mWF
52. nrt;te;jp
53. ehty;
54. g+e;Jsrp
55. gr;ir
56. nts;isf;fhf;fzk;
57. g+is fUtpis
58. nts;isf;fhir
59. grpajUg;ig
60. fhiu
61. nrq;fPiu
62. ePH;Ks;sp
63. kUJ
64. ,UNtypNth;
65. ,yhkpr;rNth;
66. ntl;bNth;
67. kQ;rzj;jp
68. #hpafhe;jp
69. vYkpr;ir
70. eue;jk;
71. ghhprhjk;
72. Gypnjhlf;fp
73. ty;yp74. rhjfk;
75. rq;fth;j;jdk;
76. fpSit
77. tpsh
78. khtpypq;if
79. Xhpjo;j;jhkiu
80. ehzy;
81. ehAUtp
82. vl;g+
83. nfhl;ilf;fue;ij
84. ey;yfue;ij
85. ,ye;ij
86. jz;zPh;kpl;lhd;
87. ney;yp
88. nehr;rp
89. jhio
90. thif
91. cr;rpg;Gy;
92. Fr;rpg;Gy;
93. fhe;js;
94. rhypg;gaph;
95. fUq;fhyp
96. jhd;wp
97. FUe;J
98. jhk;g+yk;
99. kU
100. kUf;nfhOe;J
101. khjtp
102. nksty;
103. ky;ypif
104. khyjp
105. Fstp
106. FKjk;
107. Ftis
108. jhkiu
109. nea;jy;
110. FUkzp
111. Fio
vd;gd4
jkpopyf;fpaj;jpy; FwpQ;rpg; ghl;L vd;gjpy; njhz;Z}w;nwhd;gJ kyh;fspd; ngaiuf; Fwpg;gpl;Lg; ghbaij Ma;thsh;fs; tpae;J ghuhl;Lth;.5 fr;rpag;g Kdpth;> fgpyiuAk; tpQ;rp Ehw;Wg;gjpndhU g+f;fspd; ngah;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;Lg; ghbapUg;gJ Nghw;Wjw;FhpaJ.
4. jPf;if
irt rkaj;jpy; Qhdk; tUtjw;Fhpa thapy;fspy; xd;whfj; jPf;if Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. ,j;jPf;ifiag; gw;wpg; Ng&h;g; Guhzj;jpy; rpy nra;jpfs; Fwpg;ghf czh;j;jg; gLfpd;wd.
cgNjrg; glyj;jpy; $Wk; NghJ jPf;ifapy;yhjhh; tpUk;gpdhYk; Nkk;gl;l jtnthOf;fj;jpNy epiy ngw;Nwhh; mth;fSf;Fr; nrhy;ykhl;lhh;. ,jidf; fhz;ghahf vd;W #yg;giliaj; jhpj;j rptngUkhd; mUspajhff; $wg;gLfpd;wd.
NkYk; topgL glyj;jpy; rptNahfj;jpy; ,Ue;j fhytDf;Ff; fhl;rp nfhLj;j rptngUkhd; mtid mUfpy; mioj;J> mtd; Ntz;bathNw rpj;jhe;j Kj;jpapd; rpwg;ig tpsf;fg; Nghfpd;w rptngUkhd; jdJ jpUf;fuj;ij fhyt KdptdJ cr;rpapy; itj;J cgNjrk; nra;aj; njhlq;fpdhh; vd;W fr;rpag;g Kdpth; $Wfpd;whh;.
Jd;wpa FOit Nehf;fj; njhOjiy afyg; Nghf
epd;wtd; Kbif itj;J epiyapid Azh;j;jg; Gf;fhd;6
vd;gjhk;. ,g;ghly; khzhf;fDf;F Qhdk; cgNjrpf;fpd;w FU mtd; jzpaplj;jpy; epd;W cgNjrpg;ghd; vd;W Fwpg;ghy; czh;j;jg;gLfpwJ.
Kbifitj;J vd;gJ ghpr jPf;ifiaf; Fwpf;fpwJ vdyhk;. ,jid mj;j kj;jf irNahf jPf;if7 vd;W nrhy;thh;fs;. ,jpy; ngz; ghyhh;f;Fk; jPf;if nra;Ak; kuG cz;L vd;W KRFe;jd; Kfk;ngW glyj;jpy; fypq;f Njaj;J me;jzd; xUtd;> jd;Dila Gjy;tp RFkhhpf;Fj; jtg;gad; tpisjiy mwpe;J mts; tpUk;gpagbNa ke;jpuh mjpfhuk;. mh;r;rdh mjpfhuk; Mfpad nfhLj;J topghl;L newpapy; epw;gpj;j nra;jpia mwpfpNwhk;.
kfsph;fSf;F ePh;g;gPr jPf;if kl;LNk nra;ayhk; vd;W rpj;jpahh; $WfpwJ. ,ij>XjpAzh;e; njhOf;fnewp ,Of;fh ey;y
cj;jkh;f;Fr; nra;tJah; gPrkpth; jk;ik
ePjpapdhy; epj;jpaie kpj;jpffh kpaj;jpd;
epWj;jpepuk; gjpfhuk; epfo;j;JtJk; nra;J
rhjfuh rhhpaUk; Mf;fp tPL
jUtpf;Fk; cNyhfrpt jUkpzpnad; wpuz;lhk;
Mjypdhd; mjpfhiu ahk;rkak; tpNrlk;
jpUthzk; mgpNlfk; ,tw;wlq;F kd;Nw8vd;Dk; ,g;ghlyhy; mwpayhk;.
ke;jpuhjpfhuk;> mh;r;rdhjpfhuk; vd;gd rkajPf;ifapidAk;> tpNrl jPf;ifapidAk; Fwpf;Fk; vd;gJ>
tpUk;gpa ke;jpu mjpfhuk mh;r;rdh mjpfhuk;
NkTk;Nahf mjpfhuk; vdr; rka tpNrlk;
tUk; nghUT,y; epUthzk;9vdr; rptg;gpufhrj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. ,it ,q;Nf fUjj; jf;fd.
5. jpUite;njOj;J
ke;jpuk; vd;gJ epidg;gtiuf; fhg;gJ vd;gJ nghUs; ,jid>
Ngjkhk; vONfhb ke;jpuq;fpsd; nghpjhk;
Ngh ;njOj;jhfpa Gdpj ke;jpuk;10vd;fpwJ.
Nfhb vd;gJ vz;zpf;ifad;W KbT vd;gJ nghUs; vd;fpwhh;. ,q;F VOKbTfisf; nfhz;l ke;jpuq;fs; KiwNa> ek, ];thtpiu> t\l;> t`Pk;gl;> tT\;l;> gl;> ]Pjh vd;gd.11 ,itfSf;nfy;yhk; KbthdJ ;njO ke;jpukhFk;. ,j;jpUitj;njOe;J irt newpapy; epw;gtUf;F %yke;jpukhFk;. ,k;ke;jpuj;jpid cr;rhpg;gjhy; ghrq;fspy; ePq;fpr; rptngUkhidf; fz;l fhl;rp rypahJ ,Uf;Fk; vd;gJ rptQhd Nghjk; xd;gjhk; #j;jpuj;jpuk;>Cdf;fz; ghrk; czuhg; gjpia
Qhdf; fz;zpdpy; rpe;ij ehb
cuhj;Jidj; Njh;e;njdg; ghrk; xUtj;
jz;zpoyhk; gjptpjp vz;Zk; mQ;nrOj;Nj12
tpsf;FfpwJ.
,dp> ,t;tplj;J =gQ;rhf;fuj;ijAk;> tpjpg;gb cr;rhpf;f vd;fpwJ. ,t;thd; khf;fSf;F Qhdk; gpufhrpj;Jk;> mQ;Qhdj;ij Ntk;G jpd;w GOg;Nghy Nehf;fpw;iw Nehf;fp epw;Fkhfypd; mJ ePq;Fjw;F vdf; nfhs;f13 vdf; $wg;gLjy; fhzyhk;.
,J rhjdq;fspy; vy;yhk; kpfr; rpwe;jJ. ,jidf; fhytd; topgLglyj;jpy; mtDf;Fr; rpj;jhe;j Kj;jpapd; rpwg;gpid tpsf;fpf; $wp mQ;nrOj;J tpjpg;gb cr;rhpf;fpy; mJ tpyFk;14 vd Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.
6. jyahj;jpiukdpjh;fSf;F ,iwtdplj;Jg; gj;jpia tsh;f;Fk; rhjdq;fSs; %h;j;jp> jyk;> jPh;j;jk; vd;gd %d;W. Gz;zpaj; jyj;ijj; Njh;e;J ahj;jpiuahfr; nrd;W> mj;jyj;Jj; jPh;j;jj;jpy; %o;fp> mj;jyj;jpy; topgl;lhy;> mt;topghl;bd; gadhf cz;ik cgNjrpf;Fk; FU vjph;g;gLthh;.
%h;j;jpjyk; jPH;j;jk; Kiwaha;j; njhlq;fp dhh;f;Nfhh;
thh;j;ij nrhyr; rw;FUTk; tha;f;Fk; guhguNk15
vd;gh; jhAkhdth;. mtuhy; Qhdk; ngwyhFk; vd;gJ kuG. ,jd; nghUl;L rka newpapy; epw;gth;fs; jyahj;jpiu Nkw;nfhs;Sjy; tof;fk;. mj;jy ahj;jpiu gw;wp Ng&h;g; Guhzj;jpy; gy Fwpg;Gf;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
ehujd; topgL glyj;jpy; Ng&h;g; ngUikia KUfg; ngUkhd;ghy; Nfl;l ehujd; njd;fapyhakhfpa nts;spaq;fphpia Nehf;fp ahj;jpiu Nkw;nfhs;Sjiyf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh; kw;Wk; fhkNjD topgL glyk; Kjypatw;wpYk; jyahj;jpiuapd; rpwg;G Ngrg;gLfpwJ.
7. jpUf;NfhapYk;> topghLk;
irt newpapy; xOFgth;fs; me;newpapy; tOthJ epw;gjw;Fg; gad;gLk; rhjdq;fSs; jpUf;NfhapYk; xd;W. ,j;jpUf; Nfhapypd; mikg;gpd; rpwg;igAk; jpUefug; glyj;jpy; kpf mofhf tUzpj;Jf; $Wfpwhh;. mit>
rptngUkhd; tpsq;Fk; ,e;efh;f;F Nky; nry;yhjPh;fs; vd;W ,ikath;fis tpUg;ghy; tpyf;Fk; kjpy;fs; thdsht cah;e;Js;sd. gl;bg; ngUkhd; vOe;jUspAs;s Nfhapypd; ];Jhgp gf;fypy; nghd;dhYk;> nts;spahYk;> kzpfshYk; Md khlq;fs; tpsq;Ftd, NkUtpd; gf;fj;jpy; vl;Lf; Fy kiyfSk; tpsq;Ft Nghd;wd. kilg;gs;spg; GifAk;> ahfrhiyg; GifAk; neUq;Fjyhy;> kz;Zs;Nshh;> Njth;fs; Nghy fz; ,ikf;fhjth;fs; Mfpyh;. Gifahy; %bj;jpwe;J kz;ztuhfNt tpsq;fpdh;. Gifapy;iyahdhy; fz;zpikf;fhkNy apUe;J Njth;fNs MapDk; Mth; vd;gJ.
rpq;f Vw;wpd; Fuy; Nfl;Fe; jpirapy; mZfhky;> ahid tpyfpr; nry;tJ Nghy> rptngUkhid tzq;Fk; mbath; tpidfs; KOJk; mope;J nfl MWfhyKk; Kurk; Mh;g;gd. NkYk; thdj;jy; tpsq;Fk; el;rj;jpuq;fs; midj;Jk;> ,Utpid xg;Gg; ngw;W> Kk;kyr; Nrw;iwAk; fOtpj; jpUtbg; Ngw;iwaila> gl;bg; ngUkhd; Kd;dh; te;jd vd;W nrhy;Yk;gb vz;zpyhj tpsf;Ffs; ,ilawhJ tpsq;fpd.
mwk; nra;jth;fl;F md;wp> mud; re;epjpia ailjy; ,ayhj fhhpak; vd;gij midtUk; mwpe;Ja;aj; jUk tbthfpa ,lgk; vOjpa nfhb Nfhapypd; thapypy; tpz;iz ClWj;J Xq;Fk;. cyfpy; ve;j cUtk; nfhs;spDk;> ,iwtid topgLjNy nghUsJ vd;W midtUk; njspe;Ja;ar; rpj;j tpUl;rq;fs; rptngUkhd; KbkPJ gy kyh;fisr; rpe;jp tzq;Fk;.
,j;jifa nghw;Nfhapy; jdf;F xg;gpd;wp tpsq;Fk; vd;gjhk;. vkd; jd;dhl;rp nfl> ,e;jpuDila efukhd nrhh;f;fk; tsKw> kd;dfk; kfpo> Mjp irth;fs; kdk;> thf;F> fhaq;fshd; topgl> mehjp irtdhfpa gukrptd; mUs; toq;fp tPw;wpUe;jhd; vd;W Nfhapy; gw;wpg; Ngrg;gLfpd;wd.
mLj;J ehujd; topgL glyj;jpy; njd;fapiy Nehf;fpr; nry;Yk; ehujd; mq;F fz;l jpUf;Nfhapy; fhl;rpia kpf tphpthff; Fwpf;fpwhh;. ,jpy; jpUf;Nfhapypy; vt;thW topgLjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gijf; $Wk:nghJ>
Myaj;ij aile;j ehujh; md;G kpf> jpUf;Nfhapypd; thrypNa rilFiya> cilatpo> tPiziaj; jiyf;F Nky; JHf;fpf; nfhz;L rd neUf;fj;jpdpilapNy thapiyf; fle;J Nfhkhjh;fSld; ee;jp tPw;wpUf;Fk; thapiy aile;jhd;. mq;F gQ;rhq;f> ml;lhq;f ek];fhuq;fs; nra;jhd;> cr;rpNkw; iffisf; Ftpj;J tzq;fp jpU Kd;dh; mile;jhh; vd;fpwhh;.
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nra;ah TUtha; ruzQ; ruzQ; nra;aha; fhpaha; ruzQ; ruzk;
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NKyth; Gu%d; wl;l NkUtd; rpiyaha; Nghw;wp
g+ty hpjop khiyg; Ghprilg; Guhz Nghw;wp17
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,k;ghpj; njhlhp dpd;W nkLj;jU spiwth Nthyk;18
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8. jpUtpohf;fs;
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NfhKdpth; $wpaijf; Nfl;l gl;bKdpth; nja;tj; jr;rid miog;gpj;jhh;. rptngUkhDila jpUtpohTf;Fhpa ahid> Njh; Kjypatw;iw ed;whfr; rpj;jk; nra;tha;> KUff; flTs;> tpehaff; flTs; Kjypa gbtq;fisAk; cld; nra;f vd;W fl;lisapl;lhh;. mRuj;jr;rid mioj;J tskhd efuk;> Myaq;fs;> Nkfq;fs; EioAk; khlq;fs; Kjypatw;iwr; rikf;f vd Vtpdhh;. ,e;jpuid mioj;J tpUk;gpa gad; epiwe;j ghpry;fisr; rpwf;ff; nfhLf;f vd;whh;. mt;ttUila Mw;wYf;Fj; jf;fgb rptngUkhDf;Fhpa gzpfisr; nra;AkhW epUkpj;J mtuth;fSf;Fk; je;ijahf tpsq;Fk; gl;bKdpth; NfhKdptUf;F vy;NyhiuAk; mtutUf;Fhpa gzpfisr; nra;a VtpNdd; vd;W $wp tzq;fpdhh;. vy;NyhUk; mtuth; Ntiyfisr; nra;tJ NghyNt ed;F nra;jdh;.
Kd;Nd kPd; tbtq; nfhz;l jpUkhyhfpa NfhKdpth;> KUfNts;> rz;Brh;> gps;isahh; Kjypa gQ;r%h;j;jpfspd; tbtq;fisAk;> ahid> Njh; KjypaitfisAk;> gpujpl;il nra;J mikj;Jf; nfhz;lhh;. gq;Fdpj; jpq;fs; g+h;tgf;fj;jpNy rl;bjpjpNahL $ba fhh;j;jpif ehspy; JtrhNuhfzk; nra;J tpehafh;> Rg;gpukzpah;> mk;gpif KjypNahh; gf;fj;jpNy tu nts;spak;gyj;jpNy epUj;jk; nra;jUSfpd;w Qhdkh eluhriu kq;fy thj;jpaq;fs; Koq;f tPjpapy; cyh tUkhW nra;tpj;jhh;. gpd;dh; fjypf; nfhbAk; caph; fKnfOjpa nfhbfSk; re;jpukz;lyj;ijak;> Nkf kz;lyj;ijAk; jhz;br; nrd;W mirAk;gb epiwar; nra;J> kzk; epiwe;j GifAk;> xspAk;> gok;> re;jdk;> kyh;> ePh; epiwe;j Flk;> gbfs;> jpz;iz Kjypaitfs; nghUe;jpa fhtzq;fSk;> Njhuz thpirAk; epiwar; nra;J Njth;fs; Gfo;e;J nrhy;Yk; mofpa tPjpfisAila efuj;ij ,with;tykhf cyhg; Nghe;jUspdhh;.NkYk; mq;F Filfs; Fsph;e;j epoiyr; nra;a> fthpfs; ,uz;L gf;fq;fspYk; khwpkhwp> mira> xsp ngHUe;jpa kzptlq;fs; #o;e;j rhe;jhw;wpfs; gy neUq;fptu tpd;kPd;fspd; msTk;> FiwAk;gb neUq;fpa ge;jq;fSk;> eldkhjh; eld tpjq;fSk; kpf tpsq;Ffpd;w tPjpfpsy; ,with; cyh te;jhh;.
mJrkak; thDyfj;Njhh; vjphpNy Jhtpa xspiaaila kzpfs; jpliur; nra;a kz;Zyfj;jpYs;NshUila Fjpiu tha; EiufSk;> ahidj; Jjpf;ifapdpd;W xOFk; ePUK;> MWNghy epiwe;J nry;y> jpUtbfspy; tzq;Fk; Njth;fSila KbfSld; Kbfs; Nkhjpf; nfhs;Stjhy; ,uj;jpd thpirfs; nghbgl;Lr; rpe;j mofhd tPjpapy; ,iwth; efh;tyk; te;jhh;.xsptPRk; ,uj;jpdj;jpdhy; gjpf;fg;gl;l jq;fr; rptpif> re;jpu kz;lyk;> g+jk;> Gl;gftpkhdk;> ,lgk;> ahid> ,ujk;> md;dk;> Fjpiu> ,e;jpu tpkhdk; Kjypaitfspy; MNuhfzpj;J xd;gJ ehl;fspYk; ,with; jpUTyhg; Nghe;jUspdh;.
,t;thW tpy;tk; Kjyhfj; jpUtpohf;fs; gf;.-111> gh -33
2. Nk.g Ng.G. gf; 194> gh 53>
3. Nk.g Ng.G> gf;.194> gh-54
4. Nk.g Ng.G> gf;.330> gh-371
5. fgp> FwpQ;> g. gf;(3-4) mb (61-97)
6. fr;rpKdp> Ng.G gf; - 115> gh 49
7. mUze;jp> rpt> rpj;> gh 256
8. ckhgjp.rp> rptg;gp> gf;.-15> gh-9
9. nka;. f.Nj> rp.Ngh gf; - 208> #j; - 9
10. Nk.g rp.Ngh gf; -224> #j; - 9> mb-3
11. rptg;gpufhr Rthkpfs;> rpj;jhe;j rpfhkzp> gQ;rhf;fu nrgj;jyk;> nra;-4
12. itu> tPuirtk; g.165
13. fr;rpKdp> Ng.G gf; - 121> gh 69> mb 3
14. jhAkh> guhgu> gf; - 554> gh 52
15. fr;rpKdp> Ng.G gf;-99> gh 52
16. Nk.g Ng.G gf;. -114> gh 42
17. Nk.g Ng.G gf;. -114> gh 45
18. Nk.g Ng.G gf;. -121> gh 42> mb-3
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