Safe Use of Hydrogen and Hydrogen Systems NASA Safety … · 2020. 8. 6. · Flammability limits in...
298
Revision Sept. 06 Safe Use of Hydrogen and Hydrogen Systems NASA Safety Training Center
Transcript of Safe Use of Hydrogen and Hydrogen Systems NASA Safety … · 2020. 8. 6. · Flammability limits in...
-
Rev
isio
n Se
pt. 0
6
Saf
e U
se o
f Hyd
roge
nan
d H
ydro
gen
Sys
tem
s
NA
SA
Saf
ety
Trai
ning
Cen
ter
-
Cou
rse
Out
line
Cou
rse
Out
line
•In
trodu
ctio
n•
Why
Stu
dy H
ydro
gen
Saf
ety?
•Th
e H
ydro
gen
Haz
ard
•A
ddre
ssin
g th
e H
ydro
gen
Haz
ard
•C
ompo
nent
Des
ign
•P
EM
Fue
l Cel
l/Ele
ctro
lyze
r Iss
ues
•H
ydro
gen
Faci
lity
Des
ign
•H
ydro
gen
Haz
ards
Ana
lysi
s A
ppro
ach
•S
umm
ary
-
Intro
duct
ion
Intro
duct
ion
•A
ttend
ees
–N
ame
–W
hat d
o yo
u do
with
hy
drog
en?
•In
stru
ctor
s–
Har
old
Bee
son
–K
evin
Far
rah
–M
ax L
euen
berg
er–
Mig
uel M
aes
–La
rry
Sta
rritt
–S
teph
en W
oods
-
Adm
inis
trativ
e D
etai
lsA
dmin
istra
tive
Det
ails
•Fa
cilit
y sa
fety
con
side
ratio
ns•
Res
troom
s•
Bre
aks
•Q
uest
ions
and
ans
wer
s•
Cou
rse
eval
uatio
ns
-
Cou
rse
Obj
ectiv
esC
ours
e O
bjec
tives
•To
fam
iliariz
e yo
u w
ith H
2sa
fety
pr
oper
ties
•To
ena
ble
you
to id
entif
y, e
valu
ate,
and
ad
dres
s H
2sy
stem
haz
ards
•To
teac
h yo
u –
Saf
e pr
actic
es fo
r•
Des
ign
•M
ater
ials
sel
ectio
n•
H2
syst
em o
pera
tion
-
Cou
rse
Obj
ectiv
es (c
ont.)
Cou
rse
Obj
ectiv
es (c
ont.)
–P
hysi
cal p
rinci
ples
and
em
piric
al
obse
rvat
ions
on
whi
ch th
ese
safe
pra
ctic
es
are
base
d–
How
to re
spon
d to
em
erge
ncy
situ
atio
ns
invo
lvin
g H
2
–H
ow to
vis
ualiz
e sa
fety
con
cept
s th
roug
h in
-cla
ss e
xerc
ises
–Id
entif
y nu
mer
ous
para
met
ers
impo
rtant
to
H2
safe
ty
-
Hyd
roge
n ca
n be
han
dled
saf
ely…
…w
hile
stre
ssin
g ap
prop
riate
pre
caut
ions
We
Will
Sho
wW
e W
ill S
how
-
Cou
rse
Mat
eria
lsC
ours
e M
ater
ials
•C
ours
e sl
ides
•A
NS
I/AIA
A G
-095
-200
4, G
uide
toS
afet
y of
Hyd
roge
n an
d H
ydro
gen
Sys
tem
s*•
29C
FR19
10.1
03, H
ydro
gen
*Als
o av
aila
ble
on th
e N
AS
A T
echn
ical
Sta
ndar
ds
Pro
gram
[http
://st
anda
rds.
msf
c.na
sa.g
ov/]
-
Dis
clai
mer
Dis
clai
mer
•Th
e us
e, o
r mis
use,
of t
his
mat
eria
l is
the
resp
onsi
bilit
y of
the
atte
ndee
•If
you
have
an
inci
dent
–D
o no
t bla
me
the
cour
se in
stru
ctor
s–
Do
not b
lam
e an
yone
els
e–
Get
goo
d vi
deo
Cou
rse
inst
ruct
ors
assu
me
no re
spon
sibi
lity
-
Cou
rse
Lim
itatio
nsC
ours
e Li
mita
tions
•Im
prec
ise
quan
tific
atio
n •
Tech
nica
l jud
gmen
t req
uire
d•
No
uniq
ue s
olut
ions
giv
en•
No
endo
rsem
ents
impl
ied
•E
xam
ples
are
illu
stra
tions
onl
y
-
Tech
nica
l Jud
gmen
tTe
chni
cal J
udgm
ent
•O
verla
ppin
g ro
les
–W
hat m
ust y
ou k
now
?–
Wha
t mus
t oth
ers
know
?•
How
doe
s th
is in
form
atio
n af
fect
me?
Bot
tom
line
: Yo
u m
ust t
hink
-
Wha
t is
Judg
men
t?W
hat i
s Ju
dgm
ent?
•R
ecog
nitio
n of
–N
eed
–Li
mita
tions
–Im
plic
atio
ns a
nd c
onse
quen
ces
of a
ctio
ns•
Con
serv
ativ
e ap
proa
ch•
Sea
rchi
ng fo
r haz
ards
-
•E
very
situ
atio
n is
uni
que
•Y
ou a
re re
spon
sibl
e
Rem
embe
r…R
emem
ber…
-
Bat
tery
Box
Exp
losi
onO
ld J
SC
Wat
er Im
mer
sion
Fac
ility
(Jan
uary
29,
197
2)
Bat
tery
Box
Exp
losi
onO
ld J
SC
Wat
er Im
mer
sion
Fac
ility
(Jan
uary
29,
197
2)
•W
ater
tight
por
tabl
e ba
ttery
sup
ply
with
2
lead
-aci
d ce
lls h
ad b
een
char
ged
over
nigh
t•
H2
gas
vent
val
ve c
lose
d, n
ot o
pen
•V
alve
inst
alle
d to
pur
ge H
2at
dire
ctio
n of
pre
viou
s ha
zard
s an
alys
is•
Man
ually
ope
rate
d sw
itch
on li
d (m
agne
tic s
witc
h co
ntac
ts in
tern
al to
bo
x)
-
In a
see
min
gly
conv
entio
nal a
pplic
atio
n su
ch a
s th
is s
eale
d ba
ttery
box
…
-
…th
e bo
x lid
kill
ed o
ne w
orke
r and
sev
erel
y in
jure
d an
othe
r bef
ore
punc
turin
g a
35-ft
-hig
h co
ncre
te c
eilin
g
-
Tube
Tra
iler A
ccid
ent
Tube
Tra
iler A
ccid
ent
O2
inad
verte
ntly
leak
ed in
to th
is H
2tu
be tr
aile
r (m
odifi
catio
ns m
ade
with
out r
evie
w)
-
Tube
Tra
iler A
ccid
ent (
cont
.)Tu
be T
raile
r Acc
iden
t (co
nt.)
The
mix
ture
det
onat
ed a
t ~55
0 ps
i
-
Tube
Tra
iler A
ccid
ent (
cont
.)Tu
be T
raile
r Acc
iden
t (co
nt.)
-
Tube
s an
d sh
rapn
el w
ere
hurle
d 12
50 ft
, an
d se
vera
l em
ploy
ees
wer
e bu
rned
Tube
Tra
iler A
ccid
ent (
cont
.)Tu
be T
raile
r Acc
iden
t (co
nt.)
-
H2
Ven
t Lin
e E
xplo
sion
LH V
ent L
ine
Inci
dent
Sur
vey
-
H2
Ven
t Lin
e E
xplo
sion
Duc
t Fai
ls A
long
W
eld
-
H2
Ven
t Lin
e E
xplo
sion
(con
t.)H
2V
ent L
ine
Exp
losi
on (c
ont.)
-
H2
Ven
t Lin
e E
xplo
sion
(con
t.)H
2V
ent L
ine
Exp
losi
on (c
ont.)
-
Hyd
roge
n fla
mes
do
not
take
co
rner
s w
ell
H2
Ven
t Lin
e E
xplo
sion
(con
t.)H
2V
ent L
ine
Exp
losi
on (c
ont.)
-
H2
Ven
t Lin
e E
xplo
sion
(con
t.)H
2V
ent L
ine
Exp
losi
on (c
ont.)
-
Hyd
roge
n B
allo
on A
ccid
ent
Hyd
roge
n B
allo
on A
ccid
ent
•C
arls
bad,
NM
200
2 fir
ewor
ks d
ispl
ay•
Poo
r jud
gmen
t use
d in
con
stru
ctin
g an
d de
ploy
ing
a ba
lloon
fil
led
with
hyd
roge
n an
d ox
ygen
•O
ne fi
refig
hter
in
jure
d, a
nd p
ublic
“u
nnec
essa
rily
put
at ri
sk”
-
Why
stu
dy h
ydro
gen
safe
ty?
-
Why
Stu
dy H
2S
afet
y?W
hy S
tudy
H2
Saf
ety?
•B
ecau
se a
ccid
ents
occ
ur!
–In
the
‘70s
Ove
r 400
indu
stry
acc
iden
ts (F
acto
ry M
utua
l 4A
7NO
.RG
)
–96
NA
SA
mis
haps
(‘74
-Ord
in, N
AS
A T
M X
-715
65)
–S
ee th
e D
OE
Hyd
roge
n In
cide
nts
Dat
abas
e [h
ttp://
ww
w.h
2inc
iden
ts.o
rg/]
•D
espi
te H
2’s s
afe
use
for o
ver 1
00 y
ears
–To
wn
gas
was
50%
H2
•P
ublic
per
cept
ion
is c
autio
n &
dan
ger
–H
igh
scho
ol c
hem
istry
cla
ss e
xper
imen
t–
Hyd
roge
nbo
mb
-
Hyd
roge
n U
ses
Hyd
roge
n U
ses
•C
hem
ical
s23
%–
Sor
bito
l pro
duct
ion
–G
ener
al p
harm
aceu
tical
•E
lect
roni
cs23
%–
Pol
ysili
con
prod
uctio
n–
Epi
taxi
al d
epos
ition
–Fi
ber o
ptic
s•
Met
als
19%
–A
nnea
ling/
heat
trea
ting
–P
owde
r met
allu
rgy
•P
ropu
lsio
n17
%•
Food
, flo
at g
lass
, oth
er18
%–
Fats
/fatty
aci
ds–
Bla
nket
ing
-
Hyd
roge
n P
rodu
ctio
nH
ydro
gen
Pro
duct
ion
•P
rimar
y so
urce
–Li
ght h
ydro
carb
ons
•G
H2
prod
uctio
n (U
SA
)–
35 b
illio
n S
CFD
(Air
Pro
duct
s 20
02)
•LH
2op
erat
ing
capa
city
–13
6 to
ns p
er d
ay (U
SA
198
6)•
LH2
dem
and
–82
tons
per
day
(US
A 1
986)
-
Acc
iden
ts o
ccur
…A
ccid
ents
occ
ur…
…bu
t loo
ks c
an b
e de
ceiv
ing
-
Tank
er T
ruck
Fire
Tank
er T
ruck
Fire
-
Tank
er T
ruck
Fire
(con
t.)Ta
nker
Tru
ck F
ire (c
ont.)
-
LH2
Trai
ler A
ccid
ents
LH2
Trai
ler A
ccid
ents
-
Mile
s dr
iven
87
,600
,000
Tr
ips
76,2
00D
eliv
erie
s 13
5,00
0H
ydro
gen
rele
ases
an
d ac
cide
nts
0
Air
Pro
duct
s da
ta (1
967-
1989
)
LH2
Tran
spor
tatio
n -R
ealit
yLH
2Tr
ansp
orta
tion
-Rea
lity
-
Less
ons
Lear
ned
from
P
revi
ous
Inci
dent
sLe
sson
s Le
arne
d fro
m
Pre
viou
s In
cide
nts
Gen
eral
Mis
hap
Cau
ses
-
Det
aile
dM
isha
pC
ause
s
Less
ons
Lear
ned
from
Pre
viou
s In
cide
nts
(con
t.)
Less
ons
Lear
ned
from
Pre
viou
s In
cide
nts
(con
t.)
-
Hin
denb
urg
Mis
conc
eptio
nH
inde
nbur
g M
isco
ncep
tion
-
Hin
denb
urg
Mis
conc
eptio
n (c
ont.)
Hin
denb
urg
Mis
conc
eptio
n (c
ont.)
Wha
t has
bee
n se
en
-
Theo
ryTh
eory
•R
esea
rche
rs c
oncl
uded
H2
not t
o bl
ame
–Fi
lm fo
otag
e an
alys
is s
how
s ex
plos
ion
to
be in
cons
iste
nt w
ith h
ydro
gen
fire,
whi
ch
only
bur
ns u
pwar
d, w
ith n
o vi
sibl
e fla
me
–G
asba
gs c
oate
d w
ith g
elat
in–
Al p
owde
r mix
ed w
ith d
opin
g so
lutio
n m
ade
to s
tretc
h an
d w
ater
proo
f out
er h
ull
•19
30s
fabr
ic s
ampl
es te
sted
in m
oder
n la
bora
torie
s pr
oved
to s
till b
e co
mbu
stib
le
-
The
Hyd
roge
n H
azar
d
Saf
ety-
rela
ted
Pro
perti
es and
Wha
t You
Nee
d to
Kno
w
-
The
Hyd
roge
n H
azar
dTh
e H
ydro
gen
Haz
ard
•G
ener
al p
rope
rties
•P
rimar
y hy
drog
en h
azar
ds–
Com
bust
ion
–P
ress
ure
haza
rds
–Lo
w te
mpe
ratu
re–
Hyd
roge
n em
britt
lem
ent
–E
xpos
ure
and
heal
th
-
Phys
ical
Pro
pert
ies
Hyd
ro (w
ater
) + g
enes
(for
min
g) =
Hyd
roge
nPh
ysic
al P
rope
rtie
sH
ydro
(wat
er) +
gen
es (f
orm
ing)
= H
ydro
gen
•Fo
rms:
Ato
mic
Hyd
roge
n, M
olec
ular
Hyd
roge
n•
Isot
opes
: Pro
tium
(1am
u),
Deu
teriu
m (2
am
u),
Triti
um (3
am
u)•
Mol
ecul
ar H
ydro
gen
Sta
tes
–O
rthoh
ydro
gen
–pr
oton
s ha
ve p
aral
lel s
pins
–P
arah
ydro
gen
–pr
oton
s ha
ve a
nti-p
aral
lel s
pins
–N
orm
al h
ydro
gen
–th
erm
al e
quili
briu
m m
ix o
f bot
h•
300
K:2
5% p
arah
ydro
gen
•77
K:
50%
par
ahyd
roge
n•
20 K
:99
.8%
par
ahyd
roge
n
•S
tate
s: G
as, L
iqui
d, S
lush
, and
Sol
id
-
Ene
rgy
Pro
perti
esE
nerg
y P
rope
rties
•H
eat o
f com
bust
ion
(mas
s)–
(HH
V) 6
1,06
2 B
tu/lb
–(L
HV
) 51,
560
Btu
/lb•
Vol
umet
ric e
nerg
y de
nsity
–(H
HV
) 318
.1 B
tu/s
cf•
1 kg
H2
~ 1
gallo
n of
gas
olin
e•
Hyd
roge
n m
ass
to v
olum
e co
nver
sion
s–
1 kg
H2
= 42
3 sc
f= 1
1.13
Nm
3(n
orm
al m
3 )
-
Gas
eous
Hyd
roge
n P
rope
rties
Gas
eous
Hyd
roge
n P
rope
rties
•D
escr
iptio
n–
Col
orle
ss, o
dorle
ss, t
aste
less
•G
ener
al P
rope
rties
–Fl
amm
able
,–
Non
-irrit
atin
g, n
onto
xic,
asp
hyxi
ant
–N
on-c
orro
sive
–Li
ghte
st g
as, b
uoya
nt, c
an e
scap
e ea
rth•
Phy
sica
l Pro
perti
es–
GH
2 de
nsity
@ N
TP0.
0838
kg/
m3
(1/1
5th
air)
–G
H2
spec
ific
grav
ity0.
0696
(Air
= 1.
0)–
Vis
cosi
ty
33.6
4 x
10-3
kg/m
hr
(1/2
air)
–D
iffus
ivity
1.69
7 m
2 /hr
(4x
NG
in a
ir)–
Ther
mal
Con
duct
ivity
0.15
7 kc
al/m
hr K
(7 x
air)
-
Liqu
id H
ydro
gen
Pro
perti
esLi
quid
Hyd
roge
n P
rope
rties
Des
crip
tion
-Non
corr
osiv
e, c
olor
less
liqu
id
Nor
mal
boi
ling
poin
t20
.268
K, 1
01.3
25 k
Pa
Den
sity
@ N
BP
vapo
r 1.
338
kg/m
3 liq
uid
70
.78
kg/m
3LH
2 sp
ecifi
c gr
avity
, NB
P
0.07
10 (H
2O =
1.0
)E
quiv
alen
t vol
gas
@ N
TP84
5.1
(per
vol
liqui
d @
NB
P)
Pre
ssur
e to
mai
ntai
n N
BP
17
2 M
Pa
liqui
d de
nsity
in N
TP g
asTr
iple
poi
nt13
.8 K
, 7.0
4 kP
aTh
erm
al e
xpan
sion
0.01
64 K
-1
-
Ther
mal
Exp
ansi
on C
oeffi
cien
ts
of S
ome
Cry
ogen
saTh
erm
al E
xpan
sion
Coe
ffici
ents
of
Som
e C
ryog
ensa
Liqu
id
Ther
mal
Exp
ansi
on
Coe
ffici
ent
Wat
erb
0.00
07
Oxy
gen
0.00
44
Arg
on
0.00
44
Nitr
ogen
0.
0057
N
eon
0.01
44
Hyd
roge
n 0.
0164
c H
eliu
m
0.21
00
a Sou
rce:
Ede
skut
y an
d S
tew
art 1
996.
Dat
a fo
r NB
P.
b In
clud
ed fo
r com
para
tive
purp
ose.
c 23
.4 ti
mes
that
for w
ater
.
-
Hyd
roge
n C
ombu
stio
nR
equi
rem
ents
Hyd
roge
n C
ombu
stio
nR
equi
rem
ents
•H
ydro
gen
mix
ed w
ith a
n ox
idiz
er to
form
a
flam
mab
le m
ixtu
re•
Igni
tion
ener
gy s
ourc
e (b
ut m
ay n
ot b
e ne
cess
ary
for s
ensi
tive
mix
ture
s)•
Com
bust
ion
can
invo
lve
any
of th
ese
–Fi
re–
Def
lagr
atio
n–
Det
onat
ion
•C
onfin
emen
t can
lead
to fl
ame
acce
lera
tion
and
over
pres
sure
Not
e:B
oth
defla
grat
ion
and
deto
natio
n ca
n ap
pear
as
an
expl
osio
n to
the
hum
an s
ense
s
-
Fire
Fire
•R
apid
che
mic
al
reac
tion
that
pr
oduc
es h
eat a
nd
light
•S
tatio
nary
flam
e w
ith th
e fla
mm
able
m
ixtu
re fe
d in
to th
e re
actio
n zo
ne
(plu
me
or je
t)
•C
hara
cter
ized
by
sust
aine
d bu
rnin
g,
as m
anife
sted
by
any
or a
ll of
the
follo
win
g–
Ligh
t–
Flam
e–
Hea
t–
Sm
oke
-
Def
lagr
atio
nD
efla
grat
ion
•Fl
ame
mov
ing
thro
ugh
a fla
mm
able
mix
ture
as
a s
ubso
nic
wav
e, w
ith re
spec
t to
the
unbu
rned
mix
ture
–S
low
def
lagr
atio
n oc
curs
in th
e op
en o
r with
co
nfin
emen
ts th
at d
on’t
favo
r fla
me
acce
lera
tion
•La
min
ar b
urni
ng (2
–3
m/s
)•
Non
acc
eler
atin
g co
nfin
emen
ts (l
ess
than
100
m/s
)–
Flam
e ac
cele
ratio
n up
to c
hoke
d flo
w (a
ppro
ache
s so
und
spee
d in
unb
urne
d ga
ses,
400
–80
0 m
/s)
–D
efla
grat
ion-
to-d
eton
atio
n tra
nsiti
on (D
DT)
: ac
cele
rate
d fla
mes
trip
to d
eton
atio
n by
turb
ulen
ce
or re
flect
ion
of s
hock
wav
es.
-
Def
lagr
atio
n in
Ope
n A
ir Fo
llow
ing
5 G
allo
n LH
2 Sp
ill
-
Det
onat
ion
Det
onat
ion
•E
xoth
erm
ic c
hem
ical
reac
tion
coup
led
to s
hock
wav
e th
at p
ropa
gate
s th
roug
h a
deto
nabl
e m
ixtu
re–
Sho
ckw
ave
velo
city
is s
uper
soni
c w
ith
resp
ect t
o th
e un
burn
ed g
ases
–A
fter i
nitia
tion,
ther
mal
ene
rgy
of re
actio
n su
stai
ns s
hock
wav
e, w
hich
com
pres
ses
unre
acte
d m
ater
ial t
o su
stai
n re
actio
n
-
Exp
losi
onE
xplo
sion
•R
apid
equ
ilibra
tion
of p
ress
ure
betw
een
a sy
stem
and
the
surro
undi
ngs,
suc
h th
at a
sho
ckw
ave
is p
rodu
ced
•M
ay o
ccur
thro
ugh
–M
echa
nica
l fai
lure
of v
esse
ls c
onta
inin
g hi
gh-p
ress
ure
fluid
s–
Rap
id c
hem
ical
reac
tion
prod
ucin
g a
larg
e vo
lum
e of
hot
gas
es
-
Hyd
roge
n C
ombu
stio
nR
elat
ed P
rope
rties
Hyd
roge
n C
ombu
stio
nR
elat
ed P
rope
rties
•W
ide
flam
mab
ility
ra
nge
•Lo
w ig
nitio
n en
ergy
•S
mal
l que
nchi
ng
dist
ance
•R
apid
diff
usio
n•
Sm
all m
olec
ule
•B
uoya
nt in
air
(abo
ve 2
3 K
)•
Hig
h ig
nitio
n te
mpe
ratu
re•
Hig
h fla
me
velo
city
•Lo
w fl
ame
emis
sivi
ty
Rem
embe
r: H
ydro
gen
mus
t be
mix
ed w
ith a
n ox
idiz
er [a
ir, O
2, C
l, F,
N2O
4, et
c..]
to b
urn
-
Flam
mab
ility
lim
its in
NTP
air
3.9
-75.
0 vo
l%Fl
amm
abili
ty li
mits
in N
TP o
xyge
n3.
9 -9
5.8
vol%
Det
onab
ility
lim
its in
NTP
air
18.3
-59
.0 v
ol%
Det
onab
ility
lim
its in
NTP
oxy
gen
15 -
90 v
ol%
Min
imum
igni
tion
ener
gy in
air
0.01
7 m
JA
utoi
gniti
on te
mpe
ratu
re85
8 K
Que
nchi
ng g
ap in
NTP
air
0.06
4 cm
Diff
usio
n co
effic
ient
in N
TP a
ir0.
061
cm2 /s
Flam
e ve
loci
ty2.
70 m
/sFl
ame
emis
sivi
ty0.
10
* D
ata
is fo
r par
ahyd
roge
nbu
t is
appl
icab
le to
orth
oor
nor
mal
hyd
roge
n
Com
bust
ion
Pro
perti
es*
Com
bust
ion
Pro
perti
es*
-
Flam
mab
ility
Lim
its in
Air
Flam
mab
ility
Lim
its in
Air
010
2030
4050
6070
8090
100
Met
hane
Pro
pane
Hyd
roge
n
Flam
mab
le R
egio
n
% V
olum
e Fu
el in
Air
-
Fire
Fire
Tria
ngle
Tria
ngle
O X
I D
I Z
E R
F U E L
I G N I
T I O N
Elec
tric
Spa
rk
Elec
tric
Arc
Hea
tH
ydro
gen
Oxy
gen
Air
Com
bust
ion
Haz
ards
Com
bust
ion
Haz
ards
-
Fire
Con
cern
sFi
re C
once
rns
•W
ithou
t Con
finem
ent:
–H
igh
flam
e te
mpe
ratu
re (i
n ai
r):
2045
ºC (3
713
ºF)
–D
iffic
ult t
o se
nse
exce
pt b
y di
rect
exp
osur
e,
unle
ss d
etec
tion
is u
sed
•W
ith C
onfin
emen
t–
Can
lead
to h
igh
pres
sure
s (fa
ctor
1 –
8x)
–M
echa
nica
l pre
ssur
e re
lief f
or c
onfin
ed
volu
mes
is a
dequ
ate
-
Def
lagr
atio
n C
once
rns
Def
lagr
atio
n C
once
rns
•S
low
Def
lagr
atio
n: th
e co
ncer
ns a
re th
e sa
me
as fo
r fir
e [c
once
ntra
tions
> 8
% v
/v]
•A
ccel
erat
ed fl
ames
and
cho
ked
prop
agat
ion:
–C
once
ntra
tions
> 1
2% v
/v–
Con
finem
ent c
hara
cter
ized
by
L/W
ratio
s >
8–
Rap
id p
ropa
gatio
n (4
00 –
800
m/s
)–
Pre
ssur
e pi
ling:
pre
ssur
izat
ion
of u
nbur
ned
gase
s–
Dyn
amic
pre
ssur
es ra
ngin
g fro
m th
ose
prod
uced
by
conf
ined
fire
to a
fact
or o
f 15x
initi
al p
ress
ure
•D
DT:
tran
sitio
n to
det
onat
ion
due
to tu
rbul
ence
and
su
perp
ositi
on o
f ref
lect
ed s
hock
wav
es [N
ote:
may
be
gin
with
pre
ssur
es fo
rmed
by
pres
sure
pili
ng]
•P
rote
ctio
n of
ves
sels
by
mec
hani
cal r
elie
f dev
ices
m
argi
nal f
or fu
lly a
ccel
erat
ed fl
ames
-
Def
lagr
atio
n Pr
essu
res
Vol
ume
%T
oP o
Tfa
P fa
To
P oT
fP f
H2
(K)
(kPa
)(K
)(k
Pa)
(K)
(kPa
)(K
)(k
Pa)
Hyd
roge
n/A
ir
529
810
1.3
707.
923
4.7
273
101.
368
4.3
247.
625
298
101.
321
59.2
643.
827
310
1.3
2141
.969
7.0
5029
810
1.3
1937
.959
0.0
273
101.
319
17.7
637.
375
298
101.
311
65.7
375.
627
310
1.3
1142
.640
1.9
Hyd
roge
n/O
xyge
n
529
810
1.3
694.
223
0.1
273
101.
367
1.6
243.
025
298
101.
321
34.5
639.
127
310
1.3
2118
.369
2.2
5029
810
1.3
2913
.080
8.5
273
101.
329
08.3
880.
075
298
101.
330
03.4
837.
527
310
1.3
2999
.291
1.6
9029
810
1.3
1899
.258
1.4
273
101.
318
78.6
612.
295
298
101.
311
32.8
365.
927
310
1.3
1132
.839
9.4
a T
f and
Pf a
re th
e fina
l tem
pera
ture
and
pre
ssur
e th
at w
ould
occ
ur in
the
fixe
d vo
lum
e (2
m3 )
whe
n th
erm
odyn
amic
equi
libri
um o
ccur
red.
-
Det
onat
ion
Con
cern
sD
eton
atio
n C
once
rns
•A
det
onat
ion
is p
oten
tially
the
wor
st-
case
eve
nt re
sulti
ng fr
om ig
nitio
n of
a
com
bust
ible
H2/o
xidi
zer m
ixtu
re–
Hig
h ve
loci
ty15
00 m
/s–
Larg
e pr
essu
re ra
tio15
–12
0 x
–P
ress
ure
relie
fN
o
-
Det
onat
ion
Con
cern
s (c
ont.)
Fact
ors
that
Influ
ence
Det
onat
ion
Det
onat
ion
Con
cern
s (c
ont.)
Fact
ors
that
Influ
ence
Det
onat
ion
•P
erce
ntag
e of
H2
–D
eton
atio
n lim
its in
air*
: 18
.3-5
9 vo
l%–
Det
onat
ion
limit
in o
xyge
n*:
15-9
0 vo
l%•
Initi
al te
mpe
ratu
re, p
ress
ure,
com
posi
tion,
an
d pr
esen
ce o
f dilu
ents
or i
nhib
itors
•S
treng
th (e
nerg
y) o
f ign
ition
sou
rce
•D
egre
e of
con
finem
ent
* A
ppro
xim
ate
perc
enta
ges
are
base
d up
on m
oder
ate
initi
atio
n en
ergi
es, b
ette
r det
erm
inat
ions
are
bas
ed
on c
ell s
ize
info
rmat
ion
-
Det
onat
ion
Pres
sure
s an
d T
empe
ratu
res
Vol
ume
To
aP o
bT
oP o
% H
2(K
)(k
Pa)
T1/
To
P 1/P
o(K
)(k
Pa)
T1/
To
P 1/P
o
Hyd
roge
n/A
ir
18.3
298
101.
37.
657
12.1
5429
810
.17.
580
12.1
1125
298
101.
39.
257
14.6
0529
810
.18.
870
14.2
2350
298
101.
38.
706
13.7
1329
810
.18.
482
13.5
5559
298
101.
37.
678
12.1
4429
810
.17.
601
12.1
19
Hyd
roge
n/O
xyge
n
529
810
1.3
3.11
84.
880
298
10.1
3.11
94.
882
2529
810
1.3
9.03
414
.289
298
10.1
8.66
013
.896
5029
810
1.3
11.6
4617
.857
298
10.1
10.5
3716
.616
7529
810
1.3
12.1
1118
.671
298
10.1
10.8
3417
.250
9029
810
1.3
8.57
613
.584
298
10.1
8.32
713
.393
aT
= te
mpe
ratu
reb
P =
pre
ssur
e
-
Hyd
roge
n/G
asol
ine
Com
paris
onH
ydro
gen/
Gas
olin
e C
ompa
rison
Pro
perty
Hyd
roge
nG
asol
ine
Com
paris
on
MIE
(in a
ir)17
240
-
Flam
mab
ility
rang
e(v
ol %
in a
ir)4-
751.
5-7.
6+/
-
Diff
usio
n co
effic
ient
(cm
2 /s in
NTP
air)
0.61
0.05
+/-
Buo
yant
vel
ocity
(m/s
in N
TP a
ir)1-
2.9
nonb
uoya
nt+/
-
-
HY
DR
OG
EN
AN
D G
ASO
LIN
E C
OM
PAR
ISO
NPR
OPE
RT
YH
YD
RO
GE
NG
ASO
LIN
EC
OM
PAR
ISO
NM
inim
um Ig
nitio
n E
nerg
y in
air
, µJ
1724
0-
Aut
oign
ition
Tem
pera
ture
in a
ir, K
858
530
+Fl
amm
abili
ty R
ange
, vol
% in
air
4-75
1.5-
7.6
+/-
Det
onab
ility
Ran
ge, v
ol %
in a
ir18
.3-5
9.0
1.1-
3.3
+/-
Flam
e T
empe
ratu
re, K
2323
2470
=Fl
ame
Vel
ocity
, m/s
2.7-
3.5
0.4
+/-
Flam
e E
mis
sivi
ty0.
10+/
-T
herm
al E
nerg
y ra
diat
ed fr
omfl
ame
to s
urro
undi
ngs,
%17
-25
30-4
2+
Dif
fusi
on C
oeff
icie
nt in
NT
P ai
r,cm
2 /s0.
610.
05+/
-
Dif
fusi
on V
eloc
ity in
air
at N
TP,
cm/s
-
Sum
mar
y of
Pos
sibl
eC
ombu
stio
n C
onse
quen
ces
Sum
mar
y of
Pos
sibl
eC
ombu
stio
n C
onse
quen
ces
•Fi
re –H
eatin
g (th
erm
al &
UV
ene
rgy
radi
ated
from
fla
me)
–P
rom
oted
com
bust
ion
(dire
ct c
onta
ct w
ith fl
ame)
–B
urns
(the
rmal
& U
V)
•D
efla
grat
ion
and
Det
onat
ion
–E
ffect
s of
fire
–B
last
(ove
rpre
ssur
e)–
Frag
men
ts
-
Form
atio
n of
Com
bust
ible
Mix
ture
sFo
rmat
ion
of C
ombu
stib
le M
ixtu
res
•Id
entif
y so
urce
s of
hyd
roge
n an
d ox
idiz
ers
–B
oil-o
ff an
d ve
ntin
g–
Bat
terie
s, fu
el c
ells
, ele
ctro
lyze
rs–
Che
mic
al p
roce
sses
, rad
ioac
tive
deca
y•
Leak
s an
d sp
ills
–E
xter
nal l
eaka
ge–
In-le
akag
e–
Leak
age
betw
een
syst
em c
ompo
nent
s•
Sec
onda
ry a
ccum
ulat
ion
•In
tern
al c
onta
min
atio
n
-
Pos
sibl
e Le
ak/S
pill
Cau
ses
Pos
sibl
e Le
ak/S
pill
Cau
ses
•M
ater
ials
–D
iffus
ion/
perm
eatio
n–
Exp
ansi
on/c
ontra
ctio
n–
Em
britt
lem
ent
•H
ydro
gen
•Lo
w te
mpe
ratu
re
•C
orro
sion
, wea
r, da
mag
e
•M
echa
nica
l–
Mec
hani
cal s
tress
an
d vi
brat
ion
–D
efor
mat
ion
•P
ress
ure
•Te
mpe
ratu
re
•O
pera
tor e
rror
-
Inte
rnal
Con
tam
inat
ion
Cau
ses
Inte
rnal
Con
tam
inat
ion
Cau
ses
•Im
prop
er p
urgi
ng•
Con
tam
inat
ed fl
uids
–P
ress
uriz
atio
n ga
s–
Pum
p oi
ls–
Bui
ldup
of i
mpu
ritie
s•
In-le
akag
e–
Occ
urs
from
out
side
to in
side
of a
sys
tem
–C
ryop
umpi
ng•
Inte
rnal
leak
age
–O
ccur
s fro
m o
ne p
art o
f sys
tem
to a
noth
er
-
Igni
tion
Sou
rces
Igni
tion
Sou
rces
•E
lect
rical
•M
echa
nica
l•
Ther
mal
•C
hem
ical
-
Ele
ctric
al Ig
nitio
n S
ourc
esE
lect
rical
Igni
tion
Sou
rces
•S
tatic
dis
char
ge•
Sta
tic e
lect
ricity
(tw
o-ph
ase
flow
)•
Sta
tic e
lect
ricity
(fl
ow w
ith s
olid
pa
rticl
es)
•E
lect
ric a
rc•
Ligh
tnin
g
•C
harg
e ac
cum
ulat
ion
•E
lect
rical
cha
rge
gene
rate
d by
eq
uipm
ent o
pera
tion
•E
lect
rical
sho
rt ci
rcui
ts•
Ele
ctric
al s
park
s•
Clo
thin
g (s
tatic
el
ectri
city
)
-
Mec
hani
cal I
gniti
on S
ourc
esM
echa
nica
l Ign
ition
Sou
rces
•M
echa
nica
l im
pact
•Te
nsile
rupt
ure
•Fr
ictio
n an
d ga
lling
•M
echa
nica
l vib
ratio
n•
Met
al fr
actu
re
-
Ther
mal
Igni
tion
Sou
rces
Ther
mal
Igni
tion
Sou
rces
•O
pen
flam
e•
Hot
sur
face
•P
erso
nnel
sm
okin
g•
Wel
ding
•E
xhau
st fr
om
com
bust
ion
engi
ne•
Res
onan
ce ig
nitio
n
•E
xplo
sive
cha
rge
•H
igh-
velo
city
jet
heat
ing
•S
hock
wav
e fro
m
tank
rupt
ure
•Fr
agm
ent f
rom
bu
rstin
g ta
nk
-
Che
mic
al Ig
nitio
n S
ourc
esC
hem
ical
Igni
tion
Sou
rces
•C
atal
ysts
•R
eact
ants
-
Fire
Fire
Tria
ngle
Tria
ngle
O X
I D
I Z
E R
F U E L
I G N I
T I O N
For m
ore
com
bust
ion
haza
rds
info
rmat
ion:
* (R
ivki
n, C
arl,
H.
The
NFP
A G
uide
to G
as S
afet
y. N
atio
nal F
ire P
rote
ctio
n A
ssoc
iatio
n, Q
uinc
y, M
A 2
005
* B
enz,
Fra
nk J
., C
raig
V. B
isho
p, M
icha
el P
edle
y. Ig
nitio
n an
d Th
erm
al
Haz
ards
of S
elec
ted
Aer
ospa
ce F
luid
s. R
D-W
STF
-000
1, J
ohns
on S
pace
C
ente
r Whi
te S
ands
Tes
t Fac
ility
, Las
Cru
ces
NM
880
04, O
ctob
er 1
4, 1
988.
-
Pre
ssur
e, lo
w-te
mpe
ratu
re,
and
hydr
ogen
em
britt
lem
ent i
mpl
icat
ions
-
H2
Pro
perti
es R
elat
ed to
O
verp
ress
ure
Haz
ards
H2
Pro
perti
es R
elat
ed to
O
verp
ress
ure
Haz
ards
•La
rge
liqui
d-to
-gas
exp
ansi
on ra
tio•
Low
hea
t of v
apor
izat
ion
•La
rge
ther
mal
diff
eren
ce•
Sig
nific
ant p
oten
tial e
nerg
y of
co
mpr
esse
d ga
s
-
Ove
rpre
ssur
e H
azar
d S
ourc
esO
verp
ress
ure
Haz
ard
Sou
rces
•P
ress
uriz
atio
n sy
stem
failu
re•
Pre
ssur
e re
lief s
yste
m fa
ilure
•Fi
re fr
om a
n ex
tern
al s
ourc
e•
Inad
equa
te v
entin
g•
Orth
o-to
par
ahyd
roge
n co
nver
sion
•O
verfi
lling
•Li
quid
-to-g
as p
hase
cha
nge
-
Phy
siol
ogic
al E
ffect
s of
B
last
Ove
rpre
ssur
eP
hysi
olog
ical
Effe
cts
of
Bla
st O
verp
ress
ure
Max
. Ove
rpre
ssur
eE
ffect
on
pers
onne
l(k
Pa)
(ps
i)7
1K
nock
per
sonn
el d
own
355
Ear
drum
dam
age
100
15Lu
ng d
amag
e24
035
Thre
shol
d fo
r fat
aliti
es34
550
50%
fata
litie
s45
065
99%
fata
litie
s
-
Low
-tem
pera
ture
Haz
ards
Low
-tem
pera
ture
Haz
ards
•C
old
fluid
s–
Con
tam
inan
t sol
idifi
catio
n •
Col
d su
rface
s–
Oxy
gen
enric
hmen
t of a
ir–
Cry
ogen
ic b
urn
(fros
tbite
)•
Low
-tem
pera
ture
em
britt
lem
ent
–C
onta
inm
ent m
ater
ials
–N
earb
y m
ater
ials
-
Atm
osph
eric
Com
posi
tion
Vapo
r
Dew
Lin
e
Boi
ling
or
Bub
ble
Line
•
AB
•
90 K
77 K
210
0% N
0% N
Liqu
id
Temperature (K)
222
100%
O0%
O2
21%
O22
50%
O2
2
2
N2/O
2P
hase
Dia
gram
Sho
win
g O
2E
nric
hmen
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2/O2
Pha
se D
iagr
amS
how
ing
O2
Enr
ichm
ent
-
020406080100 0
24
68
10Im
pact
Ene
rgy
(kg
m)
100%
LO
X
50%
LO
X
30%
LO
X
20%
LO
X
. .
Reaction Frequency (%)
Oxy
gen
Enr
ichm
ent E
ffect
(Pol
yeth
ylen
e)O
xyge
n E
nric
hmen
t Effe
ct( P
olye
thyl
ene)
-
H2
Atta
ck o
f Met
als
H2
Atta
ck o
f Met
als
•M
echa
nica
l pro
perti
es c
an b
e si
gnifi
cant
ly
redu
ced
by H
2em
britt
lem
ent
–Te
nsile
stre
ngth
–D
uctil
ity–
Frac
ture
toug
hnes
s–
Cra
ck b
ehav
ior
•Fa
ilure
s ha
ve re
sulte
d•
Use
less
sus
cept
ible
mat
eria
ls
-
Type
s of
H2
Em
britt
lem
ent
Type
s of
H2
Em
britt
lem
ent
•E
nviro
nmen
tal e
mbr
ittle
men
t–
Obs
erve
d in
met
als
and
allo
ys p
last
ical
ly
defo
rmed
in H
2en
viro
nmen
t (es
peci
ally
hi
gh p
ress
ure)
–M
axim
um e
ffect
from
200
-30
0K•
Inte
rnal
em
britt
lem
ent
–C
ause
d by
abs
orbe
d H
2
–M
axim
um e
ffect
from
200
-30
0K
-
Type
s of
H2
Em
britt
lem
ent (
cont
.)Ty
pes
of H
2E
mbr
ittle
men
t (co
nt.)
•H
2re
actio
n em
britt
lem
ent
–A
bsor
bed
H2
chem
ical
ly c
ombi
nes
with
m
etal
to fo
rm a
brit
tle h
ydrid
e–
Low
ers
mat
eria
ls d
uctil
ity–
Occ
urs
read
ily a
t ele
vate
d te
mpe
ratu
re–
Met
hane
can
form
with
car
bon
in s
teel
s
-
H2
Exp
osur
e an
d U
ltim
ate
Stre
ngth
H2
Exp
osur
e an
d U
ltim
ate
Stre
ngth
-27.
199
3 (1
14,0
00)
724
(105
,000
)69
MPa
N2
69 M
PaH
2
K M
onel
(ann
eale
d)
-55.
017
31 (2
51,0
00)
779
(113
,000
)69
MPa
N2
69 M
PaH
2
K M
onel
PH
-24.
473
0 (1
06,0
00)
552
(80,
000)
69 M
PaN
2
69 M
PaH
2
C10
25
-66.
629
46 (3
62,0
00)
834
(121
,000
)69
MPa
N2
41 M
PaH
2
4140
(hig
h st
reng
th)
-15.
216
60 (2
41,0
00)
1407
(204
,000
)69
MPa
N2
69 M
PaH
2
4140
(low
str
engt
h)
Cha
nge
(%)
Stre
ngth
[MPa
(psi
)]Ex
posu
re(a
t 80
ºF)
Mat
eria
l(n
otch
ed s
ampl
e)
-
Fact
ors
& M
echa
nism
s In
volv
edFa
ctor
s &
Mec
hani
sms
Invo
lved
•O
pera
ting
envi
ronm
ent
–Te
mpe
ratu
re, p
ress
ure,
exp
osur
e tim
e•
Mat
eria
l –
Phy
sica
l and
mec
hani
cal p
rope
rties
, stre
ss
stat
e, s
tress
con
cent
ratio
ns, s
urfa
ce fi
nish
, m
icro
stru
ctur
e, c
rack
s•
Hyd
roge
n–
Pur
ity, c
once
ntra
tion
-
Fact
ors
& M
echa
nism
s In
volv
ed (c
ont.)
Fact
ors
& M
echa
nism
s In
volv
ed (c
ont.)
•S
usce
ptib
ility
to e
mbr
ittle
men
t gen
eral
ly
incr
ease
s w
ith in
crea
sing
–Te
nsile
stre
ss–
Allo
y ul
timat
e st
reng
th–
H2
purit
y•
Ele
ctric
al d
isch
arge
mac
hini
ng
incr
ease
s po
tent
ial f
or H
2em
britt
lem
ent
-
Hea
lth H
azar
dsH
ealth
Haz
ards
•B
urns
–D
irect
con
tact
with
flam
e–
Ther
mal
ene
rgy
radi
ated
from
flam
e–
UV
exp
osur
e•
Asp
hyxi
atio
n–
Hyd
roge
n–
Pur
ge g
as (N
2, H
e)•
Hyp
othe
rmia
-
Hea
lth H
azar
ds (c
ont.)
Hea
lth H
azar
ds (c
ont.)
•C
ryog
enic
bur
n (fr
ostb
ite)
–S
imila
r to
ther
mal
bur
ns p
rodu
ced
from
co
ntac
t with
cry
ogen
or c
old
surfa
ces
–C
an re
sult
in p
erm
anen
t eye
dam
age
–C
ryog
en v
apor
can
free
ze s
kin
or e
yes
fast
er th
an li
quid
con
tact
, eve
n fa
ster
than
m
etal
lic c
onta
ct
-
Third
-deg
ree
cryo
gen
burn
(fr
ostb
ite) t
o fin
gers
Seco
nd-d
egre
e th
erm
al b
urn
to h
and
Cry
ogen
ic B
urns
Cry
ogen
ic B
urns
-
Wha
t You
Nee
d to
Kno
wS
umm
ary
Wha
t You
Nee
d to
Kno
wS
umm
ary
•G
ener
al p
rope
rties
•P
rimar
y hy
drog
en h
azar
ds–
Com
bust
ion
–P
ress
ure
haza
rds
–Lo
w te
mpe
ratu
re–
Hyd
roge
n em
britt
lem
ent
–E
xpos
ure
and
heal
th
-
Add
ress
ing
the
H2
Haz
ard
Saf
ety
Man
agem
ent
and
Sta
ndar
ds
-
Sta
rt w
ith S
afet
y M
anag
emen
tS
tart
with
Saf
ety
Man
agem
ent
•M
inim
ize
cons
eque
nces
•U
se s
afe
prin
cipl
es a
nd p
ract
ices
•P
erfo
rm re
view
s•
Be
prep
ared
for e
mer
genc
y si
tuat
ions
-
Igno
re it
?
Con
trol i
t?E
limin
ate
it?
Avo
id it
?
Man
agin
g a
Haz
ard
Man
agin
g a
Haz
ard
-
Safe
Use
of H
ydro
gen
Follo
w p
rope
r prin
cipl
es,
prac
tices
, and
pro
cedu
res…
…by
pro
perly
trai
ned
and
mot
ivat
ed p
erso
nnel
Cor
ners
tone
sC
orne
rsto
nes
-
Fede
ral R
egul
atio
nsFe
dera
l Reg
ulat
ions
•29
CFR
1910
.103
, Hyd
roge
n•
29C
FR19
10.1
19, P
roce
ss S
afet
y M
anag
emen
t of H
ighl
y H
azar
dous
C
hem
ical
s•
49C
FR S
ubtit
le B
, Vol
2, C
h 1,
Par
ts
171-
180,
Tra
nspo
rtatio
n
* S
ee o
sha.
gov
for l
ates
t CFR
refe
renc
es
-
HY
DR
OG
EN C
FR IN
FOR
MA
TIO
N
Che
mic
al F
orm
ula
H2
Com
mon
nam
eH
ydro
gen
Haz
ard
mat
eria
l des
crip
tion
and
prop
ersh
ippi
ng n
amea
GH
2
LH2
Hyd
roge
n, c
ompr
esse
da
Hyd
roge
n, re
frig
erat
ed li
quid
(cry
ogen
ic li
quid
) a, b
Ship
ping
iden
tific
atio
n nu
mbe
raG
H2
LH2
UN
1049
a
UN
1966
a
Ship
ping
haz
ard
clas
s or
div
isio
naG
H2
LH2
2.1a
2.1a
Ship
ping
pac
king
gro
upa
Non
e gi
ven
a, c
Ship
ping
labe
ls re
quire
daG
H2
LH2
FLA
MM
AB
LE G
ASa
FLA
MM
AB
LE G
ASa
Ship
ping
spe
cial
pro
visi
onsa
Non
e gi
ven
a
Ship
ping
pac
kagi
ng a
utho
rizat
ion
exce
ptio
nsa
GH
2
LH2
See
49C
FR17
3.30
6a
See
49C
FR17
3.31
6a
Ship
ping
non
bul
k pa
ckag
ing
requ
irem
ents
aG
H2
LH2
See
49C
FR17
3.30
2a
See
49C
FR17
3.31
6a
Ship
ping
bul
k pa
ckag
ing
requ
irem
ents
aG
H2
LH2
(See
49C
FR17
3.30
2 an
d 17
3.31
4)a
(See
49C
FR17
3.31
8 an
d 17
3.31
9)a
Ship
ping
qua
ntity
lim
itatio
ns fo
rpa
ssen
ger a
ircra
ft or
railc
ara
GH
2
LH2
Forb
idde
na
Forb
idde
na
Ship
ping
qua
ntity
lim
itatio
ns fo
r car
goai
rcra
ft on
lya
GH
2
LH2
150
kg a
Forb
idde
na
Ves
sel s
hipp
ing
stow
age
requ
irem
ents
aG
H2
LH2
E a,
d
D a,
e
Ves
sel s
hipp
ing
stow
age
prov
isio
nsa
GH
2
LH2
40a,
f , 57
a, g
40 a,
f
Proc
ess
Safe
ty M
anag
emen
t Thr
esho
ldQ
uant
ityh ,
lb≥1
0,00
0 lb
h
NO
TE
S:a 4
9CFR
172.
101
b Pun
ctua
tion
mar
ks a
nd w
ords
in it
alic
s are
not
par
t of t
he p
rope
r shi
ppin
g na
me,
but
may
be u
sed
in a
dditi
on to
the
prop
er sh
ippi
ng n
ame.
a
c Cla
ss 2
mat
eria
ls d
o no
t hav
e pa
ckin
g gr
oups
.ad “
E” m
eans
the
mat
eria
l may
be
stow
ed “
on d
eck”
or “
unde
r dec
k” o
n a
carg
o ve
ssel
, but
is p
rohi
bite
d on
a p
asse
nger
ves
sel.a
e “D
” m
eans
the
mat
eria
l mus
t be
stow
ed “
on d
eck”
on
a ca
rgo
vess
el, b
ut is
pro
hibi
ted
ona
pass
enge
r ves
sel.a
f Sto
age
prov
isio
n “4
0” m
eans
: “St
ow ‘c
lear
of l
ivin
g qu
arte
rs’”
(49
CFR
176.
84).
g Sto
age
prov
isio
n “5
7” m
eans
: “St
ow ‘s
epar
ated
from
’ chl
orin
e” (
49C
FR17
6.84
).h 2
9CFR
1910
.119
-
Gui
delin
es a
nd V
olun
tary
Con
sens
us S
tand
ards
*G
uide
lines
and
Vol
unta
ryC
onse
nsus
Sta
ndar
ds*
•S
tand
ards
–N
FPA
55,
Sta
ndar
d fo
r the
Sto
rage
, Use
, and
Han
dlin
g of
C
ompr
esse
d G
ases
and
Cry
ogen
ic F
luid
s in
Por
tabl
e an
d S
tatio
nary
Con
tain
ers,
Cyl
inde
rs, a
nd T
anks
. [S
uper
sede
s N
FPA
50
A a
nd 5
0 B
]•
NFP
A 5
0A, G
H2
Sys
tem
s at
Con
sum
er S
ites
•N
FPA
50B
, LH
2 S
yste
ms
at C
onsu
mer
Site
s•
Con
sens
us G
uide
s–
AN
SI/A
IAA
G-0
95-2
004
Gui
de to
Saf
ety
of H
ydro
gen
and
Hyd
roge
n S
yste
ms
[Req
uire
d by
NA
SA
]
* A
ppro
ved
stan
dard
s an
d gu
idel
ines
are
ava
ilabl
e th
roug
h th
e N
AS
A
Tech
nica
l Sta
ndar
ds P
rogr
am a
vaila
ble
on th
e w
eb
[http
://st
anda
rds.
msf
c.na
sa.g
ov/]
-
Indu
stry
Res
ourc
esIn
dust
ry R
esou
rces
•A
ccep
ted
indu
stry
pra
ctic
e–
CG
A G
-5, H
ydro
gen
–C
GA
G-5
.5, H
ydro
gen
Ven
t Sys
tem
s–
CG
A G
-5.4
, Sta
ndar
d fo
r Hyd
roge
n P
ipin
g S
yste
ms
at C
onsu
mer
Loc
atio
ns–
CG
A G
-5.6
, Hyd
roge
n P
ipel
ine
Sys
tem
s•
Indu
stry
reso
urce
doc
umen
ts–
CG
A H
-2 G
uide
lines
for t
he C
lass
ifica
tion
and
Labe
ling
of H
ydro
gen
Sto
rage
Sys
tem
s w
ith H
ydro
gen
Abs
orbe
d in
Rev
ersi
ble
Met
al H
ydrid
es–
CG
A H
-3 C
ryog
enic
Hyd
roge
n S
tora
ge–
CG
A H
-4 T
erm
inol
ogy
Ass
ocia
ted
with
Hyd
roge
n Fu
el T
echn
olog
ies
–C
GA
P-1
2 S
afe
Han
dlin
g of
Cry
ogen
ic L
iqui
ds–
CG
A P
-28
Ris
k M
anag
emen
t Pla
n G
uida
nce
Doc
umen
t for
Bul
k Li
quid
Hyd
roge
n S
yste
ms
•In
dust
ry p
ositi
ons
–C
GA
PS
-17
CG
A P
ositi
on S
tate
men
t on
Und
ergr
ound
Inst
alla
tion
of L
iqui
d H
ydro
gen
Sto
rage
Tan
ks–
CG
A P
S-2
0 C
GA
Pos
ition
Sta
tem
ent o
n th
e D
irect
Bur
ial o
f Gas
eous
Hyd
roge
n S
tora
ge T
anks
–C
GA
PS
-21
Pos
ition
Sta
tem
ent o
f Adj
acen
t Sto
rage
of C
ompr
esse
d H
ydro
gen
and
Oth
er F
lam
mab
le G
ases
–C
GA
PS
-25
Rec
omm
enda
tions
for a
eria
l sto
rage
–C
GA
PS
-26
The
Use
of C
arbo
n Fi
ber,
Fully
Wra
pped
Com
posi
te S
tora
ge V
esse
lsin
S
tatio
nary
Gas
eous
Hyd
roge
n Fu
elin
g S
yste
ms
(pro
pose
d)
-
Gui
delin
es a
nd V
olun
tary
C
onse
nsus
Sta
ndar
ds(c
ont.)
Gui
delin
es a
nd V
olun
tary
C
onse
nsus
Sta
ndar
ds(c
ont.)
•S
tora
ge v
esse
ls–
AS
ME
, Int
erna
tiona
l Boi
ler a
nd P
ress
ure
Ves
sel C
ode,
Sec
tion
VIII
, Pre
ssur
e V
esse
ls–
AP
I Sta
ndar
d 62
0, D
esig
n an
d C
onst
ruct
ion
of
Larg
e, W
elde
d, L
ow-p
ress
ure
Sto
rage
Tan
ks•
Pip
ing
–A
SM
E B
31.3
, Pro
cess
Pip
ing
–C
GA
G-5
.4, S
tand
ard
for H
ydro
gen
Pip
ing
Sys
tem
s at
Con
sum
er L
ocat
ions
–C
GA
G-5
.6, H
ydro
gen
Pip
elin
e S
yste
ms
-
Saf
ety
Res
pons
ibili
tyS
afet
y R
espo
nsib
ility
•M
anag
emen
t is
resp
onsi
ble
for
–E
stab
lishi
ng a
nd e
nfor
cing
saf
ety
polic
y–
Ens
urin
g th
at a
ll ap
plic
able
sta
tuto
ry a
nd
regu
lato
ry re
quire
men
ts a
re id
entif
ied,
do
cum
ente
d, a
nd a
dher
ed to
in H
2us
e•
Ulti
mat
ely,
eve
ryon
e in
volv
ed w
ith H
2sy
stem
or o
pera
tion
is re
spon
sibl
e fo
r sa
fety
-
Aut
horit
y H
avin
g Ju
risdi
ctio
nA
utho
rity
Hav
ing
Juris
dict
ion
•M
anag
emen
t sha
ll de
fine,
des
igna
te, a
nd
docu
men
t the
ent
ity
(AH
J) th
at is
em
pow
ered
to
impl
emen
t and
en
forc
e sa
fety
pol
icie
s an
d pr
oced
ures
•Th
e A
HJ
may
be
a pe
rson
, a g
roup
, an
offic
e, a
n or
gani
zatio
n,
or a
fede
ral,
stat
e, o
r lo
cal g
over
ning
bod
y
-
Org
aniz
atio
nal
Pol
icie
s an
d P
roce
dure
sO
rgan
izat
iona
l P
olic
ies
and
Pro
cedu
res
•R
equi
red
to c
ontro
l han
dlin
g/us
e of
H2
•S
houl
d be
–Fo
rmal
(writ
ten)
–A
ppro
ved
and
enfo
rced
by
uppe
r lev
el
man
agem
ent
–A
vaila
ble
to, a
nd u
nder
stoo
d by
, all
pers
onne
l inv
olve
d in
H2
activ
ities
–A
pplic
able
to a
ll ph
ases
of s
yste
m
oper
atio
ns
-
Hyd
roge
n S
afet
y A
chie
ved
byH
ydro
gen
Saf
ety
Ach
ieve
d by
•In
here
nt s
afet
y•
App
rove
d op
erat
ing
proc
edur
es
•Tr
aine
d pe
rson
nel
•D
esig
n, s
afet
y, h
azar
d, a
nd o
pera
tiona
l re
view
s•
App
rove
d qu
ality
con
trol a
nd
mai
nten
ance
pro
gram
s
-
Inhe
rent
Saf
ety
Inhe
rent
Saf
ety
•In
here
nt s
afet
y vs
. inh
eren
t haz
ards
•In
volv
es–
Fail-
safe
des
ign
–A
utom
atic
saf
ety
desi
gn–
Cau
tion
and
war
ning
dev
ices
–C
ontro
l of H
2qu
antit
y–
Siti
ng o
f H2
faci
litie
s
-
Del
ta C
lippe
rD
elta
Clip
per
-
App
rove
d O
pera
ting
Pro
cedu
res
App
rove
d O
pera
ting
Pro
cedu
res
•R
equi
red
for f
acili
ty
or s
yste
m o
pera
tion
and
for r
outin
e ta
sk
perfo
rman
ce
•P
repa
red/
revi
ewed
by
app
ropr
iate
pe
rson
nel
•P
erfo
rmed
by
train
ed p
erso
nnel
•R
evie
wed
ap
prop
riate
ly to
en
sure
that
cha
nges
to
pro
cess
es,
equi
pmen
t, an
d op
erat
ing
cond
ition
s ha
ve b
een
prop
erly
co
nsid
ered
-
App
rove
d O
pera
ting
Pro
cedu
res
(con
t.)A
ppro
ved
Ope
ratin
g P
roce
dure
s (c
ont.)
•H
elp
miti
gate
haz
ards
•Te
ach
how
to p
reve
nt, d
etec
t, an
d re
spon
d to
H2
leak
s•
Out
line
–A
dequ
ate
vent
ilatio
n gu
idel
ines
–S
uita
ble
mai
nten
ance
and
em
erge
ncy
proc
edur
es
-
Trai
ned
Per
sonn
elTr
aine
d P
erso
nnel
•Tr
aini
ng a
nd re
fresh
ers
are
man
dato
ry–
Taug
ht b
y ap
prov
ed in
stru
ctor
s–
Tailo
red
to s
peci
fic fa
cilit
y or
sys
tem
–C
ente
red
on H
2’s p
hysi
coch
emic
al
prop
ertie
s an
d th
eir s
afet
y im
plic
atio
ns•
Hum
an li
mita
tions
nec
essi
tate
feed
back
–S
tude
nt in
put i
mpr
ove
subs
eque
nt tr
aini
ng•
Cer
tify
for c
ritic
al o
pera
tions
-
Des
ign,
Saf
ety,
Haz
ard,
and
O
pera
tiona
l Rev
iew
sD
esig
n, S
afet
y, H
azar
d, a
nd
Ope
ratio
nal R
evie
ws
•S
houl
d be
mad
e of
a s
yste
m/fa
cilit
y be
fore
H2
wet
ting
•S
houl
d be
regu
larly
con
duct
ed to
en
sure
con
tinua
l saf
e us
e of
H2
-
QC
and
Mai
nten
ance
Pro
gram
sQ
C a
nd M
aint
enan
ce P
rogr
ams
•A
ll m
ater
ials
and
com
pone
nts
shou
ld b
e su
bjec
t to
a co
mpr
ehen
sive
insp
ectio
n an
d be
qua
lity-
cont
rolle
d•
Mai
nten
ance
pro
gram
mus
t be
appr
oved
and
sus
tain
ed a
s ne
eded
–
Insp
ecte
d at
leas
t ann
ually
–M
aint
aine
d by
qua
lifie
d pe
rson
nel
acco
rdin
g to
app
rove
d pr
oced
ures
•In
spec
tion
shou
ld b
e pe
rform
ed o
nly
if eq
uipm
ent i
s m
ade
safe
for s
uch
mai
nten
ance
-
Mai
nten
ance
Exa
mpl
esM
aint
enan
ce E
xam
ples
•Lu
bric
atio
n•
Inst
rum
enta
tion
calib
ratio
n•
Cle
anin
g an
d pa
intin
g•
Ope
ratio
nal
verif
icat
ion
of re
lief
and
chec
k va
lves
•R
epla
cem
ent o
f fil
ter e
lem
ents
•R
epai
r or
repl
acem
ent o
f–
Dam
aged
or f
aulty
co
mpo
nent
s–
Com
pone
nts
subj
ect
to w
ear (
seal
s, s
eats
, be
arin
gs)
-
Min
imiz
e co
nseq
uenc
es
-
Min
imiz
e S
ever
ity o
f Con
sequ
ence
sM
inim
ize
Sev
erity
of C
onse
quen
ces
•M
inim
ize
quan
tity
invo
lved
•C
ontro
l the
are
a •
Use
–
Goo
d ho
usek
eepi
ng p
ract
ices
–P
erso
nnel
pro
tect
ion
–O
pera
tiona
l req
uire
men
ts–
H2
and
H2
fire
dete
ctio
n–
Ala
rms
and
war
ning
dev
ices
-
Min
imiz
e Q
uant
ity In
volv
edM
inim
ize
Qua
ntity
Invo
lved
•M
inim
ize
stor
age,
tran
spor
t, tra
nsfe
r, an
d en
d-us
e qu
antit
y –
Miti
gate
s co
nseq
uenc
es o
f acc
iden
ts–
Red
uces
siti
ng re
quire
men
ts a
nd a
rea
cont
rol r
equi
rem
ents
•S
iting
requ
irem
ents
bas
ed o
n qu
antit
y in
volv
ed
and
type
of u
se
-
QU
AN
TIT
Y C
OV
ER
ED
BY
VA
RIO
US
STA
ND
AR
DS
AN
D C
OD
ES
CO
DE,
STA
ND
AR
DFL
UID
QU
AN
TITY
CO
VER
ED
29C
FR 1
910.
103
(HSS
.1-2
; A-5
3 - A
-54)
GH
2D
oes n
ot a
pply
to a
syst
em h
avin
g a
tota
lco
nten
t of l
ess t
han
11 m
3 (40
0 ft3
).N
o m
axim
um q
uant
ity sp
ecifi
ed.
QD
Req
uire
men
ts a
pply
to a
ny q
uant
ity.
NFP
A 5
0AG
H2
No
min
or m
ax q
uant
ity sp
ecifi
ed.
Doe
s not
app
ly to
sing
le sy
stem
s usi
ngco
ntai
ners
hav
ing
a to
tal c
onte
nt o
f les
s tha
n11
m3 (
400
ft3) a
t 101
.3 k
Pa (1
4.7
psia
) and
294.
1 K
(70
ºF).
App
lies w
here
indi
vidu
al sy
stem
s, ea
ch h
avin
ga
tota
l con
tent
of l
ess t
han
11 m
3 (40
0 ft3
) at
101.
3 kP
a (1
4.7
psia
) and
294
.1 K
(70
ºF),
are
loca
ted
less
than
1.5
m (5
ft) f
rom
eac
h ot
her.
QD
requ
irem
ents
app
ly to
any
qua
ntity
.29
CFR
191
0.10
3(H
SS.1
-2; A
-55
- A-5
6)LH
2N
o m
in o
r max
qua
ntity
spec
ified
.D
oes n
ot a
pply
to p
orta
ble
cont
aine
rs h
avin
g a
tota
l con
tent
less
than
150
L (3
9.63
gal
).Q
D re
quire
men
ts a
pply
to 1
50 L
(39.
63 g
al) t
o11
3,55
0 L
(30,
000
gal).
NFP
A 5
0BLH
2N
o m
in o
r max
qua
ntity
spec
ified
.D
oes n
ot a
pply
to p
orta
ble
cont
aine
rs h
avin
g a
tota
l con
tent
less
than
150
L (3
9.63
gal
).Q
D re
quire
men
ts a
pply
to 1
50 L
(39.
63 g
al) t
o28
3,87
5 L
(75,
000
gal).
29C
FR 1
910.
119
(HSS
.1-2
)an
yfo
rm≥
4536
kg
(10,
0000
lbm)
NSS
174
0.12
(NSS
.A-5
6 - A
-62)
LH2
0 - 4
.536
x 1
06 k
g (1
x 1
07 lb
m)
-
Con
trol t
he A
rea
Con
trol t
he A
rea
•D
eter
min
e–
Who
can
ent
er, a
nd fo
r how
long
–W
hat c
an e
nter
, esp
ecia
lly ig
nitio
n so
urce
s–
Wha
t kin
d of
act
iviti
es a
re a
llow
ed in
the
area
-
Goo
d H
ouse
keep
ing
Pra
ctic
esG
ood
Hou
seke
epin
g P
ract
ices
•W
eeds
or s
imila
r com
bust
ible
s ar
e no
t pe
rmitt
ed w
ithin
25
ft of
LH
2eq
uipm
ent
(29C
FR 1
910.
103,
Hyd
roge
n)•
Acc
ess
and
evac
uatio
n ro
utes
are
to b
e ke
pt c
lear
of e
quip
men
t•
Con
duct
ive
and
nons
park
ing
floor
s ar
e to
be
kept
cle
an o
f dirt
-
Per
sonn
el P
rote
ctio
nP
erso
nnel
Pro
tect
ion
•Li
mit
or, i
f pos
sibl
e, e
limin
ate
pers
