s1 Ikm Epid (Pengantar) 2013
Transcript of s1 Ikm Epid (Pengantar) 2013
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Prof.DR.Dr.Soeharyo Hadisaputro, Sp.PD.K-PTI, FINASIM
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FIN L DEVELOPMENT OF
EPIDEMIOLOGY DEFINITION
Originally, epidemiology was concerned with
epidemics of communicable diseases.More recently, epidemiologic methods have
been applied to chronic diseases, injuries,
violence, birth defects, maternal-childhealth, occupational health, environmental
health, disaster, family planning, etc.
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FINAL DEVELOPMENT OF
EPIDEMIOLOGY DEFINITION
Greek words : epi (upon) and Demos
(people); logos = science.
Last (1988) :
Includes of the application of this
study to the control of health problems.
Epidemiolgy is often referred to as the
basic science of public health.
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Theories of Disease
Causation
Supernatural Theories Hippocratic Theory
Miasma
Theory of Contagion
Germ Theory (cause shown viaHenle-Koch postulates)
Classic Epidemiologic Theory
Multicausality and Webs ofCausation (cause shown via Hills
postulates)
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SENIOR EPIDEMIOLOGIST
IN THE WORLD
(1) ANTONIO V.LEUWENHOEK (1632)
(2) ROBERT KOCH (1882)
(3) MAX VAN PATTERNKOFER
(4) JOHN SNOW (1854)
(5) PERVICAL POTT
(6) JAMES LIND (1747)
(7) DOLL and HILL
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Dr. John Snow (1813-1858)
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PUBLIC HEALTH (Winslow,
1920)Public Health is the science and art of (1)prevent ing d isease, (2) prolo ng ing of l i fe, and (3)
promot ing of heal th and eff ic iencythrough
organized community effort for (a) the sanitation of
the environment (b) the control of communicableinfections the education of the individual in
personal hygiene (d) the organization of medical
and nursing service for the early diagnosis and
preventive treatment of disease (e) the developmentof the social of living adequate for the maintenance
of health, so organizing these benefits and enable
every citizen to realize his birthright of health and
longevity.
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JENIS TEN G KESEH T N
(kemampuan epidemiologi)
1) EPID Orientasi manager ? (mengerti
konsep-2 epid umum & bagaimana
menggunakannya)
2) EPID Profesional ? (epid deskriptif, epid
analitik, prinsip-2 epid & familier thd peny,
masalah kes & desain epid)
3) EPID Orientasi paramedik (petugas
kesehatan terkait- koleksi dan organisasi data
rutin)
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THE RELATION BETWEEN EPIDEMIOLOGY
AND CLINICAL MEDICINE
POPULATION INDIVIDUALS---------------------- ----------------
Studies/Assesment Diagnosis
Prevention Treatment
Evaluation Curing
Planning Caring
G S
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HIRSCH (1883) :
Epidemiologi adalah suatu
gambaran kejadian,penyebaran dari jenis-jenispenyakitpada manusia, pd
saat tertentu di bumi dankaitannya dgn kondisieksternal.
PERKEMBANGAN DEFINISIEPIDEMIOLOGI (1)
PERKEMBANGAN DEFINISI
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GREENWOOD (1934) :Epidemiologi adalah suatu ilmutentang penyakitdan segala macam
kejadian.W.HAMPTON FROST (1972) :Epidemiologi adalah pengetahuan
tentang berbagai fenomena (massphenomen)penyakit infeksiatausebagai riwayat alamiah penyakit(natural history of disease.
PERKEMBANGAN DEFINISIEPIDEMIOLOGI (2)
PERKEMBANGAN DEFINISI
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MAC MAHON (1970) :Epidemiologi adalah studi tentangpenyebaran dan penyebab frekuensipenyakitpada manusia dan mengapa terjadi distribusi semacam itu.
R.MORTON, JR.HEBEL :Epidemiology is the study of thedistribution and determinant ofdiseases. We try to find out who getsthe disease and why.
PERKEMBANGAN DEFINISIEPIDEMIOLOGI (3)
PERKEMBANGAN DEFINISI
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ABDEL R.OMRAN (1970) :Epidemiologi sebagai suatu ilmumengenai terjadinya dan distribusikeadaan kesehatan, penyakit danperubahan pd pddk, begitu jugadeterminannyaserta akibat yg terjadipd kel. pddk.
ANDRES and S.NOREL (1989) :EpidemiologI adalah ilmupengetahuan mengenai terjadinya
penyakit pada populasimanusia.
PERKEMBANGAN DEFINISIEPIDEMIOLOGI (4)
PERKEMBANGAN DEFINISI
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L.H.ROHF and B.J.SELWYNEpidemiology is the descriptionand explanation of the
differences in occuranceofevents of medical concern insubgroup of population, where
the population has beensubdivided according to somecharacteristic according believedto influence of the event.
PERKEMBANGAN DEFINISIEPIDEMIOLOGI (5)
PERKEMBANGAN DEFINISI
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LILIENFELD (1977)Epidemiologi adalah suatumetode pemikiran tentang
penyakit yang berkaitandengan penilaian biologis danberasal dari pengamatan
suatu tingkat kesehatanpopulasi.
PERKEMBANGAN DEFINISIEPIDEMIOLOGI (6)
PERKEMBANGAN DEFINISI
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ELIZABETH BARRETTEpidemiology is study of thedistribution and causes of diseases.
JS.MAUSNER, A.K.BAHN :Epidemiology is concerned with the
extend and type of illness and injuresin groups of peopleand with thefactors which influence theirdistribution.
PERKEMBANGAN DEFINISIEPIDEMIOLOGI (7)
PERKEMBANGAN DEFINISI
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LAST (1988)
Epidemiology is study of thedistributionand determinantsof health-relatedstates orevents is specified populationsand the application of thisstudy tocontrol of problems.
PERKEMBANGAN DEFINISIEPIDEMIOLOGI (8)
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FIN L DEVELOPMENT OF
EPIDEMIOLOGY DEFINITION
The application of epidemiology to
study behaviors related to health and
well being is known as behavioralepidemiology.
The applicationn of population basedinformation to decision making about
individual patients is often reffered to
as clinical epidemiology.
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DIAGNOSIS:
(*) Clinical diagnosis strategies
(*) The clinical selection
(*) The selection of diagnostic test(*) The interprataion of diagnostic data
(*) Early diagnosis.
MANAGEMENT :(*) Making prognosis
(*) Deciding on the best therapy
(*) Deciding wether your treatment has done
harm.
AREA OF CLINICAL
EPIDEMIOLOGY
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KEY CONCEPTS
Epidemiology is the study of the distribution anddeterminants of diseaseswithin human
populations.
Epidemiology can be used for descriptivepurposes, such as surveillance of the occurrence
(incidence) of a particular illness.
Epidemiology can be used for analytic purposes,such as studying risk factors for diseasedevelopment.
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KEY CONCEPTS
Epidemiologic methods can be used to assess theperformance of diagnostic test.
Epidemiology can be used to study theprogression or natural history of diseases.
Epidemiology methods can be used to studyprognostic factors, which are determinants of theprogression of a disease.
Epidemiology can be used to evaluate treatment
for a disease.
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CONCEPT OF HEALTH STATUS
(1) THE TRADITIONAL (ECOLOGICAL) MODEL : (a)
Agent (b) Host Environment
(2) THE HEALTH FIELD CONCEPT (HLLamframboise, 1973) : (a) Environment (b) Life
style Biological (d) System of health service.
(3) THE ENVIRONMENT OF HEALTH (H.L.Blum,
1974; The Force field and wellbeing paradigms of
health) : (a) Environment (b) Behaviour (Life style)
Health service and (d) Heridity.
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PSYCHO-SOCIO-
SOMATICHEALTH
(well being)
HERE
DIT
Y
CULTURAL
SYSTEMS
POPULATIONSize distributin, growth rate
gene pool
NATURAL
RESOURCES
ENVIRONMENTphysical andman made,
socio-cultural,economic, education,employment
HEALTH CARE SERVICESprevention, cure,
rehabilitation
ECOLOGICAL
BALANCE
BE
HAVIOR
MENTAL HEALTHEmotional satisfaction
Intelectual efficiency
adaptability
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