RWG 30112015

Drilling Operations and the Impact of Site Investigation

Offshore Wind Energy Rotary BeLux30th November 2015 Royal Waterloo Golf ClubDr. C. R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. Offshore Wind Energy Royal Waterloo Golf Club - 30th November 2015Dr. Chris Golightly GO-ELS Ltd.Geotechnical & Engineering Geology Consultant

Source: Univ. Mass. 1974

Source: WINDFLOAT Website

Sources from top left clockwise: Arup, BIFAB, NREL

Source: BELWIND Website

Atkins - Onshore Facilities and Terminals 31st May 2012

AR5 SYR SPM

IPCC AR5 Synthesis Report

LCOE Renewables Ranges and Averages [IRENA, 2015]Dr. C. R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. Offshore Wind Energy Royal Waterloo Golf Club - 30th November 2015

LCOE Ranges [Bloomberg NEF, 2013]

Dr. C. R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. Offshore Wind Energy Royal Waterloo Golf Club - 30th November 2015

5000 BCSailboats used on the Nile indicate the power of wind500-900 ADFirst windmills developed in Persia1300 ADFirst horizontal-axiswindmills in Europe1850sDaniel Halladay andJohn Burnham build Halladay Windmill;start US Wind Engine CompanyLate 1880sThomas O. Perryconducted 5,000wind experiments;starts Aermotor Company1888Charles F. Brush used windmill to generate electricityin Cleveland, OHEarly 1900sWindmills in CApumped saltwaterto evaporate ponds

1941In VT, GrandpasKnob turbinesupplies power to town during WWII1979First wind turbinerated over 1 MWbegan operating1985CA wind capacityexceeded 1,000 MW1993US WindPower developed first commercial variable-speed wind turbine2004Electricity from wind generation costs 3 to 4.5 cents per kWh2013Wind power providedover 17% of renewableenergy used in USHistory of Wind Energy

5000 BC - The history of wind energy is certainly long, beginning thousands of years ago. It is estimated that as early as 5000 B.C. sail boats were in use on the Nile as boatmen realized the power of the wind.

500-900 AD - The first windmills were developed in Persia for pumping water and grinding grain.

About 1300 - The first horizontal-axis windmills appeared in Western Europe.

1850s - Daniel Halladay and John Burnham worked to build and sell the Halladay Windmill, which was designed for the American West. It had an open tower design and thin wooden blades. They also started the U.S. Wind Engine Company.

Late 1880s - Thomas O. Perry conducted over 5,000 wind experiments trying to build a better windmill. He invented the mathematical windmill, which used gears to reduce the rotational speed of the blades. This design had greater lifting power, smoother pumping action, and could operate in lighter winds. Perry started the Aermotor Company with LaVerne Noyes.

The development of steel blades made windmills more efficient. Six million windmills sprang up across America as settlers moved west. Homesteaders purchased windmills from catalogs, traveling salesman, or they built their own. Mills were used to pump water, shell corn, saw wood, and mill grain.

1888 - Charles F. Brush used the first large windmill to generate electricity in Cleveland, Ohio. Windmills that produce electricity started to be called "wind turbines." In later years, General Electric acquired Brush's company, Brush Electric Co.

1893 - In Chicago, Illinois, the World's Columbian Exposition (aka the Chicago World Fair) highlighted 15 windmill companies who showcased their goods.

Early 1900s - Windmills in California pumped saltwater to evaporate ponds to produce salt for consumption.

1941 - On a hilltop in Rutland, Vermont, "Grandpa's Knob" wind turbine supplied power to the local community for several months during World War II. It had 53-meter blades and was the Smith-Putnam wind turbine.

1979 - The first wind turbine rated over 1 megawatt began operating. The cost of electricity from wind generation was about 40 cents per kilowatt-hour.

1985 - Many wind turbines were installed in California in the early 1980s to help meet growing electricity needs and take advantage of government incentives. By 1985, California wind capacity exceeded 1,000 megawatts, enough power to supply 250,000 homes. These wind turbines were inefficient compared to todays turbines.

1993 - U.S. WindPower developed one of the first commercially available variable-speed wind turbines, the 33M-VS. The final prototype tests were completed in 1992.The $20 million project was funded mostly by U.S. Windpower, but also involved Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), Pacific Gas & Electric, and Niagara Mohawk Power Company.

2004 - Electricity from wind generation cost 3 - 4.5 cents per kilowatt-hour.

2011 - Wind power provided 12.8 percent of the renewable energy consumed in the U.S. In the U.S., wind power produced enough electricity on average to power the equivalent of over 10 million homes. 5The NEED Project 2014


Offshore Wind Turbines Bigger & More Efficient: Too Big?Dr. C. R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. Offshore Wind Energy Royal Waterloo Golf Club - 30th November 2015

EWEA - European Offshore Wind Industry in 2014Dr. C. R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. Offshore Wind Energy Royal Waterloo Golf Club - 30th November 2015

Belgian Offshore Wind ProjectsDr. C. R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. Offshore Wind Energy Royal Waterloo Golf Club - 30th November 2015

7 No.Belgian Nuclear 5.75 GW Doel-TihangeWind Onshore Power @ Peak ~ 1.2 GWWind Offshore Power @ Peak ~ 0.6 GW

Maps: UK Round 3, French & German North Sea/Baltic Sites


US Wind Resources and PopulationDr. C. R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. Offshore Wind Energy Royal Waterloo Golf Club - 30th November 2015

European Offshore Wind Costs [Carbon Trust, 2015]Dr. C. R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. Offshore Wind Energy Royal Waterloo Golf Club - 30th November 2015

Offshore Wind Cost Trends Need for ReductionsCost increases since 2005 due to commodity price rises (mainly steel) and marine installation costsMonopile costs per kW flat-lining from 1991 to 2008Deeper waters, further out to sea:- heavier and longer over-designed monopiles & jacket towers- more extensive and expensive equipment and vessel spreads- higher downtime and weather standby costsInsistence on known technology leading to lack of innovation, conservatism, risk aversion on the part of developers and lenders.Lack of experience in developer organisations; skills shortage.


Source: van der Zwaan et al, 2011Source: The Offshore Valuation, 2010

Dr. C. R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. - Monopile and Tripod/Jacket Foundations for Offshore Wind Foundations 10th April 2014









Offshore Wind; Measurement, Monitoring, Mitigation (2: Bucket Jacket Foundation)Presentation Oceanology International 2014 Norwegian Geotechnical Institute Per Sparrevik


Building the European Offshore Transnational European GridMore predictable energy output neededConnections to more than one countryPower trading between countriesViable alternative to onshore grid constructionConnection to other energy sourcesEconomical grid utilisation via shared useGreater energy securityInterconnection capacity means firmer powerSingle European electricity marketDr. C. R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. Offshore Wind Energy Royal Waterloo Golf Club - 30th November 2015

Energy Geotechnics New Frontiers: Onshore Facilities and Terminals Saddlers Hall London 31st May 2012

Offshore Wind in 2015 Denmark, UK & GermanyNorth Sea and Baltic

Offshore Floating Wind Huge Potential Resource UK ExampleDr. C. R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. Offshore Wind Energy Royal Waterloo Golf Club - 30th November 2015

Source: The Offshore Valuation, 2010.

Floating Wind Huge Potential Offshore Wind Resource

Majority of OW developments have been in the Southern North Sea, a relatively flat shallow water continental shelf, mainly dense sand, stiff glacial clayey soils & soft sediment filled paleo-valleys. Not globally representative. Most coastal areas are steep, rocky, with thin (< 5 to 10 m) soil cover. Piling is costly for fixed or floating structures. Soils insufficient for drag or suction caisson anchoring. Dr. C. R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. Offshore Wind Energy Royal Waterloo Golf Club - 30th November 2015Source: Statoil Global Offshore Wind 2014

Comparison Oil Drilling Semi-Sub Vs Offshore Wind FloaterDr. C. R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. Offshore Wind Energy Royal Waterloo Golf Club - 30th November 2015

The Future: Offshore Floating Wind LeadersHYWINDStatoil [NO]statoil.com/en/TechnologyInnovationPELASTARGlosten [US]pelastar.comWINDFLOATPrinciple Power [PO/US]www.principlepowerinc.com/products/windfloat.htmlIDEOLIDEOL Partners [FR]ideol-offshore.com/enWINFLODCNS-Alstom [FR]fr.dcnsgroup.com/produit/eoliennes-flottantes/INFLOWEDF-IFP-Nenuphar [FR]inflow-fp7.eu/floating-vertical-axis-wind-turbine/GICONGICON-Fraunhofer [DE]gicon-sof.de/en/sof1.html FUKUSHIMAMitsubishi-Hitachi [JA]fukushima-forward.jp/english/DEEPCWIND30 diverse members [US] composites.umaine.edu/our-research/offshore-wind/deepcwind-consortium/SANDIASandia Labs [US]energy.sandia.gov/energy/renewable-energy/wind-power/offshore-wind Dr. C. R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. Offshore Wind Energy Royal Waterloo Golf Club - 30th November 2015Source: Myhr et al, 2014.

Floating Wind Platforms Semi-Sub - Spar - TLP - Taut BuoyDr. C. R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. Offshore Wind Energy Royal Waterloo Golf Club - 30th November 2015

Vertical Axis Wind Turbines [VAWT] Pros and ConsADVANTAGESOmni-directional- accepts wind from any directionComponents mounted at sea level- ease of service & maintenance- lighter weight composite structuresCan theoretically use less materials to capture the same amount of windDISADVANTAGESRotors lower at reduced wind speedsCentrifugal force over-stresses bladesPoor self-starting capabilitiesOften requires support at turbine rotor topRotor needs removing for bearings replacementTo date, poorer performance & reliability than HAWTs


Closing Thoughts Future of Offshore Wind EnergyAim: Most Efficient Abstraction of Kinetic Energy From Moving Turbulent Air [OFFSHORE WIND]How Would That Be Done in 2015 From A Standing Start? Fixed Structure Top Heavy 3 Bladed Onshore HAWT on Fixed Steel Towers?>> No. Too Expensive and Subsidy DependentWhat Will The Global Mix Be Between Fixed Vs Floating?>> Deeper Waters/Sloping Seabeds >> FLOATING VAWTWill There be a Real Offshore Wind Gamechanger - or not? Yes there must be soon.>> [$$$ ECONOMICS $$$]


References & Links ReferencesDouglas-Westwood (2013), World Offshore Wind Market Forecast 2013 -2022, 5th Edition.Golightly, C.R. (2014), Tilting of Monopiles; Long, Heavy and Stiff; Pushed Beyond Their Limits, Ground Engineering; 2014, vol 47, No. 1, pp 20-23.van der Zwaan, R., Rivera-Tinoco, R., Lensink, S. & van den Oosterkamp, P., (2010) Evolving Economics of Offshore Wind Power: Cost Reductions from Scaling and Learning , Amsterdam 2010, p. 9.The Offshore Evaluation Group (2010), The Offshore Valuation Report; A Valuation of the UKs Offshore Renewable Energy Resource, Public Interest Research Centre, p. 108.Maine International Consulting (2013), Floating Offshore Wind Foundations; Industry Consortia and Projects in the United States, Europe and Japan; An Overview, May 2013, p. 45Roland Berger (2013), Offshore Wind Toward 2020; On The Pathway to Cost Competitiveness, April 2013, p. 25.Nature (2010), Supergrid, VOL 468, 2nd December 2010. p. 624 625.LinksEWEA Offshore Statistics 2013 ewea.org/fileadmin/files/library/publications/statistics/EWEA_OffshoreStats_July2013.pdfEC Marine Knowledge 2020 Databaseec.europa.eu/maritimeaffairs/policy/marine_knowledge_2020Global Wind Energy Council Country & Global Reportswww.gwec.net/publications/country-reportsIRENA Costs Database; irena.org/costsUK Govt. Offshore Wind Industrial Strategyhttps://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploadsUSA Offshore Wind Database: offshorewind.net4C Offshore Wind Database: 4coffshore.comUPWIND EWEA Project Final Report: upwind.euDr. C. R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. Offshore Wind Energy Royal Waterloo Golf Club - 30th November 2015

Contact DetailsDr. C.R. Golightly, BSc, MSc, PhD, MICE, FGS.Geotechnical and Engineering Geology ConsultantRue Marc Brison 10G, 1300 Limal, BelgiumTel. +32 10 41 95 25Mobile: +44 755 4612888Email: [email protected]: chrisgolightly;Linked In: www.linkedin.com/pub/5/4b5/469

You Pay for a Site Investigation - Whether You do One or Not Cole et al, 1991.

Ignore The Geology at Your Peril Prof. John Burland, Imperial College.Dr. C. R. Golightly GO-ELS Ltd. Offshore Wind Energy Royal Waterloo Golf Club - 30th November 2015

RWG 30112015

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