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茨城大学学術企画部学術情報課(図書館) 情報支援係
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ROSEリポジトリいばらき (茨城大学学術情報リポジトリ)
Title On Exclamatory Sentences in English
Author(s) NAMIKI, Takayasu / NAGASAWA, Shigeru
Citation 茨城大学教育学部紀要, 人文・社会科学・芸術(30): 67-78
Issue Date 1981-03
URL http://hdl.handle.net/10109/2359
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BulL Fac. Educ., Ibaraki Univ.(Hum.&Soc. Sci.)1981(30) 67-78 67
On Exclamatory Sentences i!1 English
TAKAYASU NAMIKI and SHIGERU NAGASAWA
D・pαr伽e財・μη9置’Sん Ed・5α脚副・r伍8んS伽・Z
凡C協γ・μぬ磁・π Ed・Sαた’-mαc砿伽S九掘,9防配
1レ1猷o,310,ノ{甲απ
(Received October 20,1980)
Abstract
Acritique of Imai and Nakajima(1978)’s analysis of exclamatory sen一
tences in English is made, and an alternativc on the basis of Namiki(1979)is
offered. Our analysis base-generatesんoωandωhα’independently of 50(and
εωcん),in contrast with Imai and Nakajima(1978).
1. lntroduction
English exclamatory sentences have been studied by many traditional
grammanans, but transfo㎜ation訓generative i騨amma舳s paid little attention to
七hem. Among the fbw who have are Watanabe(1969), Elliott(1974), and Imai
and Nakajima(1978). This paper offers a critique of Imai and Nakajima(1978),
the most detailed and systematic of the three, and a tentative analysis of English
exclamations.
2,ACritique of lmai and Nakalima(1978γs Analysis
In Imai and M(司゜ima(1978), M(司’ima an瓠yzes excl㎜atory sentences in
En glish in a transformational framework. According to his treatment, examples in
(1)are generated as shown in(2)and(3).
(1) a.How beautifUl a bird he has!
b.What a beautiful bird he has 1
(2) a.COMP he has so much beautiful a bird
↓M・・んD・1・ti・n
b.COMP he has soφbeautift旺abird
↓肺Attachm・nt
c.COMP he has融#so beautift旺abird↓Ex・1㎜・鱒M・v・m・nt
d.how beautiful a bird he has@ ↓
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68 Bull. Fac. Educ., Ibaraki Univ.(Hum.&Soc. Sci.)1981(30)
e.How beautiful a bird he has 1(surface structure)
(3) a.COMP he has so much beautiful a bird
↓翫・1・Del・ti・n
b.COMP he has soφbeautiful a bird
↓Adjectiv・Shift
c.COMP he has so a beautiful bird
↓S一刷t・m・ti・n
d.COMP he has such a beautift旺bird
↓肺Atta・hm・nt
e.COMP he has励#such a beautiftU bird↓Ex・1・mat・・y M・vem・nt
f. what a beautifUl bird he has
@ ↓g,What a beautiful bird he has!(surface structure)
The tr㎝sfo㎜ation訓rules that he sets up, which are largely based on Bresnan,s
(1973)paper, are fo㎜記ized as follows:
(4) 、MαcんDeletion(obligatory):@ SD・X-[QpD・tmu・h]一{論v}-x
1 2 3 4 5=〉SC: 1 2 の 4 5
(5) Adjective Shift:
SD: [AP(so)A】[NP(Det)N]
12 34::〉SC: 1 の 3 2+4
Condition:optional, when 1≠のand 3≠の;
obligatory otherwise.
(6) 80.sωcんAltemation(obligatory):
so:>such/ NP
(7) 伊んAttachment(optional):
SD・X-o§9。h}-Y
1 2 3:⇒〉SC: 1 ωん#2 3
(8) Exclamatory Movement(obligatory):
SD:-WH COMP-X-[wh X]-X
1 2 3 4=〉SC: 3 2 ¢ 4
One of Nakalima’s underlying assumptions is that both types of English
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Namiki and Nagasawa:On Exclamatory Sentences in English 69
exclamatory sentences(i.e. theんoωtype and the融α言type)are derived from the
s㎜esource, namely from 50.He accounts for the parallelism between so andんoω
and between sαcんand融α‘by deriving the latter ffom the former in each pair.
He also explains the fact that 50 and sμch(and ultimately,んo”andωんαのare in
complementary distribution, by means of setting up 80一ε配cんAltemation Rule(6).
Although Nakajima’s proposals are interesting in a number of respects, his
rules are inadequate. First, many problems arise with陥Attachment(7). For one
thing, it is difficult to account for the fact that so, like sαcゐ, can express‘‘degree”
and‘‘character”, as shown in(9),1)whileんoωcan express‘‘degree,, only.
(9) a.You have presented so elegant a solution that we can only admire
it.
b・ So elegant a solution as you have presented us with can elicit only
admiration.
For another, the postulation of肺Attachment(and Exclamatory Movement)
makes it very hard to explain naturally why sentence-initial 80 phrase trigger the
Sublect-Auxiliary Inversion(henceforth SAI)in unmarked cases,2)while sen一
tence-initialんoωphrases do not do so in unmarked cases.3)Consider the follow一
●lng:
(10) a.So striking has been the growth in consumer purchasing power
that foreigners in Japan now have difficulty maintaining the
standard of living of their Japanese counterparts without special
allowances,...(Ezra R Vogel,1979,ノαpαηαsκμ配6er Oπe,
Tuttle, p.15.)
b・How fast those Queens cαπ㎜1(Le朗s C鍵rol1,茄ce’5緬e珈res
加 耳ノoπder1απ(1αη〔∫ Tんroα8ん 読e ・L oo碗π8 01αss, Puf∬n Books,
P.292.)
c.What a long sleep you’ve had!
Furthe㎜ore, it is unclear how Nak勾ima covers the fact that so and sαcんcan take
aresult clause‘んα’Swhileんoωandωんα‘cannot.4)Nakajima may put a condi一
tion on恥Attachment to the effect that the third term Y in(7)cannot contain a
result clause痂醜S. But this condition is no七〇nly ad hoc but also wrong. Sen一
tences such as(11)show that even in exclamatory sentences a result clau.se‘んα孟S
can apPear in Y in some cases.
(11) a.How vividly John remembered the fact that George had hit him so
hard that he didn’t come to for an hour!
b.How poignantly she let us know the fact that she was so poor that
she hadn’t eaten in three days!
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70 Bull. Fac. Educ., Ibaraki Univ.(Hum.&Soc. Sci.)1981(30)
Still worse, it is unclear how Nakajima guarantees that a declarative sentence can
contain more than one occurrence of so and甜cん, whereas an exclamatory
sentence can contain only one occurrence ofんoωandωんα‘except conjoinedんoω
andωんα言. Observe the following:
(12)a.J・hn hit hi・ca… ha・d・・m・ny tim・・幅th・u・h a bigh・mme「
that it finally started.(Libe㎜an 1974:86)
b.*What an expensive book John threw at wha七asilly gir1(Watanabe
1969:114)c.What an expensive book John threw at such a silly gir1!(Loc. cit.)
d.What a huge amount of money the government squandered on
such a useless project!
Second, Nakajima’s Adjective Shift(5)can generate, for example, s・6eα画プ配
。9’,’(th・丘・・tt・㎜ヂ伽dth・thi・d t・㎜≠の)・・融・6・α・卿l g∫・碓h・五rs七
termチ¢、nd th・止i・d t・㎜≠の),・融6…疎19∫・1・(th・丘・・t t・㎜≠のbut th・
thi,d t。㎜一¢),・nd。6・…ヴ・’gl・Z(th・且・・t t・㎜一¢but th・thi・d艶㎜≠の)・
H。wev。,, it cann・t g・n・・at・・u・h・x・mpl・・おin(13),・nd・・h・need・an・th・・
rule which moves‘‘(Adv)+‘oo+Adj,’rightward into the NP, to cover the exam一
ples in(13).5)
(13)a.A・with・畝w・pref・・av・即・anaph・・a t・anything th・t is
、pecifi・d by・t・・d・finite-se・ming・elative clau・e;(Dwight
Bolinger,1972,」De8ree〃ord8, Mouton, p.68.)
b....and a sometimes too careless faith in the specialized㎞owl一
edge of the reader…
c.He has made a possibly too generous offer.(Kaji七a 1977:60)
d.It was a too unheard-of proposal.(Bolinger 1972:138)
e. atoo costly sachfice(Currne 1931:65)
f.She,s a too, too discreet woman for that.(Bolinger 1972:142)
g.This too hot weather is starting to get me down.
Third,50-sωcんAltemation is questionable. Complementary distribution is not
asufficient condition for regarding two entities as the same・In phonemics,/h/
and/o/are in complementary distribution, but no one has ever claimed that they
are the same phoneme. Some other conditions are necessary to establish the
sameness of two entities. So and甜cんare too diffbrent in七heir function to be
regarded as equivalent:so typically modifies adjectives and adverbs, while 5砿cん
typic謡ly modifies noun phrases. Furthe㎜ore, it is meta七heoretic皿ly undesirable
to admit transfomユations which change the fo㎜of morphemes such as 80一甜ch
Altemation, since it makes a linguistic theory too powerful to meet explanatory
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Namiki and Nagasawa:On Exclamatory Sentences in English 71
adequacy.
To summarize, we fbel that we have demonstrated the dubious validity of the
three transfo㎜ational mles(i.e.〃んAttachment, Adjective Shift, and So一甜cん
Altemation), which are set up to re且ect the similarities between so andんoωand
between 5ωcんandωんα‘, and the complementary distribution of so and甜cんand
ofんoωandωゐα虚.
3. OurAlternative
Let us tumL to our tentative treatment. Flirst, we propose the following phrase
StrUCtUre rUleS。
㎜i14) a.S→COMP S
b.S→NP VP
・・VP-{濃胤tlPP)}
d.NP→(Det)頁・.瓦一(恥({S,})6)
五Pre磁・a槍一{晶。atぴN。min皿}
一X. AP→A(PP) 一?DA→(Adv)(Deg)(Adv)Ai. AdvP→(Deg)Adv(PP)7)
j. Deg→εo,αε,彦oo,んoω,甜ch,ωんα言, etc.
Second, a set of relevant transformations follows.8)
(15) Non-adverbial DegPreposing:
SD:X, Det, Deg,(A), N, X
卜Adv]
SC: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
→1,3+2, の, 4, 5, 6
(16) Prenominal Deg Preposing:9)
SD:X, Det, Deg, X, N, XSC: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 0PT 筒
1, 3+2, ¢, 4, 5, 6
(17) Excl㎜atory Movement:10)
SD:X, COMP, X, Wh, X[+Intl
SC: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 0BL 筒
1, 4, 3, ¢, 5
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72 Bull. Fac. Educ., Ibaraki Univ.(Hum.&Soc. Sci.)1981(30)
Third, we assume that a lexicon for English contains a set of fbatures concem一
ing intensifiers and interrogative pronouns:[±Adverbial】,[±lntensifier],[±Wh]・
According to this assumption, s o has[+Adv,+Int,-Wh],exclamatory九〇ωhas
[+Adv,+Int,+Wh】,甜繭、 has卜Adv,+In七,-Wh】,and exclamatory”h碗has
卜Adv,+Int,+Wh].11)We can attribute the similarity in distribution of so and
んoω,on one hand, and ofε雌cゐand励α孟, on the other, to the similarity in their
feature composition as to[±Adv,±Intl.
Given these devices, it is possible to generate vahous exclamatory sentences in
English. Observe the following:
(18) a.How beautiful Richard,s bird is!
b.How fast Edward㎜s!
c.How beautiful a bird Richard has!
d.What a beautiful bird Richard has!
Sentences(18a-d)are derived as follows:
(19) a. Richard’s bird is how beautifUl
↓Ex・1㎜at・・y M・v・m・nt
b.how beautiful Richard,s bird is
@ ↓c.How beautiful Richard,s bird is!(=(18a))
(20) a.Edward runs how fast
↓Ex・1㎜at・・y M・ve…t
b.how fast Edward runs@ ↓c. How fast Edward runs!(=(18b))
(21) a. Richard has a how beautiful bird↓P・en・min田D・g P・ep・・ing
b.Richard has how beautiful a bird
↓Ex・1㎜・t・・y M・v・m・nt
c.how beautifnl a bird Richard has@ ↓d.How beautiful a bird Richard has!(=(18c))
(22) a. Richard has a what beautiful bird
↓N・n・・dverbi訓D・g Prep・・ing
b.Richard has what a beautiftU bird
↓Ex・1㎜a鱒M・v・m・nt
c.what a beautiful bird Richard has@ ↓d.What a beautiful bird Richard has!(=(18d))
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Namiki and Nagasawa:On Exclamatory Sentences in English 73
Ungrammatical sentences such as in(23), which are derived within七he above
analysis, are blocked by a set of output conditions on prenominal degree expres一
sions.12)For details, see Namiki(1979).
(23) a. *John told so funny the story.
b.*How funny the story John told!
c.*John is such the stupid man.(Imai and Nakajima 1978:201)
d.*What the stupid man John is!(Ibid., p.199)
Needless to say, the proposals i奨ven above are tentative. Many refinements
and extensions are necessary. But it seems to us that we are on the right track.
4.Theoretical lmplications
Three theoretical implications follow from the analysis for exclamatory
sentences in English proposed in section 3. First, as noted㎞Ota and Kajita
(1974:279),no transformational rules have been established which refer to a
negative value of a feature, though phonoloi藝cal nlles gften do so. The Non一
adverbial Deg Preposing(15)is a candidate for such a transformation, since it
refers to卜Advl in its SD.
一recondly, the assumption that AP is divided into A and PP rather than into
■@ 一ceg and A has an implication for the X-bar c6nvention. It is usually assumed in
the X-bar theory that NP, VP, and AP have parallel intemal structure(cf.
Chomsky 1970, Jackendoff 1977). But if the intemal structure of AP is like
(24a)and that of NP is like(24b), then AP and NP do not have parallel intemal
structure. AP NP
(24) a. 五 PP b. Det 瓦
Deg A N PP
Thus the intemal structures of AP and NP should be studied further. For details,
see Namiki(1979).
Thirdly, the rtdes of Prenominal Deg Preposing and Non-adverbial Deg Pre。
posing constitute counterexamples to Brame’s Base Hypothesis. The definition of
the Base Hypothesis is given in(25), where LOCAL TRANSFORMATIONS are trans一
fo㎜ations that do not make essential use of variables:
(25) Base Hypothesis(Brame 1978:6)
All structures previously derived by local transformations are in
fact generated by phrase structure rules.
It is clear, however, that Prenominal Deg Preposing and Non。adverbial DegPrepos一
ing are local transformations in Brame’s sense, since they do not make essential
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74 Bull. Fac. Educ., Ibaraki Univ.(Hum.&Soc. Sci.)1981(30)
use of variables. Therefore, they are counterexamples to his Base Hypothesis. See
also Namiki(1979).
Notes
*)We would like to thank Richard Krause and Edward Quackenbush, who have
willin創y and patiently served as informants. Thanks are also due to Edward
Quackenbush for his suggestions for imprσvements of style. This research was
supported by a Grant-in-aid for Scientific Research, Encouragement of Young
Scientists(Grant No.401149), to Takayasu Namiki from the Ministry of Educa一
ti on, Jap an.
1) These ex㎜ples are cited from Bresnan(1973二304), where so,like sucん,
is explicitly said to be able to refer to both‘‘degree”and‘‘character・”In contrast,
Nakajima seems to considerthat so has only a‘‘degree,, reading.
2) Stnctly speaking, the exact position tnggering SAI is not sentence-initial,
as shown in(i).
(i)a.It happened three weeks ago, but so fast do we live, that three weeks
is ancient history.(Jean Webster, Dαddy-L oπg-L egs, Tempo Books,
P,100.)
b.The research of the lおt dozen years h鵬sho㎜, if previous work did
not, that so far are we from having invented language that...(Pau1
Postal,1972,‘‘The Best Theory,,, in OoαZ80∫、Lfπg磁s‘‘c Tんeory,ed.
by Stanley Peters, p.168.)
The same holds true of other SAI-triggers such asπo孟,πo, oπ’y, etc., which is
related to the definition of a‘‘root transformation.,,(See Emonds 1976.)
Consider the following:
(ii)a. To put it loosely, not only must the word entail each component, but
the components must between them entail the word.(Janet Fodor,
1977,SeπLαη訂cs,p.153.)
b.If we cannot exhaust the list of intensifiers, no more can we describe
fully the distnbution of the ones we decide to include.(Dwight
Bolinger,1972, Degree躍ords,P・26・)
c. Fraser,s observation is that while both sentences have the force of
orders, only in the second example is the notion of‘‘order”explicit in
the inteq)retation.(Peter Culicover,1971, Sy耐αcπc αη{∫Se配αππc
∫π”es‘ゴ8α‘めπs, P.82.)
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Namiki and Nagasawa:On Exclamatory Sentences in English 75
d.It is important to restrict the kinds of principles that can be used in
constructing grammars because only when such restrictions are strong
does lingしdstic theory make revealing claims about the nature of
language and provide explanations for the acquisition of languages.
(Jerrold Katz,1976,‘‘Global Rules and Surface Structure Interpreta一
tion,”in、4π1π‘e8rα孟ed Theory o/L加gぬs‘ゴc.46∫’琵y, ed. by T. G.
Bever et al., p.417.)
3) SAI sometimes occurs in exclamatory sentences. Nagasawa(1979)ad一
duces such examples as in(i).
(i)a.How futile a thing is education!(Jean Webster, Dαddy.Loη8.Le8s,
P.64.)
b。How many times have I told you not to smoke that fou1-smeUing pipe
in the house!!(William M. Gaines, Tんe Rごp oガ丑1αd,Wamer Books.)
Jespersen(1933:100)says about this inversion that‘‘In long literary exclama一
tions we may have inversion.’, But(ia)is part of a letter written in colloquial
English, and(ib)is a sentence uttered by a wife to her hllsband in a comic strip.
So it seems that contexts for the inversion in question are not limited to‘‘long
1iterary exclamations.,, Precise characterization of the invers ion goes well beyond
the scope of this paper.
4) This was independently pointed out in Elliott(1974:240).
5) All the examples here are cited from Namiki(1979). AP Shift in Bresnan
(1973),which is similar to Adjective Shift(5), is argued against in N㎜iki(1979).
The counterarguments there hold true for Nakajima’s Adjective Shift. The inter一
ested readeris referred to N㎜iki(1979).
6) Postulating A rather than AP in N allows us to predict that adjectiva1
complements never occur in prenominal position, which is bome out。
7) The reason why‘‘(PP)”is added heIe is that sometimes adverbs take
prepositional phrases as complements. Consider the following:ど磁epeπde副y o∫
.・・CregαrdZes80ノ...,’rres、ρθc直加e oノ… ,d’熊reπμy/roηL・・,andαπαZo80ωs’γ虚o…
8) It might be objected that exclamatory sentences in English should be
generated by a lexical redundancy rule or by a phrase s七ructure rule. But if
exclamations are generated by lexical redundancy mles, then a great number of
redundancy ruies are needed to capture the fact thatゐoω(andω肋のcan modi取
various categories, while one transformation is enough to do so. Consider the
following(cited from Imai and Nakajima(1978:193-6)):
(i)a.How beautiful Havana is!(predicative A)
b.How cha㎜ing a beauty came!(attnbutive A)
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76 Bull. Fac. Educ., Ibaraki Univ.(Hum.&Soc. Sci.)1981(30)
c.How eagerly he leams French!(Adv)
d.How she upset herself!(VP)
e.What a cha㎜ing beauty came!(NP with A)
f.What a beauty came!(NP without A)
(ii)a. How cha㎜ing a beauty came!(subject)
b.How terrible a story he told!(direct object)
c.How beautiful a place Havana is!(subjective complement)
d.How miserable a hovel they live in!(prepositional object)
e.What a charming beauty came!(subject)
f.What a terdble lie John told!(direct object)
g.What a beautiful place Havana is!(subjective complement)
h。What a miserable hovel they live in!(prepositional object)
Suppose, on the other hand, that phrase structure nlles are set up to deal with
exclamatory sentences. Then how can it be guaranteed that every exclamatory
sentence has a‘‘gap”which corresponds to a sentence-initia1んoωorω九α’phrase?
It seems impossible to express this fact within context・free PSR’s.
Five criteria proposed in Wasow(1977)for distinguishing between lexica1
rules and transfo㎜ation記rules either鍵e consistent with or support the trans一
formational status of the rule for English exclamations.
9) Chomsky’s principle is adopted here‘‘that requires that if the specifier of
anoun phrase or adjective phrase(in the sense of(1970a)is extracted, then the
whole phrase must be extracted”(Chomsky 1973:fn.10). This principle enables
us to deal with such examples as so o6u∫oμεly correcホαso1碗ごoπ(Bresnan 1973:
310)as well as 506eα醜ヴα1α6ケd,んo甜6eα碗’μZα61「d, etc・
10) Although it is stated here that onlyんoωor融α‘is moved by this rule, the
whole NP includingんoωor融α’is moved by means of the Left Branch Condition
(Ross 1967), if this condition is extended to deal withωんwords within NP,s as
well as NP,s within NP,s. Cf. also Imai and Nakajima(1978).
The relative ordering of Prenominal Deg Preposing(16)and Exclamatory
Movement(17)need not be stipulated here. The former applies in an NP cycle.
一she latter applies in an S cycle, which is clear ffom the existence of COMP in its
SD. Thus Prenominal Deg Preposing automatically precedes Exclamatory Move一
ment. The same holds true of the relative ordering of Non-adverbial Deg Preposing
and Exclamatory Movement. In this regard, see Williams(1974).
11) Feature composition for interrogative pronouns is as follows:んoω=
[+Adv,-Int,+Wh],ωんα‘=卜Adv,-Int,+Wh】,ωんere=[+Adv,-Int,+Wh],
etc. Distinction of feature composition between exclamatoryんoωand融α置and
interrogative肋ωand融α‘is motivated independently. For details, see Elliott
(1974)and Imai and Nakajima(1978).
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Namiki and Nagasawa:On Exclamatory Scntences in English 77
12) It is necessary to addωんα‘in(21)and(22d)in Namiki(1979:79), since
ωんα‘is not listed there.
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