Role of endocrine glands in regulation of body functions Author ass.prof. N.M. Volkova.
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Role of endocrine glands in regulation of body functions
Author
ass.prof. N.M. Volkova
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• The thyroid gland contains spherical follicles (50–500 μmin diameter).
• Follicle cells synthesize the two iodine-containing thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4, tetraiodothyronine) and triiodothyronine (T3).
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• Thyroid hormone activation of target cells
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Thyroid hormone activation oftarget cells
• Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) readily diffuse through the cell membrane.
• Much of the T4 is deiodinated to form T3, which interacts with the thyroid hormone receptor, bound as a heterodimer with a retinoid X receptor, of the thyroid hormone response element of the gene.
• This causes either increases or decreases in transcription of genes that lead to formation of proteins, thus producing the thyroid hormone response of the cell.
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Regulation of thyroid secretion
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Iodine metabolism
• Iodine circulates in the blood as either (1) inorganic I– (2–10 μg/L), (2) organic non-hormonal iodine (traces) and (3) protein-bound iodine (PBI) within T3 and T4 (35–80 μg iodine/L). The average daily requirement of iodine is ca. 150 μg.
• Iodine excreted from the body must be replaced by the diet.
• Since iodine passes into the breast milk, nursingmothers have a higher daily requirement of iodine (ca. 200 μg/day).
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The Menstrual Cycle
• The first day of menses is day 1 of the menstrual cycle, and menses typically lasts 4–5 days.
• Ovulation occurs on about day 14 of a 28-day menstrual cycle, although the timing of ovulation varies.
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Factors That Influence the Process of Parturition
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Hormonal Control of Lactation
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Menopause• When a female is 40–50 years old, menstrual
cycles become less regular, and ovulation often does not occur. Eventually menstrual cycles stop completely.
• The cessation of menstrual cycles is called menopause. The time from the onset of irregular cycles to their complete cessation, which is often 3 to 5 years, is called the female climacteric or perimenopause.
• A variety of symptoms occur in some females during the climacteric, including “hot flashes,” irritability, fatigue, anxiety, and occasionally severe emotional disturbances.
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