Sabha Charithram Final - 7 - Malankara Orthodoxmarthoman.tv/Fr. Cheeran/Sabha Charithram Final - 6...

835C¥y≥ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`: Ncn-Xhpw kwkv°m-chpw

A≤ymbw 7

h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n

ae-¶-c-k`m cXv\w

B¿°pw \ntj-[n-°m-\m-hmØ Hcp bmYm¿∞yw Aev]w Be-

¶m-cn-I-ambn BteJ\w sNøp∂ ]£w, cmlp-hns‚ ]nSn-bn¬ \n∂p

tamNn-X-\mb Nµ≥ cmXn- ap-gp-h≥ ]]-©-sØ-ºmSpw ]` -sNm-cn-

™-tijw IrXIr-Xy-\mbn ]`m-X-Øn¬ A]-Xy-£-\m-Ip-Ibpw Xm≥

]q¿Øo-I-cn-°m-Xn-cp∂ tPmen kzbw ]Im-in-°p∂ kqcys\

Gev]n°p-Ibpw sNbvX-Xp-t]m-se-bm-bn-cp∂p Ccp-]Xmw iX-I-Øns‚

BZy Zi-I-Øn¬ ae-¶ck` Z¿in® ]pWy kvac-Wm-¿l-\mb ]pen-

t°m- n¬ tPmk^v am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kns‚ AkvX-a-bhpw bpK-]`m-

h-\mb h -t»-cn¬ Koh-dp-Kokv am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kns‚ DZ-bhpw. k`m

tPymXn- m-bn-cp∂ ap≥Km-an°p IqSp-X¬ ]Im-in-°m≥ Nne \√ Xmc-

ßfpw X¥-ßfpw ]c-k-lm-bhpw th≠n h∂-t∏mƒ, Xs∂ `c-

taev]n® k`bv°v A\yq\amb coXn-bn¬ Bflo-tbm-tfljw ]I¿∂v

AXns\ IqSp-X¬ mkp-c-am-°m≥ ]Xn⁄m_≤-\mb ]n≥Km-an°p

kzIn-c-W-ßsf Imdpw tImfpw CSnbpw kr„n®p XS-bm≥ ian® Nne-

i-‡-∑msc ssZhm-i-b-Øn-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb DNnX am¿§-ß-fn-eqsS

ka¿∞-ambn XS-tb-≠n-h∂p. Bc-h-tØ-°mƒ thK-ap≈ B kqcy

]Imi Inc-W-ßƒ hP-kqNn t]mse IS-∂p-sN∂ kakvX taJ-e-

Ifpw Zo]vX-am°n. Xs‚ Ip‰-a‰ ]h¿Ø\w aqe-amWp h´-t»-cn¬

Xncp-ta-\n°p P\-e-£-ßƒ AXp-eyhpw ka¿l-hp-amb ae-¶c k`m

`mkp-c≥ F∂ Xnf-ßp∂ _lp-aXnlmcw At±-l-Øns‚ Bbncw

\mhp-I-fpsS ]`-h ÿm-\-amb I\I IWvT-Øn¬ Nm¿Øn-b-Xv.

GXm\pw tUmf¿ sImSpØpw Bcpw Adn-bmsX A¿≤-cm-Xn-bn¬

hntZ-i-ß-fn¬ ]≠sØ A©-tem-´-°m-c-s\-t∏m-sebpw a‰pw HmSn-

sN∂pw H∂p Id-ßn-b-Sn®pw t\Sn-sb-SpØ ap°p-]≠ kam-\-amb

sjh-en-b¿ ÿm\hpw ]Tn®p ]_-‘-sam∂pw ka¿∏n-°msX X´p-

I-SI-fnse ]p´p- t]mse X´n-sb-SpØ hymP tUmŒ-td-‰p-sam-∂p-a√

X\n- X-¶-tØ-°mƒ hne-tb-dnb ae-¶ck`m mkp-c≥ F∂ kpXmcy

_lp-aXn.

as‰m-cp -X-c-Øn¬ ]d-™m¬, ka-X-e-Øn-eqsS im¥-ambn Hgp-In-

h∂ kv^SnI k`m Xcw-K-Wn Iel tImem-les°mSp-¶m‰pw

836 C¥y≥ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`: Ncn-Xhpw kwkv°m-chpw

t]amcnbpw aqew Ipew-Ip-Øn-°pXn-t°-≠n -h-∂Xp \Zn-bpsS amXw

Ip‰w sIm≠-√t√m. AXp-t]mse im¥-ambn Hgp-Inb k`m \Zn-bn¬

]iv\ iX-ß-fpsS ]fbw kr„n® cmh-W-∑msc \¿Ω-Zsb XS™

cmh-Ws\ \njv]- -\m-°nb rKp-kp-X-s\-t∏mse h -t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n

XS™p. hcpw-Ime A]-I-S-ßƒ Hgn-hm-°m≥ h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n

AW-s°-´p-Ifpw tIm´-Ifpw sI´n. Bflm¿∞X \nd-™p-\n∂ B

`Ko-cY ]b-Xv\-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ \mdm-WØp `m¥-∑m-sc-t∏m-se-bp≈

Nne¿ `n∂-X-I-fpsS `mcn® Dcp-f≥ I√p-Iƒ Dcp´n°b-‰n-b-tijw

Xmtg°p X≈n-hn- p-√-kn-®-t∏mƒ Xncp-ta-\n°p kln-t°-≠n- h∂ thZ-

\-I-fp-tSbpw bmX-\-I-fp-tSbpw IÆp-\o-cn-s‚bpw BsIØpI-bm-bn-

cp∂p Im¬ \q‰m≠p \o≠p\n∂ A√ A·n-bm¬ Bh-cWw sNø-

s∏´ ˛ Zp¿LS NcnX kw`-h-]-c-º-c-Iƒ. Xm≥ Ie-l-]n-b\pw A[n-

Im-c-tam-lnbpw Bbn-cp∂p F∂p≈ FXn-cm-fn-I-fpsS Zp„-e-£ym-[n-

jvTnX Zpcm-tcm-]-W-ßfpw taml- w-K-P\yß-fmb Bt£-]-ßfpw I√p-

sh® \pW-Itfm sh≈-tX® I≈-ßtfm Bbncp-∂p F-∂mWv ‡-

P\ kl-k-ß-fpsS Zo¿L \nco-£W ]T\ Kth-j-W-ßƒ°p

tijw At±-l-Øn\p e`n® ]cn-ip-≤≥ F∂ ]Zhn ]Xy-£-ambpw

]tcm-£-ambpw hnfw-_cw sNøp-∂-Xv.

Xncp-ta\nbpsS hnip≤ Pohn-X-sØ-∏‰n, Zim-_vZ-ßƒ°p apºv h -

t»cn¬ Xncp-ta-\nsb t]S≥ skbn‚mbn IW-°m-°n-bn-cp∂ kXy

hnizm-k-Øns‚ \nXy ]Xn-cq-]hpw ]hnX Ncn-X\pw `mKy kvac-

Wm¿l\p-amb _Y-\n-bpsS Ae-Ivkn-tbmkv am¿ tXthm-tZm-kn-tbmkv

FSpØp ]d-™n- p≠v. Xs‚ ]kw-K-ß-fn¬, a√-∏≈n Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS

]c-am¿∞X, kXy-Øn-\p- th-≠n-bp≈ \ne-\n¬]v, XØzm-[n-jvTnX

Bflob Pohn-Xw, ]m¿∞-\, k`m hnizmkÿncX, ‡n\njvT apX-

emb amXr-Im-]-c-amb KpW-ßƒ Bh¿Øn®p ]d-bp-am-bn-cp∂p.

IqSmsX h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\nsb Xs‚ Imh¬ ]cn-ip-≤-\mbn ]cn-K-

Wn®v At±-l-Øns‚ a≤y-ÿX k`-bv°p- th-≠nbpw kaq-l-Øn-\p-

th-≠nbpw A¿∞n-®n-cp-∂p.

h -t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Pohn-Xhpw Im¬ \q‰m≠p \o≠p-\n∂p

kw`-h-_-lp-e-amb `cW Ime-L-´hpw t\´-ßfpw Bg-Ønepw ]c-

∏nepw ]k- nIv kmK-c- k-am-\-amIbm¬ GXm\pw IpSw sh≈w amXw

tImcnsbSpØp sIm®p- Ip-∏n-I-fn¬ hnX-cWw sNømt\ Cu sIm®p

a\p-jy¿°v km[n-°p-I-bp≈p. IqSp-X¬ Adn-bm≥ BK-lhpw Bth-

i-hpap-≈-h¿°v Bg-Øn¬ apßn-Ø-∏m\pw AXncp tcJ-s∏-Sp-ØmØ

hn⁄m\ kmKc∏c-∏n¬ \o¥n-Øp-Sn-°m\pw ae-¶c \kmWnIƒ


\memw hmeyhpw, \nXym-£-c-ßƒ aq∂p hmey-ßfpw, aW-en¬

A®s‚ k`m kvac-W-Ifpw, h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n ae-¶c k`-bpsS

tIm´, Truth Triumphs, ae-¶ck`m ]nXm-°-∑m¿, [otcm-ZmØ hnip-

≤≥ apX-emb anI® ]pkvX-I-ßfpw a‰pw hmbn-°m-hp-∂-XmWv. B

alm tacp-hns‚ ˛ A√ Fh-d-Ãns‚ ˛ hniz-cq]w Z¿in-°m≥ GXp

Zni-bn-eqsS Ib-d-W-sa∂p Xn´-an√. s]m´-°-Æ-∑m¿ B\sb I≠-

Xp-t]msebp≈ hnh-c-Wta ]e¿°pw \¬Im≥ km[n-°p-∂p-≈p.

tIc-f-Øn¬ BZy-Im-e-ß-fn¬ AX-sbm∂pw Adn-b-s∏-SmsX

InS∂ ˛ \√ hf-°qdp≈ aÆpw I√pw \nd™ ˛ a√-∏-≈n-bnse

\s√mcp km[m-cW IpSpw-_-Øn¬ P\n® Hcp inip ]pcm-X-\-amb

tIcf ssIkvXh k -bpsS kqcy-tX-P- mbn ]cn-e-kn® Ac \q‰m≠v,

cmjvSob hnZym-`ymk kmaq-lnI cwK-ß-fn-se-∂- t]mse k`m

cwKØpw GX¿∞-Ønepw kZm kw`h _lp-e-am-bn-cp∂p. cmPy-Øn-

s‚bpw k`-bp-sSbpw kzmX-¥y-Øn\pw A`n-hr-≤n°pw th≠n \S-

Ø-s∏´ \nc-¥-c-amb Ah-Imi ka-c-ßƒ Ncn-X-Ønse \mgn-I-°-

√p-I-fm-Wv.

AZr-iy-amb ae-cn-Ifpw ASn-sbm-gp°p-Ifpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n´pw ka-

X-e-ß-fn-eqsS If-I-fm-chw apg-°msX HgpInh∂ k`mXcw-K-Wn-bn¬

]pent°m- n¬ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv A©m-a≥ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Ime-tijw

Icn-°n\pw Imin-\pw -th≠n hmin-tbmsS NpSp-c‡w Hgp-°p∂Xn\p≈

IpSneX¥ßƒ sa\™ sshtZ-inI ÿm\n-Iƒ°pw Ah¿°p Nq´p-

]n-Sn® N´-ºn-Iƒ°pw a\p-jym-[-a-∑m-sc∂p ]d-b-s∏-Sp∂ N´pI-

ßƒ°pw FXnsc i‡-ambn ap´n-Sm\pw Xs∂ `c-ta-ev]n® \n[n-

t]mse-bp≈ k`sb BI-am\w ImØpkwc-£n®p hf¿Øp-∂-Xn\pw

h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n kzoI-cn® kpXmcy \S-]-Sn-Ifpw, hy‡n-\njvT

Xmev]cy kwc-£-Wm¿∞w Al-¶m-cn-I-fmb FXn-cm-fn-Iƒ kzoI-cn®

hne-bpw \ne-bp-a‰ \ne-]m-Sp-Ifpw BWv ae-¶c k`-bpsS C°-gn™

\q‰m-≠nse NcnXKXnsb sX‰mb ]mX-bn-eqsS Xncn®phn´sX∂p

Npcp-°n-∏-d-bmw.

kpZo¿L-amb PohnXbmX-bn¬ Im¬\S-°m-c≥ ]bm-k-s∏´p

Hmtcm ssa¬°p-‰nbpw IS-°p-tºmƒ e£y-tØm-S-Sp-°p-∂-Xp- t]mse

H∂n-\p -]p-dsa as‰m∂p F∂ IWt° \ne-bv°msX FØp∂ ]Xn-

Iqe Xnc-am-e-Isf XcWw sNbvXp h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n F∂ I∏n-

Øm≥ k`sb FtØ≠ Xpd-ap-JØv FØn®p. Xncp-ta-\n-sb-∏-‰nbpw

At±-l-Øns‚ _lpapJ kn≤n-I-sf-∏-‰nbpw tkh-\-ß-sf-∏-‰nbpw

Fgp-Xn-bm¬ \ymb-ambpw kl-k-°-W-°n\p t]Pp-Iƒ Fgp-Xm-\mhpw.


Poh-N-cnXw

a√-∏-≈n-bnse ]kn-≤-amb ]∆-Øn-

°pt-∂¬ Xd-hm-Sns‚ Hcp imJ-bmb

h´-t»-cn¬ Hutk-∏n-s‚bpw Ipdn-®n-

bnse hnJym-X-amb ]pØ≥ ]pc-bv°¬

IpSpw-_-Øns‚ imJ-bmb tIme-Øp-

I-f-Øn¬ ]p∂q-kns‚ ]pXn Gen-bm-

Ω-bp-sSbpw aI-\mbn hdp-Kokv 1858

HtŒm-_¿ 31 \p P\n®p. \mep ktlm-

Z-c-∑mcpw \mep ktlm-Z-cn -amcpam

Wp≠mbn-cp-∂-Xv.

\m´p \S-∏-\p-k-cn®p kztZ-isØ

Bim≥ ]≈n-°p-S-Øn¬ tN¿∂p \ne-

sØgpØneqsS A£-c-ßƒ ]Tn-®p.

]n∂oSp a√-∏≈n ap´-Øp-aÆnse kn.

Fw. Fkv. anUn¬ kvIqfn¬ tN¿∂p Cw•ojv hnZym-`ymkw Bcw-

`n®p. XpS¿∂v tIm´bw kn. Fw. Fkv. tImfPv sslkvIqfn¬ ]Tn®p.

sslkvIqƒ ]T\w ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-∂-Xn\p apºv sshZnIhrØn-bn-

te°p hnfn-°-s∏- p. F∂ncn-°nepw kz¥-ambn Cw•ojv ]pkvX-I-ßƒ

hmbn®p a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn\pw Bi-b-hn-\n-abw sNøp-∂-Xn-\p-ap≈

Ign-hp -t\-Sn. Fw. Un. skan-\mcn sslkvIqƒ ]n≥kn∏¬ Bbn-cn-

°p-tºmgpw At±lw Cw•ojv mj ]Tn-°p∂ hnZym¿∞n-bm-bn-cp-∂p.

]Xn-s\-´m-asØ hb- n¬ sslkvIqƒ hnZym¿∞n-bm-bn-cn-°p-

tºmƒ, 1876 -˛¬ ae-¶-c-bn¬ CZw-]-Y-a-ambn h∂ ]mXn-b¿°okv

]tXmkv aq∂m-a-\n¬ \n∂p ]pXp-∏-≈n-∏-≈n-bn¬ h®p hdp-Kokv

siΩm-ip-]´w kzoI-cn-®p. XpS¿∂p sshZnIskan-\m-cn-bn¬ \mep-

h¿jw ]Tn® At±lw ASpØ h¿jw sshZn-I-\m-Ip-Ibpw kpdn-bm-

\n-bn¬ \√ Ah-Kmlap≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ aev]m-\mbn \ntbm-Kn-°-

s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Hcp \√ A≤ym-]-I-\mbpw At±lw tim`n-®-

Xns‚ shfn-®-Ønepw t\Xr-Xz-]-c-amb Ign-hns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Ønepw

]i-kvX-amb tIm´bw Fw. Un. skan-\mcn sslkvIqfns‚ ]n≥kn∏-

embn 1896 apX¬ F´p- h¿jw tkh\w sNbvX At±lw skan\m-cn-

bpsS kmº-ØnI mcw eLq-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\v ap≥Km-an-bm-bn-cp∂ ]pen-

t°- n¬ Xncp-ta\n k¿°m-cn¬ \n∂v A\p-hmZw hmßn \S-Ønb tem -

dnbpsS amt\-P-sc∂ \ne-bnepw \√ ]h¿Ø\w ImgvN- h®p. Bhiy-

amb ]Ww tiJ-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw A[nIw h∂ XpI -sIm≠v Ipa-cIØp


Imb¬ hmßn IpØn-\n-IØn s\¬h-b-em-°p-∂-Xn\pw Ign™p. ]pen-

t°m-ń¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS `mKy -X¥ kma¿∞y-ßƒ°p e`n® h≥

hnP-b-Øns‚ AWnbd inev]nbpw aev]m-\-®-\m-bn-cp∂p F∂p NcnX

]Tn-Xm-°ƒ°p \njv]-bmkw Kln-°m-\m-hpw.

A°m-eØp (1897) tIm´-bØp kmaq-ly ktΩ-f\w Bcw-`n-°p-

∂-Xn\pw AXp ]n∂oSp alm-P-\-k-`-bmbn hf-cp-∂-Xn\pw klm-bn-

®Xv hn. sP. Koh-dp-Kokv aev]m-\-®-\m-bn-cp-∂p. mhn-bn¬ A_vZp≈m

]mXn-b¿°okv ChnsS h∂p ae-¶ck`-bpsS ùXn-Im-[n-Im-chpw

kzØp-°fpw ]nSn-s®Sp°m≥ \S-Ønb hgn-hn´ IpX-¥-ßsf XS-bm≥

ian® h -t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n°p th≠X i‡n ]I¿∂Xpw k` kzX-

¥-ambn hf¿∂p hnI-kn-°p-∂-Xn\p klm-bn-®Xpw AXn-\p-th≠n

ImtXm-en°m knwlm-k\w ChnsS ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xn-\-p -th≠ ]n≥

_ew \¬In-bXpw Cu alm-P\k`bmsW∂ hkvXpX ]e¿°pw

C∂pw A⁄m-X-am-Wv.

a√-∏≈n aev]m-\-®≥ 1881 ¬ ae-¶c aev]m-\mbn. tIm\m´p aev]m-

\-®≥ 1883 ˛¬ amXta sshZn-I-\m-Ip-∂p-≈p. h´-t»-cn¬ aev]m\v

tIm\m´v amØ≥ aev]m-t\-°mƒ c≠p h¿jsØ ko\n-tbm-dn‰n

Ds≠∂ hkvXpX Ccp-hcpw ]gbskan-\m-cn-bn¬ Xpey \ne-bn¬

Bbn-cp∂p F∂p Nn¥n-°p-∂-h¿ ]e-t∏mgpw hnkva-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv.

]cp-ae skan-\m-cn-bn¬, Gen-bm-hns‚ IqsS \S∂ Gen-im-sb-

t∏mse ap∏-Xp -h¿jw ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS injy-\pw k¥Xkl-

Nm-cn-bp-am-bn-cp∂ a√-∏≈n aev]m-\-®\v e`n® A\p-]a `c-W-]-cn-N-

bhpw ""ap√-∏q-sºm-Sn-tb‰p InS°pw I√n-\p-ap≠mw Hcp kuc`yw'' F∂-

Xn-ep-]cn At±lw Bhm-ln-s®SpØ hnip≤ Pohn-X-Øns‚ ip` tae-

¶nbpw A\\y e`y-am-Wt√m. ]pWyt«mI-\mb H∂mw ImtXm-en°m

apdn-a-‰Øn¬ am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbm-kns‚ injy-Xzhpw aev]m-\-®s\ Gsd

[\y-\m°n. PohnX kmbm-”-Øn¬ ]pen-t°m-ń¬ Xncp-ta\n, h´-t»-

cn¬ aev]ms\ ]W-kw-_-‘-amb kIe Npa-X-e-Ifpw DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-

ßfpw Gev]n-®-Xn-\mepw Xpey-sc∂p hnti-jn-∏n-°-s∏´p h∂ c≠p

aev]m-∑m-cn¬ Hcmsf taev]´ ÿm\-tØ°p sXc-s™-Sp-Ø-Xn-\mepw

]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n-bpsSbpw apdn-a-‰Øn¬ am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbm-kn-s‚bpw

Iogn¬ kpdn-bm\n ]Tn-®-Xn-\mepw At¥ym-Iy≥ k`m]nXm-°-∑m-cp-

sSbpw _m¿ F_m-b-bp-sSbpw ]pkvX-I-ßƒ hmbn®p a\- n-em-

°nbXn\mepw skan-\mcn hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°p ]Tn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Hcp

]mY-anI kpdn-bm\n ]pkvXIw cNn-®-Xn-\mepw k -bpsS ASn-ÿm\

hnizm-k-ßsf thZ-]p-kvX-Im-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ tImUo-I-cn-®-Xn-\mepw


aev]m\®s‚ ÿm\w A\-p]aw Xs∂. IqSmsX k`-bpsS ][m\

B≤ym-flnI kncm-tI-µ-ß-fmb ]cp-ae skan-\mcn, ]gb skan-\mcn,

Fw. Un. skan-\mcn F∂n-h-bp-am-bp≈ ASpØ kº¿°w aqew aev]m

\-®\p `mhn-bn¬ Gs‰-Sp-t°-≠n- h∂ `mc-ßfpw Npa-X-e-Ifpw Hc-

fhn¬ eLqI-cn-°m\pw km[n®p. ]gbskan-\mcn 1885- ˛¬ \ho-I-c-

W-°m-cn¬ \n∂p hn´p-In-ńbXns\ XpS¿∂p ]gbskan-\m-cn-bnse

sshZnI hnZym-`ymkw aev]m-∑m-cmb hn. sP. Koh-dp-Ko-kv, tIm\m´v

amØ≥ F∂n-h-cpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ Imcy-£aambn \S-Øn.

Xpey-sc∂p ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-ń-cp∂ Hcmƒ°v D∂-X ]Z-hnbpw DØ-

c-hm-Zn-Xz-ßfpw e`n®Xn-\m¬ A]-c\p kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw am\-kn-I-amb

Akq-bbpw A\n„hpw P\n-®n-cn-°m-sa∂p sI. kn. amΩ≥am∏nf,

C Uv. Fw. ]mtd-´v, ae-¶c kpdn-bm\n k`m-N-cnX kwKl

I¿Ømhpw h -t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ka-Im-en-I\pw Ct∏mƒ \qdmw

hb- n-te°p IS-∂n-cn-°p-∂ kap-∂X sshZn-I-\p-amb ]Ø-\w-Xn´

a√-t»cn Icn-acØn\m¬ m. sI. sI. hdp-Kokpw a‰pw Imcy ImcW

klnXw ka¿∞n-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

_‘w De-bp∂p

At¥ymIym ˛ ae-¶c _‘w Bcw-`n-®-tijw Zo¿L-Imew Ccp

]pcm-X\ k -Ifpw InkvXob kvt\l-Ønepw kulm¿±-Ønepw kl-

I-c-W-Øn-ep-amWp Ign™ph∂Xv. Ime-ßƒ IS-°th ae-¶-c-bpsS

cPX kz¿Æ-°p-cn-ip-Ifpw kzØp-°fpw a‰pw thW sa∂ Zhym-K-

lhpw I¨tam-lhpw At¥ym-Iy-bn¬ \n∂p- h∂ Nne sa-Xm-∑mcpw

]mXn-b¿°okp-amcpw Hfn™pw sXfn™pw shfn-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-t∏m-gmWp

]c-kv]c _‘-Øn\p kmc-amb De-®n¬ D≠m-b-Xv. At¥ym-Iy-bnse

]mXn-b¿°o-kn\p ae-¶-c-bn-te°p th≠ aqtdm≥ IqZmi sNøp-∂-

Xn\pw ChnsS \n∂p bYm-hn[n sXc-s™-SpØp Ab-bv°p-∂-hsc

ae-¶-c-bn-te°p taev]- -°mcmbn hmgn-°p-∂-Xn-\pw InkvXob kvt\l

kulm¿± _‘-ß-fpsS ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ A\p-h-Zn-®n-cp∂p. Cu Np‰p-

]mSnemWp taev∏-´ -ÿm-\-tØ°p hn. sP. Koh-dp-Kokv dºm-s\bpw

sIm®p-]-d-ºn¬ ]ueqkv dºm-s\bpw 1908˛¬ bdp-ite-an¬ Ab®p

taev]-´-°m-cm-bn -hm-gn-®-Xv. t\csØ ae-¶-c-bn¬ D≠m-bn-cp∂ ioa-

°m-c-\mb …o_m siΩm-i\pw (…o_m am¿ HkvXm-Øn-tbm-kv) Ch-

tcm-sSm∏w A∂v A[n-Im-c-Øn-en-cp∂ A_vZp≈m ]mXn-b¿°okv

saXm≥ ÿm\w \¬In.

]pent°m-ń¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ]n≥Km-an-bmbn AwKo-I-cn®


h´t»cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n°p kvXmØn-t°m≥ (A-[n-Imc]Xw) \¬Im-

™-Xp-sIm≠pw …o_m am¿ HkvXm-Øn-tbm-kn\p ae-¶c saXm-t∏m-

eoØm ÿm\-tamlw D≠m-b-Xp- sIm≠pw Hcp ioa-°m-c-\n-eqsS Xs‚

e£y-ßƒ t\Sm-\m-hp -sa∂p ]mXn-b¿°okv IW°p Iq´n -

bXpsIm≠p-amWp k`sb XI¿ØpsIm≠ncn-°p∂ X¿° hnX¿°-

ßƒ Bcw-`n-®Xv (ae-¶ck` sXc-s™-Sp-°p∂ kzoIm-cy-\mb Hcp

ae-¶c k`mw-K-Øn\p amXta ae-¶-c -sa-Xm-t∏m-eoØm ÿm\-Øn\v

A¿l-X-bp-≈p). Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠nse ]e ]iv\ßfpw Bfn-°-

Øp-Ibpw k`-bn¬ tNcn-Xn-cn-hp-≠m-Ip-Ibpw k`-bpsS B≤ym-flnI

˛ `uXnI cwK-ßfnse hf¿® apc-Sn-°m≥ hgn Xpd-°p-Ibpw t]mcp-

Iƒ°p ÿnc-kz-`mhw e`n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXXv Cu A[n-Im-c-tamlw

sIm≠m-Wv.

ae-¶ck`-sb Xs‚ Im¬Iogm-°m≥ i‡-\mb ]tXmkv XrXo-

b≥ ]mXn-b¿°okv \S-Ønb \o°-ßƒ ]cm-P-b-s∏´ Imcyw At±-

l-tØm-sSm∏w A∂p ae-¶-c-bn¬ saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bmbn (Ko-tKm-dn-

tbm-kv) h∂p amk-ßƒ ChnsS Np‰n \S∂p aqtdm≥ hn¬°p-Ibpw

]Ww ]ncn-°p-Ibpw sNbvX A_vZp≈m ]mXn-b¿°o-kn\p Adn-bm-

am-bn-cp∂p. X∂n-anØw ae-¶-c-bnse saXm-t∏m-eoØmamtcmSv hnt[-

bXz DS-º-Sn- hmßn ae-¶ck`sb Iog-S°n sNm¬]-Sn°p \ndp-Øm\pw

Xs‚ Hcp ]Xn-\n-[n-bn-eqsS ae-¶-c-bpsS `cWw Iøm-fm\pam-Wv

A_vZp≈m ]mXn-b¿°okv ian-®Xv. ]t£ Cu X¥w IpimK

_p≤n-bmb h -t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS i‡-amb sNdp-Øp-\nev]p aqew

XI¿∂p-t]m-bn. Hcp ae-¶c saXm-t∏m-eoØm Xs∂ ths≠-∂m-bn-

cp∂p A_vZp≈mbpsS Nn¥m-K-Xn.

]n∂oSp-≠mb Xpd∂ G‰p-ap-´-ep-I-fpw ]gbskan-\m-cn-bnse

kwL¿jm-h-ÿbpw tIkp-Ifpw B\-∏m∏n h[hpw ImtXm-en°m

knwlm-k\ ÿm]-\hpw F√mw saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS `c-W-

ImesØ kw -h-_-lp-e-am°n. Nne hy‡n-I-fpsS Imcykm[y-Øn\p-

th≠n ae-¶-c-bnep≈ Htc k`-bn¬s]-´-hsc c≠p I£n-I-

fm°nØo¿°p-Ibpw hntZi taev]-´-°m¿°p FÆ Hgn®n´pw th≠-

t]mse ImØm™ Nq´p ]nSn-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-h-sc-bmWp Ipe-tZmln-

Iƒ F∂p k`m NcnXw apZ IpØp-∂Xv. taev]-´-ta‰ tijw h´-t»-

cn¬ Xncp-ta-\nbpw sIm®p-]-d-ºn¬ am¿ Iqdn-temkpw, A_vZp≈m

]mXn-b¿°o-kns\ ae-¶-c-bn-te°p £Wn-®Xv Hcp A]-ISw hen-®p-

h-bv°p-∂-Xn\p ka-am-bn-cp-∂p. Cßs\ £Wn-s®-∂-dn-™-t∏mƒ

"Atøm NXnt®m. th≠m-bn-cp∂p' F∂mWp tcmK-°n-S-°-b-n¬ InS∂


]pen-t°m-ń¬ Xncp-ta\n ]Xn-h-Nn-®-Xv. ]mXn-b¿°o-k-∑m¿ A[n-Im-

c-an-√msX A\m-h-iy-amb Xm°o-Xp-Iƒ klnXw Ab® ]e IØp-

Ifpw s]mń-°msX s]ń-bn¬ kq£n-®n-cp∂ ]pen-t°m- n¬ Xncp-ta\n

A[nIw sshImsX \ncym-X\m-bXv Cu Nn¥m-`mcw Gev]n®

BLmXw- sIm-≠p- Iq-Sn-bm-sW∂p hniz-kn-°p-∂-hcpw C√m-Xn-√.

ssZh-Øns‚ k`sb \bn-t°≠-h¿ acp-∂n-√mØ Akq-b-bp-sSbpw

A[n-Imc [\-tam-l-ß-fp-sSbpw Xń-∏p-I-fp-tSbpw ap´m-t∏m-°p-I-fp-

sSbpw ASn-a-I-fmbm¬ Hcp k` XI-cp-∂-sX-ß-s\sb∂p ImWm≥

ae-¶-c-k`m NcnXw Ht∂m-Sn®p t\m°n-bm¬ aXn-bmIpw. hn. sP. Koh-

dp-Kokv aev]m-s‚bpw a‰pw taev∏-´-ÿm-\-tØm-S-\p-_-‘n-®p≈ ioa-

bm-X-bn¬ ]s¶-SpØ ]mtd-´p -am-Xyqkv am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv (A∂p

siΩm-i≥) Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Ub-dn-bnse X¬kw-_-‘-amb Ipdn-∏p-

Iƒ C∂p ]e¿°pw ckm-h-l-am-bn-cn-°p-sa∂p Icp-Xp-∂-Xn-\m¬ At±-

l-Øns‚ ZrIvkm-£n- hn-h-cWw NphsS D≤-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv:

ZrIvkm£n hnh-cWw

""1908 G]n¬ amk-Øn¬ taev]´ ÿm\-ta¬°p-∂-Xn\p sbdp-i-

te-an-te°p t]mb h´-t»-cn¬ Koh-dp-Kokv dºm≥, sIm®p]d-ºn¬

]ueqkv dºm≥, I√m-t»-cn¬ ]p∂qkv dºm≥ apX¬ t]cpsS IqsS

kz¥w sNe-hn¬ Rm≥ ]e-kvXo≥ \mSp kµ¿in-°m≥ t]mbn.

G]n¬ 25- \p i\n-bmgvN AhnsS FØn. I∏¬ kuIcyw In´msX

c≠m-gvN-tbmfw t_mws_-bn¬ Xma-kn-®p. Hcp amk-tØmfw

sktlym≥ amfn-I, a¿t°m-kns‚ `h-\w F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ kz¥w

sNe-hn¬ Xma-kn®p. sbcp-i-te-anse IywXym ]≈n, KXv-ko-tam≥

tXm´w, Hen-hp-a-e, _Ym\y, iotemlmw Ipfw apX-em-bh ]e

]mhiyw kµ¿in®p. sabv 17 ˛\p Gh≥tK-enØ F∂ ÿm\-t∏-

cn¬ A∂sØ sbcp-itew ]mXn-b¿°o-km-bn-cp∂ am¿ Cuhm-\n-

tbmkv F\n°p ]q¿Æ siΩm-ip-]´w \¬In. A∂p sbcp-i-te-an¬

bmt°m-_m-b-°m¿ Hcp \qdp -t]cn¬ IqSp-X¬ C√. Ah-cn¬ A[n-

Ihpw \n¿[-\-cp-am-bn-cp∂p. Nne- Nn-√-d-tPmen°mcpw D≠m-bn-cp∂p.

]n∂oSv t_Xvetlapw Np‰p-]m-Sp-ap≈ ÿe-ßƒ kµ¿in®p. AhnsS

_l-\m≥ F∂p t]cp≈ Hcmƒ Rßsf kzoI-cn®p k¬°cn®p.

sbcp-i-te-an¬ D≈-Xn-t\-°mƒ IqSp-X¬ Bfp-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cp∂p. sbcp-

i-te-anepw t_Xve-tl-an-epap≈ ][m\ ÿe-ß-fn-se√mw ]≈n-Ifpw

I¿Ω-ßƒ \S-Øp∂Xn\p≈ Ah-Im-ihpw \ΩpsS k -°m¿°v A∂p-

≠m-bn-cp-∂p.


sabv HSp-hn¬ A_vZp≈m _mhm AhnsS FØn F¶nepw ]´w

sImSp-°p-∂-Xn\p apºp kpJ-an-√m-Xm-bn-t∏mbn. ]´w sImS F∂p \S-

°p-sa∂p \n›-b-an-√msX -h∂p. Rßƒ F´p- t]¿ aS-ßn-t∏m-I-m≥

Xo¿®-bm°n. IqsS-bp≈ Bfp-I-fn¬ ]e-cp-tSbpw ssIhiw ]Ww

Ipd-hm-bn-cp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v Ah-cp-ambn aS-ßn-t∏m-Ip-∂-Xn\p h -t»-cn¬

dºm-®≥ kΩ-Xn-®p.

AXn-\p -apºp Rm≥ X\n-®p -t]m-cp-∂Xn\v A\p-hmZw tNmZn-®n´v,

Xm≥ AXbv°p anSp-°-\m-sW∂p Xs‚ A∏-\-dn-bm≥ ]mSn-√m-bn-cp∂p.

AXp-sIm-≠s√, Fs∂ Iqń Ab-®Xv F∂mWp adp-]Sn ]d-™Xv.

kl-bm-X-°m-cpsS ssIh-i-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂-sX√mw hmßn Fs∂

Gev]n®p. Ahsc \mń¬ sIm≠m-°Ww. Bh-iy-sa-¶n¬ \mń¬

\n∂p cq]- h-cp-Øm≥ X\n°p km[n-°p-at√m. Ch-cpsS t]¿°v IqSp-

X¬ sNehp hcp-∂-Xm-bm¬ Ah¿ XcmØ]£w Rm≥ X∂p

sIm≈mw. ..... A[nIw Xma-kn-bmsX Zoh-∂m-tkymkv, Iqdn-temkv,

HkvXm-Øn-tbmkv apX-emb ]pXnb taev]-´-°m¿ h∂p. sbmtk^v

am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv A¥-cn-®p. am¿ Iqdn-temkv, tIm\m´p aev]m≥,

kn. sP. Ipcy≥ apX-em-b-h¿ Hc-p ]£-ambpw am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kv,

tPm¨ h°o¬, Ipcp-hnf F≥Pn-\o-b¿, Nmt°m kq]≠v apX-emb

amt\-PnwKv IΩn-‰n-°m-cn¬ alm- q-cn-]-£hpw FXn¿ mK-ambpw \n∂p

kap-Zmb hg°pw tIkpw Bcw-`n®p. Cu KUp-hn¬ A_vZp≈m

]mXnb¿°okpw h∂p. tIkns‚ Bh-iy-Øn-te°v A_vZp≈m

]mXn-b¿°okv, Zoh-∂m-tkym-kns\ apS°n. ae-¶c k -bn-t∑¬ ]mXn-

b¿°o-kn\p euIn-Im-[n-Imcw Cs√-∂p≈ tImSXnhn[n-bpsS i‡n

\in-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn taev]-´-°m-tcmSpw ]≈n-I-tfmSpw euIn-Im-[n-

Imcw kΩ-Xn®p cPn-Ã¿ DS-ºSn hmßn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p ]mXn-

b¿°okpw A\p-bm-bn-Ifpw sNbvX-Xv. AXn-t\mSv FXn¿Ø-Xn\p am¿

Zoh-∂m-tkym-kns\ apS°n. apS°n\p tijw H∂p c≠p ka-cn-t°-

kp-Iƒ ]gbskan-\mcn kw_-‘n-®p-≠m-bn. tIkp- sIm≠p ]gb

skan-\mcn ssIh-i-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ km[n-°msX h∂-t∏mƒ _e-ambn

ssIh-i-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\p iaw \S∂p. B Im-e-ß-fn¬ ]e ]mhiyw

Rm≥ Bfp-I-fp-ambn t]mIp-Itbm AhnsS Xma-kn-°p-Itbm sNbvXp.

B ImeØp hne-]n-Sn-∏p≈ dn°m¿Up-Iƒ, ]pkvX-I-ßƒ F∂nh

]e-t∏m-gmbn m. ]n. ‰n. Koh-dp-Ko-kn-s\bpw kz¿Æ-h-Sn, tamXn-c-ßƒ,

kz¿Æ-°-ń-Iƒ, cXv\-ßƒ apX-em-bh Fs‚ ]°epw Gev]n®p. B

Iq´-Øn¬ Hcp henb ]mbv°‰pw Fs∂ Gev]n-®p. AXns‚ D≈-

S°w F¥m-sW-∂-dn-bm≥ Ign-™n-√. Hcp temwKv Ih-dns‚ hen∏w

D≠m-bn-cp∂p Iń-°-S-em-kp- sIm≠v s]mXn-™p-sIń Ac°p apZ


h-®n-cp-∂p. AXv Gev]n-®n- p-s≠∂v Bcpw Adn-b-cp-sX∂pw AXv Fs‚

Ip¿∫m\s∏´n-bn¬ h®p kq£n-®p-sIm-≈-W-sa∂pw ]d-™n-cp-∂p.

]ns∂ Hcn-°¬ B s]mXn-s°´p F¥p- sN-ø-W-sa∂p tNmZn®p:

""Rm≥ AtX-∏‰n ]dbmw. Rm≥ ]d-bp-∂Xp hsc Ft∂mSv AtX-

∏‰n H∂pw ]d-tb≠'' F∂p ]d™p. kndn-bm-bn°p kam-[m\ Btem-

N-\bv°p At±lw t]mb kabw Iev]-\ -sIm-SpØp Abn-∏ns\ hn´p

B s]mXn-s°´p hmßn-s°m≠p t]mbn. ]gbskan-\mcn ssIh-i-

ambn, hg°v H´p im¥-am-b-Xns‚ tijw kz¿Æ-hSn, tamXn-c-ßƒ

apX-em-bh Hmtcm-∂mbn Xncn®v Gev]n-®p.

kndn-bm-bn°p Rm\pw IqSn At±-l-tØm-sSm-∂n®p t]mI-W-sa-

∂m-h-iy-s∏´p. bmX sNøm≥ ]bm-k-ap≈ BfmI sIm≠v IqsS

sIm≠p-t]m-Ip-∂Xp `mc-am-bn-cn-°p-sa∂ ^m. ]n. ‰n. Koh-dp-Ko-kn-s\-

s°m≠p ]d-bn®p. ]ns∂ I≠-t∏mƒ "Xs∂ sIm≠pt]mIp-∂n√'

F∂p ]d-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

]pXp-∏≈n∏≈n

DS-º-Sn-bneqsS ]pXp-∏≈n∏≈n ssI°-em-°p-∂Xn\p Ahn-SsØ

Nne hy‡n-Iƒ I≈-Ø-c-Øn\p Iq´p\n∂p. A_vZp≈m ]mXn-b¿°o-

kn-eqsS e£y-ßƒ t\Sn-sb-Sp-ØXp kw_-‘n-®p≈ hnh-c-ßƒ

]mXn-b¿°o-kns‚ X\n-\ndw hy‡-am-°p-∂-Xm-I-bm¬ B mK-ßfpw

Ub-dn-bn¬ \n∂p-≤-cn-°p-I-bmWv. CsX√mw tNmZyw sNøm-\m-hmØ

A\n-tj[y hkvXp-X-I-fm-Wv.

]pXp-∏-≈n-∏≈n 1085 - ¬ A_vZp≈m ]mXn-b¿°o-kn\p sImSpØ

DS-ºSn]Imcw, 16 t]c-S-ßnb Hcp IΩn‰n ]≈n-`-cWw Bcw-`n-®p.

1074 hsc Ff-¥p-cpØn¬ ]oen-t∏mkv tIm¿F∏n-kvtIm-∏msb ]≈n

`cWØn¬ klm-bn® Itcm´v Nm≠n h¿°n ]≈n `cWw X\n®p

\S-Øm≥ XpSßn. IW-°p-Iƒ tIƒ∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw ssIÿm\w amdp-

∂-Xn-\pw ]e ]mhiyw Bh-iy-s∏- n´pw kΩ-Xn-°msX C„w -t]mse

]≈n-°m-cy-ßƒ \S-Øn-h∂p. 1079 ¬ ae-¶c saXm-t∏m-eoØm ]pen-

t°m-´n¬ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kns‚ ASp-°¬ ]≈n-°m¿ oa-amb Hcp

At]£ ka¿∏n-®p. Itcm´v Nm≠n h¿°n-bpsS `c-W-Im-esØ

IW°p tIƒ∏n-°-W-sa∂pw Snbms\ ssIÿm-\-Øp- \n∂p am‰-W-

sa∂pambn-cp∂p At]-£. At±lw ]≈n-bn¬ FØn Xma-kn-®p

sIm≠v Ccp `mK-°m-cp-tSbpw hmZ-ß-ƒ tI´p. At±lw A∂p-]-tbm-

Kn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp∂ Awi-hSn Cc- ∏-Øn-bp-≈Xpw NphSp sh≈n-sIm≠p-

≈Xpw Bbn-cp-∂p. Bdp- amkw AhnsS Xma-kn-®p. B ImeØp


sh≈n- sIm-≠p≈ NphSv (h-Sn) ]≈n-s®-e-hn¬ kz¿Æw-sIm-≠p amdn

-]-Wn-bn-®p. IW-°p-Iƒ ]≈n-bn¬ hmbn-°p-Itbm CS-h-I-°m¿ Adn-

bp-Itbm sNømsX H∏pw apZbpw sh®p-sIm-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

]n∂oSv ]≈n-°m¿ hnh-c-a-dn™p At±-lsØ I≠p kwK-Xn-Iƒ Adn-

bn-®-t∏mƒ IW°p ]cn-tim-[n-®-Xn-\p tij-a√ H∏pw apZbpw h®p

sImSp-Ø-sX∂v Ah¿°v Iev]\ sImSp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]ns∂bpw

AtX -hn-[-Øn-ep≈ ]≈n `cWw XpS¿∂p sIm≠n-cp∂p. ]e- X-c-

Øn-ep≈ Btem-N-\-I-ƒ \S∂p. H∂pw e-]-Z-am-bn-√. tIkp- sIm-

SpØp Snbms\ Hgn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw Btem-N-\-Iƒ \S∂p. ]W-Øns‚

]bm-kw- sIm≠v AXpw \S-∂n√. Aßs\ ]ns∂bpw B Zp¿`-cWw

1085 hsc XpS¿∂p. B Ime-ØmWv A_vZp≈m ]mXn-b¿°okv ae-

¶c h∂Xv. tdmb¬ tImS-Xn-hn-[n-sIm≠v \„-s∏-´p-t]mb euIn-Im-

[n-Imcw hos≠-Sp-°-W-sa-∂p≈Xm-bn-cp-∂p At±-l-Øns‚ hc-hns‚

][m\ Dt±iyw. AXn\p ta¬]´°m-tcmSpw ]≈n-°m-tcmSpw euIn-

Im-[n-Imcw kΩ-Xn®p DS-º-Sn-Iƒ hmßn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p At±-l-

Øns‚ πm≥. AX-\pk-cn®v, ]´-ta¬°p∂-Xn\v apºv kΩ-Xn-®-X-\p-

k-cn®v F∂p- IqSn DS-º-Sn-bn¬ tN¿Øv am¿ Iqdn-tem-kn-t\mSv cPn-

Ã¿ DS-ºSn hmßn. hS-°≥ ]≈n-Iƒ ]eXpw DS-ºSn Fgp-Xn-

s°mSpØp. At±lw ]pXp-∏-≈n-bn¬ FØn Xma-kn-®p-sIm≠v DS-

ºSn Fgp-Xn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ i‡n-bmb iaw XpSßn. ]ecpw DS-ºSn

sImSp-°m-sa∂v kΩ-Xn-®p. Itcm´v h¿°n-bpsS `cWw am‰n Hcp `c-

W-k-an-Xn-bpsS `c-W-Øn-em-°m-\p≈ iahpw \S∂p. ssI°m-c≥

Nm≠n h¿°n Hcp \√ XpI At±-l-Øn\v sImSpØp IW°p Xo¿Ø-

Xm-bn´p dn°m¿Upw kºm-Zn®p. taºq´p ssIÿm-\n-bm-bn-cp∂

hey]mtd´p amØp, sIm®p]m-td´p ]oen-t∏mkv apX-emb Npcp°w

Nne¿ AXns\ FXn¿°p-Ibpw eLp-te-J-Iƒ ]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw

sNbvXp. AXn¬ F\n°pw GXm≠p ssI Ds≠∂v [cn-®n-cp∂

A_vZp≈m Ft∂mSv B Imcy-ßsf∏‰n tNmZn-°p-Ibpw D≠mb kwK-

Xn-Iƒ Rm≥ At±-l-tØmSp ]d-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]mXn-b¿°o-kns‚

im]w ht∂-°p-sa∂p b∂v Nne¿ DS-ºSn sImSp-°m-sa∂v kΩ-Xn®p.

]≈n `c-W-Øn¬ B Imew hsc bmsXmcp ]¶pw e`n-®n-´n-√mØ

Nne¿ ]≈n `cWw In´p-sa-∂p≈ taml-Ønepw DS-º-Sn°v hgn-s∏-´p.

F∂n´pw DS-º-Sn°v hgn-s∏SmsX \n∂ Nne-cp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ah-sc-

°qSn hgn-s∏-Sp-Øp∂-Xn\p i‡amb iaw \S∂p. Fs‚ ]nXmhv

taºq´p -ssI-ÿm-\n-bm-bn-cp∂XpsIm≠v At±-lsØ IqSm-sX-bp≈

DS-ºSn km[p-hm-Ibn-s√∂p≈ A`n-]mbw A\p-k-cn®v At±-lsØ

]e- X-c-Øn¬ tlan-®p. Hcp Znhkw ]≈n-bn¬ h®v, 20 hb p amXw


]mb-ap≈ aI≥ siΩm-i\p saXm≥ ÿm\w sImSp-°mw, DS-º-Sn-

bn¬ tN¿∂m¬ aXn-sb∂v ]d-™p. H∂pw an≠msX Ipsd t\cw

AhnsS \n∂ tijw AhnsS \n∂v Cd-ßn-t∏mbn hgn-°p I≠ Hcm-

tfmSp "Cbmƒ CØ-c-°mc\m-sW∂v C∏-gmWv Adn-™Xv. Fs‚ aI≥

B sIm®p siΩm-i\v saXm≥ ]´w sImSp-°m-sa∂v Abmƒ Ft∂mSv

]d™-p' F∂v tZjytØmsS ]d-bp-I-bp-≠mbn. a‰p ]e-cp-tSbpw

\n¿_-‘w- sIm≠pw im]- i-¶ -sIm≠pw At±-lhpw DS-º-Sn-bn¬

tN¿∂p. Aßs\ AXp -h -sc -bp -≈-Xmb ]≈n°W°p-Iƒ

Xo¿ØXmbn kΩ-Xn®v 16 t]cpsS Hcp `cW kanXn D≠m°n. C\n

c≠p- t]¿ amdn amdn 8 h¿jw ]≈n- -cWw \S-Øp-∂-Xn-\v DS-ºSnb\p-

k-cn®v Ia-s∏-SpØn. Hmtcm h¿jhpw C∂mcpw C∂mcpw IqSn-bmWv

`cWw \S-tØ-≠p-∂sX∂v \n›-bn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

1079 -˛¬ ]pXp-∏≈n∏≈ns®e-hn¬ ]Wn-bn® kz¿ÆhSn, ]´-

taev°m≥ t]mb h´-t»-cn¬ am¿ Koh¿Ko-kv, am¿ Iqdn-temkv F∂n-

h¿ hiw am¿ A_vZp-≈mbv°v sImSp-Ø-b-®p. B hSn At±lw IqsS

sIm≠p-h-∂ncp∂p. kndn-bm-bnse mj≥ A\pk-cn-®√ B hSn ]Wn-

Xn-cn-°p-∂-sX∂v ]d-™p ASn-apSn Hcp hÆ-Øn¬ F´p ]´-ambn

]≈ns®e-hn¬ IqSp-X¬ kz¿Æw C´p ho≠pw ]Wn-bn-®p. AXns‚

Npa-Xe Fs‚ ]nXm-hns\ BWv Gev]n-®n-cp-∂-Xv. AXp ]WnXp

Xo¿∂n´pw sImSp-°msX Ipsd amk-ßƒ Xma-kn-∏n-®p. am¿ Zoh-∂m-

tkym-kn-s‚bpw (a√∏≈n) a‰p Nne-cp-sSbpw \n¿_-‘w-sIm≠p, am¿

A_vZp≈m shfn-b-\m´p ]≈n-bn¬ Ccn-°p-tºmƒ AXv At±-lsØ

Gev]n-®p. ]Wn-°qen hI-bnepw kz¿Æw hmßn-b-Xnepw a‰p-ambn

Ipsd cq] ssIbn¬ \n∂p sNehp h∂Xv In´n-bp-an-√. ae-¶ck`-

bptSXmI sIm≠p B hSn ChnsS Ccn-t°-≠-Xm-sW-∂p≈ Fs‚

A`n-]mbw _e-s∏- n-√. am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kns\ apS-°m≥ t]mIp∂p

F∂p tI´p XpS-ßn-bn´v Ipsd \mfpI-fm-bn F¶nepw, kz¿Æ-hSn

ssIbn¬ In´n-b-Xns‚ tijta apS°p Iev]\ ]pd-s∏Sphn-®p-≈p.

1085 -˛se ]pXp-∏-≈n-∏-≈nbnse DS-º-Snb\p-k-cn®v c≠p h¿jw

Cuc≠p -t]¿ ssIÿm\ tPmen t\m°p-Ibpw ]≈n-tbm-KsØ

IW°p tIƒ∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. aq∂mw B≠n¬ apd-]-Imcw

Itcm´v Nm≠n- h¿°nbpw, tImX-I-cn-bn¬ ss\\m≥ A_-lmapw

IqSnbmWp ssIÿm\w \S-tØ-≠n-bn-cp-∂-Xv. ss\\m≥ A_-lm-

ans‚ GtXm AkuIcyw \nanØw Abmƒ AXv kzoI-cn-®n-√. Itcm v

Nm≠n- h¿°n X\n®p `cWw XpS-ßn. ]nt‰ B≠n¬ G¬]n-t°-≠-

hsc `cWw Gev]n-®n-√.


BZysØ Ht∂m ct≠m h¿jw IW°p tIƒ∏n®p. ]n∂oSv

IW°p tIƒ∏n-°p-Itbm, IW°p Fgp-XpItbm t]mepw sNbvXn√.

Aßs\ 1091- am≠p- hsc B `cWw]ns∂bpw \o≠p. tIkp sImSp-

°-W-sa-∂p≈ A`n-]mbw i‡n-s∏-´p. Nm≠n h¿°n°p ]≈n∏Ww

CjvSw t]mse sNe-hn-Sm-\p-≈Xp sIm≠v tIkp \S-Øm≥ ]bm-k-

an-s√∂p F√m-h¿°p-a-dn-bmw. ]≈n-°m¿°v ]Ww C√m-sXbpw h∂p.

At∏mƒ Fs‚ ]nXmhv tIkp sImSp-°p-∂-Xn\p Bh-iy-s∏´ sNe-

hp-Iƒ sNøm-sa∂p kΩ-Xn-®p. AXns‚ tijw ]≈nbn¬ hnfn®p

]d-bp-Ibpw t\mókv A®-Sn®p ]ckyw sNøp-Ibpw sNbvX-X-\p-k-

cn®p ]pXp-∏≈n ]≈n CS-hI s]mXp-tbmKw ]pXp-∏≈n ]≈n-bpsS

\mS-I-im-e-bpsS Xń-t∑¬ ]mtd´p amXyp siΩm-is‚ A≤y-£-X-

bn¬ IqSn Be-∏-pg IrjvW-ø-¶m¿ Xøm-dm-°n-Ø∂ dk-eqj≥

hmbn®p ]mk-m-°p-Ibpw ]e ]kw-K-ßƒ \S-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. B

s]mXp-tbm-K-Øn¬ ssIÿm-\w G¬°p-∂-Xn\pw IW-°p- tIƒ∏n-

°p-∂-Xn\pw a‰pw tIkp- sIm-Sp-°-W-sa∂p \n›-bn-°p-Ibpw hmZn-I-

fmbn tIkp \S-Øp∂Xn\p XmgØp If-∏p-c-bv°¬ h¿°n -tPm-k-

^n-t\bpw, \t√´p Gen-bmkv De-l-∂-t\-bpw, ]mtd´v amØp kJ-dn-

bm-tbbpw Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-I-bpw sNbvXp. AX-\-p-k-cn®v Be-∏pg

IrjvW-ø-¶-mscs°m≠v A\ymbw Xøm-dm-°n-°p-I-bpw AXp- sIm-Sp-

°p-∂-Xn\v Xøm-dm-Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. hmZn- ÿm-\Øp tNcp-∂Xn\v

sXcs™Sp-°-s∏´ H∂pw c≠pw t]cp-Imcp H∏n-Sp-∂-Xn\p Nne XS-

-ßƒ ]d™p. G‰w ][m-\-am-bXv tIkp tZmj-ambn hn[n-°p∂

]£w hmZn-Iƒ tImSXn Nnehv sImSp-t°-≠-Xmbn hcp-∂-Xm-W-t√m.

AXn-s\-s¥-¶nepw Hcp am¿§-ap-≠m-IW-sa-∂mbn. HSp-hn¬ Fs‚

A∏≥ Ah¿°v 500 cq] hoXw Hmtcm t]man-k-dn-t\m-s´-gpXn

sImSpØp. 1091 ˛¬ 100˛mw \ºcmbn tIm´bw Pn√m-t°m-S-Xn-bn¬

tI p ^b-em°n A∂p- ap-X-ep≈ k¿∆ sN-e-hp-Ifpw sNbvXp.

C∂pw sN-øp∂p. BtcmSpw Hcp ]ncnhpw tNmZn-®n- n-√. AsX XpS¿∂v

D≠m-bn-cn-°p∂ eoKp tI ns‚ sNehpw sNbvXp-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂p.

]≈n-t° v ^b-embn Ipsd \mƒ Ign-™-t∏mƒ Hcp t\mºp hoS-

en\v …o_m apØn-®-Xn\v Xfn-I-bn¬ hoW ]W-Øns‚ hoXw aq∂p-

cq]m Btd-ap-°m¬ NIw Nm≠n h¿°n-sb Gev]n-°m-™Xn\v B

]Ww Rm≥ _e-ambn ]≈n-bn¬ \n∂v FSp-°p-Itbm tam„n-°p-Itbm

sNbvXp F∂v Hcp Inan\¬ tI v Nß-\m-t»cn aPn-kvtS‰v tIm¿ń¬

^b-em°n. h°o¬ Cń-s®-dn-bmbv°v h°m-eØpw sImSp-Øp. AX-

hnsS X≈n. AXn-t∑¬ sslt°m¿ń¬ A∏o¬ sImSp-Øp. Ahn-

sSbpw X≈n. ]≈n-t°- n\v Fs¥-¶nepw Hm¿U¿ D≠m-bm¬ DS≥


sslt°m¿ń¬ t]mIp-I-bm-bn-cp∂p ]Xn-hv. Cßs\ B tI p-

Iƒ°mbn Aº-Xn-\m-bncw cq]m sNehv h∂n-´p-≠v. AsXm-s°bpw

ssIbn¬ \n∂v sNehv sNbvXp. Koh¿Kokv am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kns‚

Iev]\ A\p-k-cn®pw a‰pw ]≈n-bn¬ \n∂v Ipsd ]Ww Inń-bn-´p-

s≠-∂p-≈Xv hnkva-cn-°p-∂n-√.''

kzoI-cWw \¬In

h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\nbpw Iqdntemkp Xncp-ta-\nbpw ae-¶-c-bn¬

Xncn-s®-Øn-b-Xns\ XpS¿∂v k` Ah¿°v kap-NnX kzoI-cWw

\¬In. ]n∂oSv am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kns\ ae-¶c saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-

bpsS ]n≥Km-an-bmbn 1908 \hw-_-dn¬ tN¿∂ amt\-PnwKv IΩn‰n AwKo-

I-cn°pIbpw sNbvXp.

]mbsØ ap≥\ndpØn ]pen-t°m-ń¬ Xncp-ta\n k`m `c-Wm-[n-

Im-chpw hnZym-e-b-ß-fpsS Npa-X-e-bpsa√mw h -t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n°p

ssIam-dp-Ibpw hnhcw Iq´p SÃn-am-cmb amØ≥ aev]m-s\bpw kn.

sP. Ipcy-s\bpw bYm-hn[n Adn-bn°pIbpw sNbvXp. 1909 Pqsse

11 \p Zoh-∂m-tkymkv A©m-a≥ Imew sNbvXp. ]g-b-sk-an-\mcn Nm∏-

en¬ I_-dS°n. Imew sNbvX hnh-cw, t\csØ ae-¶-c-bn-te°p

Xncn®p e≠-\n¬ FØn-°-gn™ A_vZp≈m ]mXn-b¿°o-kns\ Adn-

bn-®p. At±lw Zoh-∂m-tkymkv Bdm-as\ ]n≥Km-an-bmbn kzoI-cn®p-

sIm≠p adp-]Sn \¬In-bXv ae-¶-csb BÀm-Zn-∏n®p. ae-¶ck`

H∂mbn h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n°p kzoI-c-Whpw \¬In. …o_m am¿

HkvXm-Øn-tbm-kmWv B tbmK-Øn¬ A≤y-£-X -h-ln-®-Xv. tIm\m´p

amØ≥ aev]m\pw C. sP. tPm¨ h°oepw ]kw-Kn-®p. ae-¶c Atkm-

kn-tb-js‚ sshkv ]knU‚mbn am¿ Iqdn-temkpw AwKo-I-cn-°-

s∏-´p.

CXn-\n-S-bn¬ …o_m -am¿ HkvXm-Øn-tbm-kn\p Hcp `Zm-k-\-

Øns‚sb¶nepw Npa-Xe thW-sa∂ Bhiyw ae-¶ck` \ncm-I-

cn®p. Hcp ]c-tZ-in- sa-Xm\pw A`n-Im-ay-amb B ]Z-hn°v A¿l-X-bn-

s√-∂p≈ tImS-Xn-hn[n adn-I-S-°m≥, k` A∂p- h-fscb[nIw _lp

am\n-®n-cp∂ ]mXn-b¿°o-kn\v F√m A[n-Im-c-ß-fp-ap-s≠∂p

ImWn®p amt\-PnwKv IΩn‰n Hcp ]tabw ]m m-°-W-sa∂ Bhiyw

IΩn-‰n \ncm-I-cn-®p.

Be-∏pg hkvXp -hn¬]\

Ip]-kn-≤-amb Be-∏pg hkvXp -hn-ev]\ kw_-‘n®v SÃn-I-fmb


tIm\m´p aev]m\pw kn. sP. Ipcy\pw h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-s°-Xnsc

D∂-bn® Hcp Btcm-]-W-Øns‚ \nP-ÿnXn C∂pw k`mw-K-ßƒ°p

th≠-hn-[-Øn¬ Adn-™p-Iq-Sm. Be-∏p-g-bn¬ k - hI D≠m-bn-cp∂

Hcp hkvXp h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n Iq´p SÃn-Iƒ Adn-bmsX hn‰p

F∂ hnj-en-]vX-amb Btcm-]Wic-amWp Ah¿ saXm-t∏m-eo-

Ømbv°v FXnsc sXmSpØphn´Xv. X∂n-anØw saXm-t∏m-eoØm,

SÃn-ÿm-\-Øn-cn-°m≥ Atbm-Ky-\m-sW-∂p -h-sc-bp≈ Btcm-]-W-

ßƒ Be-∏pg IS-∏p-dØp amX-a√ Ae-X-√n-bXv. A_vZp≈m ]mXn-

b¿°okv A∂p Xncp-hn-XmwIqdn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ Btcm-]-W-

°m‰p thK-Øn¬ hym]n-®p. ]t£ hkvXp hnev]\ Imcy-Øn¬ h´-

t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n Hcp sX‰pw sNbvXn-´n√ F∂-XmWp kXyw.

tIm´-bsØ Ip∂pw]pdØp ho´p-Im-cmWv Be-∏p-g-bn¬ Hcp

]≈n°p- th≠n Ipsd ÿew kw`m-h\ sNbvXn-cp-∂-Xv. AhnsS Hcp

]≈n hbv°m≥ k¿°m-cn¬ \n∂p -th≠ A\p-hmZw e`n-®n√.

]≈n°p ÿew \¬In-b-h¿ ÿew XncnsI Gs‰-Sp-Ø-tijw kap-

Zm-b-Øn\p hne -sIm-Sp-Øp. ]pXnb ÿew hmßm≥ ]e¿°pw

BKlw D≠mbn. A∂v Be-∏p-g-bn¬ ]mŒokv sNbvXn-cp∂ amtc´v

F. ]oen-t∏mkv PUvPnsb, am¿ Iqdn-temkv Xncp-ta\n t]cn-∏n-°pIbpw

sNbvXp. ]p-Xnb ÿew 475 cq] sImSpØp hmßn. ]pen-t°m-´n¬

Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS t]cn-em-bn-cp∂p CXns‚ B[mcw. ]Whpw At±-l-

amWp sImSp-ØXv. Chn-sSbpw ]≈n ]Wn-bm≥ A\p-hmZw e`n-®n√.

AXp-sIm≠v aq∂m-a-sXmcp ÿew At\z-jn®p. ]pXnb ÿe-Øn-\v

Bbncw cq]- thWw. AXn-\p-≈ ]Ww C√. c≠m-aXp hmßnb ÿew

hn‰m¬ _m°n ]Ww D≠m-°m-sa∂p Iqdn-temkp Xncp-ta\n G‰p.

Iqdn-temkpw F. ]oen-t∏mkpw XΩn-emWp CXp kw_‘n® FgpØp-

Ip-Øp-Ifpw Btem-N-\-Ifpw \S-Øn-bXv. shdpw aWep amX-ap≈

c≠m-asØ ÿew ˛ sImSpØ ]W-Øns‚ ]en-i- t]mepw BZm-b-

ambn e`n-°mØ ]mgv qan hn¬°m-\p≈ kml-NcyanXm-Wv. hmßm≥

Bfn-√msX h∂p. Nne¿ 150 cq] apX¬ 300 cq] -hsc hne ]d-™p.

]oen-t∏m-kns‚ \n¿_‘w sIm≠v Hcmƒ 475 cq]bv°p hkvXp hmßn

F∂XmWp kXyw. Btem-N-\-Ifpw B[mcw cPn-kvtS-j\pw Aev]w

sshIn. Icm-dp-Im-c≥ ]n∑m-dptam F∂p -hsc kwi-bhpw D≠m-bn.

h -t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n°p A_vZp-≈m -]m-Xn-b¿°o-kns\ kzoI-cn-°m≥

t_mws_°p t]mtI≠ ka-b-am-b-Xn-\m¬ hkvXp hn¬]\ kw_-

‘n® cPn-kvtS-j≥ Imcy-ßƒ°p F. ]oen-t∏mkv PUvPnsb saXm-

t∏m-eoØm A[n-Im-c-s∏-SpØn. CXn¬ saXm-t∏m-eoØm Ip‰w

sNbvXp F∂p ka-Nn-Ø-X-bp≈ B¿°pw Btcm-]-W-ap-∂-bn-°m≥


km[y-a-√-t√m. k¿t∆m-]cn tIm SÃn-I-fpsS klmbw kzoI-cn®p

\S∂ am¿ Iqdn-tem-kmWv Be-∏pg hkvXp hn¬ ]-\-bpsS kqX-[m-

c-s\∂ kXyw ]ecpw kuI-cy-]q¿∆w ad-°p-Itbm ad-°m≥ klm-

bn-°p-Itbm sNbvXp. CXp kw_-‘n®p F. ]oen-t∏mkv h°o¬

]n∂oSp ae-¶c CS-hI ]Xn-I-bn¬ Fgp-Xn-b-t∏mƒ Ig-ºn-√mØ

Btcm-]-W-ß-fpsS \nPÿnXn temIw icn-°-pw Adn™p.

A_vZp≈m _mhm hcp∂p

]pen-t°m-ń¬ tPmk^v am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kns‚ hm¿≤Iy

ImeØp ]pXnb saXm-∑msc ImWp-hm\pw A\p-K-ln-°p-hm\pw c-

W-®p-a-Xe Ahsc Gev]n-°p-∂-Xn\pw At±-l-Øn-\p ssZhn-I-amb

`mKyap-≠m-bn.

kam-[m-\hpw kzÿ-X-bpw Ifn-bm-Sn-h∂ k`-bpsS \oe \n¿Ωe

hoYn-bn¬ Hcp [qa-tIXp Xs∂ ]Xy-£-s∏´p. hm¬ \£Xw DZn-

®m-¬ \mń¬ A]-I-Shpw A\¿∞hpw D≠m-Ip-sa∂p≈ hnizmkw

ASn-ÿm\cln-X-a-s√∂p Imń-s°m≠v Hcp B[p-\nI A·n anss -

en-s\-t∏mse A_vZp≈m ]mXn-b¿°okv \miw- hn-X®p k¿∆hpw

Ipf-am°n. B B‰w-t_mw-_ns‚ Aÿn Xpf-®p-I-b-dp∂ AWp-°ƒ

C∂pw ae-¶-c-bnse \nc-]-cm-[n-I-fn¬ amdm tcmK-ßƒ kr„n-®p-sIm≠n-

cn-°p-I-bm-Wv.

\ho-I-c-W-°msc t\cn-Sm≥ A∂v CX-c- am¿§-an√mXncp-∂-Xn-\m¬

]tXmkv ]mXn-b¿°o-kns\ ae-¶-c-bn¬ £Wn®p hcp-Øn-b-XmWv.

A∂v AsXm-cm-h-iy-ambn ]ecpw IcpXn. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ cmPm-hn-s‚

hnfw-_-c-Øns‚ _e-Øn¬ ae-¶-c-k-`sb sRcp-°n-bn-cp∂ ]me-°p-

∂Øp amXyqkv am¿ AØm-\m-tkym-kns\ t\cn-Sm≥ AXp amX-am-

bn-cp∂p am¿§w. ]tXmkv ]mXn-b¿°okv h∂p alm-cm-Pm-hn\p \nth-

Z\w sImSp-Ø-Xns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hnfw-_cw ]n≥hen-°p-Ibpw

]me-°p-∂Øp saXm-®-s\-Xnsc tIkp- sIm-SpØp ]pen-t°m- n¬ Xncp-

ta\n hnP-bn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. F∂m¬ A_vZp≈m ]mXn-b¿°o-

kns‚ ae-¶c kµ¿i\Øn\v B hI Imc-W-ßƒ H∂pw Xs∂

D≠mbn-cp-∂n-√. £Wn-°msX hen™p Ibdn h∂ "AXn-Yn'-bm-bn-

cp∂p At±lw. Zhym-Klw apJ-apZ Bbn-cp∂ B alm-]p-tcm-ln-

X≥ ]®-ta-®n¬ ]pd-amb ae-¶-c-k-`-bn¬ \n∂v In´m-hp∂ apX¬

sIm≈ -sN-bvhm≥ ]pd-s∏-´-Xm-bn-cp-∂p F∂v B kµ¿i\w ]n∂oSv

hy‡-am°n. ]tXmkv ]mXn-b¿°okv h∂-t∏mƒ H∏w D≠m-bn-cp∂

KotKm-dn-tbmkv saXm-t∏m-eoØm BWv ]n∂oSv A_vZp≈m ]mXn-

b¿°okv Bb-Xv. ]tXmkv ]mXn-b¿°okv, Zhym-K-ln-bmb


KotKmdntbm-kns\ apS-°p-Ibpw \mSp-hn-Sp -hm≥ ]d-bp-Ibpw

sNbvXn´pw ChnsS Id-ßn-Øn-cn™v In´m-hp∂ ]W-sa√mw kzcq-]n®

tij-amWv ÿew Imen-bm-°n-bXv. ""F\n°v hr≤-bmb AΩsb kwc-

£n-°m-\p-≠v. \nßƒ h√Xpw X∂p klm-bn-°Ww'' F∂p ]d™v

]≈n-°m-cpsS apºn¬ X©w- t]mse ssI \o´m\pw B ioa -sa-

Xm≥ aSn-®n-cp-∂n-√.

am¿ A_vZp≈m ]mXn-b¿°okv 1085 I∂n 9 \v (1909 sk]vXw-_¿

24) "CuPn]vXv' F∂ I∏en¬ t_mws_-bn¬ FØn. amt\-PnwKv

IΩn‰n \ntbm-Kn-®n-cp∂ h -t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n, tIm\m´p aev]m≥, Xma-

c-∏-≈n¬ A_lmw IØ-\m¿, ^m. ]n. ‰n. Koh-dp-Kokv, sI. kn.

amΩ≥ am∏nf, C. Fw. nen∏v F∂n-h¿ t_mws_-bn¬ sN∂v kzoI-

cn®p. ]mXn-b¿°okv _mhm-bv°pw ]cn-hm-c-ßƒ°pw t_mws_-bn¬

h∂ tijw Du´n-bn¬ h®v aZmkv Kh¿Æ-dp-ambn A`n-apJ Z¿i\w

\S-tØ≠nbncp-∂-Xn-\m¬ Atßm- mWv t\sc t]mb-Xv. ]n∂oSp F√m-

hcpw IqSn Ip∂w-Ip-fØp h∂p- tN¿∂p. Ip∂w-Ip-fØv Ipd-®p-\mƒ

Xma-kn-®-tijw tIm´bw ]gbskan-\m-cn-bnseØn. Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-

cØp t]mbn alm-cm-Pm-hp-ambn IqSn-°mgvN \S-Ønb tijw ]gb

skan-\m-cn-bn¬ Xncn-s®-Øn.

]gbskan-\m-cn-bnse Xma-k-°m-eØv ae-¶-c-k- sb At¥ym-Jy≥

k`m kmam-Py-Øns‚ tImf-\n-bm°n cn-°m-\p≈ ]mXn-b¿°o-kns‚

D≈n-en-cp∏v Iptds» ]pd-Øp-h-cm≥ XpS-ßn. h´t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n

AXn\v hnLm-X-ambn \n¬°p-∂p F∂v ]mXn-b¿°okv a\- n-em-

°n-b-tXmsS At±-lsØ iIm-cn-°m\pw apjn™v kwkm-cn-°m-\pw

XpSßn. h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ]q¿∆- ssh-cn-Iƒ Cu ]‰nb Ah-

kcw apX-se-Sp-°m≥ th≠ Icp-°ƒ \o°n. CX-dn™v kap-Zm-b-

Ønse ]_-e-∑m-cmb hy‡n-Iƒ h -t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n°v ]n≥_ew

sImSp°m≥ apt∂m´ph∂p.

ae-¶ck`-bn¬ ]mXn-b¿°okv _mhmbv°v euIn-Im-[n-Imcw

thW-sa∂pw AXp kw_-‘n®v DS-º-Sn -sIm-Sp-°-W-sa∂pw _mhm

\n¿_‘n-®p. h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n AXn\v Xøm-dm-bn√. ae-¶-c-k-`-

bn¬ Bflo-bhpw euIn-I-hpamb hnj-b-ß-fn¬ k`m `cWw \S-

Øn-bn´p≈Xv ae-¶-c -sa-Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-am-cm-Wv. hntZ-iØp \n∂p h∂

Nne- ta¬]-´-°m¿ ae-¶-c-k` -cn-°m≥ ian-®Xv ]e- Ip-g-∏-ßƒ°pw

CS-bm°n. k`-bpsS euInI Imcy-ß-fn¬ ioa- sa-Xm-∑m¿ ]th-

in®p IqSm F∂pw, Bflo-b- hnj-b-Øn¬ k`sb klm-bn-∏m≥

amXsa Ah¿°v A[n-Im-c-ap≈psh∂pw Xocp-am-\-ap-≠m-bn- p-≠v. 1889


se tdmb¬ tIm¿´v hn[n t\m°n-bm¬ CXp a\ n-em°mw. CXns\-

Xn-cm-bn´mWv ae-¶-c-k-`-bn¬ euInI A[n-Im-chpw Dƒ`-c-Whpw

X\n°v e`n-°-W-sa∂v ]mXn-b¿°okv iTn-®-Xv. ]e- hn-[-Ønepw h´-

t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\nsb hiw-h-Z-\m-°p-hm≥ ]mXn-b¿°okv ]cn-i-an®p.

AsXm∂pw \S-°msX h∂-t∏mƒ ""F∂m¬ CXns‚ tZmj-êw

\nßƒ A\p- -hn°pw; Du¿t«w Cuhm\n-tbm-kns‚ IY \nßƒ Adn-

™n-´p≠t√m'' F∂v _mhm òj-Wns∏-Sp-Øn. DS-ºSn X∂n-s√-¶n¬

apS°pw F∂v ]mXn-b¿°okv Iev]n-®-t∏mƒ ""apS-°n-bm¬ AXp Hcp

kz¿Æ-ame t]mse [cn°pw'' F∂v ae-¶c saXm-t∏m-eoØm Xncn-®-

Sn-®p.

CtXmsS kap-Zmbw c≠v tNcn-bmbn Xncn™v hg°v Bcw-`n®p.

Aflmb SÃn kn. sP. Ipcy\pw, sshZnI SÃn tIm\m´v amØ≥

aev]m\pw ]mXn-b¿°o-kn-t\mSv tN¿∂p \n∂pw D]-tZiw \¬Inbpw

h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\nsb HXp-°m≥ th≠ X¥-ßƒ sa\-™p.

XpS¿∂v "ka-cn-t°kv' Bcw- n®p. ]mtdńs‚ mj-bn¬ ]d-™m¬

h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\nsb ""XSpØpIqń -hmcn'' £W-Øn¬ ]pd-sØ-

dn™v hnP-bn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Hcp hgn-bm-bn-´m-Wv \nbat_m[w sXm´p

tX®n-ń-√mØ Iq´p-I-£n-Iƒ Cu tIkns\ ho£n-®-sX∂mWv [cn-

t°-≠-Xv. ]kvXpX tIkn¬ Ffp∏w hnPbw hcn-°p-∂-Xn-\v ae-¶-c-

sa-Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømsb apS-°m-sX bmsXmcp c£-bp-an-s√∂p _mhmbpw

At±-l-Øns‚ D]-tZ-iIhrµhpw Xocp-am-\n®p. CXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-

Øn¬ h -t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\nsb apS°n. km[m-cW KXn-bn¬ apS-°n\p

apºv sNtø-≠-Xmb bmsXmcp Imt\m-\nI \S-]-Sn-bpw sNbvXn-√.

ta¬]-´-°m-cpsS kp∂-l-tZmkv IqSn saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS kam-

[m\w Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂n√. am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kns\

apS-°n-bm¬ saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bv°v tIkn¬ I£n-bmbn hmZn-°p-Ibpw

tIkv \S-Øp-Ibpw sNøm≥ ]‰msX hcp-sa-∂m-bn-cp∂p FXn¿ I£n-

I-fpsS IW-°p -Iq-´¬.- ]t£ \nbaw AXns‚ hgn-°p -Xs∂ \oßn.

I√m-t»-cn¬ ]p∂qkv dºm-®s\ ]mXn-b¿°okv _mhm hnfn-∏n®v

DS-ºSn Xcp∂ ]£w saXm-t∏m-eoØm B°m-sa∂p ]d™p. Xs‚

Kpcp-hmb h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n°v FXn-cmbn \n∂v bmsXmcp D∂-X-

ÿm-\hpw ]m]n-∏m≥ Xm¬]-cy-an-s√∂p ]d™v Hgn™p. ]p∂qkv

dºm-®s‚ kl-]m-Tnbpw D‰-an-Xhpw Bbn-cp∂ ]ueqkv dºm≥ ]mXn-

b¿°okv _mh ]d-™-X-c-Øn-ep≈ DS-º-Sn -sIm-SpØv am¿ AØm-

\m-kn-tbmkv F∂-t]-cn¬ saXm≥ ÿm\-ta‰p. At±lw ]n∂oSv

_mhm-bpsS hewssI Bbn- \n∂v ]mXn-b¿°okv I£n°p th≠n

i‡n-bmbn \oßn.


_mhm I£n-bpw saXm≥ I£nbpw

h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS apS-°ns\ XpS¿∂v kap-Zmbw c≠p

I£n-bmbn ]nf¿∂v hyh-lmcw Bcw-`n-®p. am¿ Iq-dn-temkv (]mW-

º-Sn-), ]pXp-Xmbn ]´-ta‰ Bep-hm-bnse AØm-\m-kn-tbmkv XpS-

ßnbh¿ ]gbskan-\m-cn-bn¬ h∂v Xma-k-am-cw- n®p. ]mXn-b¿°okv

_mhmbpw IqsS h∂n-cp∂ dºm-∑mcpw ]cn-hm-c-ßfpw skan-\mcnbpsS

Ings° mKØv aq∂m-asØ \ne-bpw, ]Sn-™mdp mKØv c≠m-asØ

\ne-bnse hSt° apdn-bpw, IΩn-‰n- amfnIbpw ssIhiw h®p. h´-t»-

cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bpw, a´-bv°¬ a¬]m-\-®\pw, siΩm-»-∑mcpw Xma-

kn®ph∂ Npcp°w Nne apdn-I-sfm-gn®v an°- ap-dn-I-fp-tSbpw Xmt°m-

ep-I-fpw ]mXn-b¿°okv _mhm-bp-sSbpw kn¬_-‘n-IfptSbpw A[o-

\-Øn-em-bn.

]ns∂btßm´v tIkp-I-fpsS ]cºc XpS-ßp-Ibmbn. ]mtdńs‚

ae-¶c \kmWnIƒ, hmeyw \men¬ Cu Ime-L-´-Ønse hyh-lmc

ßsf-°p-dn®v khn-kvXcw ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p-≠v. skan-\m-cnsb kw_-

‘n-°p∂ BZy aPn-kvtS‰v tIm¿´v hn[n 1087 Nnßw 18 \v D≠mbn.

saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS ssIhiw ÿm]n-®m-Wv aPn-kvtS‰v cmL-hm-

Nmcn Xo¿∏p I¬∏n-®Xv. ]mXn-b¿°okv `mKw apS-°n-eqsS hf¿Øn

s°m≠p-h∂ BIm-i-t°m´ AtXmsS XI¿∂p ]mXm-f-Øn¬ ]Xn®p.

]Xn-Im-c -hnjPzme G‰- tIm-\m´v a¬∏m\pw, kn. sP. Ipcy\pw

aPn-kvtS-‰ns‚ hn[n-bnt∑¬ sslt°m¿ń¬ dnhn-j≥ sImSpØp.

AhnsS saXm-t∏m-eo-Ømbv°pw, tIm SÃn-Iƒ°pw skan-\m-cn°p

Iq´-h-Imiw Ds≠∂v hn[n-bp-≠m-bn. Cu hn[n-tbmsS, XWpØp InS-

∂n-cp∂ k`m-¥-co£w s]s´∂v NqSmbn. shSn-a-cp-∂n¬ Xos∏mcn

hogp∂ Xc-Øn-ep≈ ê-amWv sslt°m-SXn hn[n- aqew kw`-hn-

®Xv. XpS¿∂v skan-\m-cn -ta¬ ssIh-im-h-Imiw ÿm]n-°m≥

tXßmbpw Icn°pw Cd°n tXm∏v ssIh-i-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ iaw

\S∂p. kn. sP. Ipcys‚ A\p-P≥ sIm®p]m∏n Nne duUn-Ifpw,

]c-h-∑m-cp-ambn h∂v tXßm CSo-°m≥ XpS-ßn. a -bv°¬ IØ-\mcpw

siΩm-»-∑mcpw XS™p. h∂-h¿ aev]ms\ tZtlm-]-Zhw Gev]n-®p.

AXp I≠p \n∂ tIm\m´p aev]ms\ h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n Nqc¬

sIm≠v s]S-®p. Aßns\ t]mIp∂p B A\n„ kw`h ]c-ºc.

CXn-s\-°p-dn®v h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n: ae-¶c k`-bpsS tIm´ F∂

]pkvX-I-Øn¬ t]Pv 64 apX-ep≈ mK-ß-fn¬ Rßƒ Fgp-Xn-bn- p≠v.

ASp-Ø-Xmbn h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\nsb tZtlm-]-Z-h-ta¬∏n®v


skan\m-cn-bn¬ \n∂p HmSn-°m≥ ]mXn-b¿°okv I£n i‡n-bmbn

ian®p. AXmWv ]n∂oSv B\-∏m∏n sIme-t°-kn¬ sN∂v Ah-km-

\n-®Xv. AXns‚ kºq¿Æ hnhcw Rß-fpsS B\-∏m∏n F∂ KŸ-

Ønep≠v. h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS tZlc£bv°v ]Øp ]¥≠p

]≈n-°m¿ Bfp-Isf Ab-®n-cp-∂p. AXn¬s]´ Bfm-bn-cp∂p ]m∏n.

B alm a√s\ t]∏-´nsb X√n-s°m-√p-∂Xp-t]mse X√nbpw

IpØnbpw sIm∂p. AXns‚ hnh-c-ßƒ B\-]m∏n F∂ ]pkvX-I-

Ønepw h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n: ae-¶c k`-bpsS tIm´ F∂ KŸ-

Ønse 65 apX¬°p≈ t]Pp-I-fn-epw ImWmw.

ae-¶c k -bnse kam-[m-\hpw, sFiz-cyhpw \in-∏n®v A_vZp≈m

]mXnb¿°okpw ]cn-hm-c-ßfpw Xncn®p t]mIm-\p≈ Hcp-°-ambn. ae-

¶-c-k-`-bn¬ Xocm \miw hnX® IYm-]m-X-ß-fn¬ F¥p-sIm≠pw

]ap-J≥ A_vZp≈m Bbn-cp∂p F∂v k`mNcnXw hmbn-®n-´p≈

Bcpw ]d-bpw. ae-¶c k`bv°v sNøm-hp∂ tZml-sa√mw sNbvXp

h®v ae-bm-f-h¿jw 1087 I∂n- amkw 28 \v i\n-bmgvN (1911 HtŒm-_¿

14-) \mep aWn°v Bephm tÃj-\n¬ \n∂p Xoh≠n am¿§w

A_vZp≈m ]mXn-b¿°okv kztZ-i-tØ°v bmX-bmbn.

A_vZ¬ aninlm _mhm FØp∂p

am¿ A_vZp≈m t]mbn F´p- amkw XnI-bp-∂-Xn\p apºv 1087 CShw

23- \v am¿ A_vZ¬ aninlm ae-¶-c-bn¬ FØn. At±lw ]tXmkv

XrXo-b≥ Imew sNbvX -tijw 1895 apX¬ At¥ymJym ]mXn-b¿°o-

km-bn-cp∂p. ]tXmkv ]mXn-b¿°o-kpw, A_vZp≈m ]mXn-b¿°okpw

BZy-ambn ae-¶-c-bn¬ Imep-Ip-Øn-bXv Ip∂w-Ip-f-Øm-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-

t]mse A_vZ¬ aninlm BZyw h∂Xpw Ip∂w-Ip-f-Øm-bn-cp∂p.

hºn® FXn-tc¬]mWv Ip∂w-Ip-fØv e`n-®-Xv. c≠v dºm∑mcpw

A_vZ¬ aninlm ]mXn-b¿°okv _mhm-tbm-sSm-∂n-®v h-∂ncp∂p.

]mtd´v A_vZ¬ aninlmsb-°p-dn®v ae¶c \km-Wn-Iƒ, hmeyw

\mev, t]Pv 430 ¬ ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂Xv i≤n-°mw. ""ae-¶-c-bn¬ h∂Xv

A_vZ¬ aninlm ]mXn-b¿°okv A√m-bn-cp-∂p. Hcp Xpep-°t\m,

Ad-_ntbm amX-am-bn-cp∂p F∂pw sshZn-I≥ t]mepw Bbn-cp-∂n√

F∂pw ]mXn-b¿°o-kn-\p- th-≠n ]mXn-b¿°okn-t\-°mƒ hmin-

tbmSp -IqSn tIkp-Iƒ \S-Øn-b-h¿ hmZn-®p. F¶nepw 1958 ¬ ]mXn-

b¿°okpw A_vZ¬ aninlm hgn ÿm\w e`n® ImtXm-en-t°mkpw

]c-kv]cw \ncp-]m-[nIw kzoI-cn-°p-I-bpw, 1964 ¬ ae-¶-c-bnse \memw

ImtXm -en -t°m-kns‚ ÿm\m-tcm -l-W-Øn¬ At¥ymIym


]mXnb¿°okv kw_-‘n-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-Xn¬ \n∂v B hmZ-ßƒ

A¿∞ iq\y-am-bn-cp-∂p F∂pw, A_vZ¬ aninlm hgn kvYm]n-X-

amb ImtXm-en°m knwlm-k\w kºq¿Æhpw If-¶-c-ln-Xhpw Bbn-

cp-∂p F-∂pw ]mXnb¿°okv kwi-b-sat\y kΩ-Xn-®-Xmbn ImWmw.''

\ncWw ]≈n-bn¬ sh®v A_vZ¬ aninlm ]mXn-b¿°okv H∂mw

ImtXmen°m _mhmsb hmgn-°p-tºmƒ aZv_-lm-bn¬ HutK≥ dºm-

®\pw D≠m-bn-cp∂p. hfsc sIm√-ßƒ ioa-bn¬ Ign-®p-Iq- nb HutK≥

dºm≥ A_vZ¬ aninlm ]mXn-b¿°okpw H∂n®v Xqd-_vZo-\nse

Ac-a-\-bn¬ Xma-kn-®n-´p-≠v. HutK≥ dºms\ ho≠pw I≠p-ap-ń-b-

t∏mƒ A_vZ¬ aninlm ]mXn-b¿°okn\p hfsc kt¥m-jambn.

dºms\ A\p-K-ln®v kpJ-hn-hc-ßƒ tNmZn-®-dn™v _mhm hfsc

t\cw kw`m-jWw \S-Øn. CX-sbm-s°- B-bn´pw h∂Xv A_vZ¬

aninlm ]mXn-b¿°okv As√∂pw GtXm Xpep-°-\m-sW∂pw hnfn®p-

Iq-hm≥ _mhm I£n `mKØv Bfp-≠mbn! I£n sshcmKyw

a\pjys\ Fs¥√mw hnIrX thj-ßƒ sIń-°p-∂n√?

ImtXm-en°m knwlm-k\ ]p\-ÿm-]\w

1912 sk]v‰w-_¿ 17 ˛\v A_vZ¬ aninlm ]mXn-b¿°o-kns‚

][m\ Im¿Ωn-I-Xz-Øn¬ ae-¶-c-bn¬ ]uckvXy ImtXm-en°m

knwlm-k\w ]p\-ÿm-]n°s∏´p. \ncWw henb ]≈n-bn¬ sh®v

I≠-\mSp CS-h-I-bpsS ]ueqkv am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbm-kns\ ]uckvXy

ImtXm-en°m Bbn Ah-tcm[n-®p. CXn¬ ]mXn-bm¿°okv _mhm-

tbmSp IqSn kl-I-cn-®Xv h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bpw, I√-mt»-cn¬ am¿

KotKm-dn-tbmkv saXm-t∏m-eo-Ømbpw Bbn-cp-∂p.

1088 aIcw 29 ˛\v sNß-∂q¿ ]≈n-bn¬ sh®v ]mXn-b¿°okv

_mhm I≠-\mSv Itcm-´p-ho-ń¬ bqbm°nw dºm-\pw, hmI-Øm\w

ImcpNnd Koh-dp-Kokv dºm-\pw bYmIaw Cuhm-\n-tbm-kv, ]oe-Ivkn-

t\mkv F∂o t]cp-I-fn¬ ta¬]´ ÿm\w \¬In.

_mhm aSßn

GI-tZiw 9 amkw -sIm≠v Xs‚ Npa-Xe `wKn-bmbn ]q¿Øn-bm-

°nb tijw A_vZ¬ ainlm ]mXn-b¿°okv _mhm 1088 Ipw`w 20

\v ioabv°p aS-ßn-t∏mbn. At±-lsØ bmX-b-bv°m≥ ^m. ]n. ‰n.

Koh-dp-Kokv (]n∂oSv _Y-\n-bpsS am¿ Cuhm-\ntbmkv) t_mws_-

hsc t]mbn-cp-∂p.

A_vZ¬ aninlm ]mXn-b¿°okv ae-¶c h∂-t∏mƒ At±lw


Xs‚ ap≥Km-an-bm-bn-cp∂ Imew sNbvX ]tXmkv ]mXn-b¿°o-kns‚

]´w-sImS ]pkvXIw sIm≠p-h-∂n-cp-∂p. AXp t\m°n-bmWv A_vZ¬

aninlm ]mXn-b¿°okv ae-¶-c-bn¬ ta¬∏-´-ÿm\w sImSp-Ø-Xv.

IqSmX 500 sIm√w ]g-°-ap≈ Hcp Imt\m≥ ]pkvXIw At±lw

sIm≠p-h-∂n-cp∂p. AXp- Im-Wm≥ CS-h∂ ^m. ]n. ‰n. Koh-dp-Kokv

]n∂o-Sv _Y-\n-bpsS am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv Bb tijw Fgp-Xnb Kncn-

Zo]w F∂ KŸ-Øn¬ Cßs\ ]d-bp∂p (t]Pv 38):

""500 sIm√w ]g-°-ap≈ Imt\m≥ ]pkvX-I-Øns‚ Hcp ssIsb-

gpØp ]Xn _mhm-bpsS ssIhiw At∏mƒ Ds≠∂p tI´-Xn\m¬

Rßƒs°-√m-h¿°p hfsc hnkva-bhpw A¤p-Xhpw tXm∂n. AXpw

Chn-sS-bp≈ ssIsb-gpØp Imt\m≥ ]pkvX-I-ßfpw XΩn¬ h√

hyXym-khpw Dt≠m F∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°m≥ Bbn-cp-∂p DSs\ Xs∂

Rßƒ DZy-an-®Xv. F√mw H∂ns‚ ]I¿∏v F∂p t_m[y-s∏-´p.''

h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS apS°v Akm-[p-hm-sW∂p ]d-™p-

sIm≠p≈ dnhyq s]‰o-js‚ hn[n 1923 am¿®n¬ hcpw-apºv hoc-cm-L-

h-ø-¶mcpw kachoc\mbn-cp∂ kn. sP. Ipcy\pw tI n-√mØ ÿe-

tØ°p t]mbn. Ipcy\pw amØ≥ aev]m\pw acn-®n´pw Ah-cpsS A\p-

bm-bn-Iƒ am¿ bq-en-tbm-kns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ tIkpw hg-°p-Ifpw

XpS¿∂p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. Cu tIkp-Iƒ°p th≠n ]c-tZin saXm-\mb

am¿ bqen-tbmkv ]d™ I≈-ßƒ°pw cNn® I≈-]-am-W-ßƒ°pw

IW-°n-√.

A_vZ¬ aninlmsb 1905 -˛¬ kp∂-l-tZmkp IqSn -ap-S-°n-sb-∂-

Xn-\p≈ am¿ bq-en-tbm-kns‚ I≈-tc-Jbpw a™n-\n-°-c-bn¬ ]Tn-∏n-

°p-∂Xv 18 A°w Imt\m-\m-sW∂ am¿ bqen-tbm-kns‚ ]kvXm-h-

\bpw (bYm¿∞Øn¬ F A°w Imt\m\m-bn-cp∂p ]Tn∏n-®p-h-∂Xv)

sh≈w tN¿°mØ I≈-am-bn-cp∂p. F∂m¬ bqen-tbm-kns\ Bene-

t]mse tImS-Xn-bn¬ Ipep-°pIbpw hnip≤ I≈-km£n-sb∂p hnti-

jn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

sNºp sXfn-bp-∂p

a™-\n-°-c-bn¬ \S∂ \mS-Iob kw`h hnIm-k-ßsf∏‰n A∂p

am¿ bq-en-tbm-kn-s‚bpw bm°q_v XrXob≥ ]mXn-b¿°o-kns‚bpw

(A∂v A_vZpƒ Bl-mZv dºm≥)- Zzn`m-jnbpw Ah-cpsS Cw•ojv

A≤ym-]-I\pw aev]m-\p-am-bn-cp∂ dh. ^m. hn. kn. kmap-h¬ Xs‚

Bfl-I-Y-bnse Xmsg ]d-bp∂ ZrIvkm£n hnh-cWw A_vZ¬

aninlm-bpsS hymP apS-°ns‚ sNºp sXfn-bn-°m≥ aXn-bm-b-Xn-\m¬


IqSp-X¬ H∂pw ]d-tb-≠-Xn√. ASp-Ø- Im-eØp \ncym-X-\mb dh.

tUm. hn. -kn. kmap-h¬ ae-¶-c-k` I≠ ˛ Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠n¬

ssIkvXh temIw Z¿in® ˛ ]apJ ssZh-im-kvX-⁄-∑m-cn¬ Hcm-

fm-bn-cp∂p. tUm. kmap-h¬ Cßs\ Fgp-Xn:

""1942- ¬ kap-Zm-b-t°kv hnkvXmcw \S-∂p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. AXn¬

am¿ bqen-tbm-kns\ Hcp IΩo-j≥ aptJ\ hnkvX-cn-°p-hm≥ PUvPn

_n. IrjvW-ø-cpsS _©n¬ \n¿t±-i-ap-≠m-bn. AXn\v ae-bm-fhpw

kpdn-bm-\nbpw Adn-bm-hp∂ Hcp Zzn`mjn Bh-iy-ambn h∂p. AXn\p

c≠p I£n-I-fn-tebpw t\Xm-°-∑m¿ GI-I-WvT-am-bn Fs∂ Xnc-s™-

Sp-Øp. Rm≥ I£n-°m-cy-Øn¬ bmsXmcp Ahn-iz-kvXXbpw ImWn-

®n-´n-√. Fs∂ Gev]n® tPmenbnepw kz¥w a\- m-£n-s°-Xn-cmbn

Rm≥ bmsXm∂pw sNbvXn-√.

tIkn¬ ]mXn-b¿°okp I£n-bpsS h°o¬ A\-¥-]-fl-\m- -ø¿

Bbn-cp-∂p. am¿ bqen-tbm-kns\ hmZ-ap-J-ßƒ ]Tn-∏n-°p-hm≥ tIm´bw

hen-b-]-≈n-bn¬ At±lw ]e XhW h∂p. Bib hn\n-a-b-Øn\v

Ahsc klm-bn-°p-hm≥ Rm≥ sNß-f-Øp-\n∂p tIm´-bØv h∂p-

sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. B tPmenbpw hniz-kvX-X-tbmsS Rm≥ sNbvXp

t]m∂p.

tIknse Hcp ][m\ hmZw A_vZpƒ ain-lm-_m-hmsb kpdnbm\n

k`-bpsS saXm-∑m¿ tN¿∂v apS-°n-bn-cp∂p F∂-Xm-Wv. saXm-∑m¿

tN¿∂v H∏n-´n-´p≈ tcJ-bpsS Hcp tIm∏n-bmWv sXfn-hmbn lmP-cm-

°m≥ Dt±-in-®n-cp-∂-Xv. AXv icn-bmb tcJ-bm-sW∂v kndn-b≥ \mSp-

I-fnse Hcp t\m´dn km£y-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. AXv tImS-Xn-bn¬

ImWn-®m¬ hnPbw kp\n-›n-X-am-sW-∂m-bn-cp-∂p ]mXn-b¿°okv

I£n-bpsS [mc-W. Rm\pw Aß-s\ -Xs∂ hnNm-cn-®n-cp∂p. F∂m¬

tImSXn AXv kzoI-cn-°p-I-bn√ F∂v h°o¬ hy‡-am-°n. Imc-Ww,

AXn¬ H∏p-h® t\m´dn DtZym-K-ÿ\v AXv km£y-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥

X°-hÆw kpdn-bm\n Adn-™p-Iq-Sm-bn-cp∂p F∂-Xp-X-s∂. AXn-\p-

]-Icw am¿ bqen-tbmkv a¿±o-\n¬ t]mb-t∏mƒ kp∂-l-tZmkv

sdt°m¿Un¬ aqe-tcJ I≠p F∂pw, AXp t\m°n Fgp-Xn-sb-SpØ

IS-emkv sXfn-hmbn tImS-Xn-bn¬ lmP-cm-°mw F∂pw h°o¬

]d™p. F∂m¬ kXy-Øn¬ am¿ bqen-tbmkv Aß-s\-sbmcp IS-

emkv a¿±o\n¬ h®v Fgp-Xn-bn-cp-∂n-√. a™-\n-°c h®v Fgp-Xn-bp-

≠m-°p-I-bmWv sNbvX-Xv. t\m´dn DtZym-K-ÿ≥ km£y-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-

cp-∂-Xpw, tImS-Xn-bn¬ hne-t∏m-hn√ F∂p h°o¬ ]d-™-Xp-amb

tcJ-bn¬ \n∂v am¿ bqen-tbmkv AXv Fgp-Xn-bp-≠m-°p-∂Xv Rm≥


I≠n- p-≈-Xm-Wv. Cu kw`hw Fs∂ thZ-\n-∏n-®p. ImcWw A_vZpƒ

anin-lm-bpsS ÿm\w apS-°p-aqew Akm-[p-hm-sW∂v Rm\pw hniz-

kn-®n-cp-∂p. AXn\v Bkv]-Z-amb tcJ kXy-k-‘-a-s√∂v F\n°p

a\- n-em-bn. AXbpw Imew Rm≥ ]mXn-b¿°okv I£n-bn¬ Dd®p-

\n-∂n-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ AhnsS I≠ ]I-S-amb Ak-XysØ A`n-ap-

Jo-I-cn-°p-hm≥ Xs∂ Rm≥ Xocp-am-\n®p. CS-hI saXm-t∏m-eoØm

Bb anJm-tb¬ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kn-t\mSp Imcy-ßƒ Xpd∂p]d™v

Fs‚ a\- m£n \n¿Ω-e-am-°p-hm≥ Rm≥ Xocp-am-\n-®p. At±lw

ImtXm-en-t°mkv I£n-s°-Xn-cmbn hotdmsS ]kw-Kn-®p-h-∂n-cp-∂Xv

a\- m-£n-bpsS t_m≤y-Øns‚ ]Xn-^-e-\-am-bmWv Rm≥ I≠-Xv.

tIm´bw knwlm-k-\-∏-≈nbn¬ sh®v Rm≥ im¥-ambn Imcy-ß-

sf√mw At±-l-tØmSp ]d™p. A∂p Rm≥ hy‡-am-°nb Imcyw

CXn-\Iw ]e XhW ]d-™n-´p-≈-Xm-Wv. ""A_vZpƒ aninlm _mhm-

bn¬\n∂v ImtXm-en°m I£nbv°p e`n® ]´Xzw Akm-[p-hm-sW∂p

]d-bp-∂Xv ]d-bp-∂-h-cpsS hminb-psS ]I-S-\-a-√m-sX, Hcp Ig-ºp-

ap≈-X√.'' CtX Bibw A_vZpƒ BlmZv dºm-t\mSpw Rm≥

]d™p.

1958 ˛ ¬ D≠mb kam-[m\w aqew A_vZpƒ anin-lm-bpsS ]´-Xz-

sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ A`n-]mbhyXymkw \oßn-bn-cn-°p-hm-\n-S-bp-≠v. B

] -Øn\v bmsXmcp \yq\-Xbpw ]d-bmsXbmbn-cp-∂p-ht√m A∂p kam-

[m\w ÿm]n-®-Xv. F∂p-X-s∂-bp-a√ AXp ae-¶ck` AwKo-I-cn®

`c-W-L-S-\bv°p hnt[-b-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p. B kam-[m-\-sØ-bmWv 1964˛¬

am¿ bm°q_v XrXo-b≥ ]mXn-b¿°okv (A-_vZpƒ BlmZv dºm≥

Xs∂) kzoI-cn-®-Xpw. AXp-sIm≠v A_vZpƒ anin-lm-bpsS ]´Xzw

AXn-\p-tijw Hcp hnhmZ hnj-b-am-bn-cp-∂p-Iq-Sm.''

ae-¶-c-bnse hg-°n-\n-S-bn¬ ChnsS FØnb Gen-bmkv XrXo-

b≥ ]mXn-b¿°okv H∂pw t\SmsX 1932 -˛¬ a™-\n-°-c-bn¬ h®p

Imew -sNbvXv AhnsS I_-d-S-°-s∏- p. Cu I_-dn-¶se hcp-am-\-amWp

ap≥ ]mXn-b¿°okv I£n-bn¬ s]´-hcpw C∂p hnL-Sn®p \n¬°p-

∂-h-cp-amb k`mw-K-ß-fpsS Hcp apJy hcp-am-\w.

H∂mw ImtXm-en°m

]tXmkv XrXo-b≥ ]mXn-b¿°okv _mhm ae-¶-c-k-`sb Ggp

`Zm-k-\-ß-fmbn hn -Pn®v saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-amsc hmgn-®p. c≠p- t]sc

At¥ym-Jym-bn-te°v Xncn-®p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xns‚ Xte BgvN-bmWv

Nndfbw sk‚ v emk-dkv ]≈n-bn¬ sh®v hmgn-®-Xv. I≠-\mSv


CShIbv°p th≠n ]ueqkv am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbm-kn-s\bpw, sIm®n

CS-h-Ibv°p th≠n sia-hq-≥ am¿ Zoh-∂m-kn-tbm-kn-s\bpw.

CXn¬s]´ am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbm-kn-s\-bmWv ae-¶-cbn-se H∂mw ImtXm-

en-°m-bmbn A_vZ¬ aninlm _mhm hmgn-®-Xv.

ae-¶ck`m -N-cnXw kq£va-ambn ]Tn-°p∂ GsXmcp hy‡n-bp-

tSbpw _lp-am-\hpw BZ-chpw ]nSn®p ]‰p∂ DZm-Ø-amb XymK Pohn-

X-Øns‚ D÷ze DS-a-bmWv apdn-a-‰Øn¬ _mhm F∂ lkz-\m-a-

Øn¬ ]Jym-X-\mb ]. _t -en-tbmkv ]ueqkv ]Y-a≥ ImtXm-

en°m. B XymKn-h-cy≥ A\p-jvTn® tkh-\-Øns‚bpw XymK-Øn-

s‚bpw ]`m-ho-Nn-Iƒ Gh-cp-sSbpw lrZ-bsØ B¿Z-am-°p-∂p. Ah-

cpsS \b-\-ßsf Cud-\-Wn-bn°p∂p. B tijvT alm]ptcm-ln-X≥

PohnX kmbm”thf-bn¬ hcm≥ t]mIp∂ Imcy-ßƒ ap≥Iq´n I≠v

ImtXm-en°m ÿm\-tØ°v Xe

Ip\n®v sImSp-ØXv Hcp \n m-c-Xym-

K-a√. k`m-N-cn-X-Øn-se-∂√, am\-h-

N-cn-X-Øn¬ Xs∂ A]q¿∆-ambn

amXw I≠pap-´p∂ ]Xyp¬]∂aXn-

I-fmb alm-Xym-Kn-I-fn¬ ]ap-J-\mbn

B ][m-\m-Nm-cy≥ hncm-Pn-°p-∂p.

k`mNcn-X-Im-c-\mb ]mtd´v B

XymK-Øns‚ Hu∂-XysØ ap‡-

IWvTw ]iw-kn-®n- p≠v. t\Xm-°-∑m¿

am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbm-kns\ I≠v ImtXm-

en°m ÿm\w kzoI-cn-°-W-sa∂v

Hu]-Nm -cn -I -ambn At]-£n®p.

tIm\m´v aev]m≥ A_vZ¬ aninlmbv°v Fgp-Xnb IØn¬ "hS-°¿

Ft∂m-Sp -IqsS H∂mbn \n¬°p-∂-XmWv, Ahn-sS-bp≈ F√m I»o-

»-∑mcpw ....... Fs‚ injy∑m-cm-b-Xp- sIm≠v Fs‚ hm°-\p-k-cn®v

\n¬°pw' F∂p- Xp-S-ßnb hºp ]d-b-en¬ "s]mß-t∏m-gØw'

\nd™p\n¬°p-∂p-s≠-¶nepw B IsØ-gp-Xnb Bfpw kl-Im-cn-

Ifpw A\p-N-c-∑mcpw t\sc \n∂v FXn¿°p-sa∂pw, AXp -hgn hf-sc-

b-[nIw I„-∏m-Sp-Iƒ kln-t°-≠n- h-cp-sa∂pw Adn-™p-sIm-≠p-

Xs∂ am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv P\]Xn-\n-[n-I-fpsS At]-£-b-\p-k-cn®v

kΩXw \¬In. hr≤\pw, tcmKnbpw Bb- X-s∂-°mƒ \√Xv ]p∂qkv

dºm-\m-bn-cn°pw F∂p≈ D]-tZ-i-tØm-Sp -Iq-Sn-bmWv At±lw kΩ-

Xn-®Xv (`m-hn-bn¬ kw`-hn-°m≥ t]mIp-∂Xv ImWp-∂-Xn-\p≈ i‡n


B ka-bØv At±-l-Øn\v e`n-®n-cpt∂m? At±lw ]hNn-®-Xp

t]mse ImtXm-en°m knwlm-k\w ]m]n®v Gg-c- amkw (Ir-Xy-ambn

]d-™m¬ 7 amkhpw 17 Znh-k-hpw) Ign™v 1088 taSw 19 \v A¿≤-

cmXn ]mºm-°pS sNdn-b-]-≈n-bn¬ h®v Imew sNbvXp. ]nt‰ Znhkw

Ahn-sS-Øs∂ I_-d-S-°-s∏-´p.

]mtd´v ].- _m-hmsb ]Io¿Øn°p∂Xv "`hn-jy-Øp-Iƒ icn°v

a\- n-em°n, h√mØ B L -Øn¬ ae-¶ck -bpsS kzmX¥yw kwc-

£n-°p-∂-Xn-\p -th≠n kzbw _en A¿∏n® alm-XymKn F∂mWv

(t]Pv 451). "c‡-km£nXzw hln-°m≥ Hcp°ap≈ \km-Wn-Iƒ Ccp-

]Xmw \q‰m-≠nepw Ds≠∂v sXfn-bn-® -tZlw' F∂p IqSn XpS¿∂p≈

hcn-I-fn¬ kvXpXn-°p-∂p-≠v.

ASn-ÿm\cln-Xhpw _men-i-hp-amb apS-¥≥ \ymb-ßƒ ]d™v

kzm`m-hnI \oXn°v hncp-≤-ambn h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\nsb ]mXn-

b¿°okv apS°n. Cu apS°v Akm-[phpw ae-¶-c-k-`bv°v henb

tZmjw sNøp∂ "Imf-Iq-S-hn-j-'hp-amsW∂v am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv

saXm-t∏m-eoØm ]e -]m-hiyw ]mXn-b¿°o-kns\ t\cn¬ I≠v

Adn-bn-®p. ]mXn-b¿°o-kns‚ ssIt°m-Sm-en-I-fmb ]e A\p-N-c-

∑mcpw ]mXn-b¿°o-kn-t\mSv h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\nsb \ymboI-cn®v

kwkm-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬ \n∂v am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkns\ ]n≥Xn-cn-∏n-°p-hm≥

Bhpwa´v ian-®n-cp-∂p.

h´-n∏-W-t°-kn¬ hmZn- `mKw Bdmw km£n-bmbn sslt°m¿´v

h°o¬ C. sP. tPm¨ 1092 CShw 29 \p sImSp-Ø- samgn Cu A`n-

]m-bsØ _e-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-≠v. ""cmhnse 8 aWn°v apºv Rm≥ ]gb

skan-\m-cn-bn¬ sN∂p. At∏mƒ am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv saXm-®≥

Fs∂ hnfn-∏n®v ]mXn-b¿°okv tIm]n-®n-cn-°p-I-bm-sW∂pw a‰pw

]d-™p. saXm®≥ At∏mƒ h∂ Fw. F. Nmt°m-sbbpw Fs∂bpw

Iq´n-s°m≠v ]mXn-b¿°o-kns‚ apdn-bn-te°v ]pd-s∏´p. "]mXn-b¿°o-

kn-\p≈ A[n-Im-c-sa√mw \Ωƒ kΩ-Xn-®n-´p≠v. C√mØ A[n-Imcw

Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂Xp icn-b-s√∂v' Rm≥ ]d™v kΩ-Xn-∏n-®p-sIm≈mw

F∂p ]d-™mWv Cuhm-\n-tbmkv saXm-®≥ Rßsf hnfn-∏n-®-Xv.

Rßƒ t]mIp∂ hgn A©mw ]Xn (tIm-\m´p aev]m≥) bpsS apdn-

bpsS hmXn-ev°¬ sN∂-t∏mƒ "\nßƒ F¥n-\mWo hr≤s\ sIm≠p-

t]m-Ip-∂-Xv. Ct±lw ]d-™m¬ ]mXn-b¿°okv tIƒ°p-I-bn√.

shdpsX Cu hr≤s\ At±-l-Øns‚ tIm]-Øn\v Cc-bm-°-cpXv'

Fs∂√mw ]d™p. F∂m¬ ⁄m\ hr≤\pw, htbm hr≤\pw Bb

B alm-]p-tcm-ln-X≥ Iog-S-ßm≥ Hcp-°-an-√m-bn-cp-∂p.


]mXn-b¿°okv ae-¶c saXmt∏m-eo-Ømsb apS-°n-s°m≠v 1911

CShw 26 \v I¬]\ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-®-Xns‚ F´mw Znhkw aÆ-Øq¿

]≈n-bn¬ \n∂v am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv, A¬hm-dokv am¿ bqen-tbm-kn-

t\m-Sv tN¿∂v ]mXn-b¿°o-kns‚ apS-°ns\ hna¿in-®p-sIm≠v Hcp

s]mXp I¬∏\ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-®p. ]mXn-b¿°o-kns‚ A\p-bm-bn-I-fpsS

Dd-∏p≈ tIm´-bn¬ \n∂v A_vZp-≈m-bpsS \ymbcln-X-amb ]hr-

Ønsb hna¿in-®p-sIm≠v AØcw Hcp s]mXp I¬∏\ A∂sØ

Np‰p-]m-Sn¬ Cd-°p-hm≥ Akm-am\y ss[cyimen-Iƒt° Ign-bq. apdn-

a-‰Øn¬ Xncp-ta-\nsb B s]mXp I¬∏\ Cd-°m≥ t]cn-∏n-®p-sIm≠v

]p∂qkv h°o¬ Fgp-Xnb Hcp IØv CubnsS ImWm≥ CS-bmbn.

AXnse ]k‡ `mKw Xmsg -sIm-Sp-°p-∂p:

""\n. h. Zn. io. am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv saXm-t∏m-eoØm Xncp-a-\-

nse k∂n-[n-bn¬ Xncp-a-\- -dn-bn-°p-∂-Xn-\p.

C∂se Hcp Iºn- In´n. apS-°p -hm-bn-°p-hm≥ hfsc iahpw,

A\y Bf-p-Isf ]e Zn°n¬ \n∂v hcp-Øp-Ibpw D≠mbn. t]jvIm¿

hmbn®p IqSm-sb∂v DØ-c-hp- sIm-Sp-Øp.... Xncp-ta-\n-bp-sSbpw A¬hm-

dokv saXm-®s‚bpw IqSn Hcp I¬∏\ ]c-ky-ambn ta¬]d™ kwK-

Xn°v FXbpw Kuc-h-ambpw, i‡n-bmbpw Abbv°p-Ibpw AXp

sX°pw hS-°pw s]mXpsh Abbv°p-Ibpw, hS°-cn¬ C„∑m¿°v

]tXyI I¬∏-\- Iq-Snbpw Ab-bv°Ww. CXp at\m-ca ASn®p Xcpw.

CXp-sIm≠v hfsc Imcy-km-[y-ßƒ D≠m-Ip-∂-XmWv. AXn-\m¬ Cu

kwKXn ]h¿Øn-∏n-°m-\m-bn-cn-°Ww Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS bmX-bpsS

Dt±iyw. CXn\p ian-°m≥ th≠n t]mIm-Xn-cp∂p IqSm. sN√m-™m¬

sX°¿ Ahn-th-I-ambn ]h¿Øn°pw. [rXn-bn-em-I-bm¬ Npcp-°p∂p.

BflnI ]pX≥ ]p∂qkv (H-∏v)''

(F-Xbpw kmchØmb Hcp FgpØv ]pkvXIw, t]Pv 46).

ImtXm-en°m ÿm\w kzoI-cn-®p-sIm-≈m-sa∂v am¿ Cuhm-\n-

tbmkv kΩ-Xn-s®-¶n-epw AXn¬ \n∂v At±-lsØ ]n≥Xn-cn-∏n-°m≥

Ah-km-\-\n-anjw hsc ]c-tZ-in-I-fpsS ]m¿iz-h¿Øn-Iƒ ian-°m-

Xn-cp-∂n√. CXn-s\-°p-dn®v ]mXn-b¿°okv mKØv \ne-bp-d-∏n-®n-cp∂

sI. sP. Koh-dp-Kokv dºm≥ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈Xv t\m°mw: ""^m.

]n. ‰n. Koh-dp-Kokv, sI. kn. amΩ≥am∏nf F∂n-h¿ aÆ-Øq¿ ]≈n-

bn-seØn am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbm-kn-t\mSv ImtXm-en°m ÿm\w kzoI-

cn∏m≥ \nc-W-tØ°v Fgp-∂-≈-W-sa∂v At]-£n-®p. Xßƒ

h≠nbpw Bfp-a-b-bv°p-tºmƒ Xncp-ta\n tIm´bw skan-\m-cn-bn¬


FØWsa∂v i´w sIń-s°m≠v Ah¿ aS-ßn-t∏m-bn. Cu hnhcw

I¿Æm-I¿Æn-I-bm hS-I-c, ]me-°p-g, IqØm-´p-Ipfw F∂o CS-h-I-

I-fn¬ \nan-j-t\cw sIm≠v ]c∂p. ta¬]-d™ ]≈n-I-fnse ][m-

\n-Iƒ h≠n-bpsS hchpw Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS tIm´bw bmXbpw ]Xo-

£n-®n-cn-∏mbn. h≠nbpw Bfpw h∂p. hS-Isc Ib-dn-s°m≠v bmX

Xncn-°-W-sa∂v Xncp-ta\n \n›-bn-®p. \n›nX Znhkw Xncp-ta-\n°p

apºp- Xs∂ ]kvXpX ]≈n ]am-Wn-Iƒ Xe-∏-≈n-bmb hS-Isc

FØn-°-gn™p. Ipgn-°m´vIp∂n¬ \n∂v Rm\pw sN∂ptN¿∂p.

tIme-t©-cn-bn¬ \n∂v Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS A\-¥n-c-h-∑m-cmb Hmºm-tf-

e-®\pw, apdna-‰-Øn¬ Ipcy\pw a‰pw h∂p Ign™p. Rß-sf-√m-hcpw

IqSn Xncp-ta-\n-tbmSv sXt°m´v t]mI-cp-sX∂v At]-£n-°m≥

XpSßn.''

FXn¿I£n `mK-Øp-d®p \n∂n-cp∂ dºm-®s‚ hnh-cWw kXy-

k-‘-ambn IW-°m-°m-hp-∂-XmWv. FX -t]-cpsS hne-°p-Iƒ Xń-

\o-°n-bmWv htbm-hr-≤-\mb saXm-t∏m-eoØm k`m kvt\lw aqew

\nc-W-tØ°v bmX-bm-b-sX∂v CXn¬ \n∂v a\- n-em-°mw. t\csØ

apS-°ns\ FXn¿Øp kwbp‡ s]mXp I¬∏\ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-®-Xn\v

am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv saXm-t∏m-eo-Ømsb in£n-°m≥ am¿

A_vZp≈m Nne kml-k-ßƒ sNøm-Xn-cp-∂n√. c≠p ]ap-J -]m-Xn-

b¿°okv ‡sc Hcp IΩo-j-\mbn \nb-an®v I¬∏\ sImSpØv hnhcw

At\zjn®p dnt∏m¿´p sNøm≥ am¿ A_vZp≈m \ntbm-Kn-®p. CXn-

s\-°p-dn®v ap≥ ]d™ Koh¿Kokv dºm≥ Xs∂ Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-

∂Xv ImWpI:

""Cß-s\-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ ]ø-∏n-≈n-bn¬ Hutk∏p h°oepw,

]peym´p XpI-e≥ s]ueqkpw hcp-∂p. saXm-®s\ apS-°n-b-Xn-s\-

∏‰n \ΩpsS Xncp-ta\n (am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbm-kv) Hcp ]Xn-tj[ I¬∏\-

sIm-Sp-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. AXv _mhm Adn™v At\z-jn®v dnt∏m¿´p

sNøp-∂-Xn\p Rßsf Ab-®n-cn-°p-I-bmWv. Ah¿ hnh-c-sa√mw Xncp-

ta-\n-sb A-dn-bn-®p. I¬∏-\bpw ImWn®p. Xncp-ta\n sXt°m v t]mIm-

Xn-cp-∂m¬ amXw t]mcm. henb _mhm-bpsS ASp-°¬ Hcp £am

bmN\ adp-]Sn sImSp-°-W-sa∂v Abb-v°-s∏- -h-cpw, IqS-s∏- -h-cp-amb

Rß-sf-√m-hcpw DW¿Øn®p'' (Sn. ]pkvXIw, t]Pv 43).

CXn¬ \n∂v, Fs¥√mw ]Xn-_-‘-ßsf Xń\o°n-bmWv apdn-a-‰-

Øn¬ Xncp-ta\n ImtXm-en°m ÿm\w kzoI-cn-∏m≥ Cd-ßn-Øn-cn-®-

sX∂v a\- n-em-°mw. s]mXp-I¬∏\ ]pd-s∏Sphn®-Xn\v ]mXn-b¿

°okv _mhmsb t\cn¬ I≠v am∏p tNmZn-°m-t\m, £am-bm-N\w


sNbvXv IsØ-gp-Xmt\m Xøm-dn-s√∂v B tijvTm-Nm-cy≥ shń-Øp-

d∂v ]d-™-t∏mƒ AhnsS IqSn-bn-cp-∂-h-cpsS `mhw amdn. hS-I-c-∏-

≈n-bnse ]am-Wn-Iƒ saXm-t∏m-eo-Ø-mtbmSv CS™vhim-bn.

dºm-®s‚ ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ \n∂v ho≠pw D≤-cn-°p-∂p: ""At∏mƒ

hS-I-c-∏-≈n-°m¿ Aß-s\-sb-¶n¬ Xncp-ta\n ChnsS Xma-kn-°p-∂Xv

k¶-S-am-sW∂v Adn-bn-®p. \mw C∂p -Xs∂ IS-a-‰-Øn-t\m, tIme-

t©-cnt°m s]mbvs°m-≈m-sa∂v Iev]n®p. D® tai Ign™v Hmºm-

tf-e-®≥ apX¬ t]scm-cp-an®v aphm-‰p-]pg hgn bmX Xncn-®p.''

bmXm kuI-cy-ßƒ ]cn-an-X-am-bn-cp∂ B ImeØv £oWn-X-\mb

saXm-t∏m-eo-Ømsb hS-I-c-∏-≈n-°m¿ Xg-™-t∏mƒ hfsc I„-s∏-

´mWv ISa‰Øv FØn-t®¿∂-Xv.

Xncp-ta\n A\p-`-hn® at\m-th-Z\bpw ZpxJhpw koam-Xo-X-am-bn-

cp-∂p. Koh-dp-Kokv IØ-\m¿ aqhm-‰p-]pg hgn-bp≈ IS-a‰w bmXsb

°pdn®v dºm-®-s\-gp-Xnb IØv Xmsg sImSp-°p-∂p:

ISa‰w, 1911 anYp\w 9 (b-lv)

em_q≥ Zb-sdmtbm Koh-dp-Kokv abv°-tdm-h-avbtXm

Rßƒ AhnsS \n∂p t]m∂n´v k‘y-bm-b-t∏m-tg°pw aqhm-‰p-

]pg FØn. ]p∂qkv h°o¬ ]ndsI FØp-Ibpw Ahs‚ hoń¬

Xma-kn-°p-∂-Xn\p \n¿∫-‘n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. F¶nepw Rßƒ°v

kΩ-X-a-√m-Ø-Xn-\-m¬ AhnsS Xma-kn-°msX C°-c°v t]mcp-Ibpw

s\√n-°s‚ hoń¬ Xma-kn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ImeØv AhnsS \n∂v

h≠n-I-bdn ISm-Xn-bn¬ FØn. C°-c°p IS∂p. thsd -h≠n Ibdn

IS-a-‰Øv FØn Xma-kn-°p∂p. th≠-hn[w ]h¿Øn-°-W-sa∂p≈

Btem-N-\-bn-t∑¬ Ign®p Iq´p-∂p. hnti-jn®pw ]p∂qkv h°o-ens‚

FgpØv Ahn-Sp∂v hmßn-b-Xpw, ]mXn-b¿°okv _mhmbv°v Fgp-

Xnb ]I¿∏v sXmI-e≥ siΩm-is‚ ]°-ep-≈Xpw ASpØ A©-

en¬ Ctßm-´-b®p Xcp-hm-\-t]-£. a‰p h¿Ø-am-\-ß-sf-∏‰n adp-]Sn

Ab-∏m≥ At]-£.

F∂v apdn-a-‰-Øn¬ Koh-dp-Kokv IØ-\m¿ (H-∏v-)

Cßs\ ae-¶c k`sb ]mW-s\-t∏mse kvt\ln-®n-cp∂ apdn-a-‰-

Øn¬ Xncp-ta\n k -bpsS D∂-a-\-Øn\pw kzmX-¥y-Øn-\p-ambn F¥p

I„-∏mSpw XymKhpw A\p-jvTn-°m≥ Xøm-dmbn ]h¿Øn-®-Xns‚ Ncn-

X-am-Wv \mw ImWp-∂-Xv. ImtXm-en°m hmgvN-tbm-Sp- IqSn, ZpxJ-Øns‚

]m\-]m-X-amWv X\n-°mbn sh®n-cn-°p-∂-sX∂v At±-l-Øn\p \√-


hÆw t_m[-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. F∂n´pw B ssZhnI ]pcp-j≥ `b∂v

]n≥Xn-cn-™n-√. ae-¶c k -bv°p- th≠n B apƒ°n-coSw G‰p-hmßnb

Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ]hn-X-\maw Ncn-X-Øns‚ Xmfp-I-fn¬ X¶-en-]n-I-

fm¬ Bte-J\w sNbvXn-cn-°p∂p F∂-Xn¬ \ap-s°√mw A`n-am-

\n°mw.

c≠mw ImtXm-en°m

H∂mw ImtXm-en-°m-bpsS \ncym-W-

tijw \o≠ 12 h¿jw Ign-™mWv

c≠mw ImtXm-en°m _mhmsb hmgn-

°p-∂-Xv. 1912 taSw 19 \v A¿≤-cmXn

Ign -™m-Wv H∂mw ImtXmen°m

Imew sNøp-∂-Xv. 1925 taSw 18 \mWv

c≠mw ImtXm-en-°msb hmgn-°p-∂Xv.

H∂mw ImtXm-en°m Imew- sNbvX

DS≥ Xs∂ B ÿm-\-tØ°v thsd

Hcmsf F¥p-sIm≠v Db¿Øn-bn√

F∂ tNmZyw ]mtd´v ae-¶c \km-Wn-

Iƒ, 4˛mw hmeyw t]Pv 631 -˛¬ D∂-bn-

°p-∂p≠v. ""hń-∏-W-t°-kn-\p≈ Xøm-

sd-Sp∏v Hcp Imc-W-am-bn-cp-∂p. ae-¶-

csb F∂pw ASna \pI-Øn≥ Iogn¬ h-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°-W-sa∂v AXn-

bmbn BK-lap≈ ioa-°m-cp-ambn DS≥ Xs∂ Hcp kwL-´\w IqSn

D≠m-°msX Aev]w aptºm-´p-t]m-bn-´mhmw BI-aW ]Xym-I-a-W-

ßƒ. Ah Ign-bp-∂X Hgnhm-°p-I-sbm, \oń hbv°p-Itbm sNømw

F∂p≈ Dt±-iyhpw ImtXm-en°m knw-lm-k\w X¬°mew Hgn-™p-

In-S-°s´ F∂v Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂-Xn\v t]cn-∏n-®p.''

hń-∏-W-t°-kns‚ A∏o-en¬ hoc-cm-L-h-ø-¶m¿ Dƒs∏´ ^pƒ

_©ns‚ hn[n- h-´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n°v lrZ-b-Øn-eqsS Hcn-Sn-hmƒ

]mbp-∂ -am-Xn-cn-bp≈ A\p-`-h-amWv D≠m-°n-b-sX∂v ]mtd´v AtX

KŸ-Øn¬ (t]Pv 593) ]d-bp-∂p: ""h√ hnt[-\bpw ]mXn-b¿°okv

_mhmsb I≠v kam-[m\w D≠m°W-sa∂v BK-ln-®p. AXn-\p-

th≠n-bmWv At\Iw I„-∏m-Sp-Iƒ kln®v hb- p- Im-eØv a¿±o≥

bmX sNbvX-Xv. At¥ym-Jy¿°v H´pw kln-°p-hm\pw s]mdp-°p-

hm\pw hømØ Imcy-am-bn-cp∂p ae-¶-c-bnse ImtXm-en°m knwlm-

k\ ]p\x -ÿm-]\w. B knwlm -k\w Hgn™pInS -°p∂

AhkcamsW¶n¬ ]mXn-b¿°okv Icp-Wm-]q¿∆w h´-t»-cn¬


Xncpta\ntbmSv k‘n kw`m-jWw \S-Øn-tb°pw F∂ ]Xo-£bpw

D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. "hfsc I„-s∏´v imco-cnI _e-lo-\-X-Ifpw A\m-tcm-

Kyhpw \b\ tcmKhpw Ah-K-Wn®v a¿±o≥ hsc t]mbn k‘n Btem-

Nn-®n´pw ew C√msX h∂-t∏mƒ am¿ Zoh-∂m-kn-tbmkv k -bpsSbpw,

kap-Zm-b-Øns‚bpw `mhn kpc-£n-X-am-°-p∂-Xn\v DS-\Sn kzoI-cn-

t°≠ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ Bcm-™p. hń-∏-W-t°-kns‚ ]p\¿ hnNm-c-W

Xz-cn-X-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\v A`n- m-j-I¿°v \n¿t±iw \¬In. hnthItei-

an-√msX tiay¿°v ]mZ-tkh sNømsX ae-¶c \km-Wn-I-fpsS Bflo-

bm-h-iy-ßƒ \S-Øp-∂-Xn\p th≠n ta¬∏-´-°msc hmgn-°p-∂-Xn-\pw

knwlm-k-\-Øn-te°v Hcmsf Db¿Øp-∂-Xn\pw Xo¿®-s∏-SpØn'' (ae-

¶c \km-Wn-Iƒ, hmeyw 3, t]Pv 632). Aß-s\-bmWv tIm´bw CS-

h-I-bpsS Koh-dp-Kokv am¿ ]oe-Ivkn-t\m-kns\ 1925 taSw 18 \v ImtXm-

en-°m-bmbn hmgn-®-Xv.

c≠m-asØ ImtXm-en-°m-bpsS hmgvN-bn¬ ae-¶c saXm-t∏m-eo-

Øm-bmb h -t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n ]s¶-Sp-°msX amdn \n∂ Imcyw ]ecpw

hnkva-cn-°p∂p. Imcy-ßƒ icn°p a\- n-em-°msX k`mNcn-X -teJ-

\-ßfpw KŸ-ßfpw Fgp-Xnb ]ecpw h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n Dƒs∏-

sS-bp≈ ta¬]-´-°m¿ tN¿∂v c≠mw ImtXm-en-°msb hmgn®p F∂v

Duln®p Fgp-Xn-hn-ń´p≠v. ae-¶-c -sa-Xm-t∏m-eoØm Pohn-®ncn∏p≈-

t∏mƒ At±-lsØ IqSmsX ÿm\m-tcm-lWw \S-°m≥ hgn-bn-√s√m

F∂v kwi-b-te-i-sat\y Nn¥n®v Fgp-Xn-t∏mbXmbn-cn°pw! IpimK-

_p-≤n-bmb h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n AXn-\n-S-bn¬ Ifn-® -Ifn Ah¿

a\- n-em-°n-bn√.

c≠mw ImtXm-en°m _mhm-bpsS ÿm\m- n-tj-I-Øn¬ h -t»-cn¬

Xncp-ta\n ]s¶-Sp-Øn√ F∂-XmWv ]c-am¿∞w. c≠mw ImtXm-en-°m-

bpsS ÿm\m-tcm-lW ipiq-j-Iƒ \ncWw ]≈n-bnse aZv_-lm-

bn¬ I≠-\mSv CS-h-I-bpsS Itcm´phoń¬ bqbm°ow am¿ Cuhm-\n-

tbm-kpw, I√m-t»-cn¬ Koh-dp-Kokv am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkpw (]n-∂oSv

aq∂mw ImtXm-en-°m) amXw tN¿∂v \S-Øp-tºmƒ AXn¬ ]s¶-

SpØp ][m\ Im¿Ωn-IXzw hln-t°≠ ae-¶c saXm-t∏m-eoØm

am¿ Zoh-∂m-kn-tbmkv ]cp-ae∏≈n-bn¬ Hgn-™p-amdn ZpxJn-X-\mbn

Ccn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Cu hkvXpX Fgp-Xp-hm-\p≈ hnj-aw-sIm≠v

Bbn-cn°mw ]mtd´v Xs‚ hnip-X-amb ae-¶-c-\-km-Wn-Iƒ F∂

NcnX-K-Ÿ-Øn¬ ta¬∏d™ mKw shdpw H‰- hm-N-I-Øn¬ ]d™v

Ah-km-\n-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂-p. ]mtd´v Fgp-Xp∂p (ae-¶-c- \-km-Wn-Iƒ,

hmeyw 4, t]Pv 632): "tIm´bw CS-h-I-bpsS Koh-dp-Kokv am¿


]oeIvkot\mkv saXm-t∏m-eo-Ømsb 1100 taS-Øn¬ ImtXm-en-t°m-

kmbn Db-¿Øn.' GsX√mw ta¬]-´-°m¿ ÿm\m-tcm-lW ipiqj-

bn¬ ]s¶-Sp-Øp-sht∂m GXp ]≈n-bn¬ h®m-sWt∂m ]d-bmsX

]mtd´v Imcyw ip`-ambn Ah-km-\n-∏n-®p. a‰p ]e Ncn-X-Im-c-∑mcpw

CtX coXn Xs∂-bmWv ]n≥Xp-S-cp-∂-Xv. Cu ImtXm-en°m hmgvN-

tbm-sS-bmWv bYm¿∞-Øn¬ ae-¶-c-bn¬ ImtXm-en-t°‰v ÿm]n-X-

am-b-sX∂p hmZn-°p∂ Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m-cp-ap-≠v. ae-¶c k`mw-Kßfmb

c≠p saXm-t∏m-eo-Ø-∑m¿ tN¿∂v Hcp ImtXm-en-°msb BZy-ambn

hmgn®p F∂-Xp-sIm-≠mWv Ah¿ Cßs\ hmZn-°p-∂-Xv.

ImtXm-en°m hmgvNbv°p tijw ]nt‰ -Zn-hkw \nc-WØp \S∂

_Y-\n-bpsS am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbm-kns‚ saXm-\-`n-tj-I-Ønepw h´-t»-

cn¬ Xncp-ta\n ]s¶-Sp-Øn-√. hń∏Wt°kn¬ X\n°v A\p-Iq-e-ambn

hn[n kºm-Zn-®-tijw \S∂ aq∂mw ImtXm-en°mbpsS ÿm\m-tcm-

lW ipiq-j-bn¬ h -t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n ][m\ Im¿ΩnIXzw hln®p.

]n∂oSv D≠mb ]e- sa-Xm-∑m-cpsS ÿm\m-`n-tjI ipiq-j-bnepw

At±lw ]s¶-Sp-Øp.

h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n _p≤n-]q¿∆-w c≠m-asØ ImtXm-en°m

_mhm-bpsS ÿm\m-tcm-l-W-Øn¬ \n∂v hn´p \n∂ t]mse \hm-`n-

jn-‡-\mb ImtXm-en°m _mhmsb kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬ CS-h-I-∏-≈n-

Ifpw Hgn™p amdn \n∂p F∂-XmWv ]c-am¿∞w. ]tXy-In®v hS-

°≥ ]≈n-Iƒ. hń-∏-W-t°-kn¬ h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n tXm‰p-t]mb

Ah-k-c-am-b-Xn-\m¬ At±-lsØ A\p-Iq-en-®n-cp∂ ]e-cpw \ncm-icpw

C\n F¥v F∂v Btem-Nn-°p∂-h-cp-ambncp∂p. sslt°m-SXn hn[n

Bb-Xn-\m¬ hn[n A¥n-a-am-sW∂v ]ecpw [cn-®p-h-imbn (dnhyq

AYhm ]p\¿ hnNm-cW F∂ temehpw, A¤p-X-I-chpw, Ahn-iz-k-

\o-b-hp-amb \q¬∏m-e-Øn¬°qSn \S-∂mWv ]n∂oSv am¿ Zoh-∂m-kn-

tbmkv hnP-bn-®Xv). tIkns‚ hn[n \S-Øn-t∏m-Sp -IqSn ]≈n-I-sf√mw

]mXn-b¿°okv mK-Øn\v Hgn™p sImSp-t°-≠-Xmbn h∂p-Iq-Sp-sa∂v

P\-ßƒ hniz-kn-s®-¶n¬ Ahsc Ip‰w ]d-bm≥ hø. Xß-fpsS ]q¿∆n-

I¿ A¥y-hn-iaw sIm≈p-∂ -]-≈n-I-fn¬ \n∂v Cd-ßn-t∏m-tc-≠n- hcp-

∂Xv ]e¿°pw Zp -l-am-bn-cp∂p. CS-h-I-∏-≈n-Iƒ ]mXn-b¿°okv

`mK-Øn\v hn[n \S-Øp- -aqew Inń-°-gn-™m¬ Xß-fpsS Bflob

Imcy-ßƒ°mbn Ahsc Bi-bn-t°-≠n- h-cp-∂ -K-Xn-tISv ap≥Iq-ń-

°≠v ]ecpw ZpxJn-X-cmbn k`m-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ \n∂v Hgn-™p-amdn

\njvIn-b-cmbn \n∂p. Cu Ah-kcØn¬ ]pXnb ImtXm-en°m

_mhmsb kzoI-cn®v ImtXm-en°m `mKØp Dd®p \n¬°p∂p F∂v


]Jym-]n-°m≥ hS-°p≈ ]e ]≈n-Ifpw ssha-\kyw Imń.

c≠m-asØ ImtXm-en°m _mhmsb Xß-fpsS CS-h-I-bn-te°v

FXn-tc‰p sIm≠p-t]m-Ip-hm≥ hS-°≥ CS-h-I-I-fn¬ \n∂v Bcpw

apt∂m´v h∂n-√. CXv henb £oWambn h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n°v

tXm∂nbXn-\m¬ sIm®n -cm-PysØ D∂X DtZym-K-ÿ\pw k`m

kvt\ln-bp-amb Fw. F. Nmt°m-bp-ambn CXn-s\-°p-dn®v kwkm-cn®p.

A∂v sIm®n-bnse t]meokv IΩo-j-W-dpw, \mb¿ ]-´m-f-Øns‚

kp]ow Iam-≠-dp-am-bn-cp∂p Nmt°m kq]-≠v. B¿Øm‰v Ip∂w-Ipfw

alm CS-h-I-bpsS B`n-ap-Jy-Øn¬ c≠mw ImtXm-en°m _mhmbv°v

Hcp kzoI-cWw \¬Ip∂-Xn\v G¿∏mSv sNøm≥ Nmt°m kq]-≠ns\

Xncp-ta\n D]-tZ-in®p. ]≈n°Ωn-‰n-°m-tcmSv Nmt°m kq]≠v ]d

™m¬ kwKXn \S-°p-sa∂pw Ip∂w-Ipfw \km-Wn-Iƒ Xń-°-f-bp-

I-bn-s√∂pw Dd-∏m-bn-cp-∂p.

Ip∂w-Ipfw ]gb]≈n-bn¬ FØnb h -t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\nsb A]-

am-\n-X-\m°n ]≈n-bn¬ \n∂v AdÃv sNøm≥ Ccp- ns‚ ad-hn¬ Xøm-

dm-bn-h∂ ]c-tZ-i_m“-W-\mb Xe-∏n≈n H∂mw ¢mkv aPn-kvtS-ń-

t\bpw Ip∂w-Ipfw Fkv.- sF. tbbpw AI-ºSn tkhn® Hcp Iº\n

t]meo-kp-Im-tcbpw cmXn ]≈n-∏-d-ºn¬ hf-™p-\n¿Øn a¿±n®v Ah-

i-cm-°nb tIkv, C∂sØ t]meokv sF. Pn. tb-°mƒ ÿm\-a-lna

D≠m-bn-cp∂ Nmt°m kq]≠v A∂v CS-s]´v ]pjv]w -t]mse

ssIImcyw sNbvX-Xns‚ \µn Hcn-°epw ad-°m≥ km[y-a-√.

A∂v Nmt°m kq]≠v HutZym-KnI \ne-bn¬ Cdßn ]h¿Øn-

®n-√m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ Ip∂wIpfw \km-Wn-I-fn¬ ]e¿°pw hnøq¿

sk≥S¬ Pbn-ense Agn FtÆ-≠n- h-cp-am-bn-cp-∂p.

1101 hr›nIw BZysØ BgvN-bn¬ ae-¶-c-bnse c≠m-asØ

ImtXm-en-°msb Ip∂w-Ip-f-tØ°v FXn-tc-‰p-sIm-≠p-h-∂p. sXs°

AßmSn-bn¬ ]pXp-°n-∏-WnX sk‚ v aXymkv ]≈n-bpsS IqZmi 11

\v _mhm \n¿∆-ln-®p. Ip∂w-Ip-f-Øns‚ tZio-tbm-’-h-amb hr›nIw

12- s]cp-∂m-fmWv ASpØ Znh-kw. ]gbskan-\mcn ÿm]-I≥ ]pen-

t°m- n¬ butk v am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kns‚ Hm¿Ω-s∏-cp-∂mƒ h¿jw-

tXmdpw hr›nIw 12 \v Ingt° AßmSn ]pØ≥]≈n-bn¬ BtLm-

jn-°m-dp-≠m-b-ncp-∂p. _mhm ]pen-t°m-ń¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Hm¿Ω-

s∏-cp-∂m-fn¬ kw_-‘n®v ]pØ≥]-≈n-bn¬ hnip≤ Ip¿∫m\ A¿∏n-

°p-Ibpw P\-ßsf Bio¿hZn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ipd®p Znh-kw

Ip∂w-Ip-fØv hni-an®v ]pcm-X\ ]kn-≤-amb ]gb tZhm-e-b-ßƒ


kµ¿in®v ]m¿∞n-®-tijw Xncp-ta\n hmI-Øm-\-tØ°v aS-ßn.

_mhmbv°v ImtXm-en°m ÿm\w kzoI-cn-∏m≥ Xosc a\- p-≠m-

bn-cp-∂n-s√-∂p-≈-Xv A∂v ]e¿°pw Adn-bm-am-bn-cp-∂p. HSp-hn¬ th≠-

s∏-´-h-cpsS \n¿_-‘-Øn\p hgßn Xe Ip\n®p sImSp-°p-I-bmWv

sNbvXXv. Cu Ah-k-c-Øn¬ Ip∂wIpfØp- \n∂v ]pen-t°m-´n¬

butk^v siΩm-i≥ At±-l-Øn\v Ab® Hcp IØv Ncn-Xm-t\z-jn-

Iƒ°v hnkvabw P\-n-∏n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. ]pen-t°m- n¬ Xncp-ta-\n-am-cpsS

IpSpw-_-Øn¬ P\n® butk^v siΩm-»≥ Ipsd- I-gn™v dºm-®-

\mbn Bfl-t]m-jn-Wn, kpdn-bm\n k`m Imlfw, IYm IuapZn apX-

emb amkn-I-Iƒ kz¥-ambn \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. butk^v dºm-®≥

]n∂oSv _Y-\n-bnse am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmknt\mSp tN¿∂p doØn¬

t]msb∂v Hm¿°p-tºmƒ siΩm-i-\m-bn-cp∂ ImeØv At±lw Fgp-

Xnb IØv B›cyIc-ambn Ah-ti-jn-°p-∂p. IØns‚ ][m\ mKw

Xmsg sImSp°p∂p.

Ip∂wIpfw, 5 ˛ 5 -˛ 1100

Ah-kcw t]mse Xncp-a-\- p-W¿Øn-∏m≥

Xncp-a-\- p- sIm≠v ImtXm-en°m ]Z-Øn¬ Ib-dp-I-bm-sW∂v

Dd®p Ign-™m¬ ]eXpw Ku\n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. AsXm∂pw Cu Aev]-

⁄≥ DW¿Øn-t°-≠-Xn-√-t√m. ImtXm-en-°msb hmgn-°p-∂-tXm-Sp

-IqSn Fw. F. A®s\ (do-Øn¬ t]mb am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkns‚ A®-

\mbncp∂ ka-bsØ hnfn-t∏¿) saXm-\m-°-W-sa∂v saXm-®\pw

(h- -t»-cn¬ Xnc-pta-\n-°v) a‰pw \n¿_-‘-ap-≠v. Fw. F. A®≥ saXm-

\m-bm¬ CXc saXm-∑mcpw At±-l-hp-ambn kzc-t®¿®-bn¬ \n¬°p-

I-bn-s√-∂mWv Fs‚ t\m´w.

Uo°≥ ]n. tPmk^v (H-∏v)

(a-e-¶ck`-bpsS `qX-°-ÆmSn, 1930, t]Pv 166)

Hcp Xncn-™p-t\m´w

AKm-[-amb ssZh- -‡nbpw, AN-©-e-amb ssZhm-i-bhpw ImØp

kq£n-®n-cp∂ Hcp kpIrX Pohn-X-Øns‚ DS-a-bm-bn-cp∂p _tk-en-

tbmkv Koh-dp-Kokv ]Y-a≥ ImtXm-en°m _mhm. At±-lsØ°pdn®v

ae-¶c k`m hn⁄m-\-tIm-i-Øn¬ Cßs\ ]d-bp∂p (t]Pv 561):

""tIm´bw `Zm-k-\-Ønse hmI-Øm\w sk‚ v tPm¨kv ]≈n

CShI-bn¬ h≈n-°m´v ImcpNndbn¬ ]p∂-®-s‚bpw DWn-®n-b-Ω-


bpsSbpw ]pX-\mbn 1870 P\p-hcn 13 -˛\v P\n®p. Koh-dp-Kokv F∂m-

bn-cp∂p t]cv. IpSpw-_mw-K-amb If-∏p-c-bv°¬ ]utemkv IØ-\m-

cn¬ \n∂p sshZnI hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ ]mY-anI ]mT-ßƒ A`y-

kn®p. 1886 Pq¨ 13 -˛\p IS-hn¬ am¿ AØm-\m-tkym-kn¬ \n∂p

siΩmiv ]´w kzoI-cn-®p. D]-cn-]T\Øn-\mbn tIm´bw ]gbskan-

\m-cnbn¬ tN¿∂p. h´-t»-cn¬ Koh-dp-Kokv aev]m-s‚bpw tIm\m´v

amØ≥ aev]m-s‚bpw in£-W-Øn¬ hf¿∂ siΩm-i≥, A\n-X-c-

km-[m-c-W-amb _p≤n-ssh-`-hhpw t\Xr-Xz-hm-k-\-bpw ]IS-am°n.

skan-\mcn ]T\w ]q¿Øn-bm-°nb siΩm-i≥ tIm´bw `Zm-k\

saXm-\m-bn-cp∂ IS-hn¬ am¿ AØm-\m-tkym-kns‚ ss]h‰v skI-

´-dn-bm-bn. At±-l-tØm-sSm∏w ae-¶-c-bnse an° ]≈n-Ifpw kµ¿

in®p. hn⁄m-\m¿÷-\-Øn¬ AXoh Xmev]cyw Imń-bn-cp∂ siΩm-

i≥ ]≈w kn. Fw. Fkv. sslkvIq-fn¬ tN¿∂v Cw•ojv hnZym-

`ymkw XpS¿∂p. Hcp h¿jw amXta ]T\w \o≠p \n∂p-≈p. IS-

hn¬ am¿ AØm-\m-tkymkv, ]cp-ae am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv F∂n-h¿

kntem¨ bmX \S-Øn-b-t∏mƒ, siΩm-i\pw IqsS t]mbn-cp-∂p.

1896- -Hm-KÃv 11 -˛\p I»o-i-bm-bn. HmKÃv 21- ˛\v dºm\pw. Koh-dp-Kokv

dºm≥ ae-¶ck`-bpsS s]mXp-[m-c-bn¬ ebn®v ka¿∏-W-t_m-[-

tØmsS ]h¿Øn-°p-hm≥ Xøm-dm-bn. IS-hn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bp-am-bp≈

kº¿°w AXn\p]I-cn-®p. 18 h¿jw At±-l-tØm-sSm∏w Ign-™p.

Bep-hm-bn¬ IS-hn¬ am¿ AØm-\m-tkym-kns\ ipiq-jn®pw At±-

l-Øns‚ A`n-]m-b-ßƒ ]mh¿ØnIam°nbpw Ign™p.

Bephm tIµ-am°n Hcp k`m tIµw D≠m-bn-√s√m F∂ Nn¥

Xncp-ta-\nsb Aeńs°m≠n-cp-∂p. Kpcp-hns‚ A¥ym-`n-emjw km[n-

X-am-°m≥ injy≥ Xøm-dm-bn. Ac-a\ \n¿ΩmW°Ω-n‰n-bpsS ]kn-

U-≠mbn ]h¿Øn® dºm-®≥, \n›nX ka-b-Øn-\p-≈n¬ ]Wn

]q¿ØoI-cn-®p. IS-hn¬ Xncp-ta-\n -Iq-Zmi I¿Ωw \n¿∆-ln®p k¥p-

jvS-\mbn. GsdØma-kn-bmsX B ]nXmhv Imew sNbvXp.

1906, 1907 h¿j-ß-fn¬ Koh-dp-Kokv dºm≥ ]kn-≤o-I-cn® "k`m

]©mwKw' F∂ eLp KŸw Aaq-ey-amb Hcp NcnX tcJ-bmWv.

k`m kw_-‘-ambn A∂p e`y-am-bn-cp∂ F√m hnh-c-ßfpw KŸ-

Øn-epƒs°m-≈n-®n-´p-≠v.''

ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns‚ kpÿn-c-Xbv°pw `c-W-I-ao-I-c-W-Øn\pw

saXm-∑m¿ Bh-iy-sa∂p I≠-t∏mƒ Koh-dp-Kokv dºm-s\bpw Itcm´p-

ho-ń¬ bqbm°nw dºm-s\bpw taev]-´ -ÿm-\-tØ°v Db¿Øm≥

]cnip≤ kp∂-l-tZmkv Xocp-am-\n-®p. F∂m¬ Koh-dp-Kokv dºm≥


saXm-t∏m-eoØm ÿm\w BK-ln-®n-cp-∂n√. sNß-∂q¿ ]gb kpdn-

bm-\n-∏-≈n-bn¬ 1913 s^_p-hcn 9 \v ÿm\m-`n-tjI NS-ßp-Iƒ

\S∂p. Koh-dp-Kokv dºm≥ (44) am¿ ]oe-Ivkn-t\mkv F∂ t]cn¬

A`n-jn-‡-\m-bn. At±lw tIm´bw A¶-amen Zm-k-\-ß-fpsS A[n-

]-\mbn Ah-tcm-[n-°-s∏-´p.

k`m-¥-co£Øn¬ ho≠pw ]Xnk‘n D≠m-bn. ae-¶-c-bn¬

ÿm]n-X-amb ImtXm-en-t°‰v A\m-Y-am-Im-Xn-cn-°p-hm≥ t\Xm-°-∑m¿

Kuc-h-]q¿∆w Btem-N-\-Iƒ Bcw-`n-®p. I√m-t»-cn¬ am¿ KotKm-dn-

tbm-kv, Imcp-Nnd am¿ ]oe-Ivkn-t\mkv F∂n-h-cn-em-sc-¶nepw ImtXm-

en-°m ÿm\w Gs‰-Sp-°p-hm≥ h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n \n¿_-‘n-®p-

sh-¶nepw Ah¿ Hgn-™p-amdn. Ah-km\w t]sc-gpXn No´n-´p. No´p

am¿ ]oe-Ivkn-t\m-kn\p Xs∂ hoWp. CX- amXw Db¿∂ ]Z-hn°p

Xm≥ FX \n m-c≥ F∂p Nn¥n® Xncp-ta\n ho≠pw ImtXm-en-°m-

ÿm-\Øp \n∂v Hgn™p amdm≥ ]e hgn-bneqsS ian-®p. ]t£

k`-bpsS kwL¿j-I-ep-jn-X-amb A¥-co-£hpw ktlm-Z-c- sa-Xm-

t∏m-eo-Ø-∑m-cpsS kvt\tlm-jva-f-amb \n¿_-‘hpw Aflmb ]ap-

J-cpsS AI-f-¶-amb kvt\lhpw \nanØw A±lw Ah-km\w kΩ-

Xn-®p.

1925 G]n¬ 30 -˛\v hymgm-gvN \ncWw sk‚ v tacokv ]≈n-bn¬

h®p _t -en-tbmkv Koh-dp-Kokv ]Y-a≥ ImtXm-en-°m-bmbn hmgn-

°-s∏-´p. _mhm-bpsS ]Ya CS-b-te-J\w Ncn-X-Ønse Hcp Aaqey

tcJ-bmWv. h≈n-°m´v Zbdm thZ-m`ym-k ime-bm°n am‰n. ]e tZhm-

e-b-ßfpw Hcp kvIqfpw At±lw ÿm]n-®p.

s\øq¿ Bkv]-Xn-bn¬ sh®v Hcp Hm∏-td-j-s\ XpS¿∂v 1928 Unkw-

_¿ 17- ˛\v Imew sNbvXp. h≈n-°m´p Zb-dm-bn¬ A¥yhniaw

sIm≈p-∂p.

c≠mw ImtXm-en°m _mhm-bpsS ImesØ ][m\ kw`hw

sslt°m-S-Xn-bpsS apºm-sI-bn-cp∂ h´n-∏-W-t°-kns‚ ]p\¿ hnNm-

c-W-bpsS hn[n- h -t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n°v A\p-Iq-e-ambn D≠mbn F∂p-

≈-Xm-Wv.

Itcm´p bqbm°nw am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv 1925 Pq¨ 6 ˛\v Imew

sNbvXp. ]cp-ae skan-\m-cn-bn¬ kwkvI-cn-°-s∏´p. c≠p h¿jØn\p-

tijw Iv\m\mb CS-h-I-bpsS CS-h-gn-°¬ am¿ tkth-dn-tbmkv 1927

Pq¨ 11- ˛\v Znhw-K-X-\mbn. tIm´bw henb ]≈n-bn¬ I_-d-S-°n.


_Y\n Biaw

_Y\n Bia-Øns‚ D]-⁄m-Xm°ƒ ^m. ]n. ‰n. Koh¿Kokv

F∂ ]Wn-°-c-®-\pw (]n-∂oSv am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbm-kv) Uo°≥ Ae-

Ivkn-tbmkpw (]n-∂oSv am¿ tXthm-tZm-tkym-kv) Bbn-cp-∂p. tPm¨

B¿. tam v F∂ kp]-kn≤ Ata-cn-°≥ anj-\-dn-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬

1912 ¬ skdm-ºq-cn¬ Hcp hnZym¿∞n ktΩ-f\w \S∂p. £Ww Inń-

b-X-\p-k-cn®v h -t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bpw, m. ]n. ‰n. Koh¿Kokpw I¬°-

´-°p- t]m-bn-cp-∂p. B ]cn-N-bØns‚ t]cn¬ ]Wn-°-c-®\p skdm-

ºq¿ tImf-Pn¬ s]m -k-dmbn tPmen Inń. GXm\pw h¿jw AhnsS

tPmen sNbvXp. \mń¬ \n∂p Ipsd sNdp-∏-°msc skdm-ºq-cn¬

sIm≠p-t]mbn ]Tn-∏n-®p. tIc-f-Øn¬ aSßn FØn Uo°≥ Ae-

Ivkn-tbmkpw a‰p Nne-cp-ambn Hcp k\ym-km-i-ahpw I\ym-kvXo-

aThpw Bcw-`n-°m≥ th≠ ia-ßƒ sNbvXp. skdm-ºq-cn¬ \n∂p

hn-can-°p-∂-Xn\p apºp Xs∂ AXn-\p≈ ]cn-i-a-ßƒ XpS-ßn-bn-cp∂p.

am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv saXm-t∏m-eoØm Bb tijw At±lw Fgp-

Xnb Kncn-Zo]w: _Y-\n-bpsS GXm-h¬ NcnX kwKlw F∂ KŸ-

Øn¬ \n∂p Nne -`m-K-ßƒ D≤-cn-°p-∂p:

"".... ssZh-Øns‚ A]m-c-amb Icp-W-bm¬ amXw skdm-ºq-cn¬

XpS-ßn-sh® ssii-hm-i-asØ Fhn-sS-s°m-≠p-t]mbn thWw ]Xn-

jvTn-°m-s\∂pw B hnj-b-Øn¬ Fs¥-√m-amWv ap≥Iqń ]h¿Øn-

t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂-sX∂pw a‰p-am-bn-cp∂p \ΩpsS A\-¥c Nn¥-Iƒ°p

hnj-bo-`-hn-®-Xv. ...-.. ]-]-©-Øn-c-am-e-I-fpsS i_vZw- t]mepw tIƒ°-

s∏-Sm≥ CS-bn-√m-Ø-Xmbn Hcp `qhn-`mKw Fhn-sSbp≠mIpw F∂p

\mw At\z-jn-°m≥ XpSßn (Cu Fgp-Xnb am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv

]n∂oSv B¿®v_nj∏v Cuhm-\n-tbm-km-b-t∏mƒ Xnc-t°-dnb Xe-

ÿm\ \K-cn-bmb Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw ]´-W-Ønse ]´Øp Xs∂ Ac-

a\ ]WnXv ÿnc-Xm-a-k-am-°n-b-Xn¬ \n∂v BfpsS Dt±-iy-ip≤n

GXm≠v a\- n-em°mw. Fgp-Xp-∂Xv H∂pw, ]h¿Øn-°p-∂Xv

as‰m∂pw. CXm-bn-cp∂pht√m B alm]ptcm-ln-Xs‚ PohnX

ssien!). Ce-™n-°¬ tPm¨ h°o-ens\ ]d™v t_m[n-∏n®v 100

G°¿ ÿew Zm\-ambn kwL-Sn-∏n-®p. hSt»-cn-°c°-SpØv s]cp-\m-

ń¬ Biaw ÿm]n-X-ambn. AXn-\-SpØv Kh¨sa≠v ]pd-tºm-°mbn

InS-∂n-cp∂ 300 G°¿ ÿew amΩ-≥am∏n-f-bpsS klm-b-Øm¬ ]Xn-

∏n®p hmßn-®p. Aßns\ 400 G°¿ `qan-bpsS DSa F∂v ]d-bm-

hp∂ coXn-bn¬ Hcp q]- p-hmbn s]cp-\m- n¬ Bi-am-[n-]-\mbn IqSn.''

ae-bm-f-h¿jw 1088 \pw 1098 \pw CS-bn-ep≈ Hcp Zi-h¿j-


ImesØ°pdn®v ]mtd´v Cßns\ ]d-bp-∂p: ""Hcp L´-Øn¬ ae-¶c

\km-Wn-Iƒ°p tImcn-Ø-cn∏v D≠m-°p-I-bpw, as‰mcp L´-Øn¬

Ahsc InSnew sIm≈n-°p-Ibpw sNbvX Hma-\-°p-´-\mbn ]Xy-£-

s∏´p _Im-kp-c-\mbn amdnb "_Y-\n'-bpsS DZbw Cu Zi-I-Øn-em-

bn-cp-∂p. apI-fn¬ ]d™ Zi-I-Øns‚ Ncn-X-Øn¬ _Y-\n-bpsS DZ-

b-Øn\v AXn][m\ ÿm\-ap-≠v.

\km-Wn-Isf tdmam -\p-I-Øn≥ Iogn-em-°m≥ h∂v 1599 -˛¬ DZ-b-

tº-cq¿ kp∂-l-tZmkv \S-Ønb sas\-kn v Hcp ]d-¶n- sa-Xm≥ Bbn-

cp-s∂-¶n¬, Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ aq∂mw Zi-I-Øn¬ \km-Wn-Isf

XqØp-Iqń tdmam CSp-°n¬ AS-bv°m≥ ian® Cuhm\n-tbmkv Hcp

\kmWn saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm- B-bn-cp∂p Fs∂mcp hyXym-k-ap-≠v.

]d¶n saXm\v `qcn-]-£sØ X¬°me-tØbv°p Iqń-em-°m≥

Ign™p. F∂m¬ h´-t»cn¬ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kns‚ hy‡n almfly

Ømepw a‰pw sas\-kn- ns‚ A\n-b-\mbn ]Xy-£-s∏´ Cuhm-\n-

tbm-kn\v P\-ßƒ°p ]-Icw hniz-kn®p Gev]n-°-s∏-ń-cp∂ Nne

]≈n-°q-Sßfpw ]≈n-Ifpw X¬°mew ssIh-i-s∏-SpØn Ah- sIm≠v

Xr]vXns∏tS-≠-Xmbn h∂p.

]Tn∏pw kma¿∞yhpw D≈ Bfm-b-Xn-\m¬ Ipsd km[p-°sf

]ntº- Iq-´m≥ ]Wn-bp-≠m-bn-√. -B-i-am-[n-]≥ F¥p- ]-d-™mepw

A\p-k-c-n°W-sa-∂p-≈-Xm-bn-cp∂p _Y\n Bia-Øn-se \nbaw.

a´bv°¬ m. AeIvkn-tbm-kv, bmt°m_v siΩm-»≥ F∂n-hcmbn-

cp∂p am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv Ign-™m¬ BiaØnse a‰p ][m-\n-

Iƒ. Dd® \s´-√n-√m-Ø-hcpw kzX-¥-ambn Nn¥n-°m≥ th≠X Ign-

hn-√mØhcpw, GXm≠v dm≥ aqfn-I-fmb Ipsd-t∏sc _Y\n A®-∑m-

cmbn Imjmb hkvXw [cn-∏n®p ]´w sImSp-∏n-®-p Iq-sS- sIm≠p \S-

°m≥ XpS-ßn. Bi-a-Øns‚ t]cn¬ ]Ww ]ncnhp \S-Øp-I-

bmbncp∂p Bia sshZn-I-cpsS apJy sXmgn¬. a´-bv°¬ Ae-Ivkn-

tbmkv A®s\ hntZ-i-Ø-b®pw ]Ww ]ncn-®p.

c≠m-asØ ImtXm-en°m _mhm Znhw-K-X-\mbt∏mƒ ASpØ

ImtXm-en°m am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv BIp-sa∂p ]ecpw Icp-Xn. ]t£

am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbm-kns‚ tdmam k`m ]th-i\w kw_-‘n® Xohm-

`n-emjw a\- n-em-°m≥ CS -h∂ h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n At±-lsØ

ASp-∏n-®n-√. AXp Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k -bpsS mKy-am-bn v thWw Icp-

Xm≥. dlvam-\nb ]mXn-b¿°o-kp-ambn Fgp-Øp-Ip-Øp-Iƒ \SØn

tdmam-bn¬ tNcm≥ IgnbpwhÆw am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv c≠mw ImtXm-

en-°m_mhmsb t]cn-∏n-®n-cp-∂p. At±-lsØ kzm[o-\n®v tdmam-bn¬


tN¿°m≥ ]mI-Øn¬ ]e IØp-Ifpw Fgp-Xn-bXpw I≠p-In- n-bn- p≠v

(h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-: -a-e-¶c k`-bpsS tIm´ F∂ KŸw ImWp-I.

B KŸ-Ønse Ggmw A≤ymbw "BLm-X-ta-ev]n® h≥NXn' F∂

`mKw t]Pv 94 apX¬ hmbn-®m¬ ta¬]-d™ ImcysØ°pdn-®p≈

NnXw In´pw). Hcp kp]-`m-X-Øn¬ am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv tdmam-bn¬

tN¿∂p. Aßns\ ]pI-™- sIm≈n ]pd-Øp- t]mbn! h -t»-cn¬ Xncp-

ta-\n-: -a-e-¶c k`-bpsS tIm´ F∂ KŸ-Ønse "BLm-X-ta¬]n®

h≥ NXn' F∂ Ggmw A≤ym-b-Ønse Ah-km\ `mKw Xmsg- sIm-

Sp-°p-∂p:

""ae-¶ck` apgp-h≥ Xs‚ ]pdsI hcpw F∂v hoºn-f°n tdmap-

ambn IØn-S-]m-Sp-Iƒ \S-Øn-bn-cp∂ am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkn\v ]ns∂

\n¬°°≈n C√m-sX-bm-bn. \„-ho-cy-\mb At±lw C\n ImØp

\n∂m¬ tdmam-°mcpw kzoI-cn-°msX hs∂-¶ntem F∂v b-s∏ v H´pw

kabw \„-s∏-Sp-ØmsX ]m∏m-bpsS C¥y-bnse sUen-tK‰v A∏-

kvtXm-en-°msb I≠v tdmam k`-bn¬ tNcp-∂-Xn-\p≈ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ

kw_-‘n-®p≈ hni-Zmw-ißƒ N¿®- sNbvXv F√mw icn-s∏-

SpØnsh®p. 1106 I∂n 4 ˛mw Xob-Xn, AXm-bXv 1930 sk]v‰w-_¿

20˛mw XobXn i\nbmgvN cmhnse Ggc -a-Wn°v sIm√-Øp -sN∂v

eØo≥ _nj∏v tUm. Atem-jykv _≥kn-K-dns‚ apºn¬ ap´p-IpØn

am¿]m-∏ -sh©-cn® sh¥nß Igp-Øn-e-Wn™v D¿_m≥ F´ma≥

]m∏m \n¿t±-in-®n-´p≈ kXy-hm-N-I-ßƒ G‰p-]-d™v ItØm-en-°-

\mbn. "]p\-scIyw' F∂ Hma-\-t∏-cn´v doØvIp-™m-Sp-Iƒ Cu \S-]-

Sn°v D®-Øn¬ Hmim-\-]mSn. Ipsd ÿm\-tam-ln-I-fpw, Akw-

Xr]vXcpw, kzbw Hcp Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°m≥ Ign-hn-√m-Ø-h-cp-amb Hcp

]‰w Bfp-Iƒ "doØp'-ambn ItØm-en°m k`-bn-te°v tNcn-am-dn.''

^m. Ae-Ivkn-tbmkpw GXm\pw Bi-a-ÿcpw am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbm-

kns‚ `ojWnIƒ°pw ]tem-`-\-ßƒ°pw hg-ßmsX Dd®p \n∂p.

AXp-sIm≠v _Y\n Biaw Dt]-£n®v At±-l-Øn\v t]mtI-≠-

Xmbn h∂p. "F√mw Dt]-£n®p t]mIp∂p' F∂v ]Jym-]n® Ct±lw

tdmam k`bn¬ tN¿∂ tijw Bia kzØp-°fpw k` hI kvIqfp-

Ifpw In´m≥ tIkp sImSp-Øp.

a¿±o≥ bmX

hoc-cm-L-h-ø-¶m-cpsS hn[n Hcn-°epw ]Xo-£n-®n-cp-∂-X√.

XmgsØ tImS-Xn-bn¬ ]cn-]q¿Æ hnPbw t\Snb tIkv Hcn-°epw

]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-sa∂v h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n Icp-Xn-bn-cp-∂n-√. C\n

F¥mWv th≠-sX∂ Btem-N-\-bmbn. sslt°m-S-Xn- hn-[n°p tijw


17 Znhkw Ign™v 1098 ao\w 28- ˛\p am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv ]cp-ae

skΩn\m-cn-bn-te°v \oßn. AhnsS Hcp amk-tØmfw ]m¿∞-\-bnepw

D]hm-k-Øn-ep-ambn Ign-®p-Iq- n. a¿±o-\n¬ t]mbn At¥ymIym ]mXn-

b¿°o-kmb am¿ Gen-bmkv XrXo-bs\ I≠p kam-[m\w D≠m-°m≥

ian-°-W-sa∂v Hcp- hmRvO At±-l-Øn-s‚ a\- n¬ D≠m-bn. Nne

DØa kplr-Øp-°-fp-ambn Bibw ssIamdn. F√m-hcpw A\p-Iqe

A`n-]m-b-amWv ]d-™Xv. Aßn-s\-bmWv a¿±o-\n¬ t]mIm≥ Dd-

®Xv. ]cp-ae \n∂pw h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n, ]qX-°p-gn-bn¬ A_lmw

IØ-\m¿, sNdn-b-a-T-Øn¬ kvIdnbm aev]m≥, kz¥w ipiq-jI≥

Abv]v, Ip∂w-Ipfw sImS-e≥ hmdp Ch-cm¬ A\p-K-X-\mbn bmX

]pd-s∏´p Ip≠d skan-\m-cn-bn¬ FØn hni-an-®p.

h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n 1098 anYp\w 12 -˛\v (1923 Pq¨ 23) Ip≠d

\n∂p ]pd-s∏´v t_mws_-bnepw Ahn-sS- \n∂p anYp\w 21 -˛\v h‰ne

F∂ I∏-en¬ _km-bnepw AhnsS \n∂p Xoh≠n am¿§w _mKvZmZp-

hgn aqk-enepw FØn. t¢i-I-c-amb bmXbv°p tijw BKÃv 1

˛\p a¿±o-\n¬ FØn. Hcm-gvN-tbmfw ]mXn-b¿°okpw saXm-t∏m-eo-

Ømbpw ae-¶-c-bnse F√m Imcy-ß-sfbpw ]‰n kwkm-cn-®p. am¿

A_vZp≈m ]mXn-b¿°okv _mhm ae-¶-c-bn¬ h∂v euInIm-[n-Imcw

ÿm]n®v DS-ºSn sImSp-°Wsa∂v saXm-t∏m-eoØmtbmSv Bh-iy-

s∏- Xpw, DS-ºSn sImSp-°m≥ km[y-a-s√∂v ]d-™-t∏mƒ apS-°n-bXpw

AXp- aqew k` c≠p I£n-I-fmbn ]ncn-™-Xpw, N¿®- sN-ø-s∏´p.

am¿ A_vtZZv ainlm ]mXn-b¿°okv _mhm ae-¶-c-bn-te°v h∂Xpw

ImtXm-en°m knwlm-k\w ]p\x-ÿm-]n-®Xpw aq∂p -sa-Xm-t∏m-eo-

Øm-amsc hmgn®Xpw h´-n∏-W-t°-kns‚ Xmtg tImSXn hn[nbpw

sslt°m¿´v hn[nbpw hni-Z-ambn ]cm-a¿in-°-s∏-´p. ae-¶c k`-bn¬

D≠m-bn-´p≈ ]nf¿∏v Xo¿Øp kam-[m\w ]p\x-ÿm-]n-°p-∂-Xn\pw,

ae-¶-cbv°p At¥ym-Jym-bp-am-bp≈ _‘w \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xn\pw

th≠n-bm-Wp, hm¿≤Iy ImeØp t¢i-]q¿Æ-amb hntZi bmXbv°v

apXn¿∂-sX∂p saXm-t∏m-eoØm hy‡-am°n. A_vZ¬ avinlm

]mXn-b¿°okv _mhm ae-¶-c-bn¬ sh®v hmgn® taev]- -°msc AwKo-

I-cn®p k`-bn¬ kam-[m\w D≠m-°mØ ]£w k` \in®p t]mIp-

sa∂pw h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n ]mXn-b¿°okv _mhmsb [cn-∏n-®p.

Gen-bmkv ]mXn-b¿°okv tiay hwi-P-\m-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ hfsc

X¥-]q¿∆amWv DØcw ]d-™Xv. At±-l-Øns‚ A`n-]m-b-Øn¬

euInI A[n-Imcw Ds≠∂p kΩ-Xn®v DS-ºSn Xcn-I-bm-sW¶n¬

At¥ym-Jymbpw ae-¶cbpw XΩn-ep≈ kulr-Z-_‘w ]p\x-


ÿm]n°m≥ Ffp-∏-am-bn-cn°pw F∂m-Wv. t\m°sW ioa-°m-cs‚

_p≤n. AXm-bXv ae-¶c \km-Wn-Iƒ At¥ym-Jy≥ Ad-_n- hw-i-P-

cpsS ASn-a-bm-I-W-sa-∂v!

h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n \b-Øn¬ IqSn-s°m≠v ]mXn-b¿°o-kns\

Cßs\ Adn-bn-®p: ""At¥ymJym ]mXn-b¿°okn\p ae-¶ck -bpsS

euIn-I-ß-fn-t∑¬ A[n-Im-c-an-s√∂v Xncp-hnXmwIqdn-tebpw sIm®n-

bn-tebpw AXyp-∂X \oXn]oT-ßƒ hn[n®p Ign-™n-´p≠v. ASp-Ø-

Im-eØpw F\n°p FXnsc D≠mb sslt°m-SXn hn[n-bn¬ t]mepw

]mXn-b¿°o-kn\v euIn-Im-[n-Imcw Cs√-∂mWv Xo¿®- sN-bvXn-cn-°p-

∂-Xv. hnhn[ \oXn\ymb tImS-Xn-I-fpsS sFI-I-WvtTy-\-bp≈

Xo¿∏n\v FXn-cmbn DS-º-Sn Fgp-Xp-hm≥ `b-am-Wv. Fgp-Xn-bm¬

Xs∂bpw ]mXn-b¿°o-kn\v AXp-sIm≠v ]tbm-P\w H∂pw D≠m-

I-bn√. Rm≥ \nbaw ewLn-®p -F∂pw Fs‚ kap-Zm-b-tØmSv h©\

ImWn®p F∂pw hcp-Ømt\ AXp-sIm≠v Ign-bp-I-bp-≈p.''

A_vZ¬ ainlm, A_vZp≈m ]mXn-b¿°o-kp-am-cpsS ]n≥Km-an-

bmbn 1917 s^_p-hcn c≠n\v ]mXn-b¿°o-kmb BfmWv am¿

Genbmkv ]mXn-b¿°o-kv. h -t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n 67 Znhkw Genbmkv

]mXn-b¿°o-knt\m-sSm-cp-an®v a¿±o-\n¬ Xma-kn®p. At±-l-hp-ambn

k`m kam-[m\ N¿® \SØn. A_vZp≈m ]mXn-b¿°okv hoin

Fdn™ apS-s°∂ Hme-∏m-ºns\ XncnsI FSp-°-W-sa∂v h -t»-cn¬

Xncp-ta\n Bhiys∏-´n-√. Gen-bmkv ]mXn-b¿°okv Ah-k-tcm-Nn-

X-ambn apS°v d±m-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂p F∂v ]kvXm-hn®p. A_vZ¬ ainlm

hmgn® F√m- ta¬∏- -°m-scbpw At±lw AwKo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xmbpw

h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS apS°v d±v sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂-Xmbpw Hcp-

I¬∏\ Fgp-Xn -bq-en-tbmkv saXms\ G¬∏n®v h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-

\n-tbm-sSm∏w ae-¶-c-bn-te°v Ab-®p.

A_vZp≈m ]mXn-b¿°okv ae-¶c h∂-t∏mƒ IqsS tIc-f-Øn-

te°v h∂ dºm∑mcn¬ Hcm-fm-bn-cp∂p am¿ bqen-tbmkv. bqen-tbm-

kns\ a¿±o-\n¬ sh®v am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kns‚ kl-I-c-W-tØm-Sp-

Iq-Sn-bm-Wv Gen-bmkv ]mXn-b¿°okv saXm-\mbn hmgn-®-Xv. ae-¶-c-

bn-te-°p≈ am¿ bq-en-tbm-kns‚ h≠n-°q-enbpw a‰v bmX-s®e-hp-

Ifpw h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bmWv hln-®-Xv.

am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkpw, am¿ bqen-tbmkpw 1917 HtŒm-_-dn¬ ae-

¶c FØn. t_mws_-bn¬ \n∂p B¿t°mWw sdbn¬th -tÃ-j-

\n¬ FØn-b-t∏m-gmWv ]mXn-b¿°okv _mhm-bpsS apS°p Xo¿°p∂


Iev]\ ]ecpw I≠Xv. ]mXn-b¿°okns‚ Cu ktµiw ImWn°m≥

Zoh-∂m-tkymkv Xncpta\n- bq-en-tbm-kn-t\mSv Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-Ibpw, bqen-

tbmkv XS- -sam∂pw ]d-bmsX AsX-SpØp ImWn-°bpw sNdnb

aT-Øn¬ aev]m≥ AXp D®-Øn¬ hmbn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp F∂v _Y-

\n-bpsS am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv Kncn-Zo-]-Øn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.

sI. kn. amΩ≥ am∏nf PohnX kvac-W-Iƒ F∂ BflIY-bn¬

Cßns\ ]d-bp∂p: ""h´-t»-cn¬ saXm-t∏m-eoØm a¿±o-\n¬ \n∂p

aS-ßn-h-∂-t∏mƒ FØp-sa-∂-dn™v Hcp kwLw Bfp-Iƒ sjm¿Æq¿

hsc t]mbn. ..... Ipie]iv\-ßƒ F√mw Ign-™v Rßƒ F√m-

hcpw IqSn Fd-Wm-Ip-fØp h∂v AhnsS Ipsd- Zn-hkw Xma-kn-®p.

At∏m-tgbv°pw apS-°-gn-®n-ń-s√∂pw a‰pw ipXn-Iƒ s]mßn. bqen-

tbmkv apS-°-gn-°¬ tcJ kz¥w s]ń-bn¬ t]mepw shbv°m-sX,

AIsØ Ioi-bn¬ C´v, Ac-hm-dn-´p -sI-ń-s°m≠p \S-°p-I-bm-bn-

cp∂p. sIm≈-°mcpw I≈∑mcpw \nd™ a¿±o-\nse Ac-£n-X-

XzØns‚ ]cn-Nb ]XoXn AXn¬ _nw_n®n-cp-∂p. a¿±o-\-n¬ sh®v

apS-°-gn-®p-sh∂p tI´-t∏msg ChnsS ]mXn-b¿°okv I£n-bpsS

t\XrXzw hln-®n-cp-∂-h¿ ]nWßn. a¿±o-\n¬ sN∂p I≠-bp-S≥ apS-

°-gn-®-Xn¬ D≠mb tcmjw hnh-cn-°m-h-X-√. hmin-tbmsS ]Ww

sNehp- sNbvXv tIkp-Iƒ \S-Øn-bXv Ah-c-mWt-√m. kn. sP. Ipcy≥

kpdn-bm\n `mj hi-ap≈ Hcmsf bqen-tbm-kns‚ ASp-°¬ Ab®v

apS-°-gn® tcJ sIm≠p-h-∂n-´p-s≠-¶n¬ AXv ]pd-sØ-Sp-°-cp-sX∂v

At]-£n-®p. bqen-tbmkv AX-\p-k-cn®v ]h¿Øn-®p-sIm-≈m-sa∂v

kΩXn-®p. kΩ-Xn-°p∂ ]£w a‰m¿°pw a\- n-em-Im-Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v

Hcp ]tXyI hmN-I-Øn¬ tIm -b-tØ°v Iºn ASn-°W-sa∂v ZqX\p

\¬In-bn-cp∂ \n¿t±-i-a-\p-k-cn®v Iºn ASn®p. hmNIw Saw merchant.Terms agreed F∂m-bn-cp∂p (hym-]m-cnsb I≠p. hyh-ÿ-Iƒ kΩ-

Xn-®n-cn-°p-∂p) F∂v ZqX≥ Xs∂ ]n∂oSv ]d-™p- tI-ń-´p-≠v.

]mXn-b¿°okv I£n-bnse t\Xm-°-∑m-cpsS kzm[o-\-Øn¬ am¿

bqen-tbmkv s]´v B apS°p Iev]\ ]c-ky-ambn ]≈n-I-fn¬ hmbn-

®n-√. B Iev]\ apßn; A√ ap-°n. bqen-tbmkn\v FX ]Xn-êw

Inń-bncn°mw F∂p Nn¥n-°p-hmt\ ]‰q.

bqen-tbmkv saXm≥ ]n∂oSv apS°p Xo¿Ø- I-ev]\ Xs‚ ]°¬

]mXn-b¿°okv _mhm X∂n-t´ C-s√∂v Xo¿Øp ]d™p. 1930 ˛¬

]kn-≤o-Ir-X-amb ae-¶ck`bpsS Ipg¬ IÆmSn F∂ KŸ-Øn¬

(t]Pv 35) \n∂v D≤-cn-°p-∂p. ]Xn-Zn\w ]X-Øn¬ \n∂v FSp-Ø-Xm-

bn-´mWv AXn¬ ImWn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.


tNmZyw: ""am¿ Gen-bmkv XrXo-b≥, am¿ Koh-dp-Ko-kns‚ apS°p

Xo¿Øv Hcp Iev]\ Ahn-SpsØ ssIbn¬ X∂n-cp-∂p-sh∂v Bsc-

¶nepw ]d-™n-cp-∂m¬ AXp t\cmtWm?'' bqen-tbmkv saXm≥:

""A√.'' tNmZyw: ""AXm-bXv apS°pXo¿Øp Hcp Iev]\ ]mXn-

b¿°okv Ahn-SpsØ ssIbn¬ X∂n- n-s√-∂mtWm ]d-bp-∂Xv?'' am¿

bqen-tbmkv: ""AtX. X∂n-´n√.''

]mXn-b¿°okv `mKsØ saXm-∑m¿

1911 BKÃv 31 ˛\v A_vZp≈m ]mXn-b¿°okv Iv\m-\mb CS-h-

Ibv°p- th≠n hmgn® CS-h-gn-°¬ am¿ tkth-dn-tbmkv 1102 CShw

28 \v (11-˛6˛1927) Imew sNbvX-t∏mƒ At±-l-Øns‚ ]n≥Km-an-bmbn

H‰-ssØ-bv°¬ tXmΩm IØ-\msc Zob-kvtIm-tdmkv F∂ t]cn¬

saXm-\mbn hmgn-®p. Imb¶pfw tPm¨ D]-tZ-in-bpsS aI≥ aoJm-

tb¬ IØ-\msc Zoh-∂m-tkymkv F∂ t]cnepw hmgn®p. bdp-i-te-

an¬ sh®mWv c≠p- t]-scbpw hmgn-®-Xv. CXn¬ Zob-kvtIm-tdmkv

saXm≥ 1939 ¬ tdmam k`-bn¬ tNcp-Ibpw hnia PohnXw \bn®p

hcsh \ncym-X-\m-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

1102 Xpem-Øn¬ (1927) ]pØ≥Ipcn-in¬ sh®v I≠-\mSv Zm-k-\-

Ønse ]≈n ]Xn-]p-cpj tbmKw IqSn HutK≥ dºms\ CS-hI

saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bmbn hmgn-°p-∂-Xn\v Xnc-s™-Sp-Øp. HutK≥

dºms\ 1102 CS-h-Øn¬ am¿ XotamØn-tbmkv F∂ t]cn¬ saXm-

t∏m-eo-Ø-mbmbn Gen-bmkv XrXo-b≥ sbdp-i-te-an¬ sh®v hmgn-®p.

]n∂oSv Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv ]£-tØ°v amdnb Ct±-l-Øn\v ae-¶-c-

bnse \mem-asØ ImtXm-en-°m-bmbn `cWw \S-Øm≥ (1964 ˛ 1975)

ssZhw kwK-Xn-bm-°n.

k`m kam-[m\ tbmK-ßƒ

ka-cn-t°kpw, h´n-∏-W-t°-kpw, a‰p tIkp-Ifpw \SØn P\-

ßƒ°v CXn-\Iw aSpØp Ign-™n-cp-∂p. apS-°p- sImt≠m tIkp-

sImt≠m hnNm-cn® ew H∂pw In´m-\n-s√∂v ]e¿°pw tXm∂n-Øp-

S-ßn. AXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ kam-[m-\-am-bn´v `n∂-X-Iƒ Ah-

km-\n-∏n®v aptºm´p t]mImw Fs∂mcp tXm∂¬ D≠m-bn. `n∂n®p

\n¬°p∂ c≠p I£n-Ifpw tbmPn®v kam-[m\w ssIh-cp-Øm≥ 1101

- 1102 F∂o Ime-ß-fn¬ kap-Zmb ]ap-J-∑m¿ ap≥ssI-sb-SpØv tbmK-

ß-fpw, N¿®-Ifpw kwL-Sn-∏n-®p. 1102 Ipw`w 2 ˛\v Bep-hm-bn¬

tIm\m´p aev]ms‚ A≤y-£-X-bn¬ Hcp tbmKw IqSn. H. Fw.

sNdnbm≥, F. Fw. h¿°n XpS-ßnb ]ap-J¿ ImtXm-en°m `mK-w


]kwKIcmbn h∂p. ]mXn-b¿°o-kns\ kµ¿in-®v kam-[m-\-sØ-

∏‰n kw`m-j-Ww sNøm-\mbn Hcp sU]yq-t -j-s\ Ab-bv°m≥ Btem-

N-\-bp-≠m-bn. F∂m¬ ]mXn-b¿°o-kns‚ XWpØ ]Xn-I-cWw

ImcWw sU]yq-t´-js\ Ab-bvt°-s≠∂p sh®p. AXn-s\°pdn®v

]mtd´v Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv C]-Im-c-amWv: ""`mKy-h-im¬ sU]yq-t´-

j≥ t]mbn√. B \mW-t°-Sn\v CS-bm-ImsX ae-¶c c£s∏-´p.''

ae-¶c At mkn-tb-j≥ 1930

ae-bmf h¿jw 1105, 1106 F∂o sIm√-ßfn¬ h´t»cn¬ Xncp-ta-

\n°v ]e ]iv\-ßfpw D≠m-bn. am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbm-kns‚ tdmam Iºw

AXyp-®-Øn¬ FØn-°-gn-™n-cp-∂p. GXp \nan-jhpw At±-lhpw

A\p-bm-bn-Ifpw k` hn´p t]mIpw F∂ \ne-bn¬ Imcy-ßƒ FØn-

t®¿∂n-cp-∂p. Agn-bmØ apS°p apS°n h -t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\nsb c£-

s∏-Sm≥ Ign-bm-Ø-hn[w _‘-\-ÿ-\m-°p-hm≥ Cd-ßn-∏p-d-s∏´ Gen-

bmkv XrXo-b≥ krjvSn® ]iv\-ßƒ, c-W-L-S\m \n¿ΩmW hnj-

b-Øn¬ t\cn-tS≠n h∂ A`n-]mb hyXym-k-ßƒ Cßns\ ]eXpw

D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. _Y\n saXm≥ am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkpw, sXtbm-^n-

temkpw k` hn´p t]mIp-sa∂v Xocp-am-\-amb ÿnXn°v Ah¿°p

]Icw ta¬]-´-°msc hmgn-°p-∂-Xn-s\-∏‰n Btem-Nn-°m-\mbn 1106

Nnßw 19 \v ae-¶c At m-kn-tb-j≥ ]gb skan-\m-cn-bn¬ h®p

IqSn. amt\-PnwKv IΩn-‰n-bpsS AwK-kwJy 33 F∂mbn ¢n]vX-s∏-SpØn

AwK-ßsf sXc-s™-Sp-Øp. ssI hn´p t]mbn F∂p Xo¿®-s∏´

_Y\n saXms‚ Hgn-hn-tebv°pw a‰pw Bh-iym-\p-k-cWw hmgn-°p-

∂-Xn\v ]pØ≥Im-hn¬ Koh-dp-Kokv dºm≥, ^m. amXyqkv ]mtd´v,

sNdn-b-a-T-Øn¬ kvIdnbm IØ-\m¿, hmf-°p-gn-bn¬ tPmk^v IØ-

\m¿, _Y-\n-bnse ^m. Ae-Ivkn-tbm-kv, Bephm bqWn-b≥

InkvXy≥ tImfPv s]m^. sI. kn. Nmt°m F∂n-hsc Xnc-s™-

Sp-Øp. c-W-L-S\m IΩn-‰n-bn-te°pw GXm\pw IqSp-X¬ AwK-ßsf

sXc-s™-Sp-Øp. c-W-L-S-\-bpsS Um v‰v Xøm-dm°n Hcp h¿j-Øn-

\Iw ka¿∏n-°-W-sa∂v \n¿t±-in-®p.

Gen-bmkv ]mXn-b¿°okv

hń-∏-W-t°-kn¬ h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n°p≠mb A¥na hnPbw

]mXn-b¿°okv I£nsb h√msX sRń®p If-™p. sslt°m-S-Xn-

bn¬ BZy hnPbw Inń-b-Xn¬ BÀm-Zn®p Ign-™n-cp∂ ]mXn-

b¿°okv I£n ae-¶c kmamPyw apgp-h≥ ]nSn-®-S°n F∂ hnizmk-

tØmsS Ign-bp-tºm-gmWv ]p\¿ hnNm-cW ]Xps° Xe s]m°nbXpw.


]p\-cns‚ Xo¿∏v hcp-∂-Xn\p ap≥]v kn. sP. Ipcy\pw, tIm\m´v

amØ≥ aev]m\pw IS-∂p-t]m-bn. AtXmsS ]mXn-b¿°okv ]£Øp

t\Xm-°∑mcn-√msX h∂p. _mhm I£n mKsØ saXm-∑m¿ XΩn¬

kzc-t®¿®-bn-√m-Xm-bn. am¿ bqen-tbmkpw a‰p saXm-∑mcpw XΩn-ep≈

a’cw ]mXn-b¿°okv I£n-bpsS i‡n £bn-∏n®p XpS-ßn. B

hkvXpX Ah-cn¬ Nne-sc√mw a\- n-em°n. saXm-∑m-cpsS CS-bnep≈

A`n-]m-b-hy-Xym-ktam, t\Xrÿm\-Øv FØn-b-hsc-∏-‰n-bp≈ Ahn-

izm-ktam am‰m≥ ]mXn-b¿°o-kns\ hcpØpI amX-amWv t]mwhgn

F∂v Nne¿ IqSn-bm-tem-Nn®v Xocp-am-\n-®p. A∂v ]mXn-b¿°okv

`mKsØ Xos∏mcn ]kw-KI-\mb aoJm-tb¬ saXm≥, bqen-tbmkv

saXm≥, HutK≥ am¿ Xotam-Øn-tbmkv, ]utemkv am¿ AØm-

\mkntbmkv, Iv\m\m b°mcpsS saXm≥ Zob-kvtIm-tdmkv F∂n-

h¿ 1105 hr›nIØn¬ (1930) Bephm Xr°p-∂Øv skan-\m-cn-bn¬

sh®v Hcp kp∂-l-tZmkv IqSn F√m-hcpw tbmPn®v ]h¿Øn-°p-∂-

Xn\v th≠n Hcp an\naw ]cn-]m-Sn-sb-¶nepw cq]-h¬°-cn-°m≥ Ah¿°p

Ign-™n-√. bqen-tbmkv At¥mJym ]Xn-\n[n F∂ t]cn¬ Hcp Ipń

]mXn-b¿°o-kns\t∏mse-bmWv s]cp-am-dn-b-Xv. AØm-\m-kn-tbmkv

saXm-\p-t]mepw CXp kln-°m≥ Ign-bmsXbmbn. HutK≥ saXm≥

BZyw apXse bqen-tbm-kp-ambn CW-ßn-t®¿∂p t]mbn-cp-∂n-√. Zob-

kvtIm-tdm-kn\v CsXm∂pw Hcp ]iv\-a-√m-bn-cp-∂p. ae-bm-f-Øp-Im-

cmb saXm-∑m¿°v tbmPn-∏n-s√-¶nepw Ah¿ KqVm-tem-N\ \SØn

Xs∂ A°c-I-S-Øp-hm≥ ian-°p-sa-∂m-bn-cp∂p _p≤n-am-\mb bqen-

tbmkv saXms‚ `bw. Cßs\sbms° Bbn-cp∂p Imcy-ßƒ

F¶nepw Hcp Imcy-Øn¬ Ah-sc√mw tbmPn-®p. AXm-bXv ]mXn-

b¿°o-kns\ DS≥ hcp-Øm≥ aqk-en-te°v Iºn ktµiw Ab°m≥.

ae-¶-c-bn¬ \n∂p≈ £Ww Inń-b-t∏mƒ C\n H´pw Aam-¥n-®p-

Iq-sS∂v ]mXn-b¿°okn\v tXm∂n. DSs\ ]pd-s∏-Sp-I-bpw sNbvXp.

Gen-bmkv XrXo-b≥, ¢oΩnkv Fs∂mcp saXm≥, c≠p dºm-∑m¿,

Hcp ssd´¿ F∂n-h¿ 1106 Ipw`w 21- \v Idm-®n-bn¬ FØn. C∂p ]m°n-

ÿms‚ mK-amb Idm®n A∂v _nójv C¥y-bpsS mK-am-bn-cp-∂t√m.

Idm-®n-bn¬ \n∂v ]nt‰ -Zn-hkw \yqU¬ln-bn¬ FØn. c≠p Znhkw

AhnsS Xma-kn-®-tijw sshtkm-bnsb I≠v kw`m-jWw \S-Øn.

C¥y-bn¬ sshtkm-bn -I-gn-™m¬ ASpØ ÿm\w D≈ C¥y-bpsS

saXm-t∏m-eoØm shkv‰v tIm´p-ambn Gen-bmkv XrXo-b≥ kw`m-

jWw \S-Øn. k`m kam-[m\w D≠m-°p-∂-Xn\v _mhm h∂-Xn¬

Xm≥ hfsc kt¥m-jn-°p-∂p- F∂pw kam-[m\w kw_-‘n®v Hcp

]c-kv]c [mc-W-bn¬ FØ-W-sa∂pw sshtkmbn D]-tZ-in®p.


sshtkmbn CS-s]-Sp∂p

ae-¶ck -bn¬ kam-[m\w D≠m°m-\p-≈ ia-Øn¬ sshtkmbn

CS-s]-Sp-∂-Xn\v Imc-W-am-b-Xns‚ ]›m-Øew 1106 ao\w 17 -\v ae-

bmf at\m-ca "ae-¶c kpdn-bm\n k`' F∂ Xe-s°-ń¬ Fgp-Xnb

apJ-]-kw-K-Øn¬ \n∂p a\- n-em°mw:

""C¿hn≥ ]`p Ign™ B≠n¬ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ kµ¿in-®-t∏mƒ

kap-Zm-b-Ønse Ccp-hn-`m-K-Ønepw s]´ ta¬∏-´-°m-cp-ambn kwkm-

cn-®n-cp-∂p. kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ hnjaÿnXn a\- n-em°n kam-[m\w

ÿm]n-°m≥ X∂m¬ Ign-hp-≈-sX√mw sNøm≥ Hcp-°-am-sW∂v

sshtkmbn ]kvXm-hn-®p. C°m-cy-Øn¬ At±lw ]th-in-°p-∂-Xv

kΩ-Xhpw kt¥m-jhpam-sW∂v ImtXm-en-°m-_m-hmbpw h -t»-cn¬

Xncp-ta-\nbpw a‰pw _nójv ]Xn-\n-[n -hgn At±-lsØ [cn-∏n-®p.

sshtkmbn Cdm-°nse _nójv ssl°-Ωo-j-W-dn-eqsS ]mXn-b¿°o-

kns‚ A`n-]mbw Bcm-™p. sshtkm-bn-bpsS Xmev]cyw A\p-k-

cn®v ]h¿Øn-°m≥ Xøm-dm-sW∂pw Xm≥ DS≥ Xs∂ C¥y-bn-te°v

]pd-s∏´v hg-°-h-km-\n-∏n-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂X ian-°m-sa∂pw ]mXn-

b¿°okv adp-]Sn sImSp-Øp. AXns‚ shfn-®-Øn-emWv Gen-bmkv

XrXo-b≥ C¥y-bn¬ h∂v sshtkm-bnsb I≠Xv. X¿°-ßƒ Hcp

a≤yÿ tImS-Xn°v hn´p-sIm-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\v apºv saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bp-

ambn kwkm-cn®v hg-°p-Iƒ Ah-km-\n-∏n-°m-\mWv BKlw F∂pw

sshtkm-bnsb ]mXn-b¿°okv [cn-∏n-®p. Aßns\-bm-sW-¶n¬

Xs∂bpw C¥y-bpsS saXm-t∏m-eoØm shÃv tIm´pw At∏mƒ C¥y-

bn¬ k©cn-®p-sIm-≠ncp∂ _nj∏v tKmdpw ]mXn-b¿°okpw aZm-

kn¬ sh®v I≠v kam-[m-\-]-c-amb Hcp ]≤Xn I≠p]nSn-°m≥ t\m°-

W-sa∂v sshtkmbn D]-tZ-in-°p-Ibpw ]mXn-b¿°okv AXp kΩ-

Xn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ch-cpsS Btem-N\ ê-h-Øm-Ip∂ ]£w

h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\nsb aZm-kn-te°v £Wn-°m-sa∂v \n›-bn-®n-

cp∂p. ta¬]-d™ aq∂p t]¿ am¿®v 18, 19 F∂o Xob-Xn-I-fn-embn

IqSn-bm-tem-Nn®p F¶nepw HØp-Xo¿∏p-≠m-bn√. AXn-\m¬ ]mXn-

b¿°okv Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ FØn th≠-s∏-´-h-cp-ambn Btem-N\

XpS-cm-sa∂p ]d™v aZm-knse Btem-N\ Ah-km-\n-∏n-®p. sshtkm-

bn-bpsS a≤yÿ iaw hn^-e-am-bn-t∏m-b-Xn¬ F√m-h¿°pw henb

hyk\w tXm∂n. GXm-bmepw ]mXn-b¿°okv Bep-hm-bn-¬ FØn

F∂-dn™ DSs\ h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n Xr°p-∂Øv skan-\m-cn-bn¬

sN∂v At±-lsØ kµ¿in-®p. ]mXn-b¿°o-kp-ambn kvt\l-Øn¬

h¿Øn-°-W-sa∂p≈ BKlw am¿ Zoh-∂mkntbmkv ]Z¿in-®-t∏mƒ


AXn¬ Hcp ]Sn IS∂v alm-a-\-kvIX ]Z¿in-∏n-t°-≠-Xm-sW-∂p≈

t_m[w ]mXn-b¿°o-kn\v D≠m-bn. saXm-t∏m-eo-Ømsb I≠ £W-

Øn¬ bmsXmcp hg°pw apºp-≠m-bn- n-s√∂p tXm∂-Ø°hn[-Øn¬

kzoI-cn-∏m≥ Genbmkv XrXo-b≥ Xo¿®-s∏-SpØn. a¿±o-\n¬ sh®v

Xt∂mSp ImWn-® kvt\l]I-S-\-ßƒ°pw, k¬°m-c-ßƒ°pw \µn

]d-bpI amX-amWv Xs‚ kµ¿i-\-Øns‚ Dt±iyw F∂v saXm-t∏m-

eoØm ]d-™p. ]mXn-b¿°okv _mhm-bn¬ \n∂v hnNm-cn-®-Xn-e-[nIw

kvt\l-]-I-S-\-ßƒ D≠m-bn. _mhm AhnsS IqSn-bn-cp∂ P\-ß-

tfmSv Hcp ]Jym-]\w \S-Øn. am¿ Zoh-∂m-kn-tbmkpambn kvt\l-

_-‘-Øn¬ Ign-bp-hm≥ Xm≥ Xocp-am-\n-®-Xmbn AXn¬ kqNn-∏n-®p.

B IqSn°mgvN k`m-a-°ƒ°v ip`-]-Xo-£-Iƒ \¬In.

hft™ \n¬∏q ZrVw

1106 ao\w 10 \v h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n Bep-hm-bn¬ sN∂v Gen-

bmkv XrXo-b≥ ]mXn-b¿°okns\ I≠p. CXns\°pdn®v m. ]mtd v

(]n∂oSv amXyqkv am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbm-kv) Xs‚ Ub-dn-bn¬ Fgp-Xn-bn-

cn-°p-∂Xv C]-Im-c-amWv: ""hen-b -sa-Xm-®≥ Bep-hm-bn¬ sN∂p

]mXn-b¿°o-kns\ I≠p. am\-ambn kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw saXm-∑m¿

F√m-hcpw ]c-kv]cw Npw_n-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-Xmbpw kam-[m\w Bbn-

cn-°p-∂-Xmbn ]mXn-b¿°okv ]Jym-]\w sNbvXXmbpw Iºn h∂n-

´p≠v. Fs¥m-cm-izmkw. ssZh-Øn\p kvXpXn.''

ao\w 11 se Ub-dn-°p-dn∏v: ""]gbskan-\m-cnbn¬ t]mbn. hnh-c-

sa√mw saXm-®≥ Xs∂ ]d™p. saXm-®-∑m-sc-√m-hcpw At\ym\yw

Npw_n-°p-Ibpw IqSn-bn-cp-∂-h¿ F√mw saXm-®s‚ ssIap-Øp-Ibpw

sNbvXp. Imcy-ßƒ F√mw kam-[m-\-ambn Xo¿∂n-cn-°p-∂-Xmbn ]mXn-

b¿°okv ]kvXm-hn-®p.''

taSw 15 se Ub-dn-°p-dn∏v: ""ImtXm-en-°m-bpsS A[n-Imcw Ipsd

Ipd®pw saXm-∑msc hyh-ÿ-sbm∂pw IqSmsX kzoI-cn-°m-sa∂pw

]mem-ºSw sshIp-t∂cw h∂p ]d-™p. an°-hmdpw Xo¿t∂-°p-sa∂p

tXm∂p-∂p. Xp¿°n cmPy-°m-cpsS kº-Zm-b-am-I-sIm≠v \n›-bn-°m≥

]mSn-√. saXm-®\v kpJ-t°-sSm-∂p-an√.''

taSw 17 -se Ub-dn-°p-dn∏v: ""Bep-hm. H≥]Xp aWn Ign™v saXm-

®≥ sNdn-b-a-T-Øn¬ A®-\pw, bmt°m_p siΩm-i\pw Rm\pw Hcp-

an®v ]mXn-b¿°o-kns\ ImWm≥ Xr°p-∂Øp skan-\m-cn-bn¬ t]mbn.

c≠p aWn-°q¿ kwkm-cn-®p. a¿±o-\n¬ h®v saXm-®≥ £am-bm-N\w

sNbvsX∂pw At∏mƒ Xe-bn¬ ssIh®v ]m¿∞n-s®∂pw AXp-


t]mse ]m¿∞n®p a‰p saXm-∑msc FSp-°m-sa-∂pw, "A_vtZZv

aioslm' shdpw Indp-°-\pw, B`m-k\pw Bbn-cp-s∂-∂pw, At±-

lsØ kp∂l-tZmkp IqSn apS-°n-b-Xm-sW∂pw a‰pw ]mXn-b¿°okv

i‡n-bmbn hmZn-®p. henb Bi-bn-√.''

ae-¶ck`sb AS°n `cn-°m≥ C\n- F-s¥ms° \S-]-Sn-I-fmWv

th≠-sX-∂m-bn-cp∂p ]mXn-b¿°okns‚ Nn¥. A_vZ¬ ainlm

ÿm]n® ImtXm-en°m knwlm-k-\sØ AwKo-I-cn®p Ign-™m¬

]ns∂ ]mXn-b¿°o-kn\v ae-¶ck`-bn¬ ÿm\sam∂pw D≠m-bn-cn-

°-ns√∂p At±-l-Øn\v Adn-bm-am-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-sIm≠v A_vZ¬

ainlm ]mXn-b¿°okns\ B`m-k-\mbn NnXo-I-cn®v At±-l-Øns‚

ae-¶-c-bnse \S-]Sn hy¿∞-sa∂v sImń-tLm-jn-°-W-sa-∂m-bn-cp∂p

Gen-bmkv ]mXn-b¿°okns‚ ]≤-Xn. AXn\p th≠n F¥p Xcw-

XmW AkXyw ]d-bm\pw At±-l-Øn\v aSn-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. A_vZ¬

ainlm ]mXn-b¿°o-kns\ kp∂-l-tZmkv IqSn apS-°n-b-Xm-sW∂p

≈Xn\p tcJ-bp-s≠∂pw a‰pw \ndw-]n-Sn-∏n® \pW-Iƒ Xń-hn- n-cp-∂p.

AXn-\p≈ tcJ-bm-sW∂p ]d™v ]mXn-b¿°okns‚ Acpa injy≥

bqen-tbmkv saXm≥ kz¥w ssIsIm≠v Hcp I≈-tcJ krjvSn®p

]g°w ImWn -°m≥ IS -em -kn¬ Nne cmk-hn -Zy -I -sf√mw

\SØns°m≠p \S-∂n-cp-∂-Xmbn At±-l-Øns‚ skI- -dn-bm-bn-cp∂

tUm. hn. kn. kmap-h¬ A®≥ Fgp-Xn-b-Xv A\yX tN¿Øn-´p-≠v.

B hI kqX-sam∂pw tImS-Xn-bn¬ hnet∏mbn-√.

Bep-hm-bn¬ h®v BZyw h´-ti-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\nsb I≠-t∏mƒ

kulr-Z-`m-h-Øn¬ kwkm-cn® ]mXn-b¿°okv Ipd®p Znhkw Ign-

™t∏mƒ a´p am‰n. ioa-°m-cpsS X\n-kz-`mhw ]pdØp ImWn-°m≥

XpS-ßn. a¿±o-\n¬ sh®v h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n £am-bm-N\w

sNbvsX∂pw, ]mXo-b¿°okv Xe-bn¬ ssIsh®v ]m¿∞n-s®∂pw

a‰pw ]d-bp-∂Xv Ah-cpsS X\n\nd-ambn IW-°m-°n-bm¬ aXn.

Agn-bmØ apS-°n\p iaw

1106 anYp\w 16 \v h -t»cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Pohn-X-Ønse as‰mcp

A·n-]-co-£-bpsS Znh-k-am-bn-cp∂p. Xte-Zn-hkw ˛ AXm-bXv 15- \v

˛ Xncp-ta-\n°v sshIp-t∂-c-tØm-Sp -IqSn ]mXn-b¿°okv Fgp-Xnb

Hcp IØv Inń. XΩn¬ I≠v Nne ]tXyI Imcy-ßƒ kwkm-cn-°m-

\p-≈-Xn-\m¬ CXSw hcW-sa-∂m-bn-cp∂p IØns‚ Npcp-°w. AX-

\p-k-cn®v 16- \v Ipdp-∏w-∏-Sn-bn¬ FØn. ]mXn-b¿°okns‚ apdn-bn¬

Ibdn sN∂-t∏mƒ aoJm-tb¬ am¿ AØm-\m-tkym-kv, ¢oan-kv,-


bqentbmkv F∂o taev]- -°mcpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ipi-e-]-iv\-ßƒ°p-

tijw ]mW-º-Sn-°¬ h®v At∏mƒ s]mXp-tbmKw IqS-cp-sX∂p Xm≥

]d-™-Xn\p hntcm-[-ambn sNøp-∂-sX¥psIm≠m-sW∂p ]mXn-

b¿°okv tNmZn®p. ""Ft¥m ]tXyI Imcy-ßƒ ]d-bm-\p-≈Xp

sIm≠v CXSw hc-W-sa∂v Bh-iy-s∏-´-X-\p-k-cn®v AXp tIƒ°m-

\mWv Rm≥ h∂-Xv. Ct∏mƒ ]d-™Xp t]mep≈ kwK-Xn-Isf∏‰n

kwkm-cn-°m-\-√. amX-a√ ]tXyI Imcy-ßƒ \mw XΩn¬ ]d-bm-

\p≈ ka-bØv Cu saXm-∑m¿ ChnsS lmP-cm-bn-cn-°p-∂sX¥n-\m-

sW∂p a\- n-em-Ip-∂p-an-√'' F∂p am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv adp-]Sn

]d™p.

B cwKsØ°pdn®v ]mtd´v Cßs\ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v: ""am¿

Zoh-∂m-tkym-kns\ A∂v AhnsS Xma-kn-∏n®p hnkvX-cn®p F∂v

hcp-Ø-W-sa-∂m-bn-cp∂p Dt±-iyw. Zoh-∂m-tkymkv Ipdp-∏w-]-Sn-bn¬

FØn-b-tijw Zob-kvtIm-tdmkv DS≥ h∂p tNc-W-sa∂v ]mXn-

b¿°okv tIm´-b-tØ°v Iºn ASn-®p. tIme-t©-cn-bn¬ \n∂p am¿

Xotam-Øn-tbm-kns\ hcp-Øp-∂-Xn\p FgpØp sImSpØp ssk°n-

fn¬ Bf-b-®p. t\Xm-hmb Nmt°mØc-I≥ HmSn FØ-W-sa∂v

AØm-\m-tkymkpw Iºn sImSp-Øp.''

knwlw, Iq´n¬ AI-s∏-´p-I-gn™p F∂p≈ hnizm-k-Øn-emWv

CXbpw F√m-h-cpw IqSn sNbvXXpw. ]t£ AXn-_p-≤n-am-\mb h´-

t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n F√mw Hscm‰ t\m´-Øn¬ a\- n-em°n X¥-]-c-

ambn AXn¬ \n∂p c£-s∏-´p. D®-`-£-Wm-\-¥cw am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-

kv, ]mXn-b¿°o-kns‚ apdn-bn¬ sN∂v bmX- ]-d™p. At∏mƒ ]mXn-

b¿°okp tNmZn-®p: ""]mXn-b¿°o-kn-s\bpw B ÿm-\-sØbpw

\ntj-[n®v \nßƒ samgn -sIm-Sp-Ø-Xmbn ]X-ß-fn¬ I≠p. AXp

icn-bmtWm?''

saXm-t∏m-eoØm: ""]X-ßƒ ae-bm-f-Øn-ep-≈h X¿÷a sNbvXp

tIƒ∏n-®-Xt√? Rm≥ ]mXn-b¿°o-kn-s\bpw ÿm\-sØbpw \ntj-

[n-®n-√.'' ]ns∂bpw Nne tNmZy-ßƒ _mhm tNmZn-®p. AXn-s\√mw

X° adp-]Sn sImSpØp ]Xn-hp≈ D]-Nm-c-ß-tfm-Sp -IqsS bmX -]-

d™v am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkpw At±-lsØ A\p-K-an-®n-cp-∂-hcpw aS-

ßn-t∏m∂p.

Ipdp-∏w-]-Sn- tbmKw

kp∂-l-tZmkv IqSn apS-°m≥ ]≤-Xn-bn´v H∂pw \S-°msX

h∂t∏mƒ Hcp s]mXp-tbmKw IqSn D≤njvS Imcyw \nd-th-‰msa∂v


]mXnb¿°okpw ]m¿iz-h¿Øn-Ifpw \n›-bn-®p. Ipdp∏w]Sn,

At¥ymJym `‡¿ [mcmfw Xnßn-∏m¿°p∂ ]tZ-i-am-bn-cp-∂p.

saXm≥ -I£n `mKsØ P\-ß-fpsS FXn¿s∏m∂pw Imcy-ambn

kv]¿in-°msX Imcy-ßƒ hnNm-cn® ÿm\Øv sIm≠pt]mbn sI´m-

sa-∂p≈ hnizm-k-Øn-emWv Ipdp-∏w-]-Sn-bn¬ sh®v tbmKw IqSm≥

Xocp-am-\n-®-Xv. anYp\w 22- \v tbmKw IqSp-∂-Xm-sW∂p ImWn®v

t\mókv Ab-®p. B tbmKw kw_-‘n-®p≈ hnh-c-ßƒ 1106 anYp\w

23 se ae-bmf at\m-c-a-bn¬ \n∂v ]mtd´v kwK-ln®v tN¿Øn-cn-°p-

∂-Xn¬ \n∂v D≤-cn-°p-∂p. amΩ≥ am∏n-f-bpsS Xqen-I-bpsS aq¿®

CXn¬ \n∂v GXm≠v Kln°mw:

""an. kn. -sP. Ipcys‚ \ncym-Wm-\¥cw At±-l-Øns‚ Hcp tcma-

Øns‚ hne-bn-√mØ Nne Aev]-]m-Wn-Iƒ, ]am-Wn-I-fmbn an.

Ipcy≥ sNbvX-sX√mw A_-≤-ambnt∏mbn F∂pw Xßƒ F√mw

kzev]Imew sIm≠v icn-s∏-SpØn°f-bm-sa∂pw tIm´bw ]´-W-

Øns‚ ]cn-kc ]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ Ch¿ InS∂p hºp ]d™p hcp-∂-

Xmbn F√m-h¿°pw Adn-bm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. ..... Ipdp∏w]Sn ]≈n-bn¬

]th-in®p tbmK-Øn¬ kw_-‘n-°p-∂-Xn\v Sn°‰v hmßn-bn-cn-°-W-

sa∂p \S-Øn-∏p-Im-cn¬ Nne¿ ]d-bp-I-bp-≠m-bn. H. -Fw. sNdn-bm≥

X\n°v Hcp Sn°‰v Xc-W-sa∂v Bh-iy-s∏-´p. aoJm-tb¬ saXms‚

k¿ń-^n-°‰v IqSmsX At±-l-Øn\v Sn°‰p sImSp-°p-I-bn-s√-∂m-bn-

cp∂p adp-]-Sn. am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kns‚ Bÿm-\-amb skan-\mcn Nm∏-

en¬ \n∂p hcp-∂-h¿°pw aoJm-tb¬ saXms‚ k¿ń- n-°‰p thW-

sa∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xns‚ A]-lm-kyX Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°-s∏-´p. Ipsd

i_vZhpw _l-fhpw D≠mbn. F¶nepw Sn°‰v B¿°pw Inń-bn-√.

sX°p- \n∂p sN∂-h-sc√mw, ]≈n-bn¬ t\csØ tIdn. t]meokv

klmbw Bh-iy-s∏-´p. Ipdp-∏w-]Sn ]≈n-°m¿ tcJm aqew Bh-iy-

s∏´m¬ ian-°m-sa∂v C≥kvs]-IvS¿ ]d-™p. ]mXn-b¿°okv t\Xm-

°-∑m-tcmSv Bh-iy-s∏´v Ah-cn-eqsS Ipdp-∏w-]Sn ]≈n ][m-\n-Isf

s°m≠v t]meokn¬ At]£ sImSp-∏n-°m≥ Nne¿ t\m°n. AXv

Xßƒ°p F∂-tØ-°pw am™p-t]m-ImØ If-¶-Øn\v Imc-W-amIpw.

ae-¶c kap-Zm-b-Øn-se∂p amX-a√ tIc-f-Øn¬ t]cpw s]cp-abpw

D≈ ]e am\y-∑m-cmWv ]≈n-bn¬ IqSn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. C∂-tØ°p

]≈nbpw sIń-S-ßfpw ]mXn-b¿°o-kns‚ kzmX-¥y-Øn\v hn´p-sImSp-

Øn-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. At±-l-Øns‚ B⁄ A\p-k-cn®v t]meokv

Fs¥-¶nepw sNøp-∂Xv kΩ-X-amWv F∂v ]d™v Ah¿ Hgn-™p.

CjvS-an-√m-Ø-hsc ]≈n-bn¬ \n∂v Cd°nhn´p -I-gn-™v ]≈n-bn¬


Cd-ßm≥ ImØn-cp∂ ]mXn-b¿°okv HSp-hn¬ Cdßnh∂p. Hcp

"Rmb-dmgvN ]kwKw' \SØn. AhnsS \S-∂Xv Hcp kp∂-l-tZmkv

BsW∂v ]n∂oSv hmZw D≠m-Im-Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v, A`n-]m-b-hy-Xymkw

D≈Xpw ]I-Sn-∏n-°m≥ Ah-kcw sImSp-°-W-sa∂p amXw H. Fw.

sNdn-bm≥ ]mXn-b¿°o-kn-t\mSv Bh-iy-s∏- p. AXn\v A\p-hm-Z-an√;

Xm≥, ]d-bp-∂Xv tI´p- sIm-≠m¬ amXw aXn F∂v ]d™v Xm≥

tIc-f-Øn¬ FØn-b-tijw kam-[m-\-Øn-\p -th-≠n hfscb[nIw

]h¿Øn-®n-´p-s≠∂v ]mXn-b¿°okv ]kvXm-hn-®p. ]mXn-b¿°okv

]kwKw Ah-km-\n-∏n-®-t∏mƒ Iq´aWn ASn-®p. At±lw ]≈n-bn¬

\n∂v t]mbn´pw Iq´-aWn Ipsd kabw XpS¿∂p.

Iq´-aWn Ah-km-\n-®-t∏mƒ Fw.- F. Nmt°m Hcp ]kwKw

]d™p. a^nbm\sb thW-sa∂v am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kn\v amXsa

A`n-]m-b-ap≈p F∂v ]mXn-b¿°okv [cn-®n- p-s≠-¶n¬ AXv sX‰mWv.

ae-¶-c-bn-ep≈ F√m-h¿°pw B A`n-]m-b-amWv D≈Xv F∂v At±lw

hy‡-ambn ]kvXm-hn-®p. Bcpw FXncv ]d-™n-s√∂v amX-a√ lkvX-

Xm-U-\m-Zn-I-fmepw Nntbgvkv hnfn-I-fmepw P\-ßƒ Ah-cpsS B\p-

Iqeyw hy‡-am-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]n∂oSv ]n. tP°_v Ipcy≥

]kwKw Bcw-`n-®p. At∏mƒ "Iq´-aWn' ]ns∂bpw InWp-ßm≥

XpSßn. ]≈n-bn¬ Ccp-∂-h¿ ]pdØp IS∂p ap≥ hi-Øp≈ ]p¬∏p-

d-Øp -Iq-Sn. tP°_v Ipcys‚ Din-c≥ ]kw-K-Øn-\p- tijw ]qX-°p-

gn-bn¬ A_lmw IØ-\mcpw sI.- kn. amΩ≥ am∏n-fbpw kmc-h-

Ømb ]kw-K-ßƒ sNbvXp. Aßs\ Ipdp∏w]Sn-bn¬ sh®v Zoh-

∂m-tkym-kns\ sI´m≥ apXn¿∂-h¿ Xs∂ Ah-cpsS ]mi-Øn¬

DS°n Id-ßn!

Gen-bmkv XrXo-b≥ ]n∂oSv ]pØ≥Ipcn-iv, Ipdn™n, ae-bn¬

Ipcniv XpS-ßnb ]≈n-Iƒ kµ¿in®v 1106 I¿°n-SIw 6 \v Bep-hm-

bn¬ _mhm I£n- m-K-°m-cpsS Hcp tbmKw IqSn Ah¿°v Hcp ImtXm-

en-t°m-kns\ hmgn®v sImSp-°-W-sa∂v ]mXnb¿°o-kn-t\m-S-t]-

£n®p. Xp¿°n-bnse aPn-en-kns‚ A\p-hmZw IqSmsX X\n-s°m∂pw

sNøm≥ \nhr-Øn-bn-s√∂pw ]d™v At±lw Hgn™p amdn.

At m-kn-tb-j≥

acn®pt]mb SÃn Nnd-°-S-hn¬ tImcp-fbv°p ]Icw Hcp SÃnsb

sXc-s™-SpØv h´n-∏-W-∏-eni hmtß-≠Xv ASn-b-¥cm-h-iy-ap≈ Hcp

kwK-Xn-bm-bn-cp-∂p kwJy In´p-∂-X-√, B Imcyw Iao-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv-

˛106 anYp\w 26- \v At m-kn-tb-j≥ IqS-W-sa∂v ImWn®v


saXmt∏meoØm Ab-®n-cp∂ t\mókv A\p-k-cn®v At m-kn-tb-

j≥ IqSn Fdn-Im´v C. -sF. tPmk-^ns\ SÃn Bbn sXc-s™-

SpØp.

hń-∏-W-Øns‚ ]eni h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n hmßp-∂Xv XS-bm≥

]mXn-b¿°okv `mKw ]e sshj-ay-ßfpw krjvSn®psh¶nepw

AsX√mw Xń-\o°n am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv saXm-t∏m-eo-Ømbpw Iq´p

SÃn-Ifpw tN¿∂v hń-∏-W-Øns‚ ]en-i -hm-ßn. anYp\w 26- \v sXc-

s™-Sp-°-s∏´ C.- sF. tPmk^v Dƒs∏sS aq∂v SÃn-Ifpw H∏n´

cko-Xn≥]Sn ]ns‰-∂mƒ 1912 apX¬ 1930 hsc ]sØm≥]Xp

h¿jsØ ]eni GXm≠v 16000 cq] am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kns‚ skI-

´dn aW-en¬ bmt°m_v siΩm-i≥ Xncp-h\-¥-]pcw Cºo-cn-b¬

_m¶n¬ \n∂v hmßn. C. -sP. ]oen-t∏mkpw IqsS-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

ioa-°m-cpsS Adn-hn-√mbva

tImS-Xntbm \nb-a-hm-gv-Ntbm icn-°n-√mØ kndnbm \mń¬ \n∂v

hcp∂ ]mXn-b¿°o-kn\pw A\p-Nc-∑m-cmb saXm-∑m¿°pw C¥y-

bnse \nb-a-ß-fpw, tImS-Xn-hn-[n-Ifpw A]-cn-Nn-X-am-bn-cp-∂p. Xp¿°n

kp¬Øm\v tImg- sIm-SpØv \nb-a-ß-fpw, N -ßfpw hf-s®m-Sn®v Imcyw

I≠n-cp∂ P\-hn-`m-K-Øn¬s∏´ ]mXn-b¿°okv _mhmbv°pw, IqsS-

h∂ in¶n-Sn-Iƒ°pw Xp¿°n-bn¬ Ah¿ A`y-kn-®p-t]m∂ the-Iƒ

tIc-f-a-Ænepw ]b-‰n-t\m-°m≥ tXm∂n-b-Xn¬ A¤p-X-s∏-Sm-\n-√.

]tXmkv ]mXn-b¿°okv _mhm \nb-a-hm-gvN-bpsS BZym-£-c-ßƒ

t]mepw X\n°v Adn-bn-s√∂v hnfn®p]d-bp-∂- t]mse Hcp ]hrØn

sNbvXp. skan-\mcn tIknse hn[n icn-b-s√∂pw AXp am‰-W-sa∂pw

alm-cm-Pm-hn\v Hcp Iev]\ Ab®p! hntZi tijvT alm-]p-tcm-ln-

Xs‚ "h¶Øw' a\- n-em°n alm-cm-Pmhv Cu "Iev]\' ssIbn¬

Inń-b-t∏mƒ F¥mWv sNbvX-sX∂v Ncn-X-tcJ H∂pw C√. Aßns\

Hcp Iev]\ Xm≥ Ab-®-Xmbn ]tXmkv ]mXn-b¿°okv _mhm ]pen-

t°m-ń¬ Xncp-ta-\n°v Ab® IØv kap-Zm-b-t°-kns‚ dn°m¿Up-I-

fn¬ D≠v. AXpt]mse Hcp Im®v Gen-bmkv XrXo-b\pw Im®n.

]tXmkv ]mXn-b¿°o-kns‚ Cf-ap-d-°m-c-\mWv Xms\∂v Gen-bmkpw

sXfn-bn-°-W-a-t√m! hń-∏-W-Øns‚ ]eni h´-t»cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n°v

sImSp-ØXv icn-bm-bn-s√∂v ImWn®v Gen-bmkv XrXo-b≥ s]mfn-‰n-

°¬ GP‚n\p Hcp IØv Ab-®p. ]tXmkv XrXo-bs‚ IØp I≠

alm-cm-Pm-hn-s\-t∏mse, Aº-c-t∏m ]cn-lm-ktam F¥mWv kmbn-

∏ns‚ apJØv D≠m-b-sX∂v Adn-bn-√. F∂mepw _nójpIm-c-\m-b-

Xn-\m¬ adp-]Sn Ab-bv°m≥ k∑-\kp Imń. \nb-am-\p-k-cWw,


tImSXn-bpsS Xo¿∏-\p-k-cn-®mWv Xm≥ ]h¿Øn-®-sX∂v At±lw

IØn¬ hy‡-am-°n. ae-bn¬Ipcniv XpS-ßnb hS-°≥ ]tZ-i-ß-

fnse ]cy-S\w aXn-bm°n sXt°m´p \oßnb Gen-bmkv XrXo-b\v

I∂n amkw HSp-hn-emWv Nnß-h-\Øp h®v B IØv Inń-b-Xv. AXp

Ign™v Zo¿L-bm-X-sbm∂pw sNbvXn-√. a™n-\n-°c h®v Ipw`w

H∂n\v lrZb-kvXw-`\w aqew At±lw IS∂pt]mbn.

Gen-bmkv XrXo-bs‚ A¥yw

Hma-√q¿°v kao]w a™-\n-°-c-bn¬ Hcp IØ-\m-cpsS hI sNdnb

]≈n-bn¬ h®mWv Gen-bmkv XrXo-b≥ 107 Ipw`w 1 ˛\v lrZ-b-

kvXw`\w aqew \ncym-X-\m-bXv. At±-l-Øns‚ IqsS h∂n-cp∂ c≠p

dºm-∑mcn¬ Hcmƒ ]n∂oSv Ata-cn-°-bn¬ saXm-\mbn t]mb imap-

h¬ AØm-\m-kn-tbmkv Bbn-cp-∂p. Ct±-l-Øn-\m-bn-cp∂p Nmhp

IS¬ ss__nƒ Npcp-fp-Iƒ CSb _me-∑m-cn¬ \n∂p Inń-b-Xv. AXv

hn‰v At±lw ]W-°m-c-\m-bn. NmhpIS¬ Npcp-fp-Isf°p-dn®v At±lw

Cw•o-jn¬ Hcp KŸw FgpXn ]kn≤o-I-cn-®p. AXn¬ Gen-bmkv

XrXo-b-\p-ambn At±lw ae-¶-c-bn¬ h∂Xpw ]mXn-b¿°okv lm¿´v

A‰m°v Bbn acn® hnh-chpw sImSp-Øn- p-≠v. "Atøm Fs‚ lrZbw

thZ-\n-°p∂p' F∂v ]mW-th-Z-\-tbmsS \ne-hn-fn-®mWv At±lw Nca-

a-S-™-sX∂v ]k-vXpX KŸ-Øn¬ kqNn-∏n-´p-≠v. 1958 -˛se k`m

kam-[m-\-Øn\p tijw ]ueqkv am¿ ]oeIvko-t\m-kns‚ Iogn¬

(]n∂oSv tijvT ImtXm-en°m) At¥ym-Jy≥ aqhvsa‚ v F∂

]ÿm\w XpSßn "AJne ae-¶c bmt°m-_mb kwbp‡ Zm-k\

saXm-t∏m-eoØm' F∂ AXnZo¿L-amb t]cn¬ Ie-l-Øns‚ hnØp

]mIn-b-t∏mƒ At\z-jn®v dnt∏m¿´p sNøm≥ bmt°m_v XrXo-b≥

]mXn-b¿°okv ta¬]d™ kmap-th¬ am¿ AØm-\m-kn-tbm-

kns\bmWp tIc-f-Øn-te°v Ab-®-Xv.

a™\n-°c h®v Gen-bmkv _mhm Imew sNbvX hnhcw Adn-

™-t∏mƒ h´-t»cn¬ Xncp-ta\n ùXnI-tZlw kµ¿in-°m≥ a™-

\n-°-cbv°p Xncn-®p. ae-¶c saXmt∏meoØm ]mXn-b¿°okv _mhm-

bpsS arX-tZlw kµ¿in-°m≥ hcp∂p F∂ hnhcw Inńb ]msS

a™-\n-°-c-bnse At¥ym-Jy≥ ]mf-b-Øn¬ BsI A¶-em-∏m-bn.

Ah¿ [cn-®Xv h´-t»cn Xncp-ta-\n, ùXnI-tZlw tIm´-b-tØ°v

sIm≠pt]mIp-sa-∂m-bn-cp-∂p. ]tc-X-\mb ]mXn-b¿°o-kns‚

ÿm\nI Nn”ß-fmb hne-]n-Sn® kz¿Æ …o_m-bpw, Cc- -∏-Øn-bp≈

apgp-kz¿Æ Awi-h-Sn-bpw, kz¿Æ Imkm-bpw, ]oem-kmbpw ]e Ipcn-

ip-am-e-Ifpw, cXv\-ßƒ ]Xn® saU-ep-Ifpw a‰pw h -t»cn¬ Xncpta\n


ssI°-em-°p-sa∂v Ah¿ `b-s∏-´p. am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv Bdm-a≥

icn-bm-bn- p≈ ae-¶c saXm-t∏m-eoØm BsW∂v sslt°m-S-Xn-bpsS

A¥na hn[n A\p-k-cn®v kwi-b-teisat\y Xs‚ A[n-Im-c-mh-Im-

i-ßƒ h -t»cn¬ Xncp-ta\n \S-∏n-em°ns°m≠n-cn-°p∂ ka-b-amWv.

hń-∏-W-Øns‚ 19 sIm√sØ ]eni GXm\pw Znh-k-ßƒ°p apºv

Xncp-ta\nbpw tIm SÃn-Ifpw IqSn hmßn®p Ign-™p. hń-∏-W-Øns‚

]eni "h´-t»cn¬ hdp-Ko-kns\' sIm≠v sXmSp-hn-°n-s√-∂m-bn-cp∂p

kn.- sP.- Ip-cy≥ aoi ]ncn®p BtIm-in-®n-cp-∂-Xv. At¥ym-Jy≥

Ip™m-Sp-Iƒ B hoºn-f-°¬ tI´v IqØmSn Biz-kn®p t]m∂p.

F∂n´pw Ct∏m-fn-Xm h -t»cn¬ saXm≥ 16000 cq] Kh¿sa‚n¬ \n∂p

sIń hmßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p! _Z¬ ae-¶c saXm-t∏m-eoØm-bmbn ]mXn-

b¿°okv `mKØp \n∂p sIńsb-gp-∂-≈n®p sIm≠ph∂ ]u-eqkv

am¿ AØm-\m-kn-tbmkn\v hń-∏W ]eni h´-t»cn¬ Xncp-ta\n

hmßn-s°m≠p t]mIp-∂Xv hyk-\-tØmsS t\m°n-bn-cn-t°-≠n- h∂p.

kn.- sP.- Ip-cy-\pw, tIm\m´p amØ≥ aev]m\pw CXn-\Iw acn®pt]mbn-

cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ Cu ImgvN Ah¿°v ImtW-≠-Xmbn h∂n-√. Ah¿ Pohn-

®n-cp∂p F¶n¬ AtXmsS lrZbw s]mń acn-t®s\! kn. -sP. Ipcy≥

e£-°-W-°n\v kz¥w ]Ww tIkp \S-Øm≥ Hgp°n°f-™Xv h´-

t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ae-¶c saXm-t∏m-eoØm ÿm\w C√m-sX-

bm-°m-\m-bn-cp-∂-t√m. ae-¶c k`-bn¬ k¿∆m-[n-Imcw ae-¶c saXm-

t∏m-eo-Øm-bv°m-sW∂v Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ Kh¿sa‚pw _nójv

Kh¿sa‚pw kΩ-Xn-®-Xns‚ e£-W-am-Wt√m hń-∏-W-]-eni hmßm≥

A\p-h-Zn-®Xv. Aßns\ ae-¶c k -bnse k¿∆m-[n-]-Xn-bmb Zoh∂m-

tkymkv Xncp-ta\n a™\n°c h∂v ]mXnb¿°o-kns‚ uXnI-tZlw

tIm´bw ]gbskan-\m-cn-bn¬ sIm≠pt]mbn AS°w sNø-W-sa∂v

B⁄m-]n-®m¬ k¿°mcpw AXv kΩ-Xn-s®∂p hcpw. hne- ]n-Sn®

kz¿Æ Dcp-∏-Sn-Iƒ apgp-h≥ a√-∏≈n saXm≥ ssIh-i-s∏-Sp-Øn

tIm´bw ]g-b-sk-an-\m-cn-bnse _¿Kmkm apdn-bnse Ccpºp ]qń¬

sIm≠p sN∂v sh®v aq∂v ]qń´v ]q´pw! AXns‚ aq∂v Xmt°m-ep-I-

fn¬ c≠v Xmt°m-ep-Iƒ H∂v Ipcn-b-\pw, as‰m∂v tIm\m´v aev]m\pw

In´-W-sa∂v ]d-™mbn-cp-∂-s√m ae¶c saXm-t∏m-eo-Ø-mbmbn

ÿm\-ta‰ h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\nbpambn sIm -S-Ãn-Iƒ BZyta Dc-

k¬ XpS-ßn-b-Xv. Fs¥mcp ssZh-\SØn∏mWn-Xv. I¿Ømth? B

_¿Km-km -ap-dn-bn¬ (\n-t£]apdn AYhm Safe room) At¥ym-Jy≥

]mXn-b¿°o-kns‚ kz¿Æ tiJ-chpw sN∂p-s]´v h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-

ta\n Xmt°mep aq∂pw Xp∆m-e-bn¬ sIń Npa-en-en v \S-°p∂ ImgvN

ImtW≠n hcptam? ]mXn-b¿°okv `mKsØ ][m-\n-I-fpsS Nn¥


ImSp-I-bdn; Ah¿ \ng-en-s\-t∏mepw `b-s∏-Sm≥ XpS-ßn.

a™-\n-°cbnse At¥ym-Jy≥ ]S-b-Wn-bnse ]cn-`m¥n an\n´p

tXmdpw h¿≤n®ph∂p. hntZ-iØp \n∂p h∂ ¢oaokv saXm-\pw,

dºm∑mcpw, ssdćpw Xe-]p-I™v Btem-Nn-®p. \mS≥ saXm∑mcpw

Btem-N-\-bn¬ ]s¶-Sp-Øp. At∏mƒ AXm- h-cp∂p Hcp ssZh-ZqX≥

]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂ -t]mse Ip∂w-Ipfw ]\-°¬ amØp. ]mXn-b¿°okv

_mhmsb Ip∂wIpftØ°v £Wn-®psIm≠p t]mIm-\mWv At±lw

h∂-Xv. _mhm Imew sNbvX hnhcw a™-\n-°c h∂-t∏m-gmWv Adn-

bp-∂Xv. At¥ymJym ]Xn-\n-[n-bmbn Zo¿L-Imew ]h¿Øn® …o_m

am¿- H-kvXm-Øn-tbmkv saXm-t∏m-eoØm Imew sNbvXv c≠p -h¿jta

Bbn-cp-∂p-≈p. Ip∂w-Ip-fsØ knwlm-k-\-∏-≈n-bnse am¿ -H-kvXm-

Øn-tbm-kns‚ I_-dnSw kµ¿in-°-W-sa∂v Gen-bmkv ]mXn-b¿°o-

kn\v BKlap≈-Xmbn At±lw ]d-™n-cp-∂p. At±-lsØ £Wn-

°m≥ h∂-XmWv ]\-°¬ amØp.

Bep-hm-bnse ]ueqkv am¿ AØm-\m-kn-tbm-kns‚ AXn-hm-’-

ey-hm-\mb kplr-ØmWv ]\-°¬ amØp. amØp-hn-s\-∏‰n Atß-b-

‰sØ aXn-∏mWv AØm-\mkn-tbm-kn\v. Ip∂w-Ipfw ]´-W-Øns‚

]Ya Xnc-s™-Sp-°-s∏´ ap\n-kn-∏¬ sNb¿am\mbn ]n∂oSv At±lw

tkh\w A\p-jvTn-®p. Xd-hm´p aln-abv°v A\p-tbm-Py-amb

kXyk‘ Xbpw, Imcy]m]vXnbpw HØn-W-ßnb hy‡n-Xz-am-bn-cp∂p

]\-°¬ amØp-hn-t‚-Xv. ImWm≥ AXn-tbm-Ky≥. sFizcyap≈ GtXm

IpSpw-_-Ønse AwK-am-sW∂v H‰ t\m´-Øn¬ Bcpw ]d-bpw. Ip∂w-

IpfsØ AXn-]-i-kvX-amb ]\-°¬ IpSpw-_-Ønse AwK-am-bn-cp∂p

At±lw. am¿ AØm-\m-kn-tbmkv `cn-®p- h∂ s]ßm-ap-°nse

]≈nbpw AXn-t\mSv tN¿∂p InS-°p∂ hkvXp-°-fpw, a‰pw amØp-

hns‚ ]q¿∆n-I≥ k`bv°p Zm\-ambn sImSp-Øn- p-≈-Xm-bn-cp∂psh∂v

AØm-\m-kn-tbm-kn\v Adn-bm-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ign-™n√ At¥ym-Jym-

bpsS tijvT ]Xn-\n[n F∂ `mcn® ÿm\-am-\hpw t]dn \S-∂n-

cp∂ hntZ-in-bmb …o_m am¿ HkvXmØn-tbmkv saXm≥ Xma-kn-

°phm≥ CSw-t]mepw C√msX Ip∂w-Ip-fØv Nne Zbm-ep-°ƒ hmßn-

s°m-SpØ ]d-ºn¬ Hme-∏pc sh®v sIń ad-bp-≠m°n AXn\p≈n¬

Ign™phcsh ]\-°¬ amØp-hns‚ ]nXrktlm-Z-cs‚ hoń¬

\n∂mWv At¥ymJym ]Xn-\n-[n°v Ign-°m-\p≈ im∏mSv Hcp the-

°m-c≥ hiw Znh-khpw aq∂p t\cw sImSp-Ø-b-®n-cp-∂-Xv. \mep -

h¿j-tØmfw ]\-°¬ amØp-hns‚ ]nXm-hns‚ ktlm-Zc mcy Xøm-

dm°n sImSp-Ø-b® Blmcw Ign-®mWv am¿ HkvXmØn-tbmkv


Pohn®p h∂-Xv. am¿ HkvXm-Øn-tbmkv I_-d-S-ßnb B¿Øm‰v knwlm-

k-\∏-≈n-bn¬ \n∂v At±-l-Øns‚ Poh-N-cnXw 1971- ˛¬ ]kn-≤-

s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. B Poh-N-cn-X-Øn¬ Cu hnh-c-ßƒ ImWmw

(t]Pv 68).

Ip∂w-Ipfw ]\-°¬ IpSpw-_-Øn\v ae-¶c k`-bp-ambn At`-Zy-

amb _‘-amWp≈-Xv. ]pent°m´n¬ tPmk^v am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv

Xncp-ta\n ta¬∏´w G‰p-h-cm≥ At¥ym-Jym-bnse Bao-Zn¬ (U-b¿

_°¿) Ab-®-t∏mƒ A™qdv ]h≥ B ImeØv kz¥w t]m°-

‰n¬ \n∂v FSpØp sImSp-ØXpw amØp-hns‚ ]q¿∆n-I≥ ]\-°¬

sF∏qcp F∂ [\n-I-\mb k`m-kvt\-ln-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Cu sF∏qcp

hns\ sIm®n -cm-a-h¿Ω alm-cm-Pmhv DS-hmƒ kΩm-\n®v _lp-am-\n-

®n-cp-∂p. sF∏qcp \ncym-X-\m-b-t∏mƒ B DS-hmƒ arX-tZ-l-Øn\v

kao]w sh®v FSpØ t^mt´m Ip∂w-Ip-fsØ Nne `h-\-ß-fn¬

Ct∏mgpw ImWmw. ta¬aoi sh®v Hcp Xd-hm´v Imc-W-h-cpsS

A¥ pw, B`n-Pm-Xyhpw hgn-s™m-gp-Ip∂ apJ-io-bp≈ sF∏q-cns‚

Ombm-NnXw ]pen-t°m-´n¬ tPmk^v am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv tIm´bw

]gbskan-\m-cn-bnse IΩn-‰n- am-fn-I-bnse ]Sn-™mtd Npa-cn¬ sh®n-

cp-∂p. amXyqkv ]Ya≥ ImtXm-en°m _mh-mbpsS Imew hsc B

OmbmNnXw AhnsS D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. amXyqkv ]Y-a≥ _mhm Nne

]cn-jv°m-c-ßƒ hcp-Øn-b-Xns\ XpS¿∂v B ]Sw AhnsS \n∂v

ImWm-Xmbn.

\ap°v a™-\n-°-c-bn-te°v aS-ßmw. ]\-°¬ amØphns\ I≠-

t∏mƒ ]ueqkv am¿ AØm-\m--kntbmkn\v Fs¥-∂n-√mØ Bizm-

k-ambn. At±lw a‰p-≈-h-cp-ambn IqSn Btem-Nn-®p. F∂n´v amØp-

hn-t\m-Smbn ]d-™p, "h´-t»cn¬ Xncp-ta\n Ct∏mƒ hcpw. ]mXn-

b¿°o-kns‚ kz¿Æ-®-a-b-ß-ƒ apgp-h≥ At±lw sIm≠p-t]m-Ipw.

amØp Hcp-]-Imcw sNø-Ww. CsX√mw Ip∂w-Ip-f-tØ°v sIm≠p-

t]mbn \ns‚ \ne-h-d-bn¬ kq£n®v shbv°-Ww. ka-b-am-Ip-tºmƒ

Rßƒ h∂v hmßn®psIm≈mw. H´pw Xma-kn-°-cpXv. thKw Ip∂w-

Ip-f-tØ°v Xncn-t®m-fq.' Ah-cpsS F√mw \n¿t±-i-]-Imcw At\Iw

]h≥ hcp∂ kz¿Æ Dcp-∏-Sn-Ifpw sIm≠v At±lw Ip∂w-Ip-f-tØ°v

Xncn-®p. Bcpw Adn-bmsX AsX√mw Ip∂w-Ipfw ]\-°¬ amfn-I-

bnse \ne-h-d-bn¬ `Z-ambn kq£n-®p.

Ip∂w-Ip-f-tØ°v sIm≠p-t]m-Im≥ ]d-™-Xn¬ as‰mcp kwK-Xn-

IqSn Hfn-™n-cn-∏p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. A∂v Ip∂w-Ipfw sIm®n cmPy-Øn¬

s] -Xm-bn-cp-∂p. Xncp-hnXmwIqdn¬ h√-bn-SØpw Hfn-∏n-®m¬ h -t»cn¬


Xncp-ta\n k¿®v hmd≠v kºm-Zn®v AsX√mw Is≠-Sp-sØ-¶ntem

F∂v `b-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. sIm®n-bn-em-sW-¶n¬ AX Ffp∏w I≠p-

]n-Sn-°m-\m-hn-√. tIkpw, tk¿®pw hcn-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ AsX√mw

]pjv]w t]mse ssIImcyw sNøm≥ D≈ Ignhv amØp-hn-\p-s≠∂v

AØm-\m-kn-tbm-kn\v Adn-bm-am-bn-cp-∂p.

CXn¬ \n∂v h´-t»cn¬ Xncp-ta-\nsb FX `b-∂mWv At¥ym-

Jy≥ ]`r-Xn-Iƒ A∂v Ign-™n-cp-∂-sX∂v Duln-°mw. as‰mcp kXyw

IqsS CXn¬ shfn-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. alm-\mb h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\nsb

icn°pw a\- n-em-°m≥ ]mXn-b¿°okv mKsØ t\Xr-am-\y-∑m¿°v

Ign-™n-cp-∂n√ F∂p-≈-Xm-Wv. Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS hy‡n-am-lm-fly-hpw,

al-Xzhpw a\- n-em-°m-\p≈ Ignhv Ah¿°v C√m-sX-t]mbn. A]-cn-

jvIr-Xcpw CSp-ßnb a\-ÿn-Xn-°m-cp-amb Xp¿°n-bnse Ad_n

InkvXym\nI-fp-am-bp≈ \nc-¥c kº¿°w aqew Zqc-°m-gvN-bpw,

hnime- a-\-ÿn-Xnbpw At¥ymJym ‡-∑m¿°v CXn-\Iw \jvS-s∏´p

t]mbn-cp-∂p.

a√-∏≈n Xncp-ta\n bYm-k-abw a™-\n-°c FØn. ]mXn-b¿

°okns‚ ÿm\ aln-asb Hm¿Øpw k`bn¬ kam-[m\w ]p\-ÿm-

]n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ kml-Ncyw h¿≤n-∏n-°psa∂p≈ hnhcw a\- n-em°n

At±-lsØ ae-¶c k`-bpsS Xe-ÿm-\-amb tIm´-bØp AS°W-

sa∂v AhnsS IqSn-bn-cn-°p-∂-h-tcmSv Bh-iy-s∏-´p. At∏mƒ AhnsS

kzm[o\w IqSp-X-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂-h¿°v AX Zqc-Øn¬ ImWm≥ Ign-

hn-√m-Xn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ Ah¿ hn -Ω-Xn-®p. ""\mw \n¿_-‘n-°p-∂n√.

ihw sh®v hne t]im≥ \mw BK-ln-°p-∂n-√'' F∂v AhnsS IqSn-

bn-cn-°p-∂-h¿ tIƒs° ]d™v ]Xn-hp≈ ]m¿∞-\-Ifpw \SØn

k`m-`m-kp-c≥ aS-ßn-t∏m-∂p. Gen-bmkv ]mXn-b¿°o-kns‚ arX-

icocw a™-\n-°c I_-d-S-°m≥ kwK-Xn-bm-bn. k`m kam-[m-\-Øn\v,

AtXm kmamPy ÿm]-\-Øn-t\m h∂ B AXyp-∂X alm-]p-tcm-

ln-Xs‚ `uXn-Im-h-injvSw ae-¶-c-bpsS aÆn¬ A¥yhniaw

sIm≈m≥ CS-h-∂p. ImtXm-en-°m-bpsS `c-W-koa-bn¬ ]mXn-

b¿°okv Imew sNbvXm¬ ImtXm-en-°m-bpsS Bÿm-\-Øpw ]mXn-

b¿°o-kns‚ `c-W-ko-a-bn¬ ImtXm-en°m Imew sNbvXm¬ ]mXn-

b¿°o-kns‚ Bÿm-\Øpw I_-d-S°s∏SWw F∂mWv lq-Zmb

Imt\m\n¬.

]mXn-b¿°o-kns‚ kz¿Æ tiJcw Ip∂w-Ip-f-tØ°p sIm≠p

t]mb Imcyw apI-fn¬ ]d-™-t√m. AXn-t\mSv A\p-_-‘n®v ]n∂o-

Sp-≠mb Hcp kw`hw IqSn ChnsS tcJ-s∏-SpØns°m≈-s´. kz¿Æ


Dcp-∏-Sn-Iƒ aq∂p amk-tØmfw ]\-°¬ amfn-I-bnse \ne-h-d-bn¬

kpJ kpjp-]vXn-bn¬ Ign-™p. ]ns∂ th≠-s∏-´-h¿ h∂v hmßn

s°m≠p-t]m-bn.

`c-W-L-S\m \n¿ΩmWw

h´-t»cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS `c-W-Imew tIkpw, hg°pw sIm≠v

\nd-™-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. ta¬]-´-ta‰v ae-¶-c-bn¬ Xncn-s®Øn A[nIw

sshImsX Xs∂ ]pen-t°m- n¬ tPmk v am¿ Zoh∂m-tkymkv Imew

sNbvXp. h -t»cn¬ Xncp-ta\n ae-¶c saXm-t∏m-eo-Ø-mbmbn ÿm\w

G‰p. GXm\pw \mƒ Ign-bp-tºmtg°pw A_vZp≈m ]mXn-b¿°okv

_mhm FØn. ]ns∂ DS-ºSn tNmZn®psIm≠p≈ òj-Wn-bm-bn, apS-

°m-bn, k - c-≠p- tN-cn-bm-bn-Øn-cn™v hg°pw tIkp-I-fp-am-bn. CXn-

\n-S-bn¬ kzÿ-am-bn-cp∂v `cn-°m≥ kabw Inń-bn√. F∂mepw

Aev]w Bizm-k-tam, kmh-Im-itam In´p-tºmƒ k`bv°v ]tbm-P-

\-I-c-amb Imcy-ßƒ \n¿∆-ln-°p-hm≥ At±lw i≤n-°m-dp-≠m-bn-

cp∂p. Iem-]-ß-fp-tS-bpw, ASn-sbm-gp-°p-I-fp-tSbpw \mfp-I-fn¬ k`-

bpsS X\n-abpw, kwkvIm-chpw \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xn\p sI´p-d-∏p≈ Hcp

\√ `c-W-L-S\ th≠Xv AXym-h-iy-am-sW∂v h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-

\n°v t_m≤y-ambn. hń-∏W-t°-kns‚ ]p\¿hnNm-cW Ign™v

hnPbw Ic-ÿ-am-°n-b-t∏mƒ `c-W-L-S\ FgpXn D≠m-°p-hm-\p≈

iaw Bcw-`n-®p. _Y-\n-bpsS Cuhm-\n-tbm-kn-t\-bpw, ]mtd´v A®-

t\bpw AXn-\mbn \ntbm-Kn-®p. tPm¨ h°o-ens‚ klm-bhpw tXSn.

1104 taSw 11- \v tPm¨ h°o-ens‚ A≤y-£-X-bn¬ Fw.- Un. skan-

\m-cn-bn¬ tbmKw IqSp-Ibpw hnjb\n¿Æ-b- I-Ωn-‰nsb \nb-an-°p-

Ibpw sNbvXp. amΩ≥ am∏nf, G.- Fw. h¿°n, kn. -H. DΩ≥, ‰n.

tPmk^v apX-emb ]Øp-\qdp t]cp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. 12 \n›-b-ßƒ

sNbvXp. hnizm-kw, in£Ww Ch-bn¬ saXm∑mcpsS kp∂-l-tZm-

kn\v ]q¿Æm-[n-Imcw kΩ-Xn-®p. a‰p≈ Imcy-ßƒ°v s]mXp tbmK-

Øn\v A[n-Im-c-ap-≠m-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂v `qcn-]£w t]cpw A`n-]m-b-

s∏-´p.

ho≠pw I¿°-SIw 22 \v amt\-Pnßv IΩn‰n IqSn. ImtXm-en-°m-

_m-hm-bpw, Zoh-∂m-tkymkv Xncp-ta-\nbpw, Fw.- F. Nmt°m, F. ]oen-

t∏mkv apX-em-b-hcpw ]kw-Kn-®p. HSp-hn¬ hnizm-kw, in£Ww F∂n-

h-bn¬ amX-a-√, as‰√m Imcy-ß-fnepw Ah-km-\m-[n-Imcw kp∂-l-

tZm-kn-\m-sW∂p t\Xm-°∑m¿ P\-]-£-Øp- \n∂p kΩXn®p.

IΩn‰n

1105 Nnßw H∂n\p ]gbskan-\m-cn-bn¬ tbmKw IqSn c-W-L-S\sb


kw_-‘n-®p≈ Btem-N\bn¬ tbmPn-∏p-≠m-°n. hnizm-km-Nm-c-ß-

fp-tS-bpw, a‰p-≈-h-bp-sSbpw ]c-am-[n-Imcw saXm∑m-cpsS kp∂-l-tZm-

kn-\m-sW∂v kΩ-Xn-®p. `c-W-L-S\ Fgp-Xp-∂-Xn\p ]qX-°p-gn-bn¬

F_lmw IØ-\m¿, sNdnbaT-Øn¬ aev]m≥ A®≥, sI.- kn. amΩ≥

am∏n-f, H. -Fw. sNdn-bm≥ F∂n-h¿ Dƒs∏sS ]Ø-wK IΩn-‰nsb

\nb-an-®p. _Y-\n- sa-Xms‚ doØv ]ÿm-\hpw, a‰pw `c-W-LS\m

\n¿Ωm-W-sØ ieyw sNbvXpsIm≠n-cp-∂p. Gen-bmkv XrXo-bs‚

BK-a-\hpw XpS¿∂p-≠mb kw`h hnIm-k-ßfpw c-W-L-S\m \n¿Ωm-

W-Øn\p Xmakw hcp-Øn. 1107 CS-h-Øn¬ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv `c-

W-L-S\m \n¿Ωm-W-Øn\v IqSp-X¬ i≤- sN-ep-Øp-hm≥ XpS-ßn.

F∂m¬ hyh-ÿ-Iƒ kw_-‘n®v At±-lhpw ImtXm-en°m

_mhmbpw, `c-W-L-S\m IΩn‰n I¨ho-\¿ H. -Fw. sNdn-bm-\p-ambn

tbmPn-∏n¬ FØn-bn-√.

1108 Nnßw 28, 29 F∂o Xob-Xn-I-fn¬ `c-W-L-S\m IΩn‰n IqSn.

kºq¿Æ F∏n-kvtIm-∏¬ `c-W-co-Xn-°-√msX as‰m-∂n\pw F∏n-

kvtIm-∏¬ kp∂-l-tZm-kn\p kΩ-X-an-√m-bn-cp-∂p. F¶nepw hnizmkw,

]utcm-lnXyw, A\p-jvTm-\-ßƒ Ch Hgn®p [\-]-c-amb Imcy-ßƒ

P\-ß-fpsS IΩn-‰n°p hnSp-hm≥ kp∂-l-tZmkp kΩ-Xn-®p. ]qP-

shbv]v Ah-[n-°m-eØv IΩn‰n ho≠pw IqS-W-sa∂pw A∂-tØbv°v

Cu XXz-ß-f-\p-k-cn®v Um v‰v LS\ FgpXn D≠m-°-W-sa∂pw Xocp-

am-\n-®p. F∂m¬ [\-]-c-amb Imcy-ßƒ hnizm-km-Zn-Isf kv]¿in-

°p-∂-Xmbn hcp∂ L´-Øn¬ AXn-t∑¬ Ah-km\ Xocp-am-\-Øn-

\p≈ Ah-Imiw saXm∑mcpsS kp∂-l-tZm-kn¬ \n£n-]vX-am-bn-cn-

°p-sa∂v Hcp hyhÿ Bh-iy-am-sW∂v am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkpw,

ImtXm-en°m _mhmbpw tbmPn®v Xo¿®-s∏-SpØn hnhcw AwK-ßsf

Adn-bn-®p. Hcp ]tXyI kwKXn Bflo-btam, euInItam F∂p

Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ A[n-Imcw kp∂-l-tZm-kn\v Bbn-cn-°-W-

sa-∂-Xns\∏‰nbpw HØpXo¿∏p-≠m-bn.

am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv saXm-t∏m-eoØm Hcp `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS

\°¬ kz¥-ambn FgpXn D≠m-°n "ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS `c-W-L-S-

\sb∏‰n-bp≈ A`n-]m-b-ßƒ' F∂ Xe-s°´p sImSpØp saXm-

t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS t]cp h®v "tIcf tIkcn' ]X-Øn¬ 1107 anYp\w 9

\v i\n-bmgvN apX¬ ]e Znh-k-ß-fn-embn ]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øn. h´-t»-

cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS c-W-Im-eØv c-W-L-S\ ]m m-°mt\m, ]q¿Øn-

bm-°mt\m Ign-™n-√.


]mXn-b¿°okv sXc-s™-Sp-∏v

Gen-bmkv XrXo-b≥ ae-¶-cbn¬ sh®v Nc-a-a-S-™-tXmSp IqSn

bmt°m-_m-b-°m¿°v At¥ymJym ]mXn-b¿°okv C√m-sX-bm-bn.

Hgnhp h∂ ]mXn-b¿°o-kns‚ ÿm\-tØ°v Hcmsf A[nIw Xma-

kn-bmsX Db¿Øp-sa∂v h´-t»cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n°v Adn-bm-am-bn-cp-∂p.

AXn-\mbn kp∂-l-tZmkv DSs\ tNcp-sa∂v At±lw Duln-®p.

AXn¬ kw_-‘n-°p-∂-Xn\p ae-¶-c-bv°p≈ Ah-Im-ihpw Chn-SpsØ

taev]- -°msc £Wn-t°-≠-Xns‚ Bh-iyhpw ioa-bnse saXm-∑msc

ap≥Iq´n Adn-bn-°p-∂Xv \∂mbn-cn-°p-sa∂v am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv

saXm-t∏m-eoØm Icp-Xn. At±lw 1932 s^_p-hcn 10- \p bdp-itew

saXm\v Hcp Iºn-k-tµiw Ab®p: "ImtXm-en-t°m-kpw, ae-_m¿ aPn-

eokpw tNcmsX ]mXn-b¿°o-kns\ sXc-s™-Sp-Øm¬ BbXv ae-

¶-c-k` AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂-X-√. a‰p saXm≥am-scbpw Zb-hmbn Adn-bn-

°-Ww.''

CtX hmN-I-Øn¬ Xs∂ Bse-t∏m-bnse AØm-\m-kn-tbm-kn\pw

Iºn ASn-®p. F∂m¬ AXns‚ Ah-km\Øn¬, tkth-dn-tbm-kn-

s\bpw a‰p saXm-∑m-scbpw, aqk-enepw Adn-bn-°-Ww F∂mWv tN¿

Øn-cp-∂-Xv. Cu Iºn ktµ-isØ _e-s∏-SpØn am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv

saXm-t∏m-eoØm 1932 am¿®v 7 \v Hcp IØv FgpXn. `mhn-bn¬ hyh-

lmcw hcp-tºmƒ tcJ-bmbn ImWn-°m≥ Dt±-in-®p≈ Zo¿L-Zr-jvSn-

tbm-Sp≈ IØmWv h -t»cn¬ Xncp-ta\n Ab-®-Xv. ]mXn-b¿°o-kns‚

sXc-s™-Sp-∏n¬ ]¶p hln-°p-∂-Xn\v ae-¶-c-bv°p≈ Ah-Imiw

AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw, Aßns\ Xßƒ `mK-`m-°p-I-fm-Ip-Ibpw

sNømØ Xnc-s™-Sp-∏ns\ ae¶c kzoI-cn-°p-∂-X-s√∂v AXn¬

ImWn-®n-cp-∂p. Bse-t∏m-bnse tXmΩm, sbdp-i-te-anse KntKm-dn-

tbmkv, a¿±o-\nse Cuhm-\n-tbmkv F∂o saXm-∑m¿°v IØns‚

tIm∏n-Iƒ Ab®psImSp-Øp. hfsc ]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p∂ Hcp

IØmWv h -t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n ioa-bnse saXm≥am¿°v Fgp-Xn-bXv.

ae-¶c ˛ At¥ymJym _‘sØ∏‰nbpw, Chn-SpsØ ÿnXn-K-Xn-I-

sf-∏-‰nbpw a‰pw hfsc Imcy-amX ]k-‡-ambn AXn¬ kqNn-∏n-®n-

´p≠v. AXns‚ D≈-S°w Xmsg tN¿°p-∂p. kap-Zm-b-t°-kn¬ Cu

IØv Hcp tcJ-bmbn A°-an´v tN¿Øn-´p-≠v:

""]Øp h¿jw tdmam -k-`-bn¬ Hcp saXm-\mbn Ign-™-tijw,

\ap°v Gh¿°pw Adn-hp≈hn[w Xp¿°n kp¬Øm-s\tbm, DtZym-

K-ÿ-sctbm ]m´n-em°n A_vZ¬ anin-lm-bpsS ¿am≥ A_vZp≈m

]n≥h-en-∏n-°p-I-bpw, X\n°v AXv e`y-am-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. B \S]Sn


Imt\m-\nItam -k- sb _‘s∏SpØp-∂tXm BsW∂p \ap°v A`n-

]m-b-an-√. \nßfpw CXnt\mSp tbmPn-°p-sa∂v ]Xo-£n-°p-∂p. ]tbm-

Kn-°-s∏´ IpX-¥-Øns‚ ê-ambn A_vZ¬ aninlm, ]mXn-b¿°o-

k-√msX Bbn-t∏m-sb∂p Rm≥ hniz-kn-°p-∂n-√.''

XpS¿∂v A_vZp≈m h∂Xpw apS°p ktµiw ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-®Xpw

AXp -aqew Ccp-]Xp h¿j-°mew ChnsS \S∂ ZpxJ-I-c-amb hyh-

lm-c-ßfpw Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-Ibpw, hń-∏-W-Øns‚, A¥nahn[n hgn

A_vZp≈m ]mXn-b¿°o-kns‚ apS°p Iev]\ IY-bn-√m-ØXpw Xosc

hne-bn-√m-ØXpw BbnØo¿∂Xpw hnh-cn-°p-Ibpw hn[n-\ym-b-Øn¬

\n∂p Nne `mK-ßƒ IØn¬ D≤-cn-°p-I-bpw sNbvXn-´p-≠v. IØv

]n∂oSv Cßns\ XpS-cp-∂p: ""Gen-bmkv ]mXn-b¿°o-kns\ ae-¶-c-

bpsS kl-I-cWw IqSmsX sXc-s™-Sp-Øp. AXp-sIm≠v ae-¶c

At±-l-sØ AwKo-I-cn-®n√. F¶nepw k -bn¬ kam-[m\w D≠m-hs´

F∂p IcpXn Rm≥ a¿±o≥ hsc t]mbn ian-®p. Ipg∏w Xo¿°m≥

bqen-tbm-kns\ kam-[m\ ZqX-\mbn Ctßm-´-b®p. ChnsS FØn-b-

tijw Abmƒ Imep-amdn. ]n∂oSv Fs∂ kkvs]≥Up sNbvXp F∂p

\Sn-°p-Ibpw ]Xn-bm°n Hcp tIkp sImSp-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. AXv

Ae-kn-t∏m-bn. Rm≥ hń-∏W∏-eni hmßn. ]ns∂ Gen-bmkv ]mXn-

b¿°n-kp h∂v kZp-t±-iy-tØmSp IqSn Bbn-cp-∂n-cn-°-Ww, Rm≥

ae-¶-c -sa-Xm-\m-sW∂pw At±-l-Øns‚ hess¶ BsW∂pw ]Jym-

]n-®p. At±lw kµ¿in® F√m ]≈n-I-fn-¬ h®pw k`-bn¬ kam-

[m\w D≠m-°Ww F∂p \nth-Z\w e`n-®p. ]n∂oSp sNdnb ]≈n-I-

fn-te°p amXw At±-lsØ sIm≠p-t]m-IpI F∂ X¥w kzoI-cn-

°-s∏´p. HSp-hn¬ B⁄mt]-£-I-\mb Hcp sshZn-I≥ ASp-Ø-

ImeØp ÿm]n® Hcp sIm®p]≈n-bn¬ h®v At±lw Ncaw

AS™p. ]mXn-b¿°o-kn\v A\p-tbm-Py-amb hn[w I_-d-S°w \S-

Øm-sa∂v Rm≥ AhnsS HmSn FØn ]d-™p. AXp kzoI-cn-°-s∏-

ń-√. hg°p IqSmsX Ign-°m≥ Rm≥ AhnsS \n∂p ]n≥am-dp-Ibpw

sNbvXp. CXmWv Chn-SsØ ÿnXn. kwJy, hnZym-`ym-kw, ]≈n-Iƒ,

[\ÿnXn, kmaqly\ne F∂o Imcy-ßƒ FSp-Øm¬ Hm¿Ø-

tUmIvkv kpdn-bm\n k -bn¬ qcn-]£w Rßƒ°v (a-e-¶c k -bv°v)

BWv. Chn-SpsØ Bfp-I-fn¬ aq∂n¬ c≠p `mKhpw A_vZp≈m

]mXn-b¿°o-kn-s‚bpw bqen-tbm-kn-s‚bpw hnIn-b-I-tfmSpw \b-ß-

tfmSpw hntbm-Pn-°p∂hcp-am-Wv.

\nß-fpsS kwJy Rß-fp-tS-Xns‚ ]Øn-sem-∂n√. \nß-

fpsS cmPyØv BsI Ft´m, H-ºtXm saXm-∑mcpw Ah¿°v


HmtcmcpØ¿°pw Ht∂m ct≠m ]≈n-tbm, Hcp Zb-dmtbm hoXhpw

BWt√m D≈Xv. Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`-bn¬ Rßƒ°p≈ Hu∂-

Xyhpw \nß-fpsS imJbv°v kw -hn® A[x-]-X-\hpw C∂p≈ k¥m-

]-I-c-amb ÿnXnbpw a\- n-em°nØcp-∂-Xn-\mWv Cu hn[w Fgp-

Xp-∂-Xv. \nß-fp-am-bp≈ _‘w hnS¿Øn-°m≥ A_vZp≈m ]mXn-

b¿°okv th≠-sX√mw sNbvXp. bqen-tbmkv XpS¿∂v ]cn-i-an-®p.

aq∂-c- e£w A\p-bm-bn-Ifp≈ Hcp saXm-t∏m-eo-Ømsb ae-¶ck`-

bpsS euIn-I-ß-fn-t∑¬ k¿∆m-[n-]Xyw hn´psImSp-°m-Xn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬

apS°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ [m¿jvSy-amWv A_vZp≈m ]mXn-b¿°okv ]I-Sn-

∏n-®Xv. AXn¬ ]mXn-b¿°o-kn\p tXm¬hn ]‰n. F∂mepw ae-¶-c-

k` hfsc A[nIw \„w kln®p. [\-\„w amX-a√, ]mXn-b¿°o-

kns\ ]n≥Xm-ßp-∂-h¿ tIkp-Iƒ°p -th≠n I≈-]-am-W-ßƒ

kr„n -°p -Ibpw I≈ km£n ]d -bn -°p -Ibpw sNbvXp.

A_vZp≈mbpsS sUen-tK‰v F∂v Ah-Im-i-s∏´ncp∂ HkvXm-tØymkv

saXm≥ kz¥w ssI∏-S-bn¬ lqZmb Imt\ms‚ Hcp I≈ ]Xn

FgpXn icn-s∏-Sp-ØpI t]mepw sNbvXp. ae-¶-cbv°v hnhn[ Xc-Øn-

ep≈ ]m[m\yw ]cn-K-Wn®v ImtXm-en°m knwlm-k\w Rßƒ

ChnsS ]p\-ÿm-]n®p. ]mXn-b¿°o-kns‚ Bÿm\w ]e iX-I-ß-

fmbn tZim-¥cw sNbvXp sIm≠n-cn-°p-∂Xp IW-°n-se-Sp-°p-tºmƒ

A_vZ¬ ain-lm-bpsS kl-I-c-W-tØm-Sp -IqSn ChnsS ImtXm-en°m

knwlm-k\w ÿm]n-®-Xn¬ Ia-t°-sSm-∂p-an√. ]mXn-b¿°o-kn\v

ChnsS t\cn´p `c-Wm-[n-Imcw Hcn-°epw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. AXp In´p-

∂-Xn\p ASp-Ø -ImeØp sNbvX ia-ßƒ XI-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv kpdn-bm\n k`-bpsS G‰w henb imJ Rß-fp-tS-

XmWv. ]mXn-b¿°okv C∂p h\cln-X-\mWv. Cu hkvXp-X-Iƒ a\-

n-em°n th≠ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°Ww. \nß-sfbpw \nß-fpsS

cmPy-sØbpw ssZhw c£n-°s´'' (k-ap-Zmb tIkn¬ 65 ˛mw A°-

ambn Cu tcJ tN¿Øn-´p-≠v).

Zoh-∂m-tkym-kn\v £Ww

h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS kpZo¿L-amb IØv In´n-bn´pw Ad_n-

sa-Xm-∑m¿ ae-¶-c-bnse saXm-t∏m-eo-Ø-∑msc £Wn-°pI D≠m-

bn√. "Rß-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ \nßsf ASp-∏n-°-bn√' F∂ XXz-am-

bn-cp∂p Ah-cp-tSXv. AtX kabw ae-¶-c-bnse Imcy-ß-fn¬ Ah¿°p

ssII-S-Øp-Ibpw thWw. CXm-bn-cp∂p \ne-]mSv. ]mXn-b¿°okv Xnc-

s™-Sp∏v \hw-º¿ 14 \v kndn-bm-bnse tlmwkn¬ h®v \S-Ø-W-

sa∂v Xp¿°nbnse saXm∑m¿ Xocp-am-\n-®p. At]w tkth-dn-tbmkv


saXm≥ Hcp IØp aqew Zoh-∂m-tkym-kns\ AXn-te°p hy‡n-]-c-

ambn £Wn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Bep-hm-bnse At¥ymJym ‡-\mbn

Ign-™n-cp∂ ]utemkv am¿ AØm-\m-tkym-kn\pw CXp-t]m-semcp

IØv e`n-®n-cp-∂p. IØp Inńb hnhcw ImWn®v e≠-\n¬ ae-¶-

cbv°pw At¥ym-Jymbv°pw CS-bn¬ Hcp a≤y-ÿ≥ F∂ \ne-bn¬

Ign-™p-h-∂n-cp∂ kndn-bm-°m-c≥ tUm. m`m-bnbv°v h -t»-cn¬ Xncp-

ta\n Hcp Iºn ktµiw 1108 Xpemw 3 \v Ab-®p. a√-∏≈n Xncp-ta-\n-

bpsS skI-´dn aW-en¬ bmt°m_p siΩm-»≥ F√m hnh-c-ßfpw

ImWn®pw bqen-tbmkv saXms\ hnhcw Adn-bn-°-W-sa∂v A`y¿

∞n®pw Hcp IØv Ab-®p. kmam\yw Zo¿L-amb B IØv am¿ Zoh-

∂m-tkym-kns‚ Ub-dn-bn¬ 1108 ¬ 68 F∂ \º¿ sImSpØp tN¿Øn-

´p-≈-Xp-sIm≠v AXv Hcp HutZym-KnI tcJ-bm-bn-´m-Wv KWn-®n-cp-∂-

sX∂p hy‡-am-Wv. Bb-Xns‚ Npcp°w Xmsg sImSp-°p-∂p: ""]mXn-

b¿°okns‚ sXcs™-Sp-∏n\p kp∂-l-tZmkv IqSp∂ ka-bØv am¿

Zoh-∂m-tkymkv, AØm-\m-tkymkv, bqen-tbmkv F∂n-h¿ Hcp-an®v

sN√Wsa∂p kndn-b-bn¬ \n∂pw Adn-bn∏p e`n-®n-´p-≠v. AXnse

hmN-I-ßƒ ae-¶ck`bv°v A`n-am\£bhpw AXr-]vXnbpw P\n-∏n-

°p-∂-Xm-I-sIm-≠pw, ae-¶-c-bnse a‰p≈ taev]-´-°msc £Wn-°p-I-

tbm, aPn-eo-kns\ (am-t\-PnwKv IΩ-n‰n) Adn-bn-°p-Isbm, Adn-bn°-

W-sa∂p Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-Itbm sNbvXn-ń-√m-Ø-Xp-sIm≠pw k`-bpsS

kam-[m-\-Øn\p Imw£n-®n-cn-°p∂ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-

bv°pw CXp tJZ-I-mc-W-ambn `hn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. At±lw sXc-s™-Sp-

∏n¬ kw_-‘n-°m≥ t]mIp-∂n-√.''

ASpØ ]mXn-b¿°okv Bhm≥ t]mIp-∂Xv At]w tkth-dn-

tbmkv saXm≥ Bbn-cn-°p-sa-∂p≈ kqN\ ae-¶-c-bn¬ Inńbncp∂p.

ioa-bnse saXm-∑mcpsS Iq -Øn¬ AXym-h-i-yØn\v Cw•ojv kwkm-

cn-°m≥ ]‰p-∂Xv At±-l-Øn\p -am-X-am-bn-cp-∂p. am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv

1932 HtŒm-_¿ 21 \v 70-˛mw \º-cmbn Hcp IØv At]w tkth-dn-tbm-

kn\v Ab-®p. Cw•o-jn¬ Fgp-Xnb B IØns‚ ]I¿∏v Ub-dn-bn¬

D≠v. B IØns‚ D≈-S°w Xmsg sImSp-°p-∂p:

""]mXn-b¿°o-kns\ sXc-s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\p sXk-do≥ amkw

BZyw \S-Øp∂ kp∂-l-tZm-kn\v Fs∂ £Wn-°p-∂-Xmbn sbdp-

i-te-an¬ \n∂p≈ Ceq¬ amkw 11-˛mw Xob-Xn-bnse IØp- In-ń.

ImtXm-en-t°m-kn-s\bpw Chn-SpsØ saXm-t∏m-eo-Ø-∑m-scbpw £Wn-

®n-ń-√. At¥ym-Jy≥ knwlm-k\w kw_-‘n® Imcy-ß-fn¬ Ahn-

SpsØ aPoen-kn\v Xpey-amb ÿm\w Chn-SpsØ aPo-en-kn\v Ds≠∂v


]tXmkv XrXo-b≥ ]mXn-b¿°okv kp∂-l-tZm-kn¬ sh®p Xs∂

]Jym-]n-®n-´p-≠v. Aßns\ D≈ aPo-en-kns\ hnhcw [cn-∏n-°-W-

sa∂p t]mepw IØn¬ Bh-iy-s∏-ń-ń-√. Fs∂bpw am¿ AØm-\m-

tkym-kn-s\bpw Aß-bpsS acym-Z -sIm≠pw kam-[m\Imw£-

sIm≠pw amX-amWv hy‡n-]-c-amb \ne-bn-se-¶nepw £Wn-®n-cn-°p-

∂Xv. sXc-s™-Sp-∏n¬ `mK-`m-°m-°p-∂-Xn\v F\n°p Ah-Imiw

Ds≠∂p hnNm-cn-®n-´√ F∂p Duln-t°-≠-Xmbn h∂n-cn-°p-∂p.

F∂m¬ Chn-SpsØ k -bp-sS A[n-Im-cm-h-Im-i-ßƒ ]q¿Æ-ambn

Ah-K-Wn-®m¬ Ahn-SpsØ DØ-a-amb e£yw kam-[m\w ]m]n-

°m≥ km[n-°msX hcp-sa∂v [cn-°m-Ø-sX¥p-sIm-s≠∂p a\- n-

em-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂n-√. k`-bn¬ kam-[m\w D≠mhWw F∂p≈

hmRvO-sIm≠v hfsc _p≤n-ap v kln®v a¿±o-\n¬ t]mbn Gen-bmkv

]mXn-b¿°o-kns\ I≠v kam-[m\w ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xn\p≈ am¿§-ß-

sf-∏‰n N¿® sNbvX Rm≥ C∂pw kam-[m-\-Øn\p AXn-bmbn BK-

ln-°p∂p. Aß-bpsS IØp ss\cm-iy-Øn\p Imc-W-ambn F¶nepw,

Fs∂ £Wn-°p-∂-Xv kam-[m\w ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xn-\m-sW∂v AXn¬

kqNn-∏n-®n-´p-≈Xv Bim-h-l-am-bn -tXm-∂p-∂p.''

At]w ]Y-a≥ ]mXn-bm¿°okv

am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkns‚ IØpw, Iºn-bp-sa√mw Ah-K-Wn®v

At]w tkth-dn-tbm-kns\ ]mXn-b¿°okmbn Xnc-s™-SpØp. 1933

s^_p-hcn 13 \p am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kn\p am¿ bqen-tbmkv Ab®

Iºn ktµ-i-Øn¬ \n∂m-Wv Xnc-s™-Sp∏v êw ChnsS Adn-bp-

∂Xv. At]w ]mXn-b¿°okns\ A\p-tam-Zn®pw, kam-[m-\-]-c-amb

`c-W-Im-e-hpw, tib- pw, Zo¿Lm-bp pw t\¿∂pw, Iºn Inńb A∂p

Xs∂ adp-]-Sn-bmbn Hcp tI_nƒ Ab-®p.

Koh¿Kokv am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv A¥y-Im-e-tØm-S-Sp-Ø-t∏mƒ

C\nbpw sNbvXp Xo¿t°-≠-sX∂v At±-l-Øn\v tXm∂nb Imcy-ßƒ

ipjvIm¥n-tbmsS sNøm≥ ian-®p-sIm-≠n-cp∂p. 1106 Nnßw 19- \v

(4 ˛ 10 -˛ 1930) IqSnb ae-¶c At m-kn-tb-js‚ \n›-b-a-\p-k-cn®v

saXm≥ ÿm\-tØ°v Xnc-s™-Sp-°-s∏´ ]pØ≥Imhn¬ sI.- ‰n.

Koh¿Kokv dºms\ ImtXm-en°m _mhm, h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bp-

sSbpw a‰v saXm-t∏m-eo-Ø-∑m-cp-tSbpw kl-I-c-W-tØm-Sp- IqSn 1930

\hw-_¿ 9 \v am¿ ]oe-Ivko-t\mkv F∂ \ma-Øn¬ ]cp-ae skan-

\m-cn-bn¬ h®v Xpº-a¨ CS-h-I-bpsS saXm-t∏m-eoØm Bbn hmgn®p.


aqtdm≥ IqZmi

1931 G]n¬ 20 \p tIm´bw ]gbskan-\m-cn-bn¬ h®v ae-¶c saXm-

t∏m-eo-Øm-bp-sS-bpw a‰p Xncp-ta-\n-am-cp-tSbpw kl-I-c-W-Øn¬ _mhm

Xncp-ta\n hn. aqtdm≥ IqZmi \SØn. 1107 CShw 12 \p hmf-°pgn

tPmk v dºm-®s\ am¿ tkth-dn-tbmkv F∂ t]cn¬ Xncp-h√ _Y\n

Aca\ Nm∏-en¬ h®v _mhm Xncp-ta-\nbpw a‰p saXm-∑mcpw IqSn

saXm-\mbn hmgn®p. ]n∂oSv Cu tkth-dn-tbmkv k`m]cn-h¿Ø\w

sNbvXp tdmam k`-bn¬ tN¿∂p.

Imew sNbvXp

]pXp-Xmbn ]mXn-b¿°okmbn hmgn-°-s∏´ At]w ]Y-a≥ ]Tn-

∏p≈ Bfm-I-bm¬ ae-¶-c-bn¬ kam-[m\w D≠m-°m≥ ap≥ssI FSp-

°-W-sa∂p ImWn®v h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n Hcp IØ-b-®n-cp∂p.

AXns‚ adp]-Sn-bmbn ]mXn-b¿°okv Bep-hm-bnse am¿ AØm-\m-

tkym-kn\pw h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n°pw IØp-Iƒ Ab-®p. Ccp-hcpw

IqSn Btem-Nn®v Bh-iy-amb hyh-ÿ-Iƒ FgpXn Adn-bn-°-W-

sa∂pw AXp kzoI-cn®p I¬]\ Ab-bv°m-sa-∂pw Bbn-cp∂p ]mXn-

b¿°o-kns‚ IØnse kmcw.

XpS¿∂p-≠mb kwK-Xn-Iƒ ae-¶ck`-bnse ImtXm-en-°m-am¿

F∂ KŸw t]Pv 55 apX-ep≈ `mK-ß-fn¬ \n∂v D≤cn-°p-∂p:

""]mXn-b¿°o-kns‚ I¬∏-\- In-´nb DSs\ h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n

]ueqkv am¿ AØ-m\m-tkym-kn\pw, I¬]\ h∂ ÿnXn°v F∂v,

FhnsS h®v IqSn Btem-Nn-°m≥ kuI-cy-s∏-Sp-sa∂v Fgp-Øn-eqsS

Bcm-™p. F´p -]Øp Znhkw Ign-™-t∏mƒ am¿ AØ-m\m-tkym-

kns‚ IqsS \n∂ siΩm-is‚ adp-]Sn h∂p. am¿ AØm-\m-tkymkv

]≈n k©m-c-Øn-em-b-Xp- sIm-≠mWp adp-]-Sn- ssh-In-b-sX-∂pw, Gen-

bmkv ]mXn-b¿°o-kns‚ Hm¿Ω-s∏-cp-∂m-fn\p t]mIp-tºmƒ tIm´-

bØp hcm-sa-∂p-am-bn-cp∂p IØns‚ D≈-S-°w. a™-\n-°-c-s∏-cp-

∂m-fn\p c≠p- amkw IqSn-bp-s≠∂pw AXp-sIm≠v Xm≥ Bep-hm-

bn¬ hcm-sa∂pw, kuI-cy-ap≈ kabw Adn-bn-®m¬ aXn-sb∂pw h´-

t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n ho≠pw FgpXn. AXn\pw siΩm-i-\mWp adp-]Sn

\¬In-bXv. a™\n-°-c°p t]mIp∂ ka-b-Ø-√msX AØm-\m-tkym-

kn\p kuI-cy-s∏-Sp-I-bn-s√∂pw s^_p-hcn 12 \v Xn¶-fmgvN hcm-sa-

∂p-am-Wv siΩm-i-s\-s°m≠p Fgp-Xn® IØns‚ Npcp°w. s^_p

hcn 12- ˛\p 11 aWn-°p- h∂p. aWn-b-Sn®p kzoI-cn®p. ]≈n-bn¬ sagp-

Ip-Xn-cn-Iƒ IØn®v Hcp siΩm-i≥ [q]-°p-‰n-bp-ambn \n∂n-cp-∂p.


aW-en¬ bmt°m_p siΩm-i≥ Imdn-\-SpØp sN∂p am¿ AØ-m\m-

tkym-kns\ ssIapØn kzoI-cn®v ]≈n-bn-te°v B\-bn-®p. ]≈n-

bpsS ]Sn™msd hmXn-en\p ]pdØp\n∂p Ipcnip hc®p ]m¿∞n®p.

]n∂oSv hSt° hcm-¥-bn-eqsS \S∂p ]pen-t°m-´n¬ Xncp-ta\nbpsS

I_-dns‚ ]pd-tØ -hm-Xn-°epw \n∂p au\]m¿∞\ \S-Øn. XpS¿∂p

skan-\m-cn-bpsS tKmhWn Ib-dn-s®-∂-t∏mƒ h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n

AhnsS \n∂n-cp-∂p. Npw_\w Ign™p h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\nbpsS

apdn-bn-en-cp∂p. shbn-ep- sIm-≠pw, s]mSn- ]n-Sn-®pw, hcp-∂-Xm-I-bm¬

Hcp IqƒUn¶v D≠m°n IpSn-°m≥ sIm≠p-h∂p F¶nepw ths≠∂p

]d™p. XΩn¬ IqSn-°-≠n´v hfsc \mfms-b∂pw, skan-\m-cn-bn¬

h∂n´p h¿j-ß-fm-sb∂pw, hfsc kt¥m-j-ap-s≠∂pw a‰pw h´-t»-

cn¬ Xncp-ta\n ]d-™n´pw AXnYn H∂pw an≠msX au\w ]men-®p.

"F\n°v DSs\ t]mIWw. _mhm-bpsS Iev]-\bpw h´-t»-cn¬

Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS IØpw In´nbXpsIm-≠p- h-∂-XmWv. F\n°v H∂pw

]d-bm-\n√. ]mXn-b¿°okpw \nßƒ F√m-hcpw IqSn \n›-bn-°p-

∂Xv F\n°pw kΩ-X-am-Wv' am¿ AØm-\m-tkymkv ]d™p. "ImtXm-

en°m thW-sa∂v F\n-°- n-]m-b-an√. F√m-h-cpw IqSn \n›-bn-°p∂p

F¶n¬ hntcm-[hp-an√. Rm≥ t]mIp∂p' At±lw XpS¿∂p ]d-™p.

"]m¿∞-\bpw D®- -£-Whpw Ign-™p -t]mImw. C∂v ChnsS Xma-

kn-°p-∂Xpw kt¥m-j-amWv.' CXn-\Iw Fgp-t∂‰ am¿ AØm-\m-

tkymkns\ h -t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n Adn-bn-®p. "`£Ww h≠n-bn¬ D≠v.

Rm≥ t]mI-bmWv' AØm-\m-tkymkv Cd-ßn-°-gn-™p.

am¿ AØm-\m-tkym-kns‚ Cu kwkvImciq\y-amb s]cp-am‰w

h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n°v Hcp BLm-X-am-bn-cp-∂p. s^_p-hcn 15 \p

am¥p-cp-tØ¬ ]≈ns∏cp-∂mƒ Bbn-cp-∂p. aW-en¬ siΩm-i≥ IØ-

\m-cmb tijw BZyw hcp∂ s]cp-∂mƒ. s^_phcn 14 \p A®≥

am¥p-cp-tØ¬ ]≈n-bn-te-°p- t]mbn. AØm-\m-tkym-kp-am-bp≈ IqSn-

°m-gvN-°p- tijw h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n hfsc A[nIw au\n-bmbn

ImW-s∏-´p.

s]cp-∂mƒ Ign-™m¬ Hcp Znh-k-Øn¬ IqSp-X¬ Xma-kn-°-cp-

sX∂v Xncp-ta\n ]tXyIw I¬∏n-®-ti-j-amWv aW-en¬ A®s\

hn´Xv. amΩ-e-ti-cn-bn¬ sN∂v AΩsb H∂p I≠n´p hcm-sa∂pw

]d-™mWp A®≥ bmX tNmZn-®Xv. s]cp-∂mƒ Ign™p ]nt‰-Znhkw

amΩ-e-ti-cn°p t]mIm≥ km[n-®n√. s^_p-hcn 17- ˛\p Im∏n-IpSn

Ign™p amΩ-e-ti-cn°p t]mIm≥ Hcp-ßn-b-t∏mƒ tIm´bØp \n∂v


Hcmƒ h∂p "h -t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n kpJ-an-√msX InS-∏n-emWv. kwkm-

cn-°p-∂n√. A®≥ Ffp∏w sN√-W-sa∂p ]d-bm≥ amΩ≥ am∏nf Ab-

®-XmWv' F∂-dn-bn-®p. AØm-\m-tkymkv h∂p t]mb-Xns‚ A\-¥c-

^-e-ambncn°pw Cu AkpJw F∂v A®≥ Duln-®p. h∂ Bƒ°p

`£Ww sImSpØ-tijw DSs\ A®≥ tIm -b-Øn\p Xncn®p. _kp

In´m\pw a‰pw A¬∏w sshIn. skan-\m-cn-bn¬ sN∂-t∏mƒ aWn 12.30

Bbn. Xncp-ta\n IÆ-S®p InS-°p-I-bmWv. CXn-\Iw C. sP. ]oen-

t∏mkv Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-c-Øp- \n∂v Imdn¬ FØn. A®\pw ]oen-t∏m-

®\pw Xncp-ta-\nbpsS ssI]n-Sn®p apØn. Rßsf Hcp-an®p I≠-t∏mƒ

Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS IÆp \nd-™p. Ft∏mƒ h∂p F∂v BwKyw -aqew

Bcm™p. Ct∏mƒ h∂p F∂p Rßƒ ]d-™p. Xncp-ta\n IÆ-

S®p. "Ft∏mgpw IÆ-S-™n-cn-°-bmWv. kmc-an√. a‰p-≈-h¿ ]d-bp-∂Xp

a\- n-em-Ip-∂p-≠v' F∂v IqSn \n∂-h¿ ]d-™p.

B kabw Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS apdn-bpsS sXm´p A®≥ D]-tbm-Kn®p

sIm≠n-cp∂ apdn-bn¬ amΩ≥ am∏nf Ccp-∂n-cp∂p. At±lw A®s\

hnfn®p "Xncp-ta-\nbpsS ssIs∏-ń-bn¬ ]Ww h√-Xp-apt≠m' F∂p

tNmZn®p. ""Bbn-c-Øn¬ Xmsg ImWpw. _mhmbv°pw saXm-t∏m-eo-

Øm-am¿°pw ssIs∏ń Xpd-°m≥ ]d-™n´p F√m-h¿°pw `b-am-Wv.

skan-\m-cn-bn¬ Hcp Imip-an√. ISw hmßn-bmWv AXym-h-iy-ßƒ

\nd-th-‰p-∂Xv.'' A®≥ CXp ]d-™-t∏mƒ A®≥ Xs∂ s]ń-bn¬

\n∂p ]Ww FSp-°-W-sa∂p amΩ≥ am∏nf \n¿t±-in-®p.

Xncp-ta\n InS∂ Iń-ens‚ Im n-bn¬ Xqhm-e-bn¬ sIń-bn-cp∂

Xmt°m¬ FSpØv A®≥ H∂v Ipep°n. IÆp Xpd∂p Xncp-ta\n

t\m°n. A®≥ ASpØ tai-bn-en-cp∂ ssIs∏ń Xpd∂p ]Ww

FSpØ-tijw ]qń -Xm-t°m¬ bYm-ÿm-\Øp sh®p. ]Ww FÆn.

950 cq]m D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. AXp amΩ≥ am∏n-fsb G¬∏n®p. thsd

]Ww FSp-°p-hm≥ Dt≠m F∂p amΩ≥ am∏n-f tNmZn-®-t∏mƒ 3000

cq] ]cp-a-e-bnse Ccpºp s]ń-bn-ep-s≠∂pw AXns‚ Xmt°mepw

ssIs∏-ń-bn¬ BsW∂pw A®≥ shfn-s∏-Sp-Øn. B ]Ww IqSn

FSp-°-W-sa∂pw ]e Bh-iy-ß-fp-s≠∂pw amΩ≥ am∏nf ]d-™p.

\msf sIm≠p-h-cm-sa∂p ]d™p ssIs∏- n-bn¬ \n∂p Ccpºp s]ń-

bpsS Xmt°m¬ FSpØp sh®p. A∂v Hcp i\n-bmgvN Bbn-cp-∂p.

]ns‰ Znhkw Rmb-dmgvN hnip-≤ -Ip¿∫m\ Ign™v amΩ≥ am∏n-

f-bpsS Imdn¬ A®≥ ]cp-a-e-bn¬ sN∂p. Ccpºp s]ń Ccn-°p-∂

apdn-bpsS Xmt°m¬ amt\-P-tcmSp hmßn s]ń Xpd∂p 3000 cq]mbpw

FSpØp tIm´-bØp Xncn-s®-Øn.


Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ico-cm-kzmÿyw H∂n-s\m∂p h¿≤n-®p-sIm-≠n-

cp∂p. A„sshZy ][m-\n-bmb Noc´a¨ aq ns\ hcp-Øp-Ibpw

NnIn’ apdbv°v \S-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. sNm∆mgvN Bb-t∏m-tg°p

tcmK \ne Bi¶mP\-I-amb Ah-ÿ-bn-te°v IS-∂p. hnZ-Kv[-\mb

tUmIvS¿ h∂p Xncp-ta-\nsb NnIn-’n-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. _mhm Xncp-

ta-\nbpw a‰p Xncp-ta-\n-amcpw skan-\m-cn-bn¬ Xs∂ Xma-kn-®p ipiq-

j-Iƒ sNbvXpsIm≠n-cp-∂p. tcmKÿnXn-K-Xn-Iƒ Adn-bp-∂-Xn\v

\mSns‚ \m\m- m-KØp \n∂pw P\-ßƒ ]gbskan-\m-cn-bnte°v ]h-

ln-®p. Znhm≥ _l-Zq¿ tUmŒ¿ hn. hdp-Ko-kns‚ ]tXyI ]cn-tim-

[-\bpw At\z-j-Whpw D≠m-bn-cp∂p. kzk-ap-Zm-b-Ønse sshZn-I-

sc-°q-SmsX Bw•n-°≥ _nj∏v Cu. F. F¬. aq¿, tIm´bw _n-j∏v

tUm. Nqf-∏-d-ºn¬, am¿tØmΩm saXm-t∏m-eoØm, B¿®v _nj∏v

am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv apX¬t]cpw ]g-bsk-an-\m-cn-bn¬ FØn saXm-

t∏m-eo-Ømsb kµ¿in-®p. _p[-\mgvN sshInb tijw tcmK-Øns‚

ÿnXn-bn¬ hyXymkw h∂-Xmbn tXm∂p-I-bm¬ s\øq¿ anj≥ Bip-

]-Xn-bnse tUmŒ¿ tkma¿ sh√n-s\bpw Fd-Wm-Ip-f-Øp- \n∂p

tUmŒ¿ ]pØqcm-s\bpw hcpØn. Ah¿ tcmKnsb i≤m-]q¿∆w ]cn-

tim-[n-®p. sh≈n-bmgvN cmhnse Xs∂ ]gbskan-\m-cnbpw ]cn-k-

chpw P\m-h-en-bm¬ \n_n-U-am-bn-cp-∂p. _mhm-bpsS ][m\ Im¿Ωn-

I-Xz-Ønepw a‰p -sa-Xm-t∏m-eo-Ø-∑m-cp-sSbpw A\-h[n sshZn-I-cp-

sSbpw kl-I-c-W-Ønepw Xncp-a-\- n-te°v "I¥oem' ipiqj \SØn.

ipiqjm thf-bn¬ _mhm Xncp-ta\n KZvK-Z-tØm-Sp- IqSn sNm√nb

]m¿∞-\-Iƒ GsXm-cm-fpsS lrZ-b-sØbpw Aen-bn-∏n-°-Ø-°-h-bm-

bn-cp-∂p. 1934 s^_phcn 23 \v (1109 Ipw`w 10) sh≈n-bmgvN ]I¬

IrXyw ]¥≠p aWn°v Xncp-ta\n Imew -sN-bvXp.

h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS I_-d-S°w ]am-Wn®p i\n-bmgvN ˛

`qtemI aev]m-∑mcpsS Hm¿ΩZn\-Øn¬ ]cn-ip≤ Koh¿§okv ZznXo-

b≥ ImtXm-en°m _mhm skan-\mcn Nm∏-en¬ hnip≤ Ip¿∫m\

A¿∏n-®p. Imew sNbvX Xncp-ta-\nsb°pdn-®p≈ kvac-W-Iƒ Ab-

hn-d-°ns°m≠v hn. Ip¿∫m\ at≤y _mhm Xncp-ta\n lrZ-b-kv]¿in-

bmb Hcp ]kwKw \SØn. hn. Ip¿∫m-\-m\-¥cw "ssIapØv', "\Kcn

ImWn-°¬' apX-emb NS-ßp-Iƒ \S-Ø-s∏- p. Cu ZpxJ hnem]bmX-

bn¬ IÆp-\o¿ Xp-fp-ºn-s°m≠v H´-\-h[n sshZn-Icpw Bbn-c-°-W-

°n\p k`m kvt\ln-Ifpw ]s¶-SpØp. XpS¿∂p CS-dnb kzc-Øn¬

""]piv_-t«mtΩm'' sNm√n _mhm Xncp-ta\n ]cn-ip≤ ]nXm-hn-t\mSv

bmX ]d-™-t∏mƒ sshZn-Icpw P\-ßfpw A£-cm¿∞-Øn¬ hmhn´p

Ic™p. Ah¿ IÆp-\o¿ sNmcn-™p-sIm≠v "]cn-ip-≤- ]n-Xmth,


kam[m-\-Ømse t]mhpI' F∂v ]Xyp-Øcw sNm√n hnS- sNm√n.

bmX ]d-®n-en-\p -tijw skan-\mcn Nm∏-ens‚ sX°p- h-iØp sNdnb

tXmtWm-kn-t\mSp tN¿∂p≈ apdn-bnse I_-dn¬ _mhmbpw Xncp-

ta-\n-amcpw sshZn-Icpw tN¿∂v ùXnIi-cocw I_dS-°n.

h -t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS tZl-hn-tbm-K-Øn¬ A\p-tim-N\w tcJ-

s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m≠v ]mXn-b¿°okv At]w ]Y-a≥, Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿

alm-cm-Pm-hv, sIm®n- a-lm-cm-Pmhv, alm-dm-Wn-am¿, s]mfn-‰n-°¬ GP‚ v,

C≥Uym sshtkmbn, aZmkv Kh¿Æ¿, I¬°´m saXm-t∏m-eoØm,

aZmkv _nj∏v, ImØ-enIv Bw•n-°≥ _nj∏v, am¿tØmΩm k`-

bnse _nj-∏p-am¿, Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ Znhm≥ k¿ l-_n-_p≈m apX-

embn ]e- a-lm-∑mcpw ]cn-ip≤ _mhm°p ktµ-i-ßƒ Ab-®n-cp∂p.

Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS \ncym-W-Øn¬ ]cn-ip≤ _mhmbv°v A[nIw

ZpxJhpw a\x-]-bm-khpw D≠m-bn. h -t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n Imew sNbvX

DS-s\ _mhm- Xn-cp-ta\n k`sb Atßb‰w kvt\ln-°p∂ Nne-tcmSv

""C\n \ap°v Bcp≠v. C\n \ap°v Bcp≠v'' F∂v ]e -X-hW lrZbw

XI¿∂v tNmZn®psIm≠n-cp-∂p.

Nc-a -]-kwKw

temINcnXw BsI X∏n-bm¬ hnip-X-ß-fmb Nne Nc-a-]-kw-K-

ßƒ Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-s™∂p hcpw. Ah-bn¬ H∂mWv IptØ‰v

acn®p InS-°p∂ Pqen-bkv kok-dns‚ arX-tZ-lsØ t\m°n am¿°v

B‚-Wn tdm-a≥ ]ucm-h-entbmSv sNbvX Nc-a-]-kwKw. AXv hneyw

sjbnIvkv]n-b¿ AXn]K-¤-amb coXn-bn¬ Pqen-bkv kok¿ F∂

\mS-I-Øn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n- p-≠v. \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ ]n∂nń´pw AXv hmbn®v

P\-e-£-ßƒ Bthiw sIm≈p-∂p. ae-¶ck`-bpsS Hmtcm Ip™p

Ipńbpw hmbn®v Dƒs°m-t≈≠ Hcp A]q¿∆ Nca ]kwKw BWv

Koh¿§okv ZznXo-b≥ ImtXm-en°m _mhm Xs‚ Kpcphpw, hgn-Im-ń-

bp-am-bn-cp∂ h -t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS tZlhntbm-K-Øn¬ ]g-bskan-

\mcn Nm∏-en¬ hn. Ip¿∫m\ at≤y (1934 s^_p-hcn 24-) sNbvX

Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ ]kw-Kw:

""I¿Øm-hn-\m¬ A\p-K-ln-°-s∏-´-h-sc,

\ΩpsS CS-bn¬\n∂v hmßn-t∏m-bn-cn-°p∂ Cu hnip≤ ]nXm-hns‚

I_-d-S° ipiq-j-bn¬ kw_-‘n®v A\p-Klw ]m]n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn

h∂p-Iq-Sn-bn-cn-°p∂ \nß-tfmSv At±-l-sØ-°p-dn®v Aev]w kwkm-

cn-°p-∂Xv A\p-Nn-X-am-bn-cn-°-bn-√-t√m. temI-]-Imcw t\m°p-∂-]£w


At±lw Hc-km-[m-c-W-a-\p-jy≥ Bbn-cp-∂p-sh∂v \nß-tf-hcpw kΩ-

Xn-°p-sa∂v \mw hniz-kn-°p-∂p. It≠m tIt´m At±-lsØ Adn-

™n-´p≈ \m\m-PmXn aX-ÿ-cmb Ghcpw sFI-I-WvtTy\ kΩ-Xn-

°p∂ Hcp ]c-am¿∞-am-Wn-Xv. At±lw Hcp AKm[ _p≤n-am\pw henb

⁄m\n-bpw, alm-]-fin-X\pw, [oc-tbm-≤mhpw, AN-©-e-lr-Z-b\p-

am-bn-cp-∂p. FXbpw hnj-a-ta-dnb Hcp L´-Øn¬°qSn hnP-b-]q¿∆w

At±lw k`sb aptºm´p \bn-®p. ]cm-P-b-Øn¬t∏mepw ss[cy-

ktaXw t]mcmSn hnPbw kºm-Zn-®p. At±-l-Øn\p kam-\-ambn

\ΩpsS CS-bn¬ Bcp≈q? Pohn-®n-cp-∂-t∏mƒ At±lw Hcp knwl-

°p- n- X-s∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. kzX-kn-≤-amb Kmw`o-cy-tØmSpw tim -tbmSpw

IqSn-Øs∂ At±lw Ct∏mgpw ÿnXn-sN-øp∂p F∂v Ahn-SsØ

arX-i-cocw I≠m¬ B¿°pw tXm∂p-I-bn-√tbm?

_me-knw-l-Øn\pw ap´p-≠m-tb-°mw. F∂m¬ At±-l-Øn\v Hcn-

°epw Hcp Ipdhpw D≠m-bn- n-√. Fs¥-¶nepw C√m-Xn-cp∂p hnjan∏m≥

At±-l-Øn\v CS-bm-bn-´n-√. ssZhsØ Bi-bn-°p∂ \oXn-am\v Hcn-

°epw ap´p-≠m-I-bn-√-t√m. ac-W-\n-g-en≥ Xmgvhc-bn¬°qSn \S-t°≠n

h∂-t∏mgpw At±-l-Øn\v Bfp-Ifpw ]Whpw tem`w IqSmsX D≠m-

bn-cp-∂p. tcmK-°n-S-°-bnepw Hcp Ipdhpw At±-l-Øn\v A\p-`-hn-

t°≠n h∂n-√. F´p Znh-k-tØmfw At±lw tcmK-i-ø-bn¬ Bbn-

cp∂p. NnIn-’bv°pw ]cn-N-c-W-Øn\pw bmsXmcp Ipdhpan√m-bn-cp∂p.

hnZ-Kv≤-∑m-cmb `nj-Kz-c-∑m¿ Xs∂-bmWv NnIn-’-Iƒ \S-Øn-b-Xv.

Ah-km\w kao-]n-°p-thmfw kpt_m-[-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. At±-l-Øn\v

ImtW-≠-h-cpw, At±-lsØ ImtW-≠-hcpamb an°-hcpw h∂v At±-

lsØ kµ¿in-®p. taev]-´-°m-cmb Rßfpw At\Iw ]´-°mcpw

kZm IqsS-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. "I¥oem- ip-iqj' \S-Øn-b-t∏mƒ FXbpw

sXfn-hmb _p≤n-tbmsS At±lw AXn¬ kw_-‘n-®p. Ipcn-ip-h-c-

bvt°≠ ka-b-ß-fn¬ Hs°bpw At±lw Xs∂-Øm≥ A]-Imcw

sNbvXp. F∂p amX-a-√, ipiq-jm-\-¥cw Bcpw Hm¿Ωn-∏n-°m-sX-

Xs∂ Ia-]-Imcw Np‰pw \n∂-hsc "dqivam' sNbvX-\p-K-ln-®p. ac-

W-tijhpw At±-l-Øn\v Fs¥-¶nepw Ipd-hpt≠m? Hcp-h≥ temI-

Øn¬ FX alm-\mbn Pohn-®mepw Ah-\p-Nn-X-amb I_-d-S°w e`n-

°m-Xn-cp-∂m¬ Ah≥ Ae-kn-t∏mb K¿`-]n-fi-Øn\p kZr-i-\m-

sW∂p alm-⁄m-\n-bmb item-tam≥ ]d-™n-cn-°p∂p. BI-bm¬

tbmKy-amb I_-d-S-°-sa-∂p-≈Xp \nkm-c-Im-cy-a-√. \ΩpsS Cu ]cn-

ip≤ ]nXm-hn\v B `mKyhpw A[o-\-am-bn-cn°p-∂p. CX-b-[nIw ]´-

°mcpw siΩm-i-∑mcpw Abvta-\n-Ifpw GsX-¶nepw Hcp I_-d-

S° ipiqjbn¬ kw_-‘n-®n-´p-≈-Xmbn \ap-°-dn-hn√. CXp


kw_‘n®p≈ k∂m-l-ßfpw Iao-I-c-W-ßfpw FXtbm D]-cn-bm-

bn-cn-°p-∂p. Hcp cmP¿jn-°p-Nn-X-amb hn[w Xs∂ AXpw km[n-®n-cn-

°p-∂p.

temI-]-Imcw t\m°p-∂-]-£hpw At±lw Hcp alm≥ X-s∂-bm-

bn-cp-∂p. tXm¬hn-I-fn-¬t]mepw \ncm-i- Iq-SmsX kss[cyw t]mcmSn

Pb-tLmjw sIm≠n-´p-≈-h-\mWv. Hcp Ipdhpw At±lw A\p-`-hn-

t°-≠n-h-∂n- n-√. Bflo-b-]-Im-chpw At±lw Hcp alm\pw bmsXmcp

Idbpw Ipdhpw C√m-Ø-h-\p-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂mWv \ΩpsS A`n-]mbw.

]e¿°pw AXv Adn-bp-∂-Xn\p km[n-®n-´n-√. Imc-Ww, At±lw AXv

At»jw `mhn-°p∂ Bf-√m-bn-cp∂p F∂p-≈-XmWv. \ΩpsS I¿

Ømhv DK-ambn i]n-®n-´p≈ I]-S-`-‡n-bpsS \ng¬ t]mepw At±-l-

Øn-en-√m-bn-cp-∂p. \Ωƒ Btcm-SSpØv CS-s]-Sp∂pthm Ah-cpsS Pohn-

X-c-l-ky-ßƒ \ap°p Kln-∏m≥ km[n°p∂Xm-W-t√m. \mw sNdp∏w-

ap-X¬ At±-l-tØm-Sp-IqSn Xm-akn®n´p-≈-h\pw ASpØp s]cp-am-dn-

bn-´p-≈-h-\p-atX. ssZh-Øn\v CjvS-ap≈ \S-]-Sn-If-√msX At±-l-

Øns≥d Bflo-b-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ \mw I≠n-´n-√. Bflo-b-Im-cy-ß-fn¬

At±lw FXbpw Iahpw \njvT-bp-ap-≈-h-\m-bn-cp∂p F∂p-≈-Xn\p

\mw ZrIvkm-£n-bm-Wv. \nXy-hp-ap≈ thZ-hm-b-\, bma-w tXmdpw ˛ hn-

injy ]mXn-cm-Xn-°p-t]m-ep-ap≈ \a-kv°m-c-ßƒ, t\mºm-NmcWw

F∂n-h-sbms-°bpw Ign™ sh≈n-bmgvN ]`mXw hsc At±lw

\n¿hnLv\w A\p-jvTn-®p-h∂p. tcmKiø-bn-embn kwkm-c-i‡n £bn-

®n´pw bma-ß-fn¬ At±lw Ipcn-ip-h-c®p \a-kvI-cn-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p.

hnip≤ k`-bpsS hnizm-km-Nm-c-ß-sf-∏-‰n-bp≈ Adn-hn¬ At±lw

AZzn-Xo-b-\m-bn-cp-∂-Xp-t]mse Xs∂ Ah-bpsS A\p-jvTm-\-ß-fnepw

H´pw ]nt∂m-°-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. kpdn-bm-\n-`m-j, Imt\m≥, k`m-N-cnXw

F∂n-h-bn¬ At±-l-sØ-t∏mse Hm¿Ω-i-‡n-tbm-Sp-Iq-Snb ]mfinXyw

a‰m¿°p≈q? At±lw Hcp henb a¬]m-\m-bn-cp-∂p. _e-lo-\-\mb

\mw At±-l-Øns‚ injy-\m-Wv.

At±-l-Øns‚ I_-d-S°w C∂p \S-°p-∂Xv A¤p-X-I-c-am-bn-cn-

°p-∂p. hen-b-t\m-ºnse BZy i\n-bm-gvN-bmb C∂p - - q-tem-I aev]m-

\mb am¿ At]-ans‚ Hm¿Ω Znh-k-amb C∂v ˛ ae-¶-c-bpsS henb

aev]m≥ Znhw-K-X-\m-bn-cn-°p-∂p. \ΩpsS I¿Øm-hn-\p-th≠n c‡-

km£n-a-cWw hcn® am¿ tXthm-tZmtdmkv kl-Zm-bpsS Hm¿Ω-Zn-\-

amb C∂v, sIm√-s∏´ klZ F∂ t]cn\v A¿l-X-bn-s√-¶nepw AXp-

t]m-ep≈ ]e ]oU-Iƒ k`-bv°p-th≠n kln-°bm¬ Hcp

""autZymt\m'' F∂ \ma-Øn\p tbmKy-\m-bn-Øo¿∂n-cn-°p∂ \ΩpsS


saXm-®≥ I_-d-S-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. F∂p amXhp-a√ hen-b-t\m-ºn¬ i\n,

Rmb¿ Cu BgvN-Iƒ Hgn-®p≈ Znh-k-ß-fn¬ hn. Ip¿_m-\ A\p-

jvTn-°m≥ k` A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂n-√. B c≠p Znh-k-ß-fn¬ A¿∏n-°-

W-sa∂p \n¿_-‘-hp-am-Wv. At±lw acn-®p-t]mbn F∂ hm¿Ø Fß-

s\tbm ]N-cn® an\n-™m∂v At±lw Imew-sN-bvXn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ hn.

Ip¿_m-\m-\-¥cw kwkv°-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\p≈ mKyw At±-l-Øn\p

\jvS-s∏-Sp-am-bn-cp-∂p.

At±-l-Øns‚ th¿]mSv FXbpw im¥-am-bn-cp-∂p. bmsXmcp

tNjvStbm tKmjvSntbm IqSmsX \mgn-I-a-Wn-bp-sS s]≥Upew Ne-

\-c-ln-X-am-bn-Øo-cp-∂-Xp-t]msebmWv At±-l-Øns‚ izmkw \n∂Xv.

]m¿∞-\-bpsS Ah-km\w hnizm-k-]-amWw sNm√n-Øo¿∂t∏mƒ

IrXyw ]-¥≠p aWn°v avinlm Xºp-cm≥ temI-c-£-bv°p-th≠n

Iqin-°-s∏´ sh≈n-bmgvN Znh-k-Ønepw B \mgn-I-bnepw At±lw

I¿Øm-hn¬ \nZ-]-m]n®p.

IqSmsX Hcmƒ acn-®m¬ AXns‚ aq∂v, H≥]Xv, ap∏Xv F∂o

Znh-k-ß-fn¬ B Bƒ°p-th≠n hn. _en A¿∏n-°-W-sa-∂m-Wt√m

k -bpsS Iev]-\. \ΩpsS saXm-®≥ C∂se Imew sNbvXXpsIm≠v

ta¬∏-d™ aq∂p Znh-k-ß-fnepw kIe ]≈n-I-fnepw Ip¿∫m-\-bn¬

At±-lsØ Hm¿°p-∂-Xn\p kuI-cy-ap-≠m-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Ch-sbm-

s°bpw A¤p-X-I-c-a-√tbm? ssZh-Øns‚ ]cn-i-p≤-∑msc \mw Cß-

s\-bmWp Xncn-®-dn-tb-≠-Xv. BIbm¬ At±-l-Øns‚ ac-Ww-aqew

k`bv°v henb Hcp ]pWy-hm-f≥ \jvS-s∏- n-cn-°-p-∂p. \ΩpsS \jvSw

hep-Xm-Wv. \ΩpsS ]fin-X-\mb aev]m≥ C∂p \Ωn¬\n∂v ]ncn-

™p-t]m-bn-cn-°p-∂p. \ΩpsS hen-b- sa-Xm-t∏m-eoØm C∂p Imew

sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p. \Ωp-sS Cu hnip≤ ]nXmhv C∂v FSp-Øp-sIm≈-

s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. I≠mepw bnkm-tb-en¬ Hcp henb cmPmhv C∂p

hoWn-cn-°p∂p. Ah¿s°-∂-t]mse \ap°pw CsXmcp k¥m-]-Zn-\-

am-Wv. CXp-hsc At±lw \mta-h-scbpw Xs‚ Nnd-Ip-I-fn≥Io-gn¬

ImØp-sIm-≠p. At±lw \tΩmSp kl-Xm-]-ap≈h\m-I-bm¬ ssZh-

k-∂n-[n-bn¬ \ap-°p-th≠n ap´n-∏mbn a≤y-ÿ-XX \S-Øp-sa∂p

\ap°p kam-iz-kn-°mw. \o-Xn-ams‚ ]m¿∞-\-bpsS i‡n hep-Xm-

W-t√m. At±lw GsX√mw XØz-ß-sfbpw ]am-W-ß-sfbpw ap≥

\n¿Øn t]mcm-Sn-tbm, Ahsb kwc-£n®pt]mtI≠ ISa \mta-h¿°p-

ap-≠v. ""\nßƒ Fs∂ kvt\ln-°p-∂p-sh-¶n¬ Fs‚ Iev]-\-Iƒ A\p-

jvTn-∏n≥'' F∂v \ΩpsS I¿Ømhv injy-∑m¿°v sImSpØ A¥y-

ktµ-i-]-Imcw \ΩpsS Cu henb saXm-®-t\mSp \ap-°p≈


kvt\lsØ ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠Xv At±-l-Øns‚ BZ¿i-ß-fn¬

\n∂v hyXn-N-en-°msX ss[cy-k-taXw ]ptcm-K-a\w sNøp-∂-Xn-em-

bn-cn-°Ww F∂p \mw \nßsf A\p-kva-cn-∏n-®p-sIm-≈p-∂p.

Hcm-izmkw \ap-°p-≠v. ""Rm≥ \√ t]m¿ s]mcp-Xp, Hm´w XnI®p,

hnizm-ksØ ImØp. C\n \oXn-bpsS IncoSw F\n-°mbn h®n-cn-

°p∂p. BbXp \oXn-bpsS \ymbm-[n-]-Xn-bmb I¿Ømhv B Znh-k-

Øn¬ F\n°p Xcpw'' F∂p ]ueqkv «olm Xs∂-°p-dn-®p-Xs∂

]d-™n-cn-°p∂ hN\w \ΩpsS Cu hnip≤ ]nXm-hn-s\-∏‰n FXbpw

tN¿®-bm-bn-cn-°p-∂p-sh-∂Xp Xs∂. At±lw \ap-°p-th≠n ]m¿

∞n°pw; \ap°v At±-l-Øn-\p-th≠n At]-£n-°mw. ""\nßƒ kam-

[m-\-tØmsS hkn-∏n≥'' F∂-cp-fn-s®-bvXn´v At±lw \tΩmSv bmX-

]-d-bp-hm≥ t]mIp-∂p. Rß-fpsS ""hnip≤ ]nXm-th, kam-[m-\-Ømse

t]mhpI'' F∂ hN-\-Øm¬ \ap°v At±-l-tØmSv bmX-]-d-bmw.

_me-knw-l-sØ-t∏mse ChnsS Ccn-°p∂ Ct±lw knwl-°p-´n-sb-

t∏mse DW¿s∂-gp-t∂¬°pw. ""hnip≤ `rXym, \o tbmKy-ambn

]h¿Øn®p; \ns‚ bP-am-\s‚ kt¥m-j-Øn-te°v ]th-in°'' F∂

Cº-I-c-amb i_vZw tIƒ∏m≥ B \ymb-hn-[n- Zn-h-k-Øn¬ ssZhw

At±-l-Øn\v CS-bm-°s´. B Znh-k-Øn¬ A`n-ap-J-ambn ImWp-∂-

Xn\pw I¿Ør-k-∂n-[n-bn¬ IcpW Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn\pw At±-l-Øn\pw

\ap-°pw kwK-Xn-bm-Ip-hm≥ ]m¿∞n-∏n≥.''

ac-W-]-XnI

h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n Znhw-K-X-\m-Ip-∂-Xn\v GXm≠v Hcp h¿jw

apºv 1108 aIcw aq∂n\v Hcp acW]XnI FgpXn sh®p. Xs‚ ssIh-

i-Øn-ep-≈ kap-Zmbw hI kzØp-°ƒ F√mw ImtXm-en°m _mhm

Dƒs∏´ kp∂-l-tZm-kn\v sImSp-°p-∂-Xmbn AXn¬ ImWn-®n-cp-∂p.

H´-[nIw X¿°-ß-fpw, hyh-lm-c-ßfpw Hgn-hm-°p-∂-Xn\v klm-b-I-

ambn `hn® B acW]Xn-Ibpw At±-l-Øns‚ Hcp t\´-am-bn-´mWv

IW-°m-t°-≠-Xv. Ing-°ns‚ ImtXm-en°m ÿm]\w AXp- aqew

IqSp-X¬ _e-h-Ømbn ]cn-W-an-®p. ac-W-]-XnI cPn-Ã¿ sNøp-∂-

Xn\v h´-t»cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Ime-tijw ImtXm-en°m _mhm

At]-£n® kabw _mhm I£n-°m¿ AXn≥ta¬ Bt£]w t_m[n-

∏n®p F∂v ]tXyIw ]d-tb-≠-Xn-√-t√m. iIp\w apS-°m≥ Xøm-dmbn

\n∂n-cp∂ Ah-cpsS mKsØ Bt£]w X≈n hn¬ cPnÃ¿ sNbvXp.

Ah-cpsS h¿§kz`mhw A\p-k-cn®v AXn≥ta¬ 111- ¬ A ¬ 558˛mw

\º-cmbn hn¬ Aÿn-c-s∏-SpØn In´p-∂-Xn\v Hcp tIkpw ^b¬

sNbvXp. AXpw X≈n-t∏m-bn.


Xmc-tim-` -s]m-gn®

k`m- t\-Xm-°-∑m¿

hnizw shfn-∏n-°p∂ shÆn-em-hn-s\-t∏mse, ae-¶-c-k-`sb mkp-

c-am-°nb h´-t»-cn¬ Koh¿§okv am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv saXm-t∏m-eo-

Øm-bpsS Np‰pw ]Im-i-tKm-]p-c-ß-fmb \£-X-ß-fmbn \ne-sIm≠

XnI™ k`m kvt\ln-Ifpw ssZh-`-‡cpw i‡cpw kap-∂-X-∑m-cp-

amb ]e hy‡n-I-fp-≠v. Ah-cpsS k`m-kvt\-l-sØ-∏‰n ]cm-a¿in-

°msX t]mbm¬ B Ime-L-´-Ønse Ncn-X-Øn\v AXbpw Ipd-hp-

≠m-Ipw. Ah-cn¬ ]ap-J¿ ^m. ]n.- ‰n. Koh-dp-Kokv (]n-∂oSv B¿®v

_nj∏v am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbm-kv), m. amXyqkv ]mtd v (]n-∂oSv amXyqkv

am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbm-kv), a -bv°¬ Ae-Ivk¥tbmkv IØ-\m¿, sNdnb

aT-Øn¬ kvIdnbm aev]m≥, aW-en¬ bmt°m_v IØ-\m¿, ]g-b-

sk-an-\mcn amt\-P¿ Sn. -kn. tP°_v IØ-\m¿, sI.- kn. amΩ≥ am∏nf,

Ce™n°¬ tPm¨ h°o-¬, Fw.- F. Nmt°m, amtc´v F. ]oen-

t∏mkv PUvPn, I∂p-Ipgn Ipcphnf F≥Pn-\o-b¿, H. -Fw. sNdn-bm≥,

IømeØp sI.- hn. Nmt°m amÃ¿, F. Fw. h¿°n, ]tXmkv aØmbn,

C. -sP. ]oen-t∏m-kv, aq°-t©cn¬ Fw. -]n. h¿°n apX-em-b-h-cm-Wv.

Ah¿ s]mgn® Xmctim` F√m-hcpw Pohn-X-km-Kcw IS-∂n´pw C∂pw

k`m-N-cnX NI-hm-f-Øn¬ Xnfßn \n¬°p-I-bm-Wv. CXpt]m-se-bp≈

alm-hy-‡n-I-fpsS D]-tZiw ]n∂oSp h∂ ImtXm-en-°m-am¿°m¿°pw

e`n-®n-´n-√. C∂v H´pw Xs∂-bn-√.

kv°dnbm aev]m≥

]i-kvX-\m-bn-cp∂ sNdnbaT-Øn¬ henb

bmt°m_p IØ-\m-cpsS ]K-¤-\mb ]pX-\mWv

1894 -˛¬ P\n® sNdnbaT-Øn¬ kv°dnbm

aev]m≥. skdm-ºq-cn¬ sshZnI ]T\w \SØn.

h´-t»-cn¬ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Akn-

Ã‚ v, ss]h‰v skI-´-dn, sshZnI skan-\mcn

aev]m≥, ]n≥kn-∏¬, amßm\w F_-t\-k¿

Zbdm ÿm]-I≥, hmgq¿ sk‚ v t]mƒkv kvIqƒ

A≤ym-]I≥ apX-emb \ne-I-fn¬ henb tkh\w

A\p-jvTn-®n-´p≈ DØ-a-\mb Hcp sshZnI tijvT-\m-bn-cp∂p

kv°dnbm aev]m≥. ]mXn-b¿°okpamcp-am-bp≈ k`m- k-am-[m-\m-

temN\Ifn¬ BZyw 1923 -˛¬ h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-tbm-sSm-∏-hpw,


]n∂oSv 1934- ˛¬ Koh-dp-Kokv c≠m-a≥ ImtXmen°m _mhm-tbm-sSm-

∏hpw ioa-bn¬ FØn kam-[m\ N¿®-I-fn¬ kPo-h-ambn ]s¶-Sp-

Øp. At±-l-Øns‚ A]m-c-amb kpdn-bm\n `mjm-⁄m\w ]mXn-

b¿°o-k-∑m-tc-t∏mepw hnkva-bn-∏n-®p. h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n a‰p-≈-h-

cp-ambn \S-Øp∂ kw`m-j-W-th-f-I-fn¬ hcp-Øp∂ sX‰p-Ifpw a‰pw

A∂∂p cmXn-bn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-tbm-Sp Xpd∂p ]d-bm\pw kwkmcthf-

bn¬ Fs¥-¶nepw Xm≥ hn´p-t]m-bm¬ AXp A\p-kva-cn-∏n-°m\pw

hniz-kvX-\mb aev]m-\-®s\ DK-]-Xm-]-hm-\mb Xncp-ta\n A\p-h-Zn-

®n-cp-∂p. h´-t»cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n°v aev]m-\-®≥ sX‰mb D]-tZ-i-ßƒ

\¬In-bn-cp∂p F∂p FXn-cp-Im¿ ASn-ÿm\cln-Xamb Btcm-]-W-

ßƒ D∂-bn-®n-cp∂p F¶nepw AsXm∂pw kXy-k-‘-X-bpsS \nd-Ip-

S-amb aev]m-\-®s\ kv]¿in-®n-cp-∂n-√. C∂sØ ]. amXyqkv ZznXo-

b≥ _mhm Dƒs∏sS H -[nIw ta¬∏- -°m-scbpw \√ sshZn-I-scbpw

kpdn-bm\n ]Tn-∏n-®n-´p≈ aev]m-\-®≥ "ae-¶ck`-bpsS Kam-en-tb¬'

F∂- t]-cn-emWp C∂v s]mXpsh Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. 1924-˛25 h¿j-ß-

fn¬ hnip-≤-\m-Sp-Iƒ kµ¿in®p. sshZnIskan-\mcn ]h¿Ø\w

tIkp- aqew XS- -s∏-´-t∏mƒ _“-hm¿ anj≥ ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬

hym]-cn-®p. ]n∂oSp skan-\mcn ]p\-cm-cw-`n-®-t∏mƒ 1943 -˛ 47 h¿j-

ß-fn¬ ]n≥kn-∏-em-bn. Ipa-c-Iw, aZm-kv, Xncp-h\¥]pcw CS-h-I-I-

fpsS Npa-X-ebpw h-ln-®n-cp-∂p. 1952 sabv 11- ˛\p Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cØp

h®p \ncym-X-\m-bn. arX-tZlw hmgq¿ sk‚ v ]ot‰gvkv ]≈n-bnse

IpSpw_ I√-d-bn¬ kwkv°-cn-®p. A≤ym-]-\ -˛ -A-P-]m-e\ cwK-ß-

fn¬ Ign-hn-s‚bpw kXy-k-‘-X-bp-tS-bpw IrXy-\n-jvT-bp-tSbpw ]Xo-

I-am-bn-cp∂p At±-lw (ae-¶c k`-bpsS Kam-en-tb¬ F∂ KŸw

ImWpI).

aW-en¬ bmt°m_v IØ-\m¿

h -t»-cn¬ Koh¿§okv am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv

saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS skI-´dn (1925 -˛ 1934)

Bbn-cp∂ aW-en¬ bmt°m_v IØ-\m¿

amΩet»cn ]≈n CS-h-I-bnse aW-en¬

h¿°n-bpsS ]pX-\mbn 1901 HIvtSm-_¿ H∂n\p

`qPm -X -\mbn. ]gbskan -\m -cn -bn¬

sshZnI]T\w \S-Ønbtijw 1933 ¬ am¥p-

cpt-Ø¬ am¿ bqlm-t\m≥ ]≈n°p th≠n

]´ta-‰p. amΩ-e-t»cn am¿ aoJm-tb¬ ]≈n-

bnepw sX°≥ ]d-hq¿ sk‚ v tPm¨kv ]≈n-


bnepw hnIm-cn-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p. 50 h¿j-tØmfw kap-Zm-b-t°-kns‚ \S-

Øn-∏ns‚ apJy Imcy-Z¿in-bm-bn-cp∂p ]ikvX tkh\w A\p-jvTn®p.

1928 -˛¬ h´-n∏-W-t°-kn¬ hnP-bn® t∏mƒ h´-t»cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n°p

th≠n Zo¿L-\m-fsØ ]eni G‰p-hm-ßn-bXv aW-en¬ A®≥ Bbn-

cp-∂p. 1958 -˛¬ ]pØ≥Imhn¬ sh®v sshZnI SÃn-bmbn sXc-s™-

Sp-°-s∏´p F¶nepw amt\-PnwKv IΩn‰n-bpsS Imem-h[n Ign™ DS≥

ÿm\w cmPn -sh®p al-Ømb amXrI krjvSn-®p. h¿°nwKv IΩn‰n

AwKw, amt\-PnwKv IΩn‰n AwKw XpS-ßnb \ne-I-fn¬ tim-`n®

At±lw taev]´-ÿm-\-tØ°v Xnc-s™-Sp-°-s∏´p F¶nepw ]Zhn

\ncm-I-cn-®p. hniz-kvXX, k`m-kvt\lw, ]Xn-]£ _lp-am\w F∂n-

h-bpsS ]Xn-cq-]-am-bn-cp∂p kpap-J-\mb aW-en¬ bmt°m_v IØ-

\m¿. (aW-en¬ A®s‚ k`m kvac-W-Iƒ F∂ KŸw hmbn-°p-I)

]mtd´p amXyqkv IØ-\m¿ (]n-∂oSv am¿ Cuhm\n-tbm-kv)

]pXp-∏≈n sk‚ v tPm¿Pv CS-h-I-bnse

kº-∂-cmb hey]mtd´v amØp- -A-®mΩ

Zº-Xn-I-fpsS koa-¥-]p-X-\mbn 1889 P\p-

hcn 9 \p P\n-®p. tIm´bw Fw.- Un. skan-

\mcn sslkvIqƒ, ]gbskan -\mcn,

I¬°´ _nj∏vkv tImfPv F∂n-h-nS-ß-

fn¬ ]Tn-®p. 1899 -˛¬ ]pXp-∏-≈n-bn¬ h®p

tImdqtbm ]´hpw 1908 -˛¬ bdp-i-te-anse

sklntbm≥ amfnIbn¬ h®p bdp-itew

]mXn-b¿°o-kn¬ \n∂p siΩmip ]´hpw

kzoI-cn -®p . h´ -t»-cn¬ Xncp -ta\n

taev]´ÿm\w Gev°m≥ bcp-i-te-an¬

sN∂-t∏m-gmWp At±-lsØ A\p-K-an-®n-

cp∂ amXyqkv siΩm-i\p ÿm\w e`n-®-Xv. 1920 -˛¬ ]cp-ae skan-

\m-cn-bn¬ h®v k`m `mkp-c≥ sshZnI ]´w \¬In. aq∂-c -- Zim-_vZ-

°mew ]pXp-∏≈n henb]≈n hnImcn ÿm\w hln-®p. A_vZp≈m

]mXn-b¿°o-kns‚ apS°v, doØp ]ÿm\w F∂nh D≠m-b-t∏mƒ

h´-t»cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS _en-jvT-am-bn-cp∂ hewssIbm-bn-cp∂p

]mtd-´-®≥. FXn-cm-fn-Iƒ h´-t»cn¬ Xncp-ta-\nsb hI-h-cp-Øm≥

hmtfmßn \S∂ Ime-L- -Øn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Imh¬kwL-Øn\p

i‡n ]I¿∂p sImSp-ØXv ]mtd-´-®-\m-bn-cp-∂p. B\-∏m∏n h[w \S-

°p-tºmgpw XpS¿∂pw ]gbskan-\m-cn-bn¬ k`m- mkp-cs‚- hnizkvX

`S-\m-bn-cp-∂p kXy-k-‘-X-bpsS ]cym-bamb Ct±lw. c≠p XhW


taev]´ ÿm\-tØ°p sXc-s™-Sp-Ø-Xm-sW¶nepw ÿm\w

ths≠∂p ]d™p Hgn™p amdn. tIm´bw am¿ Genbm Nm∏-en¬

h®p 1953 -˛¬ Koh-dp-§okv ZznXo-b≥ _mhm-bp-sSbpw a‰pw \n¿_‘w

aqew saXm≥ ÿm\w G‰p. tIm´bw `Zm-k\ `cWw \S-Øn.

tIm´bw _tk-en-tbm v tImfPv, ]mºmSn Fw. -Pn. -Fw. A`-b-`-h≥,

sF.- Sn.- kn. Fw. Un. tImta-gvky¬ sk‚¿ apX-em-b-h-bpsS ]apJ

]n∂Wn ]h¿Ø-I-\mbncp∂p. H´-[nIw k`m-k-am-[m\ Btem-N-\-

I-fn¬ ]s¶-Sp-Øn- p≠v. kp]-kn≤ k`m-N-cn-X-Im-c-\mb C -Uv. Fw.

]mtd´v GI ktlm-Z-c-\m-Wv. PohnX kmbm-”-Øn¬ saXm-t∏m-eo-

Ømbpw ktlmZc\pw Xß-fpsS IpSpw-_kzØv ]mtd´v Bip-]Xn

ÿm]n-°m-\mbn k`bv°v kw`m-h\ sNbvXp. ka-b-\n-jvTbv°pw Pohn-

XØnse A\yq\-amb Nn´-Iƒ°pw a‰m-sc-bpwImƒ apJy ÿm\w

\¬In (]mtd´p am¿ Cuhm\n-tbm-kv F∂ KŸw hmbn-°pI).

a´-bv°¬ Ae-Ivk-¥-tbmkv IØ-\m¿

]gbskan-\m-cn-bnse A[n-Im-c-Øn\pw ÿm\-Øn\pw ]d-ºnse

Icn-°n\pw ]W-Øn\pw a‰pw th≠n A°c kn.- sP. Ipcy\pw Iq´cpw

h -t»cn¬ Xncp-ta-\nsb Cd°nhnSm≥ \S-Ønb KqVm-tem-N-\-bnse

kwL¿jw \nd™ BZy-\m-S-I-amb tXßm -C-S¬ XS-™-Xns\

XpS¿∂v kn. -sP. Ipcys‚ Bfp-I-fpsS ASnbpw X≈pw G‰ ]gb

skan-\mcn amt\-P-cm-bn-cp∂p IriKm-X-\mb a´-bv°¬ Ae-Ivk-¥-

tbmkv IØ-\m¿. ]c-h-∑mcpw a‰pw tN¿∂v Ipcy≥ apX-em-fn-bp-sSbpw

ktlm-Z-c-s‚bpw \n¿t±-im-\p-k-cWw a -bv°-e-®s‚ CS-Xnßn ]S¿∂p

]¥-en® kpµ-c-amb aoi ]ngpXXpw A®-s\- X√p∂Xpw ]gbskan-

\m-cn-bpsS c≠mw \ne-bn¬ \n∂p I≠v ZpxJn-X-\mb h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-

ta\n tIm\m´p aev]ms\ hSn- sIm-≠-Sn-®Xpw, BZysØ ASn sIm≈m-

Xn-cp-∂Xpw a‰pw k`mNcnX kw`-h-ß-fm-Wv. hniz-kvX\pw XnI™

k`m-kvt\-ln-bp-w h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS DØa klm-bn-bp-ambn

cp∂p Ae-Ivk-¥-tbmkv IØ-\m¿. h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\nsb "Koh-

dp-Kokv' F∂pw a‰pw hnfn-®p Bt£-]n®p h∂-h-cp-sSbpw, t\Xm-hmb

kn.- sP. Ipcy≥, Cu hSn ]tbmKw I≠p ""Xncp-ta\n ImTn\yw sNø-

cptX'' F∂p ]d-™-t∏mƒ kwkvImckº-∂-\mb At±lw apS°p

sIm≠p h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ]´w t]mIp-I-bn-s√∂p hniz-kn-

®n-cp∂p F∂p hy‡-am-Wt√m.

C.- sP. tPm¨

Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ ]mcw- -Z-i-bn¬ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv \km-Wn-


I-fmWv \m´p-Im-cn¬ hnZym-`ymk]c-ambn

ap∂n´p \n∂ncp∂-Xv. k¿°m¿ k¿ho-kn¬

Xßƒ°¿l-X-bp≈ ÿm\-ßƒ°pw,

cmjvSo -bm -h -Im -i -ßƒ°pw th≠n

s]mXpP\m-`n-]m-bw cq]-h¬°-cn-°p-∂-

Xn\pw, ]Xy-£-Øn¬ kap-Zm-tbm-≤m-c-W-

Øn\pw th≠n, Ce-™n-°¬ C. sP.

tPm¨ h°o-ens‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ "Xncp-hn-

Xmw-Iq¿- ˛-sIm®n ssIkvXh alm-P-\-k`'

F∂ Hcp kwLw cq]-h-XvI-cn-®p. AXns‚

BZy-tbmKw 1910 sabv 3 ˛\p tIm´-bØp

IqSn. ]kn-U‚ v C. sP. tPm¨. "kl-I-

cW kwL-ß-sf-'∏‰n sI. kn. amΩ≥ am∏n-

fbpw, "InkvXo-bm-h-Im-i-ßƒ- ˛- \n-baw'

F∂-Xn-s\-∏‰n amtc´p ]oen-t∏mkp PUvPnbpw ]kw-Kn-®p. Cu kwL-

S-\-bpsS skI-´-dn-am-cmbn ^m. ]n. Sn. Koh-dpKokv, sI. kn. amΩ≥

am∏n-f, ]n. sP. t]mØ≥ F∂n-h-cmWv A∂v ]h¿Øn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.

c≠mw ssIkvXh alm-P\k` 1911 sabv 3 ˛-\p tIm´-bØp h®p

IqSp-X¬ B¿`m-S-ambn \S-Ø-s∏-´p. Cu ktΩ-f\w B≠p tXmdpw

]pjvSn ]m]n®ph∂p. \nh¿Ø\ ]ÿm-\-Øn-te-°pw, tÃ‰p

tIm¨K-kn-te°pw P\-Iob c-W-Øn-te°pw tIcf P\-Xsb ]_p-

≤-cm°n \bn-°p-∂-Xn-\p -th≠n-bp≈ BZy-Ime kwc-w`-ß-fn¬

G‰hpw ][m\w Cu alm-P\-k-`-bpsS Bhn¿`m-hhpw ]h¿Ø-\-

ßfpw Bbn-cp-∂p. Cu k`bv°p _oPm-hm]w sNbvXXpw t\XrXzw

sImSp-ØXpw IqSp-X¬ hnZym-k-º-∂-cm-bn-cp∂ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv \km-

Wn-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p.

ae-bmfn satΩm-dn-b¬, Cugh satΩm-dn-b¬ F∂nhbn¬ IqSn

kh¿W-c-√m-Ø-h¿ Nne B\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ t\Sn-sb-¶nepw Ah-i-X-Iƒ

]eXpw Ah-ti-jn-®n-cp-∂p. tÃ‰v k¿hokv, Cw]o-cn-b¬ k¿ho-kv

_ntK-Uv, hnZym¿∞n tlmÃ¬ F∂n-h-I-fn¬ Ah-¿W¿°p ]th-

i\w A\p-h-Zn-®n-cp-∂n-√. GXm≠p 20 h¿jw Ah¿W¿ Cu Bh-iy-

ßsf∏‰n k¿°m-cns\ Adn-bn®psIm≠n-cp-∂p. 1917- ˛-se-bpw 1918 -˛-

sebpw ]Pm-k-tΩ-f-\-ß-fnepw saº¿am¿ Cu Bh-iy-ßƒ D∂-bn-

®n-cp∂p F¶nepw k¿°m¿ `mKØp \n∂v Hcp ]Xn-I-c-Whpw D≠m-

bn-√. AXp-sIm≠p ae-¶c alm-P-\-k- bpw AXnse G‰hpw ]apJmw-

K-amb C.- sP. tPm¨ h°oepw ]uc-k-a-Xz-hm-Z-eoKv Fs∂mcp kwL-

S\ cq]-h¬°cn-°p-∂-Xn\p t\XrXzw sImSp-Øp. ]ucmhImißƒ°pw


kzmX-¥y-Øn\pw th≠n hf-sc-b-[nIw kw`m-h-\-Iƒ \evIn-bn-´p≈

Hcp \kmWn IpSpw-_mwK-amWp \nc-WØv Ce-™n-°¬ C. sP.

tPm¨ h°o¬. Ce-™n-°¬ IpSpw-_-Øns‚ \mb-I\pw kpdn-bm\n

kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ A`n-am\`mP-\hpw Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw sslt°m-SXn

_mdnse G‰hpw ]i-kvX-\mb h°o-ep-ambncp∂p. "C. tPm¨ h°o¬

Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw _mdns‚ \mY\pw k¿hm-Z-c-Wo-b-\mb A`n- m-j-I\pw

hnip-X-\mb Hcp Pqdnkv‰pw, hµy-h-tbm-[n-I\pw k¿thm-]cn If-¶-

te-i-ta¬°mØ Hcp s]mXp°mcy ]k-‡-\p-am-bn-cp-∂p F∂p kzmX-

¥y-k-ac Ncn-X-Øn¬ kn. \mcm-b-W]n≈ ]d-bp∂p. At±-l-Øns‚

`mj Xs∂ XpScmw. "C. sP. tPm¨ Hcn-°epw Hcp DtZym-

KImw£nbmbn-cp-∂n-√. Hcp sslt°m-SXn PUvPn ]Ztam No^v

PÃokv ]Ztam t]mepw At±-l-Øn\p e`n-°p-hm≥ hnj-a-ap-≠m-bn-

cp -∂n -√. F∂m¬ sslt°m-S -Xn -bn -te-°p≈ \nb-a -\Øn\p

Kh¿sa‚n¬ \n∂p e`n® £Ww t]mepw At±lw \nc-kn-°p-I-bmWv

D≠m-b-Xv. tem tIm-f-Pnse Hcp HmWddn eIvN-d-sd∂ \ne-bn¬ B

Xe-ap-d-bnse _lp- q-cn-]£w h°oe-∑m-cp-sSbpw Kpcp-\m-Y-\m-bn-cp∂p

At±-lw. sXfnhp \nba-am-W-t±lw ]Tn-∏n-®n-cp-∂-Xv. As∂mcp hnZym¿

∞n-bm-bn-cp∂ F\n°v, At±-l-Øns‚ ¢mkp-Iƒ \nba hnZym¿∞n-

Iƒ°v hn`-h-k-ar-≤-amb kZy-Iƒ t]mse Bkzm-Zyhpw cpNn-I-c-hp-

am-bn-cp∂p F∂p \ntj[`oXn IqSmsX ]d-bm≥ Ignbpw. Cu tPm¨

h°o-emWp ]uc-k-aXzhmZ -eoKv D≠m-°n-bXpw ]t£m-`Ww \S-

Øn-b-Xpw.' "A\-¥c ImesØ \nh¿Ø\ ]ÿm-\-Øn-se∂ t]mse

Cu ]ÿm-\-Ønepw t\XrXzw hln-®Xp ]tcX-\mb Ce-™n-°-¬

tPm¨ h°o-em-bn-cp-∂p' F∂v F≥. hn. tPmkv ]n∂oSv Fgp-Xp-I-bp-

≠m-bn.

]uc-k-aXzhmZ-eo-Kns‚ h‡mhv F∂ \ne-bn¬ Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw

e≠≥ anj≥ lmfn¬ tPm¨ h°o¬ 1920 am¿®v 8 \v Hcp DK≥

]kw-K-Øn¬ IqSn ]t£m-`Ww DZvLm-S\w sNbvXp. XpS¿∂v 50

kmam-Pn-I¿ H∏n´ Hcp satΩm-dm≠w Znhm≥Pn°v ka¿∏n-®p. AXn\p-

tijw InkvtX-X-c¿ Dƒs∏sS 27000 t]¿ H∏n´ Hcp satΩm-dm≠w 6

hmey-ß-fn-embn _b≥Up sNbvXv Znhm≥Pn°v t\cn´p ka¿∏n-®p.

AXn-\p -th≠n Znhm≥Pn-sb -I≠ \nth-ZI kwL-Øn¬ tPm¨ h°o-

ens\ IqSmsX ]mem-ºSw tXmakv h°o¬, sI. Fw. amΩ≥ am∏nf,

Fw.- Fw. h¿Ko-kv, tPm¨ Nm≠n, sslt°m-SXn h°o¬ tPm¨

tdmkv, sI.- Fw. sIm®o-∏≥ am∏nf, Im¶m-en¬ tXma-kv, tP°_v

Ipcy≥, ‰n. sI am[-h≥, ImX¿ ]n≈, ‰n. sI. G_lmw IØ-\m¿,

F≥. sI. kv°dnbm IØ-\m¿, XcyXv Ip™nsØmΩ≥, Ip™pÆn


A¥-t∏¿ apX-em-b-hcpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. tPm¨ h°o¬ F√m-h-tcbpw

Znhm≥Pn°v ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Ønb tijw, satΩm-dm-≠-sØ-∏‰n Zo¿L-

ambn ]kw-Kn-®p. XpS¿∂p Sn. sI. am[-h≥ satΩm-dm≠w hmbn-°p-

Ibpw ImX¿ ]n≈ AXp Znhm≥Pn°v ka¿∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ....

Cu ]t£m- -W \nth-Z\ e-ambn tZhkzw dh\yq Un∏m¿ vsa‚ v

c≠mbn hn`-Pn-°p-Ibpw dh\yq Un∏m¿´psa‚n¬ kh¿W-c-√m-Ø-

h¿°p ]th-i\w A\p-h-Zn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. A∂p aZmkv Kh¿W-

cm-bn-cp∂ sh√nw-KvS≥ ]`p-hns‚ kΩ¿±-amWv C]-Im-c-samcp hn`-P-

\-Øn\p Xncp-hnXmwIq¿ k¿°mcns\ t]cn-∏n-®-Xv.

Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`-bpsS kzmX-¥yw A_vZp≈m ]mXn-b¿°o-

kn¬ \n∂p kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn\v kpdn-bm\n alm-P-\-k-`-bn-eqsS

tPm¨ h°o¬ \nkzm¿∞-\mbn ]cn-i-an-®p. ]n. kn. tImcpXv NnX-

th-Zn-bn¬ Fgp-Xp-∂p: ""h´n-∏-W-t°-kns‚ Bcw- -Øn¬ hf-sc-b-[nIw

kzm[o\ i‡n-bp≈ kn.- sP. Ipcy≥ F∂ Xo£-vW-In-c-Ws‚

i‡n°Xn¿ame-Iƒ AXns‚ k¿∆ ]`m-h-ß-tfmSpw ]k-cn-®n-cp∂

B Ime-b-f-hn¬ ae-¶-c-k`m mkz-c-s\∂ t]cp ]nSn® knwl-]-cm-

I-an-bm-bn-cp∂ Koh-dp-Kokv am¿ Zo-h-∂m-tkymkv saXm-t∏m-eoØm

Xncpta\n-bpsS ]X-®p-b-cp∂ A`n-am\ kwc-£W Xev]-cX AXns‚

]c-a-tIm-Sn-bn¬ FØn-bn-cp∂ kµ¿ -Øn¬ C. sP. tPm¨ h°o¬

]finX tamØn-em¬PnbpsS Hcp tIc-f-]-I¿∏mbn Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iqdnse

]ca\ymbm-k-\Øns‚ apºn¬ hodpw hncpXpw Xt‚-Shpw Bfl-hnizm-

khpw ]I-S-am°ns°m≠v \S-Øn-bn-´p≈ hmZ-ßfpw ]Xn-hm-Z-ßfpw

C∂pw k`m¥co£-Øn¬ Ae-b-Sn-°p-∂p-≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww.''

Htc kabw I¿j-I-]-`phpw anI® h°oepw kap∂X s]mXp-

P\ tkh-I\pw, ae¶ck`m t\Xmhpw, kº-∂\pw kwkv°mc tIZm-

chpw Hs°-bm-bn-cp∂ tPm¨ h°o¬ ae-¶c k`-bn¬ At¥ym-Jy≥

ssII-S-Ø-ens\ FXn¿Ø ]ap-J-\m-bn-cp∂p. h -t»cn¬ Xncp-ta-\nsb

A_vZp≈m ]mXn-b¿°okv apS-°nbt∏mƒ B apS-°p- A\ym-bhpw

kzm`m-hnI \oXn°v hncp-≤hpw BsW∂pw apS°v kmØms‚ Bbp-

[-am-sW∂pw tPm¨ ]kvXm-hn-®p.

k`m- k-am-[m\ kw`m-j-W-ß-fn¬ ]e-hpcp ]s¶-Sp-Øp. s]cp-\mSv

_Y\n Biaw ÿm]n-°m≥ 100 G°¿ ÿew \¬In. A°c Ipcy≥

ssd´dpsS ktlm-Zcn sIm®p adn-bm-Ωbmbn-cp∂p amXm-hv. At±lw

83-˛mw hb- n¬ 1943- ˛¬ \ncym-X-\mbn. a¥n-am-cm-bn-cp∂ C. tPm¨

]oen-t∏m-kv, C. tPm¨ tP°_v F∂n-h¿ Dƒs∏sS Bdp- a-°-fm-

Wp≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv.


sI. kn. amΩ≥ am∏nf

_lp-ap-J-]-Xn-`bpw ]_p-≤-tI-c-f-

Øns‚ ta[m-i‡n tIµ-hp-am-bn-cp∂

sI. kn. amΩ≥ am∏n-f, at\mca ]Xm-[n-

]¿, Aflmb ]ap-J≥ F∂o \n-e-I-fn¬

ae-¶c k`bv°v th≠n A\p-jvTn-®n- p≈

XymK-ßfpw tkh\ßfpw ae-¶c k`m-

N-cn-X-Øns‚ Hcp kp]-[m\ A≤ym-b-

am-Wv. ]Xw, Irjn, tXm´w, _m¶nw-Kv apX-

emb cwK-ß-fnse kap-∂X t\´-ß-fpsS

DS-a-bmb At±lw ae-¶ck`sb IÆns‚ IrjvW-aWn t]mse Icp-

Xp-Ibpw ac-W-sØ-t∏mepw hI-sh-bv°msX Pohn-Xm¥yw hsc k`m-

kw-c-£W cwKsØ ap∂-Wn-t∏m-cm-fn-bmbn \nesIm≈p-Ibpw sNbvX

NcnXw GsXmcp k`m-kvt\-ln-tbbpw tcmam-©-a-Wn-bn-°m≥ t]mcp-

∂-XmWv.

ae-¶-c-k`m mkp-c≥ h -t»cn¬ Koh-dp-Kokv am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv

Xncp-ta-\n-tbmSv amΩ≥ am∏n-fbv°p Fw. Un. sslkvIqƒ slUvam-

Ã¿ Bbn-cn-°p-tºm-gp-≠mb hy‡n-K-X-amb sX‰n-≤m-c-W-Ifpw hntZz-

jhpw n∂-X-Ifpw Hs° Hcp ]tXyI ]cnX-ÿn-Xn-bn¬ Ipd-®p-\mƒ

XpS¿∂p F¶nepw Xs‚ k`m-≤y-£-\mb saXm-t∏m-eo-Ømsb AIm-

c-W-ambn A_vZp≈m ]mXn-b¿°okv apS-°n-b-t∏mƒ h -t»cn¬ Xncp-

ta-\n-bpsS \ne-]mSv \qdp iX-am\w icn-bm-sW∂p hy‡-am-°n-s°m≠v

amΩ≥ am∏nf kPo-h-ambn cwKØp hcn-Ibpw at\m-c-a-bn¬ Zo¿Lhpw

i‡-hp-amb apJ-]-kw-K-ßƒ FgpXn k -bpsS AØm-Wn-bmbn amdn.

h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n°v FXn-cmbn tImSXn hn[n-Iƒ D≠m-b-t∏mƒ

hcpwhcm-bvI-Iƒ hI-h-bv°msX Nne hn[n-Isf \J-in-Jm¥w FXn¿

°p-Ibpw k`mw-K-ß-fpsS Bflss[cyw Db¿Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. anX-

kzc-Øn¬ I-Tn\]Z-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°msX GXp hnj-b-sØ-∏-‰nbpw

kpZo¿L-amb apJ-]-kw-K-ßƒ Fgp-Xm-\p≈ amΩ≥ am∏n-f-bpsS

Ignhp Ign™ \q‰m-≠n¬ a‰m¿°pw e`n-®n-cp-∂n-√. F∂m¬ at\m-c-

a-bpsS Cu \b-Øn\p A\p-kr-X-a-√mØ GXm\pw apJ-]-kw-K-ßƒ

Xs‚ k`bv°p th≠n At±lw Fgp-Xn-bn-´p-≠v. h´n-∏-W-t°-kn¬

saXm≥ I£n°v FXn-cm-bp≠mb No^v PÃokv hoc-cm-Lhø¶m-

cpsS hn[nsb hna¿in®psIm≠p≈ apJ-]-kwKw ssZ¿Ly-Ønepw

hni-I-e-\-Ip-i-e-Xbnepw thdn´p \n¬°p-∂Xpw ae¶ck`-bpsS Ncn-

XsØ Xncn®p hnSm≥ XnI®pw D]-I-cn-®-Xp-am-Wv. Pbn¬ in£ Xs∂


h∂mepw AXp k`bv°p th≠n kln-°m≥ Xøm¿ F∂p ]d™p

Pmayw sImSp-°m-\p≈ ]Whpw am‰n h®p sIm≠v Hcp k‘ybv°p

XpS-ßnb apJ-]-kwK cN\ t\cw shfp-Øn´pw Xo¿∂n-√. GXp ]Xn-

k-‘n-tbbpw t\cn-Sm-\p≈ IcpØv amΩ≥ am∏n-f Ic-ÿ-am-°n-bn-cp∂p.

]cn-ip-≤-∑m-cmb ]cp-ae am¿ KotKm-dn-tbm-kn-s‚bpw h´-ti-cn¬

Koh¿Kokv am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kn-s‚bpw ].- _-tk-en-tbmkv Koh¿Kokv

c≠m-a≥ _mhm, Xs‚ injy-\mb am¿ HutK≥ _mhmbp-sSbpw (A∂v

saXm≥) A\p-K-l-ßƒ e`n-®n-´p≈ amΩ≥ am∏nf A·n-bn-eqsS

IS∂p-t]mb I\Iw t]mse F√m cwK-ß-fnepw Xnfßn ]tim`n-®p.

k`m kw_-‘-amb At±-l-Øns‚ Ahn-kva-c-Wo-b-amb as‰mcp

kw`m-h-\-bmWv tZh-temIw ImtXm-en-t°‰v Ac-\a hmßm-\p≈

PohnX kmbm-”-Øn-se kml-knI ]h¿Ø\w. 1951 -˛¬ kap-Zm-b-

t°kv ImtXm-en°m mK-Øn\v tZmj-ambn sslt°m-SXn hn[n®Xns\

XpS¿∂v _mhm-bpsS Bÿm-\-amb ]gbskan-\mcn hn´psImSp-t°≠n

hcptam F∂p≈ kwi-bsØ ap≥\n¿Øn GXm\pw Znh-k-ßƒ°p-

≈n¬ H∂c e£-tØmfw cq] ]ncn-®p tZh-temIw Ac-a\ C∂v

ÿnXn sNøp∂ ÿew hmßn. Ac \q‰m≠p apºv kap-∂-X-cmb

k`mw-K-ßƒ°p- t]mepw ]W-an-√m-Xn-cp-∂ -Im-eØp hmßnb k -bpsS

C∂sØ Bÿm-\w ae-¶c k`-bpsS aIp-S-ambn ]cn-e-kn-°p-∂p.

A∂v ae-¶c k`-bnse at‰sXmcp t\Xmhp hnNm-cn-®mepw Cu t\´w

ssIh-cn-°m≥ km[n°pI C√m-bn-cp∂p F∂v B Ime-L-´-Ønse

kw`h hnIm-k-ß-fpsS ZrIvkm-£n-I-fmb Rßƒ°v Xd-∏n®p ]d-

bm-\m-hpw.

ae-bmf at\m-c-a-bpsS ÿm]-I\pw alm-\p-am-bn-cp∂ I≠-Øn¬

sI. sF. h¿Kokv am∏n-f-bpsS tPyjvT ktlm-Z-c≥ sI. -sF. sNdn-

bms‚ koa-¥-]p-X-\mbn 1873 sabv \men\p P\n® sI.- kn.- am-Ω≥

am∏nf F¨]-Xm-asØ hb- n¬ 1953 Unkw-_¿ 31 \p cmXn

A¥cn®p. tIm´bw ]pØ≥]≈n skan-tØ-cn-bn¬ A¥y-hn-iaw

sIm≈p-∂p. sI. Fw. sNdn-bm≥, sI. Fw. ^nen-∏v, sI. Fw. amXyp,

sI. Fw. amΩ≥ am∏nf F∂n-h¿ At±-l-Øns‚ ]ikvX k¥m-\-

ß-fn¬ s]Sp-∂p.

AUz: C. -sP.- ]o-en-t∏mkv

h -t»-cn¬ Koh¿Kokv am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS

][m\ Btem-N-\-°mcn¬ ]ap-J-\m-bn-cp∂p AUz. -C. -sP. ]oen-

t∏mkv. \ncWw Ce-™n-°¬ C. -sP.- tPm¨ h°o-ens‚ ]nXr


ktlmZc ]pX-\mb Nmt°m-bpsS aI-\m-

Wv. Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw tem tImf-Pn¬ \n∂p

_ncpZw FSpØ tijw Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-

cØp ]mIvSokv sNbvXp h∂p. C.- sP.-

]o-en-t∏m-kn-s\-∏‰n sI.- kn. -am-Ω≥ am∏nf

PnhnX kvac -W-I -fn¬ "Rß-fpsS

h°o¬am¿' F∂ Xe-s°´n-ep≈ teJ-

\-Øn¬ Cßs\ ]d-bp∂p: ""hfsc _p≤n

im-en-bm-bn-cp∂p F¶nepw Ipd-s®mcp Ae-

k-X-bp≈ Bfm-bn-cp-∂p. sNdp-∏-Øn¬

Xs∂ kap-Zm-b-t°-kn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS

]£Øp tNcp-Ibpw tIkns‚ ][m\

Npa-Xe Gs‰-Sp-°p-Ibpw PohnXw Xs∂

AXn\pth≠n Dgn™p hbv°p-Ibpw sNbvX BfmWv At±-lw (1911

apX¬ 1958 hsc 47 sIm√w k`m tIkp-I-fn¬ ]s¶-SpØp).

s]tSmƒ, Im¿, πmt‚j≥ F∂o _nkn-\-kp-I-fn¬ ZØ-i-≤-\m-

bn-cp∂ C.- sP. ]oen-t∏mkpw [\w Ipsd-b-[nIw kºm-Zn®p. ]t£

h°o¬ ]Wn-bn¬ Ahn-iaw ian-°m-Xn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ A`n-`m-jI

cwKØp henb ]ikvXn t\Sn-bn-√. tab-dmbpw tkh\w sNbvXp.

k¿ kn. ]n. bpambn At±lw ASp-∏-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ ]ecpw

At±-lsØ sX‰n-≤-cn-®p. ]t£ Rß-fpsS (_m¶ns‚) tIkn¬

At±lw R-ßsf D≈-gn™p klm-bn-®p; Bflm¿∞-ambn s]cp-

amdn. Rßsf c£n-°m≥ th≠n At±lw k¿ -kn. ]n. bpambn IqSn-

bm-tem-N-\-Iƒ \S-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. sI.- kn.- Cu-∏-t\mSv C.- sP.- ]o-en-

t∏m-kn\p ]tXyIw aa-Xbpw _lp-am-\hpw D≠m-bn-cp∂p.''

ae-¶ck`m `c-W-L-S-\m -in-ev]n-I-fn¬ Hcm-fm-bn-cp∂ Ct±lw

1958 ˛¬ hn[n-bp-≠mb kp]ow tImS-Xn-bnse c≠mw kap-Zm-b-t°-

kns‚ \S-Øn-∏nepw ]¶p hln-®n-cp-∂p. tIkp Xo¿∂p kam-[m-\-am-

bt√m F∂ Bizm-k-tØm-sS-bmWv 1961 sabv aq∂n\p At±lw \ncym-

X-\m-b-Xv. ap≥ Fw. F¬. F. C. ]n. Cu∏≥ ]pX-\m-bn-cp-∂p.

H. -Fw. -sN-dn-bm≥

]pXp∏≈n H‰-πm-°¬ IpSpw-_-Øn¬ 1874- Pqsse 12 -˛\p P\n®

H.- Fw. -sN-dn-bm≥ HutZym-Kn-I -˛ -km-aq-ln-I -˛- kmw-kvIm-cn-I -˛

ssh⁄m-\nI afi-e-ß-fn¬ Hcpt]mse ]Im-in® Hcp A]q¿∆

]Xn- m-im-en-bm-bn-cp-∂p. aZmkv InkvXy≥ tImf-Pn¬ \n∂p _ncpZw


t\Sn tIm´bw Fw.- Sn. sslkv°qƒ,

Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw tamU¬ kvIqƒ, alm-

cm-Pmkv sSbn-\nMv tImfPv F∂n-hn-S-

ß-fn¬ A[ym-]-I-\m-bn-cp∂p. cmP-Ip-Spw-

_mw-K-ß-fpsS Syq´¿, hnZym-`ymk hIp-

∏n¬ No^v C≥kvs]-IvS¿ F∂o ]Z-hn-

Ifpw Ae-¶-cn-®n-´p-≠v. kmln-Xy-Im-cy-

ß-fn¬ B[n-Im-cn-I-amb Ah-Kmlw

D≠m-bn-cp∂ sNdn-bm≥ ae-¶c k`m

Ncn-X-Øn¬ Ahn-kva-c-Wobamb- Hcp

]¶p hln® Bfm-Wv. k`m- -cWLS\

Xbm-dm-°p-∂-Xn\v \ntbm-Kn-°-s∏´

IΩn‰n -bpsS I¨ho -\ -dm -bn -cp -∂

At±lw Xøm-dm-°nb `c-W-LS\ ]n∂oSv Nne t`Z-K-Xn-I-tfmtS

1934˛¬ AwKo-I-cn-°p-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv. "ImtXm-en°m \n[n' tiJ-c-

W-]-ÿm-\-Øns‚ (]n-∂oSv ImtXm-en°m Zn\ ]ncn-hmbn amdn) apJy-

t\Xm-hpw, taL-\n¿tLmj hm‹n-bp-amb Ct±lw ae-¶-c-bn¬ DS-

\ofw k©-cn®p ]kw-Kn®pw eLpteJ-Iƒ Xøm-dm°n hnX-cWw

sNbvXpw ]X-ß-fn¬ teJ-\-ßƒ Fgp-Xnbpw \n[n kw`-cWw hnP-

bn-∏n-®p. CsXm∂pw kap-Zm-b-Øn\v Hcn-°epw ad-°m-\m-hn√. "sslµh-

[¿Ω kp[m-Icw' (C-¥y-bn¬ Hcp mj-bnepw Cu KŸ-Øn\v ]Icw

hbv°m≥ Hcp IrXn-bn-√. ssIsb-gp-Øp-]-Xn-bn¬ ]Xn-\m-bn-c-Øn¬

]cw t]Pp-I-fp≈ Cu IrXn-bpsS GXm\pw hmey-ßtf ]kn-≤o-I-

cn-®n-´p-≈p) F∂ apJy KŸ-Øn\p ]pdsa aninlm `‡n el-cn,

ssIkvXh [¿Ω -\-h-\oXw, ImtXm-en-°m-knw-lm-k\ NcnXw F∂o

]pkvX-I-ßfpw cNn-®n- p-≠v. kap-Zm-b-t°-kn¬ Hcp km£n-bm-bn-cp∂

sNdn-bms‚ samgn-sb-∏‰n At±-l-Øns‚ injy-\m-bn-cp∂ _n. IrjvW-

ø-¿ PUvPn ]iw-km-]-c-am-bn- mWp ]cm-a¿in-®n- p-≈-Xv. Bep-hm-bn¬

\S∂ k`m kam-[m\ N¿®-bn¬ H.-Fw.- sN-dn-bm≥ kPo-h-ambn ]s¶-

Sp-Øn-cp-∂p. 1944 -˛¬ \ncym-X-\mb At±lw ]pXp-∏≈n \ne-bv°¬

]≈n skan-tØ-cn-bn-emWp A¥y hniaw sIm≈p-∂-Xv. Ip∂p-Ip-gn-

bn-emb sNtºme sIm®p-sXm-Ω≥ At∏m-Øn-°-cn-bpsS ]pXn A®m-

Ω-bmWv `mcy. H. kn. amXyp ]pX-\m-bn-cp-∂p.

F. -Fw. -h¿°n

sslkv°qƒ A≤y-m]-I≥, A`n-`m-j-I≥, Assh-ZnI t\Xmhv,

skan-\mcn s]m^-k¿, henb hm‹n, tImfPv ]n≥kn-∏¬ XpSßnb

\ne-I-fn¬ ]kn-≤-\m-bn-cp∂ F.- Fw. -h¿°n 1892- ˛¬ amth-en-°c

Bens‚sXt°-Xn¬ amØp-hns‚ ]pX-\mbn P\n-®p. _n. -F.,


Fw.-F., _n. -F¬. XpS-ßnb F√m ]co-£-Ifpw dmt¶m-Sp- IqSn

]m mbn. B _p≤n-cm-£-k≥ 29- ˛mw hb-kn¬ Bephm bp. kn

tImfPv ]n≥kn-∏em-bn. ae-¶c k`-sb-∏‰n `mc-X-Øn\-IØpw Cw•-

≠nepw a‰pw t]mbn D÷z-e-amb ]`m-jWw \S-Øn. kap-Zm-b-t°kp

aqew \n∂p t]mb ]gbskan-\mcnbnse sshZnI hnZym-`ymkw Fw.-

Un. skan-\m-cn-bn¬ XpS-ßp-∂-Xn\p m. sI. oen-t∏m-kn-t\m-sSm∏w

(]n∂oSv ]oen-t∏mkv am¿ sXtbm-^n-temkv) ian®p hnP-bn-°p-Ibpw

bp. kn tImf-Pn¬ \n∂v Ah-[n-sb-SpØv Ipd®p \mƒ skan-\mcnbn¬

]Tn-∏n°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. k`-bnse ]e ]ptcm-K-a\ ]h¿Ø-\-

ßƒ°pw Bcw-`-an´ t^m¿thUp aqhvsa‚ns‚ apJy ]h¿Ø-I\pw

k`-bpsS HmW-ddn skI-´-dnbpw Bbn-cp-∂p. k`m- k-am-[m-\-Øn-\p -

th≠n Bep-hm-bn¬ \S-Ønb ktΩ-f-\-Øns‚ apJy inev]n-Ifn¬

Hcmfmbncp∂p h¿°n. Aßs\ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`-bpsS D∂-a-\-

Øn-\p -th≠n At±lw PohnXw ka¿∏n-®p. ]ca hn\o-X\pw

\nkzm¿∞-\p-amb h¿°n [\m-¿÷\w, k¿°m-cp-tZymKw F∂n-hsb

]pdwIm¬ sIm≠v X≈n-°-f™ alm-\m-bn-cp-∂p.

tPm¨ B¿tam- n-s‚bpw a‰pw t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ skdm-ºq-cn¬ \S∂

anj-\dnamcpsS ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ ae-¶ck`sb ]Xn-\n-[m\w sNbvX-

h-cn¬ im¥-Kw-`o-c-\mb h¿°nbpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. AhnsS h®mWp

Xncp-hnXmwIqdn¬ Hcp bqWn-b≥ tImfPv XpS-ßWsa∂ Bibw

DZbw sNbvX-Xpw ]n∂oSv Bephm bqWn-b≥ InkvXy≥ tImfPv

D≠m-bXpw. ae-¶c kpdn-bm\n alm-P-\-k-`-bpsS BZysØ ]kn-

U‚pw h¿°n-bm-bn-cp-∂p. 1948 ¬ Bcw-`n® k`-bpsS HutZym-KnI

apJ-∏-X-amb ae-¶c k`m amkn-I -bpsS inev]nbpw Ct±-l-am-Wv.

1944 ˛¬ 53- ˛mw hb- n¬ \ncym-X-\m-bn.

Fw. ]n. h¿°n

…o_m-Zmk kaq-l- ÿm-]I\m-bn-cp∂ aq°-t©-cn¬ ]tXmkv

am¿ HkvXm-Øn-tbmkv saXm-t∏m-eoØmbpsS tPyjvT ktlmZ-c-\mb

aq°-t©-cn¬ Fw. ]n. h¿°n Hcp ]ap-J -Assh-ZnI t\Xmhpw ae¶c

k`m kzmX-¥y-Øns‚ i‡-\mb h‡m-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]mXn-b¿°o-

kp-am-cpsS [\-]q-P-bv°pw Aan-Xm-[n-Imc Zp¿taml-Øn\pw XS-bn-tS-

≠-Xns‚ Bh-iy-I-X-sb-∏‰n hf-sc-b-[nIw teJ-\-ßƒ Fgp-Xp-Ibpw

]kw-Kn-°p-Ibpw k`mw-K-ßsf ]_p-≤-cm-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn- p-≠v. 1909

\hw-_¿ 25 - 27 Xob-Xn-I-fn¬ ]gbskan-\m-cn-bn¬ A_vZp≈m ]mXn-

b¿°okv hnfn®ptN¿Ø ae-¶c Atkm-kn-tb-j-\n¬ kS-Ip-S-s™-

gp-t∂‰p \n∂v ]mXn-b¿°okn\p euIn-Im-[n-Imcw sImSp-°m≥ ]mSn√

F∂v BZy-ambn ]kvXm-hn-®Xv Fw. ]n. h¿°n-bm-bn-cp-∂p. kZ v

Ic-tLmjw sIm≠v B ]kvXm-h\ kzoI-cn-®p. sIm®n A©¬


kq]≠m-bn-cp∂ h¿°n k`m kzmX¥yØn\p th≠n hS-°≥ ]≈n-I-fn¬ i‡-amb ]N-cWw \S-Ønb k`-bpsS Hcp tk\m\nbpw

tkhI\p-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]. ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n, ]pen-t°m-´n¬ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv A©m-a≥ (Fw. Un. skan-\mcn ÿm]-I≥) F∂n-h-cpsSPohNcn-X-ßƒ cNn® At±-lsØ k`m kvt\ln-Iƒ°p Hcp

ImeØpw ad-°m≥ km[y-a-√.

Fw. F. Nmt°m

Aø-º≈n agp-h-t©-cn¬ IpSpw-_mw-K-am-bn-cp∂p Fw. F. Nmt°m. lrZbip≤nbpw, Bflm¿∞-Xbpw, tkh-\-k-∂-

≤-Xbpw, If-¶-c-ln-X-amb h¿Ø-\hpwAt±-l-Øns‚ apJ-ap-Z-bm-bn-cp-∂p F∂p]apJ ]X]h¿ØI-\m-bn-cp∂ ]n.- kn.

tImcpXv "NnX-thZn' F∂ ]pkvX-I-Øn¬]d-bp-∂p:

""Hcp sIm®ncmPy- ]-P-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-

¶nepw Nmt°m, Hcp Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿Imc-s\-t∏mse kap-Zmb Imcy-ß-fn¬ h¿Øn®p. sIm®n-°m-c-\m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw,

Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-em-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øn\p anX-k-º-Øp-Iƒ. XmakwXriq-cm-bn-cp∂psh¶nepw ssIkvXh tIµ-amb tIm´-bØv GXpkap-Zmb Imcy-Øn\pw At±-lsØ I≠n-cp∂p. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnepw

sIm®n-bnepw ae-_m-dnepw \o≠p InS-°p∂ kap-Zmb irwJ-e-bpsS\Sp-°-Æn-bm-bn-cp∂p At±-lw.

Fw. G. Nmt°m! Nµ-ti-J-c-\m-\-bpsS Xe-sb-Sp-∏pw, Aº-e-°m-

f-bpsS \S-Øbpw, Nn¥m-Ku-chw kv^pcn-°p∂ apJ-`m-hhpw, ]Yaho£-W-Øn¬ ImcyKl-W-Øn\p ka¿∞-amb t\X-ßfpw, \c®pXpS-ßnb inc pw, hm¿≤IysØ \n m-c-ambn KWn®psIm≠p≈

FSpØp Nm´-hpw- ˛ -C-ßs\ Imbn-Ihpw am\-kn-I-hp-amb Hcp NnX-amWv At±-lsØ kvacn-°p-tºmƒ ]cn-Nn-X-∑m-cpsS A¥¿ t\X-ß-fn¬ ]Xn-^-en-°p-∂-Xv.

ÿm\ XymKw sNbvX sIm®n alm-cm-Pmhp Xncp-a-\- nse ]tXyI]cn-K-W-\bv°pw hm’eyØn\pw ]mXo-`-hn-®n-cp∂ Nmt°m, Xncp-a-\- nse U¬ln bmX-bn¬ ]ca hniz-kvXtbmsS AI-ºSn tkhn-

°p-Ibpw, cmP-Iob ]mcn-tXm-jn-I-ßƒ°v A¿l-\m-bn-Øo-cp-Ibpw

sNbvXp. Xriq¿ \S∂ Ip]-kn-≤-amb \mb¿ -˛ -\-kmWn el-f-°m-

eØv Nmt°m t]meokv kq]-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. A∂mWv Nmt°m-bpsS


ss[cyhpw B⁄m-]m-`hhpw \bhpw sIm®o cmPy-hm-kn-Iƒ°p

t\cn-´-\p-`-h-am-b-Xv.

henb DtZym-K-ßƒ e`n-°p-tºmƒ Nne-cpsS `mhw amdpI km[m-

c-W-am-Wv. kXo¿∞y-scbpw D‰-_-‘p-°-sfbpw t]mepw Adn-bp-I-bn-

s√∂p mhn-°p-I, Zb-thmSpw kua-\ky-tØmSpw kwkm-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬

Aew- mhw ImWn-°pI, km[p-°-fpsS t\sc Ah⁄ ]I-Sn-∏n-°pI,

Bh-iy-Øn\pw A\m-h-iy-Øn\psa√mw A[n-Imcàw ]Z¿in-∏n-°pI

˛ Cßs\ t]mIp∂p B kz`mh ]cn-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ. Aß-s\-

bp≈hcn¬ sXmÆq-s‰m≥]Xp iX-am-\hpw s]≥j≥ ]‰p-tºmƒ,

òcpXzw \nd™ izmhn-s\-t∏mse hmemń ]uc-P-\-ssa-Xn°p

Imw£n®p \S-°p-∂-Xm-bn-°m-Wmw. hnj-∏√p ]dn™ ]mºn-s\-t∏m-

se-bmIpw Ah-cpsS ]n∂o-Sp≈ ÿnXn. Nmt°msb kw_-‘n®v

ChnsS _lp-am-\-]q¿∆w ]tXyIw kvacn-°m-\p-≈Xv At±-l-Øns‚

hn\-bhpw A\-l-¶m-c-hp-am-Wv.

tIhew ]Xn-\©p cq]m iº-f-Øn¬ Hcp ¢m¿°mbn sIm®n k¿ho-

kn¬ ]th-in® kvacy-]p-cp-j≥ sIm®n-bnse H∂m-asØ InkvXy≥

Znhm≥ t]jvIm-cmbpw, A\-¥cw FIvsskkv IΩo-j-W-cm-bpw,

t]meokv kq]≠pw ]´mfw Iam≥U‚p-ambn Db¿∂p. Cu HutZym-

KnI Pohn-X-Imew apgp-h≥ Xm≥ km£m¬ InkvXp-aXw Ah-ew-_n-

°p-∂ Hcm-fmsW-∂p≈ t_m[w ap≥\n¿Øn-bm-bn-cp∂p At±-l-

Øns‚ F√m ]hrØn-Ifpw. A[n-Imc kº-∂-amb t]meokv hIp-

∏ns‚ ta[m-hn-bm-bn-cp∂ Ime-Øpw, FIvsskkv IΩo-j-W-cm-bn-cp-

∂-t∏mgpw A]Y k©-cWw sNøp-∂-Xn-\p≈ kµ¿`-ßƒ ]e-Xp-

≠m-bn-´p-≠v. Ahsb Hcp ia-[-\-s‚bpw PntX-µn-b-s‚bpw at\m-`m-

htØmsS At±lw FXn¿Øp Pbn-®p. aZy-]m\w At±-l-Øns‚ Pohn-

XsØ aen-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp-∂n-√. DtZymK K¿∆v, At±-lsØ kao-]n-

®n- p≈ B¿°pw A\p- -h-s∏- n-cp-∂n-√. ssI°q-en-°p≈ kI-e -kml-

N-cy-ßfpw HØn-W-ßn-bn-cp-∂n-´pw At±lw B A\o-Xn°p hnt[-b-

\m-bn- n-√. At±lw ]d-bp-ambncp∂p ""]Xn-\©p cq]m-bn¬ \n∂v Fgp-

\q-‰-ºXp cq]m iº-f-Øn¬ hsc ssZhw Fs∂ Db¿Øn. CXp-sIm≠p

Rm≥ ]cn-]q¿Æ Xr]vX-\m-Wv'' F∂v. HuZmcyw At±-l-Øns‚ as‰mcp

KpW-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]e km[p hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°pw At±lw ôkn-\-

Ønepw a‰pw [\-k-lmbw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. Cß-s\-bp≈ [\-k-lmbw

aqew \√ \ne-bn¬ h∂n- p≈ hf-sc-t∏-cp-≠v. hm¿≤-IysØ At±lw

koam-Xo-X-ambn _lp-am-\n-®n-cp-∂p. ]mbw IqSnb GsXmcp km[phpw

kzKr-l-Øn¬ IS-∂p-h-∂m¬ At±lw Fgp-t∂‰p _lp-am\w ]Z¿in-

∏n-°p-am-bn-cp∂p. Kpcp-` -‡n-bnepw aX-`-‡nbnepw cmP-`-‡n-

bnepw Nmt°m AZzn-Xo-b-\m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw ]d-bm-w. sNdp-∏-Øn¬


IpSn∏≈n°q-S-Øn¬ Xs∂ ]Tn-∏n® Hcp Kpc-p`q-X≥ ]e-t∏mgpw

injys‚ Db¿®-bn¬ A`n-am-\-`-cn-X-\mbn At±-lsØ ImWp-hm≥

sN√p-am-bn-cp-∂p. Kpcp h∂m-ep-S≥ Nmt°m sIm®n t]meokp hIp∏p

ta[m-hn -˛- F-gp-t∂‰p \nev°pw. Kpcp \n¿∫-‘n-®m¬ t]mepw Ccn-°p-

am-bn-cp-∂n-√. AX al-Ø-c-am-bn-cp-∂p Nmt°m-bpsS Kpcp-`‡n. aXm-

\p-jvTm-\-ß-fn¬ IYm-]p-cp-j≥ ZrV-\n-jvT-\m-bn-cp-∂p. t\mºv,

]m¿∞\ apX-em-b-h-bn¬ AWp- am-X-sa-¶nepw hyXn-N-en-®n-cp∂n√.

t\mºp Ime-ß-fn¬ D® -hsc D]-h-kn-®n-cp-∂p. k¿°o-´n-\n-S-bn¬

]¥≠p- ssa¬ ssk°nƒ Nhn- n-t∏mepw ]≈n-bn¬ t]mIp-am-bn-cp∂p.

""Rm≥ \n m-c≥, Zp¿∫-e≥, F√mw ssZh-Øns‚ ImcpWyw'' F∂m-

bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ ZrV-t_m-[yw. Zo\-P\ßsf Hcn-°epw ’n-

®n-´n-√. Aßs\ h√-hcpw sNbvXm¬ Ahsc ITn-\-ambn imkn-°p-

am-bn-cp-∂p.

ÿm\-XymKw sNbvX sIm®n hen-b- X-ºp-cm≥ Xncp-ta-\nsb,

]Xy£-ssZ-h-X-ambn Nmt°m Bcm-[n-®n-cp-∂p. B Xncp-a-\- nse

Imcp-Wyhpw A\p-K-lhpw At±-l-Øn-s‚ -ta¬ \n¿tem`w sNmcn-

™n-cp-∂p.''

ae-¶-c-bn¬ ImtXm-en°m ÿm]\w A\-iz-c-am-°-W-sa∂ ]Xn-

⁄-tbm-Sp -IqSn h -t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-tbm-sSm-∂n®p i‡-ambn ]h¿

Øn® kap-∂X k`m kvt\ln-bm-Wv. kap-Zm-b-t°-kn¬ Hm¿Ø-

tUmIvkv k`-bpsS hnP-b-Øn-\p -th≠n hniacln-X-ambn ]h¿

Øn®p. kap-Zm-b-t°-kn¬ km£n-samgn \¬Ip-∂-Xn\p tIm´bw ]gb

skan-\m-cn-bn¬ Xma-kn-®v 1941 HmKÃv 25 \p cmhn-e-sØ hn. Ip¿∫m-

\-bn¬ kw_-‘n-°p-Ibpw A\p-`-hn-°p-Ibpw sNbvX tijw tImS-

Xn-bn-te°p t]mIm-s\m-cp-ßsh lrtZmKw aqew A¥-cn-®p.

Fw. F. Nmt°m-bpsS \ncym-W-Øn¬ A\p-tim-Nn-°m≥ Xncp-h-\-

¥-]p-cØp sk‚ v tPm¿Pvkv Atkm-kn-tb-js‚ B`n-ap-Jy-Ønepw

dn´. PUvPn sI. sI. eqt°m-kns‚ A[y-£-X-bnepw tN¿∂ tbmK-

Øn¬ dmhpkmln_v H. Fw. sNdn-bm≥ Cßs\ ]d™p: ""kw`h

_lp-e-amb DtZymK Pohn-X-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ kpdn-bm\n kap-Zm-bsØ

At±lw Kuc-h-am-bn-Øs∂ ho£n®pt]m∂p. 25-˛m asØ hb- n-

t\mSSpØv ae-¶c kpdn-bm\n k`m Atkm-kn-tb-j≥ AwK-amb

At±lw C∂p- h-sc an°-hmdpw F√m tbmK-ß-fnepw kw_-‘n-°p-

Ibpw, kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ k¿∆-Im-cy-ß-fnepw k¿∆mwi hym]mcw sNøp-

Ibpw sNbvXp-t]m-∂n-cp∂p. kpdn-bm\n kap-Zm-b-Øn\v B`y-¥-chpw

ip`-hp-amb `cWIaw kºm-Zn-°p-Ibpw Bh-iy-amb Bi-b-a-fie


]≤-Xn-Iƒ _e-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvX-Xv C. sP. tPm¨, Fw. F.

Nmt°m, am¿ Koh¿Kokv Zoh-∂m-tkymkv saXm-t∏m-eoØm F∂n-h-

cm-sW∂p \n w-ibw ]kvXm-hn°mw. tPm¨ h°o¬ A]-I-S-an-√mØ

hgn I≠p]nSn-®p apt∂‰w sNøp-∂-h-\mWv. Fw. F. Nmt°m

t]mtI≠ hgn -I≠p]nSn®p Pbm-]-P-b-ßsf Ah-K-Wn®pw apt∂‰w

sNøp-∂-h-\mWv. am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv \mcm-bWmkvXw ]tbm-Kn-°-

s∏-´m¬ hnPbw I≠-√msX aS-ßn-h-cm-dn-√. ]tc-X-\mb Ipcp-hnf

F≥Pn-\o-bdpw Cu Xnaq¿Øn-Iƒ°p ]e- L-´-ß-fn¬ _e-ta-dnb

klm-b-I¿Ω-ßƒ sNbvXpsIm≠n-cp∂p. kpdn-bm\n kap-Zm-bsØ

kw_-‘n®p ]e Btem-N-\-Iƒ ]tc-Xs‚ a\- n¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂-

Xm-Wv. Xncp-hnXmwIqdn¬ tXmhmf apX¬ hS-t°m- p≈ F√m Xmeq°p-

tI-µ-ß-fnepw sIm®nbn-ep≈ F´p Xmeq°p tIµ-ß-fnepw \ΩpsS

]≈n-Iƒ D≠m-tI≠ Bh-iy-sØ-°p-dn®v At±lw Ft∂mSp Kuc-

h-]q¿∆w kwkm-cn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn-´p-≠v. B Dt±-iy-tØm-Sp -Iq-Sn-bmWv

At±lw Fd-Wm-Ipfw, Xriq¿, hS-°m-t©cn F∂o ÿe-ß-fnse

]≈n-I-fpsS ÿm]-\-Øn¬ D’m-ln-®Xv. At±lw Poh-t\m-Sn-cp-∂p-

sh-¶n¬ ASp-Ø-]≈n Ccn-ßm-e-°p-S-bn¬ BIp-am-bn-cp-∂p.

\ΩpsS kap-Zm-bmw-K-ß-fn¬ ]ecpw kap-Zmbw kw_-‘n® _lp

Imcy-ß-sf-°p-dn®p _≤-i-≤-cm-sW-¶nepw, k -bpsS hn[n-Isf A\p-

-jvTn-°p-∂-Xn¬ \njvT-bp≈hc√ F∂p ]kn-≤-am-W-t√m. F∂m¬

]tc-Xs‚ Krl-Øn¬ t\mºv, \a-kvIm-cw, hnip≤ Ip¿∫m\m\p`hw

F∂n-XymZn \njvT-Iƒ sX‰msX A\p-jvTn-°-s∏´p t]m∂n-cp-∂p.

BWmb Hcp-h≥ kpdn-bm\n k`bv°p \„-ambn F∂p-≈-Xm-Wv

ChnsS timI-Im-cWw. BWp-ß-fm-h-iy-amb Cu Ime-L-´-Øn-¬

BWmb Hcp-h≥ \„-am-sb-∂p-≈Xv timI-Im-cWw Xs∂. Rm≥

Atijw Ass[-cy-s∏-Sp-∂n√. ssZhKXnsb Bcp I≠p? knwl-°p-

´n-Iƒ Xe-sb-SpØp ]nSn-°p-hm≥ thsdbpw D≠m-Ip-am-bn-cn-°pw.''

k -I-fpsS temI Iu¨kn¬ ap≥ ]kn-U‚ v kmdm Nmt°m (Cu

ÿm\-sØ-Øp∂ BZy C¥ym-°m-cnbpw ae-¶c k`mw-K-hpw),

]ikvX tUmŒ-dm-bn-cp∂ Nmt°m tPm¿Pv F∂n-h¿ At±-l-Øns‚

]ikvX k¥m-\-ß-fn¬s∏-Sp-∂p.

amtc´p ]oen-t∏mkv PUvPn

k`m ]Xn-k-‘n-Isf [oc-X-tbmSp t\cn´ h´t»-cn¬ Koh-dp-Kokv

am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS t\XrXzw AwKo-I-cn®p

]h¿Øn® XnI™ k`mkvt\ln-bm-bn-cp∂p amtc´p ]oen-t∏mkv


PUvPn. D∂X hnZym-`ymkw t\Snb

Assh-ZnI ]ap-J-cpsS Btem-N-\-Ifpw

B\p-Iq-ey-ßfpw t\Snb h -t»-cn¬ Xncp-

ta-\n°p IÆ-S®p hniz-kn-°m≥ Ign™

GXm\pw t\Xm-°-fn¬ Hcm-fm-bn-cp∂p

\nb-a-⁄\pw `‡\pw k`mh’-e\pw

Bbn-cp∂ ]oen-t∏mkv PUvPn. ImtXm-

en°m knwlm-k\ ÿm]-\-Øns‚

]n∂Wn hnh-c-ßƒ ^m. ]n. Sn. Koh-dp-

Ko-kn-t\m-sSm∏w t\csØ [cn-®n-cp∂

Bfp-am-bn-cp∂p kXy-k-‘-\mb PUvPn.

am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv _Y\n Dt]-£n®p

tdma≥ ImtØm-en-°m k`sb Bt«-jn-®-Xns\ XpS¿∂v ]oen-t∏mkv

PUvPnbpw ItØm-en°m k`-bn¬ tNcp-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv.

I∂p-Ipgn Ipcp-hnf F≥Pn-\o-b¿, Iøm-eØp sI. hn. Nmt°m

amÃ¿, NnX-sa-gpØp sI. Fw. hdp-Kokv apX-em-b-h¿ hnhn[ Xe-ß-

fnepw Xc-Ønepw h -t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ]n∂nse i‡n kvXw`ß-

fm-bn-cp-∂p.

]tXmkv aØmbn

ae-¶c \km-Wn-I-fn¬ \n∂v BZy-

ambn t\cn´p ap≥kn^v \nb-a\w e`n®

Hf» a©-bn¬ tXmakv aØmbn

ap≥kn^ns‚ ]pX-\mWv ]tXmkv

aØmbn. aØmbn ap≥kn^pw k`m amt\-

PnwKv IΩ-‰n -saº¿ Bbn-cp∂p. 1880 ¬

P\n® ]tXmkv aØm-bn 1902 ¬ aZmkv

InkvXy≥ tImf-Pn¬ \n∂v H∂mw

¢m n¬ Fw. F. ]m mbt∏mƒ kap-Zm-

b-Ønse ]Ya Fw. F. °mc≥ F∂

_lp-aXn At±-l-Øn\p e`n-®p. ae-¶c

saXm-t∏m-eoØm ]pen-t°m- n¬ tPmk v

am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv A©m-a≥ kap-Zm-b-

Øn¬ \n∂p Io¿Øn apZ-bp≈ saU¬ kΩm-\n-®v ]tXmkv aØm-

bnsb BZ-cn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. ]n∂oSp Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw tem tImf-Pn¬

\n∂p _n. F¬. _ncpZw t\Sn. Ahn-SpsØ sslt°m-S-Xn-bn¬

]mŒokv Bcw-`n-®p. AtXm-sSm∏w tem tImf-Pn¬ ]Tn-∏n® At±lw


]n∂oSv tem tImfPv ]n≥kn-∏-embn.

kap-Zm-b-t°-kn¬ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv hn`m-K-Øn\p hninjy h´-t»-

cn¬ Xncp-ta\n°p hf-sc-b-[nIw \nb-tam-]-tZ-i-ßƒ \¬In klm-

bn-®p. tIm´bw Pn√mt°mS-Xn-bn¬ kap-Zmb tIkv \S-°p-tºmgpw

P\m-[n-]Xy `cW kwhn-[m-\-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ k`m-`-c-W-

L-S\ Xøm-dm-°p-tºmgpw ]tXmkv aØmbn \n¿Æm-b-I-amb ]¶p

hln-®n-´p≠v. k`m amt\-PnwKv IΩn‰n AwKw, bqØv eoKv ]kn-U‚ v

XpS-ßnb \ne-I-fnepw k`m tkh\w A\p-jvTn® At±lw 1944 -˛¬

64- ˛-masØ hb- n¬ \ncym-X-\m-Ip-Ibpw ]Ø-\w-Xn´ am°mwIp∂v

sk‚ v Ão^≥kv IØo-U¬ skan-tØ-cn-bn¬ kwkvI-cn-°-s∏-Sp-

Ibpw sNbvXp. `mcy Ip™-∂mΩ amth-en-°c ]Sn-™mtdXe-°¬

CSn-®m-≠n-bpsS ]pXn-bm-Wv.

a°ƒ: an nkv Ip™Ω G_lmw amXyp (IWn-bm¥, sIm®n),

Fw. ]tXmkv aØmbn (ko\n-b¿ AUz-t°‰v sslt°m-SXn, sIm®n),

AeIvkv ]n. aØmbn (dn´. sU]yq´n amt\-PnwKv Ub-d-Œ¿,

Fkv._n.sF. _mw•q¿), ]tXmkv ]n. aØmbn (dn´. ^nkn-°¬

FUyp-t°-j≥ Ub-d-IvS¿, tIcf bqWn-th-gvkn‰n Xncp-h-\-¥]pcw),

tUm. Sn. ]tXmkv aØmbn (No^v nkn-jy≥ B≥Uv s\^vtdm-f-Pn-

Ãv, Ißg Fw. Pn. Un. Fw. Bip-]-Xn), s]m^. eqt°mkv ]n.

aØmbn (dn´. ]n≥kn-∏¬ sk‚ v Ão^≥kv tImfPv, ]Ø-\m-]pcw),

F≥Pn-\o-b¿ sska¨ ]n. aØmbn (Ub-d-Œ¿ am≥sS-Iv, sNss∂).

B¿®v _nj∏v am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv

h´t»cn¬ Xncp-ta-\nsb AXn-hn-Z-Kv≤-ambn A£-cm¿∞-Øn¬

h©n® tZlw F∂ Zp¿_-lp-aXn am¿- Cu-hm-\n-tbm-kn\p amXw

Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. a√-∏≈n Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Pohn-X-Øn¬ G‰-

hp-a-[nIw BLmXw G¬]n® kw`-h-am-bn-cp∂p _Y-\n-bpsS am¿

Cuhm-\n-tbm-kns‚ k`-hn-´p≈ t]m°v. BZ¿i-Øns‚ t]cn¬, a\-

m-£n-bpsS sh√p-hn-fn-tI´v B hµy- tZlw k`-hn´p t]mIp-∂Xn¬

sX‰p- ]-d-bm≥ hø. Bfl-c-£-bv°p-th≠n kz¥am¿§w sXc-s™-

Sp-°p-hm-\p-≈ kzmX¥yw Hmtcm -a-\p-jy\pw D≠-t√m. F∂m¬ ]q¿Æ-

Xbv°p F∂p ]d™v t]mIp∂ t]m°n¬, h -t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n hniz-

kn®v Gev]n® ae-¶ck` hI Adp-]-tXmfw kvIqfp-I-fpw, H´-[nIw

_Y-\n-∏-≈nIfpw, _Y-\n-°p-th≠n kw`-cn® hen-sbmcp kwJy-bpw,

Zm\w In´nb `qkzØp-°fpw IqsS-s°m-≠p-t]m-bXv ]q¿Æ-X-bpsS


`mKam-sW-¶n¬ Fßs\ \oXoIcn-°m-

\mhpw? t]mIp-tºm-gpw, t]mb-ti-jhpw

ae-¶c-k-`bv°p t\sc sNbvXp-Iq-ńb

tZmlI¿Ω-ßƒ°v IW-°p-sh-°p-hm≥

Ign-bptam?

A_vZ≈m ]mXn-b¿°okv apS-°n-b-

t∏mƒ B apS°v kz¿Æ-am-e-t]mse h´-

t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n AWn™p. Iq´p-S-Ãn-

I-fmb tIm\m-´p-a-ev]m-\pw, kn. sP.

Ipcy\pw, Xs∂ ]g-b-sk-an-\mcnbn¬\n∂v

]pI®p ]pdØpNmSn-°m≥ ka-cn-t°-kp-

ambn h∂-t∏mƒ Xncp-ta\n Ah-cpsS

ÿm\-tØ°v thsd Bfp-Isf \nb-an®v

c≠p-t]tcbpw \njv]- -cm°n. hń-∏-W-t°kn¬ hoc-cm-L-h -Aø¶m-

cpsS hn[n- h-∂-t∏mƒ _p≤n-D]-tbm-Kn®v B ]cm-P-bsØ adn-I-S∂v

B D¬]-XnjvWp hnP-b-tkm]m-\-ta-dn. Genbmkv ]mXn-b¿°okv

X¥-]q¿∆w Ipdp-∏w-]Sn ]≈n-bn-te°v £Wn®phcpØn, Xs∂ Iqń-

em-°m≥ ian-®-t∏mƒ B \km-Wn-knwlw IqSp-s]m-fn®v ]pdØpNmSn,

B Ad-_n-hw-iPs\ aebm-fn-bpsS _p≤n-]m-Shw Imń-s°m-SpØv Cfn-

`y-\m-°n. Iui-e-°m-c-\mb bqen-tbmkv saXm≥ X\n-s°-Xnsc

kkvs]≥j≥ Iev]\ Cd-°n-b-t∏mƒ h -t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n AXns\

XnI™ Ah⁄ tbmsS ]p—n®p ]pdw-X-≈n.

Aßns\ Fs¥√mw kw`-h-ßƒ! FX-sb-X -s]m-≈p∂ A\p-`-

h-ßƒ!! Hcp-]mSp sshX-c-Wn-Iƒ Ahn-Sp∂p t\cn´p. F¥p-amXw at\m-

hyY Aßp∂v A\p-`-hn-®p! B\-∏m∏n h[w At±-lsØ Xo¿Øpw

ZpxJn-X-\m-°n. I„-s∏´v a¿±o-\n¬ t]mbn sIm≠p-h∂ kam-[m\

Iev]\ bqen-tbmkv saXm≥ "ap°n-b-t∏mƒ' At±lw hnIm-cm-[o-\-

\mbn. Ch-bn¬ ]eXpw B _p≤n-am≥ ap≥Iqń ]Xo-£n-®n-cp∂

hn]-Øp-I-fm-bn-cp∂psh∂p sh°mw. ""A_vZ≈ ]mXn-b¿°okv

hcp∂p, kq£n-°Ww'' F∂v ap≥Kman ]pen-t°m-ń¬ tPmk^v am¿

Zoh-∂m-tkymkv ac-W-°n-S-°-bn¬ sh®v h -t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n°v ap∂-

dnbn∏p sImSp-Øn-cp-∂p. ]Xo-£n-®-t]mse Xs∂ A]-ISw h∂p kw -

hn-®p -F∂p amXta B Imcy-Øn¬ D≠m-bp-≈p. F∂m¬ Xs‚

hm’ey injy-\m-bn-cp∂ Cuhm-\n-tbm-kns‚ NXn XnI®pw A]-

Xo-£n-X-am-bn-cp-∂p. Xm≥ ]Ww Nne-hn´v ]Tn-∏n®p hf¿Øn saXm-

\m-°nb am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv ]n®-®- n-bn¬ ssIbn´p hmcp-∂-Xp-t]mse


]mh-s∏´ ae-¶ck`-bn¬ \n∂v In´m-hp-∂-sX√mw ssIbn¬ HXp°n

tdmam ]mf-b-Øn-te°v HmSnt∏mb-t∏mƒ h-´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n°v

k¶Sw s]mdp-°m-\m-bn√. ]Wn-°cp saXm≥ Xs∂ ]‰n®pIf-™t√m

F∂ tJZw At±-lsØ Xf¿Øn. \µn-tI-Sns‚ ]mcayw Hm¿Øv B

hr≤-a-lm-Xm-]-k≥ s\Sp-ho¿∏n´p!

am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbm-kns‚ k`m]cn-Xym-K-sØ-°p-dn®v ae-¶-c-k`m

NcnXKŸ-ß-fn¬ ]te-SØpw ]cm-a¿in-®n-´p-≠v. sk-Uv. Fw. ]mtd-

´ns‚ ae-¶c \km-Wn-Iƒ \memw hmey-Øn¬ Fgp-]-Xp -t]Pv hcp∂

16-˛mw A≤ymbw ""_Y-\n-bpsS DZ-b-hpw, saXms‚ AkvXa-\hpw''

F∂ t]cn¬ Fgp-Xn-t®¿Øn-´p≠v. AXp hmbn-®m¬ ]q¿Æ-am-bn-´-

s√-¶nepw an°-hmdpw hnh-c-ß-ƒ e`n-°pw. ]pen-t°m-´n¬ dºm-\pw,

tN∏m´p dºm-\pw, Cuhm-\n-tbm-kns\ ]n¥p-S¿∂v doØn¬ tN¿∂-

t∏mƒ doØns\ \ymboI-cn®v "ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS Ipg¬°-ÆmSn' F∂

t]cn¬ 248 t]Pp≈ Hcp- K-Ÿw- Xs∂ Fgp-Xn -]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. AXn-

\p≈ adp-]-Sn-bmWv "ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS qX°ÆmSn' F∂ 170 t]Pp≈

tIm´bw ]n. tPm¨ amXyphns‚ ]pkvX-Iw (K-Ÿ-I¿Øm-hns‚ t]cv

bYm¿∞ -\m-a-a-s√∂v Hcp `mjy-ap-≠v). doØns‚ Bcw-`-Im-esØ

hnh-c-ß-fmWv B ]p-kvX-I-ß-fn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈-Xv. _Y\n

kp∏o-cn-b¿ Bbn-cp∂ m. Ipcym-t°mkv H. sF. kn. Fgp-Xnb ""ae-

aS°nse sISm-hn-f°v'' F∂ KŸØn¬ _Y-\n- B-i-a-Øns‚

NcnXw ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-tXm-sSm-∏w, Cuhm-\n-tbm-kns‚ k`m`wi-sØ-

°p-dn-®pw, At±lw k`m-am-Xm-hn-t\mSp sNbvX tZml-sØ-°p-dn®pw

a‰p-≈-h-sc-s°m≠v sNøn® Iqc-]-hrØn-I-sf-°p-dn®pw ]d-bp-∂p-≠v.

CsXm-s°- B-bmepw bYm¿∞-Øn¬ am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv ae-¶c

k -tbmSp sNbvX ]m]-I¿Ω-ß-f-psS Hcp t\cnb \ng¬ amXta hmb-

\-°m¿°v Z¿in-°m≥ Ign-bp-I-bp-≈p. F√m hnh-c-ßfpw Dƒs∏-Sp-

Øn-bm¬ A\-h[n A\-h[n t]Pp-Iƒ Fgp-Xm\p≈ hI B alm-

]p-tcm-ln-X≥ sNbvXp-sh-®n-´p-≠v.

H´p-h-fsc eLp-te-J-I-fpw, ]pkvX-I-ß-fp-w, kvac-Wn-I-I-fpw, doØp-

Im¿ Imem-Im-e-ß-fmbn am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbm-kns\ ]mSn-]p-I-gvØp-hm≥

]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-´p-≠v. Hcp ]c-kyw t]mepw tN¿°msX \√ B¿´p-

t]∏-dn¬ [mcmfw NnX-ß-tfm-Sp-IqSn ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ doØp

kph-\n-dp-Iƒ IuXpIIc-ß-fm-Wv. AXnkº-∂-amb tdmam-k-`-bn¬

tN¿∂v ]W-Øns‚ ]nc-an-Un¬ hni-an-®n-cp∂ am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbm-

kn\pw, ]n≥Kman _\-UnŒv am¿ KntKm-dn-tbm-kn\pw doØn-s\ -]p-I-

gvØn-bpw, ae-¶-c-k- sb XmgvØn-bpw, AXym-h-iy -ÿ-e-ß-fn¬ hymPw-


]-N-cn-∏n-®pw, ]pkvX-I-ß-fpw eLp-te-J-Ifpw [mc-[m-c-bmbn ]kn-

≤o-I-cn-°p-∂Xv "A∏-®s‚ Xami' t]mse-bmbncp-∂p. CXn-s\ms°

adp-]-Sn-sb-gp-Xmt\m kXyw P\-ßsf t_m[n-∏n-°p-hmt\m ]e IjvS-

∏m-Sp-I-fn¬ IqSn \o¥n-Øp-Sn-®n-cp∂ ae-¶-c-k`m t\Xr-Xz-Øn\v km[n-

°msX h∂p. ae-¶ck`-bpsS au\w doØp-Im-cpsS BI-a-W-Øn\v

B°w Iq´n. ]gb i‡n-bn-s√-¶nepw doØp-Im¿ Ct∏mgpw ]p\-sscIy-

ta-f-Iƒ kwL-Sn-∏n®v ]Ww hmcn-hn-X®v A\p-bm-bn-Isf Iq´m-\p≈

iaw \S-Øp-∂p-≠v. Xncp-sIm®n ]tZ-i-Øp-\n∂p hnNm-cn-®X Bfp-

Isf e`n-®p-I-gn-™-Xp-sIm-t≠m, AtXm Bfp-Iƒ°v tI´p-tI´v aSp-

Ø-Xp-sIm-t≠m, Ft¥m Ct∏mƒ ]p\-sscIy amam¶w ae-_m¿ `mK-

ß-fn-emWv Imcy-ambn \S-am-Sp-∂Xv.

h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n°v am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbm-kn-s\-°p-dn®v henb

]Xo-£-I-fm-bn-cp∂p D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbm-kv, ]n. -‰n.

Koh¿§okv IØ-\m-cm-bn-cp-∂-t∏mƒ At±-l-sØ-°p-dn®v Ip∂w-Ipfw

tIkn¬ tImkv hnkvXm-c-Øn¬ 1091 CShw 18- ˛\p sImSp-Ø- sam-gn-

bn¬ Xncp-ta\n Cßns\ ]d-™p: ""Snbms‚ (]n. -‰n. Koh-dp-Kokv IØ-

\m-cp-sS) Bbp- pw, Xs‚ kIe kºm-Zyhpw kpdn-bm\n kap-Zm-b-

Øns‚ KpW-Øn-\mbn sNe-hn-S-W-sa-∂p≈ \njvT-tbm-Sp-IqSn the-

sN-øp∂ Hcmfv.'' Bbp pw kI-e- k-ºm-Zyhpw kap-Zm-b-Øn-\mbn

Dgn-™p-h®p F∂v h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n hniz-kn® AfmWv Hcp

kp]`m-X-Øn¬ amXr-k-`sb Dt]-£n®v \n∂\nev]n¬ Imep-amdn

ItØm-en-°-\m-b-Xv. ZcnZ `n£p-hmbn ae-¶ck`-bn¬ dm∂n ˛ s]cp-

\m-´nse ae-ap-I-fnse ]p¬°p-Sn-en¬ Ign-™n-cp∂ am¿ Cuhm-\n-

tbmkv kº-∂-amb tdmamk`-bn-te°v tNt°-dn. saXm≥ apX-em-fn-

bm-bn. ae-¶-c-k-`-bn¬ \n∂n-cp-∂-t∏mƒ Bfp-I-fpsS IÆn¬ s]mSn-

bn-Sm≥ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂ Imhn-h-kvXhpw, a¨N- n-bn-ep≈ £-Whpw,

]p¬°pSnen-ep≈ Xma-khpw, acw-sIm≠v ]Wn-Xo¿Ø …o_mbpw,

Awi-h-Sn-bp-sa√mw ]º- I-S-∂p. F√mw kz¿Æ-a-b-am-bn. Xncp-h-\-¥-

]pcw \K-c-a-≤y-Øn¬ iX-°-W-°n\v G°¿ ÿew-hmßn ]´w Aca\

-]-Wn-Xp. kz¥w t]cn¬ tImfPv ÿm]n-®p. Aßns\ ]eXpw. I≠p-

\n∂ P\w aq°Øp hnc¬h-®p!

am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv Hcp sIm®p- si-Ωm-i-\mbn tIm´bw Fw.-

Un.- sk-an-\mcn sslkvIq-fn¬ h∂p-tN¿∂-Xns\°pdn®v A∂v Fw.Un.-

bn¬ slUvam-Ã-dm-bn-cp∂ sI. -kn. amΩ≥am∏nf "Pohn-X-kva-c-W-I-

fn¬' Fgp-Xn-bn-´p-≠v. AXn¬\n∂v Aev]w D≤cn-°p-∂p: ""....thf-bn-

emWv amth-en-°c kztZ-in-bmb ]n.- ‰n. Kohdp-Kokv siΩm-i≥


Fs∂mcp hnZym¿∞n Fw. -Un. sslkvIq-fn¬ \memw ^md-Øn¬

h∂p-tN¿∂-Xv. Cu siΩm-i≥ kztX ka¿∞-\pw, _p≤n-am\pw Bbn-

cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ aev]m-\-®s‚ (]n-∂oSv Koh¿Kokv am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv)

khn-ti-j-amb hm’-ey-Øn\p ]mXo- -hn-®p. aev]m-\-®≥ Cu siΩm-

i-s‚ ]TnØ Imcy-ß-fn¬ ]tXyIw i≤n-°bpw AXp-t]mse Xs∂

siΩm-»\pw aev]m-\-®-t\mSv Fs¥-∂n-√mØ `‡ym-Z-c-ßƒ Df-hm-

Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ccp-hcpw XΩn¬ ]nXr-]p-X-\n¿∆n-ti-j-amb Hcp

lrZ-b-_‘w hf¿∂p-h-∂p. mhn-bn¬ k`m-tk-h-\-Øn\v aev]m-\-®s‚

a\- n-\n-W-ßnb G‰hpw tbmKy-\mb Hcp sNdp-∏-°m-cs\ I≠p-In´n-

bm-se-∂-t]mse siΩm»s‚ k¿∆ hnZym- ymk -sN-e-hp-Ifpw kapZmb

sNe-hn¬ aev]m-\-®≥ kuP-\y-ambn \n¿∆ ln®p-sIm-Sp-Øp. siΩm-

»≥ aSn-°p-te-j≥ ¢m p- hsc kap-Zmb sNe-hn¬ Fw.- Un.-bn¬

]Tn-®p. Ahn-sS-\n∂p aSn-°p-te-j≥ ]co£ ]m m-b-tijw aev]m-

\-®≥ At±-lsØ kap-Zmb sNe-hn¬ tIm´bw kn. -Fw. -Fkv. tImf-

Pn¬ Ab®p ]Tn-∏n-®p. Ahn-sS-\n∂v F^v. -F. ]co£ Pbn® tijw

D¬Ir-jvS -hn-Zym-`ym-k-Øn-\mbn aZmkv InkvXy≥ tImf-Pn¬ Ab-

®p. AhnsS \n∂p _n.- F. ]co£ ]m mbn. Fw.- F. bpw ]m mbn

aSßnh∂p. ..... aev]m-\-®s‚ kmº-ØnIamb kuP-\y-ßƒ sIm≠v

Fw. -F. _ncp-Z-[m-cn-bmbnØo¿∂ siΩm-»s\ kap-Zmb tkh-\-Øn¬

Hcp ][m\ ÿm\Øp ]Xn-jvTn-°m-\p≈ A`n-\n-thiw aev]m-\-®-

\n¬ sImSp-ºn-cn-s°m≠p.'' ]n∂oSv At±-lsØ Fw.- Un.-bn¬ ]n≥kn-

∏-embn \nb-an-°p-I-bmWv D≠m-b-Xv.

am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbm-kns‚ ]n∂o-Sp≈ hf¿®- s]-s´-∂m-bn-cp-∂p.

skdm-ºq¿ tImf-Pn¬ ]^-k¿ ÿm\w kzoI-cn®v At±lw I¬°-

´bv°v t]mbn. Ipd®p sIm√-ßƒ Ign™v aS-ßn-h∂v _Y\n Biaw

XpS-ßn. [mcmfw t]¿ A\p-bm-bn-I-fmbn ]pd-sI- Iq-Sn. _Y-\n- a-Thpw

XpS¿∂v ÿm]n-X-am-bn. _Y-\n-∏-≈n-Iƒ \msS√mw ÿew -hmßn

]Wn-Xp-b¿Øn. CXn-s\√mw h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n-bpsS ]cn]q¿Æ

]n≥XpW D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. CShw aq∂mw- Xo-b-Xn-bnse Hcp IØn¬

Xncp-ta\n ]n. -‰n. Koh¿Kokv IØ-\m¿°v Cßs\ Fgp-Xn: ""......-\ap°v

Hcp hniz-kvX-\pw, kXy-kvt\-ln-X\pw Ds≠-¶n¬ AXv Xm\m-sW∂v

\mw Adn-bm-Ø-h-\√.''

ae-¶c kap-Zm-b-tØmSpw h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-tbmSpw X\n°v

hfsc- A-[nIw IS-∏m -Sp -s≠∂ \ne-bn -em -bn -cp∂p B¿®v

_nj∏mbnØo¿∂ ^m.- ]n. -‰n. Koh¿Ko-kns‚ BZy-Ime \ne-]m-Sv.

skdm-ºq-cn¬ \n∂v 1917 \hw-º¿ 25 -˛mw XobXn At±lw h´-t»-cn¬


Xncp-ta-\n°v Ab® IØn¬ ]d-bp-∂p: "Most Beloved Father...... Xncp-

a-\- p-sIm≠v Hcp hnØv hnX-®p. AXp Rm≥ BWv. hnØv \qdp-

ta\n ew sImSp-°-W-sa∂v hcp-In¬ F¥mWv th≠Xv F∂p- Rm≥

]d-b-W-sa-∂n-√s√m....'' Cß-s\- t]m-Ip∂p h -t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS

hn\o-X-Zmk≥ F∂ \ne-bn-ep≈ ]n. -‰n. Koh-dp-Kokv IØ-\m-cpsS

IØv. F√mw Ign™v saXm-t∏m-eoØm ÿm\w Inń-°-gn-™-t∏mƒ

a´p-am-dn. coXn-amdn. ]ns∂ òj-Wn-bpsS kzc-am-bn. Hcp -]‰w _Y\n

A®-∑mcpw Ipsd I\ym-kvXo-Ifpw am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv F¥p- ]-d-

bp-∂Xpw aqfm≥ ]mI-Øn¬ IqsS-°qsS D≠mbn-cp-∂p. \mń¬ ]te-

S-Ømbn _Y-\n-∏-≈n-Iƒ ÿm]n-®n-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ Ah-bpsS ]n≥Xp-

Wbpw Inń.

c≠mw ImtXm-en°m Znhw-K-X-\m-b-t∏mƒ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`-

bn¬ BsI aq∂v saXm∑mtc D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈p. ImtXm-en°m _mhm-

bpsS hmgvNbv°v aq∂v saXm-∑m¿ D≠m-bn-cn-°-W-sa-∂mWv \nb-aw.

am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbm-kn-s\-°q-SmsX h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\nbpw I√m-t»-

cn¬ am¿ KntKm-dn-tbmkpw amXw. CXn¬ KntKm-dn-tbm-kns\ ImtXm-

en-°m-bmbn hmgn-°-W-sa¶n¬ am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbm-kns‚ kl-I-cWw

IqSntb Xocp. CXv At±-l-Øn\v hne- t]-im≥ \√ Ah-kcw Hcp-°n-

s°m-Sp-Øp. A∂v _Y-\n-bpsS F∏n-kvtIm∏m amX-ambncp∂ am¿

Cuhm-\n-tbmkv, ImtXm-en-°m-hmgvNtbmsSm∏w Xs∂ saXm-t∏m-eo-

Øm-bmbn Db¿Ø-W-sa∂v iTn-®p. h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n°v hg-ßn-

s°m-Sp-°p-I-b-√msX a‰v hgn- D-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. Aßs\ I√m-t»-cn-

bn¬ KntKm-dn-tbm-kns\ aq∂mw ImtXm-en-°-mbmbn _t -en-tbmkv

Koh¿Kokv ZznXo-b≥ F∂- t]-cn¬ hmgn-®-t∏mƒ A∂p-Xs∂ AtX-

th-Zn-bn¬ sh®v ]pXnb _mh, am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv F∏n-kvtIm-∏msb

saXm-t∏m-eoØm Bbn Db¿Øn. Ign-™n-√, _Y-\n-bnse bmt°m_v

dºms\ sXtbm-^n-temkv (H-f» If-∏p-c-bv°¬) F∂ \ma-Øn¬

F∏n-kvtIm-∏m-bmbn ]ns‰-Zn-hkw hmgn-t°-≠-Xmbpw h∂p.

tN∏m v dºm-s\-°qSn _Y-\n-bpsS Hcp F∏n-kvtIm-∏-bmbn hmgn®p

In´p-∂-Xn-\v am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv Ign-hp≈ kIe ia-ßfpw

sNbvsX¶nepw ImtXm-en°m _mhm AXns\ i‡n-a-Ømbn

FXn¿ØXv C∂v ssZhm-[o-\-ambnØo¿∂p.

""Koh-dp-Kokv KntKm-dn-tbmkv saXm-t∏m-eo-Ømsb Ing-°ns‚

ImtXm-en-t°-mkmbn Db¿Øn-bXv 1929 s^_p-hcn 13˛mw Xob-Xn-bmWv.

alm-\mb Koh-dp-Kokv Zoh-∂m-tkym-kns‚ \n¿t±-tim-]-tZ-i-ßƒ

A\pk-cn®v ÿm\m-tcm-l-W-Øns‚ I¿Ωm-\p -jvTm -\-ßfpw


CXcmNmcßfpw- `‡nkwh¿≤Ihpw B¿`m-S-]q¿Æhpw Bbn \S-

Øp-∂-Xn\v ae-¶-c- \-km-Wn-Iƒ Ac-bpw, Xebpw apdp°n Cd-ßn.

Fw. -Un.- skan-\mcn tXm∏n¬ Genbm Nm∏-en\p ap≥hiw th≠

Xm¬°m-enI FSp-∏pIƒ Xo¿∂p. Ah th≠-hn[w Ae-¶-cn-°-s∏´p.

Kpcp-hmb Zoh-∂m-tkym-kns‚ km∂n-≤y- k-l-I-c-W-ß-tfm-Sp-IqsS

Ing-°ns‚ ImtXm-en-t°m-kns‚ ÿm\m-tcm-lWw G‰w awK-f-I-c-

ambn \n¿∆-ln-°-s∏-´p. Hcp ta¬∏-´-°m-cs\ hmgn-°-p∂-Xn\v aq∂v

taev∏-´-°m¿ F¶nepw D≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww F∂ Imt\m≥ \nbaw

]tXmkv XrXo-b≥ ewLn®v \km-Wn-Iƒ°v ImWn-®p-sIm-Sp-sØ-

¶nepw B hn[w \nb-a-ew-L\w sNøp-∂-Xn\v Zoh-∂m-tkymkv Xøm-

d-√m-bn-cp-∂-Xp-sIm≠mWv taev]-´-°m-cpsS FÆw IW-°n¬ XmWp-

t]m-Ip-∂-Xn\v ap≥]v KotKm-dn-tbm-kns\ ImtXm-en-t°m-kmbn _≤-

s∏´p hmgn-®Xv.''

""At±lw ÿm\w ]m]n-®-Xns‚ ]ns‰-∂mƒ 1929 s^_p-hcn 14˛mw

XobXn c≠p-t]sc saXm-∑m-cmbn A`n-tjIw sNbvXp.

am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbm-kns‚ taml-\-hm-KvZm-\-ß-fn¬ abßn doØn¬

tN¿∂ tZl-amWv hµyZnhyio ]pen-t°m- n¬ butk v dºm≥. ]pen-

t°m-ń¬ dºm-®\v am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbm-kn-s\-∏‰n henb aXn-s∏m∂pw

D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbm-kns\ saXm-\m-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈

Btem-N\ \S-∂p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂-t∏mƒ h√ hnt[-\bpw AXv apS-°p-

hm≥ dºm≥ siΩm-»\m-bn-cp-∂-t∏mƒ c≠m-asØ ImtXm-en°m

_mhmbv°v Ab-®n-´p≈ Hcp IØns‚ mKw "ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS qX-°-

ÆmSn' t]Pv 166 ¬ sImSp-Øn-´p-≠v.

Ip∂w-Ipfw, 5 ˛ 5 -˛ 100

Ah-k-cw-t]mse Xncp-a-\- p-W¿Øn-∏m≥

..............- Xn-cp-a-\- p-sIm≠v ImtXm-en°m ]Z-Øn¬ Ib-dp-I-bm-

sW∂v Dd-®p-I-gn-™m¬ ]eXpw Ku\n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. AsXm∂pw Cu

Aev]-⁄≥ DW¿Øn-t°-≠-Xn-√-t√m. ..... ImtXm-en-°msb hmgn-°p-

∂-tXm-Sp-IqSn Fw. -F. A®s\ saXm-\m-°-W-sa∂v saXm-®\pw a‰pw

\n¿_-‘-ap-≠v. Fw.- F. A®≥ saXm-\m-bm¬ CX-c- sa-Xm-∑mcpw

At±-l-hp-ambn kzc-t®¿®-bn¬ \n¬°pI-bn-s√-∂mWv Fs‚ t\m´w.

Uo°≥ ]n. tPmk^v (H-∏v)

GXp-hn-[-am-bmepw doØns\ ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°p-hm≥ Cuhm-\n-tbm-

kn\v Inńb ][m\ kJmhv ]pen-t°m-ń¬ dºm-\m-bn-cp-∂p.


AXpsIm≠m-Wt√m At±-lsØ Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw -˛ -Xn-cp-h-√m- cq-]-

X-I-fpsS AUvan-\n-tÃ‰dmbn \nb-an-®-Xv. ZpxJ-sh-≈n-bm-gvN -t]mepw

aZy-Øn¬ \n∂p Hgn-™n-cn-°m≥ hømØ ]pen-t°m-ń¬ dºms\

AUvan-\n-tÃ-‰-dm-°nb am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbm-kns‚ KXn-tISn-s\-°p-dn®v

kl-X-]n-°p-hms\ \nhr-Øn-bp-≈q. GXv A\-`n-aX hy‡n-bm-sW-

¶nepw Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`-bn¬ \n∂p- h-∂m¬ ""]p\-ssc-Iy-s-∏´p''

F∂v sImńtLm-jn-°-W-sat∂ doØp-Im¿°v D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈q.

]pI™ sIm≈n-I-sf-bmWv ]ń- p-aqSn doØp-Im¿ kzoI-cn-®-Xv. tN∏m v

]oent∏mkv dºm-s\-bpw, ]pen-t°m-ńse dºm-s\bpw ""\nbp-‡- sa-

Xm-∑m¿''- F-∂p- ]-d-™mWv Cuhm-\n-tbmkv sImń-tLm-jn-®-Xv.

bmt°m-_mb k`-bnse c≠v \nbp‡ saXm∑m¿ Fs‚- IqsS h∂n-

cn-°p∂p F∂mWv tdman-te°v Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. IØv am¿ Cuhm-

\n-tbm-kns‚ Poh-N-cn-X-Øn¬ ^m. -C-©-°-temSn tN¿Øn-´-p≠v.

doØp ]ÿm-\-hp-ambn tdmam k`-bn¬ tNcp-hm≥ If-sam-cp-°n-

bn-cp∂ ImeØv ae-¶ck`-bnse P\-ßsf sX‰n-≤-cn-∏n®v IqsS-

sIm≠p-t]m-Im≥ am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv InW™v ]cn-i-an-®p. ae-¶c

k`-bn¬ \n∂v \Ωƒ amdp-∂n√; At¥ymJym ]mXn-b¿°o-kns‚

t]cv Xp_vt-Z\n¬ ]d-tb≠ ÿm\Øv ]m∏m-bpsS t]cv ]d-bp∂p

F∂p amXsa D≈p Fs∂√mw Xcw-t]mse Xń-hn´v ]mh-s∏´ P\-

ßsf ]c-am-h[n I_-fn-∏n-°m≥ ian®p. ]c-am¿∞n-bpw, km[p-hp-am-

bn-cp∂ c≠mw ImtXm-en°m _mhmsb doØn¬ tN¿°m≥ Ipd-s®m-

∂p-a√ am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv ian-®n-´p-≈Xv. At±-lsØ ]Xps°,

]Xps° hf®v doØv A\p-Iq-en-bm-°m≥ ]e -I-Øp-Ifpw Xcw-t]mse

am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv Fgp-Xn-bXv I≠p-In-ń-bn-´p≠v.

kp∂-l-tZm- nse as‰m-cw-K-amb I√m-t»-cn¬ KntKm-dn-tbm-kns‚

(]n-∂oSv aq∂mw ImtXm-en°m _mh) ASpØpw CtX X¥-ßƒ am¿

Cuhm-\n-tbmkv Cd°nt\m°n. ]t£ ên-®n√. h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-

\n-bpsS D≈n-en-cp∏v Adn-bm≥ ]mtd´v A®s\ (]n-∂oSv amXyqkv am¿

Cuhm-\n-tbm-kv) \n¿_-‘n®v Ab-®p. ]mtd- -®≥ hnhcw ]d-™-t∏mƒ

h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n CS-Xp-Icapb¿Øn amdn-SsØ ad®p Xmtg°p

Hgp-In-°n-S-∂ -sh-©m-acw t]mse-bp≈ XmSn-aoi ]nSn-®p-b¿Øn IgpØv

IpdpsI hmfp-sIm≠v Ad-°p∂ coXn-bn¬ ImWn®p-sIm≠v Iev]n®p:

""IØ-\m-c-®m, \ΩpsS IgpØv Cu coXn-bn¬ Adp-Øp- th¿s]-Sp-

Øn-bmepw \mw CXn\v A\p-Iq-en-°-bn√.'-'

1105 I¿°n-SIw 23- mw XobXn h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bp-ambn \S∂

kw`m-j-W-sØ-∏‰n ^m. ]mtd-ńs‚ Ub-dn-bn¬ Cßns\ ImWp∂p:


""...- _-Y-\n-°m-cy-am-bn-cp∂p C∂sØ ][m\ kwkmchnjbw. _Y\n-

sa-Xm-®≥ NXn®p F∂mWv henb saXm-®≥ ]d-bp-∂Xv-.''

am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbm-kns‚ tdmam Iºhpw Atßm´v Nm™v Nm™v

t]mIp∂p F∂p≈ hm¿Ø-Ifpw BZyw hniz-kn-°msX Ign-°m-\mWv

h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n ian-®n-cp-∂Xv. F∂m¬ Imew Ign-bpw-tXmdpw

B Akp-J-I-c-amb hm¿Ø-bn¬ Ig-ºp-s≠∂v Xncp-ta-\n°v tXm∂n-

Øp-S-ßn. Ign-hp≈ ÿe-ß-fn-se√mw _Y-\n-∏-≈n-Iƒ ÿm]n-°Ww

F∂v Iev]n® Bƒ Xs∂ 1929 Ipw`w 21 ˛mw XobXn C\n- ta-en¬

_Y-\n-∏-≈n-Iƒ ÿm]n-®p-t]m-I-cp-sX∂v Iev]\ Cd-°n.

Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw ]´w Ac-a-\bpw sslkvIqfpw \mem-©n-d-bn¬

500 G°¿ ÿew hmßn am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv tImfPpw ÿm]n-®p.

\K-c-Øns‚ apJ-Omb am‰n hf¿Øp-Ibpw ][m-\-ambpw doØn¬

tN¿∂ H -[nIw t]¿°p hnhn[ ÿm]-\-ß-fn¬ tPmen \¬Ip-Ibpw

ImSp ]nSn®p InS∂ ÿew sXßn≥ tXm∏m-°p-Ibpw mhn-bn¬ _\-

UnIvSv \K¿ cq]w sIm≈m≥ uXnI ASn-ÿm-\-an-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXXp

am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbm-kns‚ Hcp henb t\´-am-Wv.

B\-∏m∏n

ae-¶ck-`-bpsS kpZo¿L-amb Ncn-X-Ønse ZpxJw Xf-wsI-ń-

\n¬°p∂ Hcp A≤ymbw. hmb\ Ign™v KŸw aS-°n-sh-®mepw

tNmc-∏mSv hoW Hcp NnXw a\- n¬ sXfn™p\n¬°pw. ap∏Øn

b©mw hb- n¬ arKo-b-ambn sIm√-s∏´ B\-∏m∏n F∂p hnfn®ph∂

h¿°n h¿Kokv Bims‚ ˛ A`y-kvX-hn-Zy\pw, k`m-kvt\-lnbpw,

Akmam\y a√-\p-am-bn-cp∂ ]m∏n-km-dns\ t]∏-ńsb X√n-s°m-√p-

∂-t]mse Xe-X√n-Ø-I¿Øv sIm∂ bm-\-I-cwKw a\p-jy-tN-X-\sb

Fs∂∂pw Akz-ÿ-am-°p-Ibpw, lrZ-b-X-¥n-Isf h√msX thZ-\n-

∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøpw.

knwl-lr-Z-b-\mb h -t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n GXp -I-SpØ ]Xn-k-‘n-

I-tfbpw [oc-ambn t\cn-Sp-I-bmWv ]Xn-hv. hń-∏-W-t°-kn¬

hoccmLh-A-ø-¶m-cpsS hn[n tZmj-ambn h∂p F∂ Iºn-k-tµiw

e`n-®-t∏mƒ t]mepw At±lw H´pw Ipep-ßn-bn-√. F∂m¬ Xs‚ AwK-

c-£-I-cn¬ ][m-\n-bmb ]m∏nsb FXn¿I-£n-Iƒ Xe-X-√n-Ø-I¿Øn-

ń-cn-°p∂p F∂ Zmcp-W-amb hm¿Ø- tI-´-t∏mƒ At±lw hnXp-ºn-

t∏mbn. ]g-b-sk-an\m-cn-bp-sS ap‰Øv arX-]m-b-\mb -]m-∏nsb sIm≠p-

h∂p InSØnbncn-°p∂p F∂p Adn-bn-®-t∏mƒ Xncp-ta-\n°v k¶Sw

AS-°m-\m-bn-√. B IÆp-I-fn¬\n∂v IÆp-\o¿ AS¿∂p-ho-Wp.


]cn£o-W\mb Xncp-ta-\n -ap-dn-bnse Nmcp-I-tk-c-bn¬ Xf¿∂pInS∂p

Ic™p. B\-∏m∏n sIme-t°-kn¬ 19 -˛mw km£n-bmbn h´-t»-cn¬

Xncp-ta-\nsb skj≥kv tIm¿ń¬ hnkvX-cn-®n-cp-∂p. ""Fs‚ tZl-c-

£-bv°mbn h∂-bm-fns\ X√n-s°m-∂t√m F∂ thZ-\-sIm≠v Rm≥

]m∏nsb t]mbn- I-≠n√'' F∂v At±lw samgn-sIm-Sp-Øp (C-hnsS

km£n°v KZvK-Z-kz-c-ambn t\X-ß-fn¬ Aip-I-W-ßƒ \nd™p

F∂v PUvPn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn).

C\n- \-ap°v tNmc-bn¬ IpXn¿∂ A≤ym-b-Ønse Hmtcm Xmfpw-

kmh-[m\w adn-®p-t\m-°mw. c‡-°-d- hoWv Hń-∏n-Sn® B GSp-Iƒ°v

]d-bm-\p≈ IZ-\-IY ae-¶-c-k-`-bnse Hmtcm Ip™pw Adn-™n-cn-

t°-≠-Xm-Wv. B\-∏m-∏nsb X√n-s°m∂p F∂v ]g-b-X-e-ap-d-bnse

Bfp-Iƒ ]d-bp-∂Xv ]ecpw tIń-cn-°pw. ]m∏n Bcm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-t∂m,

B h[-Øn\p ]n∂n-ep-≠mbncp∂ KqVi‡n-Iƒ Bscm-s°-bm-bn-

cp-∂p-sht∂m Ct∏m-gsØ Xe-ap-d-bnse ]e¿°pw HscØpw ]nSnbpw

D≠m-bn-cn-°-bn√. AXn-s\-°p-dn®v th≠X Adn-hp-]-I¿∂p-sIm-Sp-

°m≥ DX-Ip∂ IrXn-Ifpw hnc-f-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]m∏n-km-dns\ ]pdw-tem-

I-Øn\v kXy-k-‘-ambn ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Ø-W-sa∂ Xoh-amb A`n-em-

j-amWv ""B\-∏m∏n'' F∂ KŸw Fgp-Xm≥ Rßƒ°v ]tNm-Z\w

\¬In-bXv. 2000 Unkw-_-dn¬ Rßƒ Fgp-Xnb ]m∏n-bpsS Poh-

NcnXw tIm´-bv°¬ ]ªo-tjgvkv, amßm\w ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®-Xp-hgn

ae-¶-c-k- -bpsS c‡-km-£n-bmb B [oc-]p-c-pj-t\mSv sNtø≠ IS-

∏mSv ]q¿Æam-bn-´-s√-¶nepw Ipd-s®ms° sNbvXpXo¿Øp Fs∂mcp

Bizmkw Rßƒ°p-≠m-bn.

Xncp-h-√bv°p kao]w s]cn-ß-c-°-c-bn¬ Imc-bv°¬ sk‚ v

tPm¿÷v ]≈n-°-Sp-Øp≈ ]Wn-°-cp-ho- n¬ h¿°n Bims‚bpw Imc-

bv°¬ N°pw-ho-ń¬ adn-bm-Ω-bp-tSbpw GI-a-I-\mWv A≤ym-]-I-\m-

bn-cp∂ ]m∏n F∂ Hma-\-t∏cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-ń-cp∂ h¿°n hdp-Ko-kv.

A∂-sØ-°m-eØv aSn-°p-te-j≥ hsc ]Tn® ]m∏n At±-l-Øns‚

]nXm-hn-s\-t∏mse A≤ym-]-I-\m-bn-´mWv HutZym-KnI Pohn-X-am-cw-`n-

®-Xv. At±-l-Øns‚ ]nXm-a-l\pw A≤ym-]-I-\m-bn-cp∂p. aq∂p Xe-

apd A≤ym-]-I-hr-Ønsb kzoI-cn® Hcp IpSpw-_-amWv ]m∏n-bp-tS-sX∂v

ae-¶-c-k-`-bn¬ FX-t]¿°v Adn-bmw. I√q-∏m-d-°-Sp-Øp≈ Hcp Kh.

F¬. ]n. kvIqfn-emWv At±lw A≤ym-]-I-\m-bn-cp-∂Xv. kmam\yw

t`Z-s∏- \n-e-bn¬ Ign-™p-Iq-Sp-hm-\p≈ kºØv hoń¬ D≠m-bn-cp∂p.

s]cnßc B‰p-]p-dØv IpSpw-_-Ønse A∂-Ω-sb-bmWv ]m∏n-

hnhmlw sNbvXn-cp-∂Xv. 35 -˛mw hb- n¬ h[n-°-s∏´ ]m∏n°v Hcp


]pX\pw aq∂p ]pXn-am-cp-amWv D≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. ]m∏n- a-cn-°p-tºmƒ

Cf-b- s]¨Ip-™n\v shdpw aq∂p- amkw amXw ]mbw. 92 hb- p≈

dmtl-eΩ F∂p t]cp≈ B h\nX 2002 ¬ acn®p. Rßƒ Fgp-

Xnb "B\-∏m∏n' F∂ KŸ-Øns‚ ]Im-i\I¿Ω-Øn¬ ]-s¶-Sp-

°m≥ 2000 Unkw-_¿ 21- mw XobXn dmtl-e-Ωbpw IpSpw-_hpw tIm -

b-Øp- h-∂n-cp-∂p. ae-¶-c-k-`-bv°p-th≠n Poh≥ A¿∏n® B c‡-

km-£n-bpsS aIsf kZ- n\v ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-SpØv BZ-cn-

°m\pw Ahsc s]m∂mS AWn-bn®v A\p-tam-Zn-°m\pw km[n-®-Xn¬

Rßƒ°v IrXm¿∞-X-bp≠v. kZ- ns\ A`n-kw-t_m-[-\ -sNbvXp-

sIm≠v dmtl-eΩ kwkm-cn-°p-Ibp≠mbn. \nbp‡ ImtXm-en°m

tXmakv am¿ Xotam-Øn-tbm-kmWv s]m∂mS AWn-bn-®-Xv. ]n. kn.

G_lmw I®-apdn kΩm-\n-®p.

]m∏n-bpsS `mcy-ho-´p-Im¿ B‰p-]pdw ÿew hn¬°m≥ Hcp-ßn-b-

t∏mƒ B ÿew ]m∏n Bim≥ hmßp-I-bmWv D≠m-b-Xv. Imc-

bv°se ÿew hn‰v ]m∏nkmdv B‰p-]p-d-Øp -hm-ßnb ÿeØv

Xmakw XpSßn. Aßn-s\-bmWv s]cn-ß-c-bn¬ \n∂v B‰p-]p-d-Øp-

h-cp-hm≥ CS-bm-b-Xv.

]m∏n -km-dns\ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ Khs◊‚n¬ FIvsskkv hIp-

∏n¬ td©-dmbn \nb-an-®n-cp-∂p. B DØ-c-hp -In- n-b-ti-j-amWv k¿∆o-

kn¬ tNcmsX tIm -b-tØ°v t]mb-sX∂v Adn-bm≥ Ign-™p. k`m

kvt\lw H∂p-sIm-≠p -am-X-amWv ]m∏n tPmen Cs -dn™v ]g-b-skan-

\m-cn-bn-te°v IpXn-®-Xv. ae-¶-c -sa-Xm-t∏m-eo-Ø-mbmb h´-t»-cn¬

Kohdp-Kokv am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkns\ FXn¿I-£n-Iƒ ]e-hn-[-Øn¬

tZmln-°p∂p F∂ ZpxJ-I-c-amb hm¿Ø e`n-®-Xn-s\-Xp-S¿∂p Xncp-

h-√, \nc-Ww, amth-en-°c apX-emb i‡-amb sX°≥ CS-h-I-I-fn¬

\n∂v ]ecpw ]g-b-sk-an-\m-cn-bn¬ HmSnFØp-Ibpw taen¬ iey-ap-

≠m-Im-Xn-cn-°m≥ Nne A`ym-kn-Isf AhnsS Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS AwK-c-

£-I-cmbn \ntbm-Kn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Xncp-h-√-bn¬ \n∂p -\n-tbm-Kn-

°-s∏- -h-cn¬ Hcm-fm-bn-cp∂p ]m∏n-km-dv. At±-lsØ Ab-®Xv Xm\m-

bn-cp∂p F∂v sI. Fw. amΩ≥ am-∏nf (sIm®p amΩ≥ h°o¬) h´n-

∏-W-t°-kn¬ samgn- sIm-Sp-Øn- p≠v. F∂m¬ CXv kw_-‘n® Imcy-

Øn\v t\Xr-Xzw- sIm-SpØXp sI. kn. Cu∏-\m-W-sX. ]m∏nsb tIm -

b-tØ°p Ab-bv°p-tºmƒ ]m∏n-bpsS Igp-Øn¬ Hcp Ik-hp- I-

hWnsIm≠v s]m∂mS Nm¿Øn A\p-tam-Zn-®Xv sI. kn. Cu∏-\m-Wv.

]m∏nsb Xncp-h-√m-bn¬\n-∂v Xm≥ sIm≠p-h∂p F∂v B¿®v _nj∏v

am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv "Kncn-Zo]w' F∂ KŸ-Øn¬ Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v.


apI-fn¬ ]d-™-h-sc√mw C°m-cy-Øn¬ kl-I-cn®p F∂p thWw

hnNm-cn-°m≥. h -t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\nbpsS skI- -dn-bm-bn-cp∂ Znhyio

aW-en¬ bmt°m_v IØ-\m¿ 5 ˛ 3 ˛ 1992 ¬ AUz. ]n. kn. amXyp-

hn\v Ab® IØn¬ skan-\m-cn-bn¬ FXn¿I£n-Iƒ hg-°p-≠m-

°nbpw, Nne tIUn-I-fmb apl-Ω-Zo-b¿ saXm-t∏m-eo-Ømsb NoØ-

]d™pw a‰pw D]Zhn°m≥ XpS-ßn-b-t∏mƒ Xncp-h√m-]-am-Wn-Iƒ

B\-∏m-∏nsb tZl-c-£bv°v sIm≠p-h-∂-Xm-sW∂v Fgp-Xn-bn-´p≠v.

apI-fn¬ ]d-™n-´p-≈-h-sc-√mw-Xs∂ "Xncp-h√m ]amWn-Iƒ' F∂

KW-Øn¬ hcpw.

ae-¶c sa-Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bm-bn-cp∂ ]pen-t°m-´n¬ tPmk^v am¿

Zoh-∂m-tkym-kv 1909 Pqembv 11 mw XobXn Rmb-dm-gvN -Imew sNbvXp.

]n≥Km-an-bmbn h´-t»-cn¬ Koh¿Kokv am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv saXm-

t∏m-eoØm A[n-Im-c-ta-‰p. Cu kabw A_vZp≈ ]mXn-b¿°okv

_mhm ae-¶-c-bn¬ hs∂-Øn. At¥ymJym ]mXn-b¿°o-kns‚ ]c-

am-[n-Imcw ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS ta¬ Ac-°-n´v Dd-∏n-°m≥ Xøm-sd-Sp-Øp-

h∂ A_vZp≈m ]mXn-b¿°okv ae-¶-c-bn-ep≈ saXm-∑m¿ F√m-

hcpw DS-ºSn \¬I-W-sa∂pw Aßns\ \¬Ip-∂-h¿°v amXta

taen¬ saXm≥ ÿm\w \¬Ip-I-bp-≈p-sh∂pw I¬∏n-®p. h´-t»-

cn¬ Xncp-ta\n DS-ºSn sImSp-°m≥ Xøm-dm-bn-√. ae-¶-c-bpsS ]q¿∆nI

Ncn-X-Øn¬ Aßns\ DS-º-Sn-sImSp-°p∂ kº-Zmbw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n√.

ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS kzmX¥yw ASn-b-d-sh-°p∂ AØcw DS-º-Sn- sIm-

Sp-°n-s√∂v h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n Xo¿Øp]d-™p.

ae-¶-c-k-`m -kw-_-‘-amb euIn-I-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ ioa-sa-Xm-∑m¿

]th-in®pIqSm F∂pw, Bflo-b-hn-j-b-Øn¬ k`sb klm-bn-∏m≥

amXta Ah¿°v A[n-Im-c-ap-≈p-sh∂pw Xocp-am-\-ap-≠m-bn- p-≠v. 1889

se tdmb¬tIm¿´v hn[n t\m°n-bm¬ CXp a\- n-em-°mw. CXn-s\-

Xn-cm-bn-´mWv ae-¶-c-k-`-bn¬ euIn-I-A-[n-Im-chpw, Dƒ`-c-Whpw

X\n°v e`n-°-W-sa∂v ]mXn-b¿°okv iTn-®-Xv. ]e -hn[-Ønepw h´-

t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\nsb hiw-h-Z-\m-°p-hm≥ ]mXn-b¿°okv _mhm ]cn-

i-an-®p. AsXm∂pw \S-°msX h∂-t∏mƒ ""F∂m¬ CXns‚ tZmj-

^ew \nßƒ A\p-`-hn°pw; Du¿t«w Cuhm-\n-tbm-kns‚ IY -\n-

ßƒ Adn-™n- p-≠t√m'' F∂v _mhm oj-Wn-s∏-Sp-Øn. DS-ºSn X∂n-

s√-¶n¬ apS°pw F∂v ]mXn-b¿°okv I¬]n-®-t∏mƒ ""apS-°n-bm¬

AXp Hcp kz¿Æ-am-e -t]mse [cn°pw'' F∂v ae-¶c sa-Xm-t∏m-

eoØm Xncn-®-Sn-®p.

AtXmsS cwKw NqSm-hm≥ XpS-ßn. kap-Zmbw c≠v tNcn-bmbn


Xncn™v hg°v Bcw- n-®p. Aflmb SÃn. kn. sP. Ipcy\pw, sshZnI

SÃn tIm\m´p amØ≥ aev]m-\pw ]mXn-b¿°o-kn-t\mSv tN¿∂p\n∂p.

h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\nsb HXp-°m≥ th≠ X¥-ßƒ ]mXn-b¿°o-

kn\v A∏-t∏mƒ D]-tZ-in-®p-sIm-Sp-Øn-cp-∂Xp Ch-cmbn-cp∂p.

Iqdntemkv saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm, AØm-\m-kn-tbmkv saXm-t∏m-eoØm

XpS-ßn-b-h¿ ]g-b-sk-an-\m-cn-bn¬ h∂v Xmakw XpS-ßn. ]mXn-

b¿°okv _mhm-bpw, ioa-bn¬ \n∂v At±-l-Øns‚ IqsS h∂n-cp∂

dºm-∑mcpw ]cn-hm-c-ßfpw ]gbskan-\m-cn-bpsS Ingt° mKØv aq∂m-

asØ \nebpw, ]Sn-™mdv `mKØv c≠m-a-sØ -\n-e-bnse hSt°

apdn-bpw, IΩn‰n amfn-Ibpw ssIhiw h®p. h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\nbpw

a -bv°¬ aev]m-\-®\pw, siΩm-»-∑mcpw Xma-kn®ph∂ Npcp°w Nne

apdn-Isfmgn®v an° apdn-I-fp-tSbpw Xmt°m-ep-Ifpw ]mXn-b¿°okv

_mhm-bp-tSbpw kn¬-_‘nIfp-tSbpw A[o-\-Øn-embn. CXns\

XpS¿∂mWv "kacnt°kv' F∂p ]d-™p-h-cp∂ skan-\m-cn-t°kv

Bcw-`n-®-Xv. AXn¬ s]s´∂p hnP-bn°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Hcp hgn-bm-bn-

´mWv \nb-a-t_m[w sXm´ptX®n- n-√mØ Iq´p-I-£n-Iƒ Cu tIkns\

ho£n-®-sX-∂mWv [cn-t°-≠Xv. ]kvXpX tIkn¬ hnPbw e`n-°p-

∂-Xn\v ae-¶-c -sa-Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømsb apS-°msX bmsXmcp c£bp-an-

s√∂v _mhmbpw At±-l-Øns‚ D]-tZ-i-I-hr-µhpw Xocp-am-\n-®p.

CXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\ØnemWv h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\nsb apS-°n-b-Xv.

]g-b-sk-an-\m-cn-bnse ASp-Ø-ap-dn-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂ h -t»-cn¬ Xncp-

ta-\n°v ASn-b-¥n-c-Øn¬ A©¬am¿Kw apS°pIev]\ Ab-®p.- km-

[m-cW, apS-°n\v apºv sNtø≠-Xmb bmXmcp Imt\m-\nI \S-]-Snbpw

sNbvXn√. ta¬]-´-°m-cpsS kp∂-l-tZmkv IqSn saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-

tbmSv kam-[m\w Bhiy-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂n-√. am¿ Zoh-∂m-

tkym-kns\ apS-°nbm¬ saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bv°v tIkn¬ I£n-bmbn

hmZn-°p-Ibpw tIkv \S-Øp-Ibpw sNøm≥ ]‰msX hcp-sa-∂m-bn-cp∂p

FXn¿I-£n-I-fpsS IW-°p-Iq´¬. ]t£ Imcy-ß-sfm∂pw Ah¿

hnNm-cn-®-t]mse Ah-km-\n-®n-√. \nbaw AXns‚ hgn°p Xs∂

\oßn.

skan-\m-cnsb kw_-‘n-°p∂ BZy aPn-tÃ´v tIm¿´v hn[n 1087

Nnßw 18 \v D-≠mbn. saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS ssIhiw ÿm]n-®mWv

aPn-tÃ´v cmL-hm-Nmcn Xo¿∏p Iev]n-®-Xv. ]mXnb¿°okv mKw apS-

°n-eqsS hf¿Øn-s°m-≠p-h∂ BIm-i-t°m´ AtXmsS XI¿∂p-

hoWp. CXns\ kw_-‘n-°p∂ IqSp-X¬ hnh-c-ßƒ Rßƒ Fgp-

Xnb "B\-∏m∏n' F∂ KŸ-Øn¬ t]Pv 44 apX¬ D≈ `mK-ß-fn¬

ImWmw.


]Xn-Imc hnj-Pzme G‰ tIm\m´v amØ≥ a¬∏m\pw, kn. sP.

Ipcy\pw aPn-tÃ-ńs‚ hn[n-bn-t∑¬ sslt°m¿ń¬ dnhn-j≥

sImSpØp. saXm-t∏m-eo-Ømbv°pw tImS-Ãn-Iƒ°pw skan-\m-cn°p

Iq´-h-Imiw Ds≠∂v AhnsS hn[n-bp-≠m-bn. Cu hn[n-tbmsS,

XWpØpInS-∂n-cp∂ k`m-¥-co£w s]s´∂v NqSm-bn. shSn-a-cp-∂n¬

Xos∏mcn hogp∂ Xc-Øn-ep≈ ê-amWv sslt°m-S-Xn-bpsS hn[n

sIm≠v D≠m-b-sX∂v ]mtd v hne-bn-cp-Øn-bn- p-≠v. ]gbskan-\m-cnbpw

hkvXp-°fpw Xßƒ°pw ssIhiw Ds≠∂v ÿm]n-°p-∂Xn\v Iq´p

SÃnIƒ ian-®p. ]mtd´v FgpXn: ""kn. sP. Ipcy\p A°c IpSpw-_-

Øns‚ kzm[o\ he-b-Øn¬s]´ mKØv InS-°p∂ skan-\mcn ]pc-

bn-Shpw a‰pw ssIh-i-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\v Ipsd Bfp-Isf \ntbm-Kn-°m≥

A∂p sshjayw H∂pan√m-bn-cp-∂p. Aßs\ hcp-∂-hsc _ew-

sIm≠p-Xs∂ XS-bp-∂-Xn\p ae-¶c kap-Zm-b-Øn\pw ]Wn H∂p-an-

√m-bn-cp-∂p.'' Npcp-°-Øn¬ ]mh-\-amb ]gbskan-\mcn Hcp A¶-°-

f-ambn amdn. Ccp `mK-°mcpw Ah-cpsS Ah-Im-i-ßƒ _ewsIm≠v

ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xn\v _en-jvT-Imb-∑m-cmb tbm≤m-°sf Ahn-tS°v

\ntbm-Kn-®p.

skan-\m-cn-bnepw AXn-t\mSp tN¿∂p-In-S-°p∂ hnim-e-amb

sXßn≥tXm∏nepw Xßƒ°v Xpeymh-Imiaps≠∂v sXfn-bn-°m≥

Bflm-b-Skv‰nbpw, sshZnISÃnbpw InW™p ]cn-iaw XpS-ßn.

skan-\mcn ]pc-bn-S-Øn¬ \n∂v tXßm CSo®v ssIhiw Dd-∏n-°p-∂-

Xn\v GXm\pw ]c-hcpw Ah-cpsS tZl-c-£-bv°mbn \mÍw sNdn-

bm≥ F∂ XSn-bs‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ Ipsd duUn-I-fp-ambn kn. sP.

Ipcys‚ A\p-P≥ sIm®p-]m∏n ao\w 16 -˛mw XobXn ]pd-s∏-´p. ]c-h-

cp-ambn h∂h-tcmSv FXn¿°m≥ B \n-ebn¬ D≈-h¿ saXm-t∏m-eo-

Øm-bpsS ]£Øv At∏mƒ lmP-cp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. skan-\mcn amt\-

P¿ Iri-Km-X-\mb a -bv°¬ AeIvk¥tbmkv IØ-\m¿ Ah-tcmSv

FXn-cn-´p. At±-l-tØm-sSm-∂n®v Ht∂m ct≠m siΩm-»-∑mcpw D≠m-

bn-cp-∂p. ssItb-‰sØ XS-bm≥ ian® aev]m-\-®-t\bpw siΩm

»∑mtcbpw ]c-h-cpsS IqsS h∂ Kp≠m-kwLw s]mXnsc X√n.

CsX√mw I≠p-sIm≠v skan-\m-cn -am-fn-I -ap-I-fn¬ Iqdn-temkv

saXm\pw, tIm\m-´p- a-ev]m-\pw, kn. sP. Ipcy\pw \n∂n-cp-∂p. h´-t»-

cn¬ Xncp-ta\n Hcp Nqc¬ hSn FSpØv ]pd-In¬ IqSn sN∂v tIm\m´v

aev]ms‚ ]pdØv i‡n-bmbn Hc-Sn -sIm-Sp-Øp. tIm\m´p aev]m≥

ITn-\-th-Z-\-sIm≠p ]pf-™p. XpS¿∂v kn. sP. Ipcy≥ CS-s]-´-p.

saXm-t∏m-eoØm Bh-iy-s∏´]Imcw Ipcy≥, A\p-P≥ sIm®p

]m∏nsb XncnsIhnfn-®p. sIm®p]m∏nbpw Iqćpw a¬∏m-t\bpw,


siΩm-»-∑m-tcbpw hn´v Xncn-sb-t∏m-∂p.

tXßm Cd°n tXm∏v ssIh-i-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ iaw icn°pw en-

°msX h∂-Xn¬ \ncm-i-s∏´ tImS-Ãn-Iƒ iaw IqSp-X¬ Du¿÷n-

X-s∏-Sp-Øn. saXm-t∏m-eo-Ømsb ImWp-∂-Xn-s\m, skan-\m-cn-bnse

ÿnXnK-Xn-Iƒ Bcm-bp-∂-Xn-s\m, -sk-an-\m-cn-bn-te°p t]mIp-∂-h¿

saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS A\p-bm-bn-I-fm-sW∂p Adn-™m¬ Ahsc

iey-s∏-Sp-ØpI ]Xn-hm-bn-Øo¿∂p. ^m. ]n. ‰n. Koh¿Kokns\

(]n∂oSv am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv) Hcp Znhkw Nne duUnIƒ XS-™p-

h≠n-bn¬\n∂v ]nSn-®n-d°n Ip∏mbw Ducn-°m≥ ian-®p. At±-l-

Øns‚ ssIh-i-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ hSn Ah¿ X´n-∏-dn-®p. F¥pw kw`-hn-

°m-hp∂ \ne-bm-bn-cp∂p AhnsS D≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv.

]mXn-b¿°okv `mKsØ ]am-Wn-Iƒ°v IÆn¬I-≠p-Iq-SmØ

apJy-i-Xp-hmbn CXn-\Iw h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n amdn-°-gn-™n-cp-∂p.

]mXn-b¿°o-kns‚ A[n-Imcw ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xn\v hne-ßp-X-Sn-bmbn

\n¬°p-∂-Xpw, tImSÃn-I-fpsS ssIhiw ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ ]Xn-

_-‘hpw h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n F∂ H‰-ØSn amX-am-b-Xp-sIm≠v

B "XSn' sh´nam‰p-∂-Xn\v ia-ßƒ XpS-ßn. Zoh-∂m-tkymkv Xncp-

ta-\nsb h[n-°p∂Xn\v FXn¿I-£n-Iƒ sNbvX ia-ß-fn¬ \n∂v

Xncp-ta\n A¤p-X-I-camwhn[w c£-s∏´p F∂p amXta ]d-bm-\p≈p.

CXns\ kw_-‘n-°p∂ IqSp-X¬ hnh-c-ßƒ "B\-∏m∏n' F∂ KŸ-

Ønse "h -t»cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS t\sc' F∂ Bdmw A≤ym-b-Øn¬

hn-h-cn-®n-´p-≠v.

h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS tZl-c-£bv°v ]Øp- ]-¥≠p ]≈n-

°m¿ Bfp-Isf Ab-®n-cp-∂p. Aßs\ ]g-b-sk-an-\m-cn-bn¬ saXm-

t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS tZl-c-£bv°v \ntbm-Kn-°-s∏- -h-cn¬ ][m-\n-bm-bn-

cp∂p ]m∏n-km-dv.

]m∏n 1087 Ipw -amkw Ahkm\w ]g-b-sk-an-\m-cn-bn¬ h∂v saXm-

t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS AwKc-£I\mbn Npa-X-e-tb-‰p. h∂n´v F´p-]Øp

Znhkw Xma-kn®tijw ho≠pw hcm-sa∂p ]d™v Abm-fpsS

kztZi-tØ°v t]mbn. ao\-amkw 18 mw XobXn ImeØp ]Øp-aWn-

tbm-Sp-IqSn ]m∏n Xncp-h-√m-bn¬ \n∂p skan-\m-cn-bn¬ Xncns®Øn.

]m∏n-bpsS Xncn®phchv ]mXn-b¿°okv mKsØ N´-ºn-Iƒ°v H´pw

]nSn-®n-√. `bm-i-¶-I-tfm-sS-bm-W-v Ah¿ ]m∏n-bpsS CØ-h-WsØ

hc-hns\ ho£n-®-Xv. ]m∏n Xncn-®p-h∂Xns‚ Xte-Zn-hkw sshIp-

t∂cw ]g-bsk-an-\m-cn-bn¬ h∂v h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\nsb I≠v


kwkm-cn-®-tijw mZ¿. ]n. ‰n. Koh¿Kokv IpXn-c-h-≠n-bn¬ Xncn®p

t]mIp-tºmƒ Nne N´-ºn-Iƒ h≠n XS-bp-Ibpw A®s\ _e-ambn

h≠n-bn¬ \n∂v Cd°n Ip∏mbw Ducn tZl-]-cn-tim-[\ \S-Øm≥

ian-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. AI-an-Iƒ A®s‚ Iøn-en-cp∂ hSn

Xń-∏-dn-°p-Ibpw oj-Wn-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]m∏n Xncn-®p-h-∂m¬

CXns\°pdn®v tNmZyw sNøm-Xn-cn-°n-s√∂v ]mXn-b¿°okv `mKw

N -ºn-Iƒ°v Dd-∏m-bn-cp-∂p. Ah¿ hnNm-cn-®-t]mse Xs∂ kw -hn®p.

B\-∏m∏n sIme-t°-knse skj≥kv tIm¿´v hn[n-bn¬ \n∂v

]kvXpX `mKw D≤-cn-°-s´:

""ao\amkw 18 ˛mw XobXn ImeØv H≥]-Xp- a-Wn-t°m, ]Øp

aWnbvt°m ]m∏n Xncp-h-√m-bn¬ \n∂p skan-\m-cn-bn¬ FØp-I-bp-

≠m-bn. Abmƒ BIm-c-i‡n \nanØw Hcp oa-tk-\-\m-bn-cp∂p F∂p-

Xs∂ ]d-bmw. Abm-sf∏‰n saUn-°¬- Hm-ô-k¿ tUm. ssUkv ]d-

bp-∂Xv ""acn-®p-t]mb ]m∏n AYhm hdp-Kokv Hcp hen-b-a-\p-jy-\m-

bn-cp-∂p. AbmfpsS amwk-t]-in-Iƒ G‰w hep-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. hfsc _en-

jvT-\p-am-bn-cp∂p Abmƒ. Fs‚ ]cn-N-b-Øn¬ ]m∏n-sb-t∏mse _e-

hm\pw hn]p-e-amb ico-cm-Ir-Xnbpw amwk-t]-in-Iƒ°v hnImkw kn≤n-

®n- p-≈-h-\p-amb Npcp-°w-t]sc amXta Rm≥ I≠n- p-≈p'' sh∂mWv.

""]m∏n-km¿'' F∂pw ""Bim≥ ]m∏n'' F∂pw hnfn-°-s∏- n-cp∂ Abmƒ

Xs‚ Imbi‡n-bn¬ A`n-am\wsIm≠p ]pf-In-X-\mb Hcp hy‡n-

bm-bn-cp-∂p. Abm-fpsS ico-c-i-‡nsb a‰p-≈-h¿ AwKo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw

sNbvXn-cp-∂p. Abmƒ skan-\m-cn-bn¬ FØn-b-t∏mƒ AhnsS \S∂

kw`-h-ß-sf-∏‰n Abmsf [cn-∏n-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. Abmƒ X¬£Ww

]co-°p-ń-bpsS ktlm-Z-c-]p-X-t\m-Sv Fw. F. A®-\n¬\n∂p _e-

ambn ]nSn®p]-dn-s®Sp-Ø -hSn Xncn-®p-sIm-Sp-°-W-sa∂v Bhiys∏-´p

(]co-°p- n-sb∂p ]d-bp∂ Bƒ tIm -bØv Xmg-Ø-ßm-Sn-bnse ap…o-

ß-fpsS Hcp t\Xm-hm-Wv). ]co-°p-ń-bpsS ktlm-Z-c-]p-X≥ ]d-bp-I-

bp-≠mbn ""B hSn kn. sP. Ipcy≥ apX-em-fn-bpsS ssIbn¬ FØn-

bn-cn-°p-I-bm-sW∂v.'' F∂m¬ CXns\ ]m∏n- hn-iz-kn-®n-√. AXp-

sIm≠v Xs‚ tNmZyw Bh¿Øn-°-s∏´p. A∂p-®bv°v ]m∏n aq∂mw-

]Xn A -t\mSv CtX -tNmZyw Xs∂ tNmZn-°p-Ibp≠mbn. CtX-

∏‰n ]Xn-aq∂mw km£n-bmb siΩm-i≥, ]m∏nbpw A \pw XΩn¬

\S∂ kw`m-jW-sØ-∏‰n ]d-bp-∂Xv ""Fw. F. A®s‚ hSn Xncn-®p-

X-c-W-sa∂v C∂p- cmhnse Rm≥ Bh-iy-s∏- -t∏mƒ AXv Rm≥ FSp-

Øn-√m-sb∂v \o ]d-™p-ht√m. Cßs\ HgnIgnhp ]d-™m¬ ]‰p-

I-bn√. hSn- Xn-cn-®p-X-∂n-s√-¶n¬ \Ω-ƒ iXp-°-fmbnØocpw.'' aq∂mw-

]Xn adp-]Sn ]d-™Xv, Xm\√ hSn- ]n-Sn-®p-hm-ßn-bsX∂pw Aßs\


sNbvXXv Iam-ep-±o-\m-sW-∂p-am-Wv. aq∂mw ]Xn-tbmSv ]m∏n Hcp Imcyw

IqSn ]d-™p. Fs∂ (km-£n-bmb siΩm-i-s\) Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®p-

sIm≠v, ""\o F¥n-\mWv Cu siΩm-is‚ apdn-°-IØv ]th-in®v

At±-lsØ iey-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv?'' AXn\p A ≥ adp-]Sn ]d-™Xv

""Rß-ƒ At±-l-Øns‚ apdn-bn¬ Ib-dn-b-X-√msX bmsXmcp ieyhpw

D≠m-°n-bn-√. Rßƒ At±-lØns‚ apdn-bn¬ Ib-dn-bm¬ X\n-

s°¥m?'' AXn\p adp]-Sn-bm-bn ]m∏n -]-d-™Xv: ""\nßƒ kn. sP.

Ipcys‚ Bƒ°m-cm-bn ChnsS h∂m¬ Rßƒ°v hntcm-[-sam-∂p-

an√. F∂m¬ \nßƒ Cu si-Ωm-»s‚ apdnbn¬ ]th-in-°p-Itbm

At±-l-Øn\p D]-Zhw D≠m-°p-Itbm sNø-cp-Xv. Aßns\ sNbvXm¬

Rm≥ ]Icw sNøpw'' F∂p ]m∏nbpw, ''X-\n°p t_m[n-®-t]mse

sNbvI'' F∂v A \pw ]d-™p ]ncn-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp.''

Fw. F. A®s‚ hSn Xncn®pIn´msX ]m∏n AS-ßn-s√∂v FXn¿

I£n-Iƒ°v Dd-∏m-bn. AXv Xncn®pIn´m≥ ]mXn-b¿°okv `mKsØ

duUn-Isf ssItb‰w sNøm\pw ]m∏n aSn-°p-I-bn-s√∂v Ah¿ hniz-

kn-®p. kn. sP. Ipcys‚ ]°-emWv hSn FØn-t®¿∂-sX-¶n¬ Ipcy≥

apX-em-fn-sbbpw ]m∏n shdpsX hnSn-s√∂v Ah¿ \ymbambn b-s∏´p.

]m∏nsb D∑q-e-\miw sNømsX Cu ]Xn-k-‘n-bn¬ \n∂p tamN\w

In´n-s√∂v At[m-tem-I -ssh-Xm-fn-I-∑m¿ \n›-bn-®p-d-∏n-®p. Ah¿ "D∂-

X-ß-fn¬' hnhcw Adn-bn®v A\p-aXn t\Sn-bn-cn-°mw. XpS¿∂v ]m∏nsb

X´m-\p≈ ]≤Xn £W-Øn¬ cq]-s∏-SpØn sbSpØp. A°c ]m∏-

®\pw, I -∏p-dØv tXmamkpw, hmSI Kp≠Ifpw ZpjvI¿Ω\n-c-X-cmbn

I®-sI´n Cdßn. "A°-c-bn¬' \n∂p≈ ]W-s°m-gp∏v ]m]-I¿Ω-

Øn\v hodpw hminbpw NqSpw kar-≤n-bmbn \¬In.

]m∏n, A s\ tNmZyw- sN-bvXv A[nIw Xma-kn-°msX Xs∂

]m∏n h[-Øn-\p≈ Xøm-sd-Sp-∏p-Iƒ \S-∂p-sh∂v ]n∂o-Sp≈ kw`-h-

ßƒ sXfn-bn-°p-∂p-≠v. skj≥kv tIm¿´v hn[n-bn¬\n∂p ]k-

‡`mKw D≤-cn-°p-∂p:

""]n∂oSv c≠p -a-Wn-°q¿ Ign-™n v (]m∏n A s\ tNmZyw sNbvXv

]ncn-™-ti-jw) kao-]-]-tZ-i-amb Ipa-c-I-Øp-\n∂p Hcp h≈w skan-

\m-cn- I-S-hn¬ hcp-I-bp-≠m-bn. AXp h∂Xv am¿ Iqdn-temkv saXms\

Ipa-cIw ]≈n-bn-te°p sIm≠p-t]m-Ip-∂-X-n-\mbncp∂p. Ipa-c-I-Øp-

\n∂p h∂ GXm\pw Bfp-Iƒ Iqdn-temkv saXms‚ apdn-bn-te°p

sN∂-t∏mƒ A°-c- ]m-∏-®-\pw, I´-∏p-dØp tXmamkpw IqSn saXm-

®-t\mSp kwkm-cn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ]Xn-Ifpw am¿ Iq-dn-

tem-kns‚ apdn-bn¬ ]th-in-®-tijw Ipsd Ign™v Ah¿ ]pd-tØ-

°-n-d-ßn-t∏m-bn.


c≠p- a-Wn-°q¿ Ign™v, AXm-bXv kmbw-Imew \mep- a-Wn°v

am¿ Iqdn-temkv Xs‚ kmam-\-ßfpw, AI-ºSn AwK-ßfpw H∂n®v

Ipa-c-I-tØ°v t]mbn. A°-c- ]m-∏-®\pw, I´∏p-dØv tXmamkpw ]Xn-

s\m∂mw ]Xnbpw a‰p -]-Xn-I-fn¬ A[nIwt]cpw IqSn saXm-t∏m-eo-

Ømsb h≈-°-Shp-hsc A\p-K-an-®p. A\-¥cw Ah¿ skan-\m-cn-bn-

te°v Xncn®ph∂-tijw I´-∏p-dØv hoń-te-°p- t]m-bn.

C\n kw`-h-ÿ-e-tØ°p Z¿in-°mw. kabw sshIp-t∂cw

GXm≠v A©c -aWn. Nmb- Ip-Sn-°m-\mbn sIm√-s∏´ ]m∏n-bpw, hmZn-

`mKw H∂pw, c≠pw km£n-Ifpw IqSn hS-°p-h-iØp aW-∏p-d-tØ°p

t]mbn. Nmb-°-S-bpsS hS-°p-h-iØp H∂pw, c≠pw ]Xn-Ifpw

Ip™mΩn Fs∂m-cmfpw H∂n-®n-cn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ]m∏nbpw Iq´p-

Imcpw Nmb Bh-iy-s∏-´p. H∂pw c≠pw ]Xn-Ifpw Ip™mΩnbpw

]d-bp-I-bp≠m-bn ""ChnsS Nmb C√m F∂pw Nmb Xcn-I-bn√m''

F∂pw. Cßs\ ]Xn-hp-Imsc ]d™v HmSn-°-cp-sX∂p Im∏n jm∏p-S-

a-ÿ≥ Ahsc hne-°n. ""Rßƒ ChnsS Ccn-°p-∂n√m'' F∂p ]d™v

H∂pw, c≠pw ]Xn-Ifpw Ip™m-anbpw Ahn-sS-\n∂p t]mbn. H∂mw

]Xn BwKyw Imń-b-t∏mƒ Nmb-°-S-bpsS ]Sn-™mdp`mKØv

IqSnbncp∂ Hcp kwLw Bfp-Iƒ ]m∏n-tbbpw H∂pw c≠pw km£n-

I-tfbpw XS™p\n¿Øn. kwLsØ \bn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp∂ A°c ]m∏-

®≥ ]m∏nsb Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®p-sIm≠v ""Ch-\m-Wv, Ahs\ ]nSn°''

F∂p- ]-d-™p. DSs\ H∂mw ]Xn ]m∏n-bpsS Xebv°v Hcp Ipdp-h-Sn-

sIm≠v ASn-®p.- ]m∏n AXns\ XSpØp. c≠mw ]Xnbpw Hcp Ipdp-

hSn-sIm≠v ]m∏nsb ASn-®p. ]m∏n sXt°m´p ]m™p. At∏mƒ ]m∏-

®≥ Xs‚ ssIhi-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ hSn-hmƒ sIm≠v ]m∏n-bpsS Imen\v

shń. ]m∏n AXn-\p-tijw ]pg-bn¬ \o¥n. F√m-h-cpwIqSn Ipdp-h-Sn-

IƒsIm≠v ]m∏nsb X√n-®-X®p. AI-an-Iƒ AXns‚tijw HmSn-°-

f-™p.

cwK-ÿ-eØp IqSnb Bfp-Iƒ Nne¿ skan-\m-cn-bn¬\n∂v Hcp

Iń¬ sIm-≠p-h∂v ]m∏nsb AXn¬ InSØn. skan-\m-cn-bn¬sIm≠p-

sN-∂-tijw tIm´bw t]meokv tÃj-\n-te°v sIm≠p-t]m-bn.

]m∏nsb Bip]-Xn-bn-te°v sIm≠pt]m-Im≥ tÃj-\n¬sh®p

Btcm ]d-™-X-\p-k-cn®v Abmsf Bip-]-Xn-bn-em-°n. -sa-Un-°¬

Hmô-k¿ (hm-Zn-`mKw 21- ˛mw km£n) DS≥ Bip-]-Xn-bn¬ FØn.

]m∏n-bpsS apdn-hp-Iƒ F√mw IgpIn h®psI´p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]m∏n-

bpsS ac-W-samgn FSp-°-W-sa-∂-t]-£n-®-p-sIm≠v saUn-°¬ Hmô-

k¿ H∂mw ¢mkv aPn-kvtS- n\v Hcp IØ-b-®p. aPn-kvtS v X¬£Ww


Bip-]-Xn-bn¬ FØn ]m∏n-bpsS ac-W-samgn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw

sNbvXp. ITn-\-amb thZ\ \nanØw ]m∏n X’-abw sRcn-]n-cn -

sIm≈p-Ibm-bn-cp-∂p. aPn-kvtS v ]e ]mhiyhpw c≠p aq∂p XhW

Bh¿Øn®p tNmZn® tNmZy-ßƒ°v ]m∏n Ahy-‡-amb DØ-c-ß-

fmWv \¬In-b-Xv. tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ønb samgn-bn¬ ]m∏n°v H∏p shbv°m≥

\n¿∆m-l-an-√m-bn-cp∂p; thZ-\-bpsS B[nIyw \nan-Øw. thZ\ Ipd-

™-tijw IqSp-X¬ hni-Z-amb Hcp tÃ‰p-sa‚ v ]m∏n-bn¬\n∂p

hmßmw F∂p aPn-kvtS´v Dt±-in-®n-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ tIkns‚ At\z-

jWw DS-\Sn XpS-ß-W-sa∂pw Cu kw -h-Øns‚ \nPÿnXn-sb-∏‰n

Adn-bm-hp-∂-h-cn¬\n∂v samgn hmß-W-sa∂pw aPn-kvtS´v t]meokv

C≥kvs]-IvS-tdmSv Bh-iy-s∏- p. At±lw ]m∏nsb Bip]-Xn-bn-te°v

Iń-en¬ Npa∂psIm≠p-t]mb hmZn-`mKw H∂mw km£n-bpsS samgn-

tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. kw`-h- c-Pn-Ã¿ aPn-kvtS-ń\p Ab-®p-

sIm-Sp-°p-Ibpw At\z-jWw Bcw-`n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.''

1912 am¿®v 31 ˛mw XobXn, AXm-bXv kw`hw \S-∂-Xns‚ ]nt‰∂v

(ae-bm-fw -Xo-bXn 1087 ao\w 19 Rmb-dmgvN) ]m∏n-bpsS Btcm-Ky-

\ne- Xo¿Øpw hj-fm-bn. A∂p cmXn aq∂p aWn°p ]m∏n \ncym-X-

\m-bn. ]Xn-hp-t]m-se-bp≈ C≥IzÃpw t]mÃp-am¿´w ]cn-tim-[-\bpw

\S-Øn. Xe-bv°p≈ ASn-Iƒ \nanØw Xe-tbmń ]Xn-aq∂p Ij-W-

ß-fmbn s]m´p-Ibpw c≠v ÿeØv Xe-t®mdv ]pd-Øp-h-cn-Ibpw

sNbvX-Xmbn t]mÃp-am¿´w dnt∏m¿ń¬ ]d-™n-cp-∂p. ]m∏n-bpsS ac-

W-Øn\p Imc-Ww- X-e-t®m-dn-\p≈ AXn-I-Tn-\a-mb tla-Z-fi-am-sW-

∂m-bn-cp∂p saUn-°¬ Hmô-k-dpsS hnZ-Kv[m-`n-]m-bw.

]m∏n-bpsS arX-tZlw t]mÃvam¿ -Øn-\p-ti-jw- hn´pInń-bXv _‘p-

°fpw kap-Zmb ]am-Wn-Ifpw tN¿∂v G‰p-hmßn tIm-´bw sNdn-b-

]≈n- hI ]pØ≥]≈n skan-tØ-cn-bn¬ AS°w sNbvXp.

1925 apX¬ ]Øp -h¿j-°mew h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS skI-

´-dnbpw, kap-Zm-b-t°-kns‚ ap°m¬ iXm_vZ°mesØ ][m\ \S-

Øn-∏p-Im-c\pw, ]ikvX sshZn-I\pw, ae-¶ck`m sshZnI SÃn-bp-

ambncp∂ aW-en¬ bmt°m_v IØ-\m¿ 5˛3˛1992 ¬ AUz-. ]n. kn.

amXy-phn\v Ab-®- I-Øn¬ B\-∏m∏n sIme-t°-kn-s\-∏‰n Cßns\

]d-bp-∂p:

""...12 ]Xn-Isf tN¿Øv tIkv D≠m-bn. Hcmƒ kn. sP. Ipcys‚

tPyjvT-]p-X-\m-bn-cp∂p (A°-c -]m-∏®≥). Abmƒ Hfn-hn-embn.

11 ]Xn-I-sfbpw skj≥kv tIm¿ń¬ ITn-\-X-Shn\p hn[n-®p.


t]mÃpam¿´w dnt∏m¿´n¬ ta-Ø-∑m-cmWv X√n-b-sX∂v samgn- ]-d-™-

Xmb dnt∏m¿´v sIm≠v taØ-∑m¿ 3 ˛ 4 t]sc amXw sslt°m¿´p

in£n®p. _m°n-bp-≈-hsc shdpsXhn´p. A°q-´-Øn¬ kn. sP.

Ipcys‚ tPyjvT-]p-X\pw Hgn-hm-bn. Hgn-hmb Hcp-Ø\pw icn-bm-b-

hn[-w acn-®n-´n-√. H∂pc≠p sIm√-Øn-\Iw Hmtcm-cp-Ø¿°pw Zp¿a-c-

W-amWv D≠m-b-Xv. kn. sP. Ipcys‚ tPyjvTs‚ ]pX≥ 5 sIm√w

IqSn Pohn-®n-cp∂p. in£n-°-s∏´ taØ-∑m-cn¬ Hcmƒ Pbn-en¬ h®v

acn-®p. c≠p t]¿ Pbn¬ NmSn. Hcp-Ø≥ in£ Ign-™n-d-ßn. Abmƒ

Hcp \n mc If-hn¬ ]nSn-°-s∏´v t]meokns‚ ASn-sIm≠v acn-®p.

Hcp taØ≥ ]e-t∏mgpw kn. sP. Ipcys‚bpw A\p-P-s‚bpw hoSp-I-

fn¬ cmXn-Ime-ß-fn¬ sN∂v `b-s∏-SpØn ]Ww hmßp-am-bn-cp∂p

F∂pw tIƒhn-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

taØ-∑m-cmWv X√n-b-sX∂v ]m∏n -]d™Xmbn tUmIvS¿ tcJ-

s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv kn. sP. Ipcys‚ kzm[o\w sIm≠m-sW∂pw tUmIvS¿

FXn¿`m-K-tØmSp A\p-Iq-en-bm-bn-cp∂p F∂pw kwkm-c-ap-≠m-bn-

cp∂p...''

aW-en¬ A®s‚ IØn¬ B\-∏m-∏n-t°-knse ]Xn-bm-bn-cp∂

kn. sP. Ipcys‚ tPyjvTs‚ ]pX≥ A©p- sIm√w IqSn Pohn-®n-

cp∂psh∂v ]d-bp-∂p-≠-t√m. kap-Zm-b-t°-kns‚ A·n-Ip-WvT-Øn-

te°v apºpw ]nºpw t\m°msX FSp-Øp-Nm-Snb A°c IpSpw-_-

Ønse Hcp Zpc¥ IYm-]m-X-am-bn-cp∂p ]m∏-®≥. sIme-t°-knse

]Xn-bmbn t]meo-kn\p ]nSn-sIm-Sp-°msX Hfn-hn¬ Ign-bm≥ ]Ww

hmcn- hn-Xdn kmº-Øn-I-ambn XI¿∂ ]m∏-®≥ a\-x -am-[m-\-an-√msX

Np´p\odp∂ a\- p-ambn Akz-ÿ-X-tbmsS GXm\pw \mƒ Pohn-®-

t∏m-tg°pw BtcmKyw XI¿∂pIgn-™n-cp-∂p. Xmg-Ø-ßmSn Ipf-∏pc

IS-hn\p kao-]-ap≈ A`ym-kn-I-fmb ap…ow bphm-°-∑msc adp-I-£n-

Iƒ ]≈n-km-[-\-ßƒ IS-Øn-s°m≠pt]mIm-Xn-cn-°m≥ Imhen\v

F∂ t]cn¬ kn. sP. Ipcy≥ ]g-b-sk-an-\m-cn-bn¬ \ntbm-Kn-®n-cp∂p.

bYm¿∞-Øn¬ h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bp-tSbpw skan-\m-cn-bnse a‰p

At¥-hm-kn-I-fp-tSbpw sskzcPo-hnXw \in-∏n-°pI F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p

Ah-cpsS apJy-sXm-gn¬. skan-\m-cn°p kao]w Xma-kn-®n-cp∂ Xs‚

tPyjvTs‚ aI≥ A°-c -]m-∏-®-s\-bmWv ap…ow bphm-°-fpsS Imcy-

ßƒ t\m°m≥ Ipcy≥ `c-ta-ev]n-®n-cp-∂-Xv. B hgn-°m-Wv t\csØ

\nc]-cm-[n-bm-bn-cp∂ ]m∏-®≥ B\-∏m-∏n -sIm-e-t°-kn¬ h∂p NmSp-

∂-Xv. hSn-hmfpw hoin ]mXnb¿°okv mKsØ c£m-]p-cp-j-\m-bn hne-

knb ]m∏®≥, sIme-t°kv ]Xn-bmbn ]I-sem∂pw ]pdØndßm≥


hømsX Hfn-k-t¶-X-Øn¬ amdn amdn Xma-kn®v t]meokn\v ]nSn-sIm-

Sp-°msX Ae-™p-\-S-°th ISw Ibdn kmº-Øn-I-ambn Im‰p-t]mb

_eq¨ t]msebmbn.

tIm\m´v tImc amØ≥ aev]m≥

]pen-t°m-ń¬ tPmk^v am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv A©m-as‚ A¥y-

Im-eØv ae-¶c k`m sshZnISÃn tIm\m v tImc amØ≥ a¬∏m\pw,

Aflmb SÃn A°c kn. sP. Ipcy\pw Bbn-cp-∂p. ]pen-t°m-ń¬

Xncp-ta\n \ho-I-c-W-°m-cp-am-bp≈ hyh-lmcw Pbn®v AXp-ey-]-`m-

h-tØmsS am¿tØmΩm «olm-bpsS ]uckvXy knwlm-k-\-Øn¬

ae-¶c saXm-t∏m-eo-Ø-mbmbn hmgp∂ ImeØv Xncp-ta-\n-tbmSv adpØv

]d-bmt\m, FXn¿Øv kwkm-cn-°mt\m k`-bn¬ Bcpw D≠m-bn-cp-

∂n-√. k`bv°p th≠n h√mØ IjvS-∏m-Sp-Iƒ A\p-`-hn® Xncp-ta-

\n-tbmSv kI-e¿°pw _lp-am-\-am-bn-cp-∂p. sshZnI SÃn°pw,

Aflmb SÃn°pw ]pen-t°m-ń¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bp-ambn ]mbw sIm≠v

henb A¥-c-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Xncp-ta-\n-tbmSv ]nXr-Xp-ey-amb kvt\l-

tØmSpw _lp-am-\-tØmSpw IqSn-bm-bn-cp-∂p Ah-cpsS s]cp-am-‰w.

ta¬∏-´-°m-tcmSpw, sshZn-I-tcmSpw, k`mw-K-ß-tfmSpw ]pen-t°m-ń¬

Xnc-pta\n hfsc \b-Ønepw kvt\l-Ønepw s]cp-am-dn. AXp-sIm≠v

B¿°pw ae-¶c saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-tbmSv \ockw D≠m-bn-√. sshZnI

SÃn°pw, Aflmb SÃn°pw D≠m-bn-cp∂ A[n-Imcmh-Im-i-ßƒ

Ah¿ ]tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂n-√. F√mw henb Xncp-ta-\n°v hn´p sImSp-

Øn-cp-∂p. Ah¿ k`-bpsS N´-°q-ńse shdpw Ae-¶mc ]Zhn hln-

°p∂ ÿm\n-I-fm-bn-°-gn™p h∂p.

]gbskan-\m-cn-bnse _kvKmkm apdn°v (\n-t£] apdn AYhm

JP-\m-hv) Hcp tIm¬ Xmgpw, c≠v ]‰p Xmgp-am-bn-cp∂p D≠m-bn-cp-

∂Xv. Ah-bpsS Hmtcm Xmt°m¬ ae-¶c saXm-t∏m-eo-Ømbpw a‰v

c≠v SÃn-amcpw IqSn kq£n-°-W-sa-∂mWv \nb-aw. tIm¬ Xmgn-s‚bpw

]‰p Xmgn-s‚bpw Xmt°m-ep-Iƒ amdn amdn SÃnamcpsS ssIhiw

hcpw. aq∂p Xmt°m-ep-Ifpw D]-tbm-Kn-®mte apdn-bpsS hmXn¬ Xpd-

°m≥ Ign-bp-I-bp-≈q. tIm\m´p a¬∏ms‚ ssIh-i-ap≈ Xmt°m-epw,

kn.-sP. Ipcys‚ ssIh-i-ap≈ Xmt°mepw Ah¿ henb Xncp-ta-\nsb

G¬∏n-®p. ae-¶c saXmt∏m-eo-Øm-tbm-Sp≈ kvt\lhpw, hnizm-khpw

Imc-W-am-bn-cp∂p Xmt°m-ep-Iƒ Xncp-ta-\nsb Gev]n-®-Xv. Cu

Xmt°m-ep-IfpsS kq£n-∏ns\ kw_-‘n®v ]pen-t°m-ń¬ Xncp-ta-\n-

bpsS Ime-tijw ]pXnb ae-¶c saXm-t∏m-eo-Ømbpw SÃn-amcpw


XΩn¬ henb X¿°-Øn\v CS-bm-bn.

Hcp-Øtcbpw apjn-∏n-°m-sXbpw AtX -k-abw Imcyw ssIhn-Sm-

sXbpw, kwK-Xn-Iƒ D±n-jvS-ÿm-\Øv sIm≠psN∂v sI´p-∂-Xn\v

]pen-t°m-ń¬ Xncp-ta-\n°v ]tXyI kma¿∞yw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

tIm\m´p aev]m≥ hS-°p≈ sshZn-I-cp-sS-bpw, P\-ß-f-psSbpw CS-

bn¬ s]mXpkΩ-X\pw At\Iw sshZn-I-cpsS Kpcp-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p. h -

t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n IØ-\m-cm-bn-cp-∂-t∏mƒ tIm\m´p a¬∏m-\p-sam-∂n®v

]gbskan-\m-cn-bn¬ sshZnI hnZym¿∞n-Isf ]Tn-∏n-®n-cp-∂p. h´-t»-

cn¬ aev∏m-t\mSv tIm\m´p aev]m\v D≈-p-sIm≠v \oc-k-am-bn-cp-∂p.

h´-t»-cn¬ aev]ms\ saXm-\m-°-W-sa∂ Dt±-iy-tØmsS ]pen-t°m-

ń¬ Xncp-ta\n dºm-\m°n. ae-¶c saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS ]n≥Km-an-

bmbn h´-t»-cn¬ dºms\ sXc-s™-Sp-°-W-sa∂pw IcpXn Atkm-

n-tb-j≥ hnfn®pIq´p-hm≥ Iev]-\-bm-bn. h´-t»-cn¬ dºms\ Hgn-

hm°n sIm®p-]-d-ºn¬ ]utemkv dºms\ ]n≥Kman ÿm\-tØ°v

sXc-s™-Sp-°p-hm≥ tIm\m´v aev]m≥ D’m-ln-®p. AXn-\mbn hS-

°≥ CS-h-I-°m-cpsS tbmKw hnfn-®p-Iqń aev]m≥ Nne Xocpam-\-

ßƒ FSp-Øn-cp-∂p. Cu hnhcw ]pen-t°m-ń¬ Xncp-ta\n Adn-s™-

¶nepw \n»-_vZX ]men-®p. Atkm- n-tb-j≥ IqSp-∂-Xns‚ Xte-

Znhkw tIm\m´v aev]m≥ ]gbskan-\m-cn-bn¬ h∂p. henb Xncp-ta-

\n-bpsS apdn-bn¬ sN∂v BZ-c-]q¿∆w ssIapØn kwkmcw XpS-ßn.

B kabw ]pen-t°m- n¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS IqsS \n∂n-cp∂ Ip∂wIpfw

kztZ-in-bmb sNdp-h-Øq¿ Ipdn-bm-t°mkv siΩm-i≥ (]p-en-t°m- n¬

Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ktlm-Z-cn-bpsS aI≥) Hcp hnti-j-s∏´ s]ń sIm≠p-

h∂p Xncp-ap-ºn¬ h®p. AXp Xpd∂v ]pen-t°m-ń¬ Xncp-ta\n Hcp

Nph∏p Ip∏m-bhpw, kz¿Æ-ap-Z-bp≈ Hcp Ac-∏-´bpw ]pd-sØ-SpØv

aev]-mt\mSv Ah [cn-°p-hm≥ Iev]n®p. Nµ-\-°m-X¬ sIm≠v IS-

s™-SpØv sh≈n sIńb Hcp at\m-l-camb hSn aev]ms‚ Iøn¬

sImSp-Øp. ]n∂oSv Kuc-h-tØmsS Xncp-ta\n Iev]n®p: ""saXm-\m-

Im≥ k¿∆Ym tbmKy\mWv aev]m≥. hnhm-lnX\mbXp sIm≠v

saXm\mbn-s√∂p amXw. saXm-∑m¿°v tbmPn® ÿm\aln-a-tbmsS

k©-cn®psIm≈p-hm≥ aev]ms\ \mw A\p-h-Zn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.'' tIm\m´p

aev]m\v _lp-k-t¥m-j-am-bn. saXm-®s‚ XpS¿∂p≈ kwkmcw

ASpØ Znhkw \S-°m-\n-cn-°p∂ Atkm- n-tb-js\°pdn-®m-bn. Xncp-

ta\n ]d™p: ""Atkm- n-tb-js‚ \S-Øn-∏n¬ aev]ms‚ i≤ F√m

Imcy-ß-fnepw D≠m-bn-cn-°Ww. c≠p ÿm\m¿∞n-I-fn¬ BcmWv

\ΩpsS ]n≥Km-an-bm-Ip-hm≥ tbmKy≥?'' ]pent°mń¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS


a\- n¬ Ccn∏v Adnbm-hp∂ tIm\m´v aev]m≥ "h´-t»-cn¬ dºm≥

BWv tbmKy≥' F∂p ]d™p. DSs\ ]pen-t°m-ń¬ Xncp-ta\n

aev]ms‚ ]pdØv hm’-ey-]q¿∆w Xń-s°m≠v ]d-™p: ""F∂m¬

h -t»-cn¬ dºm-®s‚ t]cv aev]m≥ \n¿t±-in-°-Ww.'' tIm\m v aev]m\v

B kµ¿`-Øn¬ ""sbkv'' aqfp-hms\ \n¿∆m-l-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈q.

]nt‰- Zn-hkw At m-kn-tb-j≥ IqSn ae-¶c saXm-t∏m-eo-Ø-mbpsS

D]-Ia ]kw-K-Øn-\p -tijw ]n≥Km-an-bpsS t]cv \n¿t±-in-°p-hm≥

Xncp-ta\n aev]ms\ £Wn-®p. tIm\m´v aev]m≥ h´-t»-cn¬ dºm-

®s‚ t]cv ]n≥Km-an-bpsS ÿm\-tØbv°v \n¿t±-in-°p-∂Xv ]¥-en¬

apgßnt°´p. ]pen-t°m-ń¬ Xncp-ta\n ssI ASn®v AXns\ ]n≥

Xmßn. P\ßsf√mw AXn-t\mSp tN¿∂v ssI ASn®v B \n¿t±-

isØ AwKo-I-cn-®p. hS-°≥ CS-h-I-°m¿ aev]m-\-®≥ Ft¥

Cßns\ ]d-bm≥ F∂v Aº-c∂v apJ-tØmSp apJw t\m°n-bn-cp-∂p.

Aßs\ B IS-ºbpw ]pen-t°m- n¬ Xncp-ta\n \njv]-bmkw IS∂p.

At±-l-Øns‚ X¥-⁄-X-bpw, \b-Nm-Xp-cyhpw Ahn-sSbpw hnPbw

hcn-®p.

tIm\m´v aev]m-t\mSv \b-Øn¬ ]d-™m¬ A®≥ Xs‚ mKtØ

\n¬°p-I-bp≈p F∂v ]pen-t°m-ń¬ Xncp-ta-\n°v Dd-∏p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

AXp-sIm-≠mWv hS-°p≈ ]≈n°mcpsS tbmKw aev]m≥ hnfn®p

Iqń ]ueqkv dºms\ Xnc-s™-Sp-°-W-sa∂v Xocp-am-\n-®n´pw ]pen-

t°m- n¬ Xncp-ta\n im¥\mbn Atkm- n-tb-j≥ IqSp-∂-Xns‚ Xte-

Zn-hkw hsc ImØn-cp-∂Xv. tIm\m´v aev]m\v BZy ]´-hpw, IØ-

\m¿ ]´hpw sImSp-ØXv ]pen-t°m- n¬ Xncp-ta\n Bbn-cp-∂p. aev]m\v

]pen-t°m-ń¬ Xncp-ta-\n-tbmSv henb BZ-chpap≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

]pen-t°m- n¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Ime-tijw kwK-Xn-Isf√mw XInSw

adn™p. ]n∂oSv h∂ ae-¶c saXm-t∏m-eo-Ømbpw, sIm SÃn-Ifpw

XΩn¬ ISpØ iXp-X-bn-embn. h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\nsb Hcp ]mTw

]Tn-∏n-°p-hm≥ Aflmb SÃn-bp-w, sshZnI SÃnbpw hgn t\m°n-

Ccn-°p-tºm-gmWv A_vZp≈m ]mXn-b¿°o-kns‚ BK-a\w. AXv

th≠ hn[-Øn¬ apX-se-Sp-°p-hm≥ sIm SÃn-Iƒ Bhp-∂Xv ian®p.

AXns‚ A\¥cê-amWv k`-bn-ep-≠mb apS°pw, hg-°pw, C∂pw

HSp-ßmØ tIkp-Ifpw.

Akm-am\y _p≤n-am-\m-bn-cp∂ a√-∏≈n Xncp-ta-\n-tbmSv FXn-cn-

Sp-hm≥ a‰v SÃn-Iƒ°v _p≤n-]-c-amb anIhv IΩn-bm-bn-cp∂p F∂v

A°m-esØ kw`h]c-º-c-Iƒ kq£n®v \nco-£n-®m¬ a\- n-em-°mw.


ÿntcm-’mlw, Imcy-\n¿∆-l-W-ti-jn, Iogvs∏-SmØ a\ v F∂n-

h-bpsS DS-a-bm-bn-cp∂p kn. -sP. Ipcy≥ F¶nepw h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-

\n-bm-Ip∂ lna]¿∆-X-Øn\p t\sc t`Zn®p Ib-dm≥ AsXm∂pw ]cym-

]vX-am-bn-√. kz¥w ]Ww hmcnt°mcn Nne-hn´v X\n-®mWv At±lw

k`m-tI-kp-Iƒ \S-Øn-b-sX∂p ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

]pen-t°m-ń¬ Xncp-ta-\n°v Pbv Pbv apg°n At±-lsØ ImtXm-

en°mbmbn hmgn®pIn´m≥ A_vtZZv ainlm ]mXn-b¿°o-kp-ambn

FgpØpIpØp \S-Ønb tIm\m v aev]m≥ h -t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n A[n-

Im-c-ta-‰-tXmsS tπ‰v am‰n sh®p. X\n°v, ap≥t] \ockw D≠m-bn-

cp∂ a√-∏≈n Xncp-ta-\n-tbmSv ]Xn-Imcw sNøp-hm≥ kn. -sP. Ipcys\

Iq´p]nSn®v X¥-ßƒ sa\-bm≥ B ]ptcm-lnXhcy≥ Ipd-s®m-∂p-

a√ `Ko-cY ]bXv\w sNbvXn-´p-≈-Xv. F∂m¬ _p≤n-cm-£-k-\mb

h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ap≥]n¬ tim`n-°p-hm-\p≈ Du¿÷w

ssZhw At±lØn\p sImSp-Øn-cp-∂n√. ""F\n°v Cw•ojv Adn-bm≥

]mSn-s√∂v'' aev]m≥ hń-∏-W-t°-kns‚ samgn-bn¬ kΩ-Xn-°p-∂p-≠v

(1092 ao\w 14-˛mw XobXn sNm∆m-gvNsØ samgn). ""tdmb¬ tIm¿´v

hn[n-bpsS ae-bmfw X¿÷a hmbn-®n-´p≠v. AXns‚ i‡n apgp-h≥

a\- n-em-°p-hm≥ F\n°v ]m]vXn t]mcm'' F∂pw aev]m≥ samgn

sImSp-°p-∂p-≠v (h-ń-∏-Wt°kv samgn, t]Pv 170). k`sb kw_-‘n-

°p∂ ae-bm-f-Øn-ep≈ hn[-n\ymbw t]mepw hmbn®p a\- n-em-°m≥

Ign-hn-√mØ Bƒ hń-∏-W-t°kv t]mse-bp≈ Kl\hpw AXn-

k¶o¿Æ-hp-amb tIkv \S-Øp-hm≥ ap∂n´p \n∂m¬ F¥m-bn-cn°pw

ÿnXn? \nb-asØ∏‰nbpw, tIkv \S-Øn-∏n-s\-∏-‰nbpw \√ Hcp ]nSn-

]m-Sn-√mØ hy‡n hyh-lm-c-Øn\v Cdßn ]pd-s∏-´m¬ A]-lm-ky-

\m-hp-I-bm-bn-cn-°pw ew. AXp- X-s∂-bmWv tIm\m v aev]m\pw kw -

hn-®-Xv.

hntZ-in-bmb ]mXn-b¿°o-kn\v Chn-SpsØ \nb-a-ß-sf-∏-‰n-tbm,

ap≥]v D≠m-bn-´p≈ tImS-Xn-hn-[n-I-sf-∏-‰ntbm henb ]nSn-]mSv D≠m-

bn-cn-°p-I-bn√. AXn-s\-°p-dn-s®√mw icn-bmb \nb-tam]-tZiw sImSp-

t°≠ Npa-Xe aev]m-\pw, Ipcy\pw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. AsXm∂pw Ah¿

Ah¿°v th≠ hn[-Øn¬ sNbvX-Xmbn ImWp-∂n-√. saXm-t∏m-eo-

Øm-tbm-Sp≈ sshcmKyw Xo¿°-phm≥ ap≥]pw, ]n≥]pw t\m°msX

tIkn-te°v FSpØp NmSp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p.

hń-∏-W-t°-kns‚ hnkvXmcthf-bn¬ Hcp-]mSv \pW-Iƒ aev]m\v

]d-tb-≠-Xmbn h∂p. AsX√mw tImSXn a\- n-em-°p-Ibpw

sNbvXp. ]pXp-∏≈n ]≈n-bn¬ \n∂pw, I≠-\m´v ]≈n-bn¬ \n∂pw


]mXnb¿°o-kn\v DS-ºSn hmßn-s°m-Sp-°m≥ BZym-h-km-\-°m-c-\mbn

\n∂n-cp-∂Xv a¬∏m\m-bn-cp-∂p. apS°pIev]\ Fgp-Xn-°m\pw tIm\m v

aev]m≥ ]mXn-b¿°o-kns‚ hewssIbmbn ]h¿Øn-®p. AXn-s\-

°p-dn-s®√mw tImkv hnkvXm-c-Øn¬ tNmZy-ßƒ, ]oc-¶n-bn¬ \n∂p

D≠- h-cp-∂-Xp-t]mse a¬∏m\p t\sc Nodn h∂-t∏mƒ a¬∏m≥ ]X-

dn-t∏m-bn. kz¥w ssIsIm≠v FgpXnb tcJ-Iƒ Xms\-gp-Xn-b-X-s√∂v

]d™v ssIsbm-gn-bm≥ hnkvXm-c-th-f-bn¬ B ]ptcm-ln-X≥ kml-

k-s∏-Sp-∂-Xmbn ImWmw. B hI Ipcp-´-phn-Zy-Iƒ ImcWw tImS-Xn-

bpsS AXr]vXn th≠p-thmfw hmßn-°q-ń. PUvPn AsX√mw t\m´v

sNbvXv hn[n-bn¬ AXn-s\-°p-dn-s®√mw Fgp-Xp-Ibpw sNbvXp:

""amXr-k` A]-I-S-Øn-em-Ip-sa∂v Adn™psIm≠v hy‡n-]-c-am-

bp-≠mb iXp-X- aqew sshc-\n-cym-X-\- tam-l-Øm¬ At±lw ]mXn-

b¿°o-kn-t\mSv tN¿∂p. AXv ]mXn-b¿°o-kn-t\m-Sp≈ kvt\lw

sIm≠-√. ^mZ¿ ]n. -‰n. Koh¿Ko-kn-t\m-Spw, Zoh-∂m-tkym-kn-t\mSpw

D≠m-bn-cp-∂ iXpX Imc-W-am-bn-cp-∂p. Cu tIknse sXfn-hp-Iƒ

CXp hy‡-am-°p-∂p≠v.'' Aßns\ t]mIp∂p tIm\m´v a¬∏m-s\-∏-

‰n-bp≈ tImS-Xn-bpsS A`n-]m-b-ßƒ.

]mXn-b¿°o-kv, saXms\ apS-°n-I-gn-™m¬ ]ns∂ Hcp tImS-

Xnbpw AXn¬ CS-s]-Sp-I-bn-s√t∂m at‰m Bbn-cp∂p aev]ms‚

hnizmkw! ""Rm≥ X∂Xv Rm≥ \n∂n¬ \n∂v FSp-Øn-cn-°p∂p''

F∂m-Wt√m aev]m≥ ]mXn-b¿°okn-s\-s°m≠v apS°p Iev]-\-bn¬

Fgp-Xn-®-Xv. F∂m¬ kwK-Xn-I-sfm∂pw a¬∏ms‚ IW-°p-Iq-´¬

t]mse \S-∂n-√.

hń-∏-Wt°-kn¬ h´-ti-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n°v UnkvSnIvSv tIm¿ń¬

\n∂p-≠mb XI¿∏≥ hnPbw tIm\m v a¬∏ms\ A£-cm¿∞-Øn¬

Xf¿Øn. BZy- tIm-S-Xn-bn¬ Xs∂ tXm‰pt]mIp-sa∂v a¬∏m≥

kz]vt\]n Icp-Xn-bn-cn-°n-√. sNbvX-sX√mw A_-≤-am-bn-t∏m-sb∂

ho≠-phn-Nmcw AtXmsS At±-lsØ th -bm-Sm≥ XpS-ßn. k -bnse

]≈n-I-fn¬ ASn-bpw, _l-fhpw a‰pw \S-°p-∂-Xn¬ X\n°pw Hcp

]¶p-≠t√m F∂v Hm¿Ø-t∏mƒ At±lw ]›mØm]hnh-i-\m-bn.

`qXsØ IpS-Øn¬ \n∂v Xpd∂phn´ -t]mse apS°p Iev]\ Cd°n

k`-bn¬ Ie-l-Øns‚ sImSp-¶m-‰-Sn-∏n-°p-I-bm-Wt√m sNbvX-sX∂v

At±-l-Øn\p tXm∂n. B kq∏¿ sskt¢m¨ Aedns°m≠v ae-¶-

c-bn¬ kwlm-c-Xm-fi-ham-Sp∂Xns‚ sRń-°p∂ hm¿Ø-Iƒ Znh-

khpw ]mºm-°pS h∂-e-®n-cp-∂p. C\n FX ian-®m-epw Xncn-s®-Sp-

°m≥ ]‰mØ hnUvVn-Ø-amWv sNbvX-sX∂ hnNmcw aev]ms‚


a\ ns\ aYn-°p-hm≥ XpS-ßn. CXn-s\√mw ]pdsa UnkvSnIvSv tIm¿ v

hn[n-]-Im-cw -F-Xn¿I-£n°v tImS-Xn-s®-ehv sImSp-°m≥ aev]m\pw

_m≤y-ÿ-\m-bn-cp-∂p. hen-sbmcp XpI tImS-Xn-s®-ehv sImSp-t°≠n-

h-cp-at√m Ft∂m¿Ø-t∏mƒ tIkn\v Cd-ßn-Øn-cn-®-Xp -Xs∂ A_-

≤-ambn F∂v tXm∂nØpS-ßn. CXn-\Iw ]mXn-b¿°okv _mhm ae-

¶-c-bn¬ \n∂v Inńb XpIbpw sIm≠v ÿew hnń-cp-∂p. ]mXn-

b¿°okn\v A[n-Imcw ÿm]n®psImSp-°m≥ ap≥Km-an-Iƒ kºm-

Zn® [mcmfw ]Ww hmcn sNe-hn´v ChnsS tIkv \S-Øn-bmepw ]Øp-

ss]k tIkns‚ sNe-hn\v At¥ym-Jym-bn¬ \n∂v Inń-√. Ip¥n-cn-

°-∏pI Xń Xs‚ ]q¿∆n-I¿ kºm-Zn® ]W-Øn¬ \n∂pw sImSp-

t°≠ KXn-tISv Btem-Nn-®-t∏mƒ a¬∏m≥ ]cn-£o-W-\mbn. A[nIw

Xma-kn-bmsX At±lw tcmKn-bm-bn-Øo¿∂p. UnkvSnIvSv tIm¿ń¬

tXm‰m¬ sslt°m¿ń¬ A∏o¬ t]mIm-Xn-cn-°m≥ \nhr-Øn-bn-√-t√m.

kn.- sP. Ipcy≥ AXn-\p≈ Xøm-sd-Sp-∏n-em-bn-cp-∂p. Ahn-sSbpw

tXm‰m¬ tImS-Xn-s®-ehv kwJy ]ns∂bpw IqSn-°qSnt∏mIpw. Hcp

òa-amb XpI HSp-hn¬ AS-bvt°-≠-Xmbn hcp-at√m F∂v Hm¿Øv

a¬∏m≥ Akz-ÿ-\mbn. ka-cn-t°kv apX¬ h´-n∏-W-t°kp hsc

\nc-h[n tIkp-Iƒ kz¥w ssIbn¬ \n∂v ]W-sa-SpØv \S-Øn kn.-

sP. Ipcy\pw Hcp hn[w sXm≠m-bn-°-gn-™n-cp-∂p. F∂mepw [mSn°pw

tamSn°pw lm\n kw -hn-®n-cp-∂n-√. Ig-ºn-√mØ hodpw hminbpw H´pw

Ipd-bmsX Xs∂ ImØpkq£n-®p. ]mXn-b¿°okv `mKØv

\n¬°p∂p F∂p Icp-X-s∏-Sp∂ ]≈n-Itfm, At¥ymJym ]Xn-\n-

[ntbm Hcp ss]k t]mepw [\-k-lmbw sNøm≥ apt∂m´p h∂n-√.

ss]kbpw D≠mbncp-∂n-√.

sshIn-t∏mbn

tIkpw hg°pw Ah-km-\n-∏n®v k`-bn¬ kam-[m\w D≠m-°p-I-

bmWv F√m-Øn\pw t]mwhgn F∂v a¬∏m\v HSp°w tXm∂n-Øp-Sßn.

AXn-\mbn At±lw Ah-km-\-Im-eØv iaw XpS-ßn. kn.- sP. Ipcy≥

At∏m-tg°pw acn®pt]mb-Xn-\m¬ a¬∏m\v ss[cy-ambn kam-[m\

N¿®-Iƒ \S-Øm-sa-∂m-bn.

1102 Ipw`w 2˛mw XobXn Bep-hm-bn¬ tIm\m´p a¬∏ms‚ A≤y-

£-X-bn¬ Hcp tbmKw IqSn k`m- k-am-[m-\-Øn-\mbn Ccp-`m-KØp

\n∂pw Ipd®p t]sc Xncs™SpØv Hcp sU]yq-t´-j-\mbn ]mXn-

b¿°okns‚ ASp-tØbv°v Ab°m≥ Xocp-am-\n-®p. F∂m¬ ]mXn-

b¿°o-kns‚ XWpØ ]Xn-I-cWw ImcWw sU]yq-t´-js\ Ab-

®n-√. tIm\m´p a¬∏m≥ Znhw-K-X-\m-Ip-∂-Xns‚ GXm\pw amkw


apºmWv Bep-hm -tbmKw hnfn®pIq´n-bXv. k`m- k-am-[m\w D≠m-bn-

°m-Wm≥ X\n°v tbmK-ap-≠m-hn-s√∂v a¬∏m\v AtXmsS tXm∂n-

bn-cn-°mw. A[nIw Xma-kn-bmsX At±lw InS-∏n-em-bn.

kpJ-t°Sv IqSp-X-embn iøm-h-ew-_n-bmbt∏mƒ h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-

ta-\nsb t\cn¬ I≠v kwkm-cn®v Ign™pt]mb-sX√mw ad-°-W-

sa∂pw, £an-°-W-sa∂pw DW¿Øn-∏m≥ a¬∏ms‚ lrZbw shºn.

AXn-\mbn a¬∏ms‚ ktlm-Z-c-≥ Ip™n-ss∏-en-tbmSv ]d™v h´-

t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n°v Hcp IØ-b-®p. h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n, Ign-™-

sX√mw £an®v hfsc kvt\l-]q¿∆w Ip™n-ss∏-en°v adp-]Sn Ab-

bv°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. B adp-]-Sn-bn¬ ""At\ym-\y-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ hntcm-

[-ßƒ kI-ehpw Xo¿∂n-cn-°p-I-bm-sW∂v Adn-bp-∂Xv \ap°pw

lrZb kam-[m-\-Øn\p Imc-W-ambnØocp∂-XmWv'' Fs∂-gp-Xn-bn-

cp∂p. h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS IØv XpS-cp-∂p: ""AXn-\m¬ \ap°v

At±-l-Øns‚ t\sc bmsXmcp tZzjhpw hg°pw Cs√∂pw, D≠m-

bn-cn-°m-hp∂ kI-ehpw Dt]-£n-®p ssZh-Xn-cp-\m-a-Øn¬ \mw £an-

®n-cn-°p-I-bm-sW∂pw At±-l-tØmSv ]d™psIm≈-Ww. .... Imcp-Wy-

hm-\mb ssZhw Rßƒ Ccp-htcmSpw, Rß-fpsS Ip‰ßsfbpw Ipd-

hp-I-sfbpw £an-°p-∂-Xn\pw _e-lo-\-\mb \mw Xt∂mSv ]m¿∞n-

°p-∂p.''

am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kns\ ImWm≥ aev]m≥ BK-ln-°p-∂p.

At±lw tcmK-i-ø-bn¬ BWv. saXm-t∏m-eoØm Atßm-´v sN∂v

I≠m¬ sIm≈mw, kap-Zm-b-Ønse Iem-]-ßƒ aev]m\v a\-x]-bmkw

D≠m-°p-∂p F∂p ImWn®v Ip™n-ss∏en Hcp IØ-b-®n-cp-∂p.

AXns‚ adp-]-Sn-bmWv h -t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n apI-fn¬ ImWn®t]mse

Fgp-Xn-bXv. ]gbskan-\m-cn-bn¬ sh®v ka-cn-t°-kns‚ ImeØv _e-

ambn sXßn≥tXm∏n¬ \n∂v \mfn-tIcw CSp∂ Ah-k-c-Øn¬

a¬∏ms‚ ]pdØv Nqc¬ hSn- sIm≠v ASn-t°≠n h∂-Xn¬ h´-t»-

cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n°v ]›m-Øm]w tXm∂n-bn-cn-°-Ww. "Bh-iy-an-√msX

ASn hmßn®p' F∂v a¬∏m\pw Ipsd- I-gn-™-t∏mƒ a\ n¬ tXm∂n-

bn-cn-°mw.

a¬∏ms\ ImWp-∂-Xn\p h -t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n t]mIm≥ Xøm-dmbn

hcp-tºm-tg°pw a¬∏m≥ acn®p F∂ hnhcw Adn-™p. 1103 Xpew

22˛mw Xob-Xn-bnse h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Ub-dn-°p-dn-∏n¬ C]-

Imcw Fgp-Xn-b-Xmbn ImWp-∂p: ""C∂v D® Ign™v ae-¶c a¬∏m≥

tIm\m´v amØ≥ tImsd-∏n-kvtIm∏m acn-®p-t]m-b-Xmbn Adn-™p.

a¬∏m\v \sΩ ImW-W-sa∂v At]-£n-®-X-\p-k-cn®v \msf Ign™v


hymgmgvN t]mIp-hm≥ Ccn-°-bm-bn-cp-∂p. acn®p F∂p tI´-Xn-\m¬

t]mtI-s≠∂p Xocp-am-\n-®p.''

h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-tbmSv sNbvXXpw, ]d-™Xpw Bb F√m

sX‰pIƒ°pw £a- tNm-Zn®v ]m]-tam-N\w t\Sn ssZh-Xn-cp-ap-ºmsI

sN√p-tºmƒ shSn-∏p-≈-h-\mbn lmP-cm-I-Ww F∂v hnNm-cn-®m-bn-

cn°mw a¬∏m≥ ac-W-°n-S-°-bn¬ sh®v saXm-®s\ t\cn´v ImW-W-

sa∂v BK-ln-®-Xv. Cu temI-Øn¬ sh®v ]‰nb Id-I-sf-sb√mw

am®pIf™v a\x-k-am-[m-\-tØmsS acn-°-W-sa∂ aev∏ms‚ tamlw

c≠p -Zn-hkw IqSn a¬∏m≥ Pohn-®n-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ k^-e-am-Ip-am-bn-

cp-∂p. 1927 \hw-_¿ 8 \mWv (1103 Xpemw 22) a¬∏m≥ acn®Xv.

Biz-kn-∏n®p

a¬∏m≥ acn-®-tijw hń-∏-W-t°-kns‚ dnhn-j≥ s]‰o-js‚ hn[n

No^vPÃokv Nm‰v ô¬Uv AS-ßp∂ ^pƒ s_©v ]kvXm-hn-®p.

dnhnj≥ A\p-h-Zn®psIm≠pw Pn. i¶-c-∏n-≈-bpsS UnkvSnIvSv tIm¿ v

hn[n A∏msS kzoI-cn-®p-sIm-≠p-am-bn-cp-∂p hn[n. a¬∏m≥ `b-s∏-ń-

cp-∂-Xp-t]mse tImS-Xn-s®-ehv sImSp-°m≥ a¬∏m\pw _m≤y-ÿ-

\mbn h∂p. a¬∏m≥ A¥-cn-®-t∏mƒ At±-l-Øns‚ ho´p-Im¿°v

tImS-Xn-s®-ehv kwJy sIń-sh-t°≠ `mcw henb ]iv\-ambn.

a¬∏ms‚ aI≥ (]n∂oSv ae¶c a¬∏m≥ tIm\m´v A_lmw IØ-

\m¿) A∂v hfsc sNdp-∏-am-bn-cp-∂p. At±lw HutK≥ am¿ Xotam-

Øn-tbm-kns‚ Iogn¬ kpdn-bm\n ]Tn-°p∂ Imew. a¬∏ms‚ kl-

[¿ΩnWn aI-t\bpw Iqń h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\nsb ]gbskan-\m-cn-

bn¬ t]mbn I≠v tImS-Xn-s®-ehv kwJy Cf®v Xtc-W-sa∂v IÆp-

\o-tcm-Sp- IqSn At]-£n-®p. hnimea\-kv°-\mb Xncp-ta\n At]£

kzoI-cn®v Ahsc Biz-kn-∏n®v bmX-bm-°n.

kn.- sP. Ipcy≥

kn.- sP. Ipcys‚ eLpPoh-N-cn-Xhpw At±lw B\-∏m∏n h[-

Øn¬ hln® ]¶pw 1996 -˛¬ kn.- Sn. tPm¨ A°c ]pcm´p ]kn-≤o-

I-cn-® A°c IpSpw-_-N-cnXØn¬ \n∂v D≤-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. Hcp D∂X

hy‡n-sb-∏‰n kz¥w IpSpw-_-Øn¬s]´-hcpw kap-∂-X-cmb ka-Im-

en-Icpw \¬Ip∂ hn`n-∂- Nn-X-ß-fn¬ \n∂v _p≤nbpw hnZym- ym-khpw

hnth-Ihpw D≈-h¿°v bYm¿∞-NnXw a\- n-em-°m≥ ]bm-k-ap-≠m-

hn-√-t√m.

A°c IpSpw-_-N-cn-X-Øn¬ kn.- sP. Ipcy-s\-∏‰n Cßs\ ]d-


bp∂p: ""A°c IpSpw-_-Ønse G‰hpw ][m\ hy‡n-bmb De-l-

∂-®s‚ B¨ a-°-fn¬ c≠m-asØ aI-\mb kn. -sP. Ipcy≥ (A-

°c sIm®p-™v) 1036 (1860) -˛¬ P\n-®p. aqØ Bfmb A°c Ip™v

_nkn-\- nepw ho´p-Im-cy-Ønepw s]mXp -ta¬t\m´w Imcy-]m-]vXn-

tbmsS \S-Øn. kn. sP. Ipcy≥, Ipcy≥ ssd´-dpsS klm-bn-bmbn

sIm®n-bnepw Nmh-°m´pw Xma-kn®v Ahn-sS-bp≈ _nkn-\- ns‚

ta¬t\m´w \n¿∆-ln-®p. XpS¿∂v shtÃ¨ Ãm¿ ]X-Øns‚ \S-

Øn-∏nepw, kap-Zmb ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fnepw ssd´-dpsS ]n≥Km-an-bmbn

h¿Øn®v D∂X \ne-hmcw ssIh-cn-®p. ssd´-dpsS ac-W-ti-jhpw

ioaqew cmPm-hp-am-bp≈ ssaXo-_‘w, ioaqew Akwªn AwKXzw,

tIm´bw ap\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n-bpsS cq]o-I-cW ][m\n, AXns‚ BZysØ

Ce-Iv‰Uv sNb¿am≥, kap-Zmb SÃn, Ccp-]-Øn-\m-em-bncw Imb¬

IpØnb hn]p-e -Ir-jn-°m-c≥ XpSßn ae-bm-fn-I-fpsS CS-bn¬ IpSn¬

sXm´v sIm´mcw hsc Adn-b-s∏-Sp-Ibpw _lp-am-\n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

Ipcy≥ ssd´¿ t\Snb IpSpw-_-]-ikvXn \ne-\n¿Øp-hm\pw h¿≤n-

∏n-°p-hm\pw Ipcy\p km[n®p. At±lw kpap-J\pw _p≤n-im-enbpw

a\p-jy-tcmSv s]cp-am-dp-hm≥ ]tXyI Ign-hp≈ Bfp-am-bn-cp-∂p.

sNdp-∏-Øn¬ Nn‰-∏≥ Ipcy≥ ssd´-dpsS in£-W-Øn¬ kn. -sP.

Ipcy\pw Ce-™n-°¬ C.- sP. tPmWpw H∂n®v Cw•ojv kvIqfn¬

]Tn-®p. kvIqƒ ss^\¬ hsc Bb-t∏mƒ ssd -dpsS \n¿t±-i-]-Imcw

]TnØw \n¿Øn shfn-s®Æ hym]m-c-tØmSp _‘-s∏- p. Nmh-°ms´

sXßn≥tXm∏ns‚ ta¬t\m-´sØ XpS¿∂p shtÃ¨ Ãm¿ ]X-

Øns‚ amt\-P-cm-bn. ........

kn.- sP. Ipcy≥ hnhmltijw sIm®n-bnepw Xncp-h-\¥-]p-cØp

ambn-´m-bn-cp∂p Pohn-Xw. shtÃ¨ Ãm¿ ]X-Øns‚ Npa-Xe apgp-

h≥ h∂-t∏mƒ Xmakw A[n-Ihpw Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-c-Øm-bn-. .... kn.

sP. Ipcy≥ acn°pw hsc tIm´bw ]Pm- k`m saº-dm-bn-cp-∂p. B

ÿm\w D]-tbm-Kn®v tIm´bw ap\n-kn-∏m-en‰n cq]o-I-c-W-Øn\v kn. -

sP. Ipcy≥ ][m\ ]¶p- h-ln®p. kn. -sP. Ipcys‚ ioaqew cmPm-hp-

am-bp≈ ssaXo-_‘w A∂-sØ-°m-eØv hfsc hne-s∏-´-Xm-bn-cp-

∂p. kpdn-bm\n kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ SÃnbmbn FXn-cn-√msX acn°pw

hsc At±lw Bb-Xn-\m¬ A∂p-¤-hn® h´n-∏-W-t°-kn¬ ][m\

I£n-bmbn ]h¿Øn-t°≠n h∂p.

k`m -h-g-°n¬ IpSpßn

kn. -sP. Ipcy\pw tIm\m´v a¬∏m\pw ]pen-t°m-´n¬ tPmk^v


am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv c≠m-as‚ ImeØv k`m-S-Ãn-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p. henb

saXm-®\p £oWhpw ]mb-hp-ambn. ]n≥Kman BcmWv Fs∂mcp

Nn¥ At±-lsØ Ae- n. h -t»-cn¬ a¬∏m≥ Imcy-ti-jn-bp-≈-h\pw

_p≤n-am-\p-am-Wv. AwK-ssh-I-ey-ap-≈-h¿°v saXm≥ ]´w sImSp-°-

cpXv F∂v Hcp amaq¬. AXp-sIm≠v IÆn\p XI-cmdv (tIm-¶-Æv)

D≈-Xn-\m¬ h´-t»-cn¬ a¬]ms\ saXm-\m-°p-hm≥ hS-°¿°pw

sX°¿°pw Hcp-t]mse FXn¿∏m-bn. ]ueqkv dºm≥ km[phpw

Imcy∏nSn∏n-√mØ Bfpw. h´-t»-cn¬ aev]m-t\mSv Xmev]-cy-°m-c\pw

At±-l-Øns‚ Ign-hn-s\-∏‰n t_m[-hm-\p-am-bn-cp-∂ kn. -sP. Ipcy≥

sX°pw hS°pw t]mbn FXn-c-`n-]m-b-ap-≈-hsc I≠v h´-t»-cn¬

aev]m-s\-t∏mse _p≤n-am-\mbn a‰mcpw k`-bn¬ C√ F∂pw AXp-

sIm≠v At±-l-Øn\p Xo¿®-bmbpw ]´w sImSp-°-Ww F∂pw F√m-

h-scbpw Hcp hn[w kΩ-Xn-∏n-®p. XpS¿∂v AXn-\p≈ Fgp-Øp-Ip-Øp-

Iƒ F√mw Xøm-dm-°n. ... kn. -sP. Ipcy≥ ap≥ssI FSp-ØmWv h´-

t»-cn¬ aev]ms\ ae-¶c saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bm-°n-b-Xv. CXv Ah¿

XΩn-ep-≠mb tIkv apJm-¥ncw ]n∂oSv ]Nm-c-an-√msX t]mbn.

…o_m siΩm-i-s‚bpw ]ueqkv dºm-®-s‚bpw IqsS Ct±-l-

sØbpw ioabv°v hn´p. HkvXm-Øn-tbmkv, Iqdn-temkv, Zoh-∂m-

tkymkv F∂o t]cp-I-fn¬ 1908 sabv 31- \v Ch¿ aq∂p -t]cpw saXm-

∑m-cmbn Ah-tcm-[n-°-s∏- p. saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-am¿ aqhcpw \mń¬ Xncn-

s®-Øn. ........

A∂sØ A_vZp≈m ]mXn-b¿°okv Xma-kn-bmsX ae-¶-c-bn-

te°v Fgps∂≈n. _mhm h∂Xv Xs∂ apS-°m-\mWv F∂p sX‰n-

≤-cnt®m Ft¥m h -t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n _mhmsb kao-]n-®n-√. XpS¿∂p

_mhm saXm-®s\ apS-°n. skan-\m-cn-bn¬ h®v hfsc £p`n-X-amb

A¥-co-£-Øn¬ apS-°p- I-ev]\ hmbn-®p. CtX -Xp-S¿∂v c≠p I£n

Bbn ]ncn-™p. sNdnb ]≈n-bn¬ ASn, B\-∏m-∏n-t°kv, XpS¿∂v

]e ]≈n-I-fnepw c≠p tNcn. Iqdn-temkv saXm-®\pw HkvXm-Øn-

tbmkv _mhmbpw Hcp mKØpw, h -t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\nbpw, apdna‰Øp

saXm-®\pw at‰ mK-Øp- \n∂pw tIkp-Iƒ°p ]pdsa tIkp-I-fmbn.

s]mXp-kz-Øn\pw hń-∏-W-]-en-ibv°pw s]mXp-hmbpw Hmtcm

]≈n°pw ]tXyIw ]tXy-I-ambpw tIkp-Iƒ XpS-ßn. ]≈n-Iƒ

an°Xpw ]qń. kvIqfp-Iƒ Bb-Xp-sIm≠v Fw.- Un. skan-\m-cnbpw,

]g-bskan\mcnbpw ]qń-bn-√. ]g-bskan\mcn ]≈n amXw ]qń. \mep-

sI´pw Ipin-\nbpw ]q´msX Ipń-I-fpsS Bh-iy-Øn\v hn´p sImSpØp.

\mS-I-im-e-bpsS apIƒX v hrØn-bm°n Ip¿_m-\bpw a‰v I¿Ω-ßfpw

Ahn-sS- h®v \S-Øn-s°m-≠n-cp-∂p. at\m-ca Nm∏epw Bcm-[-\bv°pw


hnhm-lw, amtam-Zokm XpSßnb NS-ßp-Iƒ°pw D]-tbm-Kn®p h∂p.

tIm´-b-Øp≈ saXm≥ I£n-°m¿°v Cu c≠p Nm∏epw _mhm

I£n-°m¿°v ]mW-º-Sn-°¬ ]≈nbpw Iv\m\m-b-°m-cpsS henb

]≈nbpw amXw Bcm-[-\bv°p tijn-®p. IqSmsX sNßfw ]≈n,

I√-¶-X, Hfi s]m∂-cØp ]≈n, Ipa-cIw B‰-aw-Kew ]≈n F∂n-

hbpw tIm´bw apX¬ hS-t°m-´p≈ an° ]≈n-Ifpw _mhm I£n-

°m¿°v amXw Bcm-[-\m-e-b-ß-fmbn. ]pXp-∏≈n∏≈n c≠p Iq´cpw

D]-tbm-Kn-®p.

tIm´-b-Øn\p sXt°m´v IqSp-X¬ ]≈n-Ifpw Ip∂w-Ip-fØpw

tImX-aw-K-e-Øp-ap≈ Npcp°w ]≈n-Ifpw saXm≥ I£n-°m-cpsS

kzm[o-\-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p. Xncp-h√ ]men-tb-°c ]≈n H∂n-S-hn v Hmtcm-

cp-Øcpw, I -∏p-d-sØ- ]≈n _mhm I£n-°m¿°v amX-ambpw XpS¿∂p.

at\m-ca ]Xw saXm-®\v Xmßpw XW-ep-ambn h¿Øn-®p. Pn√m-t°m-

S-Xn-bn¬ tIkv _mhm I£n-°m¿°v tZmj-ambn hn[n-®p. sslt°m¿

´n¬ A∏o¬ t]mbn. aZm-kn¬ ]ikvX h°o-emb kn.- ]n. cma-

kzmanAøsc _mhm- I-£n-°m¿°p th≠n hmZn-°m≥ kn. -sP. Ipcy≥

sIm≠ph∂p. ]n∂oSv tIc-f-Ønse apJy-I-Ym-]m-Xhpw Xncp-hn-Xmw-

Iq¿ Znhm-\p-ambn amdnb kn. -]n. sb kn. -sP. Ipcy\v ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-

Øn-bXpw CS-]m-Sm-°n-bXpw A∂p Znhm-\m-bn-cp∂ kn. cmP-tKm-]m-

em-Nm-cn-bm-Wv. h°o-ens\ ImWm\pw k`m-Im-cy-ßfpw a‰pw X¿÷a

sNbvXp ]Tn-∏n-°p-hm\pw Fcp-Øn-°-e-®≥, amen-bn-e-®≥ apX-em-b-

h¿ Xncp-h-\¥-]p-cØv Xma-k-am-°n. tIm -bØv ]e ho´p-Imcpw hfsc

hmin-tbmsS c≠p I£n-bmbn \n∂p.

h´-t»cn¬ saXm-t∏m-eoØm, apdn-a-‰-Øn¬ ImtXm-en°m _mhm,

Koh¿Kokv am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv saXm-t∏m-eoØm (I-√m-ti-cn),

Koh¿Kokv am¿ ]oe-Ivkn-t\mkv (hm-I-Øm-\w) F∂n-h¿ saXm≥

I£n°v t\XrXzw sImSp-Øp. kn. -]n. cma-kzman Aø¿ hnZ-Kv[-ambn

hmZn® tIkn¬ saXm≥ I£n-°m¿ tXm‰p. AtX-Xp-S¿∂v saXm≥

I£n-t\-Xm-°ƒ sIm®p-]p-c-°¬ h∂p kn. -sP. Ipcys\ I≠v,

Xmt°m¬ G¬∏n-°m≥ h∂-XmWv F∂pw Ah¿ kap-Zmbw hn´p

t]mIpw F∂pw ]d-™-Xmbn ]d-bp-∂p. tIkn¬ Pbhpw tXm¬hnbpw

D≠v. \ap°v H∂mbn t]mI-Ww. AtX-∏‰n DSs\ Btem-Nn-°m-sa∂pw,

DSs\ ioaqew Akw-ªn°p t]mtI-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p, Xncnsb h∂p

Cu Imcy-ßƒ Btem-Nn-°Ww F∂pw ]d™v kn. -sP. Ipcy≥

Xmt°m¬ hmßmsX Ahsc kam-[m-\-s∏-SpØn hn´p F∂pw ]d-

bp∂p. F∂m¬ Akw-ªn°p t]mIm-\n-cp∂ kn. -sP. Ipcy\v s]s´∂p


hmX-tcmKw aq¿On®p Ah-i-\m-bn. 1924 am¿®v 2 \v At±lw ac-W-a-

S™p. .......

kap-Zm-b-t°kv NqSp-]n-Sn® Imew

Cu Ime-L- -Øn-em-bn-cp∂p (1910) kap-Zm-b-t°-kns‚ NqSp-Imew.

kap-Zmb SÃn kn. -sP. Ipcy\pw ae-¶c saXm≥ h´-t»cn¬

Koh¿Kokv am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv saXm-t∏m-eo-Ømbpw Ccp-tN-cn-I-

fn¬ \n∂p t\XrXzw sImSp-Øp. tIm´-bØv Bƒ kzm[o\w kn.

sP. Ipcys‚ tNcn-bmb ]mXn-b¿°okv I£n-°m-bn-cp-∂p. sNdnb

]≈n-bn¬ c≠v I£n-Iƒ XΩn-ep-≠mb ASn Ip]-kn-≤-am-W-t√m.

CXn-\nsS h -t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta\n tIm -b-Øp- \n∂pw sX°≥ mK-sØ-

hn-sStbm Bÿm\w am‰p-sa∂pw skan-\m-cn-bn-en-cn-°p∂ dn°m¿Up-

Iƒ F√mw IS-Øn-s°m≠p t]mIp-sa∂pw ipXn ]c-∂n-cp-∂p.

Aßs\ kw`-hn-°m-Xn-cn-°m≥ kn. -sP. Ipcy≥ Nne ap≥Icp-X-ep-

Iƒ FSp-Øp. Xmg-Ø-ßmSn Ipf-∏p-c-°-S-hn\p kao-]-ap≈ A`ym-kn-

I-fmb ap…ow bphm-°-∑msc ]≈n km[-\-ßƒ H∂pw IS-Øn-s°m≠p

t]mIm-Xn-cn-°m≥ ]≈n ]cn-k-c-ß-fn¬ Imh-en\p \ntbm-Kn-®p. skan-

\m-cn°p kao]w Xma-kn-®n-cp∂ Xs‚ tPyjvTs‚ aI≥ ]pcm´p ]m∏-

®s\ Ch-cpsS Imcy-ßƒ t\m°p-hm≥ `c-ta¬∏n-®p.

Cu G¿∏m-Sp-Iƒ h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\nbpw Iqćpw ho£n-®-t∏mƒ

as‰mcp [mcWbmWp-≠m-b-Xv. skan-\mcn Iø-S-°m-\p≈ kwcw- -ambn

Ah¿ IW-°m-°n. GXm-bmepw saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS hew-ssI-bm-

bn-cp∂ Koh¿Kokv ]Wn-°-c-®≥ (]n-∂oSv B¿®v _nj∏v am¿ Cuhm-

\n-tbm-kv) ta]m-bn-te°v Bf-b-®p. B mKsØ Akm-[m-cW A`ym-

kn-Ifpw apjv°-∑m-cp-am-bn-cp∂ B\-∏m∏n (h¿°n h¿Ko-kv) sbbpw

injy≥ Xncp-hm-¶m-h≥ sIm®q-™n-s\bpw skan-\m-cn-bn¬ hcp-Øn.

Ch¿ k`mw-K-ßƒ IqSn-bm-bn-cp-∂p.''

B\-∏m-∏nsb kn.- sP. Ipcys‚ t]c-W- aqew h[n-®p. sIme-t°-

kp-ambn _‘-s∏-´-Xn-\m¬ hc-hn¬ IqSp-X¬ sNehv h¿≤n-®p.

XpS¿∂p ]m∏-®\p IS-ßƒ h¿≤n-®p. ISw ho´p-∂-Xn-te-°mbn 300

]d \new, sNß-f-°m-ńse hoXw, Xncp-\-°c amfnI F∂nh Inńb

Ipd™ hnebv°v ssXØ-d-°m¿°v sImSp-Øp. ]md-bv°¬ ]pc-bn-S-

Øn¬ Htc-°¿, Icn-bw-]mSw, tImSn-aX \new, saXm≥ Imb¬

CXbpw sIm®p-]m∏n h√y-∏\pw sImSp-Øp. icn-bmbn hne t]imt\m,

]pdØp hne tNmZn®p Adn-bmt\m A∂sØ ImeØv an\-s°-ń-√.

Cß-s\ t]mIp∂p A°c IpSpw_ Ncn-X -Ønse hnh-c-W-ßƒ.


kn. sP. Ipcys‚ A¥y-Imew

sI.- kn. amΩ≥ am∏nf Fgp-Xp-∂p: ""saXm≥ ]£-°m¿ tXm‰-

Xns‚ KpWw ]mtbm-Kn-I-ambn Bkz-Zn-°p-∂-Xn¬ t\cn´ kml-Ncy

]cn-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ kn.- sP. Ipcys\ Ah-km-\-L- -Øn¬ _m[n-®-Xn\p

ZrjvSm-¥-ambn Hcp kw`h IY tI´n- p-≠v. tImgnaÆn¬ Znhm≥ _l-

Zq¿ hn. hdp-Ko-kns‚ A\p-P\pw tIm´-bØv k¿°m¿ h°o-ep-am-bn-

cp∂ tXmakv hdp-Kokv ]d™p tI´-Xm-Wv.

tSm∏n-°¬ πmt‚-j≥kv Iº\n kw_-‘n®v ]mem-ºSw ]n.- Sn.

tXmakv h°oepw ]n.- F-w. amWnbpw XΩn-ep-≠mb X¿°-Øn¬ tUm.

hdp-Kokv Be-∏p-g-bnse ]kn≤ h°o-embncp∂ IrjvW-ø-¶m¿, kn.

sP. Ipcy≥ BZn-bm-b-h¿ amWn-bpsS hi-Øm-bn-cp-∂p. Hcn-°¬ Iº-

\n-bpsS Ub-d-IvS¿ t_m¿Uv ao‰nwKv Be-∏pg Sn. -_n.- bn¬ IqSn.

AXn¬ kw_-‘n-°m≥ h∂ Ub-d-IvS¿am-cpsS Iq´-Øn¬ tUm.

h¿Kokpw, kn. -sP. Ipcy\pw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. sNdp-∏-Øn¬ Ah-cn-cp-

hcpw kl-]m-Tn-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p. h¿j-ßƒ Ipsd-b-[nIw Ign-™n-´mWv

Ccp-hcpw I≠p-ap-´p-∂-Xv. BZy-Im-eØv \√ ]k-cn∏pw BtcmKy

kujvT-hhpw XnI-™n-cp∂ Ipcy≥ At∏m-tg°p ico-chpw a\ pw

£oWn®v Ah-i-\mbn ImW-s∏-´p. CX £oWn-®-Xn-s\¥p ImcWw

F∂v tUmIvS¿ hdp-Kokv tNmZn-®-t∏mƒ, kap-Zmb tIkp-Ifpw hg-

°p-Ifpw sIm≠v Xs‚ ico-c-Øn\pw a\- n-\p-ap-≠m-bn-´p≈ t¢i-ß-

fmWv CXn\p Imc-W-sa∂pw X\n°v A]m-c-amb £oWw tXm∂p-∂p-

sh∂pw kn.- sP. Ipcy≥ ]d-™p. Xs‚ BtcmKyÿnXn ]cn-tim-

[n®v Hcp hnZ-Kv≤m- n-]mbw ]d-b-W-sa∂pw tUmIvS-tdmSv At]-£n®p.

tUmIvS¿ At∏mƒ Xs∂ At±-lsØ ]cn-tim-[n-®n´v cl-ky-ambn

]d-™p. ""sIm®pIpt™ (A-Xm-bn-cp∂p kn. -sP. Ipcys‚ Hma-\-

t∏cv) D≈Xp ]d-bs´, sIm®pIp™n\v C\n A[nIw Bbp- p≈

e£Ww ImWp-∂n-√. C\n-sb-¥n-\mWv sIm®p-Ipt™, Cu kap-Zmb

hg°pw høm-th-en-bp-sams° XpS-cp-∂Xv? Cu Ah-km-\-Im-e-sØ

¶nepw AXp aXn-bm°n kzÿ-ambn Ccn-°q.''

Cu hg°v Fß-s\-sb-¶nepw Ah-km-\n-∏n-°m≥ GXp hn´p-hogvN-

bv°pw- Xm≥ XømdmsW∂pw tIkn-\p -th≠n Xm≥ sNe-hm-°nb

henb XpI In´n-bm¬ kIe hg°pw hn´p-amdmw F∂pw kn.- sP. adp-

]Sn ]d-™p. tUmIvS¿, XpS¿∂p: ""saXm-t∏m-eoØm B XpIbpw

AXn-e-∏p-dhpw Xcm≥ kΩ-Xn-®p F∂pw sIm®p-Ip-™mWv AXn¬

hnk-ΩXw ImWn-®-sX∂pw BWt√m Rm≥ tI´-Xv.''


tUmIvS¿ tI´Xp icn-bm-sW∂p ]›m-Øm]kqNI-ambn kΩXw

aqfn. tUmIvS¿, saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-tbmSp ]d-™m¬ Imcyw Ct∏m-sg-

¶nepw Xocpw F∂p-≈XpsIm≠v tUmIvS-tdmSv Aßs\ sNøm≥

At]-£n-®p. tUmIvS¿ AXv G‰p. \n¿`m-Ky-h-im¬, sIm®n-bnse No v

saUn-°¬ Hmô-kdpw alm-cm-Pm-hns\ Znh-tk\ ]cn-tim-[nt°≠

Npa-X-e-bp≈ Bfpw F∂ \nebv°v tUm. hdp-Ko-kn\p saXm-t∏m-

eo-Ømsb sN∂p ImWp-hm≥ As∂m∂pw Ah-kcw e`n-®n-√.

At∏m-tg°pw kn.- sP. Ipcy≥ Nn¥n-°m\pw kw`m-jWw sNøm\pw

Akm-[y-amb hn[-Øn¬ Bk-∂-a-c-W-\m-bn-°-gn-™n-cp-∂p.

F. ]oen-t∏mkv PUvPn

hń-∏-W-t°-kns‚ BZysØ sslt°m-SXn hn[n kn.- sP. Ipcy\v

A\p-Iq-e-am-bn-cp-∂p. At±-lsØ t\cn-´p-I≠v ]oen-t∏mkv PUvPn

kw`m-j-W-ßƒ \S-Øn. Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠nse ae-¶ck - F∂ KŸ-

Øn¬ F≥. Fw. G_lmw C°mcyw ]cm-a¿in°p∂p≠v.

saXm-t∏m-eoØm kn. sP. Ipcy\p Ab®psImSpØ A\p-c-RvP-

\-°Øp ]tXyIw ]cn-K-W-\o-b-am-Wv. AXn¬ ]d-bp-∂p: ""\mw Ip‰-

a-‰-h-s\∂p ]d-bp-∂n-√. F¶nepw \ΩpsS hnip-≤-k-`-bnse bmsXm-

cp-Ø\p hntcm-[-ambpw \ΩpsS ]cn-ip≤ k`bv°p hntcm-[-ambpw

bmsXm∂pw sNbvXn-ń-s√-∂mWp \ΩpsS t_m[yw. A√ sNbvXn-´p-

s≠∂p sIm®pIpt™m (-kn. -sP. Ipcys‚ Hma-\-t∏-cv) \ΩpsS k`-

bn¬s∏´ Bsc-¶n-eptam hnNm-cn-°p-∂p-sh-¶n¬ ssZh-tØbpw \ΩpsS

k`-tbbpw Hm¿Øp \tΩmSp £an-°-W-sa∂p \ΩpsS k`-bn¬s]´

F√m-h-tcmSpw ]tXy-In®p sIm®p-Ip-™n-t\mSpw k¿∆-i-‡-\mb

ssZh-Øns‚ Xncp-\m-a-Øn¬ IÆp\otcm-Sp -IqSn \mw At]-£n-°p∂p.

\mw Imc-W-Øm¬ \ΩpsS hnip-≤- k-`bv°v bmsXmcp tZmjhpw

bmsXmcp `n∂-Xbpw D≠m-I-cp-sX-∂p≈ \ΩpsS BKlw \nanØw

Cßs\ At]-£n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.''

AXpsIm≠pw Ipcys‚ a\ v Aen-™n-√.-k-am-[m-\-Øn\p XS w

Abm-sf∂p Bfp-Iƒ ]d-™p. B ISpw-lr-Z-bsØ ]n¥n-cn-∏n-°p-

hm-\p≈ iaw ]oen-t∏mkv PUvPn XpS¿∂psIm≠n-cp-∂p. tcmK-

iømhew-_n-bmb Ipcys\ At±lw I≠p. At∏m-gsØ ÿnXn

PUvPn Xs∂ ]d-bp-∂p: ""henb £oW-ap-≠v. kwkm-cn-°m≥ ]bm-

k-amWv. kwkm-cn-®p -IqSm F∂p tUmIvS¿ ]d-™n- p-≠v. c≠p Znhkw

apºp hsc ]\n-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ct∏mƒ ]\n-bn-√. apJØp ssNX-\y-°p-

dhv H∂p-an-√. Nmcp-I-tk-c-bn¬ Xe-bnW sh®p Nmcn-°n-S-°p-Ibm-bn-cp-∂p.


Fs∂ I≠- am-X-bn¬ Bf-dn-™p. ""]oen-t∏m-®t\m?'' F∂p ]Xp-

s°-∏-d-™p. "Afn-b≥ H∂pw kwkm-cn-t°≠' F∂p Rm≥ adp-]Sn

sImSp-Øp. AXn\ptijw Atßm´pw Ctßm´pw H∂pw kwkmcn®n√.

i_vZn-°msX apJ-tØm-Sp-apJw t\m°n c≠p-t]cpw Ccp∂p. Rm\mWv

au\w `RvPn-®-Xv. ""Afn-b\v H∂pw kwkm-cn-°m≥ hø-s√m. kwkm-

cn-°-W-sa∂p BK-l-hpap-≠v. AXp-sIm≠p a\- n¬ ZpxJhp-ap-

s≠∂p F\n-°-dn-bmw. C\nbpw Rm≥ A[n-I-t\cw ChnsS \n¬°p-

∂n-√ ˛ amdp-I-bm-Wv.''

kn. -sP. Ipcys‚ B Ah-k-c-Ønse at\m- m-h-sØ-°p-dn®v PUvPn

XpS¿∂p ]d-bp-∂p: ""lrZ-b-Øns‚ ImTn\yw H∂pw hnń-´p-s≠∂p

tXm∂p-∂n-√. F¶nepw a\- n¬ kzev]w ZpxJw ImWp-am-bn-cn-°pw.

Ipcys‚ A\p-P≥ sIm®p]m∏n ]d-™p: "c≠p Znhkw apºv Ipcy≥

HkvXm-Øn-tbm-kn\pw AØm-\m-kn-tbm-kn\pw Fgp-Øp-Iƒ Ab-®n-

´p-≠v. kap-Zmb Imcy-ß-fn¬ \n∂p Hgn-™n-cn-°p∂psh∂pw kam-[m-

\-Øn\p Xs∂ XS- -°m-c-\mbn hnNm-cn®p t]mI-cp-sX∂pw AXn-

ep≠v. Fß-s\-sb-¶nepw kam-[m-\-am-bn-s°m-≈-W-sa∂pw Xs‚ ]Ww

Inń-sb-¶n¬ Inń As√-¶n¬ th≠m-sb-∂p-amWv IØnse Bibw.''

hnhcw t\cmtWm F∂pw h√Xpw Imcy-\-S-∏p-≠m-Iptam F∂pw ssZh-

Øn\p amX-a-dnbmw. Ipcys‚ c≠p s]Ïp-™p-ß-fpsS IeymWw

ASpØ Rmb-dm-gvN-bmWv. AXp kw_-‘n®pw Ipcys‚ kpJ-t°-Sp-

Im-Wp-hm-\p-ambn h≈-°m-en¬ DÆq-Ænbpw Hcp-an-®mWv Rm≥ C∂p

sIm®p-]p-c-bv°¬ t]mb-Xv.''

kn.- sP. Ipcys‚ acWw

kn.- sP. Ipcys‚ ac-WsØ°pdn®p ]oen-t∏mkv PUvPn Fgp-Xp∂p:

""C∂p (2- 3- 1924) kpdn-bm\n k`m-N-cn-X-Øn¬ Hcp ]pXnb A≤ymbw

Bcw-`n-°p-∂p. CXp-hsc \S∂ kw`-h-ß-fn¬ Hcp `mKsØ k¿∆

][m-\n-bmb IYm-]p-cp-j≥ kn.- sP. Ipcy≥ Bbn-cp-∂p. At±lw

C∂p ]I¬ c≠p aWn°p acn-®p. B Bfns‚ th¿]m-tSm-Sp- IqSn

k`m-N-cn-X-Øns‚ KXn F¥mIpw? GXp ]Ÿm-hn¬°qsS-bmWv

C\nbpw AXv \bn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv? F∂p I≠-dn-tb-≠-Xm-Wv. Fß-s\-

bm-bmepw C\nbpw Hcp henb hyXymkw hcm≥ CS-bp-s≠-∂mWp

tXm∂p-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ AXn\p ]bm-k-ßƒ ImWp-∂p-≠v. bqen-

tbmkp- sIm≠ph∂ apS-°p-Xo¿Ø Iev]\ Ipcys‚ ssIh-i-am-sW-

∂mWp Bfp-Iƒ ]d-bp-∂-Xv. Aß-s\-bm-sW-¶n¬ AXp ]c-ky-s∏-

Sp-Øm≥ km[n-°p-I-bn-√. ]ckys∏SpØmsX tbmPn-∏n\p Ffp-∏-

hpan√. kwK-Xn-Iƒ F√mw ssZh-Øns‚ ssIbn¬ Ccn-°p-∂p. c≠p


]£-Øn-sebpw \mb-I-∑m¿ hnNm-cn-®-Xp-t]m-se-b-√ Imcy-ßƒ, CXp-

hsc \S-∂n-´p-≈Xv. hń-∏-W-t°kp Pbn®p F∂-√msX kn. -sP.

Ipcy\p bmsXmcp KpWhpw A\p-`-hn-∏m≥ CXp-hsc km[n-®n-√. hń-

∏Ww hmßn-°m≥ km[n-®n-√. s]ä-°sf sNdn-b-]≈n Xpd-∏n®p

Ahn-sS-h®p sIń-°-W-sa∂p hnNm-cn-®p ]e ia-ßƒ sNbvXp. AXpw

km[n®n-√. B Imcyw km[n-°m≥ Xncp-h-\¥-]p-cØp t]mb-t∏mƒ

BWv kpJ-t°Sp h¿≤n®p C—m-`w-K-tØmSp IqSn- h∂p InS-∏n-em-

bXv. AXp km[n-°m™p s]ä-°sf Ign-™-amkw 28- \v ]mW-º-

Sn-°¬ ]≈n-bn¬ sh®mWp sIń-®-Xv. ae-¶c saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bm-

bn´p AØm-\m-kn-tbm-kns\ hmgn®p ImWm≥ km[n-®n-√. tIkp-

Iƒ°pth≠n sNe-hm-°n-b-Xmb kwJy-Iƒ H∂pw kap-Zm-b-Øn¬

\n∂p Xncn®p Inń-bn-√. hfsc ISw I≠pw-sh-®mWv acn-®-Xv. kam-[m-

\-ap≈ Hcp ac-W-ambn hnNm-cn-∏m≥ \ymb-an-√.''

Ipcys‚ arX-tZ-l- kw-kvIm-c-sØ-°p-dn®v PUvPn XpS¿s∂-gp-Xp∂p:

""C∂p (3-˛3-˛24) ]I¬ c≠p aWn°v kn. -sP. Ipcys‚ arX-i-cocw

Ipgn-bn¬ ]qgn-bn-te°p Cd-°-s∏-´p. ..... Ign™ ]Xn∂mep h¿j-ß-

fmbn Ipcys‚ ]ikvXn hfsc i‡n-bmbn s]mßn-bn- p≠v. am¿ Zoh-

∂m-tkymkv saXm-t∏m-eo-Ømsb FXn¿°pI F∂p-≈- sh-ń¬

Ipcy≥ Adn™psIm≠p -sN∂p NmSn. Xs‚ _p≤nbpw i‡nbpw

[\-hp-sa√mw GIm-K-X-tbm-Sp -IqSn B Imcy-Øn¬ sNe-hn- p. Imcyw

km[n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ am¿§-ß-fpsS KpW-tZm-j-ßƒ

]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-ń-√. hń-∏-W-t°-kn¬ tXm‰p F¶nepw Ah-km\w

sslt°m¿ń¬ Ipcy≥ Pbn-®p. saXm-t∏m-eoØm AXns‚ tijw

a¿±o-\n¬ sN∂p ]mXn-b¿°o-kns\ I≠p apS°p Xo¿Ø Iev]-

\bpw AXns‚ Imh¬°m-c-\mbn bqen-tbm-kn-s\bpw sIm≠ph∂p.

CXp k -bn¬ kam-[m-\-Øn\p \√ Ah-k-c-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]mXn-b¿°o-

kns‚ A[n-Imcw Dd-∏n-°m-\m-bn- m-bn-cp∂p Ipcy≥ CXp-hsc ]h¿Øn-

®-Xv. F¶n¬ saXm-t∏m-eoØm apS°p Xo¿Ø Iev]\ sIm≠p h∂-

t∏mƒ B Ah-k-csØ icn-bmbn D]-tbm-Kn®p kam-[m\w D≠m-°m-

am-bn-cp-∂p. ]Icw bqen-tbm-kns\ ssIh-i-s∏-SpØn a\pjy≥ ]d-

bp∂ ]Imcw "Iev]\' ssI°-em-°nbpw sIm≠v ]ns∂bpw saXm-

t∏m-eo-Ømsb Nhn- m-\m-bn- mWv Ipcy≥ Dt±-in-®Xv. Hcp hn[-Ønepw

Xs∂ aptºm´pw ]nd-tIm´pw hnSmØ hn[-Øn¬ sIń-bn´p Nhn-´m-

\m-bn´p ssZhw C]-Imcw Hcmsf A\p-h-Zn-°pt∂m F∂p Hm¿Øp

saXm-t∏m-eoØm ZpxJn°p-Ibpw Xs‚ IÆo-cns‚ Ddh ssZh-

apºmsI ImgvNsh°bpw sNbvXp. bqen-tbmkpw saXm-t∏m-eo-

Ømbpw XΩn¬ Ign™ [\p 11 \v D≠mb IqSn-°mgvN Ign-™t∏mƒ


BWv saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS a\ p Cu hn[w ssZh-Øns‚ ASp-

tØ°p ]q¿Æ-ambn Xncn-™-Xv. AXn¬ ]ns∂ "aq∂p- amkw' Ign-

™n-ń-√. "ta¬∏-´-°m-cpsS \evh-csØ Cuhn[w Hcmƒ Zpcp-]-tbm-Kn-

°p-∂s√m' F∂p saXm-t∏m-eoØm ZpxJtØmSp IqSn Iev]n-®n-´p-

≠v. ..... F¥p h∂mepw a\- -enhp tXm∂mØ Hcp ITn\ a\p-jy≥

F∂-√msX Ipcys‚ kma¿∞y-sØ-∏‰n as‰m∂pw ]d-bp-hm≥ tXm∂p-

∂n-√.''

Ipcys‚ iXp-Xbv°p ImcWw

]oen-t∏mkv PUvPn ]d-bp∂p: ""BinXhm’eyw, alm-a-\-kvIX,

[¿Ω-X-ev]-cX F∂o KpW-ßƒ Ipcy-\n-ep-≠v; a‰p- Im-cy-ß-fnepw

Ah-k-c-ß-fnepw AXp ]I-S-am-bn- p-≠v. Imew sNbvX tPmk^v am¿

Zoh-∂m-tkym-kn-s\-t∏mse, Ct∏m-gsØ saXm-t∏m-eoØm Xs∂

AX hI-sh-®n√ F∂p-≈-XmWp Ipcys‚ A]o-Xn°p Imc-Ww. .......''

"]oen-t∏m-®m, amΩ≥ am∏n-f-bp-sSbpw ]Wn-°¿ siΩm-»-s‚bpw

sX‰mb Btem-N-\-Iƒ°p saXm-t∏m-eoØm hiw-h-Z-\m-Ip-∂p-≠v.

AXp-sIm≠v "Fs‚ kvt\ln-X-∑m-cn¬ \n∂p Fs∂ c£n-°tW'

F∂ B]vX-hm-Iy-amWv Cu saXm-t∏m-eo-Ø-msb-°p-dn®v Hm¿°p-

tºmƒ' F∂p Ft∂m-Sp -Xs∂ Ipcy≥ ]d-™n-´p-≠v. saXm-t∏m-eo-

Øm-bpsS kml-N-cy-ßƒ Ipcy\p ]nSn-°m-Ø-h-bm-bn-Øo¿∂p. CXn¬

\n∂mWv Cu ]Xn-\mep sIm√-ß-fnse hg°pw D¤-hn®p hf¿∂-Xv.

kam-[m-\-Øn\p XS- -°m-c≥ kn.- sP. Ipcy≥ amX-am-sW-∂tX

saXm-t∏m-eoØm Xd-∏n®p ]d-bp-∂-Xv. tIƒ°q B A`n-hµy hy‡n-

bpsS hm°p-Iƒ: ""Npcp-°n-∏-d-™m¬ kn. -sP. Ipcy≥ Hcp-h-\mWv,

Ct∏mƒ kam-[m-\-Øn\p XS- -°m-c-\mbn \n¬°p-∂-Xv. Ipcys‚

Bbp v ssZh-Øn\p Hcp henb Imcy-a-√. AXn-\m¬ Ft¥m \∑-

bv°mbn sIm≈p-hm≥ ssZhw Ipsd-°m-e-tØ-°p-IqSn A\p-h-Zn®p

sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p F∂p hnNm-cn-°m-\-√msX as‰m-∂n\pw hgn ImWp-

∂n-√.''

kam-[m-\-t°-Sns‚ ]gn apgp-h≥ kn.- sP. Ipcys‚ tXmfn¬

sh°p∂p am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkpw Iqćpw. B Iq´p-sI-ńse ]ap-J-

\tX F. ]oen-t∏mkv PUvPn. At±-l-Øns‚ Imc-Ww-Im-W¬ Iptd-

°qSn AKm-[-X-e-ß-fn-em-Wv. B Im¥-Z¿in ]d-bp-∂p:

""......- a-\p-jy-cpsS kzm¿∞ Xmev]cyw aqew k`-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-

ßƒ Cf-°-s∏-Sp-hm≥ CS-sIm-Sp-°p∂ Hcp k`-sb-°p-dn®p ZpxJn°-

b-√msX, Hc¿∞-Øn¬ kn.- sP. Ipcy-s\ F¥n\p Ip‰w ]d-bp∂p


F∂pw tXm∂n-t∏m-Ip-∂p. a\p-jy-]-Imcw t\m°p-tºmƒ Cu k`-

bn¬ kam-[m-\-°p-d-hn\p ImcWw Bbn-Øo¿∂Xv Ipcys‚ kzm¿∞-

Xbpw a‰pw BsW∂p ]d-bm-Xn-cn-°m≥ am¿§w ImWp-∂n-√. a\p-jy-

cpsS ]oXnt°m a\p-jy-Zr-jvSn-Iƒt°m Rm\nXp Fgp-Xp-∂-X-√.''

ImtXm-en-t°‰pw

AXns‚ ]m[m-\yhpw

ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS 1909 apX¬ 1934 hsc-bp≈ Im¬ \q‰m-≠nse

NcnXw apJy-ambpw ]K-ev`-\mb h´-ti-cn¬ Koh-dp-Kokv am¿ Zoh-

∂m-tkym-kns‚ Poh-N-cn-X-Øns‚ c≠mw mK-am-Wv. k`bv°p e`n®

At±-l-Øns‚ G‰hpw henb kw`m-h-\bpw t\´hpw ImtXm-en-t°-

‰m-sW∂p ]d-bm-Xn-cn-°m≥ Hcp k`m Ncn-X-Im-c-s‚bpw Xqen-Ibv°p

i‡n-bp-≠mhn-√. P∑\m am¿tØmΩm InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS k`-bv°p-

≠m-bn-cp∂ B≤ymfln-I -˛- ù-XnI kzmX-¥y-ßƒ 1876- ˛¬ Bcw-

`n® ae-¶c ˛ At¥ymJym _‘-sØ-Øp-S¿∂p Ipsd-sb√mw \jvS-

s∏´p t]mbn F¶n-epw- k-`-bpsS ùXnI kzmX¥yw Xncp-hn-Xm-w-

Iqdnse D∂X tImS-Xn-Iƒ A¿∞-i-¶-°n-S-bm-ImØhn[w Ac-°n-´p-

d-∏n-®-t∏mƒ \mw At¥ymIym ]mXn-b¿°o-kn\p ]tXyI kml-N-

cy-ß-fnepw kµ¿`-ß-fnepw kZp-t±-iy-tØm-Spw AXn-ep-]cn kt¥m-

j-tØmSpw Nne B≤ymfln-I-m-[n-Im-c-ßƒ ImgvN hbv°p-Ibpw ae-

¶c k`-bpsS a\w Fs¥-∂-dn-bmsX ]mXn-b¿°okv AXp ZpjvS

e£y-tØmSp IqSn Zpcp-]-tbmKw sNøp-Ibpw ASna\pIw \ΩpsS Igp-

Øn¬ Aa¿Øm≥ ]e-hpcp Bhpwhn[w ian-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-t∏mƒ

Bflm- n-am\`cn-X-\mb h -t»-cn-¬ Xncp-ta\n Hcp knwl-sØ-t∏mse

kS-Ip-S-s™-gp-t∂¬°p-Ibpw X¬ -e-ambn k -bpsS HcXpey i‡n-

Zp¿§-ambn ImtXm-en-t°‰v cq]w sIm≈p-I-bp-am-Wp-≠m-b-sX∂v Npcp-

°n-∏-d-bm-\mhpw. C¥y-bnse k`-bpsS hy‡n-Xzhpw Ncn-Xhpw

ZuXyhpw H∂pw a\- n-em-°msX ChnsS At±-l-Øn-\n-√mØ A[n-

Im-c-ßƒ ]tbmKn-°m\pw ]´m-∏-I¬ Chn-SsØ Xp´p (]-Ww) Xńsb-

SpØpw A√m-sXbpw A°c IS-Øm\pw ]mXn-b¿°okv ian-®-t∏mƒ

"am\n-jm[' F∂p Xm°oXp \¬Im-\p≈ Bflob i‡n-bp-≠m-bn-

cp∂ ˛ \s´-√p-≠m-bn-cp∂ ˛ GI taev]-´-°m-c-\m-bn-cp∂p a√-∏≈n

Xncp-ta\n. Cu \ne-]m-Sn¬ Xt∂m-sSm∏w ]md-tb-°mƒ i‡-ambn

Dd®p \n∂ H´-[nIw kap-∂X k`m-t\-Xm-°ƒ Xncp-ta-\nsb ]Xn-k-

‘n-I-fn¬ Xf-cmsX hf¿Øn IqSp-X¬ i‡-\m°n. CX-b[nIw D∂-

X-cmb t\Xm-°-∑m-cpsS Ie-h-d-bn-√mØ kvt\lhpw ]n¥p-Wbpw e`n-

®n-´p≈ as‰mcp ae-¶c saXm-t∏m-eo-Ømbpw At±-l-Øn-\p tijw


D≠m-bn-´n-√. C∂p ae-¶c saXm-t∏m-eo-Ømbv°p ]gb ImesØ

t∏mse IqsS \n¬°m≥ i‡cpw `‡cpw ta[mi‡n-bp-≈-hcpw

XnI™ k`mkvt\ln-I-fp-amb kap-∂X hy‡n-Iƒ Xptemw Npcp-

°-am-sW∂pw FSpØp ]d-tb-≠-Xn-√.

ae-¶-c-bn¬ H≥]Xp Zim-_vZ-ambn kpÿn-c-ambn \ne-sIm-≈p∂

ImtXm-en°m ÿm]-\-Øns‚ Ncn-X-sØ-∏‰n Zo¿L-ambn hnh-cn-

t°≠ Imcy-an-√. ImtXm-en°m ÿm\w ]p\-xÿm-]n-®-Xm-sW∂pw

ÿm]n-®-Xm-sW∂pw a‰p-ap≈ X¿°-hn-X¿°-ßƒ k`m-N-cn-X-Im-c-

∑m-cpsS _u≤nI bp≤-ap-d-I-fn¬ \nd™p \n∂ncp∂p F¶nepw C∂v

AØcw n∂m-`n-]m-b-ßƒ°p bp‡n-bpsSbpw Nn¥-bp-sSbpw kml-

N-cy-ß-fp-sSbpw tImSXn hn[n-I-fp-sSbpw ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ \ne-\n¬

∏n√. ]p\x-ÿm-]\ ]iv\w Ime-L-´-Øns‚ Ncn-X-]-c-amb Hcm-h-

iy-am-bn-cp-∂p. ImtXm-en-t°‰v ÿm]-\-Øn-eqsS Hcp kzX¥ k`

Bsb∂ Btcm-]-WØn\p XS-bn-Sm-\p≈ Hcp X¥w CXn-ep-≠m-hmw.

t]¿jy-bnse a^n-bm-\bpw ImtXm-en-t°mkpw c≠p- t]-cp-I-fn¬

Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p-sh-¶nepw ÿm\-Ønepw A[n-Im-c-Ønepw Xpey-

cmsW∂p ÿm-]n-°m≥ ]bm-k-an-√.

]pcm-X-\-amb At¥ym-Iy≥ kndn-b≥ Hm¿Ø-tUm-Ivkv k`bp-am-

bp≈ kulrZ\n¿ -c-amb Bflob _‘w A\yq\w ]men-®p-sIm≠pw

ae-¶-ck- -bpsS Dƒ -cW kzmX¥yw BNµ-Xmcw \ne-\n¿Øn-s°m-

≠p-ap≈ kwhn-[m-\-amWp ImtXm-en°m knwlm-k\ ÿm]-\-Øn\p-

th≠n ian-®-h¿ BK-ln-®-sX∂p h -t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bp-sSbpw Iq -

cp-sSbpw ]kvXm-h-\-I-fn¬ \n∂pw ]kw-K-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw tImS-Xn-

samgn-Ifn¬ \n∂pw `cWLS\-bnse Nne ]cm-a¿i-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw

]I¬ t]mse hy‡-amWv. F∂m¬ iXm-_vZ-ß-fmbn Xßƒ Bkz

Zn®p hcp∂ A[n-Im-c-Øn\pw kmºØnI t\ -ßƒ°pw a‰pw XS w

D≠m-Ip-sa-∂p≈ Nn¥sb ap≥\ndpØn ae-¶-c-bn¬ kzX-¥-amb Hcp

ImtXm-en-t°‰v D≠m-Ip-∂-Xn\p ]mXn-b¿°o-k-∑m¿ FXn-cm-bn-cp-∂p.

1876 \p apºv ae-¶-c-k- bv°v At¥ym-Iy≥ k -bp-ambn Fs¥-¶nepw

am\y-amb hyh-ÿ-Iƒ A\p-k-cn-®p≈ kpZr-V-_‘w C√m-Xn-cns°

CXc Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkp k`-Isft∏mse ae-¶ck`bpw ]cn-]q¿Æ

kzX-¥-am-Wv. X∂n-anØw a‰p k`m Xe-h-∑m-cmb ]mXn-b¿°o-k-

∑m-sc-t∏mse ae-¶c k -bpsS ImtXm-en-°mbpw B≤ym-flnI \¬hc-

Ønepw c-Wm-[n-Im-c-Ønepw a‰pw ka-\m-Wv. CXv AwKo-I-cn-°m-\p≈

hnim-e-lr-Zbhpw kwkvIm-chpw Nne D∂-X-ÿm-\n-Iƒ°p \„-s∏-´-

Xm-Wp ae-¶c At¥ym-Iym _‘- ssi-Yn-ey-Øns‚ apJy-Im-cWw.


ae-¶c k`-bpsS kzØp-°ƒ Xßƒ°-h-Im-i-s∏-´-Xm-sW∂ ]mXn-

b¿°o-k-∑m-cpsS Nn¥m-KXn ae-¶ck`-bpsS Ncn-X-sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈

Ah-cpsS A⁄-X-bmWp hy‡-am-°p-∂Xv. t]¿jy≥ k`bpw ae-

¶c k`bpw XΩ-n¬ ]e iXm-_vZ-ß-fmbn ]men-®p-h∂ _‘-Øn-\n-

S-bn¬ ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS kzX-¥-amb \ne-\n¬]n\p t]¿jy≥ k`

klm-bn-®n-s√-¶nepw ae-¶-c-bpsS kzØp-°ƒ thW-sa∂p ssZh-`-b-

ap≈ t]¿jy≥ k`m ta[m-hn-Iƒ BK-ln-°p-Itbm Ah-ImihmZw

Db¿ØpItbm hg-°-Sn-°p-Itbm sNbvXn-cp-∂n√. ae¶c k`-bnse

saXm-∑m¿ H∂n®p \n∂p k` cn-°m-\n-S-bm-I-cp-sX∂pw X\n°p Ah-

cpsS hnt[-bXzw ]tXyIw ]tXyIw thW-sa∂pw Ah-cn-eqsS

`n∂n®p `cWw \S-Ø-W-sa-∂pap≈ ]mXnb¿°o-kns‚ e£yhpw

ImtXm-en-t°-‰-ns‚ ÿm]-\-tØmsS XI¿∂p. ae-¶-c-k- -bn¬ F¥p-

sIm≠p ]mXn-b¿°otkm ImtXm-en-°mtbm D≠m-bn-°qSm F∂ \ne-

]m-Sn\p ]mXn-b¿°okv Hcn-°epw Hcp \ymbhpw ]d™p ae-¶-c-

k`sb [cn-∏n-®n-cp-∂pan√. ]mXn-b¿°okp Xs∂ ta¬]-´-°msc

hmgn®p hn´mte Ah¿ At±-l-Øns‚ Iogvÿm\n-I-fm-I-bp≈p F∂-

XmW Nn¥-bpw, D∂X ÿm\-Øn-cp∂ ]mXn-b¿°o-kns\ `cn-®n-cn-

°Ww. Cu XS-hn¬ \n∂p tamN\w t\Sm-\p≈ Hcp henb ia-Øns‚

hnP-b-amWp ImtXm-en-t°-‰n¬ ae-¶c k`mw-K-ßƒ Z¿in-®Xv. ]mXn-

b¿°okp sNbvXp-sIm-≠n-cp∂ AXyp∂X Bflob ipiq-j-Iƒ

ImtXm-en-°mbv°p \nd-th-‰m-sa∂p h∂-t∏mƒ ]mXn-b¿°o-kns‚ ae-

¶-c-bnse A[n-Im-c-ßƒ AkvX-an-°p∂ _nµp-hn¬ FØn. CsXm∂pw

AwKo-I-cn-°mt\m a\- n-em-°mt\m ]mXn-b¿°o-kn\p Ign-™n-√.

ae-¶c -k-`-bnse tIkp-Iƒ cuZ-`mhw B¿÷n-°p-∂-Xn\p hfsc

apºp- Xs∂ ae-¶-c-bn¬ saXm-∑msc hmgn-°m≥ A[n-Im-c-ap≈

ImtXm-en°m (a^n-bm\) ÿm]\w D≠m-I-W-sa∂p tIm\m- p -tImc

amØ≥ aev]m≥ Dƒs∏sSbp≈ t\Xm-°ƒ BK-ln-°p-Ibpw AXn\p

th≠n FgpØpIpØp-Iƒ \S-Øp-Ibpw a‰pw sNbvXn-cp∂p.

Ccp-]Xmw iX-IØns‚ BZy- Zi-IØn¬ ]gbskan-\m-cn-bn¬

klm-≤ym-]-I-cm-bn-cp∂ tIm\m´v amØ≥ aev]m\pw h´-ti-cn¬

Koh¿§okv a¬]m\pw Iq´mbn k`m ]ptcm-K-Xn°v bXv\n-®n-cp-∂p. ]pen-

t°m-´n¬ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv saXm-t∏m-eo-Ømbv°v a^n-bm\

ÿm\w e`y-am-°m≥ Ah¿ c≠p-t]cpw Iq´mbn ]cn-i-an-®n-cp-∂-Xn-

s\-∏‰n ]cp-ae \n∂p≈ Koh¿K-okv a¬]ms‚ Hsc-gp-Øn¬ kqN-\-

bp-≠v.

X¬kw-_-‘-ambn amØ≥ aev]m≥ ]tXmkv ]mXn-b¿°okv


_mhmbv°v Ab® \nth-Z-\-Øn\v "Btem-Nn-°s´' F∂ adp-]Sn e`n-

®n-cp-∂p. ]n∂oSv 1899 ¬ ae-¶c Atkm-kn-tb-j\pw Cu Bh-iy-

Øn\v GI-I-WvT-ambn Hcp ]tabw AwKo-I-cn-®p.

tIm\m´p a¬]ms‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ ]nd-hØp tN¿∂ sshZn-I-

kwLw, tPmk^v am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv "Cu k`-bv°p- th≠n a‰mcpw

sNbvXn-ń-√m-ØXpw sNøm-Ø-Xp-amb ]hr-Øn-Iƒ IjvS-∏m-tSmSpw

IÆo-tcmSpw sNbvXn-´p≈ Bfm-sW∂pw h√ _lp-a-Xnbpw ]mXn-

b¿°okv _mhm B¿s°-¶nepw sImSp-°p∂]£w AXn\p At±-l-

tØmfw tbmKy≥ thsd Cs√∂pw' ]≈n-°m-cpsS Hsc-gpØp Xøm-

dm°n. AXv a¬∏ms‚ Hcp-ta-segptØmsSm-∏-amWv A_vZ¬ aninlm

]mXnb¿°okv _mhmbv°v Ab®p sImSp-Ø-Xv. "ÿm\w sImSp-∏m-

\p≈ A\p-hmZw tPmk^v am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kn\p sImSp-°p-Itbm

a^n-bm-\q-tkm-tbm, doiv F∏n-kvtIm-∏qkmtbm sImSp-°p-Itbm

sNøW'-sa∂mWv AXn¬ At]-£n-®n-cp-∂-Xv. C°m-cy-ßƒ shfn-

hm°n amØ≥ a¬∏m≥ tPmk v am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kn-s\-gp-Xp-tºmƒ

""F¥p sNe-hm-°n-bn´pw ÿm\w ssIh-i-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bmWv th≠-

sX∂v Rm≥ hnNm-cn-°p-∂p. As√-¶n¬ ]≠-sØ-t∏mse aq∏-∑mcv

ASn-b-¥ncw \S-Øp-Itbm P\-ßƒ IqSn ÿm\w sImSp-°p-Itbm

sNtø≠n ht∂-°mw'' F∂ Xs‚ A`n-]m-bhpw shfn-s∏-Sp-Øn.

ae-¶c saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS Akn-Ã‚mbn h´-t»cn¬ am¿ Zoh-

∂m-tkymkv Npa-Xe Gs‰-Sp-Ø-Xn-\p -ti-jhpw amØ≥ a¬]m≥

ImtXm-en°m knwlm-k-\-Øn\p th≠n-bp≈ ]cn-iaw XpS¿∂p. Cu

Bh-iy-Øn\v 1909 P\p-hcn 12 -˛\v A_vZ¬ aninlm ]mXn-b¿°o-

kn\v At±lw Fgp-Xn: ""XnKo-knse \n∂p-t]mb a^n-bm\ knwlm-

k\w C¥y-bn¬ ÿm]n®v Rß-fn¬ \n∂v Hcmsf Ing-°ns‚ am¿

_tk-en-tbmkv a^n-bm\ Bbn hmgn®p Xc-W-sa∂v'' AXn-em-h-iy-

s∏-ń-cp-∂p.

tdmb¬ tImSXn hn[n -]-Imcw ae-¶c saXm-t∏m-eoØm P\-

ßƒ°v kzoIm-cy-\mb ae-¶c \km-Wn-bm-bn-cn-°Ww; ]mXn-b¿°o-

kns‚ A[n-Imcw Bflob tae-t\z-jWw sNøp-∂-Xn-emWv; euInI

Imcy-Øn¬ At±-l-Øn\p A[n-Imcw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-ń√; B Imcy-

Øn¬ CsXmcp kzX¥ k`-bmWv Fs∂-√m-amWv Xocp-am-\n-°-s∏-

´Xv. Cu ]cn-X-ÿnXnbn¬ ]mXn-b¿°o-kn\v Ah-ti-jn® Bflo-

bm-[n-Imcw t]mepw ê-Øn¬ "iq\ym-h-ÿ-'bn¬ BIpwhn[w D≈

Hcm-h-iy-amWv ae-¶ck` A∂p-b¿Øn-bncp-∂-Xv. amØ≥ a¬∏m≥

\nc-¥cw AXn\p th≠n-bmWv Fgp-Øp-Ip-Øp-Iƒ \S-Øn-h-∂-Xpw.


e£yw a\- n-em-°n-s°m-≠p- X-s∂-bm-IWw At¥ym-Jy≥ k`m-

t\XrXzw A°m-e-sØm∂pw A\p-Iq-e-ambn ]Xn-I-cn-®n-√ (C°m-cy-

Øn¬ \nth-Z-\-ßƒ \S-Øn-s°m-≠n-cp∂ Ime-Øv, Imt\m-\nI

ImtXm-en°m knwlm-k-\-Øns‚ A[n-Im-cm-h-Im-i-ßƒ ChnsS

ÿm]n-X-am-Ip-∂-Xns‚ A\-¥- -e-ß-sf-°p-dn®v _‘-s∏- -h¿s°√mw

Hcp [mcW D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn tXm∂p-∂n√. I£n-h-g-°m-cw- n® tijw

]mXn-b¿°okv ]£-Øp -\n-∂-h¿ Xs∂ kmlNcy kΩ¿±-ß-fm¬

ImtXm-en°m ÿm]\w ]e-t∏mgpw Bh-iy-s∏-´n´pw 1975 hsc AX-

\p-h-Zn-°-s∏-´n-√. BZysØ "tijvT ImtXm-en°m' bpsS A[n-Im-cm-

h-Im-i-ßƒ kw_-‘n®v ]mXn-b¿°okp ]£-Øp-≈-h¿°v C∂pw

s]mXp [mc-W-bp-s≠∂v tXm∂p-∂n-√.)

F∂m¬ A_vZp≈m ]mXn-b¿°okv AIm-c-W-ambn ZpjvSe£y-

tØmsS h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\nsb apS-°p-Ibpw B apS°ns‚ A\-

¥c-^-e-ßƒ Kpcp-X-c-am-bn-cn-°p-sa∂p Nn¥n-°p-Ibpw sNbvX ]›m-

Ø-e-Øn-emWv ]mXn-b¿°o-kn-s\-t∏mse Xs∂ A[n-Im-c-ap≈ ˛

saXm-∑msc hmgn-°p-I, aqtdm≥ IqZmi sNøp-I, kp∂-l-tZm-kn¬

A≤y£X hln-°p-I ˛ Hcp ImtXm-en-°msb ae-¶-c-bn¬ hmgn-°-

W-sa∂pw k` kzX-¥-ambn ]ptcm-K-an®v AXns‚ ZuXyw \nd-th-‰-

W-sa∂pw Aßs\ ]mXn-b¿°o-kns‚ Chn-sS-bp≈ AXn-cn-√mØ

Bflob A[n-Imc ]tbmKw Ah-km-\n-∏n-°-W-sa∂pw t\Xm-°-∑m¿

Xocp-am-\n-®-Xv.

Kncn-Zo]w

ae-¶-c-bnse kw`-h-hn-Im-k-ß-sf-∏-‰nbpw apS-°n-s\-∏-‰nbpw ]Xn-

hn-[n-I-sf-∏-‰nbpw m. ]n. -‰n. Koh-dp-Kokv (]n∂oSv B¿®v_nj∏v am¿

Cuhm-\n-tbmkv) am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkpw Np‰pw \n∂ t\Xm-°-∑mcpw

Adn-bmsX A_vtZZv ainlm ]mXn-b¿°okpw a‰p-ambn Fgp-Øp-

IpØp-Iƒ \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. A_vtZZv ainlm h∂p klm-bn-°W-

sa∂pw IØn¬ Bh-iy-s∏- n´p≠v. A_vZp≈m ]mXn-b¿°okv ]tbm-

Kn® apS°v Akm-[p-hm-sW-∂p≈ A_vtZZv ain-lm-bpsS Iºn h∂-

t∏m-gmWv am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkpw IqsS \n∂ k`m t\Xm-°-∑mcpw

^m. ]n.- ‰n. Koh-dp-Ko-kns‚ FgpØpIpØp- Imcyw Adn-bp∂-sX-∂sX

F.- ]o-en-t∏mkv PUvPn-bpsS Bfl-I-Y-bn¬ ]d-bp-∂-Xv. "Kncn-Zo]w'

F∂ B¿®v_nj∏v am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbm-kns‚ ]pkvX-I-Ønepw CXp

Xs∂ ImWmw. Kncn-Zo-]-Øn¬ Cßs\ ]d-bp-∂p: ""Cßs\ Ab®

IØn-s\-∏‰n \mw Btcbpw At∏mƒ Adn-bn-®n-cp-∂n√. GXm\pw Znh-

k-ßƒ Ign-™-t∏mƒ A_vtZZv ainlm _mhm Xncp-a-\-knse adp]Sn


In´n. AXn¬ Bibv°p [mcmfw am¿§-ß-fp-≈-Xmbpw ImW-s∏´p.

X¬°mew tXm∂nb kt¥mjw sIm≠p \mw Cu hnh-c-ßƒ \ΩpsS

kvt\ln-X-∑m-cmb ]e-scbpw At∏mƒ Kln-∏n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.''

A_vtZZv ain-lm-bpsS Iºn ktµ-i-hp-ambn ^m. ]n.- ‰n. Koh-dp-

Kokv saXm-t∏m-eo-Ømsb kao-]n-®p. ""am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkmykpw IqsS-

bp-≈-h-cpw -A-\p-Kr-lo-X-cm-Ip∂p. A_vZp-≈m-bpsS apS°v Akm-[p-

hm-bn-´p≈XsX.'' CXp kw_-‘n®p A_vtZZv ain-lmbv°p IØv

Ab® hnhcw saXm-t∏m-eoØm Adn-™n-cp-∂n-√. adp-]Sn Iºn

hmbn®p tI´ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv Hcp sIm®p Ip™ns\t∏mse

Ic™p kt¥m-jm-ip-°ƒ hogvØn.

1912 Pq¨ 14 -˛\p A_vtZZv ainlm _mhm tIc-f-Øn-se-Øn.

""ImtXm-en-°msb hmgn®p ]c-tZin `c-W-Øn\p ]q¿Æ hncm-a-an-S-W-

sa∂p Zoh-∂m-tkymkpw A\p-bm-bn-Ifpw \n›-bn-®p. B hgn-I-fn-eqsS

hnπ-hsØ ian-∏n-°m-sa∂pw k`-bn¬ kam-[m\w D≠m-°m-sa∂pw

Ah¿ hnNm-cn-®p'' F∂mWv ]o-en-t∏mkv PUvPn Bfl-I-Y-bn¬

XpS¿∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv.

ImtXm-en°m knwlm-k\ ÿm]-\-Øn\p k¬t]-cW \¬Inb

HutK≥ dºm-®s‚ ]¶v H´pw \n m-c-a-√. k`-bpsS i‡n kvXw`-

ambn Db¿∂ ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns‚ AWn-bd inev]nbpw ]n∂Wn Kmb-

I-\p-amb HutK≥ dºm-®≥ k`m kam-[m-\-Øn\p th≠n XymK-]q¿hw

kml-knI ia-ßƒ \S-Øn. Ah-bpsS ]cm-P-bsØ XpS¿∂v ImtXm-

en-t°-‰ns\ AwKo-I-cn-®p. ]n∂oSv ]nd-hØp h®v AXn-Iq-c-ambn a¿±n-

°-s∏- Xpw a¿±n-®-h¿ ssZh-Øm¬ in£n-°-s∏- Xpw a‰pw ae-¶c k -

bpsS Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠nse Ccp≠ A[ym-b-ß-fm-sW∂p hnti-jn-

∏n-°mw. Bflm¿∞X \nd™ B tkh-\-ßƒ°p ssZhw At±-l-

Øn\p \¬Inb ]Xn-^-e-amWv ae-¶ck`-bnse F√m-h¿°pw Hcp

t]mse kzoIm-cy-\mbn Ah-tcm-[n-°-s∏´ ImtXm-en°m ]Z-hn.

InkvXob kpIr-X-ß-fp-sSbpw ITn-\-amb X]-›-cy-I-fp-sS-bpw-

hn\bØns‚bpw ]T-\-Øns‚bpw ]mfin-Xy-Øn-s‚bpw \nd-Ip-S-am-

bn-cp∂p At±-lw. ImtXm-en-t°‰v ÿm]\w kw_-‘n-®p≈ HutK≥

dºm-®s‚ tkh-\-ßƒ Fs¥-√m-sa∂p Npcp°n NphsS tN¿°p-∂p.

ZrIvkm£n

A_vZp≈m ]mXn-b¿°o-kns‚ hchpw h -t»cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS

A\-[n-IrX apS-°-pamWp ImtXm-en°m knwlm-k\ ÿm]-\sØ Xzcn-

X-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv. Cßs\ ]e kml-N-cy-ßƒ HØn-W-ßn-b-t∏m-gmWv


ae-¶c k`-bpsS `mKyw F∂ \ne-bn¬ ImtXm-en°m knwlm-k\w

k`bv°p e`n-®-Xv. HutK≥ dºm≥ (A∂p aØmbn siΩm-i≥) 1905˛¬

Xp¿°n-bnepw kndn-bm-bn-ep-ap≈ k` kµ¿in-°p-Ibpw k\ymk

PohnXw BK-ln® At±lw A_vZp≈m ]mXn-b¿°o-kn¬ \n∂p

dºm≥ ÿm\w kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw D≠m-bn. XpS¿∂v dºm-®≥ Ab®

c≠p IØp-Iƒ h´n-∏-W-t°-kn¬ lmP-cm-°n-bn-cp-∂p. kndn-bm-bnse

k`-bpsS Zb-\ob ÿnXn Cu IØp-I-fn¬ hnh-cn-®n-cp-∂p. ]W-∏n-cn-

hn\p th≠n amX-amWp A_vZp≈m ]mXn-b¿°okv ae-¶-c-bn¬

hcp∂sX∂pw A_vZ¬ ain-lmbv°p ¿am≥ ]n≥h-en-®Xp sIm≠p

amXw cWw C√m-Xncn-°p∂p F∂pw Bflob -Im-cy-ßfn¬ At±lw

]mXn-b¿°okv Xs∂-bm-sW∂pw ae-¶--c-bn¬ ImtXm-en-t°‰v

]p\xÿm]n-°m≥ kΩXamsW∂v Xt∂mSv t\cn´p ]d™p F∂pw

HutK≥ dºm-®≥ ae-¶-c-bnse k`mt\Xr-Xz-Øn\v Fgp-Xnb

IØpIfn¬ hy‡-am-°n. Cu IØp-I-fmWv ImtXm-en°m knwlm-

k-\- ]p-\ÿm-]-\m-`n-emjw h¿≤n-∏n-®-Xv.

I≠-\mSv CS-h-Ibv°v Hcp saXms\ hmgn®p In´-W-sa∂v 1926 ¬

Bh-iy-s∏- -t∏mƒ, HutK≥ dºms\ Hgn®v Bsc-sb-¶nepw sXc-s™-

Sp-Ø-b-bv°m-\mWv tIm\m´v tImc amØ≥ aev]m-\-®s‚ t]¿°p

]n∂oSv a™-\n-°-c-bn¬ I_-d-S-ßnb Gen-bmkv ]mXn-b¿°okv

FgpXnbXv. HutK≥ dºm≥, aØmbn siΩm-i-\m-bn- Xp-d_vZo\n¬

Xma-kn-°p-tºmgmWv am¿ A_vZ¬ ain-lm-bpsS bYm¿∞ \ne ae-

¶-cbv°p shfn-s∏-SpØn sImSp-Ø-Xv. AXn-ep≈ hntcm-[-amWv ta¬]-

d™ Fgp-Øn¬ _mhm ]I-Sn-∏n-®n-cp-∂-Xv.

HutK≥ dºm-®s‚ IØpIsf∏-‰n-bp≈ IqSp-X¬ hnh-c-ßƒ

C Uv. Fw. ]mtd-´ns‚ "h´-t»-cn¬ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymk v' F∂

k`mNcnX KŸ-Øn¬ \n∂v AtX-]Sn NphsS tN¿°p-∂p:

HutK≥ d-ºm≥

am¿ Koh-dp-Kokv Zoh-∂m-tkymkv ÿm\w G¬°m≥ Xp¿°n-bn¬

t]mbn Xma-kn-®n-cp-∂-t∏mƒ Bcp-sSbpw Xs∂ i≤sb A∂v

]tXyIw BI¿jn-°m-™Xpw F∂m¬ ae-¶ck`-bpsS `mhnsb

hfsc kmc-ambn -_m-[n-®Xpw Bb Hcp kw`hw \S-∂p. shtßme

sN´m-Ip-f-ßc A_lmw IØm-\m-cpsS aI≥ aØmbn siΩm-i-s\-

˛ -Hu-tKs‚ Zbdm kµ¿in-®-t∏mƒ HutK≥ F∂ t]cp kzbw kzoI-

cn® siΩm-i-s\ ˛ am¿ A_vZ≈m i¿s_m -d-ºm≥- ˛ -si-Ωm-ip -d-

ºm≥ ˛ B°n-b-Xm-bn-cp∂p AXv. HutK≥ dºm≥ Xn-tam-Øn-tbmkv


saXm-t∏m-eoØm ]Zw ]m]n® tijhpw AXn\p apºpw D≈ At±-

l-Øns‚ ]te \S-]-Sn-Ifpw Koh-dp-Kokv Zoh-∂m-tkym-kns‚

ImesØ kmc-Xcambn kv]¿in-®n-´p-≈XpsIm≠v At±-l-tØbpw

At±-l-Øns‚ ]h¿Ø-\-ß-sfbpw Cu Ncn-X-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-tØ-

≠-Xp-≠v. Ime-K-W-\-bn¬ henb Nn´ Aev]w t]mepw Atßmt´m

Ctßmt´m amdn-°qSm F∂p≈ \njvT ]men-°p-hm≥ ]‰msX ht∂-

°mw. F∂m¬ HutK≥ dºm≥ ˛Xn-tam-Øn-tbmkv saXm≥ ˛ A]-

Xo-£n-Xhpw hnkva-b-I-c-hp-am-bn - -Im-tXm-en-t°mkv ]Z-hn-bn¬ ]th-

in-®-Xn\p CXn¬ ÿm\-ap-≠m-bn-cn-°-bn-√. AsX√mw A°m-esØ

Ncn-X-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-tS-≠-Xm-Wv. Koh-dp-Kokv Zoh-∂m-tkymkv Imew

sNbvX 1109 Ipw`w hsc amXta Cu A≤ymbØns‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬

hcp-∂p-≈-t√m.

HutK≥ siΩm-is\ Ncn-X-Øn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂Xp Xs∂ am¿

Zoh-∂m-tkym-kns‚ samgn-bn-eq-sS-bm-hmw. XpS¿∂p siΩm-i≥ Xp¿°n-

bn¬ \n∂v Ab® IØp-Iƒ BZn-bmb tcJ-Ifpw am¿ Xntam-Øn-

tbm-kmbn kap-Zm-b-t°-kn¬ sImSpØ samgnbpw DS-º-Sn-Ifpw a‰pw

Bi-b-ambn kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.

94 I∂n 30 ˛mw XobXn am¿ Znh-∂m-tkymkv h´n-∏-W-t°-kn¬

sImSpØ samgn-bn¬ \n∂p Nne `mK-ßƒ:

tNm ˛ HutK≥ dºm≥ F∂mWv dºm-\m-bXv?

D ˛ Rß-ƒ Du¿t«-an¬ Xma-kn-°p-tºm-gmWv At±-lsØ dºm-

\m-°n-b-Xv. A_vZ≈m ]mXn-b¿°o-km-Wv. Du¿t«-an¬ h®m-Wv. ....

Abm-ƒ HutK≥ F∂ t]sc-SpØXv HutK≥ F∂ ]cn-ip-≤s‚ \ma-

Øn-ep≈ Zbdm kµ¿in® \mƒ apX¬°m-Wv.

.......B. K. A°w HutK≥ dºms‚ ssI∏-S-bm-Wv. B. K. (1) t]mse-

bp≈ FgpØp IqSp-Iƒ, AXm-bXv Fs‚ t]cv A®-Sn® IqSp-Iƒ

HutK≥ ChnsS \n∂p t]mIp-tºmƒ Rm≥ sImSp-Ø-b-®n-cp-∂-Xm-

Wv. F\n°v FgpXn Ab-bv°m≥ sImSp-Ø-b-®-Xm-Wv. Cu Fgp-Øp-

Iƒ (B.K, B.M. A°-ßƒ) Fgp-Øp-I-fpsS Iq´-Øn¬ \n∂p ......

t\m°n FSp-Ø-Xm-Wv.

Rm≥ HutK≥ dºms\ HSp-hn¬ I≠Xv 88 I∂n-bn-em-sW∂p

tXm∂p-∂p. \nc-WØp ]≈n-bn¬ h®m-Wv.

tNm ˛ HutK≥ d-ºm≥ B Ah-k-c-Øn¬ AhnsS h∂n-cp-∂Xv

F¥n-\mWv?

D HutK≥ dºms‚ A∏≥ ]Tn-®Xv Imew sNbvX Cuhm-\n-tbmkv


saXm-®-t\mSp IqsS Bbn-cp-∂p. HutK≥ dºm≥ Xp¿°n-bn-te°v

t]mb-t∏mƒ At±lw Ipsd ]W-k-lm-bhpw sNbvXp-sIm-Sp-°-bp-

≠mbn. Cuhm-\n-tbmkv saXm-®≥ ImtXm-en-°m-ÿm\w G¬°p∂p

F∂p tI -t∏mƒ At±-l-tØm-Sp≈ Xmev]cyw ImWn-°p-hm≥ th≠n

h∂v AXn¬ kw_-‘n®pw h®v t]mI-bmWv sNbvX-sX-∂p-Ø-cw.

tNm ˛ -Hu-tK≥ dºms‚ A∏≥ am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbm-kn-t\m-Sp-IqsS

]Tn-®n-´p-s≠∂v Ahn-Sp-tØ°p t\cn-´-dn-hp-t≠m?

D ˛ Cuhm-\n-tbm-kv saXm-®≥ ]d-™-dn-hp-≠v. HutK≥ dºms‚

A∏≥ Ct∏mƒ Ds≠-∂mWv tXm∂p-∂-Xv. ...

-tNm -˛ -Hu-tK≥ dºm\pw Ahn-Sp-∂p-ambn Fgp-Øp-Ip-Øpt≠m?

D 86 CShw apX¬ C√ (A-_vZ-≈m-bpsS apS°p ktµiw CShw

(26 -˛mw XobXn BWt√m ]pd-s∏-´-Xv). ....

-tNm -˛ -Hu-tK≥ dºm≥ 4 ˛mw ]Xnsb (am¿ AØm-\m-tkym-kv)

BWv A\p-Iqen-°p-∂-sX∂v Ahn-Sp-tØ°p t\cn-´-dn-hps≠m?

D ˛- t\-cn-´-dn-hp≠v.

tNm ˛ B Adnhv Fßn-s\-bmWv?

D ˛ \nc-WØp h∂n-cp-∂-t∏mƒ HutK≥ dºm≥ t\cn´p ]d-bp-I-

bp-≠m-bn-´p-≠v.

tNm ˛ -Hu-tK≥ dºm≥ ]d-™-sX-¥mWv?

D -tem-IsØ Dt]-£n® dºm-∑m¿ kXy-\n-jvT-bn-√m-Ø-h-cm-bm¬

kXy-\njvT ]ns∂ Bcn¬ \n∂mWv Bin-t°-≠-sX∂p Sn. dºms\

kw_-‘n®p Rm≥ Sn. dºm-t\mSp ]d™t∏mƒ Ahn-Sp∂p ]d-bp-

∂Xp kXy-amWv F∂ncp∂mepw Cu ÿnXn-bn-e-√m-sX, F∂p h®m¬

FXr `mK-tØmSp tN¿∂p-\n¬°p-∂-Xn-\-√msX F\n°p \n¿∆m-l-

an-√. Cuhm-\n-tbmkv saXm-®s‚ ImtXm-en°m ÿm\m-tcm-l-W-Øn¬

kw_-‘n-∏m≥ Rm≥ Ct∏mƒ h∂-Xn\p Xs∂ Rm≥ hS-t°m´p

sN√p-tºmƒ Fs¥√mw D]-Z-h-ß-fmWv F\n-°p-≠m-Ip-∂-sX-s∂-\n-

°-dn-™p-Iq-Sm, F∂pw a‰p-amWv ]d-™-sX-∂p-Ø-cw. ....- HutK≥

dºm≥ B Ah-k-c-Øn¬ A_vZ¬ aninlm ]mXn-b¿°o-kns\

ImWp-Ibpw ssI apØp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

Icn-ßmi ]≈n-°m-tcmSv am¿ A_vZ≈m hmßnb DS-º-Sn-bn¬

km£n Bbn ImWp∂ HutK≥ dºm≥, …o_m siΩm-»s‚ IqsS

(HkvXm-Øn-tbmkv saXm≥) kndn-bm-bn-tebv°v t]mbn AhnsS k©-

cn®v am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kn-t\m-sSm-∂n®v aS-ßn-t∏m-∂p.


…o_m -si-Ωm-»≥ ÿm\-ta¬°p-∂-Xn-\m-Wv kndn-bm-bn-te°v

t]mb-sX∂v Adn-™n-√. AXn-\mbn ae-bm-f-Øp-\n∂v Ab-®n-√. At±-

l-Øns‚ hgn-s®-e-hn\v Hmtcm ]≈n-bn¬ \n∂pw Hmtcm am\y∑mcn¬

\n∂pw kw`m-h-\-bmbn Inń-b-Xm-Wv. ae-bm-fØp Xma-kn® ImeØv

s]mXp-ÿm-]-\-ß-fn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂ ImeØv B ÿm]-\-ß-fn¬

\n∂p sNe-hn\p sImSp-Øn-´p-≠v F∂pw am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kns‚

samgn-bn¬ ImWmw.

CXn\p apI-fn¬ tN¿Ø am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kns‚ samgn-bn¬ ]d-

bp∂ _n.- sI.-, _n. Fw. F∂o A°-]-am-W-ßƒ hfsc kq£n-®v,

a‰p h√-h-cp-sSbpw ssIbn¬ t]mbmepw henb Ipg∏w D≠m-I-cp-

sX∂p IcpXn kqX-Øn¬ Fgp-Xn-bn-´p-≈-h-bm-sW∂p tXm∂p-∂p.

F∂mepw Fgp-Xnb ImeØv Xp¿°n-bnse ÿnXn-K-Xn-Iƒ kw_-

‘n®v Ah-bn¬ \n∂p ]eXpw a\- n-em-°mw. AXm-Wt√m \ap°v

Bh-iyw.

ae-¶-cbv°v Hcp ImtXm-en-t°mkn (a-]n-bm\m)s\ In -W-sa-∂p≈

tamlw Nne¿°p-≠m-bn. ""alm-P\k`'' B Imcy-Øn¬ Xmev]cyw

]I-Sn-∏n-®p. Xp¿°n-bp-ambn Nne Fgp-Øp-Ip-Øp-Ifpw D≠m-bn. A°m-

e-ØmWv a-Ømbn siΩm-»≥ ]c-tZ-i-tØbv°p t]mb-Xv. ImtXm-en-

t°m-kns\ hmgn®v In´p-∂-Xn-\p≈ km≤y-X-I-sf-∏‰n cl-ky-ambn

At\z-jn-°p-Itbm \nco-£n-°p-Itbm sNøp-∂Xp sIm≈m-sa∂v Chn-

SpsØ A[n-Ir-X -tI-µ-ßƒ A\u-tZym-Kn-I-ambn aØmbn siΩm-

»\p \n¿t±iw \¬In-bn-cp∂p F∂p tXm∂p-∂p. IqSp-X¬ hnh-c-ßƒ

]n∂mse hcp-∂-Xm-Wv.

_n. sI. A°w

Hama: Syria 22 nd Dec. 1906

(kp-dn-bm\n Xe-s°-s´-gp-Øv)

Ign™ Xpemw 29 -˛mw XobXn Ab® FgpØp Inń. .... -I-S-hnse

saXm-®s‚ hntbmK hm¿Øbpw \nß-fn¬ F∂-t]mse F∂nepw

]cn-`-a-P-\y-am-bn-cp∂p F∂p ]d-™-dn-bn-t°≠ Bhiyw Ds≠∂p

tXm∂p-∂n-√. ASpØ \mfn¬ ChnsS \n∂-b® FgpØp Inń-bn-cn-

°p-sa∂p hniz-kn-°p-∂p. AXn¬ Fs‚ bmX, ChnsS FØnb

hnhcw, \S∂ sNbvXn CXp-Iƒ hnkvX-cn-®n-cp-∂p. CtX-hsc

ChnsSØs∂ Bbn-cp∂p. ssZh-k-lm-b-Øm¬ c≠mgvN-sIm≠v

Ct±lw hyXym-k-s∏´ Nne \qX\ coXn-Iƒ G¿s∏-SpØn. Fs‚

kma¿∞yw sIm≠-√, ssZh-k-lm-b-Øm¬ Ct∏mƒ Hcphn[w


kpamdmbn. ASpØ \mfn¬ ChnsS \n∂v Hdo-i-te-an-tebv°p t]mI-

W-sa∂v hnNm-cn-°p-∂p. Fgp-Øp-Iƒ°p hnLv\w h∂-Xn¬ F\n°pw

hyk\w D≠v. H∂m-aXv Ign™ Ipw`w apX¬ Rm≥ «o_m dºm-®-

\n¬ \n∂p th¿]n-cn™p Nne ÿe-ß-fn¬ Np‰n-k-©-cn®p \nßfpsS

kpdn-bm\n k`-bpsS \nt£]w F√mw I≠p. CXn-\n-S-bn¬ ]e Fgp-

Øp-Iƒ Rm≥ Ab-®n´pw hnhcw Adn-bm-Ø-hn[w ImWp-∂-Xn¬ AXn-

i-bn-°p-∂p. kXy-k- -bmb \ho-I-c-W-°msc AIm-cWw Rm≥ A[n-

t£-]n-°p-∂n-√. Ah¿ Fgp-Xp-∂-Xn¬ k` ]Ip-Xnbpw h∂n-´n-s√-

∂mWp Rm≥ hnNm-cn-°p-∂-Xv. kpdn-bm\n k`-tbmfw CX Acn„

k` `qan-bn¬ Dt≠m? ae-bmfw FX hntijw! ]me-°p-∂s‚

ss[cysØ Rm≥ «mLn-°p-∂p. at\m-th-Z\ AXn¿ ewLn-°p∂

`bsØ Hm¿Øp Ct∏mƒ ssIhn-Sp-∂n-√. Bfp-hoXw Fgp-Ø-b-®m¬

\∂m-bn-cp-∂p. Iøn¬ Imin-√. hmkvX-h-Øn¬ tIh-e-Øn-emWv (\nß-

fpsS) knwlm-k-\-Øn¬ Ign-®-Xv. ]pd-s∏- -t∏mgpw sX≠p-I-ev]-\-bmWv

\nß-fpsS ]mXn-b¿°okv X∂Xv. 3 ˛-B-I-bm¬ kztZ-i-]n-Xm-°fpw

hntZ-i-]n-Xm-°fpw Adn-bmØ a°ƒ Ipe-Øn¬ C√m-Xn-cp-∂m¬ G‰w

\∂m-bn-cn-°pw. Du¿t«-an-temfw Cßn-s\. ]n∂o-Sp≈ t]mKmw a\-

n-se-gp-Xn-bn-´p-≠v. ssZth„w ]men-°-s´.

]m. ae-bm-f-tØ°p h∂p F√mw \S-Øp-sa∂pw F√mw Ia-s∏-Sp-

Øp-sa-∂p-am-Wm-in-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. ImWmw, ho´n¬ In´mØ cmP≥ A\y-

cm-PyØv Fßn-s\. ...- F√m ÿe-ß-fnepw ]≈n-°q-S-ßƒ apX-emb

hI-Iƒ°p AXym-h-iy-am-Wv. AXn\v D’m-ln-∏n-°p-Isbm \S-Øp-

Itbm sNøp-∂n-√. amkw tXmdpw [¿Ω-ti-J-c-Øn\p Fgp-XpI Xs∂.

Npcp -°n -∏ -d™m¬ Cu Ak-ly - I -a -ß-fm¬ P\-ßƒ

AXnZpxJØnepw ]›m-Øm-]-Øn-epw, Nne¿ A¿≤-a-\ v A\y-a-X-

Ønepw Cßs\ ]m¿°p-∂p. Cu ]® ae-bm-f-tØ°p h∂m¬

Fßs\ Iem-in-°p-sa∂p ImWmw. Cu `cWw ItaW ImWmw.

bu\m≥ IpSn-en\p kZr-iyw. Fhn-sS-sb-¶nepw CXn-\n-S-bn¬ \n∂-

I∂v Hcp IpSn-en¬ ]th-in-°-W-sa-∂m-sWs‚ ]Y-tam-t±-iyw. ho≠pw

At¥ymJym k -tbm-Sp≈ \ΩpsS kJy-Xbv°v CXp-h-sc-bp≈ Fs‚

At\z-j-W-Øn¬ bmsXmcp tcJbpw ChnsS ImWp-∂n-√. (kp-dn-bm-

\n) -bpsS Ime-Øn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ B hnZz-⁄≥ At±-l-

Øns‚ (kp-dn-bm-\n) Fß-s\-sb-¶nepw hnkvX-cn-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p.

(t\m´v: ˛ G-Xm\pw amksØ ]cy-S\w aqew Xp¿°n-bnse sI´p-

]m-Sp-Iƒ IsØ-gp-Xnb Bfn\p Ipsdsb√mw a\- n-embn; ImWp-Ibpw

Adnbp-Ibpw sNbvXn-S-tØmfw hnc-‡n-bm-Wp-≠m-bXv F∂p


hy‡amWv. ae-bm-f-Øp-\n∂p ]Ww In´m≥ ""Ah-Imiw'' Ds≠∂p

iTn-°p-∂-h¿, ""Iøn¬ Imin-√m-Ø .... -tI-h-eØn''emb-hs\ Ah-K-

Wn®p ""sX≠p-Iev]\'' sImSp-Ø-Xn-ep≈ AXr-]vXnbpw D≠m-bn-cn-

°mw.)

c≠m-asØ ]mcm A¿∞-K¿ -am-Wv. H∂m-asØ hcn-bn¬ ImWp∂

""]m'' ]mXn-b¿°o-kns\ (A-_vZ-≈m) Dt±-in-®m-sW-∂p-≈-Xn¬ kwi-

b-an-√. ""F√mw Ia-s∏-Sp-Øp-sa-∂m-in-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv ImWmw'' F∂p≈

]tbmKw aØmbn siΩm-»≥ \s√mcp Zo¿L-Z¿in BsW-t∂m, Bfp-

Isf a\- n-em-°m≥ anSp-°≥ Fs∂m F¥mWv ImWn-°p-∂Xv? AXp

F¥p-Xs∂ Bbmepw \mw F√mw I≠pw A\p- -hn®pw icn°p Xs∂

Adn-™p. am¿ A_vZ≈m ]W-∏n-cn-hn\v ka¿∞-\m-sW∂v Cw•-≠n¬

Xma-kn-®-t∏m-gpw, ]tXmkv XrXo-bs‚ IqsS KotKm-dn-tbm-kmbn

ChnsS h∂ ImeØpw sXfn-bn-®n-cp-∂p. ]mXn-b¿°o-kmbn ae-bm-

fØp h∂-t∏mƒ ""DS-a-ÿ≥'' BsW∂p `mhn-®-Xp-sIm≠v B Xcw

]ncn-hn\p Xp\n-™n-√m-bn-cn-°mw. A_vZ≈m kz¥w \m´nepw ""[¿Ω-

ti-Jcw'' ]Xn-hm-°n-bn-cp∂p F∂v Cu IØv sXfn-bn-°p-∂p.

3. At¥ymJym _‘w

At¥ym-Jym-tbmSv ae-bm-f-Øn-\p≈ kJy-Xbv°v tcJ At\z-jn-

®n´v In´n-bn√ F∂Xv hfsc hfsc ]m[m\yw A¿ln-°p∂ hkvXp-

X-bmWv. At¥ym-Jy¿ ae-¶-cbv°v Fs¥m-s°sbm henb henb

klm-b-ßƒ ]mNo-\-Imew apX¬ sNbvXp-h-cp-∂p-s≠∂v Ah¿ \Sn-

°p-∂p≠v. bYm¿∞-Øn¬ am¿tXmΩm H∂m-as‚ ÿm\w Iao-I-cn-

°p-∂-Xn\v KotKm-dn-tbmkv hcp-∂-Xn\p apºv At¥ym-Jy-tcmSv

]tXyI _‘w H∂pw ae-¶-cbv°v D≠mbn-cp-∂n-√. AXn\v apºv

saXm-∑msc Bh-iy-ap-≈-t∏mƒ, _m_n-tem¨, CuKp]vXmb apX-

emb ]mXn-b¿°o-k-∑m¿°v Fgp-Xm-dp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. H∂mw am¿tØm-

Ωm-bpsS ÿm\w Iao-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v Hcp saXms\ thW-sa∂v ]Xn-

hp-t]mse ]e¿°v FgpXn. A[n-Im-c-koa hnkvXr-X-am-°p-∂-Xn\v

]‰nb Ah-kcw h∂n-cn-°p∂p F∂p I≠v, At¥ymJym ]mXn-

b¿°okv Hcp saXms\ Ab®p sImSpØp F∂p sXfn®pXs∂ ]e

Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m¿ Fgp-Xn-bn-´p≠v. 1665 t\mSv ASpØv KotKm-dn-tbmkv

Fs∂mcp saXm≥ h∂p F∂p-≈Xpw Ncn-X-Imc-∑m¿ s]mXpth kΩ-

Xn-°p∂ kwK-Xn-bm-Wv. At±lw h∂p Xß-fpsS saXms‚ ÿm\w

Iao-I-cn-®-Xn-\m¬ tdmam-°m-cpsS \nin-X-amb hna¿i-\-ßƒ°pw BI-

a-W-ßƒ°pw Hcp Adp-Xn-h-cp-Øm≥ Ign-bp-sa∂v hniz-kn® ae-¶c


\km-Wn-Iƒ, AXym-h-iy- L- -Øn¬ klm-b-lkvXw \oń-b-h-tcm-Sp≈

IS∏mSv hnfn®p ]d-bm≥ aSn-®n-√. KotKm-dn-tbm-kn-s\bpw At±-lsØ

Chn-tS°p \ntbm-Kn® A[n-Im-cn-sbbpw Ah¿ FSpØp Xe-bn¬ h®p.

Ad-_n-°-Y-bn¬ kn≥_mZv tXmfn-te-‰n-b-Xmbn ]d-bp∂ IS¬ Ing-

h-\n¬ \n∂v Abmƒ°p-≠mb A\p- hw ae-¶c \km-Wn-Iƒ°v D≠m-

IpI-bpw sNbvXp. BZy Imew apX¬ Xs∂ At¥ym-Jy¿ ae-¶c

\km-Wn-Isf ape-bqń hf¿Øn F∂mbn A°q-´¿. IrX-⁄-Xm-]m-

cayw sIm≠m-bn-cn°mw Cu IY hf-cm≥ A\p-h-Zn-®-Xv. 1599 - ¬ BWv

sa\-knkv \km-Wn-I-fn¬ `qcn-]-£sØ ASn®p tdmam-°qń¬

tI‰nbXv. 1653 -˛¬ Iq\≥Ipcniv hnπhw hgn Ah¿ B Iqń¬ \n∂v

c£-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. I„n®v 56 h¿j-amWv AhnsS \n∂-Xv.

F¶nepw aSßn t]mcmsX \n∂-h¿ ""]gb Iq‰p-Imcpw'' ]gb \ne-bn-

tebv°p aSßnt]m∂-h¿ ""]pØ≥'' Iq‰p-Im-cpam-bn. Ah¿ B

"]pØ≥' aSn- Iq-SmsX inc- m- h-ln-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. CX Hs°-

tb-bp-≈p P\-°q-´-Øns‚ Hm¿Ω F∂p sXfn-bn-°p-∂-Xn-\m-Wv CsX-

SpØp ImWn-®-Xv. AXp-t]mse Fßn-s\sbm Hcp At¥ymJym Iºw

D≠mbn. AXn-t∑¬ ]nSn-®ßp Rmep-Ibpw sNbvXp Ft∂ ]d-bm-

\p-≈p. bYm¿∞w Cuhn[w Bbn-cn-°p-tºmƒ Xp¿°n-bn¬ FX-amXw

Kth-jWw \S-Øn-bmepw tcJ-Iƒ In´m≥ am¿§-an-√-t√m. AhnsS

tcJ-sbm-∂p-an-s√∂v ChnsS \n∂v Hcmƒ t]mbn Kth-jWw \SØn

Xr]vXn-s∏´p F∂v tcJs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xp sIm≠mWv Cu

IØn\p ]tXyI ]m[m\yw Ds≠∂p ]d-™-Xv. c≠p Zn°n¬

kpdnbm-\n-bn¬ Ft¥m Fgp-Xn-b-Xmbn ImWn-®n- p-≠-s√m. AXp "_m¿

F_mbm' F∂pw ""F¢o-kn-bm-Ãn°m'' F∂pw Bbn-cn-°-Ww.

]¥≠mw iX-I-Ønse Ncn-X-Im-c-\mb _m¿ F_mbm t]mepw

At¥ym-Jymbv°p ae-¶-c-bn-t∑¬ I¿Øhyw D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn ]d-

™n- n√ F∂p kmcw. HutK≥ dºms‚ Kth-j-Whpw \nco£-Whpw

hgn At¥ym-Jym -˛ -a-e-¶-c-_‘w kw_-‘n®v icn-bmb Nne hnh-c-

ßƒ \ap°v e`n-®p.

C\n IØv H∂p t\m°mw. …o_m siΩm-»-\n¬ \n∂p th¿]n-

cn™p. .... ""\nß-fpsS kpdn-bm\n k`-bpsS \nt£]w F√mw I≠p''

˛ lm-ky-ckw Xpfp-ºp-∂p. ""\nt£-]-ßƒ'' tIhew \n m-c-ßƒ Bbn-

cp∂p \n›-bw.

""\nß-fpsS kpdn-bm\n k`-tbmfw CX Acn-„- k`'' F∂v Fgp-

Xn-bXv ""ssZh-Zq-jWw'' Bbn KWn-°m\pw Bfp-≠mbn F∂p ht∂-

°mw. GXm-bmepw Xp¿°n-bnse kpdn-bm-\n-k- -bpsS \nt£-]-ß-fpw,


ÿm]-\-ßfpw kµ¿in-°p-Ibpw AwK-ß-fp-ambn [mcmfw CS-s]-Sp-

Ibpw sNbvX-tijw Fgp-Xn-b-Xm-bXpsIm≠v, ""Acn„'', ""ae-bmfw

FX hntijw'' F∂o A`n-]m-b-ßƒ lrZ-b-Øn¬ \n∂p ]pd-s∏-´-

h-bm-sW∂p hy‡w. Ahbv°p apJ-hne sImSp-°-Ww. am¿ A_vZ≈m

ChnsS h∂v B‰w-t_mw_v Fdn-bp-Ibpw X¬^e-ambn ChnsS c≠p

I£n-Iƒ D≠m-Ip-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xn\p apºmWv Cu IsØ-gp-Xn-b-

sX∂v Hm¿t°-≠-Xp-≠v. A∂v B Zn°nse ""P\-ßƒ AXn-c‰ ZpxJ-

Ønepw ]›m-Øm-]-Ønepw'' Bbn-cp∂p \n›-bw. Ah-tcmSp \ap°p

kl-X-]n-°mw.

_n Fw. A°- ]-amWw

HutK≥ dºm≥ H∂mw ]Xn°v (Ko-h-dp-Kokv Zoh-∂m-tkym-kv)

Ab® XobXn C√mØ IØv F∂mWv CXn-s\-∏‰n h´n-∏-W-t°-

knse BZy PUvPn-sa‚n¬ ]d-bp-∂Xv. IØn¬ \n∂v kwK-X-amb

`mK-ßƒ D≤-cn-°p∂p:-˛

"" ....- \-ΩpsS k` F√m ÿeØpw H∂m-bn-´mWv InS-°p-∂-Xv. Cu

tZiØp hfsc Ipg-™n- p-≠v. ]mXnb¿-°o-kns‚ kwK-Xn-bn¬ henb

Ipg∏w D≠m-Im≥ am¿§-ap≠v. ... hgn-s°m-≈-°mcpw I≈-∑mcpw \∂m

h¿≤n®p hcp-∂p. AXn-Iaw h¿≤n-®n-cn-°p∂ ka-b-am-I-bm¬ Bcp

sSbpw C„w \S-°pw. ]gb ]mXnb¿-°o-kn¬ (A-_vZ¬ anin-lm)

henb sXs‰m∂pw C√m-bn-cp-∂p. Nne ][m-\n-I-fpsS C„w km[n-®n-

s√-t∂-bp-≈p. Xpd-_vZo≥Im¿ F√m-hcpw At±-lsØ amXsa kzoI-

cn-°p-I-bp-≈p. Cu tZi-Øp≈ saXm-∑m-cn¬ kz¥w CS-h-I-°m¿

kzoI-cn-°p-∂-h¿ ct≠m I„n-®m¬ aqt∂m amX-ta-bp≈p. c-W-i‡n

Cs√∂p amX-a√ aZy-amw-km-Zn-Iƒ \√-t]mse D]-tbmKn-°p-∂-h-cmWv.

.... -Du¿t«-anse saXm\pw amwkw \√-Xp-t]mse Xn∂p-∂p-s≠-∂mWv

tIƒhn. ..-]p-Xnb ]mXnb¿-°o-kns\ hmgn-®n´p Xncn®p CS-h-I-bn¬

sN∂-t∏mƒ ]≈n-I-fn¬ Ib-‰m-™-Xn-\m¬ Nne-sc√mw (sa-Xm-∑m¿)

Xncn®p Zb-dm-bn¬ FØn XpS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. ... ]pXnb _mhmbv°v

(A-_vZ-≈m-bv°v) ae-bm-f-sØØn Ipsd ]Ww ]ncn-®m¬ sIm≈m-

sa-∂p-≠v. cmPm-h-\p-h-Zn -°p∂ ]£w IywXm Ign-™m-ep-S≥

IpkvX¥o-t\m-t]m-eo-kn-te-°p≠v. iXp-°-fp-≈-Xn-\m¬ Is≠-¶nte

Adn-™p-Iq-Sp. bmX apS-ßp-∂-]£w henb saXm-®\v A[n-Imcw

A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂Xv kwibw BWv. F∂m¬ ]gb _mhm Iev]\ Ab-

bv°p-∂-Xn\p Xøm-dm-Wv. AhnsS sN∂n-cp-∂-t∏mƒ cl-ky-ambn

Ft∂mSp ]d-bp-I-bp-≠m-bn. .....- …o-_m -d-ºm-®≥ t]mepw Adn-bm-sX-


gp-Xp∂ C°m-cy-ßƒ ]nXm-hn-t\m-Sp≈ _lp-am\w aqew FgpXn

Btem-Nn-°p∂p Ft∂-bp-≈p. ...- A-t\Iw hne-tb-dnb ]pkvX-I-ßƒ

Chn-S-ß-fn¬ NnX-dn-°n-S-∏p-≠v. ... -Hcp Imipw Iøn¬ C√. Fgp-Xp-∂-

Xn\p IS-em-kn\p t]mepw ]W-an-√. ae-bm-f-Øp .....- h√ am\y--∑mcpw

klm-bn-s®-¶n¬.......

t\m v:˛ am¿ tPmk v Zoh-∂m-tkymkv Pohn-®n-cn-°p∂ Ime-ØmWv

CsX-gp-Xn-bXv F∂p hy‡w. ""henb saXm-®≥'' F∂v Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-

°p-∂Xv At±-lsØ Dt±-in-®p-X-s∂. ae-¶-c-bn¬ a]n-bm\sb hmgn-

°m≥ ]pXnb ]mXn-b¿°okv (am¿ A_vZ-≈m) Hcp-ßp-sa∂p teJ-

I\p hnNm-c-an-√. am¿ A_vZ¬ aninlm (]-gb _mhm) hmgn-°m≥

Xøm-dp-amWv F∂p IØn¬ ImWm-a-t√m. A_vZ-≈mbv°v ae-bm-f-

sØØn ]Ww ]ncn-°-W-sa-∂p≈ tamlw; ]gb ]mXn-b¿°o-kns\

X≈n CSm≥ klm-bn® saXm-∑m-cpsS ÿnXn; taev]- -°m-cpsS \ne,

aZy-]m\w, amwk-s°mXn CsXms° Xpd∂p ImWn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. IqsS

D≠m-bn-cp∂ «o_m Adn-bmsX! Du¿t«-anse am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv

""amwkw \√-Xp-t]mse Xn∂p-∂p≠v'' F∂-Xns‚ ]nºn¬ Hcp IY-

bp≠v. At±-l-hpw, IpkvX-¥o-t\m-t]m-eo-kn¬ ]mXn-b¿°o-kns‚

]Xn-\n[n Bbn-cp∂ Xotam-Øn-tbmkv saXm\pw GXm≠v Htc Xc-

Øn¬ s]´-h-cm-bn-cp∂p. Hcmƒ Xp¿°n-bpsS Xe-ÿm-\Øv k¿°m-

cp-ambn CS-s]-Sm≥ kuI-cy-ap≈ ÿm\Øv. A]-c≥ ssIkvX-h-tem-

I-Øns‚ Xe-ÿm-\-sa∂p hnti-jn-∏n-°m-hp∂ sbdp-i-te-an-epw.

kzm[o-\hpw ]W-Øn-\p≈ kuI-cyhpw, Ch¿°v Hu∂Xyw \¬In.

Ch¿ c≠mfpw Iq´p-sI- n-em-bn-cp-∂p. am¿ A_vZ¬ anin-lmsb ÿm\-

-„-\m-°p-∂-Xn\v Ch¿ kzm[o\w sNepØn. sbdp-i-te-anse saXm≥

hne-°-s∏´ amwkw apdbv°p Xn∂p∂p. ho™n\v AhnsS hne-°p-

an√. sbdp-itew saXms‚ \ne CXm-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬, Xp¿°n-bpsS Xe-

ÿm-\-sØ- ˛ -kp-J-t`m-K-]n-b-∑m-cpsS ]dp-Zokm F∂p tIƒhn-s∏´

\K-c-Øn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂- -Iq- p-Im-cs‚ ÿnXn F¥m-bn-cp-∂n-cn-°Ww

F∂v Chn-Sp-≈-h¿ Duln-®p-sIm-≈s´ F∂p -h-®-Xp-sIm-≠m-bn-cn°mw

B Imcyw Fgp-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øm-™-Xv.

t]cns‚ A¿∞w

]pcm-X-\-amb t]¿jy≥ k`bpw A¿Ωo-\n-b≥ k`bpw Ah-cpsS

tae-≤y-£-∑m¿°p ImtXm-en-t°mkv F∂ ÿm\-t∏cmWv \¬In-

bn-cp-∂Xv. IqSmsX A¿Ωo-\n-b≥ k -bn¬ ImtXm-en-°m-bpsS Iogn¬

]mXn-b¿°o-kp-am-cp-ap-≠v. tIm]v‰nIv k`-bpsS tae-≤y-£≥


]mXnb¿°okv F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. Hcp ImtXm-en-°mbpw

]mXn-b¿°o-kns‚ Iogvÿm-\n-b-s√-∂p-≈-XmWp ]uckvXy Hm¿Ø-

tUmIvkv k -I-fpsS NcnXw km£n-°p-∂-Xv. Cu bmYm¿∞yw kndn-

b≥ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkp k` a\x-]q¿∆w AwKo-I-cn-°m≥ aSn-Im-Wn-®Xp

sIm≠mWp ]pcm-X-\-amb ae-¶c k`-bpsS Hcp \q‰m-≠nse ]ptcm-K-

Xnbpw ssIkvX-h- Z-u-Xyhpw apc-Sn-®-Xv. ae-¶ck`-bnse ImtXm-

ent°‰v C¥y-bn¬ hnI-kn®p k`-bpsS tZio-b -kzm-X¥yØns‚

]Xo-I-ambn hf¿∂p Ign-™n-cn-°p-∂p. as‰mcp k`-bp-sSbpw A[o-

iXz-Øn\p hg-ßmsX AIØpw ]pd-Øp-ap≈ CXc k`-I-fp-ambn

kulm¿± -_‘w \ne-\n-dpØn hyh-ÿm-]n-X-ambn apt∂m´pt]mIp-

Ibpw `c-W-Øn\pw in£-W-Øn\pw AwK-ß-fpsS Bflob PohnX

]cn-t]m-j-W-Øn\pw ]ca ]m[m\yw \¬Ip-I-bm-Wn-∂sØ Bh-iyw.

AXp sNømØ ]£w ImtXm-en-t°‰v C¥y≥ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkp

k`bv°v Hcp Ae-¶mcw amX-am-bn-cn-°pw. kndn-b≥ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv

k`-bpsS Hcp hn[-Ønepw AwKo-I-cn-°m-\m-hmØ Ah-Im-im-[n-Im-c-

hmZßsf Ah-K-Wn®p ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns‚ hy‡n-Xzhpw tZiob

kzmX¥yhpw A\yq\w \ne-\n-dp-Øp-I-bpw- Hcp k`-sb∂p≈ \ne-

bn¬ ]pXnb \q‰m-≠n¬ h¿≤nX hocy-tØmsS ]h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw

hyh-lm-c-Øn-eqsS IS-∂p-t]mb Zi-I-ß-fn-ep-≠mb Ipd-hv, \jvS

t_m[w hnkva-cn®p F√m \ne-I-fnepw \nI-Øm-\p≈ kph¿Æm-h-

k-c-amWv C∂p Ic-K-X-am-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Bcm-[\ ]cn-jvI-cWw, `c-

W-L-S\m t`Z-K-Xn, Imcy-£-a-amb k`m skI-´-dn-tb-‰v, Z-mk\ CS-

hI `c-W-cw-K-ß-fnse in£-Ww, kmaqly tkh-\- kw-cw-`-ßƒ,

anj≥ cwKsØ i‡o-I-c-Ww, ImtXm-en-°m-bp-sSbpw saXm-∑m-cp-

sSbpw dn´-b¿sa‚pw, saXm-∑m-cpsS ÿew-am-‰-hpw, k`m hnizm-k- -

Ncn-X -kw-_-‘-amb ]pkvXIcN-\, BI-am\ k`m-Xe kv]¿in-bmb

am[ya ]Nm-c-W -]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ, sshZnI ]cn-io-e\ ˛ thX\ ˛

kw-c-£W kwhn-[m-\-ßƒ, CS-hI, `Zm-k\, k`m -X-e-ß-fn¬

kvXoIƒ°p≈ ]¶m-fnØw apX-emb Imcy-ß-fn¬ ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns‚

]k‡n ]Xy-£-s∏-tS-≠-Xp-≠v. ÿm]-\-ßƒ°v \¬Ip∂ AanX

]m[m\yw ssZh-Øns‚ Be-b-ß-fmb k`mw-K-ßƒ°p sImSp-Øn-

cp∂p F¶n¬ C¥y≥ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkp k`-bpsS hf¿® B¿°pw

Xn´-s∏-Sp-Øm-\m-hmØ hn[w BIp-am-bn-cp-∂p. k`m Xe tIkpIƒ

Xmc-X-tay\ Ipd-™n-c-n°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ A\p-c-RvP-\-Øns‚ ]mX

AS™p F∂p Nn¥n-t°-≠-Xn-√. InkvXob kvt\lhpw hn\-bhpw

A\p-c-RvP-\hpw F√mw k -bpsS ASn-ÿm\ LS-I-ßƒ BW-t√m.


am¿tØmΩm «olm-bpsS Xncp-ti-jn∏v

1965 P\p-h-cn-bn¬ BUnkv A_m-_-bn¬ \S-Ø-s∏´ ]uckvXy

k`m[y£-∑m-cpsS ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ ]s¶-SpØ tijw bm°q_v XrXo-

b≥ ]mXn-b¿°o-kp-sam-∂n®p HutK≥ _mhm At¥ym-Jy≥ k`-

bpsS Iogn-ep≈ Nne ]≈n-Iƒ kµ¿in-®p. aqk¬ sk‚ v tXmakv

]≈n kµ¿i\w ae-¶-cbv°p ]tXyIw ]m[m-\y-ap≈XmWv. CtX-

∏‰n FtXym]ym-bpsS Xe-ÿm\amb BUnkv B_m-_-bn¬ tN¿∂

tIm¨^-d≥kn¬ ae-¶-c-bn¬ \n∂p ]s¶-SpØ kwLmw-K-am-bn-cp∂

]gb skan-\mcn ap≥ amt\-P¿ ^m. Sn. -kn. -tP-°_v cNn® FtXym-

]y≥ kp∂-l-tZmkv F∂ ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ \n∂p≈ D≤-cWn-bmWp

NphsS tN¿°p-∂-Xv:

am¿tØmΩm «o-lm-bpsS \ma-Øn¬ ÿm]n-®n-cn-°p∂ aqk¬

sk‚ v tXmakv ]≈n-bpsS Hcp `nØn°p kw`-hn® tISp \∂m-°p-

∂-Xn-\mbn B nØn s]mfn® Ah-k-c-Øn-emWv am¿tØmΩm «olm-

bpsS Xncp-ti-jn∏p I≠p-In-´n-b-Xv. Hcp am¿_nƒ t]S-I-Øn¬ AXp

`wKn-bmbn kq£n®p h®n-cp-∂p. ""C¥y-bn¬ kphn-tijw Adn-bn®

am¿tØmΩm-bpsS Xncp-ti-jn∏v'' F∂p ]gb FkvX≥tKem A£-

c-Øn¬ AXn-t∑¬ Fgp-Xn-bn-´p-≠v. C≥Uy-bn¬ am¿tØmΩm -«olm

kphn-tijw Adn-bn-®p-sh-∂p-≈-Xn\v Hcp km£yhpw AXn-ep-]-cn-bmbn-

]. -A-t∏m-kvtXm-es‚ uXn-Im-h-in-jvS-hpw, am¿tØmΩm -«o-lm-bm¬

ÿm]n-X-amb ae-¶ck`-bn¬ Zo¿L-Im-e-ambn \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ `n∂-

X-I-fpsS I¬a-Xn-ep-Iƒ XI¿Øp kam-[m\w t\S-nsb-SpØ ]. ]mXn-

b¿°okp _mhmbv°p e`n® Hcp kz¿§ob kΩm-\hpw hn. At∏m-

kvtX-mes‚ IrX-⁄-X-bp-sSbpw kt¥m-j-Øn-s‚bpw Hcp ]mcn-tXm-

jn-Itam Bbn ]cn-ip≤ ]mXn-b¿°okp _mhm B Xncn-ti-jn-∏ns\

]cn-K-Wn®p. al-Ømb Cu kt¥m-j-hm¿Ø Xncp-ta\n C≥Uy≥

k`-sb- tI-_nƒ aptJ\ Adn-bn-®p. H∂mw \q‰m-≠n¬ C≥Uy-bn¬

\n∂v FtU- m-bn-te-°p -˛ -A-∂sØ ImtXm-en°m knwlm-

k\mÿm\-tØ-bv°p- ˛- am¿tØmΩm- «o-lm-bpsS Xncp-tijn∏v Hcp

]pWy-h-kvXp-hmbn sIm≠p-t]m-bn. AXv 394 -˛¬ Dd-lm-bnse

am¿tØmΩm- «o-lm-bpsS ]≈n-bn¬ ÿm]n-®p. AXv I¿°-SIw

(Pqsse) 3˛mw Xob-Xn-bm-Wv. B Znhkw am¿tØmam -«o-lm-bpsS

ZpIvtdmt\m Bbn´p sIm≠m-Sp-hm≥ \n›-bn-®p. Cu Xncp-ti-jn-∏ns‚

Awi-ßƒ ]n∂oSv ]e ÿe-ß-fn-te°pw sIm≠p-t]m-b-Xmbn ]d-b-

s∏-Sp-∂p. GXm-bmepw Ddlm am¿tØmΩm -«o-lm-bpsS I_-dn-S-ÿe-

ambpw ImtXm-en-°-mam-cpsS Bÿm-\-ambpw Xo¿∂p. Ime-K-Xn-bpsS


Hgp-°n¬ ImtXm-en°m knwlm-k\w ]n∂oSp Dd-lm-bn¬ \n∂p skeq-

Iym-bn-te°pw ]n∂oSp XnKo- n-te°pw A\-¥cw aqk-en-te°pw am‰n

ÿm]n-°-s∏-´p. AtXm-sSm∏w ]Ya ap≥Km-an-bpsS Xncp-ti-jn∏pw

ImtXm-en°m Bÿm-\- tZ-hm-e-b-ß-fn-te°p am‰-s∏- -Xm-Imw. ImtXm-

en°m knwlm-k-\-Øn\v CS-°m-e-ß-fn-ep-≠mb i‡nlo\X aqew

Iptd-°mew knwlm-k\w ssh[-hy-Øn-em≠p t]mbn. aqk-entem

XnKo-kntem Hcp ImtXm-en°m hmgn-°-s∏-Sp-hm≥ km≤y-X-bn-√m-Xmbn.

ImtXm-en-°m-bpsS A`m-h-Øn¬ aqk-ens‚ `cWw ]mXn-b¿°okp

Gs‰-Sp-Øp.

ae-¶-c-bn¬ ImtXm-en°m knwlm-k\w ]p\x-ÿm-]n-°-W-sa∂v

]pen-t°mń¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ImeØp k` BK-ln-®p. AXn\p ]mXn-

b¿°okp _mhm Xncp-ta-\n-bp-ambn ]e Fgp-Øp-Ip-Øp-Iƒ \S∂p.

""Ct∏mƒ C√mØ Hcp ÿm\nsb F¥n\p Xp_-vtZ-\n¬ Hm¿°p∂p''-

sh∂p _. tIm\m´p tImc amØ≥ a¬∏m-\-®≥ ].- ]-tXmkv ]mXn-

b¿°okp _mhm-tbmSv FgpXn tNmZn-®p. ""Ct∏m-gn-s√-¶n¬ C\n Hcp

ImeØv D≠mIp-''-sa∂p _mhm adp-]Sn sImSp-Øp. ]pen-t°mń¬

Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS tijw h´-t»-cn¬ am¿ Koh-dp-Kokv Zoh-∂m-tkymkv

BWv ae-¶c saXm-t∏m-eoØm Bbn-cp-∂-Xv. Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ImeØp

k -bn¬ A`n-]m-b- n-∂-X-Iƒ \msº-Sp-Øp. AXp hf¿∂p i‡n-s∏´p.

hyh-lm-c-ßƒ H∂n\p ]pdsI H∂mbn s]mń∏pd-s∏-´p. ae-¶ck`-

bpsS kam-[m-\-Øn\pw kzmX¥yØn\pw ImtXm-en-°m- knw-lm-k\w

AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-sa-∂p≈ t_m≤yw Npa-X-e-s∏- -hsc I¿tΩm-∑p-J-

cm-°n.

ImtXm-en°m knwlm-k-\- ÿm-]\w ]mXn-b¿°m -knw-lm-k-\-

_-‘-Øn¬ \n∂p-ap≈ ]ncn™pt]m°mbn Hcp hn`mKw Bfp-Iƒ

]cn-K-Wn-®p. AX-√, Ncn-X-]-c-am-bp≈ _‘-Øns‚ imiz-Xo-I-c-W-

am-WXv Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-sX∂p ImtXm-en°m ÿm]\ ]cn-i-an-Iƒ

]Jym-]n-®p. At¥ym-Jy≥ k`bpw Cu kµ¿ -Øn¬ kam-[m-\-cmln-

Xy-Øns‚ It√m-e-ß-fm¬ De-b-s∏-´p. Htc kabw AhnsS c≠p

]mXn-b¿°o-k-∑m¿ D≠m-bn. Hcmƒ ae-¶-c-bn¬ FØn ae-¶c saXm-

t∏m-eo-Ømsb apS-°n. as‰-bmƒ AXp Akm-[p-sh∂p ]Jym-]n-®p.

At±lw 1912 -˛¬ ae-¶-c-bn¬ FØn \ncWw ]≈n-bn¬ h®p ae-¶-c-

bn¬ ImtXm-e-n°m -knw-lm-k\w ]p\x-ÿm-]n-®p. AXv F∂mfpw

XpS¿∂p t]mIp-∂-Xn\p A\p-h-Zn®p ]Jym-]n-®p. km£y-]-Xhpw

\¬In. F∂m¬ FXn¿∏p-Iƒ i‡n-s∏´psIm≠p Xs∂-bn-cp-∂p.

h¿jßƒ \oßn-s°m-≠n-cp-∂p. A\p-c-RvP-\-i-a-ßƒ hnP-bn-®n-√.


At\-I-cp-sSbpw k`m kvt\lw XWp-Øp. Nne¿ CXc k`-I-fn-

tebv°p ]cn-h¿Ø\w sNbvXp. k` £oWn-°p-∂p-sh∂v ]d-™p.

]mXn-b¿°okp _mhmbpw ImtXm-en°m _mhmbpw a‰p tae-≤y-£-

∑mcpw hymIp-e-s∏-´p. k`sb Cu Zpc-¥-K¿Ø-Øn¬ \n∂p Itc-t‰-

≠Xp Xs‚ Npa-X-e-bm-sW-∂p≈ t_m≤yw bm°q_v XrXo-b≥

]mXn-b¿°okp _mhmsb ]tNm-Zn-∏n-®p. hr≤\pw kn≤\p-amb

_tk-en-tbmkp Koh-dp-Kokp ZznXo-b≥ ImtXm-en°m _mhm ]mXn-

b¿°okp _mhmsb 1958 sk]vXw-_¿ 12- se kp]owtImSXn hn[n°p

tijw kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw k∂-≤-am-bn. 1958 Unkw-_¿ 16- \v tIm´bw

]gb skan-\mcn Nm∏-ense aZp-_vlm-bn¬ h®v ImtXm-en-°m-_mhm

Xncp-ta-\nbpw ]mXn-b¿°okp _mhm-bpsS ]Xn-]p-cp-j≥ am¿ bqen-

tbmkp saXm-t∏m-eo-Ømbpw Ccp-`m-KsØ saXmt∏meo-Ø-∑mcpw

]c-kv]cw kzoI-cn-®p. k` H∂m-bn.

kn≤\pw hr≤-\p-amb ].- Im-tXm-en°m _mhm 1964 P\p-h-cn-bn¬

Imew sNbvXp. ]Icw ImtXm-en-°msb hmgn-°phm≥ ae-¶c F∏n-

kvt°m-∏¬ kp∂-l-tZmkv A∂sØ ].- ]m-Xn-b¿°okp _mhmsb

£Wn-®p. 1964 sabv amk-Øn¬ tIm´bw am¿ Genbm Nm∏-en¬ h®p

].- ]m-Xn-b-¿-°okp _mhm-bpsS ][m-\ -Im¿Ωn-I-Xz-Øn¬ ImtXm-

en°m ÿm\m-tcm-lWw \S-∂p. CtXm-Sp- IqSn k`-bn¬ kam-[m\w

]cn-]q¿Æ-am-bn. hnP-b-]q¿∆w ].- bm°q_v XrXo-b≥ ]mXn-b¿°okp

_mhm Xs‚ Bÿm-\-amb Uam-kv°-kn-te°p aSßn. kam-[m-\ -

ÿm-]-I-\mb B ].- ]n-Xmhv Chn-sSbpw Ahn-sSbpw kzPm--Xn-I-fp-

sSbpw A\y-Pm-Xn-I-fp-sSbpw CS-bn¬ ]pI-gvØ-s∏-´p. Gsd-Øm-a-kn-

bmsXbmWv aq -ense sk‚ v tXmakv ]≈n-bn¬ \n∂p am¿tØmΩm-

«o-lm-bpsS Xncp-ti-jn∏p I≠p-In-´n-b-Xv. Cu hnhcw Adn™ ].

ImtXm-en-°m- -_mhm AXn¬ Hcp mKw ae-¶c k`bv°p \¬I-W-sa-

∂-t]-£n-®p. ].- ]m-Xn-b¿°okp _mhm kt¥m-j-]q¿∆w AXn\p

kΩ-Xn-®p. AXp-sIm-≠mWv Xncp-ti-jn∏v ].- Im-tXm-en-°m-_mhmsb

G¬]n-°p-∂-Xn\p ]. ]mXn-b¿°okv _mhm aqk-en-te°p h∂-Xv.

aqk-ense sk‚ v tXmakv ]≈n-bn¬ ].- Im-tXm-en-°m-_mhm

cmhnse 8 aWn°p hn. Ip¿_m\ A¿∏n-®p. ]. ]mXn-b¿°o-kv _mhm

hn. Ip¿_m-\-bpsS _kp-a¬°m Ign-™-t∏mƒ ]≈n-bn¬ Fgps-∂-

≈p-Ibpw am¿_nƒ t]S-I-Øn¬ kq£n®ph®n-cp∂ am¿tØm-Ωm-

«olmbpsS Xncp-ti-jn∏p t]SIw kq£n-®n-cp∂ ÿeØp \n∂pw

BtLm-j-]q¿∆w FSpØpsIm≠p -h∂p hn. -a-Zp-_vlm-bn¬ ]tXyIw

k÷am°n-bn-cp∂ at\m-l-c-amb Hcp ]oT-Øn\p ta¬ hbv°p-Ibpw


]tXyI ]m¿∞-\-Ifpw [q]m¿∏-Whpw \SØn Hcp sNdp ]kw-K-

tØm-Sp -IqSn ImtXm-en-°m -_mhmsb Gev]n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

ImtXm-en-°m-_mhm BZ-c-]q¿∆w AXp G‰phmßp-Ibpw Xncp-ti-jn∏p

\¬In-bXn¬ ]mXn-b¿°okp _mhmtbmSpw aqk-ense am¿ k°mbn

saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-tbm-Sp-ap≈ IrX-⁄X ]Im-in-∏n®psIm≠v Hcp

sNdp ]kwKw sNøp-Ibpw sNbvXp. AXn\ptijw _mhm Xncp-ta-

\n-am¿ c≠p t]cpw saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-amcpw dºm-®-∑mcpw ]´-°mcpw

ipiq-j-Icpw Xncp-ti-jn∏p hln®psIm≠v ]≈n-b-IØp BtLm-

j-]q¿∆w KoX-ßƒ Be-]n®psIm≠v Hcp ]Z-£nWw \SØn. ]Z-

£nWw Ign™p hn. Ip¿-∫m\ ]q¿Øn-bm-°n-b-Xn\p tijw F√m-

hcpw IqSn BtLm-j-]q¿∆w Ac-a-\-bn-tebv°p t]mbn. ]nt‰ Znhkw

cmhnse ]mXn-b¿°okp _mhm Rßsf Xncp-ta\n Xma-kn-®n-cp∂

apdn-bn-tebv°p hnfn-∏n®p Rßƒ°p kΩm-\-ambn Xcp-hm≥ aqk¬

CS-h-I-°m¿ Xncp-ta-\nsb G¬∏n-®n-cp∂ kΩm-\-ßƒ X∂p.''

ae-¶ck`bpw

ae-bmf at\m-c-abpw

ae-¶ck`bpw ae-bmf at\m-c-abpw XΩn-ep≈ Zo¿L-Ime Bfl-

_-‘-sØ-∏‰n Hc-h-tem-I-\-sa-¶nepw \S-Øm-Ø-]£w AXv Cu

]pkvX-I-Øn\v Hcp henb Ipdhpw k`mNcn-X-Øn\v \nI-Øm-\m-hmØ

\„hpw Rß-fpsS IrXy-hn-tem-]-hp-am-bn-cn-°pw. tIc-f-Øns‚ aX

cmjvSob- -km-aq-ly- -kmw-kvIm-cn-I -km-º-Øn-I- -hym-h-km-bnI

taJ-e-I-fn¬ ae-bmf at\m-ca sNbvXn-´p≈ \nkvXp-e-amb tkh-\-

ß-sf-∏‰n hnh-cn-°-W-sa-¶n¬ kl-k-°-W-°n\p t]Pp-Iƒ th≠n-

hcpw. AXp Rß-fpsS e£y-a√. Ign-hn-\-∏p-d-Øp≈ Hcp bXv\-amWp-

Xm-\pw. ae-¶ck`-bpsS hf¿®°pw Db¿®bv°pw D≤m-c-W-Øn-\pw-

th≠n at\m-ca A\p-jvTn® XymK-ßfpw tkh-\-ßfpw ka-K-ambn

hnh-cn-°p∂]£w AXp- Xs∂ ]q¿Øn-bm-°m≥ ]e hmey-ßƒ

th≠n h-cpw. AXp-sIm≠v at\m-c-abpsSbpw AXns‚ ]Xn`m-[-\-∑m-

cmb ][m\ ]Xm-[n-]-∑m-cp-sS- hninjy sI. kn. amΩ≥ am∏n-f-bp-sS-

Bflm¿∞-X-bn¬ Nmen® kpZo¿L kpµ-c-amb apJ-]-kw-K-ßfpw

k`m]c-amb sNdpXpw hepXp-amb dnt∏m¿´p-Ifpw kap-∂-X- k`mt\Xm-

°-∑m-cpsS ]uV-te-J-\-ßfpw ]kn-≤o-I-cn®p k`-bpsS arX-Po-h-

\n-bm-bn-Øo¿∂ ae-bmf at\m-ca kln® bmX-\-Ifpw thZ-\-Ifpw

Af°mt\m hne-bn-cp-Ømt\m km[y-a-√. s\_p-°-Zv-t\-k¿ Ggn-c´n

i‡n-tbmsS Fcn-bp∂ Xo®qf-bn-en´ aq∂p Ip´n-Isf c£n®


""ssZh]pX-t\mSp kam-\-cq-]-ap≈ \mem-asØ Bfns‚'' klm-b-

Øm¬ Hc-£cw t]mepw Icn-bmsX at\m-ca ho≠pw taL-ta-J-e-

tbmfw Db¿∂p tIc-f-Øn\pw ae-¶-ck`bv°pw Hcp alm t_m[n-hr-

£-sØ-t∏mse XWepw, Adn-hpw, am¿§-\n¿t±-i-ßfpw k¬ -eßfpw

tem`-sat\y \¬Ip-∂Xpw a‰p-am-bn-cn°pw Rß-fpsS ]Xn-]m-Z-\-

Ønse ][m\ hn`-h-ßƒ.

]sØm-ºXmw iX-I-Øn¬ ae-¶-c-k` ]X-]-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚

]m[m\yw a\- n-em-°n-bn-cp-∂n-s√-¶nepw Nne k`mw-K-ßƒ AXns‚

ÿm\-am-lm-fly-sØ-∏-‰nbpw kzm[o-\-Xsb∏‰nbpw t_m[-hm-∑m-cm-

bn-cp-∂p. tIcfw I≠n- p≈ ]Xm-[n-]-tI-k-cn-I-fn¬ ]ap-J-\m-bn-cp∂

I≠-Øn¬ hdp-Kokv am∏nf sIm®n-bn¬ tZhPn òaPn Bcw-`n®

tIcf anX-Øns‚ ]Xm-[n-]-cm-bn-cp∂ tijw hf-sc-b-[nIw A\p-`-

h-k-º-∂-XtbmSp IqSn-bmWp 1888 ˛¬ ae-bmf at\m-ca Iº\n

ÿm]n®v tIm´-bØp 1890 -˛¬ ae-bmf at\m-ca ]Xw Bcw-`n-°p-

∂Xv.

tIcf anX-Øn¬ tNcp-∂-Xn\p apºp -Xs∂ \s√mcp kmln-Xy-

Im-c-s\∂ t]cp- t\-Snb hdp-Kokv am∏nf tIm´bw kn. Fw. Fkv.

hnZym-e-b-Øn¬ mjm-[ym-]-I-\mbn Ipsd \mƒ tPmen t\m°n-b-t∏m-

gmWp ]Xw XpS-ß-W-sa∂ A`n-emjw lrZ-b-Øn¬ A¶p-cn-®-Xv.

]X-Øn\p ]‰nb Hcp t]cp I≠p]nSn-°p-∂-Xn\p At±lw kplr-

Øp-°-fpsS kl-I-c-Whpw tXSn-bn-cp-∂p.

A∂v kn. Fw. Fkv. hnZym-e-b-Ønse kwkvIrX ]fin-X\pw

Xncp-h-√m-°m-c-\p-amb hnez- Øp cmL-h≥ \ºym¿ "kn≤m-¥- IuapZn-

bpsS' hymJym\KŸ-amb at\mc-a-sb-∏‰n hdp-Kokv am∏nf Dƒs∏-

sS-bp≈ Nne mjm kvt\ln-I-fp-ambn N¿®- \-S-Øn. at\m-casb∏‰n

tI´-t∏mƒ Xm≥ XpS-ßm-\n-cn-°p∂ ]X-Øn\v B t]cp tNcp-sa∂p

hdp-Kokv am∏n-f°p tXm∂n. AX-t±l-Øns‚ lrZ-b-Øn¬ ]Xn™p.

Xs‚ ]Xw ae-bmf mjm- n-hr≤n e£y-am-°n-bp-≈-Xm-I-bm¬ at\m-

c-atbmSp- IqSn "ae-bmf' F∂p -IqSn tN¿Øp. "ae-bmf' F∂ ]Zw

Iqńt®¿ØXv tIc-f-h-¿Ω hen-b-tIm-bn-Ø-ºp-cm-\m-bn-cp∂p F∂mWp

tIń-´p-≈-Xv. ]pXnb Xe-ap-d-bpsS Adn-hn-\p-th≠n C°mcyw Ipdn®p

Ft∂-bp-≈p.

ae-bmf at\m-c-a-bpsS ÿm]-\-Øn\p ]n∂n¬ ]pen-t°m-ń¬

tPmk v am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv A©m-a-s‚bpw h -t»-cn¬ Koh-dp-Kokv


aev]m-s‚bpw Btem-N-\bpw ]n¥p-Wbpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ""hnti-jn®pw

at\m-ca Iº-\nsb Ipdn®v BZy-ambn Btem-Nn®p XpS-ßn-b-Xp- apX¬

CtX-hsc CXns‚ A`n-hr-≤n-°mbn \S-Øn-∏p-Imsc At\Iw hn[-

Øn¬ t]m’m-l\w sNøp-Ibpw Xm≥ Xs∂ Ggp Hml-cn-Iƒ

(Hmlcn H∂n\p hne 100 cq]) t]cn¬ ]Xn-°bpw Xs‚ hI-bmb

_w•mhv Iº-\n-bpsS the \S-Øp-∂-Xn-te-°mbn a‰pw hn´p-sIm-Sp-

°p-Ibpw sNbvX \nXm¥y hµy io ae-bm-f-Øns‚ am¿ Zoh-∂m-

tkymkv saXm-t∏m-eoØm Xncp-a-\- nse Zbhv Cu Iº-\n-bp≈ Ime-

tØmfw ad-∂p-Iq-Sp-∂-X-√. Iº-\n-bpsS the F∂p ]d-™m¬ ][m-

\-am-bn´pw h¿Øam-\-∏Xw A®-SnbmWv'' F∂p hdpKokv am∏nf Fgp-

Xn-bn-´p-≠v.

]pen-t°m- n¬ Xncp-ta-\nbpw a√-∏≈n aev]m-\-®\pw alm-\mb I≠-

Øn¬ hdp-Kokv am∏n-fbpw Bflm¿∞-ambn kl-I-cn®p ]h¿Øn-

®Xp k`bv°pw k -bpsS A∂sØ Bflm- n-am-\-]-c-am-b hf¿®-bpsS

]Xo-I-amb Fw. Un. skan-\mcn sslkv°qfn\pw ae-bmf at\m-c-

abv°pw Hcp t]mse KpWw- sN-bvXp. tIm´bw \K-c-lr-Z-b-amb Fw.-

Un. skan-\mcn sslkvIqƒ hf-∏n¬ Zo¿L-Imew at\m-ca \ne-\n-∂-

Xn-\m¬ Fw. Un. kvIqƒ "at\m-ca∏≈n-°qSw' F∂ Hma-\-t∏-cn-emWv

Adn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂-Xv. ae-¶ck`-bpsS `mhn \n¿Æ-bn® _mhm-am-cp-

ƒs∏sS H´-[nIw ]ikvX hy‡n-I-fpsS al-Ømb amXr-hn-Zym-e-b-

amWv Fw.- Un. skan-\mcn sslkv°qƒ.

Fw. -Un. sslkv°q-fns‚ Npa-Xe h -t»-cn¬ Koh-dp-Kokv aev]ms\

Gev]n-°p-∂-Xn-\p -th≠n, at\m-c-a-bpsS \S-Øn∏p kw_-‘n® mcw

IqSn hln-°m≥ ]bm-k-s∏´ hdp-Kokv am∏nf ]pen-t°m-´n¬ Xncp-ta-

\n-tbmS`y¿∞n°p-Ibpw AXp hnP-bn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. F¶nepw

At±lw kvIqfns‚ Id-kvt]m-≠‚mbn XpS¿∂p ]h¿Øn-®p. X∂n-

anØw at\m-c-a-bpsS tkh\w kvIqfn\p \n¿tem]w e`n-®n-cp-∂p.

amΩ≥ am∏nf ]n∂oSv Fw. -Un. kvIqƒ slUvam-Ã-dp-am-bn.

bYm¿∞ tZi`‡\pw kmXzn-I-\p-amb I≠-Øn¬ hdp-Kokv

am∏nf, h -t»cn¬ aev]ms‚ _ln-›c ]mW≥ Bbn-cp-∂p F∂mWv

A°m-esØ Ncn-X-ßƒ F√mw t\cn-´-dn-bm-am-bn-cp∂ ^m. ]n. ‰n.

Koh-dp-Kokv (]n∂oSv B¿®v_nj∏v am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbm-kv) ]d-bp-∂Xv.

Fw. Un. skan-\mcn Hcp tImf-Pmbn Db¿Øm≥ hdp-Kokv am∏n-fbpw

C.- sP. tPmWpw, sI.- kn. amΩ≥ am∏n-fbpw a‰pw ian-®p F¶nepw h -

t»cn¬ Koh-dp-Kokv aev]ms‚ kl-I-cWw e`n-°m™Xn\m¬


(]W°p-d-hm-bn-cp∂p) tImfPv ÿm]n-°p-hm≥ km[n-®n-√. ]n. -‰n. Koh-

dp-Kokv siΩm-i≥ Fw.- Un. sslkv°qƒ ]n≥kn-∏-em-b-Xns\

XpS¿∂v kwPm-X-amb ]tXyI ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ amΩ≥ am∏nf

slUvam-Ã¿ ]Zw Dt]-£n®p. at\m-c-a-bp-sS ]Xm-[n-]Xyw Gs‰-

SpØXv At±-l-Øn\pw at\m-c-abv°pw k`bv°pw henb t\´-ßƒ

ssIh-cp-Øn. ]t£ B ssZh \ntbmKw a\- n-em-°m≥ F√m-h¿°pw

GXm\pw h¿j-ßƒ th≠n h∂p.

CXn-\n-Sbn¬ h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\nbpw amΩ≥ am∏n-fbpw XΩn-ep-

≠mb A`n]mb hyXym-k-ßfpw amΩ≥ am∏n-f-bv°p-≠mb DƒØn-c-

°pIfpw hntZz-j-ßfpw H∂c Zim_vZw \o≠p\n∂p. ""Rm≥ a\- -m-

£n-s°-Xn-cmbn H∂pw sNbvXn- n-√. amΩ≥ am∏nfsb tZmln-°-Wsa-

∂p≈ Dt±-iy-tØmSp IqSn Rm≥ H∂pw ]h¿Øn-®n- n-s√∂p F\n°v

DØ-a-t_m-≤y-ap-≠v. C\n hcp-∂Xp hcs´. F¥p h∂mepw Rm≥

A\p-`-hn-°m≥ Xøm-dmWv'' F∂p saXm-t∏m-eoØm Hcn-°¬ amΩ≥

am∏n-f-tbmSp ]d-™p.

CsXmcp hiw. adphiw XnI®pw hn`n-∂-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]W-tam-ln-

bm-bn-cp∂ A_vZp≈m ]mXn-b¿°okv tIm´-bØp h∂p saXm-t∏m-

eo-Ømsb apS-°p-Ibpw XpS¿∂v ]≈n]Xn-]p-cpj tbmK-ßfpw kap-

Zm-b-t°-kp-Ifpw D≠m-Ip-Ibpw sNbvX Ime-L- -Øn¬ amΩ≥ am∏nf

hln® ]¶p hfsc kp]-[m-\-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]mXn-b¿°okv tIm -bØp

hnfn®pIq´nb kp∂-l-tZm-kn¬ saXm-t∏m-eo-Ømsb ]n≥Xp-W®

t\Xm-°∑m-cpsS katbm-NnX ]h¿Ø\w aqew B tbmKw Ipg-™p.

kp∂-l-tZm-kn\v apºp Xs∂ ]mXn-b¿°okpw saXm-t∏m-eo-Ømbpw

Xma-kn-®n-cp∂ ]gbskan-\mcn Hcp ]S-°-f-Øns‚ ]XoXn P\n-∏n-

®n-cp-∂p. F¶nepw GXp ÿnXnbpw t\cn-Sm≥ N¶q-‰-ap≈ a√-∏≈n

Xncp -ta\n ae-t]mse Dd®p\n∂p. kp∂-l-tZm-kn¬, A©p

saXm∑msc hmgn-°-W-sa∂v A_vZp≈m ]mXn-b¿°okpw c≠p aXn

F∂p kp∂-l-tZm-kn¬ kw_-‘n-®-hcpw A`n-]m-b-s∏-´p. ]n∂oSv

t\Xm-°-∑m-cpsS A`n-]mbw ]tXyIw ]tXyIw Adnbm≥ _mhm

ian-®p. BZyw sI.- kn. amΩ≥ am∏nf Ib-dn-s®∂p _mhm-bpsS A[n-

ImcZp¿hn-\n-tbmK ia-ßsf \J-in-Jm¥w FXn¿Øv kwkm-cn-®p.

XpS¿∂v t\Xm-°-fmb tPm¨ h°oepw, Fw. F. Nmt°mbpw a‰pw

tN¿∂v apS-°p-≠m-bm¬ sNtø≠ Imcy-ß-sf-∏-‰nbpw a‰pw N¿®

\SØn. Cu kw`-hßƒ°p hfsc apºp Xs∂ XØz-ßsf ap≥

\ndpØn at\m-ca saXm≥]£-Øn-\p -th≠n i‡naØmb ]NmcWw


Bcw`n®n-cp-∂p. Imt\m≥, k`m-N-cnXw apX-emb hnj-b-ßsf ∏‰n

it≤-b-amb teJ\ ]c-º-c-Iƒ Fgp-Xn-bXp aqew tIm´-b-Øn\v

sX°p≈ ÿe-ß-fnse 95 iX-am-\hpw tIm´-bØpw ]cn-kc]tZ-i-

ß-fn-ep-ap≈ 75 iX-am-\hpw P\-ßƒ h´-t»cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS

]nºn¬ ]md -t]mse Dd®p \n∂p. Ip∂Øp\mSv, aqhm‰p]pg Xmeq-

°p-I-fnse 90 iX-am\w ]mXn-b¿°o-kns\ A\p-Iq-en-®p. saXm≥

]£-tØ°v P\-ß-fpsS CX henb Nmbvhpw ]hm-lhpw D≠m-Im≥

apJy ImcWw at\m-c-a-bn-eq-sS-bp≈ ]Nm-c-Whpw s]mXp-P-\m- n-]mb

cq]-h¬°-c-W-hp-am-sW-∂-Xn\v c≠p ]£-an-√. tIm´bØn\p hS-°p-

≈-h¿ saXm-®s\ FXn¿Ø tIm\m´v aev]m-\-®s‚ Akm-[m-c-W-

amb hy‡n-am-lm-flyw, kzm[o-\X F∂n-h-bm¬ BI¿jn-°-s∏-´-

XmWv.

_mhm ae-¶-c-bn¬ Xs‚ euIn-Im-[n-Im-c-ßƒ ÿm]n-°m≥ th≠n

\S-Ønb ]cy-S-\-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ Xr∏q-Wn-Øpd Icn-ßmi ]≈n-bnse

`fimcw IpØn-s∏m-fn-°m≥ B⁄m-]n-®p. aq°-t©-cn¬ ]tXmkv

am¿ HkvXm-Øn-tbmkv saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS tPyjvT ktlm-Z-c\pw

kp]-kn≤ Fgp-Øp-Im-c\pw hm‹n-bp-am-bn-cp∂ Fw. ]n. h¿°n-bpsS

tPyjvT≥ Imcp-th-en¬ Ip™ns®dn-bm≥ Bbn-cp∂p ssI°m-c≥.

At±lw fimcw sIm≈sb FXn¿Øv sIm®n t]meokv kq]-≠m-

bn-cp∂ Fw. F. Nmt°m-bpsS ]n≥Xp-W-tbmsS tIkp sImSp-Øp.

t]meo-kp-Im¿ ]≈n hnIm-cn-bmb Idp-tØ-SØ-®s\ AdÃv sNbvXp

hneßp sh®p hgntb \S-Øn-s°m≠p t]mbn. Cu ]t£m`P\-I-

amb kw`-hsØ XpS¿∂v A_vZp≈m _mhm°v ]≈n-I-fn¬ \n∂v

hnt[-bXz DS-ºSn hmß¬ \S-]-Sn°v hncmaw CtS≠n h∂p. Xs‚

e£yw t\Sm-\p≈ ia-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\nsb

A_vZp≈m ]mXn-b¿°okv apS-°n. Ip]-kn-≤-amb B apS°v Iev]\

A©¬ am¿§w cPn-kv‰¿ sNbvXv AtX FSp-∏n¬ ]m¿Øn-cp∂ h´-

t»cn¬ saXm-t∏m-eo-Ømbv°v Ab-®Xv ]mXn-b¿°o-kns\ tXmfn-

te‰n \S-∂-h-cpsS AXn_p≤n- aq-e-am-Wv.

apS-°ns\ Ah-K-Wn®v Xt‚-S-tØmSpw kzmX-¥y-tØmSpw IqSn

t\sc \n¬°m≥ saXm≥ ]£-°m¿°v \n¿t±iw \¬In-s°m≠v

at\m-ca XpS¿®-bmbn FgpXn ]Nm-cWw \S-Øn. Cu apJ]kw-K-

ßƒ saXm≥ ]£-°m-cpsS at\mhocysØ Aw_-c-tØmfw Db¿Øn

Dd-∏n-®p. apS-°n-s\-Xnsc P\-k-l-k-ßsf at\m-ca AWn\nc-Øn.

A°m-esØ apJ]kw-K-ßƒ F√mw Xs∂ C Uv. Fw. ]mtd´v


Fgp-Xnb h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS PohNcn-X-Øn¬ (a-e-¶c \km-

Wn-Iƒ, hmeyw 4) FSpØp tN¿Øn-´p-≠v. ap´m-f-∑m-cpsS apjvIn-s‚

X´-I-ambn amdnb ]gbskan-\m-cnbpw hnim-e-amb A¶-Whpw Ahn-

SsØ BtImi-ßfpw t]m¿hnfn-Ifpw H∂pw h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-

bpsS a\-°-cp-Øn\pw AXp-ey-amb ip`m]vXn hnizm-k-Øn\pw H´pw

aß-te¬∏n-®n-√. mhn ]cn-]m-Sn-sb-∏‰n amΩ≥ am∏n-fbpw m. ]n.- ‰n.

Koh-dp-Ko-kpw, F. ]oen-t∏mkv PUvPn-bpw, sI.- hn. Nmt°mbpw a‰pw

Xncp-ta-\n-bp-ambn N¿® sNbvX-t∏mƒ ""Cßs\ ASn-ÿm\cln-Xhpw

tIhew Xp—-hp-amb GsX-¶n-ep-samcp ImcWw ]d™v ae¶ck`sb

apS°n \m\-mhn-[-am-°m≥ X° sshZn-Im-[n-Im-c-ap≈ Cu At¥ymJym

_‘w \ne\n¬°p∂ Ime-tØmfw Rm\pw Fs‚ k¥m-\-ßfpw

Cu k -bnse AwK-ß-fmbn \n¬°m≥ BK-ln-°p∂n√'' F∂p hsc

amΩ≥ am∏nf ]d-™-t∏mƒ At±-l-Øns‚ hnIm-c-t£m-`-Øns‚

Bgw I≠ h´-t»cn¬ Xncp-ta\n ""GXm-bmepw amΩ≥ am∏nf AX

I≠v IS-Øn-∏-d-bm≥ hcs´'' F∂v kvt\l-]q¿∆w ]d™v km¥z-\-

s∏-SpØn.

XpS¿∂v saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-sbbpw c≠mw \º¿ iXp-hmb amΩ≥

am∏n-f-sbbpw a‰pw h[n-°m≥ FXn-cm-fn-Iƒ Xmg-Ø-ßm-Snbnse

GXm\pw ap…o-ßsf G¿∏mSv sNbvXXpw saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS

AwK-c-£I ][m-\nbpw, henb k`m kvt\lnbpw A≤y-m]-I-\p-am-

bn-cp∂ B\-∏m-∏nsb skan-\mcn A¶-W-Øn¬ sh®v ]´m-∏-I¬ sh´n-

s°m-∂Xpw ""tIm´bw sIme-t°kv'' F∂dnb-s∏´ tIkns‚ hnkvXm-

chpw X¬kw-_-‘-amb apJ-]-kw-Khpw F√mw th≠ hn[-Øn¬ ae-

bmf at\m-c-a-bpsS Xmfp-I-fn¬ XfwsI´n- \n¬°p-∂p. at\m-ca aptJ\

saXm≥ ]£-Øn\p h≥ ]Nm-cWw \¬In-b-XmWv amΩ≥ am∏nf

tbmSp≈ hntcm-[-Øn-\p≈ Imc-Ww.

h -t»cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-tbm-Sp≈ ]I tKm]\w sNbvXpsIm≠v ]mcw-

`-Im-eØv H∂c Zim_vZ-tØmfw k`m-cw-KØv ]h¿Øn® amΩ≥

am∏nfbv°v ]n∂oSv Xncp-ta-\n-tbm-Sp≈ ‡n A\yq\w \ne-\n¿Øm\pw

At±-l-Øns‚ A\p-]-a-Kp-W-K-W-ßƒ Bg-Øn¬ a\- n-em-°m\pw

km[n®p F∂-Xns‚ DØ-a DZm-l-c-W-amWv saXm-t∏m-eoØm Imew

sNbvXp aq∂p Znhkw Ign™p 1927 s^_p-hcn 27 \v amΩ≥ am∏nf

Fgp-Xnb ""Imew sNbvX ae-¶c saXm-t∏m-eoØm: Nne kvac-W-

Iƒ'' F∂ at\m-c-a-bnse ]uV-kpµ-c-amb A\p-kva-cW.

""Xs‚ Bbp-jvIm-e-Øn¬ cl-ky-ambpw ]c-ky-ambpw sNbvXn´p≈


]e kwK-Xn-Ifpw shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ ]£w e÷n-t°≠n hcp∂

bmsXmcp Imcyhpw saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS Pohn-X-Øn¬ C√m-bn-cp∂p.

At±lw AXn-_p-≤n-im-enbpw AXn-[o-c\pw Fs¥√mw ]bm-k-ßƒ

t\cn- mepw Ah-sb-∏-‰n-bp≈ hnj-a-X-Iƒ Aev]-am-bn-s -¶nepw shfn-

s∏-Sp-Øm≥ kΩXw hcmØ hn[-Øn¬ AXy-[nIw Bflm-`n-am-

\tØmSp- Iq-Snb Hcm-fp-am-bn-cp-∂p.''

h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\nsb amΩ≥

am∏n-f-sb-t∏mse ASp-Ø-dn-™n-´p≈

as‰mcp hy‡n Cs√∂p NnX-sa-gpØp

sI.- Fw. h¿Kokv Hcn-°¬ N¿®p

ho°n-en-bn¬ Fgp-Xn-bn-cp-∂p. Xncp-ta-

\n-bpsS Poh-N-cnXw henb k`m

kvt\lnbpw ]i‡ NnX-Im-c\pw

k`mNcn-X-Im-c\pw kmln-Xy-Ip-i-e-\p-

amb NnX-sa-gpØp sI.- Fw. h¿Kokv

Fgp-X-W-sa-∂m-h-iy-s∏´psIm≠v h¿j-

ßƒ°p apºv, Hcp k`mkvt\ln-bm-bn-

cp∂ Nm∂m-\n-°mSv U_vfn-bp.- kn.NnX-sa-gpØv sI.- Fw.

hdp-Kokv

""h -t»-cn¬ saXm-®s‚ Poh-N-cn-X-sa-gp-Xm≥ Imew XnI-™n- n√.

Fgp-Xp-hm-\p≈ Bfpw P\n-®n- n-√. B alm-Imcyw \nh¿Øn-∏m≥ Cu

]pgphpw ]qgn-bp-am-hp∂ Rm≥ i‡-\√. CS°nSbv°v ImtXm-en°m

_mhm ]e-t∏mgpw CImcyw ]d-bp-Ibpw Fs∂ D’m-ln-∏n-°p-Ibpw

sNbvXn-´p-≠v. F∂m¬ kvacy]pcp-js‚ \nkvXpe-amb KpWhnti-

jhpw al-Xzhpw Fs‚ A¬]-Xzhpw H¿Ωn®p Rm≥ ]n∑m-dn-°-f-bp-

I-bmWp sNbvXn-´p-≈-Xv. At±-l-Øns‚ NcnXw Fgp-Xm≥ kmam\y

tbmKy-X-bp≈ aq∂p t]¿ C∂v Pohn-®n-cn-∏p-≠v. sI.- kn. amΩ≥ am∏nf,

H. Fw. sNdn-bm≥, Fw. ]n. h¿°n. Ch-cpsS sNcn-∏ns‚ hmd-gn-∏m≥

Rm≥ tbmKy-\-√. Imew B alm-]p-cp-js‚ NcnXw ]pd-Øn-d-°n-

s°m≈pw. AX Xs∂.

hn\oX hnt[-b≥

sI.- Fw. hdp-Kokv, ]u-hØn°p∂v

amth-en-°c, 20-˛4-˛1116 (1941)

amWn Fgp-Xnb IØn-\p≈ adp-]-Sn-

bn¬ NnX-sa-gpØp Cßs\ ]d-™p:


(Nn-X-sa-gp-Øns‚ t\m -Ønep≈ tbmKy-cmb aq∂p t]¿°pw Poh-

N-cnXw cNn-°m≥ Ign-™n-√. h¿j-ßƒ Ign™v C Uv. Fw. ]mtd-

´mWp Poh-N-cnXw Fgp-Xn-b-Xv. NnXsagpØp ]h-Nn-®Xp t]mse

"Imew' B alm-]p-cp-js‚ NcnXw ]pd-Øn-d-°n)

saXm≥ I£nsb Fß-s\-sb-¶nepw t\sc \ndp-Øm-\mbn kap-

Zm-b-Øn-\p th≠n a‰p kI-eXpw ad∂p Xe-Io-gmbn NmSn-sb∂pw

a‰p-≈-hsc kv]¿in-°p∂ hm¿Ø-Iƒ°v th≠X ]m[m\yw sImSp-

°msX C°m-Wmb ]]-©-Øn-te°v Poh¬][m-\-amb ]iv\w k`m-

Imcyw amX-am-sW∂pw Icp-Xn-bn-cp-∂p F∂pw amΩ≥ am∏nf PohnX

kvac-W-bn¬ ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. ""Fs‚ DtZzK \n¿h-l-W-Øn-\mbn, at\m-

c-asb∂√ Fs‚ ka-kvXhpw ImgvN shbv°m\pw Rm≥ Xømdmbn-

cp-∂p. B ÿnXn°v h´-t»cn¬ saXm-t∏m-eo-Ømbpw Rm\pw kI-e-

Xnepw Hcp ssIbm-sW-∂m-bn-cp∂p an° Bfp-I-fp-sSbpw [mc-W''

sb∂v amΩ≥ am∏nf FgpXn.

tIc-fo-bsc samØw- I≠psIm≠p \SØn h∂ Hcp anI® ]Xw

kap-Zm-b -hm¿Ø-Iƒ°pw kw`-h-ßƒ°pw a‰pw ]X-[¿Ωw t]mepw

hnkva-cn®psIm≠v AanX ]m[m\yw \¬In k`-bpsSbpw k`mw-K-

ß-fpsSbpw i‡-amb ASn-ÿm\ ]n¥p-W-bm¿÷n-°p-Ibpw "Xß-

fpsS ]Xw' F∂ ]Zhn t\Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. ae-¶c Atkm-kn-tb-

j≥ tNcp-tºmgpw saXm≥ ÿm\m¿∞n-Isf sXc-s™-Sp-°p-tºmgpw

saXm-∑m-cp-sSbpw ImtXm-en°mamcp-sSbpw hmgvN \S-°p-tºmgpw

Ah¿ Imew sNøp-tºm-gp-sa-√mw- at\m-ca ]e t]Pp-I-fmWp AØcw

hm¿Ø-Iƒ°p ]ca ]m[m\yw \¬In ]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-≠n-cp-

∂-Xv. C∂pw AXv XpS-cp-∂p.

i‡-amb apJ-]-kwKw

Ign™ \q‰m-≠n¬ ae-¶ck` t\cn´ Kpcp-X-c-amb GXm\pw ]Xn-

k-‘n-I-fn¬ at\m-ca sNbvX al-Ømb tkh-\-ßƒ k`-bpsS \ne-

\n¬∏n\pw henb hf¿®°pw Imc-W-am-bn. h´n-∏-W-t°-kn¬ Pn√m

tImSXn hn[n-s°-Xnsc ]mXn-b¿°okv `mKw Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw

sslt°m-S-Xn-bn¬ sImSpØ A∏o¬ tIkv hn[n h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-

\n°pw Iq´¿°pw A£cm¿∞-Øn¬ Hcp sh≈n-Sn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. hoc-

cm-Lh Aø-¶m-cm-bn-cp∂p No^v PÃokv. At±-l-Øns‚ ]Xn-Imc

hnj- a-eo-ak-amb hn[n amΩ≥ am∏nf apX-emb t\Xm-°-sf \Sp°p-

Ibpw Xf¿Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. ""]Nfiamb Xm]tIm] hnIm-c-ßƒ


sIm≠v GXm≠v D∑-Ø\mb'' at\m-ca ]Xm-[n-]¿ F√mw ad∂p

t]\-sb-Sp-Øp. ""hoc-cm-Lh Aø-¶-mcpsS hn[nsb AXn ]cp-j-ambn

hna¿in®psIm≠v AYhm `¿’n®psIm≠v sshIp-t∂cw Fgp-Xm-\n-

cp-∂ Rm≥ cmXn apgp-h\pw Ccp-s∂-gpXn. t\cw ]cp]sc shfp-Ø-

t∏mgpw FgpXns°m≠n-cp-∂p. AX -I-en-I-b-dnb Fgp-Øm-bn-cp∂p

AXv. Fs¥m-s°-bmWv Fgp-Xn-b-sX∂v F\n°v Xs∂ Adn-bm≥ høm-

bn-cp-∂p. Fgp-Xn-bXv A∏msS ]kn¬ sImSp-Øp. ]nt‰ Znhkw AXp

at\m-c-a-bn¬ ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. hnIm-c-Ø-≈-ens‚ A]-

kvamc _m[-bn-se-gp-Xnb teJ-\-am-bn-cp∂p AXv.''

]t£ Xß-fpsS k¿∆hpw \ins®-∂p≈ \ncm-i-X-bpsS AKm-[-

K¿Ø-Øn-tebv°p XmWp-t]m-bn-cp∂ saXm≥]£-°m-cmb P\-ßsf

kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw sshZypXi‡n Bhm-ln-®n-cp∂ arX-k-RvPo-

h-\n-bpsS ê-amWv ImW-s∏-´Xv F∂p≈ hkvXpX kk-t¥mjw

tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

""Aßs\ Ic-Im-WmØ \ncm-i-X-bn¬ XmWp-t]mtI≠-Xn-s√∂pw

C\nbpw kap-Zm-b-Øn\v Pohn-°m\pw Hcp]t£ ]® ]nSn®p Xg®p

hf-cm≥ t]mepw Bim civan-Iƒ tijn-®n- p-s≠-∂pamWv Rm≥ kap-

Zmbmw-K-ßƒ°p Dd∏pw ss[cyhpw \¬In-b-Xv. Ah-cpsS Iqºnb

a\ v sas√ hnS¿∂v D∑p-J-ambn A\ßnØpS-ßn. kvXw`\w ]m]n®

kap-Zmbmw-K-ßsf Xgp-In-bp-W¿Ø-W-sa-∂p≈ Fs‚ Dt±iyw

ên®p.

""175 Jfin-I-I-fp≈ hn[n-bpsS ap°mte Ac-°m¬ mKhpw h´t»-

cn¬ saXm-t∏m-eo-Ømsb XI¿°m≥ Fgp-Xn-b-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬

hn[n-bpsS Ah-km-\ -`m-K-Øp≈ GXm\pw hmN-I-ß-fn¬ kap-Zm-b-

Øns‚ `mhn Hcp Xe-\m-cn-g-bn-se∂ t]mse Xßn \n∂ncp-∂p. Ah-

bpsS Npcp°w Cß-s\-bmWv: ""bmt°m-_mb k`-bpsS SÃn-I-fm-bn-

cp∂ ae-¶c saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm, tIm\m´p aev]m≥, kn.- sP. Ipcy≥

F∂o aq∂p t]cn¬ h´-t»cn¬ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv saXm-t∏m-eo-

Ømsb ]mXn-b¿°okv _mhm apS-°n-b-Xn-\m¬ At±-l-Øns‚ ae-

¶c saXm-t∏m-eoØm ÿm\hpw SÃn ÿm\hpw \jvS-s∏- n-cn-°p∂p.

]ns∂ tijn-°p-∂Xv AØ-m\m-kn-tbmkv saXm-t∏m-eoØm BWv.

At±lw _mh-mbn¬ \n∂p ]´ta‰-Xm-sW-¶nepw ae-¶c kap-Zm-bmw-

K-ß-fpsS Hu]-Nm-cn-I-amb AwKo-Imcw Inń-bn-cn-t°-≠-Xm-h-iy-am-Wv.

AXn-\m¬ P\-ß-fp-tS-Xmbn ho≠pw Hcp sXc-s™-Sp∏p \S-Ø-Ww.''


At∏mƒ _m°n Imcy-ßƒ Fß-s\-bn-cp-∂mepw AØm-\m-

tkymkv saXm-∏m-eo-Ømbv°p ae-¶c saXm-t∏m-eoØm ÿm\hpw

SÃn ÿm\-hpw Dd®p In´-W-sa-¶n¬ P\-ß-fpsS hI-bmbn ho≠p-

samcp sXc-s™-Sp∏v \S-Ø-Ww. Chn-sS-bmWv Fs‚ teJ\w saXm≥

]£-°m¿°p ]pXnb Bibpw ss[cyhpw ]_p-≤-Xbpw \¬In-bXv.

bmt°m-_mb kpdn-bm\n k` hI-bmbn ae-¶-c-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂ 470 ]≈n-

I-fn¬ ap∂q-tdmfw ]≈n-°m¿ h´-t»-cn¬ saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS

]£Øv Dd®p\n∂p. AXn¬ Ah¿°p at\m-ss[cyw \¬In-bXp

at\m-c-a-bnse teJ-\-am-bn-cp-∂p. t\sc adn®p Bi°p hgn-bn-s√∂p

[cn-®n-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ h -t»-cn¬ saXm-t∏m-eo-Ømbv°p thm´p sNøm≥

Ah¿ ss[cy-s∏-Sp-I-bn-√m-bn-cp-∂p.''

]n∂oSv aq∂p Zim_vZw \o≠p\n∂ k`m- k-am-[m-\m-tem-N-\-I-

fnepw, k`m- tI-kp-I-fnepw, k -bpsS hnhn[ ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fnepw a‰pw

amΩ≥ am∏n-fbpw at\m-c-abpw kPo-h-ambn ]s¶-SpØp k`-bpsS

AØm-Wn-bmbn amdn F∂-XmWp Ncn-X-kXyw. ae-¶c k`bv°v 1951

˛se Xncp- ˛ sIm-®n sslt°m-SXn hn[nbpw as‰mcp sh≈n-Sn-bm-bn-

cp∂p.

kap-Zmbw AXns‚ `mhn-sb-∏‰n ho≠pw Bi¶mIpe-cm-b-t∏mƒ

sI.- kn. amΩ≥ am∏nf at\m-c-a-bn¬ Fgp-Xnb bp‡n`Zhpw, Nnt¥m-

±o-]-I-hpw, i‡-hp-amb apJ]kw-K-Ønse am¿§-\n¿t±-i-ßƒ

k`bv°p ""]I¬ taL-kvXw- hpw cmXn A·n-ØqWpw'' Bbn hn®p.

C∂sØ Xe-ap-dbv°p AXp hmbn®p a\- n-em-°m≥ th≠n c≠p

`mK-ß-fmbn at\m-ca ]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Ønb Hcp apJ]kw-K-Øns‚ ]k-

‡hpw kp]-[m-\-hp-amb `mK-ßƒ NphsS tN¿°-pI-bmWv:

Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv kpdn-bm\n kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ `mhn

GXm≠v Ac Zim-_vZ-°m-e-ambn \S-∂p-h∂ ""kap-Zm-b-t°kv''

Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv kpdn-bm\n kap-Zm-b-Øn\v ]cn-]q¿Æ tZmjI-c-ambn

Xncp- ˛ -sIm®n sslt°m-SXn Ct∏mƒ hn[n-®n-cn-°p-I-bm-W-t√m. Cu

kµ¿`-Øn¬ GXm≠p ap∏Xp h¿jw ]pd-tIm´v Fs‚ kvacW

t]mIp∂p. ap∏Xp h¿jsa∂-√, AXnepw ]pd-tIm´v Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv

kpdn-bm\n kap-Zmbw At¥ymJym _‘-Øn¬ \n∂p th¿]n-cn™p

\n¬°m-\n-S-bmb kw`-h-K-Xn-Ifpw kml-N-cy-ßfpw, AXn\pw apºv

bmt°m-_mb ae-¶c k` H∂mbn Ign™pIqSn-bn-cp∂ Ime-ß-fp-

sa√mw Cu Ah-k-c-Øn¬ Hcp Ne-®n-X-Øn-se-∂-t]mse Fs‚


kvarXn]Y-Øn-eqsS Ct∏mƒ cwKw]Xn IS∂pt]mIp-∂p.

Rm≥ buh\-]m-b-Øn-se-Ønb \mƒ apX¬, C°-gn™ GI-

tZiw 60 h¿j°mesØ ae-¶c bmt°m-_mb kpdn-bm-\n-k-`-bpsS

kw`-h-_lp-e-amb Ncn-X-Øn\v Rm≥ Hcp ZrIvkm-£n-bpw, AXn-

semcp ]£-Øns‚ ˛ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv kpdn-bm\n k`-bpsS ˛ Ncn-

XsØ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw Bcw`w apX¬ AXnse Hcp Ffnb

]h¿Ø-I-\p-am-bn-cp-∂p. A∂p kap-Zm-b-cw-KØp \S-am-Snbn-cp∂ hoc-

]p-cp-j-∑m¿ an°-hmdpw F√m-hcpw Xs∂ C∂p IYm-h-tijambn-cn-

°p-∂p. Ahn-kva-c-Wo-b-\mb h´-t»-cn¬ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv saXm-

t∏m-eoØm Xncp-ta-\n, bix-i-co-c-∑m-cmb Ce-™n-°¬ tPm¨

h°o¬, kn. -sP. Ipcy≥, tIm\m´v a¬∏m≥, Fw. F. Nmt°m BZn-

bmbn D`-b-I-£n-I-fnepw ap∂n-´p-\n∂p ]h¿Øn-®n-cp∂ t\Xm-°-∑m-

cn¬ an°-hmdpw C∂p ]c-temI ]m]vX-cm-bn-cn-°p∂p.

Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`-bv°p -th≠n Fs‚ Ffnb Ign-hp-I-f-\p-k-

cn®v Ipsd-sbms° ]h¿Øn-®n-´p≈ Rm≥ PohnX\Zn-bp-sS Xoc-Øn-

seØn adp-Ic IS-°m≥ kabw ImØp \nev°p-I-bm-Wv. Aß-s\-

bp≈ ]q¿∆kva-c-W-I-fn¬, ]tXy-I-ambn 30 h¿jw apºp≈ Hcp

kw`hw C∂sØ sslt°m-SXnhn[n kµ¿`-Øn¬ Fs‚ a\- n¬

s]m¥n-h-cp-∂p. C∂-sØbpw A∂-sØbpw kw -h-ßƒ XΩn¬ kmay-

ap-≠v. A∂pw h´n-∏-W-t°-kn¬ saXm≥ ]£-Øns‚ kIe Bi-I-

sfbpw euInI-ZrjvSym XI¿°p∂ Hcp hn[n Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿

sslt°m-SXn No^v PÃo-km-bn-cp∂ hoc-cm-L-h-ø-¶m¿ ]Jym-]\w

sNbvXp.

A∂sØ k¶p-Nn-X-amb Z¿i-\tImSnbpw am\-Z-fi- [m-c-W-Ifpw

C°-gn™ ]Øp- ap-∏Xp h¿j-ßƒ°p-≈n¬ hfsc hyXym-k-s∏-´n-

´p-s≠∂p \mw Hm¿Ωn-°-Ww. A\p-`-h-⁄m-\-Øn-eqsS temIw hf-

cp-Ibpw Nn¥m-]-cn-]-IzX ]m]n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-t¥mdpw Iptd-°qSn

hnim-e-amb ho£WtImSn -I-fn¬ \n∂p-sIm≠v Imcy-ßsf

t\m°m\pw, Ahbv°v D≈-Xn-e-[nIw ]m[m\yw Iev]n-°m-sX-bn-cn-

°m\pw \mw ]Tn-°p-∂p. icn-bmb Hcp Kpcp-e-Lp-Xz-t_m[w \ap°v

D≠m-Ip-tºmƒ Hmtcm kw -h-ßsf∏‰nbpw A\p- -h-ß-sf-∏-‰nbpw \ap-

°p-≠m-Ip∂ hnImc]-c-amb ]Xym-Lm-X-ßƒ°v Ah A¿ln-°p-∂X

]m[m\yw amXw Iev]n-°p-hm≥ \mw ioen-°p-∂p. Aßs\ t\m°p-

tºmƒ A∂sØ sslt°m-SXnhn[n-sb-∏‰n tI -t∏mƒ F\n-°p-≠mb

Nn¥m-hr-Ønbpw C∂sØ hn[n tI -t∏m-gp-≠m-Ip∂ NnØ-hr-Ønbpw


XΩn¬ hfsc hyXym-k-ap-s≠∂p kΩ-Xn®psIm≈p∂p. ImcWw,

A∂p \ΩpsS PohnXKXn-bn¬ hń-∏-W-t°-kn\p \mw Iev]n-®n-cp∂

]mW-kv]¿i-I-amb ]c-a-]m-[m\yw C∂p \Ωn¬ ]ecpw AXn\p

Iev]n-°p-∂n-s√-∂p-≈Xp Xs∂. C∂v AXn-t\-°mƒ hfsc IqSp-X¬

]m[m\yw A¿ln-°p∂ At\Iw km¿heuInI kw -h-K-Xn-Iƒ Zn\w

]Xn \ΩpsS i≤sb BI¿jn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p.

C≥Uy-bn¬ Xs∂ BsI-bp≈ P\-kw-Jy-bn¬ H∂-c- i-X-am\w

amXta InkvXym-\n-I-fp-≈q. AXn¬ Xp—-amb Hcp `mKw amXta

Cu sXt° tImWn¬ \nh-kn-°p∂ kpdn-bm\n InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS

kwJy hcp-Ibp-≈p. C≥Uy-bnse BsI-bp≈ P\-kw-Jy-bn¬ AX

Xp—-amb Hcp ÿm\w amX-ap≈ Hcp P\-X-bpsS kzIm-cy-]-c-amb

Cu Hcp ]iv\w h-ń-∏-W-t°kv Hcp AJn-te¥ym ho£WtImSn-

bn¬ \nt∂m km¿∆-eu-InI ho£WtImSn-bn¬ \nt∂m t\m°p-∂-

h¿°v FX-amXw A]-[m-\-ambpw AK-Wy-ambpw tXm∂p-sa∂p ]d-

tb-≠-Xn-√-t√m. hń-∏-W-t°kv Fßs\ hn[n-®mepw A°m-c-Ww-

sIm≠p hy‡n-I-fp-sStbm P\-k-ap-Zm-b-ß-fp-sStbm temI-Øn-t‚tbm

ssZ\w-Zn\ KXn-°p bmsXmcp hyXym-khpw D≠m-Ip-∂-X-√. temIw

]g-b-]Sn AXns‚ Poh-k‘m-c-WsØ kv]¿in-°p∂ Imcy-ß-fn¬

hym]r-X-ambn apt∂m´p s]mbvs°mt≠-bn-cn-°pw.

AXp-sIm≠v Ct∏m-gsØ hn[n- aqew D≠m-Im-hp∂ `hn-jyØv

Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv kpdn-bm\n kap-Zm-bmw-K-ß-fmb B¿°pw Xs∂

sX√p ss\cm-iytam D¬°-WvTtbm tXmt∂≠ Imcy-an-s√-∂p-≈-XmWv

H∂m-a-Xmbn F\n°p ]d-bm-\p-≈-Xv. Cß-s\-bp≈ hn]-co-Xm-\p-`-h-

ßƒ Pohn-X-km-[m-c-W-ß-fm-Wv. hy‡n-Ifpw kap-Zm-b-ßfpw cmjvS-

ßfpw Cß-s\-bp≈ A\p-`h sshhn-[y-ß-fn-eqsS amXta Ah-c-h-

cpsS `mK-t[-b-ti-b- n¬ FØn-t®¿∂n-´p-≈p. ssIbv]p≈ A\p-`-

h-ß-fn¬ \n∂p amXta Pohn-X-Øn¬ ÿmbn-bmb [m¿ΩnI am[pcyw

Hgp-In-h-cm-dp≈p.

Cu Ah-k-c-Øn¬ \mw Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv kpdn-bm\n k`mwKßƒ

\ΩpsS ktlm-Zck`-bmb am¿tØmam k`-bpsS C∂sØ Akq-

bm¿l-amb \nebpw Aß-s\-sbmcp \ne-bn¬ FØn-t®-cm≥ Ah¿°p

klm-b-Iambn `hn® ]cn-X-ÿn-Xn-Ifpw A\p-kva-cn-°p-∂Xp ]tbm-

P-\-I-c-am-bn-cn-°pw. C∂v Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv kpdn-bm\n k`sb A`n-ap-

Jo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xp -t]m-se-bp≈ KXn-ap-ńb Hcp kµ¿`w h∂p

tN¿∂Xp sIm≠mWv Ah¿ ""a\-aßpw PU-anßpw'' F∂ ań¬


kwibn®p ]pd-tIm´p \n¬°msX Aÿ-nc-ß-fmb ùXnI Xm¬]-

cy-ßsf ]n≥X≈n ss[cy-k-taXw apt∂m´p Xs∂ \S-∂-Xv. A∂-

h¿ ]Z¿in-∏n® XymK-k-∂-≤-amb kzmX-¥y-kvt\-l-Øns‚ e-ambn

C∂-h¿ Hcp kzX-¥-k-`-sb∂ \ne-bn¬ ]m]n-®n-´p≈ hf¿®bpw

Db¿®bpw Ah-cpsS BZy-Ime hnj-a-L- -tØmSp kmayw hln-°p∂

C∂sØ \ΩpsS ]Xn-k-‘n-bn¬ \sΩ Nn¥n-∏n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

\ntijw KXn-ap-ńb Hcp hnjaL´w temINcn-X-Øn¬ adphgn

I≠p-]n-Sn-°m≥ ian-°p∂ Bscbpw C∂p-hsc A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-®n-ń√.

Hcp hmXn¬ AS-bp-tºmƒ as‰m∂p Xpd-°pw. AS™ hmXn¬°¬

Xs∂ ssIbpw sIń IÆpw angn®v CXn-I¿ØhyXm-aq-V-\mbn

\n¬°p-∂-h\p thsd bmsXmcp hmXnepw Xpd∂p In´p-I-bn-√.

AXmWp temIKXn. ]Ir-Xn-\n-b-ahpw B hgn-bmWv Nq≠n-°m-Wn-

°p-∂-Xv. kzbw klm-bn-°m≥ ian-°p∂ hy‡n-I-sfbpw kap-Zm-b-

ß-sfbpw cmjvS-ß-sfbpw ssIsIm-SpØp t\¿h-gn°p \bn-°m≥

Xøm-dmbn \n¬°p∂ Icp-Wm-aq¿Øn-bmb ssZh-Øn¬ \ap°p

hnizmkw D≠m-bncp-∂m¬ amXw aXn. \mw \ncm-ibpw ]cm-P-b- at\m-

`m-hhpw Dt]-£n-°-Ww. a\p-jy-]p-tcm-K-Xn°v G‰hpw AXy-¥m-t]-

£n-X-amb kzmi-b-io-e-Ønepw A`n-am-\-I-c-amb kzmX-¥y-]-cn-]m-

e-\-Ønepw \ap°v Hcp k`-sb∂ \ne-bn¬ th≠ ]cn-io-e\w

\¬Im\pw Aßs\ k`m-]-c-amb \ΩpsS Ign-hp-Isf temtIm-]-Imc-

]-ZamwhÆw ]q¿hm-[nIw hnI-kn-∏n-°m\pw ssZhw \ap°v \¬In-

bn-cn-°p∂ Hcp kµ¿`-am-Wn-Xv. B hn[-Øn¬ \mw CXns\ kzmKXw

sNøp-Ibpw, \ΩpsS k`-bpsS `mhnsb kzX-¥-amb Hcp ASn-ÿm-

\-Øn¬ cq]-h¬°-cn-®p \ne-\n-dp-Øn-s°m-≠p- t]m-Im-\p≈ \S-]-Sn-

Iƒ ssIs°m-≈p-Ibpw sNøm-\p≈ Imew kam-K-X-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p-

sh-∂mWv Fs‚ ZrV-amb A`n-]m-bw. Hm¿Ø-tUm-Ivkv- kpdn-bm\n

k` Hcp kzX¥\ne ]cn-]m-en®psIm≠p Xs∂ aptºm´p t]mIp-∂-

Xn\v F√m hn[-Ønepw A\p-Iq-e-amb cwK-`qan ssZh-Im-cpWyw

sIm≠v Ct∏mƒ k÷o-Ir-X-am-bn-´p-s≠-∂p-≈Xv Nmcn-Xm¿∞y-P-\-I-

am-Wv. AXn¬ G‰hpw ]m[m\yw A¿ln-°p∂ D]m[n ImtXm-en°m

ÿm]-\-amWv.

Cu k`-bpsS `mhn-sb-∏‰n k¿h-i-‡-\mb ssZh-Øn\v ap≥Iq-ń-

bp-≠m-bn-cp∂ Dt±-iyØns‚ ap≥Ip-dn-sb-∂-hÆw ImtXm-en°m- ÿm-

]\w ChnsS CXn-\Iw Dd-∏mbn ]Xn-jvTn-°-s∏-Sm-\n-S-bm-bXv \ΩpsS

k -m kzmX¥y hf¿®-bpsS Ncn-X-Ønse G‰hpw al-\o-bhpw AXn-

]-[m-\-hp-amb Hcp Bim-k-t¶-Xw Xs∂. k`-bpsS D¬°¿tj—


D∂X ÿm\-Øn¬ cq]w ssIsIm≠p \ne-sIm-≈p∂p. ]kvXpX

ÿm]-\sØ k¿hm-fl\m ]cn-t]m-jn∏n®p k`m-kzm-X-¥y-Øns‚

aWn-a-Ip-S-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ BZ-cn®v A\p-K-an-°pI amXta C\n \mw

sNtø-≠-Xp-≈q. temI-Ønse ][m\ AwKo-IrX k`-I-fpsS AwKo-

Imcw ImtXm-en°m ÿm]-\-Øn\pw XZzmc Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv kpdn-

bm\n k`bv°pw In´n-°-gn-™n-´p-≠v. AtX-∏‰n eh-teiw kt¶m-N-

Øn\v Ah-Im-i-an-√. XnI®pw A`n-am-\-Ønt\ hI-bp-≈q. ImtXm-en-

°m-ÿm-]-\-Øns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ \mw kzX-¥-]m-X-bn-eqsS kwL-

Sn-X-ambpw sFIy-X-tbmSpw ZrV-\n-jvT-tbmSpw IqSn apt∂m´p t]mbm¬

Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv kpdn-bm\n k`bv°v AXn-tim-`-\-amb Hcp `mhn-bp-

s≠-∂p-≈-Xn-s\-∏‰n F\n°p eh-teiw ktµ-l-an-√.

CtX-∏‰n F\n°p IqSp-X-embn Nne kwK-Xn-Iƒ ]d-bm-\p-≈Xv

ASpØ e°-Øn-em-bn-s°m-≈mw. `c-W-L-S\ A\p-k-cn®v Cu

tIknse hn[n-bn-t∑¬ kp]ow-tIm-SXnbn¬ A∏o¬ sImSp-°m-\p≈

A\p-hmZw hn[n ]kvXm-hn® PUvPn-am¿ \ntj-[n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. F¶nepw

]pXnb C≥Uy≥ `c-W-L-S\ A\p-k-cn®v Cu \ntj[ DØ-c-hn-s\-

Xn-cmbn kp]owtImS-Xn-bn¬ l¿Pn t_m[n-∏n-°p-hm≥ Ah-Im-i-ap-

≈-Xmbn \nb-a-hn-Z-Kv≤-∑m¿ A`n-]m-b-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. AXp km≤y-

amtWm F∂p ]co-£n-®-dn-bm≥ henb ]bm-ktam Ime-Xm-a-ktam

C√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ AXn-\p- th≠ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ X¬£Ww Xs∂ \S-

Øp-∂-Xm-sW∂pw A[n-Ir-X-ambn Adn-bp-∂p. Aßs\ Cu sslt°m-

SXn hn[n Aÿn-c-s∏-Sp-Øn-°n-´p-sa-∂m¿°pw ss[cyw ]d-bm-hp-∂-

X√; ]d-bp-∂p-an-√. GXm-bmepw B Imcyw Hcp hgn-bn¬IqSn apdbv°p

\S-°s´. Ct∏m-gsØ sslt°m-SXn hn[n Ah-km\ hn[n-bm-sW∂p

Xs∂ IW-°m-°n-s°m≠p \ΩpsS kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ mhn Ign-bp-∂X

tim`mbam-\-am-°n-Øo¿°p-∂-Xn-\mbn kap-Zm-bmw-K-ß-fmb kIe

Bfp-Ifpw kºq¿Æ-amb XymK-k-∂-≤-Xbpw Zo¿L-Zr-jvSnbpw ]Z¿in-

∏n-°-W-sa∂v A`y¿∞n®psIm≈p-∂p (a-e-bmf at\m-c-a, 1951 Unkw-

_¿ 22).

2

Hm¿ØtUmIvkv kpdn-bm\n k`-sb A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p∂

C∂sØ hnj-a-k-‘n-bn¬ Bi-bv°p≈ Htc Hcp am¿§w ImtXm-

en°m ÿm]-\-Øns‚ al-\ob t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ Hcp kzX¥k -bmbn

\mw apt∂m´pt]mIpI F∂p-≈Xp amX-am-sW∂p Rm≥ aps∂mcp

e°-Øn¬ ]kvXm-hn-®n-cp-∂-t√m. Cß-s\-bp≈ KXn-ap-´p∂ hnj-a-


L- -ßƒ hcp-tºmƒ kuI-cy-Øn\pth≠n Hcp Xm¬°m-enI t]mwhgn-

sb∂ hn[-Øn¬ H∂p-In¬ ASp-Øp≈ at‰-sX-¶nepw Hcp k`-bn¬

tN¿∂p-I-f-bp-Itbm As√-¶n¬ Fs¥-¶n-ep-am-Is´ Fs∂mcp ss\cm-

iy-Øn¬ At¥ymJym _‘-Øn\p Xs∂ Iogvs∏´p sImSp-°p-Itbm

sNbvXmepw Xc-t°-Sn-√ Fs∂mcp ]tem-`\w Nne¿°p tXm∂m-hp-

∂Xv kzm`m-hn-I-am-Wv. Hcp k`-sb∂ \ne-bn¬ AXp c≠pw \S-∏p≈

Imcy-a-s√-∂pw, AXp-sIm≠v bmsXmcp ]tbm-P-\-hp-ap-≠m-Im-\n-

s√∂pw AXn-\m¬ Ct∏mƒ A°mcyw Nn¥n-t°≠ Bh-iy-ta-bn-s√-

∂p-amWv Fs‚ kpZr-V-amb A`n-]m-bw.

Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv kpdn-bm\n k` Cu hnj-a-L-´-Øn¬ H´pw ]cn-

`-an-®n´p Imcy-an-√. Hcp kzX¥ k`-bmbn apt∂m´p t]mIm≥ X°

Ign-hp-Iƒ ssZhw \ap°v [mcm-f-ambn \¬In-bn- p-≠v. \ΩpsS ImtXm-

en°m _mhm Xncp-ta-\nsb ]uckvXy Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv kpdn-bm\n

k -bpsS ]mXn-b¿°o-kmbn Ah-tcm-[n-°m-\p≈ kIe km[y-X-Ifpw

sslt°m-SXn hn[n aqew \ap°p e`y-am-bn-´p-≠v. AXp \nanØw

\ΩpsS kap-Zmb \nebpw A`n-am-\hpw ssIkvXh temI-Øn¬ koam-

Xo-X-ambn Db-cp-∂-Xm-Wv. Aßs\ ImtXm-en°m knwlm-k-\Øns‚

kzX¥ ]c-am-[n-Im-c-Øns‚ XW-en¬ Hcp kzX¥ k`-bmbn

apt∂m´p t]mIp∂ ]£w, H¿Ø-tUmIvkv kpdn-bm\n k`bv°v kzIo-

b-amb Hcp hy‡nXzhpw ]q¿∆m-[nIw hn]p-e-amb tkh-\-km-[y-X-

Ifpw A`n-am-\-I-c-amb kzmX-¥yhpw hf¿®bpw ]ptcm-K-Xnbpw

\ΩpsS mhn-]-Y-Øn¬ ]q°ƒ hncn-°pw. mhn- X-e-ap-d-Iƒ \sΩ-∏‰n

A`n-am\w sIm≈pw. ]mc-X-¥y-Øns‚ Ccp-ºp- \pIw hen-s®-dn-™p-

I-f-™-h-sc-∂p≈ ]i-kvXn°p \mw Ah-Im-in-I-fm-Ipw. InkvXpaX-

Øns‚ hnPbNn”-amb Ipcnip ]mXn-\n[yw hln-°p∂ Ft∏mgpw

t¢i- ]o-U-I-fn-eq-sSbpw \sΩ- \-bn®pw euInIhpw Bflo-b-hp-amb

kzmX¥y IncoSw \ΩpsS k`-bpsS inc- n¬ Nm¿Øpw. \ap°v

apt∂m´p t]mImw.

(aebmf at\m-ca 1951 Unkw-_¿ 25)

tIkp-hn-[n -aqew k`m-[y-£s‚ Bÿm-\-amb ]gbskan-\mcn

ssIhn- p-t]m-tb-°ptam F∂ kwi-b-Øns‚bpw oXn-bp-sSbpw ]›m-

Ø-e-Øn-emWp sI.- kn. amΩ≥ am∏n-f-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ ]Øn-cp-

\qdp aWn-°q¿ sIm≠v H∂-c- e-£-tØmfw cq] ]ncn®p k`-bpsS

C∂sØ Bÿm-\-amb tZh-temIw ImtXm-en-t°‰v Ac-a\

\n¬°p∂ Gsg-t´-°¿ ÿew A[n-I-amcpw Adn-bmsX hmßn-bXv.


tIkv hn[nbpsS ]›m-Øe-Øn¬ tZh-tem-Iw Ac-a\ \n¬°p∂

ÿew hmßn-bXv ]n.- kn. G_lmw ]Sn-™m-td-°c, Fw.- kn. amXyp

amfn-tb-°¬ F∂n-hcpsS t]cn-em-bn-cp-∂p. Xs‚ ktlm-Z-co-]p-X\pw

Zo¿L-Imew k`m- sk-I-´-dn-bmbn ]h¿Øn® tijw Ct∏mƒ kap-

Zmb SÃn-bmbn XpS-cp∂ kap-∂X k`m-kvt\-ln-bp-amb ]n. kn.

G_lmans\ k`m-]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-te°v B\-bn-®Xpw sI. kn.

amΩ≥ am∏nfbmbn-cp-∂p F∂ Imcyw ]e¿°pw A⁄m-X-am-bn-

cn°pw. Xs‚ ""P∑n''bmbn-cp∂ G_-lm-ans‚ Imcy-Øn¬ ]. _tk-

en-tbmkv Koh-dp-Kokv c≠m-a≥ _mhmbv°pw henb Xmev]cyw D≠m-

bn-cp-∂p.

]gbskan-\mcnsb HmƒUv U¬ln-tbmSv D]-an-°m-sa-¶n¬ tZh-

temIw Ac-a\ k`sb kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw \yqU¬ln-bm-Wv. CXp

amΩ≥ am∏n-f-bpsSbpw Hcp \nXykvamcIw BsW∂p B[p-\nI k`m-

N-cnXw ]Tn-°p-∂-h¿°p \njv]-bmkw a\- n-em-Ipw. amΩ≥ am∏n-f-

bpsS, k`m-kw-_-‘-amb ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fnepw kam-[m\ Btem-N-\-

I-fnepw a‰pw ktlm-Z-c-∑m-cmb sI. kn. Cu∏\pw, sI. kn. Nmt°mbpw

]s¶-Sp-°p-Ibpw k¬t]c-W-Iƒ \¬Ip-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp∂p F∂

Imcyhpw FSpØp ]d-tb-≠-Xp-≠v.

amΩ≥ am∏n-f-bpsS Ime-tijw No^v FUn-‰-dm-bn-cp∂ sI. Fw.

sNdn-bm\pw at\m-cabpw k`m-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ kz]n-Xm-hns‚ Ime-Sn-I-

fn¬ \S-°p-Ibpw kam-[m\ N¿®-I-fnepw k`-bpsS as‰√m Imcy-ß-

fnepw kPo-h-ambn ]s¶-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXpsIm≠n-cp-∂p.

sI.- Fw. sNdn-bms‚ ImeØv At±-l-tØm-sSm-∂n®pw Ime-tijw

C∂pw ae-bmf at\m-c-abpw sI.- Fw. amXyphpw kss`Iy Imcy-ß-

fn¬ ]tXyI Xmev]cyw FSpØphcp∂p. amΩ≥ am∏nfbpsS Ime-

tijw sI.- Fw. sNdn-bm≥, sI. -Fw. amXyp F∂n-h¿°p k`m-Im-cy-

ß-fn¬ A\p-`hkº-∂\pw, N¿®v ho°nen ]Xm-[n-]cpw at\m-c-a-

bpsS amt\-Pcpw ]n∂oSp eoU¿ ssd‰-dp-ambn Zo¿L-Imew ]h¿Øn®

anX-hm-Zn-bpamb F≥.- Fw. G_lmw D]-tZ-i-ßƒ \¬In-h-∂p. sI.

kn. amΩ≥ am∏nfbn¬ \n∂v G_-lman\p e`n® k∑m¿§ ]cn-io-e-

\-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWnsX∂p Xd-∏n®p ]d-bm-\mhpw.

sI. kn. amΩ≥ am∏nf, sI. Fw. sNdn-bm≥, F≥. Fw. G_lmw

apX-em-b-h-cpsS Xntcm-[m-\-Øn-\p -tijw temIw imkvX-km-t¶-XnI

cwK-ß-fnepw hnhc hn⁄m-\- hym-]\ cwKØpw IpXn®p-Nm´w \SØn.


sI. kn. amΩ≥ am∏nfsI. sF. h¿Kokv am∏nf

sI. Fw. sNdn-bm≥ sI. Fw. amXyp

F≥. Fw. G_lmw amΩ≥ h¿Kokv amΩ≥ amXyp


X∑qew ]X]kn-≤o-I-c-W -˛ -]-N-mcW cwKØpw a‰pw h≥ t\´-

ßƒ ssIh-cn-°p-Ibpw C∂pw t\ -ßƒ H∂n\p ]pd-sa H∂mbn tXSn

FØp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. C∂sØ apJy ]Xm-[n-]¿ sI.- Fw. amXyp

AXym-[p-\nI hnhc hn⁄m\ kmt¶-XnI ]ptcm-KXn ap≥I≠p

sIm≠v at\m-c-asb ]pXnb Hcp bpK-Øn-te°p \bn-®Xpw \bn-°p-

∂Xpw a‰pw th≠-hn[w a\- n-em-°msX, amΩ≥ am∏nfbpsS Ime-

tØ°p at\m-ca Xncn®pt]mI-W-sa∂p hmZn-°p∂ Hcp \yq\-]£w

kap-Zm-b-Øn-ep-s≠∂v Ah-cpsS Nne ]kvXm-h-\-Iƒ km£n-°p-∂p.

C¥ybv°p s]mXpthbpw tIc-f-Ønse aq∂p-tImSn P\-ßƒ°p

]tXy-In-®pw tkh\w sNøm≥ ]Xn-⁄m-_≤amb ˛ C-¥y-bnse

G‰hpw henb `mjm-]-X-am-b- ˛ -a-t\m-c-a-AXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-i-‡n-

I-fn¬ ][m-\-s∏´ ae-¶c kpdn-bm\n kap-Zm-b-Øn-\p- th≠n amXw

F∂pw \ne-sIm-≈Wsa∂p ]d-bp-∂-h¿°p≈ ÿm\w at\m-tcm-Km-

ip-]-Xntbm at‰m Bbn-cn-°pw. ]Xhpw Hcp henb B[p-\nI hyh-

kmbambn amdn-b-t∏mƒ ˛ km-º-ØnI ]iv\-ß-fpsS a[y-Øn¬ -˛ -

]g-b-Im-esØt∏msebp≈ aqey-ßƒ°pw ]X-[¿Ω- Nn-¥-Iƒ°pw

amdnb ]cn-X-ÿn-Xn-bn¬ Ipsd am‰-ßƒ hcmw. kaq-l-Ønepw cmjvSo-

b-Ønepw k`-bnepw D≠m-Ip∂ A\p-Iqe ]Xn-Iqe kw`h

hnImkßsf I≠n-s√∂p \Sn-°mt\m HXp-°mt\m a’-cm-fl-I-amb

]X-tem-IØp km[n-°p-I-bn-√.

hm¿Ø-Iƒ F√m ÿe-ß-fnepw Hcpt]mse ]m[m\yw \¬In-

sImSp-t°-≠-Xm-sW-¶nepw Aßs\ sNøm≥ Ign-bp∂ Imew Cßn\n

Xncn®phcmsX IS∂pt]mbn-cn-°p∂p. X∂n-anØw ]X-ßƒ Nne

ÿe-ß-fn¬ P\-ß-fpsS anX-ßfpw a‰p ÿe-ß-fn¬ iXp-°fpw

Bbn-Øo-cp-∂p. at\m-c-asb kw_-‘n®pw CXp kXy-am-Wv. hS-°≥

`Zm-k-\-ß-fn¬ Xß-fpsS ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°p at\m-ca ]e-t∏mgpw

th≠X klm-b-I-am-bn-cp-∂n-s√∂v Ahn-SpsØ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv

k`mw-K-ßƒ ]cm-Xn-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn¬ Ig-ºn-s√∂p ]d-bm-\m-hn-√.

A¶-amen Zm-k\ saXm-t∏m-eo-Ømbpw BtKm-f- ]-ikvX k`m-

t\-Xmhpw Bbn-cp∂ tUm. ]oen-t∏mkv am¿ sXtbm-^n-tem-kns‚

_lp-apJ k`m Zm-k\ ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°p \yq\-]-£-amb hnL-

SnX hn`mKw Xpc¶w hbv°m≥ X¥-]q¿∆w t\SnsbSpØ A¿l-X-

bn-√mØ ]X-hm¿Ø-Iƒ henb XS- -ap-≠m-°n-b-Xmbn ae-bmf at\m-

cabpsS henb kplr-Øm-bn-cp∂ At±lw Xs∂ ]Xm-[n-]-tcmSpw

]d-™n-´p-s≠-∂p-≈Xv Hcp cl-ky-a-√. AXm-bXv bYm¿∞ tkh\


]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°p ]Nm-cWw e`n-°p∂Xn\p ]Icw Bc-hmcw D≠m-

°nb _d-_m-kns‚ A\p-bm-bn-Iƒ°p IqSp-X¬ ]n¥pW e`n®p

F∂p Npcp-°w.

Hcp DZm-l-cWw amXw ]d-™m¬ Imcyw IqSp-X¬ hy‡-am-Ipw.

2002 sk]vXw-_¿ 15 \p ]Ø-\w-Xn´ am°mw-Ip∂v ]≈n ssaXm-\Øp

ImtXm-en-t°‰v ÿm]\ \hXn ]am-Wn®v Bbn-c-°-W-°n\p k`mw-

K-ßƒ kw_-‘n® Hcp alm-k-tΩ-f-\hpw dmenbpw \S-∂p. tIm´bw

FUo-j-\n¬ 16 - \p _mhm ]kw-Kn-°p∂ ]Shpw ""k -bpsS Bhiyw

\oXn \S∏m°Ww F∂p amXw: ImtXm-en°m _mhm'' F∂p aq∂p

tImfw Xe-s°- p≈ Ac-t°mfw hm¿Øbpw h∂p. at\m-c-a-bpsS ae-

_m¿ ]Xn-∏nepw a‰pw ""\oXn \S-∏m-°Ww: ImtXm-en°m _mhm''

F∂p sNdnb 18 t]mbn‚ v Xe-s°´pw tIm´bw FUo-j-\n¬ h∂

hm¿Ø-bpsS eoUp- amXw tN¿Øv aq∂n©p hm¿Øbpw C´p.

""Hcp kw`hw \S-°p∂ ÿe-Øn\p shfn-bn-ep-≈-h¿°p B

hm¿Ø \ntj-[n-°p∂p. \nßƒ F√mw H∂pw Adn-tb≠; Rßƒ

Xcp-∂-Xp -amXw hmbn®m¬ aXn.'' an° kapZmb hm¿Ø-I-fp-sSbpw

]c-ky-ß-fp-sSbpw ÿnXn CXmWv. CXp hmb-\-°m¿ a\- n-em-°Ww.

ae-_m-dnep≈hcpw tIc-f-Øn\p shfn-bn-ep≈hcpw kap-Zmb hm¿Ø

Adn-bm≥ a‰p ]X-ß-sfbpw Sn. hn.- tbbpw \√ tZiob]X-amb

"lnµp' hns\bpw Bi-bn-t°-≠n-h-cp-∂p. ""F√m hm¿Øbpw F√m-

bn-SØpw \¬Im-sa∂p Rßƒ G‰n-´n√'' F∂-Xm-bn-cn°pw tNmZn-

®m¬ ]X-ßƒ \¬Ip∂ adp-]-Sn. X∂n-anØw an°-hcpw tNmZn-°m-dp-

an-√. C∂sØ ASn-apSn amdnb imkvX kmt¶-XnI hn⁄m\ hym]\

bpK-Øn¬ ae-bmf at\m-c-a-bpsS Np°m≥ ]nSn-°p∂ bphXeapd-

bnse ]cn-jvIr-X-cmb AwK-ßƒ ]i-kvX-cmb ap≥Km-an-Iƒ \S∂

]mX-bn-eqsSØs∂ H´pw amdmsX Ncn-°-W-sa-∂-\p-im-kn-°p-∂Xv icn-

b-√t√m.

]≠v Hcp ]tXyI hn`m-K-Øn-\mbn \SØnh∂ "\mb¿ tlm´¬'

F∂ amXr-I-bn¬ taen¬ Hcp ]X-Øn\pw Hcp ]tXyI hn`m-K-Øn\p-

am-X-ambn ]h¿Øn®p hf¿∂p-b-cm-\m-hn-√. Cu \· bmYm¿∞yw

a\- n-em-°n-bm¬ at\m-c-abv°v FXnsc Nne¿ ÿm\Øpw Aÿm-

\Øpw sXmSpØphnSp∂ hna¿i-\ic-ßƒ ]e-t∏mgpw e£y-ÿm-

\Øp ]Xn-°msX HSn-bp-I-bmWp sNøp-∂-Xv. P\-kw-Jym-\p-]m-Xn-I-

ambn t\m°p∂]£w Ign™ GXm\pw h¿j-ß-fmbn aWn-®s‚

aWn- ]nSp-ßnb am¿IvknÃv (a-Zy) ]m¿´n-bp-sSbpw hnL-SnX


bmt°m_mb hn`m-K-Øn-s‚bpw sN-bvXn-Iƒ°p at\m-ca IqSp-X¬

ÿew tem]-sat\y \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. Cu c≠p hn`m-K-ßfpw cmPy-

Øn\pw k`bv°pw \∑ sNøp-∂n-s√-∂p-≈-Xn\p ]tXyI sXfn-hp-

Iƒ H∂pw \nc-tØ≠ Bh-iy-hp-an-√. c≠p Iqćpw i‡-amb at\m-

c-abv°v t\sc \njvTp-c-amb hn[-Øn¬ It√dp \S-Øn-bn- p-ap-≠v. Nne¿

C∂pw Fdn-bp-∂p. Rm≥ at\m-c-a-bn¬ tPmen- sN-bvXn-cp∂ 1953 apX¬

1990 hsc \mep-Z-im-_vZ-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ H´-[nIw XhW at\m-c-abv°p

It√-dp -In-ń-b-Xmbn Hm¿°p-∂p. G‰hpw i‡-amb It√dp e`n-®Xv

aW¿Im´p \n∂p≈ Hcp PmY-bn¬ \n∂m-Wv. tdmU-cp-In-ep≈ sIń-S-

Øns‚ c≠mw \ne-bn¬ A∂p tPmen -sNbvXpsIm≠n-cp∂ ]Xm-[n-

]-∑mcpw a‰pw hen-b Xq-Wp-I-fpsS ]n∂n¬ A`bw tXSn. AXp-sIm-

≠m-Wv C°m-cy-ßƒ C∂v Fgp-Xp-hm≥ F\n°p Bbp p e`n-®Xv.

CsX√mw sNbvXn´pw at\m-ca ]Xn-]£ _lp-am\w A\yq\w \ne-

\n-dp-Øn-hcp-∂p.

at\m-c-a-tbbpw \mj-W¬ Izbn-tem¨ _m¶n-t\bpw XI¿°p-

Ibpw amΩ≥ am∏n-f-tbbpw sI. kn. Cu∏-t\bpw a‰pw Pbn-en¬ AS-

bv°p-Ibpw sNbvX Znhm≥ k¿ kn. ]n. cma-kzman Aø¿ acn-®-t∏mƒ

at\m-ca At±-l-Øns‚ tkh-\-ß-sfbpw Ign-hp-I-sfbpw ]Io¿Øn®v

Fgp-Xnb apJ-]-kwKw at\m-c-a-bpsS ]Xn-]£ _lp-am-\-Øns‚

aIp-tSm-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv. sI. Fw. sNdn-bm≥, sI. Fw. amXyp F∂n-h-

cp-ambn Btem-Nn®v A∂sØ eoU¿ ssd‰-dm-bn-cp∂ ˛ anX-hm-Zn-bm-

bn-cp∂ ˛ F≥. Fw. G_-lm-amWv apJ-]-kwKw Fgp-Xn-b-Xv. apJ-

]kwKw hmbn®tijw kp]-kn≤ k`mNcn-X-Im-c-\mb C Uv. Fw.

]mtd´v, F≥. Fw. G_-lm-ans\ t^mWn¬ hnfn®v ""FSm \ns∂

s°m≠-√msX a‰m¿°pw Cßs\ Hcp- an-I® apJ-]-kwKw Fgp-Xm≥

km[y-a√'' F∂p ]d™p A`n-\-µn-®Xv Hm¿°p∂p. at\m-c-a-bpsS

Cu al-Ømb amXrI C∂pw a\- n-em-°m≥ \ΩpsS cmjvSob ]m¿ń-

Ifpw k`-Ifpw H´pw hf¿∂n-ń-√!

ae-¶c Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`m h¿°nwKv IΩn‰n saº-dmb sI.

Fw. amXyp c≠p h¿jw apºv Nnß-h-\Øp tN¿∂ G_lmw am¿

¢oΩnkv saXmt∏meo-Øm-bpsS ]utcm-lnXy kph¿Æ Pq_nen

tbmK-Øn¬, ae-¶ck` AwKo-I-cn-°mØ ]mXn-b¿°okv kJm ]Y-

a-t\m-sSm∏w ]s¶-SpØp ]kw-Kn-®-Xns\ hna¿in®psIm≠p m. emk-

dkv H.- sF. -kn. 2000 sabv 16 -˛ 31 e°w ae-¶-c-k`mZo-]-Øn¬ ""h©n-

X-amb ae-¶c k`tb e÷n®p Xe XmgvØp! ]mXn-b¿°o-kns\

XS-bm≥ \ntbm-Kn-X≥ ]kw-K-th-Zn-bn¬'' F∂ io¿j-I-Øn¬ Hcp


teJ\w Fgp-Xn-bn-cp∂p. ]mXn-b¿°m kµ¿i\w \ntcm-[n-°-W-sa∂p

ae-¶c Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`m h¿°nw-Kv IΩn‰n tIµ -˛- kw-ÿm\

k¿°mcp-I-tfmSp A`y¿∞n®p ]m m-°nb ]ta-bsØ ap≥\n¿Øn-

bm-bn-cp∂p Cu teJ-\w.

tIm´bw sI. sI. tdmUn¬ ae-bmf at\m-ca ÿnXn-sN-øp∂

ÿew Ct∏mgpw k - h-I-bm-sW∂pw G_lmw am¿ ¢oΩnkv saXm-

t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS ]utcm-lnXy I\-I-Pq-_n-en-bn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°m≥ h∂

Za-kvtIm-knse kndn-b≥ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`-bpsS k°m ]Y-a≥

]mXn-b¿°o-kn-t\mSp Nnß-h-\-Øp -h®p Ipiew ]d-™Xp henb

A]-cm-[-ambnt∏m-sb∂pw th≠X hnh-can-√mØ Nne¿ "ae-¶ck`m

Zo]w' F∂ kzX¥ k`m ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-Øn¬ Fgp-Xn-bn-cp-∂p.

ae-bmf at\m-ca Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`sb ]n¥m-ßp-∂Xp at\m-

ca ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ ÿew hn´p-sIm-Sp-°m-Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p- th-≠n-bm-

sW∂v GXm\pw amkw apºv IY-b-dn-bmsX bmt°m-_mb k`-bpsS

saXm-t∏m-eoØm Bbn-cp∂ tXmakv am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv (tIm-X-

aw-K-ew) ]kvXm-hn-®n-cp-∂p. CXp kw_-‘n®p \mep ImtXm-en°m

_mhm-am-cpsS ˛ c≠p -t]-cpsS ss]h‰v skI-´dn ˛ IqsS 50 h¿jw

Pohn® kap-∂X sshZn-I\pw k`-bnse kp]-[m\ kw`-h-ß-fpsS

H∂mw km£nbpw tZh-temIw Ac-a\ amt\-P-cp-am-bn-cp∂p Ign-™-

h¿jw A¥-cn® ^m. Sn. Pn. kJ-dnbm ae-¶c k`mZo]-Øn¬ Fgp-

Xn-bn-cp∂ "]mXn-b¿°m kµ¿i\hpw ae-bmf at\m-c-abpw' F∂

it≤-b-amb teJ\w kwib\nhr-Øn-°p-

th≠n NphsS tN¿°p∂p.

""ae-¶ck`m-Zo]w 2000 sabv 16-˛31 ]Xn-

∏n¬ Sn. sF. h¿Kokv Ip∂w-Ipfw ]Xn-

I-cWw ]w‡n-bn¬ Fgp-Xn-bn-cp∂ Ipdn∏p

hmbn-®p. AXv sX‰n-≤m-c-Wm-P-\-Ihpw

kXym-hÿ a\- n-em-°msX sX‰n-≤-cn-°-

s∏´pw Fgp-Xn-bn-´p-≈-Xm-I-bm¬ AXns‚

kXym-hÿ Zo¿L-\m-fsØ Fs‚ k`m-

tI-µ-Ønse ]h¿Ø\w aqew a\- n-em-

°n-bn- p-≈Xv k`mw-K-ß-fpsS Adn-hn-te°v

]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bm-Wv.

]Xn-I-c-W-Ønse BZy hnjbw kJm

]mXn-b¿°okv _mhm-bpsS ae-¶c kµ¿i-\-am-Wv. AXp kw_-‘n®v^m. Sn. Pn. kJ-dnbm


k`mtIµw F¥p ]h¿Øn®p F∂v shfn-hm-°-W-sa∂v h¿Kokv

Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. k`m amt\-PnwKv IΩn-‰nbpw ]. kp∂-l-tZmkpw

]. _mhm-Xncpta\n ]tXy-I-am-bpw, B kµ¿i\w kp]ow-tIm-SXn

hn[n°pw Imt\m-\p-Iƒ°pw k`m `c-W-L-S-\bv°pw \nc-°m-Ø-Xm-

sW∂v ]mXn-b¿°o-kns\ Adn-bn-®n-cp-∂p. IqSmsX B kµ¿i\w

\ntcm-[n-°p-∂-Xn\v Kh¨sa‚ v Xe-Ønepw th≠ \nth-Z-\-ßƒ

ka¿∏n-®n-cp-∂p. CXn-s‚-sbms° hni-Zhn-h-c-ßƒ ]X-Zzmcm ]kn-

≤-s∏-Sp-Ø-W-sa∂v h¿Kokv Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂-Xns‚ HuNnXyw a\- n-

em-Ip-∂n-√. k`-bpsS HutZym-KnI kan-Xn-Iƒ Adn™pw Ah-cpsS

\n¿t±-i-]-Im-c-hp-amWv Ch-sbms° sNbvXn- p-≈-Xv. CXp kw_-‘n®v

k`mw-K-ßƒ Adn-tb≠ Imcy-ßƒ At∏m-g-t∏mƒ ]. _mhm-Xn-cp-a-\-

nse Iev]\ aqehpw ]X-Zzm-c-bmbpw P\-ßsf Adn-bn-®n-´p-≠v.

kJm ]mXn-b¿°o-kns‚ ae-¶c kµ¿i\w CXp c≠mw Xh-W-

bm-Wv. BZy-tØXv 1982˛¬ B\bpw Aºm-cnbpw shSnbpw ]S°hpw

klnXw BtLm-j-ambn ae-¶-c-bnse ]e ]≈n-Ifpw kµ¿in-°p-

Ibpw ]mXn-b¿°o-kn-\-SpØ I¿Ω-ßƒ- -aq-tdm≥ IqZm-i, saXm≥

hmgvN XpS-ßnb I¿Ω-ßƒ ˛ \S-Øp-Ibpw sNbvX-Xm-Wv. tIcf

k¿°m¿ t]mepw A∂v ]mXn-b¿°o-kns‚ _lp-am-\m¿∞w hncp∂p

k¬°mcw \SØn. CØ-hW At±-l-Øns‚ kµ¿i\w Hcp F∏n-

kvtIm-∏¬ kµ¿i\w Bbn-cp-∂n-√. Iv\m\mb saXm-t∏m-eo-Ø-mbpsS

]utcm-lnXy Pq_n-en-bn¬ kw_-‘n-°p-hm≥ amX-am-bn-cp∂p B

kµ¿i\w. 1982 set∏mse ]≈n-Iƒ kµ¿in-°p-∂-Xnt\m a‰p ]cn-

]m-Sn-I-fn¬ ]¶p-sIm-≈p-∂-Xnt\m At±-l-Øn\v A\p-hmZw C√m-bn-

cp-∂p. hnam-\-Øm-h-f-Øn-te°v t]mIp-∂ -hgn Hcp Sqdn-Ãn-s\-t∏mse

c≠p ]≈n-Iƒ A\u-tZym -Kn -I-ambn kµ¿in-°pI amXta

sNbvXp≈p. CXn\v CS-bm-°nb kml-Ncyw Nn¥n-°p-∂-h¿°v a\-

n-em-°m-hp-∂-tX-bp≈p. 1982 se ÿnXn- X-s∂-bmWv C∂pw ]mXn-

b¿°o-kns\ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw ]m_-ey-Øn-ep-≈-Xv. A∂pw

C∂pw ae-¶-c-k-`-bn¬ kzoI-cn-°-s∏-´n-´n-√mØ Hcp hntZi ]mXn-

b¿°o-km-Wv kJm ]Y-a≥.

.... ae-¶ck` apS-°nb Hcp saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bp-sS I\-I-Pq-_n-

enbn¬ tIm -bsØ ]Xm-[n-]-∑m¿ Ah-c-hcpsS ]X-ß-fpsS t]cn¬

Biw-k-Iƒ A¿∏n-°m≥ FØnb Iq´-Øn¬ at\m-ca ]Xm-[n-]¿

sI. Fw. amXyphpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ At±lw k`m amt\-PnwKv

IΩn‰n ÿm\hpw, a‰pw cmPn-h-bv°-W-sa∂v Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv hnNn-

X-ambn tXm∂p∂p.


]. ImtXm-en°m _mhm-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ tIc-f-Ønse hnhn[

k -I-fnepw kap-Zm-b-ß-fnepw k¿∆m-Z-c-Wo-b-\mbn hy‡napZ ]Xn®

Hcmƒ thsd C√m F∂p≈ hkvXpX PmXn-a-X- t`Xsat\y k¿∆-

kΩ-X-am-Wv. Xncp-a-\- nse ]m¿∞\m PohnXw, hy‡n amlmflyw,

a‰p-≈-h-tcm-Sp≈ kl-I-c-Ww, t\XrXzw Ch-sb√mw ae-¶c Hm¿Ø-

tUmIvkv k`bv°v Hcp henb apX¬°q´m-Wv. lrZbikvX-Inb

Ign™ At±lw 86- ˛mw hb- nepw Btcm-Ky-hm-\mbn k`-bn¬

Atßm-f-an-tßmfw HmSn \S∂v t\XrXzw \¬Ip-∂-Xn\v ssZhw Xncp-

ta-\nsb \S-Øp-∂p. C\nbpw Zo¿L-\mƒ Btcm-Ky-hm-\m-bn-cp∂v k`m-

\u-Isb \bn-°p-∂-Xn\pw k`m kam-[m\w I≠v kmbqPyw ]m]n-

°p-∂-Xn\pw Xncp-ta-\nsb ssZhw i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øs´ F∂p \ap°p

]m¿∞n-°mw. AXmWv k`m a°-fpsS Npa-X-e.

Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`-bnse Bflmb t\Xm-°-fn¬ ]Y-a\pw

BtKmf ]i-kvX\pw k`m-kvt\-ln-bp-amb BfmWv sI. Fw. amXyp.

k`-bnse P\-e-£-ßsf ]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn®v ]. _mhm Xncpta-\nbpw

sI.- Fw. amXyphpw Hs° cmPnsh®p t]mIs´ F∂v ho´p-t]cv shfn-

s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-bmØ Hcp s]mbvap-J-°m-c≥ h¿Kokv Ip∂w-Ipfw

Fgp-Xn-bn- p-≈-Xn\v hne F¥p-am-X-ap-s≠∂v \nßƒ Xs∂ H∂v Nn¥n-

°p-∂Xp sIm≈mw. a∂Øp ]fl-\m- s‚ iXm- n-tjI ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬

]cn-ip≤ _t -en-tbmkv Koh¿Kokv ZznXo-b≥ _mhm kw_-‘n®v

A\p-K-lm-in pIƒ t\¿∂Xv Cu Ah-k-c-Øn¬ Rm≥ Hm¿°p-∂p.

]XnI-c-W-Ønse as‰mcp ]cm-a¿iw ae-bmf at\m-ca ÿnXn

sNøp∂ ÿe-sØ-∏-‰nbpw a‰p-ap≈ aq∂p tNmZy-ß-fm-Wv. km[m-

cW hmb-\-°m¿°n-S-bn¬ Ht´sd sX‰n-≤m-c-W-Iƒ krjvSn-°m≥ Cu

tNmZy-ßƒ CS-h-cp-Øn-tb°mw. bYm¿Y hkvXp-X-Iƒ ]e¿°pw C∂v

A⁄m-X-am-bn-cn°mw. AXp-sIm≠p Xs∂ Hcp hni-ZoI-c-W-Øn\v

]k-‡n-bp≠v F∂p tXm∂p∂p.

]cm-a¿i\hnt[-b-amb Imcy-ß-fn¬ NneXv \S-°p-tºmƒ HutZym

KnI \ne-bn¬ Rm\pw AXn¬ Dƒs∏- n-cp-∂p. Imew sNbvX ]. Koh¿

Kokv ZznXo-b≥ ImtXm-en°m _mhm-bpsS ss]h‰v skI-´-dn-bmbn

Rm≥ tPmen-sN-bvXn-cp∂ ImeØv 1962 P\p-h-cn-bn-emWv teJ-\-Øn-

s\m-Sp-hn-embn ]d-bp∂ Nne Imcy-ßƒ \S-∂-Xv.

""sI. -sI. tdmUn¬ ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ tImSn-°-W-°n\v cq] hne-

bp≈ ae-bmf at\m-ca Hm^okv \n¬°p∂ ÿew BcpsS hI-bmWv?


]pen-t°m- n¬ c≠mw Xncp-ta\n I≠-Øn¬ h¿Kokv am∏nfbv°v ]kv

\S-Øp-hm≥ ÿe-an-√msX h∂-t∏mƒ kz¥-ambn ] v \S-Øp-hm≥

sImSpØp F∂mWv k`m-a-°-fpsS Adnhv. Cu ÿew ae-bmf at\m-

c-abv°p k` Xodp sImSp-Øpthm? AtXm Ct∏mgpw ]m´w k`bv°v

sImSp-°p-∂pt≠m?'' CXmWv h¿Ko-kns‚ tNmZy-ßƒ.

CXv Hcp \q‰m≠p apºv \S∂ kwK-Xn-bm-Wv. CtX-∏‰n Rm\pw

IqSp-X¬ At\z-j-W-ßƒ \S-Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn.

Hcp \q‰m-≠n\p ap∂n-esØ NcnX ]›m-Øew IqSn hnh-cn-®m¬

amXta tNmZy-ßƒ°p-Ø-chpw bYm¿Y NnXhpw k`m a°ƒ°v e`n-

°p-I-bp-≈p. Ct∏mƒ tIm´bw Ie-IvtS‰v PwKvj-\n-ep≈ t]meokv

Sm^nIv sFe≥Un\v sX°phiØp XpSßn ]Sn-™m-tdm´v \n[ocn

h°oens‚ DS-a-ÿ-X-bn¬ D≈Xpw At±lw Xma-kn-®n-cp-∂-Xp-amb

]pc-bnSw (C-t∏mƒ tlm´¬ Aºm-k-U¿) hsc-bp≈ `qan Be-∏pg

tImta¿jy¬ GP‚m-bn-cp∂ \yq Imt^m¿´v F∂ Cw•o-jp-Im-c-t‚-

Xm-bn-cp-∂p. At±lw A[n-Im-c-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-X-\p-k-cn®v Pbnwkv Umdm

A°m-eØv \ne-hn¬ h∂ PmssXIy kwL-Øn\v Cu ÿe-ßƒ

apgp-h≥ Fgp-Xn-s°m-Sp-Øp. ItØm-en°m ˛ bmt°m-_mb kap-Zm-b-

ßƒ XΩn¬ Hcp-an®v ]h¿Øn-°m-\p≈ thZn-bm-bn-cp∂p Cu

PmssXIy kwLw. A∂sØ ae-¶ck`m- X-e-h-\mb am¿ Zoh-

∂mtkymkv saXm-t∏m-eoØm (]p-en-t°m-´n¬ c≠m-a≥ Xncp-ta-\n),

I≠-Øn¬ h¿Kokv am∏n-f, ^mZ¿ CΩm-\p-th¬ G_lmw \n[o-cn-

(\n-[o-cn-°¬ amWn IØ-\m¿) XpS-ßn-b-h-cm-bn-cp-∂p Cu PmssXIy

kwL-Øns‚ t\Xr-ÿm-\Øv.

ItØm-en°m k -bn¬ PmssXIy kwL-Øn\v t\XrXzw \¬Inb

Hcp hntZi ]mXn-cn-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Hcp Zpcq-l -km-l-N-cy-Øn¬ At±-

lsØ sIm®n-bnse _nj∏v s]s´∂v ]n≥h-en-°p-I-bmWv D≠m-bXv.

XpS¿∂mWv PmssXIy kwL-Øns‚ ssIh-i-an-cp∂ 22 G°¿ ÿe-

Øns‚ knwl-`mKw ]pen-t°m-´n¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS D’m-l-Øm¬

k`bv°v ssIhiw hbv°m≥ Ah-kcw e`n-®-Xv. A∂v Im¥Z¿in-

Xz-tØmSp IqSn ]h¿Øn-°m≥ Xncpta-\n°v t]cW \evIn-bXv At±-

l-Øns‚ IqsS ]h¿Øn-®n-cp∂ h¿Kokv am∏nf Bbn-cp∂p F∂v

hy‡-am-Wv.

Cu B[mcw \S-∂Xv sIm√-h¿jw 1064 -˛¬ (F. -Un. 1888) BWv

(Document No. 447 of 1064). AXn\p apºp Xs∂ hkvXp ssIam‰w


kw_-‘n®v Umdm- km-bn-∏p-ambn PmssXIy kwL-Øns‚ t\Xm-

°ƒ [mc-W-bn-se-Øn-bn-cp-∂p F∂v B[m-c-Øn¬ \n∂p a\- n-em-

°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. 3451 cq]-bmWv ]Xn-^-e-ambn \evIn-bXv. ae-¶ck`

AXns‚ ]IpXn XpI-bmb 1750 cq]-tbmfw sImSp-Øp-sh∂p thWw

Icp-Xm≥. AXm-bXv G°-dn\v 80 cq].

Cu Im-e-b-f-hn¬ Xs∂-bm-bn-cp∂p (1888) ae-bmf at\m-ca Iº\n

ÿm]n-®Xv. at\m-ca ]Xw BZyw XpS-ßn-bXv Ct∏m-gsØ Genbm

IØoU-ens‚ ÿm\Øp \n∂n-cp∂ Nm∏-ens‚ Hcp hi-Øm-bn-cp∂p.

AXp-sIm≠v Genbm Nm∏-ens\ "at\m-c-a-∏≈n' F∂pw Fw. -Un.

kvIqfns\ "at\m-ca ]≈n-°qSw' F∂pw hfsc \mƒ ]d-™p-h-∂p.

Ipd-®p-Imew Ign-™-t∏mƒ IqSp-X¬ kuI-cy-Øn-\p-th≠n

ASpØ ]d-ºn-te°p am‰n ÿm]n-°m≥ Xncp-ta\n \n¿t±-in-°p-I-bp-

≠mbn. B D]-tZiw kzoI-cn-®mWv at\m-ca Ct∏mƒ Ccn-°p∂

ÿeØv ]h¿Ø\w Bcw-`n-®-Xv. at\m-c-abv°v ]Sn-™m-dp≈ mKw

apgp-h≥ ItØm-en°m _nj-∏ns‚ Ac-a-\bpw \n[o-cn-°se hoSpw

(C-t∏mƒ tlm´¬ Aºm-k-U¿) Bbn-cp-∂p. ]pen-t°m-ń¬ A©m-

a≥ Xncp-ta\n \evInb ÿeØv ]kpw sIń-Shpw ÿm]n-°m≥ ]Xn-

\m-bncw cq] apS-°nb I≠-Øn¬ h¿Kokv am∏n-fbv°v B H∂c

G°¿ ÿew A∂sØ aXn∏phne A\p-k-cn®v kz¥-am-°m≥ \qtdm

\q‰n Ccp-]-Øt©m cq] IqSn apS-°m≥ Hcp ]bm-khpw D≠m-Ip-am-

bn-cp-∂n-√. As√-¶n¬ CXn-\-SpØv CjvS-ap≈ GXp ÿehpw AXbpw

cq]bv°v hmßm-am-bn-cp-∂p.

AXn\p ]Icw k`mkvt\ln-bmb I≠-Øn¬ h¿Kokv am∏nf

Xs‚ k`bv°v Hcp ÿnchcp-am\sa∂ \nebv°v A∂v òa-amb Hcp

XpI (24- cq]) ]m´-ambn ]Xn-h¿jw \evIp-I-bm-bn-cp∂p sNbvX-Xv.

CXv kw_-‘n®v ]m´-®-o´v ]pen-t°m-ń¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bmWv \¬In-b-Xv.

AXm-bXv ]m´-®o-ńs‚ 5 aSßv apS-°n\v hkvXp Xodmbn e`n-°p-am-

bn-cp-∂n´pw At±lw k`bv°p th≠n Hcp XymKw A\p-jvTn-°p-I-bm-

bn-cp-∂p. Xncp-ta-\n-bp-sSbpw h¿Kokv am∏n-f-bp-sSbpw Iq´mb Xocp-

am-\-Øn¬ \n∂m-bn-cp∂p Cu \S-]-Sn-I-sf-√mw.

Cu Ah-k-c-Øn¬ h¿Kokv am∏nfbpsS k`m-kvt\-l-sØ-∏‰n Hcp

Imcyw IqSn Ipdn-°-s´. Xncp-aqe-]pcw _men-Im-aTw sslkvIqƒ

ÿm]n-°m≥ th≠n AXn-cn-°p∂ ÿew I≠-Øn¬ h¿Kokv am∏nf

bmsXmcp hnebpw hmßmsX kw`m-h\ sNøp-I-bm-bn-cp∂p F∂p-


≈Xpw k`m-a-°ƒ Adn-™n-cn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

C\n 1962 - ¬ \S∂ Xodm-[m-cw ]cntim[n°mw. A∂sØ ImtXm-

en°m _mhm-bm-bn-cp∂ Koh¿Kokv ZznXo-b≥ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ss]h‰v

skI-´-dn-bm-bn-cp∂ Fs‚ Hm¿Ω-bn¬ B kw`-h-ßƒ C∂pw ]®-]n-

Sn®v \n¬°p-∂p. As∂mcp Znhkw ImtXm-en°m_mhm Xncp-ta\n

ae-bmf at\m-ca No^v FUn-‰-dm-bn-cp∂ sI. Fw. sNdn-bm-s\bpw

ktlm-Z-c\pw amt\-PnwKv FUn-‰-dp-am-bn-cp∂ sI.- Fw. amXyp-hn-s\bpw

tZh-temIw Ac-a-\-bn-te°v t\cn v hnfn-∏n®v ae-bmf at\m-ca Iº\n

\n¬°p∂ ÿew k` h-I-bm-sW-∂pw AXv \nßƒ Xodp hmß-W-

sa∂pw Iev]n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. hkvXp Ah¿ Xs∂ Xosd-gpXn hmßn®p

sIm≈m\pw 75,000 cq] hne-bmbn k`bv°v e`n-°-W-sa∂v BK-ln-

°p-∂-Xmbpw _mhm Adn-bn-®p. PmssXIy kwL-Øns‚ kwLm-S-I-

cn¬ ][m-\n-bm-bn-cp∂ h¿Kokv am∏n-f°v ]pen-t°m-´n¬ Xncp-ta\n

ÿncw ]m´-Øn\v sImSpØv 75 h¿j-tØm-fw ssIhiw sh® ÿew

h¿Kokv am∏n-f-bp-sSbpw amΩ≥ am∏n-f-bp-sSbpw Ime-tijw Ah-

cpsS ]n≥Km-an-Iƒ, Koh¿Kokv ZznXo-b≥ Xncp-ta\n (I-√m-ticn _mhm)

bn¬ \n∂v A∂sØ am¿°‰v hnebv°v hmßp-I-bmWv sNbvX-Xv.

A°m-eØv ae-bmf at\m-ca CX-tbsd hf¿∂n-´n-√. F¶nepw

Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Iev]\ t]mse F∂v ]d™v ÿew hmßp-∂-Xn\v

kΩXw Adn-bn-°p-Ibpw sshImsX ]amWw cPn-Ã¿ sNøm-sa∂v

[mc-W-bm-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. CX-\p-k-cn®v 1962 P\p-hcn 27- \v ]amWw

cPn-Ã-dm-°n (Sale deed No. 369 dated 27 - 1 - 1962 of Kottayam Addl.Sub Registry). k`bv°p th≠n Cu ]amWw Fgp-Xn-∏n-® \°¬ AwKo-

I-cn®Xv k`m-h°o¬ Bbn-cp∂ h´-°p-t∂¬ _mhm Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS

ktlm-Z-c≥ sNdn-bm≥ h°o¬ Bbn-cp-∂p. ae-¶ck`-bpsS hkvXp

kwc-£W kanXn hne-bn-cpØn \n›-bn® XpI-bm-bn-cp∂p 75,000 cq].

]n∂oSv ae-¶ck`-bpsS D∂-Xm-[n-Imc Btem-N\m kanXn N¿®

sNbvXv Cu hnebv°v hn¬°m≥ Xocp-am-\n-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. F∂n´pw

skbn¬kv UoUv Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ ]q¿Øn-bmb tijw

75,000 cq] Ipd-hm-sW∂v Btcm ]d-s™∂p tI´-t∏mƒ _mhm Xncp-

ta\n Ipsd cq] IqSn Xc-W-sa∂v ]d-™p. AX-\p-k-cn®v 12,000 cq]

IqSn at\m-c-a-bn¬ \n∂v hmßn. amΩ≥ am∏n-f-bpsS IpSpw-_-hp-am-

bp≈ _‘-Øns‚bpw, kvt\l-Øn-t‚bpw t]cn¬ Xs‚ t]cn¬ Hcp

Ip‰hpw hc-cp -sX-∂p≈ BKlw _mhm-bv°p-≠m-bn-cp -∂Xp

sIm≠mWv I®-hSw \S-∂-tijw Cß-s\-sbmcp XpI Bh-iy-s∏-

´Xv.


Aßs\ PmssXIy kwL-Øn-\p-th≠n Pbnwkv Umdm Fgp-Xn-

s°m-Sp-°p-Ibpw ]n∂oSv Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ssIhiw hcp-Ibpw sNbvX

ÿew 75 h¿jw Ign™v A∂sØ hne-bmb 87,000 cq]bv°v at\m-

ca hmßn F∂p-≈-XmWv NcnX hkvXp-X.

Sn. -sF. h¿Kokv Bcm-™n-cn-°p∂ Imcy-ßƒ°p ]pdsa Nne

hkvXp-X-Iƒ IqSn hmb-\-°m¿ Adn-™n-cn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. ae-bmf at\m-

ca Ccn-°p∂ ÿe-Øn\v ]n∂n-ep≈ At©-°tdmfw hkvXp

Ct∏mgpw at\m-ca tXm∏v F∂v Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. IpSn-In-S-∏-h-Imiw

A\p-h-Zn-°p∂ \nb-a-]-Imcw IpSn-In-S-∏p-Im¿°v Cu ÿew k`

]Xn®p sImSp-°p-I-bmWv sNbvXXv. 1970 IfpsS Ah-km-\hpw F¨]-

Xp-I-fn-ep-ambn Cu IpSn-In-S-∏-hImiw e`n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn IpSn-In-S-∏p-

Im¿ sk‚n\v icmicn 40 cq]-bmWv sImSp-t°≠n h∂-Xv. Ah-cn¬

\n∂v H∂c G°-dn\v k`bv°v e`n-®Xv Bdm-bncw cq]. AXp Xs∂

KUp-°-fmbn AS®p Xo¿°m-\m-bn-cp∂p Kh¨sa‚ v DØ-c-hv.

bYm¿∞ hnh-c-ßƒ a\- n-em-°m-sXbpw tI´p-tIƒhn-Iƒ h®p

sIm≠pw tNmZy-ßƒ D∂-bn-®Xp hgn hkvXp-X-Iƒ k`m-a-°-fpsS

apºmsI t_m≤y-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Hc-h-kcw e`n-®-Xn¬ F\n°v Nmcn-

Xm¿∞y-ap-≠v.''

ae-bmf at\m-casb kw_-‘n®p "ae-¶-ck`m-Zo]-'-Øn¬ h∂ Nne

hna¿i-\-ßsf ap≥\ndpØn sI.- hn. amΩ≥ c≠p h¿jw apsº-gp-

Xnb ""ae-¶ck`bpw at\m-c-abpw'' F∂ teJ-\-amWp NphsS tN¿°p-

∂-Xv.

""ae-¶ck`bpw at\m-c-abpw'' F∂ io¿j-I-Øn¬, Fs‚ am\y

kplrØpw I\n-jvT-k-tlm-Zcÿm\o-b\pw sslZ-c-_m-Znse Hcp

]apJ A`n-`m-j-I-\p-amb ]n. -hn. hdpKokv 2001 sk]vXw-_¿ 1 ˛ 15

e°w ae-¶ck`m-Zo-]-Øn¬ Fgp-Xnb teJ-\-Øn¬, Xmc-X-tay\ Xs‚

sNdp]mbw sIm≠pw ]cn-an-X-amb k`m-N-cnX hn⁄m\w sIm≠pw

hcpØnb Nne sX‰p-Iƒ Xncp-tØ-≠Xv Fs‚ IS-a-bmbn Rm≥ Gs‰-

Sp-°p-I-bm-Wv.

1953- ˛¬ ae-bmf at\m-cabn¬ tPmen-bn¬ ]th-in® F\n°p

]ikvX ]Xm-[n-]-∑mcpw AXpey k`m-kvt\-ln-I-fp-am-bn-cp∂ ]tc-

X-cmb sI. -kn. amΩ≥ am∏nf, At±-l-Øns‚ koa¥]pX-\mb sI.

Fw. sNdn-bm≥ F∂n-h-cpsS Iognepw Ct∏m-gsØ apJy]Xm-[n-]-

cmb sI. -Fw. amXyp, FUn-‰¿ amΩ≥ amXyp, ]km-[-I-\mb amΩ≥


hdpKokv F∂n-h-cpsS Iognepw samØw \mev]Xp h¿j-tØmfw ]Xm-

[n] ka-nXn-bn¬ ]h¿Øn-°m≥ Ah-k-chpw `mKyhpw e`n-®p.

Cu ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ hkvXp-X-Iƒ Hcp henb Af-

hn¬ B[n-Im-cn-I-am-Wv. Hcp kPo-h-km-£n-bpsS tNmZyw sNø-s∏-Sm-

\m-hmØ samgn-sb∂p thW-sa-¶nepw hnti-jn-∏n-°mw. sI. -sI.

tdmUn¬ ae-bmf at\m-ca ÿnX-nsN-øp∂ ÿew ae-¶c saXm-t∏m-

eoØm IqSn-bmb ]. -_t- -en-tbmkv Koh-dp-Kokv c≠m-a≥ ImtXm-

en°m _mhm A∂p \ne-hn-en-cp∂ am¿°‰p hne-tb-°mƒ IqSnb

XpI ]‰n-s°m≠v at\m-c-abv°p Xosd-gp-Xn-s°m-Sp-Ø-Xm-sW∂ Imcyw

]. _mhm-bpsS skI-´-dnbpw C∂v ImtXm-en-t°‰v Ac-a\ amt\-P-cp-

amb ^m. Sn. -Pn. kJ-dn-bm-bpsS (^m. kJ-dnb 2001 sabv amk-Øn¬

acn-®p) A¿∞-i-¶-°n-S-bn-√mØ teJ-\-Øn¬ khn-kvXcw ]d-™n-

´p-≈-Xn-\m¬ A°mcyw Hcp AS™ A≤ym-b-am-Wv. AXp-t]mse

Ip∂w-Ipfw at\mc-abv°p th≠n ]i-kvX-amb ]pen-t°m-´n¬ IpSpw-

_-Ønse C´q∏v A\p-jvTn® XymK-ßƒ bYm-k-abw AwKo-I-cn-°m≥

hn´pt]mbXv kw_-‘n-®p≈ sI. -kn. amΩ≥ am∏n-f-bpsS £am-

bmN\w kwkv°mckº-∂-\mb Hcp henb a\p-jys‚ inc- nse

as‰mcp Xqh-embn IW-°m-°p-tºmƒ AXpw AS™ as‰mc[ymb-

ambn amdp-∂p.

I≠-Øn¬ hdp-Kokv am∏n-fbpw sI. -kn. amΩ≥ am∏n-fbpw a‰pw

cmPy-Øn-\p -th≠nbpw, k`bv°p th≠nbpw, `mjbv°p th≠nbpw

sNbvXn-´p≈ _lp-apJ tkh-\-ßƒ th≠-hn[w a\- n-em-°-W-sa-

¶n¬ cmPy-N-cn-Xhpw k`mNcnXhpw kmlnXy Ncn-Xhpw icn°p

]Tn-°-Ww. AXp- sNømØh-cpsS ]Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ°v Fhn-sSbpw hf-

b-an-√-msX \njv]-bmkw NmSm≥ km[n-°pw.-

]p-en-t°m-´n¬ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv saXm-t∏m-eoØm 1892 ˛¬ Bcw-

`n® Fw. Un kvIqƒ kw_-‘n® ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v 1890- ˛¬

]h¿Ø\w XpS-ßnb at\m-ca hf-sc-b-[nIw klmbw \¬In. saXm-

t∏m-eo-ØmbpsSbpw h¿Kokv am∏n-f-bp-sSbpw ]ckv]c hnizm-khpw

e£y-t_m-[hpw kap-Zm-b-Øn\pw ]X-Øn\pw Hcpt]mse KpWw

sNbvXp.

h´-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\nsb A_vZp≈m ]mXn-b¿°okv AIm-c-W-

ambn apS-°p-Ibpw ka-p-Zmbw tIkn¬ tXmev°p-I-bpw sNbvX-t∏mƒ

Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ sslt°m-SXn No^v PÃokv hoc-cm-Lhø¶m-cpsS


hn[nsb \nin-X-ambn hna¿in®p amΩ≥ am∏nf Fgp-Xnb apJ-]-kw-

K-amWv saXm-t∏m-eo-Ømbv°pw kap-Zm-b-Øn\pw arX-k-RvPo-h-\n-

bpsS KpWw ]Zm\w sNbvXsX∂ Imcyw k`mNcnXw ]Tn-°m-Ø-

h¿°v C∂pw Adn-hp-≠m-hn-√.

ae-¶c saXm-t∏m-eo-Ømsb AIm-c-W-ambn apS-°p-Ibpw kap-Zmb

t°kn¬ Xs‚ k -s°-Xnsc PÃokv hoc-cm-L-h-ø-¶m¿ Hcp sh≈nSn

IWs° hn[n ]kvXm-hn-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-t∏mƒ amΩ≥ am∏nf km[y-

X-bp≈ Pbn¬ in£ t]mepw hI-sh-bv°msX ]mXn-b¿°o-kn-s\bpw

sslt°m-SXn hn[n-sbbpw apJteJ\w hgn \J-in-Jm¥w FXn¿Øv

k -bpsS \¶q-c-ambn amdnb Imcyw a\- n-em-I-W-sa-¶n¬ k`mNcnXw

]Tnt® Xocq.

sI. -kn.- am-Ω≥ am∏nf ]Xm-[n-]cmbn-cp-∂-t∏mƒ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-

em-bn-cp∂p at\m-c-a-bpsS ]Nm-cW ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ. 1949- ˛¬ Xncp- ˛-

sIm®n cq]wsIm≠-t∏mgpw ]gbÿnXn°p henb am‰wh∂n-√.

F∂m¬ 1956- ˛¬ tIcfw cq]-h¬°-cn-®-t∏mƒ ]X-Øns‚

]h¿Ø\ afiew tIcfw apgp-h≥ hym]n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn¬ sI.- Fw.-

sN-dn-bm-\pw, sI.- Fw. amXyphpw Iq-Sp-X¬ i≤ sNep-Øn. tIc-f-

Ønse c≠p tImSn-bn¬]cw P\-ß-fp-sSbpw (C∂v aq∂p tImSn)

kwÿm-\-Øn-s‚bpw DØa Xmev]-cy-ßƒ ]Xn-⁄-tbm-Sp -IqSn Gs‰-

SpØ ktlm-Z-c-∑m¿°p kz¥w kap-Zm-b-Øn-s‚bpw a‰p-≈-h-cp-sSbpw

Xmev]-cy-ßfpw A\yq\w kwc-£n-t°≠n h∂p. X∂n-anØw amΩ≥

am∏n-f-bpsS ImesØ kwhn-[m\w AtX-]Sn XpS-cm≥ km≤y-a-√mØ

ÿnXn hnti-j-ap-≠mbn. CXn-\n-S-bn¬ ]Xw hyh-km-b-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬

sI´n-∏-Sp-t°≠n h∂-Xn-\m¬ IqSp-X¬ ]c-ky-ßfpw hcn-°mcpw

AXns‚ \ne-\n¬∏n\v Bh-iy-am-bn-cp∂p.

F∂n-cn-°nepw ae-¶ck`bpsS ]Xn-k‘nIfnepw ]bmkL´-

ß-fnepw kt¥m-jm-h-k-c-ß-fnepw at\m-ca kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ DØa

Xmev]-cy-ßƒ°p ap≥K-W\ \¬In F∂ hkvXpX AXns‚ Xnf-

ßp∂ ]gbXmfp-Iƒ km£n-°p-∂p. C∂pw kµ¿ -Øn-s\mØpb¿∂v

k`sb klm-bn-°p-∂p-≠v.

sI. -Fw. -amXyp 1954 -˛¬ Npa-Xe Gs‰-Sp-ØXns\ XpS¿∂v ]Xw-

Imem\pkr-X-amb h≥ kmt¶-XnI ]ptcm-K-Xn-bpw kmº-ØnI hf¿®-

bpw a‰pw t\Sn. GXm\pw Zi-I-ßƒ Ign-™-t∏mƒ at\m-ca C¥y-

bnse H∂m-asØ ]X-ambn Db¿∂p. amXyp-hns‚ hnZqc ho£Ww,


Poh-\-°m-tcm-Sp≈ k¬s]cp-am-‰w, AXym-[p-\nI kmt¶-XnI t\´-

ßƒ Dƒs°m≠p Ah \S-∏n-em-°m-\p≈ a\-s m-cp°w, ssZhm-ibw,

Xocp-am-\-ßƒ s]s´∂v FSp-°m-\p≈ Akm-[y-amb Ignhv F∂n-h-

bmWp at\m-c-a-bpsS hf¿®bpsS ]n∂nse Nne ][m\ LS-I-ßƒ.

hnim-e-a-√mØ Hcp Im≥hm-kn¬ NnXw hc-bv°p-tºmƒ F√m-h¿°pw

Ah¿ BK-ln-°p∂ hen-∏-Øn¬ ÿew In´n-√. AXv Ah-K-W-\-

bpsS amXw ^e-a-√- Xm-\pw.

km[m-cW sXc-s™-Sp-∏n¬ a’-cn-°m≥ HcpsºSm-Ø-hcpw hnhn[

taJ-e-I-fn¬ ]tim-`n-°p-∂-h-cp-amb kap-∂X hy‡n-Isf cmPy-k-`-

bn-te°pw k`-bpsS amt\-PnwKv IΩ-n‰n-bn-te°pw t\man-t\‰p sNøp-

∂Xp P\m-[n-]Xy cWkº-Zm-b-Øns‚ mK-am-Wv. Ah-cn¬ \n∂p≈

klmbw amX-a√, kZp-]-tZ-i-ßfpw Ah-cpsS A\p- -h-k-º-Øpw e`n-

°m-\mWp Cßs\ t\man-t\‰v sNøp-∂-Xv. G‰hpw HSp-hn-esØ (1995)

k`m-t°-kns‚ \S-Øn∏p kw_-‘n®p kap-Zmb SÃn ]n. kn.

G_lmapw, k`m h¿°nwKv IΩn‰n AwK-amb sI. Fw. amXyphpw

]eXhW hnam-\-am¿§w \yqU¬ln-bn¬ t]mbn- p-≈Xv kz¥w sNe-

hn-em-Wv. Ah¿°p k`mkvt\lw Cs√-¶n¬ ]ns∂-¥n-\mWv ka-bhpw

]Whpw \jvS-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv?

G_lmw am¿ ¢oΩnkv Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ]utcm-lnXy I\I Pq_n-

en-bn¬, Hcp kzImcy NSßv F∂ \ne-bn¬ Zam-kv°-kn-ep-≈Xpw

ae-¶ck` AwKo-I-cn-°m-Ø-Xp-amb Ct∏mgsØ kndn-b≥ Hm¿Ø-

tUmIvkv k`m ]mXn-b¿°okv k°m ]Y-a≥ kw_-‘n-°p-∂-Xnepw

At±-lsØ tIm´-b-Øp sh®p ImWp-∂-Xnepw ]. ImtXm-en°m

_mhmbv°pw FXn-cn-√m-bn-cp-∂p. CXp kw_-‘n®p am¿ ¢oΩnkv

t\csØ _mhm-bp-ambn kw`m-j-Whpw \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬

]mXn-b¿°okv, ImtXm-en-°m-bpsS A[n-Imckoa-bn¬ A\-[n-Ir-X-

ambn IS∂p Ipg-∏-ßƒ D≠m-°n-tb-°p-sa-∂p≈ Nne Xoh-hm-Zn-I-

fpsS `bm-i¶sb XpS¿∂mWp kµ¿i-\sØ ae-¶ck` FXn¿Ø

sX∂-dnbmw.

tImSXnhn[nbpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ a‰p kµ¿i\ ]cn-]m-Sn-I-

fn¬ ]c-ky-ambn ]s¶-Sp-°msX At±lw Xncn®pt]mbn. ae-bmf at\m-

cabpw Iv\m\mb kap-Zm-bhpw ¢oΩnkv Xncp-ta-\nbpw XΩn-ep≈

Zo¿L-Ime kulrZ_‘-Øns‚ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ £W-]Imcw

sI. -Fw. amXyp Nnß-h-\Øp sN∂-Xn\pw ]kw-Kn-®-Xn\pw ]mXn-

b¿°o-kp-am-bp≈ \o≠-Im-esØ hy‡n-KX _‘sØ ap≥ \ndpØn


At±-l-tØmSp Ipie]iv\w \S-Øn-b-Xn\pw k`m ]iv\-hp-ambn

_‘-sam-∂p-an√. kwkv°mckº-∂-\mb Hcp∂X hy‡n-sN-tø≠

Hcp ISa amX-am-W-Xv. ¢oΩnkv Xncp-ta-\nsb ]n∂oSv ImtXm-en°m

_mhm Xncp-ta\n I≠Xpw ame-bWnbn®v A\p-tam-Zn-®-Xpw ]ecpw

hnkva-cn-°p-∂p. FIyp-sa-\n-°¬ bpK-Øn¬ CXm-h-iy-hp-amWv. amXyp-

hns‚ Bg-amb k`m-kvt\lw Dc®pt\m°m≥ Cu kulrZ kµ¿i-

\sØ amXw Icp-hm-°p-∂Xv kwkv°m-c-ap-≈-h¿°p tN¿∂-X-√.

FXn¿∏psIm≠pw ]mXn-b¿°o-kns‚ kµ¿i-\-hm¿Ø, ]m[m-

\y-ap≈ Hcp henb kw`-h-am-°n-b-Xn-\m¬ AXv A¿-ln-°p∂hn[w

sImSp-t°-≠Xv a’cw t\cn-Sp∂ Hcp ]X-Øns‚ [¿Ω-am-bn -h-∂p.

AXn¬ k`m cmjvSobw sIm≠p htc-≠-Xn-√. Nnß-h-\Øpw, tIm´-

bØpw Htc kabw henb ktΩ-f-\-ßƒ \S-Øm≥ CS-bp-≈ ]›m-

Ø-e-Øn¬ Hcp kwL¿jm-¥-co£w krjvSn-°m-Xn-cn-°m≥ A∂sØ

ImtXm-en-°m-Zn\w sIm≠m-tS-≠-Xn-s√∂ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`-bpsS

Xocp-am\w ka-Nn-Ø-X-bpsS ]Xo-I-am-bn-cp-∂p. X≥\n-anØw \S-°mØ

ktΩ-f-\-Øn\v Fß-s\-bmWp ]m[m\yw \¬IpI? th≠X ]kn-

≤o-I-cWw e`n-°-Ø-°-hn[w ]tbm-P\]Z-amb ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ \S-

Øp-∂-Xn-\mWp k`bpw AwK-ßfpw ap≥Xq°w sImSp-t°-≠-Xv. ASn-

ÿm\cln-X-amb hna¿i-\-ßƒ°p ]tXyI ]cn-io-e\w H∂pw Bh-

iy-an-√-t√m.

e£yw XnI®pw kmº-Øn-I-am-I-bm¬ s]mXpsh \ΩpsS ]X˛

Zriy- -imhy am[y-a-ßƒ C∂v sNøp∂ tZml ]hr-Øn-I-fn¬ \n∂pw

Hcp am[y-aØn\pw hn´p \n¬°m-\p≈ Dƒ°-cptØm [m¿Ωn-I-i-

‡ntbm Cs√-∂p-≈Xv Hcp hkvXp-X-bm-Wv. Xn∑-Isf FXn¿Øp-sIm-

≠p≈ Hcp \√ apJ-]-kw-K-Øns‚ Hcp Jfin-I-sb-¶nepw amXr mj-

bntem Cw•o-jntem k‘n-k-am-kßfpw hmIy-L-S-\bpw h¿Æ-hn-

\ym-khpw hymI-c-Whpw sX‰n-°msX hnh-£n-Xm¿∞tZymX-I-amb

`mjbn¬ Fgp-Xp-hm≥ Ign-hp≈ apJy ]Xm-[n-]-∑msc tIc-f-Øn¬

A]q¿∆-amtb Is≠-Øm-\m-hq.

a\p-jysc Ae-k-∑mcpw aSn-b-∑m-cp-am-°m≥ t]cn-∏n-°p∂ hmc-

^-e-Øn\v ]pdsa IS-s°-Wn-bn¬ DS°n PohnXw HSp-°m≥ hgn-sbm-

cp-°p∂ Igp-Ø-d-∏≥ ]en-i-°-º-\n-I-fp-sSbpw P\-ß-fpsS Btcm-

Kyhpw I¿Ωtijnbpw kZm-Nmct_m[hpw \in-∏n®v Ahsc C©n-

©mbn Bfl-l-Xy-bn-te°p \bn-°p∂ aZyw, knK-c‰v, ]m≥ ]cmKv

XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsSbpw ]c-ky-ßfpw [¿Ωm-\p-im-k-\-ßƒ°v If¶w


hcpØp∂p. Ch-bn-eqsS ]X am[y-a-ßƒ t\Sp∂ ]Ww \nW-Øns‚

hne Xs∂-bm-sW∂pw am[ya DS-a-I-fpsS ]am-Whpw ]hr-Ønbpw

]e-t∏mgpw n∂ [ph-ß-fn-emWv \ne-sIm-≈p-∂-sX∂pw ÿm]n-°m≥

]tXyI hmZ-ap-J-ßƒ Bh-iy-an-√.

I¿tΩm-]-tZ-i-ßfpw Ah-bn¬ Nmen® Nn¥mhnj-bßfpw

FbvUvkv F∂ amcI tcmK hncp≤ t_m[-h-XvI-c-Whpw \nXyhpw

\¬In cmPysØ c£n-°p-hm≥ shºp∂ Nne -am-[y-a-ßƒ ]Ww

sImSp-Øm¬ KWn-Im-K-l-ß-fpsS kNnX ]c-ky-ßfpw AXym-I¿j-

I-amb \nd-ß-fn¬ A\-Xn hnZqc `mhn-bn¬ ]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øn-°q-sS-

∂n-√. AXpw hmbn®p ckn-°m-\-√msX ]Xn-I-cn-°m-\p≈ tijn \n -

lm-b\mb A\p-hm-N-I-\p-≠m-hn-√.

Sabha Charithram Final - 7 - Malankara Orthodoxmarthoman.tv/Fr. Cheeran/Sabha Charithram Final - 6...

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