ROSEリポジトリいばらき (茨城大学学術 ... · rule which...

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お問合せ先 茨城大学学術企画部学術情報課(図書館) 情報支援係 http://www.lib.ibaraki.ac.jp/toiawase/toiawase.html ROSEリポジトリいばらき (茨城大学学術情報リポジトリ) Title On Exclamatory Sentences in English Author(s) NAMIKI, Takayasu / NAGASAWA, Shigeru Citation 茨城大学教育学部紀要, 人文・社会科学・芸術(30): 67-78 Issue Date 1981-03 URL http://hdl.handle.net/10109/2359 Rights このリポジトリに収録されているコンテンツの著作権は、それぞれの著作権者に帰属 します。引用、転載、複製等される場合は、著作権法を遵守してください。

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Page 1: ROSEリポジトリいばらき (茨城大学学術 ... · rule which moves‘‘(Adv)+‘oo+Adj,’rightward into the NP, to cover the exam一 ples in(13).5)

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茨城大学学術企画部学術情報課(図書館)  情報支援係

http://www.lib.ibaraki.ac.jp/toiawase/toiawase.html

ROSEリポジトリいばらき (茨城大学学術情報リポジトリ)

Title On Exclamatory Sentences in English

Author(s) NAMIKI, Takayasu / NAGASAWA, Shigeru

Citation 茨城大学教育学部紀要, 人文・社会科学・芸術(30): 67-78

Issue Date 1981-03

URL http://hdl.handle.net/10109/2359

Rights

このリポジトリに収録されているコンテンツの著作権は、それぞれの著作権者に帰属します。引用、転載、複製等される場合は、著作権法を遵守してください。

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BulL Fac. Educ., Ibaraki Univ.(Hum.&Soc. Sci.)1981(30) 67-78           67

On Exclamatory Sentences i!1 English

TAKAYASU NAMIKI    and    SHIGERU NAGASAWA

D・pαr伽e財・μη9置’Sん       Ed・5α脚副・r伍8んS伽・Z

凡C協γ・μぬ磁・π        Ed・Sαた’-mαc砿伽S九掘,9防配

1レ1猷o,310,ノ{甲απ

(Received October 20,1980)

Abstract

Acritique of Imai and Nakajima(1978)’s analysis of exclamatory sen一

tences in English is made, and an alternativc on the basis of Namiki(1979)is

offered. Our analysis base-generatesんoωandωhα’independently of 50(and

εωcん),in contrast with Imai and Nakajima(1978).

1. lntroduction

English exclamatory sentences have been studied by many traditional

grammanans, but transfo㎜ation訓generative i騨amma舳s paid little attention to

七hem. Among the fbw who have are Watanabe(1969), Elliott(1974), and Imai

and Nakajima(1978). This paper offers a critique of Imai and Nakajima(1978),

the most detailed and systematic of the three, and a tentative analysis of English

exclamations.

2,ACritique of lmai and Nakalima(1978γs Analysis

In Imai and M(司゜ima(1978), M(司’ima an瓠yzes excl㎜atory sentences in

En glish in a transformational framework. According to his treatment, examples in

(1)are generated as shown in(2)and(3).

(1)  a.How beautifUl a bird he has!

b.What a beautiful bird he has 1

(2)  a.COMP he has so much beautiful a bird

↓M・・んD・1・ti・n

b.COMP he has soφbeautift旺abird

↓肺Attachm・nt

c.COMP he has融#so beautift旺abird↓Ex・1㎜・鱒M・v・m・nt

d.how beautiful a bird he has@        ↓

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68      Bull. Fac. Educ., Ibaraki Univ.(Hum.&Soc. Sci.)1981(30)

e.How beautiful a bird he has 1(surface structure)

(3)  a.COMP he has so much beautiful a bird

↓翫・1・Del・ti・n

b.COMP he has soφbeautiful a bird

↓Adjectiv・Shift

c.COMP he has so a beautiful bird

↓S一刷t・m・ti・n

d.COMP he has such a beautift旺bird

↓肺Atta・hm・nt

e.COMP he has励#such a beautiftU bird↓Ex・1・mat・・y M・vem・nt

f. what a beautifUl bird he has

@        ↓g,What a beautiful bird he has!(surface structure)

The tr㎝sfo㎜ation訓rules that he sets up, which are largely based on Bresnan,s

(1973)paper, are fo㎜記ized as follows:

(4)  、MαcんDeletion(obligatory):@        SD・X-[QpD・tmu・h]一{論v}-x

1   2 3   4  5=〉SC: 1        2   の        4     5

(5)  Adjective Shift:

SD:  [AP(so)A】[NP(Det)N]

12   34::〉SC:        1  の        3 2+4

Condition:optional, when 1≠のand 3≠の;

obligatory otherwise.

(6)  80.sωcんAltemation(obligatory):

so:>such/   NP

(7)  伊んAttachment(optional):

SD・X-o§9。h}-Y

1  2  3:⇒〉SC: 1 ωん#2     3

(8)  Exclamatory Movement(obligatory):

SD:-WH COMP-X-[wh X]-X

1  2  3  4=〉SC:    3   2   ¢   4

One of Nakalima’s underlying assumptions is that both types of English

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Namiki and Nagasawa:On Exclamatory Sentences in English      69

exclamatory sentences(i.e. theんoωtype and the融α言type)are derived from the

s㎜esource, namely from 50.He accounts for the parallelism between so andんoω

and between sαcんand融α‘by deriving the latter ffom the former in each pair.

He also explains the fact that 50 and sμch(and ultimately,んo”andωんαのare in

complementary distribution, by means of setting up 80一ε配cんAltemation Rule(6).

Although Nakajima’s proposals are interesting in a number of respects, his

rules are inadequate. First, many problems arise with陥Attachment(7). For one

thing, it is difficult to account for the fact that so, like sαcゐ, can express‘‘degree”

and‘‘character”, as shown in(9),1)whileんoωcan express‘‘degree,, only.

(9)  a.You have presented so elegant a solution that we can only admire

it.

b・ So elegant a solution as you have presented us with can elicit only

admiration.

For another, the postulation of肺Attachment(and Exclamatory Movement)

makes it very hard to explain naturally why sentence-initial 80 phrase trigger the

Sublect-Auxiliary Inversion(henceforth SAI)in unmarked cases,2)while sen一

tence-initialんoωphrases do not do so in unmarked cases.3)Consider the follow一

●lng:

(10) a.So striking has been the growth in consumer purchasing power

that foreigners in Japan now have difficulty maintaining the

standard of living of their Japanese counterparts without special

allowances,...(Ezra R Vogel,1979,ノαpαηαsκμ配6er Oπe,

Tuttle, p.15.)

b・How fast those Queens cαπ㎜1(Le朗s C鍵rol1,茄ce’5緬e珈res

加 耳ノoπder1απ(1αη〔∫ Tんroα8ん 読e ・L oo碗π8 01αss, Puf∬n Books,

P.292.)

c.What a long sleep you’ve had!

Furthe㎜ore, it is unclear how Nak勾ima covers the fact that so and sαcんcan take

aresult clause‘んα’Swhileんoωandωんα‘cannot.4)Nakajima may put a condi一

tion on恥Attachment to the effect that the third term Y in(7)cannot contain a

result clause痂醜S. But this condition is no七〇nly ad hoc but also wrong. Sen一

tences such as(11)show that even in exclamatory sentences a result clau.se‘んα孟S

can apPear in Y in some cases.

(11) a.How vividly John remembered the fact that George had hit him so

hard that he didn’t come to for an hour!

b.How poignantly she let us know the fact that she was so poor that

she hadn’t eaten in three days!

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70       Bull. Fac. Educ., Ibaraki Univ.(Hum.&Soc. Sci.)1981(30)

Still worse, it is unclear how Nakajima guarantees that a declarative sentence can

contain more than one occurrence of so and甜cん, whereas an exclamatory

sentence can contain only one occurrence ofんoωandωんα‘except conjoinedんoω

andωんα言. Observe the following:

(12)a.J・hn hit hi・ca… ha・d・・m・ny tim・・幅th・u・h a bigh・mme「

that it finally started.(Libe㎜an 1974:86)

b.*What an expensive book John threw at wha七asilly gir1(Watanabe

1969:114)c.What an expensive book John threw at such a silly gir1!(Loc. cit.)

d.What a huge amount of money the government squandered on

such a useless project!

Second, Nakajima’s Adjective Shift(5)can generate, for example, s・6eα画プ配

。9’,’(th・丘・・tt・㎜ヂ伽dth・thi・d t・㎜≠の)・・融・6・α・卿l g∫・碓h・五rs七

termチ¢、nd th・止i・d t・㎜≠の),・融6…疎19∫・1・(th・丘・・t t・㎜≠のbut th・

thi,d t。㎜一¢),・nd。6・…ヴ・’gl・Z(th・且・・t t・㎜一¢but th・thi・d艶㎜≠の)・

H。wev。,, it cann・t g・n・・at・・u・h・x・mpl・・おin(13),・nd・・h・need・an・th・・

rule which moves‘‘(Adv)+‘oo+Adj,’rightward into the NP, to cover the exam一

ples in(13).5)

(13)a.A・with・畝w・pref・・av・即・anaph・・a t・anything th・t is

、pecifi・d by・t・・d・finite-se・ming・elative clau・e;(Dwight

Bolinger,1972,」De8ree〃ord8, Mouton, p.68.)

b....and a sometimes too careless faith in the specialized㎞owl一

edge of the reader…

c.He has made a possibly too generous offer.(Kaji七a 1977:60)

d.It was a too unheard-of proposal.(Bolinger 1972:138)

e. atoo costly sachfice(Currne 1931:65)

f.She,s a too, too discreet woman for that.(Bolinger 1972:142)

g.This too hot weather is starting to get me down.

Third,50-sωcんAltemation is questionable. Complementary distribution is not

asufficient condition for regarding two entities as the same・In phonemics,/h/

and/o/are in complementary distribution, but no one has ever claimed that they

are the same phoneme. Some other conditions are necessary to establish the

sameness of two entities. So and甜cんare too diffbrent in七heir function to be

regarded as equivalent:so typically modifies adjectives and adverbs, while 5砿cん

typic謡ly modifies noun phrases. Furthe㎜ore, it is meta七heoretic皿ly undesirable

to admit transfomユations which change the fo㎜of morphemes such as 80一甜ch

Altemation, since it makes a linguistic theory too powerful to meet explanatory

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Namiki and Nagasawa:On Exclamatory Sentences in English      71

adequacy.

To summarize, we fbel that we have demonstrated the dubious validity of the

three transfo㎜ational mles(i.e.〃んAttachment, Adjective Shift, and So一甜cん

Altemation), which are set up to re且ect the similarities between so andんoωand

between 5ωcんandωんα‘, and the complementary distribution of so and甜cんand

ofんoωandωゐα虚.

3. OurAlternative

Let us tumL to our tentative treatment. Flirst, we propose the following phrase

StrUCtUre rUleS。

          ㎜i14) a.S→COMP S

b.S→NP VP

・・VP-{濃胤tlPP)}

d.NP→(Det)頁・.瓦一(恥({S,})6)

五Pre磁・a槍一{晶。atぴN。min皿}

         一X. AP→A(PP)   一?DA→(Adv)(Deg)(Adv)Ai. AdvP→(Deg)Adv(PP)7)

j. Deg→εo,αε,彦oo,んoω,甜ch,ωんα言, etc.

Second, a set of relevant transformations follows.8)

(15) Non-adverbial DegPreposing:

SD:X, Det, Deg,(A), N, X

卜Adv]

SC: 1,  2,    3,   4,  5, 6

→1,3+2,    の,   4,  5, 6

(16) Prenominal Deg Preposing:9)

SD:X,  Det, Deg, X, N, XSC: 1,   2,   3,  4, 5, 6                                  0PT                                  筒

1,  3+2,   ¢,  4, 5, 6

(17) Excl㎜atory Movement:10)

SD:X, COMP, X, Wh, X[+Intl

SC: 1,   2,   3,  4,   5                                 0BL                                 筒

1,    4,    3,   ¢,   5

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72      Bull. Fac. Educ., Ibaraki Univ.(Hum.&Soc. Sci.)1981(30)

Third, we assume that a lexicon for English contains a set of fbatures concem一

ing intensifiers and interrogative pronouns:[±Adverbial】,[±lntensifier],[±Wh]・

According to this assumption, s o has[+Adv,+Int,-Wh],exclamatory九〇ωhas

[+Adv,+Int,+Wh】,甜繭、 has卜Adv,+In七,-Wh】,and exclamatory”h碗has

卜Adv,+Int,+Wh].11)We can attribute the similarity in distribution of so and

んoω,on one hand, and ofε雌cゐand励α孟, on the other, to the similarity in their

feature composition as to[±Adv,±Intl.

Given these devices, it is possible to generate vahous exclamatory sentences in

English. Observe the following:

(18) a.How beautiful Richard,s bird is!

b.How fast Edward㎜s!

c.How beautiful a bird Richard has!

d.What a beautiful bird Richard has!

Sentences(18a-d)are derived as follows:

(19) a. Richard’s bird is how beautifUl

↓Ex・1㎜at・・y M・v・m・nt

b.how beautiful Richard,s bird is

@        ↓c.How beautiful Richard,s bird is!(=(18a))

(20) a.Edward runs how fast

↓Ex・1㎜at・・y M・ve…t

b.how fast Edward runs@        ↓c. How fast Edward runs!(=(18b))

(21) a. Richard has a how beautiful bird↓P・en・min田D・g P・ep・・ing

b.Richard has how beautiful a bird

↓Ex・1㎜・t・・y M・v・m・nt

c.how beautifnl a bird Richard has@        ↓d.How beautiful a bird Richard has!(=(18c))

(22) a. Richard has a what beautiful bird

↓N・n・・dverbi訓D・g Prep・・ing

b.Richard has what a beautiftU bird

↓Ex・1㎜a鱒M・v・m・nt

c.what a beautiful bird Richard has@        ↓d.What a beautiful bird Richard has!(=(18d))

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Namiki and Nagasawa:On Exclamatory Sentences in English     73

Ungrammatical sentences such as in(23), which are derived within七he above

analysis, are blocked by a set of output conditions on prenominal degree expres一

sions.12)For details, see Namiki(1979).

(23)  a. *John told so funny the story.

b.*How funny the story John told!

c.*John is such the stupid man.(Imai and Nakajima 1978:201)

d.*What the stupid man John is!(Ibid., p.199)

Needless to say, the proposals i奨ven above are tentative. Many refinements

and extensions are necessary. But it seems to us that we are on the right track.

4.Theoretical lmplications

Three theoretical implications follow from the analysis for exclamatory

sentences in English proposed in section 3. First, as noted㎞Ota and Kajita

(1974:279),no transformational rules have been established which refer to a

negative value of a feature, though phonoloi藝cal nlles gften do so. The Non一

adverbial Deg Preposing(15)is a candidate for such a transformation, since it

refers to卜Advl in its SD.

                                           一recondly, the assumption that AP is divided into A and PP rather than into

                                     ■@      一ceg and A has an implication for the X-bar c6nvention. It is usually assumed in

the X-bar theory that NP, VP, and AP have parallel intemal structure(cf.

Chomsky 1970, Jackendoff 1977). But if the intemal structure of AP is like

(24a)and that of NP is like(24b), then AP and NP do not have parallel intemal

structure.                              AP            NP

(24)      a.    五      PP   b. Det    瓦

Deg    A             N    PP

Thus the intemal structures of AP and NP should be studied further. For details,

see Namiki(1979).

Thirdly, the rtdes of Prenominal Deg Preposing and Non-adverbial Deg Pre。

posing constitute counterexamples to Brame’s Base Hypothesis. The definition of

the Base Hypothesis is given in(25), where LOCAL TRANSFORMATIONS are trans一

fo㎜ations that do not make essential use of variables:

(25) Base Hypothesis(Brame 1978:6)

All structures previously derived by local transformations are in

fact generated by phrase structure rules.

It is clear, however, that Prenominal Deg Preposing and Non。adverbial DegPrepos一

ing are local transformations in Brame’s sense, since they do not make essential

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74       Bull. Fac. Educ., Ibaraki Univ.(Hum.&Soc. Sci.)1981(30)

use of variables. Therefore, they are counterexamples to his Base Hypothesis. See

also Namiki(1979).

Notes

*)We would like to thank Richard Krause and Edward Quackenbush, who have

willin創y and patiently served as informants. Thanks are also due to Edward

Quackenbush for his suggestions for imprσvements of style. This research was

supported by a Grant-in-aid for Scientific Research, Encouragement of Young

Scientists(Grant No.401149), to Takayasu Namiki from the Ministry of Educa一

ti on, Jap an.

1)  These ex㎜ples are cited from Bresnan(1973二304), where so,like sucん,

is explicitly said to be able to refer to both‘‘degree”and‘‘character・”In contrast,

Nakajima seems to considerthat so has only a‘‘degree,, reading.

2)  Stnctly speaking, the exact position tnggering SAI is not sentence-initial,

as shown in(i).

(i)a.It happened three weeks ago, but so fast do we live, that three weeks

is ancient history.(Jean Webster, Dαddy-L oπg-L egs, Tempo Books,

P,100.)

b.The research of the lおt dozen years h鵬sho㎜, if previous work did

not, that so far are we from having invented language that...(Pau1

Postal,1972,‘‘The Best Theory,,, in OoαZ80∫、Lfπg磁s‘‘c Tんeory,ed.

by Stanley Peters, p.168.)

The same holds true of other SAI-triggers such asπo孟,πo, oπ’y, etc., which is

related to the definition of a‘‘root transformation.,,(See Emonds 1976.)

Consider the following:

(ii)a. To put it loosely, not only must the word entail each component, but

the components must between them entail the word.(Janet Fodor,

1977,SeπLαη訂cs,p.153.)

b.If we cannot exhaust the list of intensifiers, no more can we describe

fully the distnbution of the ones we decide to include.(Dwight

Bolinger,1972, Degree躍ords,P・26・)

c. Fraser,s observation is that while both sentences have the force of

orders, only in the second example is the notion of‘‘order”explicit in

the inteq)retation.(Peter Culicover,1971, Sy耐αcπc αη{∫Se配αππc

∫π”es‘ゴ8α‘めπs, P.82.)

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Namiki and Nagasawa:On Exclamatory Sentences in English      75

d.It is important to restrict the kinds of principles that can be used in

constructing grammars because only when such restrictions are strong

does lingしdstic theory make revealing claims about the nature of

language and provide explanations for the acquisition of languages.

(Jerrold Katz,1976,‘‘Global Rules and Surface Structure Interpreta一

tion,”in、4π1π‘e8rα孟ed Theory o/L加gぬs‘ゴc.46∫’琵y, ed. by T. G.

Bever et al., p.417.)

3)  SAI sometimes occurs in exclamatory sentences. Nagasawa(1979)ad一

duces such examples as in(i).

(i)a.How futile a thing is education!(Jean Webster, Dαddy.Loη8.Le8s,

P.64.)

b。How many times have I told you not to smoke that fou1-smeUing pipe

in the house!!(William M. Gaines, Tんe Rごp oガ丑1αd,Wamer Books.)

Jespersen(1933:100)says about this inversion that‘‘In long literary exclama一

tions we may have inversion.’, But(ia)is part of a letter written in colloquial

English, and(ib)is a sentence uttered by a wife to her hllsband in a comic strip.

So it seems that contexts for the inversion in question are not limited to‘‘long

1iterary exclamations.,, Precise characterization of the invers ion goes well beyond

the scope of this paper.

4)  This was independently pointed out in Elliott(1974:240).

5)  All the examples here are cited from Namiki(1979). AP Shift in Bresnan

(1973),which is similar to Adjective Shift(5), is argued against in N㎜iki(1979).

The counterarguments there hold true for Nakajima’s Adjective Shift. The inter一

ested readeris referred to N㎜iki(1979).

6)  Postulating A rather than AP in N allows us to predict that adjectiva1

complements never occur in prenominal position, which is bome out。

7)  The reason why‘‘(PP)”is added heIe is that sometimes adverbs take

prepositional phrases as complements. Consider the following:ど磁epeπde副y o∫

.・・CregαrdZes80ノ...,’rres、ρθc直加e oノ… ,d’熊reπμy/roηL・・,andαπαZo80ωs’γ虚o…

8)  It might be objected that exclamatory sentences in English should be

generated by a lexical redundancy rule or by a phrase s七ructure rule. But if

exclamations are generated by lexical redundancy mles, then a great number of

redundancy ruies are needed to capture the fact thatゐoω(andω肋のcan modi取

various categories, while one transformation is enough to do so. Consider the

following(cited from Imai and Nakajima(1978:193-6)):

(i)a.How beautiful Havana is!(predicative A)

b.How cha㎜ing a beauty came!(attnbutive A)

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76      Bull. Fac. Educ., Ibaraki Univ.(Hum.&Soc. Sci.)1981(30)

c.How eagerly he leams French!(Adv)

d.How she upset herself!(VP)

e.What a cha㎜ing beauty came!(NP with A)

f.What a beauty came!(NP without A)

(ii)a. How cha㎜ing a beauty came!(subject)

b.How terrible a story he told!(direct object)

c.How beautiful a place Havana is!(subjective complement)

d.How miserable a hovel they live in!(prepositional object)

e.What a charming beauty came!(subject)

f.What a terdble lie John told!(direct object)

g.What a beautiful place Havana is!(subjective complement)

h。What a miserable hovel they live in!(prepositional object)

Suppose, on the other hand, that phrase structure nlles are set up to deal with

exclamatory sentences. Then how can it be guaranteed that every exclamatory

sentence has a‘‘gap”which corresponds to a sentence-initia1んoωorω九α’phrase?

It seems impossible to express this fact within context・free PSR’s.

Five criteria proposed in Wasow(1977)for distinguishing between lexica1

rules and transfo㎜ation記rules either鍵e consistent with or support the trans一

formational status of the rule for English exclamations.

9)  Chomsky’s principle is adopted here‘‘that requires that if the specifier of

anoun phrase or adjective phrase(in the sense of(1970a)is extracted, then the

whole phrase must be extracted”(Chomsky 1973:fn.10). This principle enables

us to deal with such examples as so o6u∫oμεly correcホαso1碗ごoπ(Bresnan 1973:

310)as well as 506eα醜ヴα1α6ケd,んo甜6eα碗’μZα61「d, etc・

10) Although it is stated here that onlyんoωor融α‘is moved by this rule, the

whole NP includingんoωor融α’is moved by means of the Left Branch Condition

(Ross 1967), if this condition is extended to deal withωんwords within NP,s as

well as NP,s within NP,s. Cf. also Imai and Nakajima(1978).

The relative ordering of Prenominal Deg Preposing(16)and Exclamatory

Movement(17)need not be stipulated here. The former applies in an NP cycle.

                     一she latter applies in an S cycle, which is clear ffom the existence of COMP in its

SD. Thus Prenominal Deg Preposing automatically precedes Exclamatory Move一

ment. The same holds true of the relative ordering of Non-adverbial Deg Preposing

and Exclamatory Movement. In this regard, see Williams(1974).

11)  Feature composition for interrogative pronouns is as follows:んoω=

[+Adv,-Int,+Wh],ωんα‘=卜Adv,-Int,+Wh】,ωんere=[+Adv,-Int,+Wh],

etc. Distinction of feature composition between exclamatoryんoωand融α置and

interrogative肋ωand融α‘is motivated independently. For details, see Elliott

(1974)and Imai and Nakajima(1978).

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Namiki and Nagasawa:On Exclamatory Scntences in English     77

12)  It is necessary to addωんα‘in(21)and(22d)in Namiki(1979:79), since

ωんα‘is not listed there.

References

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Brame, MichaeL 1978.‘‘The Base Hypothesis and the Spelling Prohibition;’

Lどπ8砿’5訂c4πα’y5∫54,1-30。

Bresnan, Joan.1973.‘‘Syntax of the Comparative Clause Construction in En一

glish,’,Lゴπgαご5百c 1πqα∫ry 4,275-343.

Chomsky, Noam.1970.‘‘Remarks on Nominalization,,’in R eαd加8ε’π翫g’ゴ8ん

Trαπε!orm翻oηα10rαη1 mαr, ed. by R. A. Jacobs and P. S. Rosenbaum, Ginn,

Mass.,184-221.

Chomsky, No㎜.1973.‘℃onditions on Transformations,’, in 4 Fes孟scんr’ノげor

MorrおHα〃e, ed. by S. R. Anderson and P. Kiparsky, Holt Rinehart and

Winston, New York,232-86.

Cu㎜e, George.1931.8y耐αエ,Maruzen, Tokyo.

Elliott, Dale.1974.‘‘Toward a Grammar of Exclamations,,’Foωπdα‘ごoπεoノ

Lαπgαα8e 11,231-46.

Emonds, Joseph.1976.4Trαπs∫orm磁oπα’.4pproαcん古o Eπ8’ゴ5ゐ8yπ’α鮒Roo孟,

8飽c加re.prθ5erηゴη8,απd L ocα17rαπ5!orπ而ぎoπ5, Academic Press, New York.

Ikeda, Giichiro.1967. H’言eど,α配oη,κyoど,καηノo氾o Hyogeπ(Expressions of

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Imai, Kunihiko, and Nakajima Heizo.1978. Bωη∬∬(Sentences II), Gendai no

Eibunpo 5, Kenkyusha, Tokyo.

Jac kendoff, Ray.1977.亙8y磁α鮒.4 8施dy o!1)んrα5e S言r砿c勘re, Linguistic

Inquiry Monograph 2, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.

Jespersen, Otto.1933..E∬e雇1α’s oプEπ8」融Orαη辞παr, George Allen&Unwin,

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Lごπg副s訂cs 5,44-76.

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ノVELS 5,77-91.

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Ibaraki University.

Namiki, Takayasu.1979.‘‘Remarks on Prenominal Adjectives and Degree Expres一

sions in English:ACase for an Output Condition,,,8飽d’es加.EπgZ’sんLごπ一

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g酷ごs頁cs 7,71-85.

Ota, Akira, and Masaru Kajita.1974. Bωπp oroη∬∬(Grammatical Theory II),

Eigogaku Taikei 4, Taishukan, Tokyo.

Ross, John R.1967. Coπ8εrα1碗s oπグαr’α6’e5∫π8y瞬αx,Unpublished Ph. D.

Dissertation, MIT.

Wasow, Thomas.1977.‘‘Transformations and the Lexicon,”in Formαl Syπ齢,

ed. by P. W. Culicover, Thomas Wasow, and Adrian Akmajian, Academic

Press, New York,327-60.

Watanabe, Junichi.1969.‘‘Kantanbun no Bunpokozo ni Kansuru Ichikosatsu(An

Investigation into the Syntactic Structure of English Exclamatory Sen一

tences),,’E’gogαたμ(English Linguistics)1,98-117.

Williams, Edwin.1974. Rα’e Or4erごηg lπ8γπ鰍, Ph. D. Dissertation, MIT.

(Published by Garland in 1979.)