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A CO}TPARISON

BETWEEN ORCANIC BRAIN

BRAIN LESION PATIENTS USINO

OF TEST RESULTS

LESION AND I{ON-ONGANIC

THE STROOP COLOR AND TORD TEST

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a Thesis Title

Nane

Degree

Maj or-Adv isorCo-Adv isor

A Conparison of Test Results Between

Organic Brain Lesion and Non-organic

Brain Lesion Patients Using the

St roop Color and Word Test

ltiss Vanida Yankeaw

Haster of Science (Clinical

Archarn Sonsong Suwanlert

Assoc. Prof. Dr- NiPhon

Ass ist. Prof . Dr - Kanokna^rt

psychologY )

PounEvar inYingcharoen

aDate of Graduation

Archarn Kanokrat Sukhatunga

Archarn Sarapee Leeprasert

13 llay, 19BB

Abstract

Inrecentyeartherehasbeenanincreasedinteresting in ut ilizing neuropsychological tests that can

diagnose accurately brain danage. The advantage of the

stroop color and Word'Test include that it is useful in

identify brain danage, require a nininun of equipnent arrd

is easy to adninister and score. The present, study

investigated the validity and reliability of the Stroop

Color and Word Test natching 60 pairs of brain danaged

subiects on age, sex and education wiLh nondanaged

subjects who had been hospital ized at sirirai Hospital for

other physical reasons. It was found by discrininant

analysis that the stroop color and word Test' considered

as a screening device, is capable of diagnosing brain

danage. The t,est results of brain danaged and nonbrain

damaged subiects uere significantly different at level

.001. The relationship of age, sex and education with testperfornance was also Presented.

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v-r - -.:i1",o,.R.1 .-'r.,",r.rdr s "-t-gil"tfiiun1?glrrqifiqfiaalilraniluelrBdnrunrtdHos uil'lsd'! EtJ?.u

sdr.r*riuaur']nttu,ri utas1nn1rfltraloa,f|"'ofiotorufirrno{ tC'T'

scan,'irfi cr yrufr orrjnfi"luufi rfi u a tdru o s

rfiu z ffnrmv 6o

1o asrlrrufiorrlnfrii, fiofiuf,rrti{ 0 0rl

D

cCopyright by Mahidol University

I r. Fr?.lilfroilnaiirfiuloafrlrt tDiffuse lesionl ilsridnril,3 1

! o {dil 0..fl ailuqurirtfi r fi o arn 1 1! o {n 11{f! r fl aufi rdr il {dil a s"luq lla''l B "l

ari-rsd?ilfiu rdn r?laelrilnrs'ir n'rriufi rrrrrfflrgrg.,ttu finrrufioilnfr

n1 { a 1 rilfi $ a uuqan z rl d rufiu fi .rar r ra$fi fi r'Lfi r fi oqr r rufr orJnfi 'tuaru a'r"turj

giloiirfiu1osfirlil arcrfiu|:ndrfio#ufirdrsnrsloafirl:t (svstenic

diseaser rduTrsrfirfioqT ndrzfir u€aTronrt netabolisn lt"drfiouri

rf,oaua.rrduduro,ii.u (SeniIe denential u€41:ndtfroeT nnrzfintdu

utafiorf,a"luaros rdu riofilauatdnrdu (Heningitis) dx;otilnrdtt

q 1fl r f,olr iA ( Encephal it is ) uofls'lnil6o r.u t fior rnn r risr rrl6u'[u

t n:rTuanfiiliuy rdufiu d'or.u rfioq'rnfi au,firorn fi'raqiitui r rmdrdrgfisrtfi

rfiaarnrrr*"."d firori"|'ur?rrrufilridrfirg u€o silent area oT cldfir

"tfi r fio a 1n 1r , *r..,rd usifi o rn.lzudo r r a {fl'l? r drun r rudu'lun rt1raaniitpc

1iltln run r :ri r s rur o.r dl a':to adelil

z. uaridn.rudrfioqrn'rrrHfiorlnfi r oursuris!a{ ttadua.r (Focal

resionl ccfirlfirfionairoT n'l?r*r."d (focal syndrones) sir'! 'l rdu

aphasia, apraxia, annesia, frontal lobe syndrone tfiufiu

rrrrrufioilnfrfifnrfrosrnl:r,*t.td rdu,froro fl'lucrros granulona'

cyst, henatona oaaoqurflutfiaoaodu"tudruo'r

t flradldfir.raridnrunr.:dra.r ururafis {rhaitrtriunT:inrT'[uT:susrura ua116iunrriilqfiaqrnurnd'irrhafiraTrn6u t dldfiuari

dfl1un'lsdruas rdu lzsrrir'lq lrnz"urnrstduorurz lrodriocrnnrru

fiorlnfi ro{:cuuffurira r f,ufiu

Sensitivity rcrrru"trnatnr:nor{aut railrafis|anrdfiulrL

noaoufi'lfl'lun r:iiar,#sfl""'tfietau?n r fi afilrn r frofrust.t to aarf,a r nrud

n r:notdauil'tsl?51u

Specificitv torrrruilttlluna{fl'l?nqdaut raurafit lanrAfi

ru urnordaufi"tff"lun. zinsF, #tfi"tfi ara r f,uau r fi o1ilfi t:nqi s 1o ai t t nrufrn r z

C nodauu'rsrrg'tu


t 4lilnn zqa

[ !]fld1ittas.!1u'lrigfi r fiarfia't

'tunrzdnrr t ondr:ttav truiiafi r fi artos

arrdaoaanrf,u e dru6o

1. orrudrfigno.:dltos

z. rafitduaonT :rir{'!ugatdna'l

g . n r r u fi orln6 n o t drt a su n c n 6i il a r n r zdu do'rfi sr^l a r iaR tu I a s dru a':

4. uuunadoudn:rjfia r aa{uaud r i{o r nad

s. natifiqfianrrlfiorln6rosdruatloaulunodaudorl1lfia r aa{

ruouo{ri{ornad

6. errrudrdrggo.to'l'l1t$Ongirt:vra'irt tud tcduara 11as:cdil

nr:frnrr?sil:raat r 5 aodssi o"lilil

sr r rrudr6U! a.odilg.l

"tudr.rn'r a r o sruurd , ,.fiur"uutl:cdrYlfirailrfif r6r1'[un r ?n xilqsl

r Control ) uacil:vA.uoiu ( Coordinat ion I "lfi:ciluoiarcgirs t '[u

d r s n r a ri r.r rui r ru fiu o d r .r fi rJ: "Rnin

ru r d s n T : d r z .r di or"tuan ruoi r s "l ?c ilil

rjrydrnfirufi'rfit1nrrlTfrnqrnaiarcfiilfid (Sense organsl oi'r'r1 fir"lfi

r : rdrru r rn itn r ru ffinuarnz rufi tn r : r rJ6 auurla.r n o sdssi r st'[ud'ru rofi aru

fi r rr o rfr e o d ununr rufi ,rfl .r ? r ild auurja.r"[u?iou ""fi arun'r s'[u'ir tn r ar a't

r r.r r dunrr r rJfisuuila{nasscfiuorilr: uaudrz r nilfidrfirgqianrtrirr'rir"r

n 1 T r rJfi suu rja \: r CI { oruunfr "[ud1 {fl 1 I do z'ln'lz r fiur a stir"tc$a"n r:urall

t fiufiu r.nfiurruurlry drnfi qr rirrafi 'rfif, o o.uut* er ruqru1fi o larcq alduo s

{iialfiu anndtr r1 a

l

l

Isi an r z r ild auuila ssi r s"l ii t fi rffufi onr a'tuuatnl rJua fl i r'ln r a :vuttdte;drn


t i rfiruilrfi r ufi ou, flr,:rludo ruorunaln ra snrzinurdnrud*oad n o { ril,,un 1 ?

"ludrrnra"lfi?nprttdtraiadn'rrsrlnfili (control of honeostatic

nechan isn ) fl''t I r r,f, oulrrnaufl'lt t 116 auurln od ' frtf;ufiufir"lfi r fiouqfin:zu

( Behaviors ) si'ls r d'rfrr'tfinut trdrlrtnrjiude r ilrfiudn'rrturoHan'tu

n.r roi r : tilr^l "lururd r r.fiu'" uiltlzsdrniilrfi rfidrdrl r d a e fi o sfi ufieturnr:

tasuoinnliliasusiasuqna r trrrlflrgrgr rrrrriln6o n1t t taui $asn'11

qoir uasuqfin:rufif,uflru fi.r'luor.u r f,uq?tufieqt t fiu'i'ln'r1fi1{1ufl4{

rcuuilzsrd.*fi, ro iirl.r"lfltd.ofl18aurr.,.6rulur fiin'[e uasuflGintzn

nrtudosoofl!o\tfl1?drzsdio'luflqsfiufi orrlinr'tinsrdrdq{nrtuund

lHrn?Efirrrofi.rf;u'.n qudrurznfirn'rzai'rfiorildsuoT"odd"'firu f rdu

fi r"ls'tfi usifi f .llilfi fi "[odr*r tnfi rn r :ai rfi o r rJd sud* a'rlfi uatfi 'ruil'i T qt'fi r

lfidr r 6s"ruaures, nrrai.rfio r r,dauaroou.nou"firlrr"td-tfidne,urd',rfiqo

frrtfirfionrr r ildauurla{ ,,qnna., dlfi6ut ardratnuduut fi.fi'il'18',

errrrudrfirgnoszsuurJtsdrn'lun1?q'lilailuqBnztildfluflou6'rnrirr 6sfiu

uunduasfininsrs{1dfl{firlil"ludfisilssiiut'raauTil'irnr:firsrux6 gf,vlttl

rl:sdrn r fluz rngruao sn r:iidinio"lql a tlurd r t r ua""tri t uilaunr: t fiu

ro sfir'lsfifiufiri{r f,u r fiasfirgudolafinlrt r f,u sitsntg r d1fiu t figfifiq

erffind u^t.udu "1 25282 t-ZJ

roudrao4 Ban'r{o uns BonBufiu

z llurt ($d'od;d *ror'r6na 2527: 56)

rs ttutlts dr nd'lut aluon

zyttutjtYd,tndrunart(CentralNervousSysten=CNS=)

ilssn auH r adru a'.ru aY'trfiuufi'r

rvrurrrud,rndrurrara (peripherar Nervous systen =

pNS = ) tJzvnalfiaarffurlzsd.tiltl'tflst'lgdtonqrndila{il1tdeu uaclnfru$fi'1

"luddrusir's r so'rir{n''18

"tun r efinrr r r :rr',dd r fi a r fi a sfi un r ziiae, {.lfi ev r on6i r rfi t:'uu

t

I 16urit :tulrlrvdrno an t f,u

6 a : s ulrj:sdr ndrun 0 1 {uas

a rlsvdrndruna,r oi{, d rrfiuduor t rirfiu


10

e

I

druos tThe Brain)

drssnosrurpdurtloqj"lun:o1uandtr" fifirrafinrttvtl'Iil g ilaud.eJilrvnouo'tstraarlrudrnorifr.r?aaac 90 (ud{dtd frar.rdla 2527: ?6)

uacilrynoufirr*r.A",a*4, tfiafifis ndfind ui'"udu a zirr: 64-6e)

1. Cerebral hemisphere (dilosdrurafituiogrua.r"tra{lfiAo..r

iln asin'rsfin?T Bttovrer?'rrrdattn rtan'jr cerebraI henisphere dro.t

drufiuri.ruannl{nrainrnlfi r fiu 4 l? t rru t ottilrltsnou 1) 6a ( ud{d€d

drorsdna zszr: 84-85)

u? t rruqouilfir r isn'ir Front'al lobe "[ul? r rzu Front,al

Iobe fi lu; r rrufinrtnilfl1?t.6tulrtna.rdr{n1a rian'i1 Motor area

u€a Motor cortex untui,t*d.tu.iln1t0ontda\tt?nrt.lo ttan'ir

Motor speech ur"u uto Broca's ut.u dsaqinrsdruooinfl.uluoudfi

nx.lilnfionT sfiT ulrriio uanqrnfifitfiu? r rrufidrfiry,do.Aun.: riau! r trrrrl

f,UUr ffu.. ru,fi ,r au fl 1 ?n tuqil r d s r fiufi nr*od, flurlninnrus o su0i a c i.o^au---'--q9t

u:t rrufirufirs rian'ir Tenporar lobe firrafirdrdgrfiunT zlfia{dueYelU t 6{8\i UAc t flel?IA{nUO'lllRlE''lO?8

l? t rzufiruraff.r r ian'i ''t occ ip ital lobe firuilT fin ?ilRllfl 11

rfiu1srn fratz nurouasdrufrnIlt rL? r rrufi'ruuufiosiafirLfi.rdT ruu? r rrufinairrrurufir t tan'ir Parietal

robe firuiirfiiugr?lutfinsirs r nr.rfr?fl'rs r drr ?arr t fiu r 6u f,rufrd ffuqt'

t[T{flo unvn.rsiut:dqt


11

e

, lt[Allt I 4ll ft^l ,l'.1'l {:l

porielol lotre

occiFilol lobc

flftAtft. A.ss00lAt lOlt nnlAs

I

a)---l'-' 'frbtor oreo\ 1\.

, \ ......

t f-.* -.--. konrol ossoc orco

1( i \', \ j -l-----i- rnolor sreect oreo

-iS--'.--- I ----.---- J-oudilory oreo

'i-}I==i-=--- =---. L orrditory ossoc. orei;

\,- '-/"

sonrestlretic orryr.--... __ -.;I.j-- l-_'./ '".!

nesthelic ossoc:orco- ----*;'"'-' I i )/ i r (i il).-( i \',\', ,. --;s-:

l. i i "':"visroto,.', l, i "i;""'

"":

vlsrrrl flslioc.or"., - \,i i' '. l-*-/- .... .- ''

op^.i,'rv frqs^. of ...r . --1'

s0

trrJrJrcnaufi 1 ude {n'lrurirli t ltllo.tdtto,lCrur,ilrCopyright by Mahidol University

t

L2

z. Diencephalon rfludta.rdru'lutosdruos"lurX il:vnoudrsl

g ut r rrudoa "1 6o thalanus, Hypothalanus uac Epithalanus

Thalamus rirufirfiriranaofiEryT rusirs r lrtffslt r ?$ r ilt"llc

rurir uu cerebral cortex "tuuir rrufirdarilatfiunr:iuorrtTfrn uacfir.9t

uilrfirjtsalu{1u losiudrd.tq1fl cerebral cortex lrtriranoo"tfi

r? r rruoir.rt dnnoouds urn..nfiu? r ruursd?urot Thalanus fi.rfil,rilT fi

r d s rfiun r r?uTor r ru r 6'lrjro ( pain I u ncfir"lfiiin r zd{ { 1uCI ouduo.r"tu

zr]uqfinzzuudo{oofl na\rn1r r 6urJro rdofiEryrrurlzsdrnqrn r HurJzsarndJad,or.oqg

r flB?nun1r r euurodrdrrdrturfituz t ?iluro{dilo{

Hypotharanus orjdruairsro.r Tbalanus firufirfi,dat

fiunr rer ruoru rsrnrlrcar nilo1ufifi ds r d s r ila s"[un r ts, ruqrnr zril { 1un d {.air6lrtug6l-tqoTarsnauduosfroqin'rs'luir{n1a r du nrt t fiurosfir"lq ,..uduI^fr, n1?

a?uoilaruunfrraoilon'',, nrrfiuarultuac:srduf,u?un1i tiloruoi?ilBo{

f1{nra urrdrunos Hypothalamus fi.r rfiarilotfiunr:udo{oanro{orrrun1

Epithalamus arir uilofrutJqrn Thalanus iil? r.*f,firirur fl 1 v I ai si o erf,fi n r rru dr firu r d a r fi un r : r rld auu ila { n a { tc duiil

go{Iilu dr: r erfi"tu:ruurjzvdrn uavuqfrn:zrd r dgrfiasfiunr: r rjdauurla.r

notrs6rud.rd'ir{orudrr r ra'tsirs "l rasTuuacqgnla

a 3. Meseneephalon ( dila{dxunal\: ) tJtsnaufira Superier

colliculus uau rnferior colliculus firrafirdrdarfiosfiu reflexd r fi e rfrun'l rru 0 s r fiuunrn'r :'lfiiu r ila s uas ff .rfi nairu r dadilzsdrnraa ran6iildoud.l u-dysltfl1fiU1n [ fl8',1fl0{flllfl1T r naau tu?ro{u8uCI1uay?1{fl18

r o r r fiu:l:sdrns rnfi rudr a t'trjdarua.rI

trau r f,unrsairu

4. cerebellum tdruosdrurSnl firrafiT firfiaeffosfitnr:inrrdruoa $r o.rnr rnt tfi r fl 1 Ta ?ilail uavilrvdru{1uf, o.in. r r r* orrlurd 1 rn1s

iq

-t[tasu8ltCI1

D


jllll

tl

liil,

n [!

tl

.li'lli

13li

tl

e s. Brain sten t firuduot ) ilxsnaudra r ffuilrydrniiCofiuql*o

n sfi qd adil s sdruoi'r.r'l fillsf,uufr { n-r slufi 1udil 0.riln airu r dndrJtc a.oittf '',

ufirC,d r anoofrqryrrurlrcrf 1n r ds efrurr 1: iuq lrru fffrn n'r:1d3u r das n 4 tinrrdruqa du,ln., or{firuacn., ,

"d aulur r o.tfiarlsr r&osiof,udru o.rd.r.tu$o

li,

n{ru r dadrJrvdrnfi rufi rii, d, rfiuzd $aen ?uo}rn rzuouufiu nrtnra'le urit

nriru rdadrlrvdrniiltf ir r fio r ffuilrsdrndruossirt 'l ifl'dYt

qs r uu ro'i rdr a s r fiua Ta rrdiinr r rnfl uiloufi sfi rulsr z sa?'r su rr il

nrrrirrru dilasusia'sdruiiufirdLsu-rsna{ouro\t uaorirrrultoaru$u

ana.rdrudu 1 naaosufrilfiudfiuaTsrrfirir{nra rdu ciailltdo Ur{.rloo "ra"i au t ? 1 qo a d : aofi .r n'r.r d r.rn r s u nstn"tqlfi o ri r srjnfi drat ohifi s

jiiO r 'ir

' rsuilrlrcdrnrfiududuurn dsdrfigna .l fiufir'lc ilso uncrsrutlsiaao'llr-t?

(ud.,rdtd rlrorsdna zszr: 94r iitil

ll

'd,- ,--9 r-onlora-o llluil'rfluasnr:Rrtrunasdros il

li

l'1

lil

<a Y - Oee s ta?1fi rodarqa'ls trrnsuodnR'rtf nrz-lilnrpruaEfinpcsir.i

iialil

xo{erurt-r rfiocrfinrtrirtrura{dHa{losrqiltcdilo.r'traqi tcerebru{t

arua.:drutrir.rruirrufiudrudu r la\ibnrrr{ rdu ascending reticuldr[,

a uac Iinbic systen t.rrigntu'ir "Higher Cort,ical Function{1"lii

tfrufius1 fiuqrtuor ras, fif,er sri'ta zsza: 8T-eD iltri

1, Ascending Reticular Systen rJ:srnau6rs z rouueidlall

d d o e, .J u . o Qr,r d tt d .r .{q{ q.udo tsuufrnrrnflrfrnzcfiudruo.rfir"tfiout rrdu uf orrfrcsiirlfrfiia'rorauTfio{a4 y , do g d o - o oed.ruroHailsirs'l uastvnuilnruf,'rfraonr:rir.qrutatdrualfir'lfinurt'rra'i,{u

1umurtnfifirruoa dr o srlr: rir {-rutr o rfrsdo trvrr ff.rfiun rr ri1{ 1u! a {

ascendiug ret icu Iar systen qofrt"lfi r fiorr^rfisnrsfiusia I inb

systen uacdila{"[H[i r cerebral cortexi "hlrirsrur fiurjnfr ffr r

n r -r&rfi q ilnfi s s s ascend, ing ret icu I ar s"ysten fi svfr r"lfin r rri'r.rrun dls

e auo s"lraqifiorrtnfilrtfirs l dufiu


t

o

}

oCopyright by Mahidol University

15

o a lun?'Iiln.l{1',ln1u loufisern tfronrrl{r'turi ( recent nenory)t

uanc-1n I inbic syst,en qrilnrruCrfirydonrz t fionrrlnr t{ru

ufi r rouuili.r r f,uoudur,is o rrtr$uncnt'rufi.:ualcfir a rouuili.rdr a r dir|n r r

I

t

I

o 3 .!lu

iunrr r fiilacdilli'ludT uSu 1 lasdlasHarauris uacntrrirfruccad [6

u,1u rtan'ir nrrr{1fl'121 t renote nenory) 1aB11n ( lesion) ttofir'lfi renote nemory riae"fiosrf,utoaTrnfi,f,udelrt'lualas-[rag.

r u1 1cn')1u { rliofl r fi ulTua rauu6i.l

r fi an r rrn:.r{ r'lfidd sfru rr r fiu16'i -rfi r r f,u r i a sdfi su a'lc fi etrir'lfi ce { 1lH

.irauncuru

3. cerebral Cortex tlrhJrvnar'rd 2'a

uaruntuudo.t Brodnann areas aosduosluqi

f A = iirnilrt, B = firu"tur

,fi.ilEE

rrhj:"noud 29


16

{ aruo,rnlud ( cerebral cortexl r f,udeuf,finrrnErf,rgdoneru

rofiaraaro (intelligence) r;nfinnrnr (personalit'y) unuuqfinrrn

nrrf,snt (social behavior) ufirdro'rdrudr{ "1 ro'lduos'luqiuadlrl

'ru- I[oo{u

Baslc sensory and Motor sYstens uri.r lfiu

a -gU'I [ ?fUO\tU

3.

r fluut r ?rudfiun?rulin

3.1

aBrodnann area 1?) uirru?ufiruffd (tactile area ratd Brodnann

areas g;!,2) uasilA [ ?ilfilrilas ( auditory area rn€a Brodnann

areas 41, 42t l

3. 1. 2 Mot,or areas t fiuuts r rrudnruqilfl,t? r n*au

lrar 1fiuri Brodnann areas 4'6,8

S.2Associationareas(Prinaryuausecondary)

r? t'leu sensory Bns notor' o Jc rt

9?1iln2 {ts'lnilaafl 0u

l

1.1 Prinary Sensory Receiving areas

lfiuri t? r rruilnru r v isual , t""" nia

lfifunT ':rfilil1r *au r tssuao r iltau r fiaufiu

3.2. t Visual SYsten

"lunurJnfinr:uottfiu (vision)c

u?rrru association !o{dila{ rfiuu?trmdfioXadu (rart data) 11fl

Hrsd.)udr6rgoir.r r. tfiHfiud fiusuiuo't nat ilfla cita 25.282

r rr.3o{oo Luu , ,

fl.'Ref ract,ive ltedian n1ud1"l t fiugs

r fiuqrnnflrrur1UfiAluqo0.t ( ret ina ) loaarf,anr:fin t uro\iltd\tai'lu

o t rr ii.ttjtsrnoildxa cornea; aqueousrefractirre nedian !0{anu8u6l1 ?tr{lJTtttlituer'rE

hunor; tens $aE vitreous body rautfilrflufirirfffgdqtlil11silgn

srnqsfirfifiriir f,ufirfin t nud'lufir t aufrg{fierudrufifrfr r drd1il1?nrl?lgrlir'l

iltsnau

56-57 )

I,frarildsuuila{ refract ive pouer 1fi6rs rtan'ir "Acconnodation"


I

Fsl,[oaa168na'1il ]

t7

tsudr a g rfiuRiltlls o nuilr s aq r u ac'luoud't s gl 1 B 1'ltlruq rzonud{ ? ao 1

fio .iliary 'lunurjnfinrueirs "l rolilqnuu'{onruad 1[u

Vis ionsd

MacuIa lutea

u?rrmrrauuan (peripheral) qslililorqutdril?ttru nacula

n. Visual Fields (a1ud1ao1) n1ud1s

o 1 tr s { rl 0i n c ou a 1 1 u sr n si r { fiu, d, o. a n o r r il u o n d r',r i s.r drurh rn o uR'l aus tl

ra{enn1 r du fiuf;r, #oo*,nd r aiuurnn'iT rln6 a rqrir'lfiarud'rEo1 t ldaulrt

n.ral,uaT udranrqsiilouse (Blind spotl ii',r,fiu"rdur'rldrfiuriis.---l-.ur-d,,Yrd

r s6 ouSoaairu tunudiinr T rfioilnfi n a {n 1ud'r sn'tlriu.ninfi arc1dfi a 1n 1 x

oaoo o, o,l'l ?il a { t fiuaea',t

{. Binocular Vision n1?ila\il#udaa

fiBdnrfi.rAa.rfir.rutalfiu untlfinrutdarf,steu "Binocular Vision"

d.rfi a s s r da n I : ri r's ru! o \t 1s ililn'l ? iuR ,ttlua 1 s a d 1 { r du

fia.rfinrnrjtrngfla[lu tlu nacula lotudasnr i

fi a.riinT : r u*oult,tro,or.d r rau,rudl t da

'lfin1lfiuux1n3ilu nacura utarufiufinrfis 2 fir1oaoe r?n1

r fia'[fi rfie r f,unruarufi6

fiasinr:ri'to.n u.nfio 2 ourteufru

1. Visual PathwaY and Cortical

vis ion r flun,r sfi-.T n r ru f; in r d s rfi un r t iun'rulrJddru o.:l?, ."d r d s rfi unrr

iunau ra€anr:uoo tfiu

a. Visual Percept,ion r f,ururun"t?uEn

uscuas?utnrrulfneir.r 1 tderf,unr:Ha.lrfiu

d. Colour Vision

!. l,lacular and PeriPheral

, fiurodil*r'rldrfirgoianl? r fiuntr16ilo t cu R',riln0na{

o

o

d {.n 1? t l4U6[gl'l \t "1

unil1x1nn.lr??ilsa$dfiug.u e fr 6a fluos flfirriu uaudriiae

o

rfiu


a r d afi sdn 1 iunrutjo nn {ilill aR'l}l- e t .-,-!

( retina) $a? nail [aaat

Brodnann ""." d L7, tfiafiilc ndfind ou"*udu "l 2528: 96)

qrn,pninary visual cortex (area 17, qodr1siolilSt prinary

iil ueifirrfiunap,ttilauqt

t

+

fi , gr"[u ret ina n rn :v {u'[fi r fi on r zfi 1 {'lu r dd auudt',r ruu d'-r'[fi r f,ufrgrgrru

rlrlrd'ln dtriranaooialU{Alo.rdrul? t xiliun'lll ( VisuaI area<l

H?gtsoilat

uas

rai a* i an q'a^s I fioladrilunrrl?ilnsecond,ary association areas (areas 18'19) nOilAnUUUq?' s

n,l?ign1ufit g"5.u (basic visual sensatlonl rduud"td'irt nr,tuile

r Hu uacdlur4d{la{{on rolfiiunrt r ildaut fiutiluulHiod'.rlos ( f orms

or obiects ) grl lraeirfirclfiiunrrriur.t rJiau r fialfiurJrteunrzr$'[uadn

(previous experience) rfirtfi{'irr6urrla"l:

HatdlfiloXalrtfi.r l{ernicke's uas Word recoEnition areas t'rqo?

'irnrtr r ii gufiu r ii au'i1 s d1 slr9.2.2 AuditorY SYst'en

rcuun rtiu r ita.rfiiifinrilc r du r 6 arfitt?stlu

n1?iun1l6aiur?la.,rd prinary auditory cortex (area 4L, 42'

uHrd*siolrtd.r prinary auditory association areas (ares 22:l

uas, secondary association areas (areas 20' 2L, 37' 38) d"

rrilrrururirfiqsfirtfinrru.i.rrfiuritasool: rdu r6la.oun t?latnu frrrf,u..v^.J.|

r ta.rnufio.re{oialrt.ir r f,unrrtatsld le adssioldff.ru? t rsratdlasfi t ilar

fiunrrr3.2.3 Tactile PercePtion

u? r reuu :nd?ln r ruifinfrrufi c ( tact i le

perception) 6o prinary receiving cortex 16udu?rrU 3,!,2 dru

ui r rtu 8."? t f,u ""uociation areas d.rqodra'lfinrttun'l, H!finfrlfit

rtn prinary receiving area inr:fierur"rd""urnfinprusnasdootodu u tlu1ilCIo{ to


e

19

g . 3 Tert iary Assoc iat ion Areas r iiuu? t rufi r etrfi

rgurs'ludilo{!a{eu lfiuri Angular Clyrus (Brodnann area 39) uau

Supranarginal giyrus ( Brodnann area 40 ) dso{ddruairtro't

parietal lobe u? r rrufirs?ufirXErun1xiiln1u n1lln t ilaf uncn1lfrilfid

c1n secondary association areas UfirtrUtrruilOgAfi'rndrr UAU

uilastaloaarfistJzsdun..r?f$n'11 rtau! uava?xil{'laonil1 tf,unrrn r firtr

aa{n1$1toBn1?d1u n,r?[iiau uaufl'l?]re toad.rf,rgqlrurllcd,lYllrtfi"r

Broca,s area airunls arcuate fasciculus (ifla gi'lA 25242

323) fir'lfinur 11d1il11n"lflirue (word) urrarafisnT "drfiu riig.0dlfi3u

u"ndo n, odfi ,f,uffa, an il.1 r f,uri rgolfirat adra r :n us nd ruraris r a sfi rci'l s'l lfi

R1lt1 (Language)

r *astasnlr.l rf,uHfirddT 6rgdqoros*uat'luqi ntuttJ:cnaudra

fl11.ro, fl1? r ilau uasnrrniru u? t rulatata.'rd r darfiuntraqid

Broeat s area tld!, Exnert s area !o{ f routal lobe d

supfanarginel$acangulargyriBa{parietallobe$aUI{ernicke's' area nas tenporal lobe tfif,a Ci-[A 2524: 320)

u? r rru r uri.rf, fr rr,tfi T d d r u fiu, d, o r. u t il r'ls u n "

n'l I I de \t a s n E a \tR 1nIo a

a n1?Ho n,lrrilau uaonrrdru riaursnri'rrfist{o.rHfiT dra.ldilatdrdaafru

n.tu.tqusandrefis nrrfirrruratduatusinuiln' (cerebral doninant

henisphere) UfifdgOS corpus callosun; Brocats area Uns

I{ernicke?s area flott

Elauuuunouudu r uas *find lfindT rfrtnrtfirsrurosdHo'tuti

antn 6.rf, <ilrtrrn iif,a at'tc 2524: 321)

1. derasilnfrra (Left Doninant Henisphere) iirafirddT619

a

rdarfiilnrrruasfinrv ( Motor ski 1t ) sirs

'[usrunfioflr sufi'rd , r,rai"rf,druluqio qidril a 'rilnflr s

.l log t ouro'lununfiolrr

roiafi.r z ilr.r ilfiasrrad

+Copyright by Mahidol University

e

20

csadn,..{dnostnrrr 6.rfiufiT finrrrufioilnfira'sdro',rilnilrs fifinfir'Ifi tio

a,..nrzfioilna rdarfilnr:'[tnrr1 (aphasia) il€afinrcgir{ 1 ( apraxia)

z. dHosilnrlr rRight Doninant Henisphere) iinrrild'rdrg

rdsrfiun'lzfiruuoidnrt (Yi.sual Spatial Analysisl rdu n1x?'lo

u"rrd nr:urdruilri.rsirs 1 ra{ouI o\t uns I darfiiluqfin?trn.{arturi

dt a tiln I r rii n r uf rfiqn r.r {unt snruu r n u no o rqfi #uoau'lun r rrir s rudfi u

f,utaun.i r Cru a.rilnf r afi lfi r d a eru a sfl n s ?'r t ?ia {rh *rs { rd r uudtu n sfi dnr s

1d1H {Ta€of,..rouoira.la{ ldAu'tqdrtnra6ruorttruoaaoru ldiud

iutrafilnrufinrrdrs r drfiof;u tfirufiud fiusriuor un"iifla ctla

25282 92)

corpus callosun rflunriruro{rfiutail:udrnd,ttu cerebral

henispheres fin z firs "lu{rftadrfiuI:na*f,nnfiscrndo corpus

callosun aon rdoilasfiunrznrsl,ts!a{nrsudldflrdfiorlnA'ludruo'rlilfrs

firumttilrru {rlrafia{1firfiurlnfi ueinrrrTfinur'sodr'q rdu position

r rndru a si|nmd..rlrtfi s fi au

t

o

sense iirra'.rru'iadsairu corpus callosun

qr.ofirn tfir{q1n iifla *i'ta 2524: 321)

25242

fi T'lfifi rl'l sufilnrnd rilrnn r!T

fi raiiorrl fi ilraasuanlfign6a.r'ir r fiuilrnnr r $:tt duasilrsfila r $ufi r'rd

r oiudruiunltr-r u sifi rnd rrJrnn T fi r sii ofi r a o r u !?inrolildal A "riln nr T usi

ai ruu rnr rtnfi r a1d16 {rh a !'i. o, ofir* t f, uilT nn ru duo'i r rlrnn rldlfi r u ? 1s'

dH a siln s r rlil r tiud rra 5un tr fi o t a I f, s fi a il a c rn du a.rilnil r at"r q v uo n lfi

rurso{d ou"oudr. .l (Meyers, et aL. ilrtrrn iga Ai'tA

gZL nri,rlir druufitro{ Corpus callosun loarour"U?'trru

spleniun r f,unr.rairurasfirggrruil:srdrnq.1n visual cortex tnrr, lrt

fi.rilnflrarilodssiat116.tu?rr*drdarfiunrrr'[u"ud spleniun !a{

coripus callosun qnfiorro ar'tridrHlzndruufisilafira visual f ield

ilnfl-ra udilnrrrei.rulfirtnfi d,florduf,tur1s visual f ield ifnfiraiifir


2t

il,l

uiluadd visual cortex ilnrrr dsruariinrrT lriiiui r irudtafrl r fiT '[q

n1t1 f,rgrgrrUrl:udrnfia.rd.raiT Ul?r tm spleniun Eo\t corpus collosun

il1fi.0dil4{ifnflrs

Broca's Areas (Brodnann areas 441461 rf,u anterior

speech cortex aqid inferior frontal, gyrus utrrrufifiosiofiuutrrru

99 $as 40 sa{ parietal lobe loadrunr"r arcuate fasciculus

du o sut r xilfifi luilrddr ar,r rd rgotfi gnfi a slr a I n :ri ufi rdsei sltlfr s supp 1 e-

nent,ary speech area rdrr.uqon'tloanrtas {rleadfiuarienrud

Broca's area drur:a r tr"lqdrnT rura€arird.r udloldldastl [ ?ilatdrurn

goorruldtrI finergoldnnlrarntd

I{ernicke's Area (Brodnau area 221 o{nr'rdrurefitr'ss

tenporal gyrus fiofiu angular gyrus (Brodnann area

supratsarginal gyrus (Brodnaur area 40) u?lzufld"r

lr

superior

39) $Ac

f,rXrgrrurl r u *'rnn r tlf, 3u t iia s'lrtff .r u? ] ?N! a { dsl, odo t uq o t t' oot" t fi otfi

I

r tT 'lqnrr.dlaat

written

nr:'lffnrurilrsrnaufiraotdilronrudi.dtg s orirsds tfigfrud

fi4gniuer '2628: 93)

1. n1?[ilr'tlnrygo (conprehension of spoken languaEe){ - - -^^C--gr-.

2. nrr'[ffierrilq,ltu r darfiunrrT loratafic'ltful t uqrua r fi arfru

6'lgo (verbal reasoning)

3. nTtd{r.rirr^ro (production of speech)

, 4. n1? r fir'lqu€on1?naotfidslnnrpr riiau (disf igurin'

languaEe) oonrfiunrrrXo

s. nrttliau (uritten)

eCopyright by Mahidol University

I

22

f;uoousirs 1 'lunrrtfi,t'lrntr tgrlrlrunoud 3]

n1? r tr'lqn,l'arda'i r rruro.rdlordoqiufisda Sylvian

f issure l6uri dlunfi.ola.c tenporal lobe unu parietal loUe do{

?cfiu riiald3urirge tiilate"airulln1r tr{elo"rcufi{ prlnary

auditory cortex d..re"iut'irrf,uriilas siarrnfiucrlrf{ tlernicke's

area (Brodnann area 22, dsrf,ugudnal\tlal'luta{n1?ttT ten, tr

uia word identification center * *fta\ilis\tcol6iunrrurlnliiu

dr!finrrita{R1r1 udtrrnfiurila'.tcolilfis inferior parietal lobuLe

(Bfodnann area 89, 40 ) ds r f,uqudnal{n11r ilr'lqn'rrrfru1',r rais

Ptlnarg @tot cattext,/\

Plpnation - lltitl.ngWoid rccognLtlon atea

svppTenentargsgnech azea Object nantng

object recognLtLon(vLsual assd.atlon

atea)

Pil.narg vLsualcottex

ReadLng wtl,ttenTangaage

Btoca's area \Word identification area

(Wernicke's azea)

t

I

u al un.lil u do { fi Ff n 1 .i n r r r fi r'tr n 11 1U o u a c I il ?Un 1 1'[un 1 1I

e Y'r-rdruoun$n1? r 6au|u

Prinarg auditorg cottex

I:rlrlrcnoud 3I


23

tword recognit ion center a''iladilo..lu? r rruf,ri.,"tfi r:r t ilr'tenqrrddfiu

flufi ouf;u 1o s a r6ail :v dun r rr$ti.r sl ii.r r fi ul1luod odcu o.rut r rufi r s r 6 a "r

urnu.nfiu? r rru 39 $as 40 fitdrll:nurlanrnrqrnnrriulloaiidu

uonqlnnrtf,.! tdu nrtlast6u nrtffufid ufiruilaaonilltf,uirXoTead"r

ndUlrtdlr lfernicke's area uns Broca's area 6nsiOrad"r nrrdsaiTu

ffrgrg.rnrr?la.rqrnrouun'rrlfi}ufiuqodsairu1rtfit tenporal lobes fitcto

ilr.,r lugua..ril.r.,rdraiu firgErrucsai'luqrn prinary aud'itory area lrt6s

I{ernicke's area loaot{ dru'ludua'rilr'rdlrirdu (non-doninant

henispheret f,rgrgrulvnndtairu corpus callosun riauudrt'rlrt6s

Uernicke's area dnsisud'l

nrtdtrsrirlo

t

rluxa

ident if icat ion cent,er ssifir t flun.rrda"n

C

Broca's area n'lt1o$acn,tl tiigust,|rq.dt-{.1|

area lil orq t rlgnrruouon,l? t nauo

uiantrdldaduf,uflaufid'wrrn r ilr"lqlfi t aafi l{ernicke's area

fi n r ruotfi o aufi qudsai'luq rn

rnfi.rqrndiifl.l?rfi'r'leirgo druriroonrflu z tsdu fis nrrr"irat

Wernicket s are.a

lrtgs Broca's area

firqv

Tord

, - -{-".^rtruflauratanrpr"tufinrruodu tdu nrttotnitrrilau rnlardu nrrrgonflal

nrtl|rufid{rfiaseiru word recognition center riou Ufirtsd'rlrd"r

Wernickers area rdolUA?roor".ltd Brocats area (Brodnan area

44, 45) finfirads Broca's area dosiafiu Wernicke's area Toaairu

arcuate fasciculus Broca's area rfiufirioIil:nnrurfiarldau

firgfinrdno{n1s'loanuT rf,uria.r load.rsialilHs prinarv notor area

ui r erudrdarfrunrzryo raiafi16a.rnr:udn{aan t f,unry t!iau Brocat s

area fissiolilz*nzrulrjfi.ru? I rmd.rilniln1i r iiau ds Exnerts area

ra€o area 46 t firtoslre ried

rfralrtfirefiu ndfiraqiraa Broca'

H€a r?ilsnr: rfiauuoinr:1ed ItCopyright by Mahidol University

rsupplenentarY not or

<aori[ ?8'1CI? [ UU

. Broca's area fi.rfinrzfrosiofiu

I

speech area dsodnr.rfiru-lulo.t superior f'rontal gyrus uttrruXa 4. -:!^-.!^9a^. --supplenentary speech ilficsfin1rfiosiafiu prinary notor area

, r fia;fiiln1xt^ro$asn1r t iisu, 6nfir'rds nT tfiosio6'0fl6i'lx r fiu'ltqr tdanrunru

"lfinT tgonasn1? r fiauoria'lfirffu

n1g"lfi tfiosrnn'l:ruo.: rfiu tvisual LanguageI

n.lun€on.lp,t r iaua"ilt, ngd prinary visual cortex rTfi'r

qrnfiuecd.raialrtfr s v isual association areas d.rui r rrufidrrurlnilan

"t6'iriitd t ffufiu r fluaolr t obi ect recosn it ion t 1oaarfiail:sdunT :r$

rrir 1 rdurfiurl.rnn1fi;'i1 r fiuilrnnriirt:vTgld'liltisu udfiT rflufirufi'rfro

(I{ritten language t u? r rilf,q"dril''lxnilanlf ir r f,ufirufisila t fi'ld r ffu

fiorisusriilo'lr nsifildntru'i'rilerrrullaoolr s1n Visual association

areas iloilasi'1.'tt 1rf16 2 n1.i6a n1{''lnilo*as'ln visual association

area xa{dilo.offrsdrdur^i'ruos'r1il6'r t{ernicke's area ntodat'rfio1a

i.tn visuar association area ra{d}tarfia.riililtoiusst.iru corpus

callosun riautfialrtffs'!{ernieke's area firuo:tfiril nrsfisdosf,tfiu

n.nd'lflui.un-rp.] r iau d.rufiaruafi I fisrfiunrrurndtdooto ( object

nanlngl uan'tfifi visual association area usifirfis.ouanoontr t fiu

drgofiosdtfiarualrtfi't word recognition uas uord identif ication

'{centers nautuadsoialrtfis Broca's area fir'lfi1oaannr16'ir{oqitrSu

fiu t fiuoo1r

e

n1lilo.t r fiud i colour v is ion i

'[u n.tina finairurtnddrian'ir Photoreceptor

unearirsd:v r ilsu photoreceptor il nriserilfinurucaon r fiu 2 dfio

- ( fiafifia ngfind n^""rrdu "l 2528: 96-99 | 6s Rocls fidnrrut r fiutrd'rI

n:auan rirlrfirfiTuu ilrfifior r rru r filti rfr r.r'rulfid"ludnrrs fiiiud'rdfirleia'ir.rrinCopyright by Mahidol University

I

25

uas Cones fifinrrug r uiiaud,ru , ru*uunrro firufiT fi t darfiunrtiunru"[u

fiuaanlrt

rio'tuuau Cones

Anrrrdfiudrd,ir.r 'tunur ,.fiu Cone rirufirfi'lun1lllo{ r fiuiilAu16 fi.f,

ruzrrlu Cone .fit.rdtnndrtan'ir Photopsin ?s rf,ullr rnqarotlUrfiud

rf,udrufir'tfi cone ii pignenr itfiqmaufifi'tunrrgouasiidildes,n*at si.s

ntrua siifiu r f,urun:rurtnnrrfir.*rruurnfia a so's cone

3 rio 6a ?ilfirrtu ?iriar uat?iuos rdaua"ra'itoonuod

fi q s n : "

fi u"tfi r i a n r s ri r r r u r ild auu fi .,r s r uu A tt"lfi r fl uilrgg r ru

rl:sdrn d,rlrtff.ratro..rdruilrdaefiunrzruostfiu (area L7l

fi ,.r dH a .r d e ud ri r rfi r d r d a a fi un r z 0l n r r u u a "

u il a ar afi.r d, fi t

o r rilfi oilnfi s a sdil a s uasrnrit a rn r tdudo sfi sura ridnru'tudl a s

n r r tfi a ilnfi 'luufi riil a'r cl o'r'tra$

1. nrrtfioilnfidrf,uTea'frelrt (Diffuse Iesion) zaaTtntu

n{tfirr ri r'lfi r fi o arn.l ? s a {fl .rr{rU r iiarafiT dl o sdr atlraqina ra 1 a d'r t :'u

fiu rdu t?laorrunz.r{r gelrdfi,{t.t tilgarrutodaroaro ilnearufiorlnfi

n. o a r : us$u a sruqfi n : t rr d r u fiu n ail a r n r :nr snfi finduuri o 41fi uri

t . 1 Denentia arnrsduou r*tu,irot.nnrtrirtruna.t

state t liarnrt

dHa.r'turluara 1 arirs riatl arnrzrsdaa r fiuriaslil zsdunrrruf;finfiailn

qs r f,uilnfi uan qrn"[uts ssufi { s a.r1rn{rlr g a rrfi iln {lfiL.2 Deliriun (Acute Confusion

srxla denent,ia nsiarnrr rfie,ffur 5r . unofrnfisrrrufiorjnfilottudunrrui

Rnfir tdu ta"ot1taraa uiatr{rulrtHra

tr.r r Hoilfir"tfi r ionr.wiiortnfi'lualo.,r"tra$rilod r f,uloafirlrl o1aI

rfiuIrndrfiof,tdr,rn,raloadrlil (systenic diseasel ldu tzndrfio

srndrrfipra€a1rnn-r.r netabolisn 1:ndriourirfiaana.rdrll tdu druo't

, duu ( sen i Ie denent ia i rataTrord r fiosrnnrr tn r duraiofio , fftii.ltt

Itudras rdu rdofiruAtotilnrdu, dHosffntduq'rn'trf,A urnu.nfiff{o''lq

I

unns

Rods

".nfit fidolrt

l

t


I

z6

r fi oarnnrzfinrrufiu"ltln:"luanfi:rt' iiufiu ( 01? I iors'lnfi au' f,'otn il'r

seifiui r rzu*rdqfirir"tfi r fioo'tn-r?, "t.od fiT sri"luui r rrufililirfiryr'rto

s i lent area o rs'teirir"[i{ r fr o 0''tn 11, *".td o*iil ].n.rttdo sl 0 $fl '1 " du

n r rufiu"lun roTran6f rl'o"tilzun run r zfi r \r -ru! a sdu a r1o ar'ietJ rir"tfi r fi o

deliriun raio denentia)

z. srrrrufiorlnfiiir fiu * li'ltlirlit (FocaI lesionr stYir'tfi

r fronaiuo1n1T, *ra"d t f ocal syndrones ) sir.J "l r du aphas ia,

apraxia, annesia, frontal lobe syndrone tfiufiu nerlfioln6fr,u

frnrfiocrntrnr*"."d rdu ,flooan il"tu6'1o{ granulona, cyst'

henatona otaoosuua ao t f, ooorofiu"tudruo'r

nairu a'r n r r?su do s r o aI: ntund usi'r sI

"t nasduas'lra{ < firfrud

I

fiusliuor 2s28: 105-107)ornr:udos

d rrrrari'.r a1n11

Frontal Lobe.{- lnfinnruril6auuilas

t

a6flggraoa.ro{

et?1ilq1[ 6[0il

- nrrflnifiqgir'3 r tdu

Focal notor seizure

Adversive seizure

Status ePilePticusu v r\,lu- nfiuflddrrs lri t6

- !''raiouttz.t

- r"ro1d"tfi

- 01uao t tosTtn"lfi

frontal Iobe)v rvlu d- [}r lonau

' Intel Iect,ual inpairnent

. Menory defect

- crasp ref lex

- Motor apraxia

- Paraplegia

'HeniPlegia- Optic atrophY

- Blind eYe

- Motor aPhasia

I

C


27

Ica

st 1 tt 1l1l { 01n 11 a'ln 1?u 6to {t

I

Parietal Lobe - nrrf,nUUl sensory - Cortical asterengnosis

ep i lepsy

lrir ilr"tq"[un1r1uo - sensory aphasia

- Dressing .or.ir. ld;lf;oioii.rfrrffa

Geographical ,u"nlot, inattentionr

confus ion - 'tdtuffsirdnduoo rfiu.

t Visual inatt,ent ion

tt€o inattentionalhenianoPia)

- Sensory apraxia

- rfis body schene (las1zn

no.r parietal Lobe firtnflt

- rflg optokinetic nvstagnus

- Hononlmous inferior

quadrantanopia firunttfi'ut

- Gerstnannts strndrone

- Graphanesthesia

occipital Lobe - ffn uavrfnutds:sBu:vfri - HonorLvnous henianopia

iflash of lieht, fitr$:.lfiru tarsi nacular

sparing firrf,ultnno.r

rmaort6oqr

-'visual aginosia - Alexia

- d'nitriaon - riia optokinetic nystagmus

a

?Copyright by Mahidol University

28

{n 1ttr,llr { a1n11 O.|n"l.lUdc\i

kqporal Lobe - Tosporal lobe - Hononynous superlor

epilepsy quadrantanopia

autonat isn

psychonotor epilepsy Facial nunbness

r ilnr n6,a rJrn t isr{q{.

r na1$cu1n )

- Visual hallucination : Heniparesis

- auditory hallucina-t ion

- urcinate fit

I

n 1 1 r rld auurJa { r o {unAnfl 1}lt

oi- R'11r11r 6[A$

o1?$d$il?ilrru

- AuditorY aphasia

- llypersexuality

t Corpqs Ca}losun

ffi ;ffi:,:;.ffiil;;i::;:,"{rlruarrro

r iaud'railo{raldlfr

- il apraxia na'rilafra

- ldalr 11oilani oiion t.rfiirfigdrai air a

- irhadrr rrnfr r {'luu'r.r a dr.rfi1tau o.r

dnrlrod'rs r dar r du aan'1il ( copv I

o '1fi


29

t- Posterior

Cal Iosun

iu- [ua{11fl!Oilai-tn visual cortex- ilrsnrrfiasairu

posterior callosun lrtfi'rgudnrrrfirtflraqt'firl'fi

firlradruufisfranr.rfirufirgla.r visual f ield'tdoon

ae rr}|0.lorlnfi r fi a rfiun'ln1

I . er ?1ilfioilnG r fi g rfiun'l'lu t fir'tq : a sTtn atirafisda Sy lv ian

f issure {rlr afinnvuoad a'ruoifl s1d'[, *t o

z. nrrufioilnst'ro{druo r'rolrinaio'r srcnnocfrn :asTtnariuit rru

railrda syrvian fissure* B. ax1ilAoiln&rdarfiun.tltfi't

r{qtqitu l{ernicke's area - Arcuate

(Repet itionI nrtuodlarfia

fasciculus Brocats area

a

;i.ra{:au "l Rolandic sulcus usrfidnru?oil cl utr.rufifirj.ootro#'tlti

16 usifir$aridnrttariuanu?, .*fiffrJruut1rf;tltr

4. n.lrgota{ (spontaneous speech, n.tducfirtfitfionr:

lto[ 0.r'tfinria.r:aattofia.r rfioriaufit t{ernickens area'tfiuri prinarytl ..u

audit,ory area utarfru"lail:std'rnfi tilaruu?rrruiifiu l{ernieke's area

firtagTtorfio#.rud tternicke's area aon}J'[ul?trrusir{ 1 !a{?\rsT

n'rs1n1TUo t asfrnaoas t dHa

s. nrrrufioilnfi rornrur r iigu n'lu1 riieufinqc riis r dilo'[u{rleaii

fi aphasia rdrou.nnrsll?un1l"lunrt tiaufi a.rardan'rtyolrn tasTt"d

orirass.ln Broca's area tJ nryrt?isuorss"1drfiafi1fir-G. qrrufioilnfi r dsefiunT z"tflnrPr

6. L Cort ical deaf ness r fiocrnrosTteru? r rcu

prinary auditory cortex fi.rfs..rilr.r tfiT riiarfia{fir{rdsrrias

drt-rtnuiruqrndilastnufisld6s wernicke's area firuo:silulfifirha

i sldfi o rn-rr i fi rh snr1d163u r ila { a ti r { r 6srt'rlddrru r tn r fi T'lad ruoui o

r,ronaulfi nrz'lflnru',drudu f rdu n''luoro{ nrt'ondo{on $asn1'

riT u'lfi r fir"[q r fiuilnfio


30

t pnre word d.eaf ness r fioq1nTagl:ouB r erufifrolsio

auditory cortex fiu t+ernicke's area firlraldfirr.. i ,.1

finvruvEu'1 rtliiortfiu cortical deafness

wernicke's aphasia tfros'ln:osl:nfiui t rru

auditory associat,ion area ttio Wernibke's area ?t t fiuOutlfla'l{

'lnur0.0n1r"tfin1b.r {rlra* r franrs"lfin1r1nndfio 6o:lil r ilr"lanru'ruo r.rCI

sr.lil'til"tfi rLandalqn1illfi "til r ilr'lsnrra r fi8u fl'rr1^ro | 0.raoas firlrass

-qr!{r,ro"[6 tr a" n ri o s rr Eif, .r lil i r B s't$!u

6. 4 Conduct ion aPhas iah.-{q

r noqrntoS [1Anilt t 1$

arcuate f aseiculus firlraeolildrrurTnuogl11116 n11po t o{aoas tirlrs

r fi r'lqn.rprfiusiuoufi rr.ls'[ririast r to.$ uasiloldq6iosfin

6.5 Brocans aphasia rfroqrn:a81:nuttrru Broca's

area fiilrslto r o.:"tfifissa.su€01il1fi r an Eiruoon rfra{fi{uutu'nd'Torqlild u- s-

aiooao1fi usif,iilrar fir"tqnrr-rnnasil.rfion.o.rouaYfl'lu1riau zerufi'rHin

rr sir^to'tsia an

6.6 Aphenia rraiiou Broca's aphasia usi"lu Brocats

aphasia firlr8trt8tufiqilnfr "lu aphenia rteu1fiilnfr ru:1otilsrqilrv tfru

'lsilrcd.lnlrtff.rri r ?m6r?lJFmn1ruro usir Hu"tail:varnfi1rlilsrL? r ?ruFl?llorl

fl1rrfisutfiuilnfr

6.Tsupplenentarymotoraphasia(Transcorticalnotor afrhasiar rfiaraur"nl?Uo n,.,rilafinstfior1nfilridfrrdua rrsini:

"liln'rtraeir{du r rfiurjnfi -6. B Alexia without, agraphia r fioq'tnxosTzHrLt t rrufi

fiersiOr*rt,jr.l seconrlarl, r,is'al area uAy k'e.nickets area ril'[i4ti

rlr8r"[il r fir"l-on.rrr r 6su eiru6.r r "til"tfii uciodrsfiilrjnfi

t{lexia with agr.aphia: rTrJ,rarrjrrr"[sioanu.ay r fiau

13i"tfii rirortill-ds'1rnut t r,u angttlar g''r'us rrio word recognition

:-r re a

6.2

:vn'ir$ primarY

r fis{rrsildr ilr"tr

6.3

D

a


31

{} 6.9 Transcortical aphasia tnaninE intact) tfiol

s"tnrdarfiu'lsilt"d'rrrdtdou:tr,t'irs l{ernicke's area fil Hordu

rre. firha1d t ffr"lqn'ryluouas'n1ur riau uanfiuilnfi {recognition I , s

drgdrurroniruoan riiasd't "l 1fi ud1il r tr"[s

6. 10 Transcortical sensory aphasia{<a

[ fl8n !IOrO

recoEnition area {rlrarn tiiaer'tu r fi'r"lqnrp, uolos I stf'lc R'lr1','ndl

u€af,uflau r?ianlrrfiauuasrilondolorq (nanins objectr ldld usir'le

o rtuav ei iu1fi10 sld r ilr'l,c

6.11 Noninal aPhasia r da r fiu'larltsdrnfi, dt*u.ntl .o

word recoEnition area 1:JE.t 1{ernicke's area {rftaevUonda1nn

1d1fi 1o r a.rld1fi uanrulfiuofldnriasfin orir.r6urlnd

6.12 Assobiative aEnosia without alexia rflarfru

word.tgiltsd'rndrda*rtra'ir'.r secondary visual cortex fiut ^- Y.vo , d r q

recosnition area ffilraqcuanflo1nqlillfi sei'r.riurlnd

6. 1g Visual agnosia lSsrfru'tar1ts6rndtdoHrtu'ir't

prinary fru secondary visual cortex firlralderu.,ou'nd'dooto

ilond ratoeiruds 't {rha1d r ilr"lqn,lrr r isuusin,lt'lt{oilna

r. nx'rilfioilnfinatntrgfiedu rT.I Global aphasia tfioqrnnrrlfiorJnfirtofio Brocats

uaE Ternicke's area fintfieqrnn,tlaofiur0{flaaot6aouo't niddle

cerebral firlrgfia1n'rtdrrufiufi$ Broca's $as t{ernicke's aphasia

6o uoldnriasr,r€arr.rn*slduo r aa uaold t fir1ufi.rn1p'll,lCIuasn1D'l r iau

7.2 Gerstnann,s syndrone tdrouanuBtru angular

supranarEinal gyri tt?r rru i'r9, 40) rfiuu?rt*dfituitnr:"lfl

f;on',*.""n'lrltiau ravn1p16luffnuzuodu 1 rdunrrrf,uffd ?og

t

a

$ac

n1t1

a

Ttou:' , r,u n,lai.rfiqrfir'Ifi r fioei r rufrorjnfir a.r { T ufi t fi arilo tfiuR'lD'l t fio r f,u

r' :tnolfira riauld"lfi (Agraphia) nrnriuotnltB0{ Gerstmann's dstjzcnoiloxa t ilau

cirueruld'lfi (lcalculia) eiruhioon tAlexiar ld!{nfir tFinser


a t Rieht- Ieft

32

disorientat,ion utaagnosia) unold?lrr-fl'rg

Al loche ir ia I

nrrnunu'io s r darfiunr:iui r Ct od

(Kenneth & Edcard 19793

(DeRenzi & SPinnler, cited

lfifrnrrfirlradileadr aI:nnr tdua s

n r r ,. un u.j o r'tun r r u a n iifiu o r "

r fi o s 1 n|: n n r t atru o s r f,ud rud r 619

zoz-zagl rqottut uasailudtaa{

in Kenneth & Edward 1979: 203)

fi raidlonT tiuft r * o sfrfi rsuuunodou

z oirtda Ishihara plates $asuililnodaun-rt{u{?idnffranfrtfiu uu'ir

r a.rfi il r adfi n r r ntnu.i o tn r t du a tlrieru r :nfi r u uuno doun r z{u{nlilL7%tu a s fi suu.ir r fi o fr'{rlr adfi , a slrntudH a tiln r r .,u rn n'i'rfi rle adfi t o a1t n'tu

dta.,rtnffra urnu.nfi iila{ua"nudt r' (}leadow' et ar" cited in

kenneth & Eduard 19792 204) lfi fi rn r :dntrTo sHunt rq rnr tlrund

$nsq1fl n 1tfi 't t nsr{rlr a t f,ut', arlnoa uu'i rn ? 1ililnud a t"[unr:?u! r t o sfrfiu

ifiug.r.no{rasl?n0{iidru occipitotenporal iunct ion

drunrrarunudo.l r da rfiunril ianfloifiu uoflclnuu'luunna

a'Ifl l Tsr luoaduHe r ao t tuiluaYdilur ao{ (DeRenzi & SPinnler'

dn

4a

ll

I

eiLed in Kennet,h & Edward 1979: 205t S'ruuqtu{rlradfinrruforlnfi

n.on.r*rR1s1 rngiud uacdia[n (Cleshuind & FusilIo, cited

in Kenneth & Edward Lslsz Zo7) lfiAnyl{rha Alexia d',rrfiufirJra

dlria.u.tn t fi r'[cnrsl t n au

, do oo.nfir^ts'lidn1ilfi r fi aaruo s

tai a {d t o a d ruufi .rfr 01fi ufi enfi l ei rulrilfi(lfsou i.re$ruisl{ zszs: 15r uu'j't

naiu o rnr zra.l A I ex ia fifi n'r z{U t danr:5u?fifiu t fluruau'ra1nn11nnfi 1a 1 a

oroA*,.sdrufi ,drHTa{rctl'irs visual cortex fiudrudrfiarilatfiunr'r

n r'.t ri r"frin r r fi 1 { 1un o .r fi s A a s d rulil rJ: s d rufiu il aqnii t fi o q r n n I r r fi ut t

1d a r u r z n d rlrtfi .r rtl o s d nfl 1 a"[ud ruiiri rrofi . d r d u,t n rii',l".lH


33

o uuunodoudngrl6a raa{uoud ri{o r nad

fininina ro6ilniln raru !tD

/dCuqurnzlililUpa t$ilEu

'tudrs t taril'lcurru 30 ildoi ruru r1fifi n T r d rril o :cra'i'r sfin

inina T nfrilnfilurundn..rrl:cd1nina r"[unr zfinrT ilo4a r fi a efildru o'r fr r'lfi

R'l 1 il r il r'lq'tu, {, ., u.l . u f, ilfi ud t cu'i r'r drl o'r fi I

i.r t d u au"tq dt o o'|,*1.r.td r f, uo I a r "dd r alfi nu r :.r

o

rltufi r r ilrfildsu rofi ouoi r'r "l 1fi unsrfiasnrzsufinr,truano{orrufior]nfi

s a { du o sfifi si o1^tq6fl I 1ilu ac n e ru ?fi nfin6o I a suurd r fi arlrr r'lil il'r sfi sn e'r'

fiorlndno.r*uoslfiH'rnf;un'ir r6l. tircnr Anifiud 25242 241 lnn r fiu

(Golden 1926 : B2r-AZzr nair'ir'ludrs 25 idairu*r r*o'rnr'riq

rlzvdrnina rldiln rrildu'[qHrnffu iin'rzfinuruulnodauuacdo I a suilil

noda:rdd.r* I :niilqdan ? 1il{U t ?la n o tdu o't ua"diuuuno daldoud'rf o'i r {o

uililnodailisrrJ:sdrnina T ilaadoltunu ( HaIst,ead-Re itan Neur-

opsychological test batteryl d.rfierurloa f,a6fio (t947 ) uas

l:unu ( 1966 I ii.r.r*ac r ?i ao Ei ou"lun r :CI :rcrarn r rilfi oilnfi r o sdru o't ua:'

fiortr r flofiolfifi{ eo r rja{ r tud u si uilunedruf,lti t fiudilar'tilr rnfin

,ilro..n r fiuuuunoaoud'lt r rar'lunrtnodaturuil'1fl tjzsil'uu 4 Lz

dalru s il ?un I tnodouesfi a s t ilg t ra'luatri r'lili r adsu rn"lun rz'tilr-r?n rr

Gorden is"tfi oanuruurunodauilnddo-lzunu fiu'luri'tfifla'i'r uuunqdau

f,ndniol:unudofru (An abbreviated forn of the Halstead-Reitan

Neuropsychological Test I ?.rdrurtn"tt t rar"[unrznodauilzBll.'fu 1'

drT*,.r udfineurtofialfifi.r eG rrja{rtud rile{uoilsidrrurznuontfiruuris

iifi"r rGAnrurlfiat r 6 aoilo t qu r riT fiuuuunodauf,adoto"ttunuqo'traqi

"[unrzairsuuunodau Snlniolrunugofiuf, lnarduldfiotfion

uuunodaudu f rilrilrr1tlrno'fira 1o'fi rnrudnr:fiordan6o

l . uurnodoud'tdiun.tdo r fi anfia'r"lt r rar'lunrrdr tilunrt

ilrvrurru 1o urfirntoiloan'ir

t

I

ffi

15467


34

oz . u uilnodaildla f u r 6 a nfi a {ii rcuiln'l rlfi o"uuu r fiurj:fi a

( object ive )

s. uuunodaudlaiu r 6onfia.riinrrru r f,uiatc'tudr r a.rdqvdril1zfl

. ifisfianrrrutnr^rda { s a {du o.! od'r silne'rru r dofi al6adr.rfioa 7 o r rja{ r luo{

uurnodardo:il6nrao{uouri{ornad rf,u r 'tu a uuunodoud

16flnr16o r fion , ilro.rn'tfl r rnrdr r fiunrz r fia.r 4 urfi iirjr"ininru'lu

firuuunodoil t os 'tunttmzrciilqfisa?1ilunu'iasnrtdruot uAc r fiuuuu

noaord r fiuBdr"q rnu uunodrudr. arl r:n'tflnocau1fi"tut1o"udiit'r 4ff.ruoi

7ilfi.r80ilA uuunodaildorilfia r aa{uoud ri{o r nadfierurrurcrnn'lzf,s t non.rznl

so.!finc'syr*na'lnoao{?sBsu?fl ( Golden 19?8 : 1 ) dsuu'irfi'traqidlfiiiln'lz

finrrdrrur:n, iand.u nuilfi trn'j'rn r r d ruri rfifi rtida?i unn r n^ ( catte I 1,

cited in Golden 19783 1) r fiufirra srur darfiriltrngnrtt$tf;u, flu

, *, o u'r nuu'i r'[un'r : ri T ud'', fiuuoo u d ?ufi .riila ar ru r : n d rua o n1fiD

n?{$ ?n

nra"[u rt+ iurfi o*"dn.r, isnd.unilil.ira "1 fiufia.rtt I rar r f,u z r rir

douon, n^ lfitfiri r oiur a'i rn r r r dailTa otyra'i r.tn r tilo { t fiufiun T td ruri r!uu r flurruudo1ufifi 'tun*odn., , iand.unufrfiu t fiuaail rq rnn rrtdril 1 ?n

"lun'r z r ianunouonii"lurrfiun a.rindrfrn rsillilo1ufitslun rzairud rfiu r fiu

t arail1s1nflrrilnil!fifi arir.rq?sis"lur *o.rnrz tfiu uatnrteiru trrrrl(Brown, cited in Golden 19?831) tlu'iT fi.rrrfiqtiinr:flnnrtrtandoil

a ri'r.r n i r r n t'.1 fi 1il ar I r :n ri r lfi r € r t ri r fi un r t ni r uri r

lafiau (Ligon, cited in Golden 1978:1) 'tfirunala'irnrz

dn ''' t r t snt a;irlrlfiflrfi r u: rtflfi a sdrj:tn au t ot^rrvfie nair rd o ii r f,udr:r ord q { q . q d | -o,{----re,-- a u I

dunidfr r rion-u luszzudroE nrusnnlTo'lun''rf,uoaflua,ara{n1?alflr4oil1nn?''lq 4. q . 3 4! . H,.' - -:-^.J^!^r- -rgi-.^r--^4 o

o,'tq g I {ou?ufl auu r FIrn.t { ounr s o {uun'r ? o'turt 1s tdrrut rnilfurlt sraianrI

"tfi dru rnu ci't*ufirrffut dfiun r zfi nfi o o*t d", r l r 5rlun r t, i u nd ofrfiurt n'i rfi o

In o r r r sr 1o a o .r d il : r n CI il rt 1 .r B uni 6"[uff r n a t 6l t a s


35

C dOril ( Stroop, cited in Golden 1978 3 1) "lfinrru rfru

.i rn r rlu srnsi r s"[un r t r i and ofr ua c n 1 ? d'lud r r iof;u r ilo'r q rnn'l r&l 0 sfl fi a'r

, d a ulu.r fi ur.lfrfi i a ro oudua { n r.ruq6 n t l ilua ,l B a ri T s "luszu"dd'', t d oilla'rfiu

rJfrfria,rnolduotnr.ruqfin?1&l tfia.rari1.! rda? 6a nr:dru uns rdafinrr

nrrrfrtfiudrora.irsn.", iundrfr uaonrzdrudr do:ili.tlfidtrsuuunodou

f;uu.r do.iruuunodaudolrl6a t aa{uauol ri{o r n*d ( Stroop Colour and

Word Test)'lunr:{oriruuunodau.{outnfit 16fiurldlir "uo'i't trriiat"

"firttu" uac "tit.t" asuuuaiun'tuo18 urisrf,u 1o $n'l "l ns'

rirusiasdrnniurlfi rarafinfr loadd'tttilrifiuld'tdii t daefiuiorird

fitrl 1 durilir,,ro.l" qrnfirurffi.s;ifir riu ld"tdduo.r I druuuunodoldn

usiut flunT rfiruriuntritdrr,rdsilfiufiT r 6n 'l t darurnn t ildauurlas r fiu, o{to

uil r adiddnc l uac$ililnodorrafirdofi'r a t flun I zfirurld r r ignd oitlo a'lflufrn?il

ti r n rurir du-[q I o.ru uunoaolfi 6 a uqBn r rru r o.rfi nnnodou'lun T :Yirnodau

lurafi rdfi 6 r r € a n fl a ddld a a o e fi o .r fi lrafi n ild"lgt u,$ fiof, utrvfinnnadol

u si r fi o-lfi fi nnnodalni rudrrurznnirurirlfi r 6r r iiadrfiunnfirur$fi raufrniidr

d rddilur$u r n n'i r ei T ud r * . u.ii"[fl

-tun r : no d o u t r n'i r,.l

^.d'lil, t u nd a u n uil

fis E0 rilo{rtud n.rdorrrlr6ana{n.rrrtund'rdtaoatorir\iil1n rf,uola

et11.lnfl1?snrrdooun?n1ilfl?uscu'ia.rilfirLd'l (Golden 1978: 1)

ulunodoudozil6n r aa{uaud ri4o r nad lfi;unrrudu'lrurn

rrf?1y1:'tnnrzfinprz.r^ttdaoerrrutflug1.rosuuunodoufiu uu'ir $ilu

nocaufiilo r..,u, d rfi 01fi 4.r'|,un.l rn Bfl R ? lrunnsi'r szcr4'i r {uoan ( Jensen &

Rohwer 1960: .39-98i u^o.r.rufiorjnGra{unnn uatlunr:finrri{4fi.rfi

n I zfiruuunodouo:il6a r a o{u aud r i{o t nddlil'Iil"lun r:finyr r to {fl ?ulr?ut,

fl.lrn.l\ietrrudoua"terfinnru rto.riorr.raridn.ru unrn'rriilqfisfrrnrril

r fi r'fq r fi arfiuor.uuntd o tnrtdru o.t

tI

"ri'r01a"o10 0'l

I


C

36

"[unrrfinrrn.rs6{rui0il:cdrnino.fir, dsrtrdlrrngluultl

e

a

"tun r zfiEu1 r tJu il Uil 1 6t r51u! 0.i u ililno da ildsr : il6a r n a { u oud r i {o

r nAdfiu r ilufi.rnr:fierur1iluuudcrdrlil1t1fi r f,ur1zc1aff

"lunr rfinrrcsudo s'lfi r fiun r ruuonsir ttuu.ioir.rf ( Go lden

1. ,irururasAdla

z. zrJuuurosd.r r tri4"til r duo"luunuddrud 2

g. nrtdr t duailonodau'i1n?1 r f,u'turruruourat'uu'frs

4. idnrt"lfintuuu

d.rloa*r1ilufir

1978: 3-61 fia

nodaldorgrlfia r ao{uoud r i{o r nddc!rn:c{u1fi r fre r.|fifi?atoaudua'{adr'r

il'Iufifi1o {n ?su1un 1rn'l {tI1tr. uasdaountnfir an rr r tanfl aii'lutt'6uio

drfin fi iun.r rnodour c fi o.rfi r.r'ruto a'ttrtfrfi ? a ro o lduo sfi sdo'r a d I t ( fl 'l I

ni rui rmrrfi r anr: r i andoii I nt ofi o sfi n r::v Suo tir sdo1ufrfr uavrjfrfiia'l

. natduo.t'tunrzni'ruri rfia sairun 1?n ?Uqil o rirsf;.r"[ ( Go lden 19?6a: 654-

658 )

e?.lrt r f,ur andnr,{nasuuunodoudnlrJ6a r aa{uoud ri{o r n*dfiu

oXid.ir drd r f,uiilfiuqr r ignf as'|,fi r frcrJflfi?arqorduosiln1uiifin.on.t. do

fi a sairun rzfi r t rur a { zsuuinil:trdrnins 1ua'l a1 a i1 {unsuan r railalilq T n

n?1Nr 6r'tunrzdrudruac riandotuKr rlfifi?ar'[unrzniruirdsrfiarfio'r

fiuda.r ( channels ) 'lu:ouuinrl:cdrn rruodlflfi?ar'lunrz ' iond'tiifiu

rflun:rurun15 d.rfiunT ronr:daoun?n?iln?uratulunodaudnzil6a r no{

u aud r i {o r nadfiuis t fiun r rnodaufi sn r r lrdrlr r zn n a'rrlnna'lun 1 ?u Bfl u ac

rora,i.rsd.,rrTrdrfiurirfiun..l,iandod firartr:nrirldfiudo.r'irunnadrrurtn

ruiuilfri?arstouduas6runr:druld uas rigndoiiunu o*od'luu.o"uffu

nrrzySlnrrdrudrccilrt dilnrUHuIr4a? uas,o'lqudo',rilfin?aroalduas

, r nu. fi o t flud r u a r n T z d rud aii u a r'|'uu't't n ri l rtfifi ? a ro a udua t rsH'i r { d r

uno?to11stirlrtr1o1ufiuluttanliloon (Golden 19?8 z t-21

::Juuug o.tuulnodoull


a {rueufrd'tt

37

'tun r rdfi ru{u uunodoldor 1rl6a t a o {u aud r i {o t nad

fi sfiun T :rir r *uoddd{orire v o {-lu;rrInn,6an'lfi r flufirunudntz 'xrr 4 firi

,,

*sfifiefinrrt*du 4 fir gac?ctf,unrr

at

I

cr{ouznfiurJronaudraiifi.ruruo 5 ii siorrfifinr:fiur1Ioa-liliil g,a uta 5 A

(Golden 19?B3g) lnardu (colde; 1975a: 386-388) 16r:ttautiau

" innnodou loa'tt 3,4 ua:, s d u1',irlililnr1ilunnsir.ialafl1Tfl1sn1B0{0 s

arir.rfifiadrfiqnrsdifi.ryra'jrsnrznodrufio 3 uilil u*os'tfitfiu'i'r fl11

nodaufis 3 uilil si1sfiilnr1r rdsfia16'tunrtfir"tfi rfiownrasattcdoounrfl

1rlfl?u d.rfiuuuufi.i'radao t g il i.rnnrliurjts"lfi t f,uuuuno,daururettSru

:iluuuratd,: r ?r"[uuaiud fififinuruararirulfi'lt?is r tr'lutrlrrlu

sirs "t 1,unT :rirtduaunutuuuil'r?i rdu tfluzrJuuud,rndaufittfirfiu ?{nnil

,.{roru.adidfinc uavf,ryfinr,$dltifio..iluilrasirs 1 ufindrfig'lufl11

finrrfi r dadufiu'i r qruri.r na sddufi uratarJt rn4rLurafi riifiudaenfi a.rfiunrud'r

ra.rduuuaiufi r fiunr:*ironrnrrra'ir.riifiudr d.rfiun'r:drafir?i I f,unrz t dua

'turrlanu,rrrr{fiu uasrufi'rdoounrn rsu'ir.rri rfit?i r fiufiednrzdiltr,16. o;ifit

nofior..[fiudt-r"lfiddilrrn4uuuilrdae unrn zcu'i r sd rfiuii r urur tn'i.do.t

nrrrir r duoilono*ou loafirtJuuunodoudorlrl6a r ao{uoud r iiorngdilfinnrucilanodolrflu 10 x 10, 5 x 20 (10 urfiuri 10 tto? uau

b oofirurl zo un? ) unsfiirnr:nodoud t fiuuoonrjnfrqveiruLlnril$u?r?1$

ut o ei -lun \isr -,uuu.fi rfi1fi tsurl'i ridn r z d rufi .r z idfitir'tfi r fi owauonoi r.!

fiufi r s r finfi o, r ri.fiu usi'luff irLn r rnodouf,fi n r rru1ry r dara€oilo rruunudo s

qo rfiuru:rs.jriinrzn:y{onrcl-rB uufiud'ir.rilrrr uncfira,rrr^f,ioii

nrr6oau.irnrz-lfld.u ?rdofiranfi.rfiuuurailriir f,uii o."d. t irfirir r duofru

rsfia slrifin r ruuil .t an.t tnrPrfir a

finrrr6n{ (x) 4 fie 6a "xxxx"

na.rd',d,f,t d (ro{ riiae fi''',tul'l nasunudlfiddaoFr?1l6ulIU10 t oagt r

a nrsdruos r.ru'irlufl'l?tfionifid'''ufit fir'lfieirulilqrufl'l'1\t1ctfiqa,afioilaro


38

C.f;r, (Golden, cited in Silverstein 1965:6181 d'r{dnrrrdaefiu

$uunodau a {a ? 1il r Su,i r ruilnodaild r $uurr:grunr tiiilrgurfi o adqo r rird

rf,ulrtlfi 6ra rrqfilnu rfiu t.r6o rdan r a'l$uuyrocoudiidnrrus 5 nafiurl

Zo un r uaofi fun,r rnndouccfi s.i d 1un \t0t 1uuu"fi .t unsuiluno*atJfinr tfiilr$

n{ruun?uo1s nu'to I L"tzn x 11" d.rrfiunurodtil'ttouunodaudu 1 a{

ua?

iiin.r:"lfinBuuu nrr"[finnuuui z id"lraqi r 6a {urrar'[uo '4 - ,fi 100 ila uarnrrfi,,,irurufiodfirlfignfia.,r'tur.u.dn11n'r [ 6t?16[ilU?l

riruuo'lunr:nodoufi rdasifiiluondrsfiu'tufi s.rnoao{ ( oolden 19?8 : 3 )

uu,i r'tufi iun r rno do lilnfi lfi Ha fi saa..: o ri r s o snH rnfi r s nfi sfiu dsfiu-lun TlI

r 6an'lffi.rilsu r Sanifidtfinsuuu{rurutadlfignfi ot'lut rar as iurfi

rurr"lonrduara 1 odr.rfirsfiu 6o

' {o1. uuunodauiinruuo [ ?a'l Istl'lt Ii1s3s

unudasfiu lea*rlrtufirfinrs'lfltrar'lunrtfirnodou loo fis fis ro urfi

raia rs urflfiulrt t.rfiu"ie tSunrt tils t ear

ullllllgilOeA,9

Z. uilunodau aS iurfif,drlr:n'[fl1fifi..rnr:nodouuuunriu uau

3. fiodrn,ru 1oo ffo ccrfludrrranfrfrr-lfitiionrrufiuEa\i tq

'tufi5unr:noCoudinrrtunuia,snrsdltot rato unudatnrofiT udu

cc r f,udr, rqdfi 'r"[fi t ionerudufi a',r'[q r dil

dsiiaa"tfi r fionr:rlfir ctdqsfirgialil uas r fioflEHrdu r o'Iilil1

finurusuuunodalulnlS,tu

uuunoatouu.rrg.utqnetr.rf;uutontn loa lna rfiu- g. !t I

3s6-3881 uuunodouilrltvnsuoran:s,otr 3 u6lu

loa r dua t fiu s oo.r"uur.rfio $alas, 20 ffa t dr I

t

fiiunrznoeaudfinerrr!

Iv!u

( Goldenr.{

uoacuafuil1975a:

1oo fio


{ , udud 1 ilztrnauHrgdti'l "$o'lo

firaufiniidr rtasfiuuuu{l ilufl lce,ttrl'lunrqoldiirirdu r 6n

" tilat' $ac *fir ttu"!u16|BIl2"x11"

39

qtUltt

nra'tu

uaiud z ilrsnoudratanedau 100 fio rdufiu usirf,uf,ednnl

ua"lddse

'luuaiud

uaiud s iltcnoufirairluudud r filrifirad'luuoiud z toadfi.r

q"nnfiur{fira

(l iilfio r uuo*ud z fir'lfirfiorfluta r rasuaiud g uaocoldfiritais?ildtu,i

I

rilxx fiuridrailue.r ?lriaruno?ifi.r rtu lrifidduuan,rilr..nil

nfio.rfiuilaneAau'luuaiud r 6ra tdrorirsrdu firfiane*sud 13

r rf,u o$e.*i,, fianeAoud rg tuusiud 2 fildlfifiilrifiratue.tr

ufilcsnnrirurardrwdrufiuuuuilsdsfia : ta r uuuaiud 1g

doqnfia.,!fiu

ifrnT tdrtilunrruusne doudoSrl6h r as{unud ri{e r nedf,Aur:ndr lfiunrlne dau

lfifi.,ruutr.laqnnn$auzran{l'lil r rnr'lunt:nedaurlrsur$ 5..8 uril nrr

rduauuunodaurflutloatzf,rduueiud 1, 2 uau 3 usifi.rfidsoilfifif,nT u

n4 r nrufr'lurifi auuuncdouo ir s t n dsn ie

qru*l fifi "lufl 'l I t f,uuuunedounr'oinina T

fiauarjnB (Nornative data)

{finrr r darfiuuuunodaudoSrl6a r ao{uaud r i{o r ndd uarariru

'tdua,r a ru rr a srufi ria r od auncir r d, o, uuil 10 i31us o \iuuunodau usifi fi "t

ldfi {'toua r s rr s d I sc? s i{drcfiour ilaladtatfi r f,utarau 10 1!1u ( st roop

norns I ld,iaqo t fiu'luu.inosgrluuu!o\tuuuno*su iitfir tilunrz raistd

nr:'lfinouuu (Jensen 1966:491 6.rfiu tqutdu (Jensen 19653

4oz-4a,+l t.rrirnrrfinrrloa"lilnr{rfirarirsdrf,ufinfinntudurl?ggrot

436 nu ut'irr?a1ro6adn{t6.ri'ro"iil'lunT :firuuunodas ilo ulunndou

n.r:nirudr (w) = gB.09'iu.fi uuunodounl?liands?il (c) = 68'24tCopyright by Mahidol University

40

{ iurfi ua'!, uuuncdoun,rrrtaniiaddlflfitr{dr (cw) = 10o.ge lurfl uac

i 1nn 1 1u1 d r f, il rlzcfin{*rf, ufiud d r aifi The product nonent

uu'irirdurttofinfcraflufiud rcil'ir'i w fiu c iiir r =

w fiu cw iiir r = .43 uas:sli'itt c fiu cw fiir r. =

.6G $ns "[un'rrHT irf,ililtsln{r"aomdfiu [u{tea{u31u (Brovernau,

cited. in Jensen 19BB: 491 islfirirnrzfinn'lufinfinrT luCdla fruild

ra.rinarfia{ruru gz nu uu'i'rfiirdlrltufinf*rf,ufiud = .74, .61

.?6 nudrdt ua"-lun{ru{ord,rdfrn:rata,sdnrtCrdurtuddra 35

nu d.rfinerrunndr.srrnnrirurnfisnT sfirut!rdunrrf,nnunsarilu tnririi

correlationa.52 ?cu?1{

I$Au

a ltoe

irf,lrlrcinf,etof,lfiud = .8o' .63 $as .81 nrudrdu

D

tnardu (Gotden le?B! G) lfizrurtufiagaUnfidlHrrnn'rr

0lnrisasnuro{uas!a..r{dudofiraed.rfiu tudo..1'[un"r.od 1) uu'i'r nta

q1no1 rAnr.rr. o" f s u a"1,uua r a giluuudrru r rndufiuld g.,r r d o r rtl au r fi au

'lundtara riiaefiu rrrn..nf, Golden d.r tfiufi',rnrriliunsuuu-lfi tuilrcd$ll

fiur33diloranotfiiun'1tned0undnsnu Toa I sursfiiunT :nedoudliaralrn

n.ir Id il uta drn'j'r t7 il fiofiti.o"unrtitc:rtr{nnuuulotfiiunltncdsu uu,i r n r r r fi n r o ad sd.,r r rad rficriiar nd adrcininrtr'tun r rri r s runr s

firundiln Tna r Hu t.r16tdus t nrufrnrtiliunuuuuratudaudr"roT ql{lu{fi0

nrr'liluuunndoudnlrldn r aa{uaud ri{a r nddXnofiu


4t

t n1r1sd 1 nc$uu,*dunrouurnedaudnlrldnraa{uoudri{otnddlunT tnodott nra'lu[?41 +s iurfl

nvuuunairfir orir.r WORD COLOUR COLOUR WORD

Stroop ( 1935)

(N = 100) 11or 7!* 41*

Jensen ( 1965)

(N = 436) 11g* ?8* 45*a

Jensen ( 1965)

(N = 436) 1z1r 81* 51*

.u,dqnailo20a1{nil0'la4t

zcu'ir{ 15 45 il 108. 2 80.4 44 '7

nrilfirarir.rdfioT q

:cil'i'l.t 48 G4 il 99.6 75.8 38.8t

nriufirarirodfit.o GF 80 iConalli, et al. (1962) 93-?* 69.2* 27'2*

* ncuuu r uai'rf, rjrr r fi ufi r aidn r znrtnilndT cn { c 1n{'luruo *.tdti'tlfi'tu r ra r

t

46 iu'rfi


42

t n?1u rdafioldratuutnodaudorilda r aa{uaud r i{o r ndd

( ReI iabi I itY )

urunodotldorgrJfia r no{uaud ri{e r nad 1diunr:6uilu'iritnrrl

r fl afi old 4.r1d'i r : rtu nu r a { u ull nc d a u ? c r fl ulilo'to ua'ifid{frnrrdru'luqi

"lfl'lunr:ra1o11il , dr$unt suuune dalfifia iiino*oldr ( test retest

methodl rrurdu (Jensen 1965 z 4O2l firnrrfinrr'lunri*frradr'r 436

loauriraonrSu a n{n6rafiu 6a n{ldrads 50 nu lfitunrrri1uilil

no*oufir-ludrrrrardrsfiurilar 2-s urfi nrilfiaos 50 nu lHfunrt

noaauf;r'ludrstcac t ratirtfiu r {u uaonaiT d g 'iruru 336 eu lditt

nr:nodauf,r'ludr..r: vdv rrarvirsfiu r f,rtorri t qu t dutlu-i1tua!'dr\ira$

drr r.u.dfi.n.:nofouf;rfiu "^"rouudld?'-luueinodrulrifinrrruondrsfiua ri r.,rifi adr 6gn r s dfi fi uacs'lnn 1 ?u1n ? 1il t d afi oldlo aliliiirariT

f,HrtrrRnf drad*fiudtatuulnodauusiacdru u''iriin11il t ia6alfifis ' 86,

.Tg uas .21 uonlrnfi lnnrfiu (Golden 1975b: 502-5oO) 6"t1dfi1

nrsnodouulu:ranrirurrnneirfirsrirt 450 nu uu'irilnrrrtrfafialHfis

. g9, . 84 uag .73 untfirnrtnodal r f,u:1aune a"lunrilfiradrt 30 nu

uu.irilnrrurdafiald .86, .82 $av .73 uaotunrrnodalfr'ruuuzranair|nU

uas?.raunna tuqiunr:ncdal 60 nu uru'iriinz1tlrdafia16 '85"81 uau

. 69 d*o, r fiu16,i rfi n r Iuunnd T sfiu t ila s r 6nilaa r rirfru:tra'ir snrrud'fiud

no{uuilnodouudasd.u fio r d1l;truuunr:nodoudunnsir{fiu

uao'tunrzfinrrilrsininrulosulunedol Tnn r Hu ( oorden

1926b: GE4-GE?) ldne*au-lunaiudrodT s 1?6 nu iioT qt*do 28'86 il

rf,urudd'ta tzg nu ruetrafis 56 ail tcdunr:finrltadadatnfiu 12 nail

fi r o d r s nnnu1fi ilnr zno dorlo adau urnodaliniltcdrnina r r a "r ilaadelr

unurrufir 'lunrigfirarir.rf,finuunfi sr nu firhaiorRn 35 nu {rhadfi

ortr{ilt?latotdrua.rilnil'rg 40 nu {ilradilnru{Qrilasasdilasilnrrr31 nu uarfirlrafiilnrru{ur?larosdruatuuunzo.rufitlrt ag nu ndu

t fiearir.rfi.rraloldfiarrzuunnsir{fiu"lur{a'rrulet o1q aranrtfrnrruu'irnc$uu

Q

I


t

43

n 1 ?nodau! o.in6iilfi x a ri r.rfi n r rilunnsi r.ifiua d r siifi adr6gnT sdfi fi $ nsi 1n

n.rri r n: ror{uqnuq{r.lu'ir uutnodnudn 3rlfin r n o {u oud t i{e r ned drl I rn

u a n n ai u rJnfi a a n c 1 n n { u { il r adfi u a rB dn run r .r dl o .r1d o d T s il rl z u inin rufi t

BB. 9 r ila{ r tud uasdrr.rrnuanneirfirhsin t Rnoonq'lnneil{rhadiiuari

dnrunrsdlorlfifi.r Bz.9 r ila{ rtud dnfi.ruuune aoufiE.rA'lr1louan{rha

diiuarfi*nrunrtdrarfis s n6iil aanernfiulfiarir.rfirtrcininrufis 56'?

r rlo{ r lud ?o"^. rnnr zfinrrf,oco s'lfi r 6u'ir uuunodoldn 1rl6a r a o {u oud

r i {o r ncd dr u r :oiile da fi il r adiir.r a ridn ,runt s du a tld a i r.rii rt r"Rninrn

nrr'lfio"uuu ( Scoring )

uuunodaudmgrl6a r ao{uoud ri{o r ncd uri.rnT t'tfinuuuuaan t f,u

g dru 6a ns$uun1reiru,6r (w) rrtfiu{ruruiladfirlfiluusiuurn

. ncuuunlrilandail (c) rf,u{rurutadtrlaluuaiud 2 uau

r flu,irururad*rla'tuugiud g

ii.,run'aodrueniirtarnodal{rfiorilas aS iurfi druilo8euare

fi o"^. rd r fi of;uzrra'i r sn r zfi rnodailccldfi ut rlfi r a fi .tuf i r tofi oua refiqo

, f,ul.,^dri't'tfinsuuud.ur.ud", rda.r'rnfiqnnodaurt fio'tfirtafiu}ad

(Clo1den 1978:5)

n r :iilqdan r 1ilfi oilnfi I a.!dr a {1o au uunodoudn grtfia r a a {u aud r i {e r nld

uurnodaudn:rjfia r aa{uoud r i{o r nddnndrt'rlr'lil r fiur n*tofio

d ru il n z r qu 1 n ? 1 r unu.i a s n I .r aru o .rldd r ri r fi u r f, ud r url t B fl a u ! o \i I uune d a u

qolurjd'tto:rc6o r fi onn rruunuda snr tdr o { r uofiuulnodaudngrl6a r n o{

uaudri{ornedilnrrilrraurcdil fi ruzrrliltrar'tunrrnodalfiu'lilnoaau

1fiuffn:rd.rfifiiinrrflnnrz"6u#ufiu 1dfionfinr..rfiru{nusrrt uavdrruttn

urla r fiunrrrdrsdry r nrtlfiIoail:rdc.rnnrT urisarn (Clo}den 1978 3 9 )

e

ncuuufl 1r r iandsdd'lilfirur{rir ( cw)

t


o

44

c.lnn1?Anr1ua1a .l ofiu 'lfitad.r r nn'ir firSadiinrruro t 6l

n r r dt o.r o r c r "

ii n r r il {rJ r fl g'lun r r d rui r.i r a'l u a v {rJ r ila"lun r rldr ru r rn

uandaflarirsqnfio.r d.rloafirlrJufir orw{rJrda rdarfilnrt;irud.fiu."

r dseta sfiun 11il.ro r 6u-[udt o.:intra n*rdn.t r ?andoiiarrrvgu r iila t duo

c rnii n r ru-re r 6u-[uat o riln I r r don,l ru unnr d o of, t fi un lulria'u r rnlufl 'l ?

!{nra€ouanunu?ll ratanr:uroriu'luAra.rilntrg d'o...*unuio.lf,r

otulddrtrzn'lunr:ilndounuddr*ua (oolden 1976: 6)

rr^f o r ?0t ( perret Lgl 4: 323-330 ) lfi'ltuuunodoudngrJ

allu

?

- ur dd I

nodoufrilr anrlnr rlufll^lro {! a'lto

e

n1 tsn t tdooun?n ?ufl 'luuuqc

1oa r quroodr.id',t g'l"tililnilda.r'[udposdruuilr

lnarfiu (Golden 19?6a: 654-6581 lfiri'rnrzncdailfiil"rdlfi

iuuro r 6rnrrdra.-r nuilnfiuacfirhsTzntn firauuunodaldn]rlfia t aa{uoud

ri{o r ned lna r fiu uu,i.r ncuuun.rrdruda?tfiulfiilnrtn?snunrc rfiau

a d r.rt rn"lu{rh adfi n1 ril'ro r 6u-luau a ofi .riln r r rua"ilnf r a u aseBuuun 1 IEi rud aii r fi a r o d r.,r r d a r fi aT u ,r rnu an nurlnfi u a s fi tl t odii o.. ufi oiln fi n T si n

o anc rnfi il. udlfi iuuro r {unr.rAry o.r1fi fi .r ta anr, 87 uasq 1fl fl 1 :Clnran *'r

t ilaru'rrnifief,a{rlead16iuu.r r 6rnrsdlaslfisrirtanfiosfisiaaac 84. 6%

lnn r fi u uu r nrudn r rfio3u{diin r rruunr^r'i a snr.rdu a sfi I aeuuuu? rnuuunodau

dqzrl6nrao{uoudri{otndd'ir asuuufl.ridT uit (c) triT fiu sa{tu?an'l

( cw)

rrirfiuratooiT n'i'r 25 qcudo.r'tfi rfiuorrrudqr?iaIasdua\t $ns rdurdaefiu

olr$uun.rrdrudr (w) r rirfiuutadrn'ir 75 usiuancrn t nrufinrrfiolufira

nouuuufi r uqdn z :r r a s{iun r rneda u'[un r :fi rulunodau fiiidrudr6tgd.o

6n r as{uaud ri4o r naddl:"andffuur-lud

aruo.16T u'tofiT uuts rfiasfirurdae fiuu'i'r

uAo.rara'tfi r fiuorirsilo r qu '[u{iun r rnoAoldfin'rz$S t ilaro tdu o 'rinilra

n.j.rfiu*e.r'[fi r fiusrerulnudotnosdro.'t acuuun1?niruHd'tiltttrfiir

a

'tilil:on ornr ziilsfia


I" ui. fiirnrzno*audldnouuunr:riruui'tu.n

45

3,( o'1fl?1

?

Eo ocuuu) o""d"ror.unrrdruililnfi$acncrtuu ctt rraiion'i'riln6 uro.r'lfi

r fiufi.rnrtil'lo [ 6unr{dila{uasrudo.to1fl 1: dys lexia firleaqsdruld r fir

"lquarlritilr'tenT rrriiau fiof drfr{flErXrilnfiuactnailnfil'rriau drruq

i'lnu[1Bdfl1un1tCrta'rd pariet,al lobe Hio'[u nininal brain

dysfunction rfia{adr{rdae iisrf,unrrulridrlT :n'lunr:dru fi.ttt."

r fio rdasq1nR1l1nflu.iarnrsn1Tf,{ t nn I u?1srdt naqarnus1fidn1u'[udlo.r

uililnodaildozrl6a r aa{uaud r i{o t n*d, f,u, o*.oilri'lltf rutsrrlldair.l

rurdT a'tunT z'tiliilcfiafirlra dyslexia fi.t-lur6nuaofi'traqi oonur.d,fiucgO

qrutt"6[1nrJtunT riilqdsornrt pure dyslexia 6anuuuu cw firfirl'lsrf,u

dys 1exia'fi qranzun ?u r da s r 6nfi o a rat a a'rcldfl nriln?u t a a'[unrtfi ruluU

nodau cu dsfrunsruuu cr'lnfirdssratatfiaurdrfiunt uuu c

ec$uunndrudr rrjuuuf,fincr r darffasfiunr:uro r 6l'[ueuo",rtn9s

fl.r afiistufinrilcn rrn ?c11a ( dif f use I uncfrnqcuu'iralanrrn rcrir t dua,

flrcaaonfio.rfiuflrgur'[un r:o an r iia { utan r tuofir,i rd.r , $un.rfr.d r'tu

droau rdgr nrtuof,rril ( Perseveration ) f, ullfiriaa'lufidradfinr:

finqcilrrnA'lu{ilradiin r rtunuia s r o sdr o s-lufinruu$ililnlcq1a ( dif f use )

* il1nn.j.l drufirlradiisrrruunudo{sosdila.rilnfl1a'[uzoscu?no1ils:zrudlfizd.otuu nril r duflcvilzrng'lfi r fiuilaa

esttull w rjnfi nc$uu c unsncuuu ." oia dnrructdufiuulrn! q ur d.rnao luaf il?anila?'urunudo.ono.sdruatilnrrr d.t t flt ,rtdti"t'lfi"tddrurrnuan

- t "

- " titi,,. "ti o1 t'r't n I t and

'filfi o ri r.r n n fi , o 4.,

FrE uuu w ilnd c rjn& usi ." d.nUnt*trduf,.ordarffotfiunrr

u,ror6udartosdru prefrontal lobe tilasadr.rrdar d'oat..ttf,unr.t

firuflraratafi.r z 6ru finrrucrdufic"uillfi.ira'tutcayfiurasarnr:dta.t{,. dsrfioffuludru prefrontal lobe uacdilosrfiar,dro..nn'rz"ttt 148

ouuuu

tl arfiorf,uren'lu1u (chronic drug abuse)

l1.1or6urotdruos'|,u frontal lobe ilnilrausinrildn"uuu'luqndrudlduf,

6.rfiuuuuno*oufiis r fiu


46

.. rlrsr1sr{'tunr:6inrrnrtsdra{ rdaltriouTs uaon'ildu t diln'rtuao\ioon

o 1qr"!,ulfi"luunoadiinr rttre r 6unr sdn, ou. ooudfiarnrrd 1oa r su,tu

"[ut" a" t Crufiurrd t ila.r r 6nfi aa

Rouuunndruilnfi nzilr lutldllcsuu rilasluqonarJnfi r ri'rfiu uo'

a i.r.rd s-[ur. odii".. rrfi o rjnfi '[urs 6u ri au ?s dr I'r z n n fi u6u r f, ulnfi lfi

n.l?'.lortufiu{rfieodrilasa*a.rin!'l'l loadrlilufirnouuudrjnfiisld

drr r:nu ann ?1ilunu'ia snr sdl o'rlfi usittu'i rn rtfiruulnoaoufiucciidru

:un rusi ourtfi n r :u r a sfi iun r tnodauo d T'rfi fi a irfiE 6.rfiu'lunrroiutanrs

i n r r tris { r r fi ufi o,,r i rfi rfi s n r rr unu d a r n r .ruqfi n z : rd{rl e au le { a an r 1 d r g

r fluihfig

uulnodot-t fiearir.r t du fi 'rfirlraiinrrlrisarnuiorirurn'tunrz dqrfi.tauri

a {dn ofirridgnfi o.rfi .r1 dro. o.ilu H rua r a'r ru6n fi u ao s'i rfi rh aiin r rIlnud a "t

a ri r r ruu :.s"tun I rno 1v aa d.r r f,ufinr"od, fi of;u' da'rr rniR r rllnud o { [ a \t

au r.rin o r. n.rrof, ',ri anr: a on t ilatn rufiutjd'rlrtn'lt r flu t tiu of,tfi

r fiufi .rn r rr rnud o r r a sdr a.otntr a n r :1dnruut,i ", t..oro',r-Ifi r fiufi 'sn r Iu

lil a r n .r t a a o nud a o r r 1 f, ufi a .r'lq u n s n'l z ilfr r ard e "

fi r n o d s usi nthai o dnrrut

o'r :run1 r fi a.,i r a fi a 1q q c, f,*, n{, otlf , fi ufr s o lr tfi o rjnfi nr.ri o r r d ul anr r o

i1, n.l?s.lo r 6unrsdlasadrr rdauufiu un"ToafrelrruXr{dfin'lrllnuda{n'l{

druararqudo.r'tfi r fiuarir.,rf,e r qu'ludrud rdarf,ua{arrdlil-lunrt t n*tul"r

unu o.lfl,lzdudo s a onn,r.rnrrru!fin

lnarfiu (Go1den t9z8: 101 iinrrrrfiu'iT {'ltuuunedau

dq:il6a r aa{u aud r i{e r nad nr ro tcufinfr.r fio{rfionr tnr:finrrno sfifu

nrrnodau uacfia{rfio'tu{TunrtnodouusiacTa firdufiuorqqstfioila

fi orn.ofru'[un r r"liliilcila n r rllnu'i o tnr tdru a stnfi r a

.tula

?nrzf,s r nouqfinz:r nrrH.r, nnddldEfid, f,.r t ne iinr:d{ilrafir

It


47

c n,l ? $ a nlr erfi r i o -{ rnn r rruiln r r nr t dru o t o a n ? ,ln a'l'lrtfi o rjnfi n r s

?CIrrfl

fi rJ r I i n r r d s y u.do.r a n n'lfi r fi ufi .r o r r ru unu d a s'[un "r z fi r u u uno d s u

dsrtil6n r ao{u aud r i{o r nad r da r rttau r fisufiunur.tnfi lrra r fiu t colden

t9T6a: 684-6EB r uu'irnriufirhais' t rddutrnfiruuunoaaul6 r durdarfiu

nail nurlnfi'lunndrun o',tuuunodou usi ssiinouuu r o6 sd rn'i'rlsrnailnfi o { 1o

r r.la{ r tud uau r dorJiunyuuu'lriad'[u?cuu T-score firhsto r rgfiqcfit<l

srcutlr4ofltrauorvfiu nsuilu t-score d aO f,rlraiorrrdfrnssiias,ruu w

d'r nv$ull c rjnfir,rtadsn'irrjnfi uavnsruu cu ti'', dsfinrrutrdufrqouu

fiagH1n'[u{rhaiiiluaridnrunrsduas lnn r fiu ffsuu'irnouuu c rilg".l

rirfi.sfiarrurrnuan{rlrsisr r rdaanq'rn{rlaaiifir.ra,rEdnrilnr.rrla',rlfffr'-r 83

r rla d r gud i{n6i r 116'i ruuunqdauda grJfia r a s {u aud r i{o r rradfirtn za'Ifr

"tfi 'luugr er n nn erudfi il, o.r fr eri r r fi uI r nt o r r du a g sl a ! o { n s, uuudlfi d.a'[un. trt

u s q- g fr Yugq5fu?ucoa ltn lq

u si a.sd tJt t 1 ps{1v fl 1 ttudod." r fi uoild: :osi an r t fi ruuunodstt

do:rjfiarao{uaudii{orndd rutsuuunodauioil:sdrninardt fr da t'la

q 1nn r r'lils r n r r'[il a'r{ -ril'luil 1n a r qfi r'tfi r fi on r rtfi artnfi "lun r tfi r s run o s

dil 0.r d.rqofi l.r n'lfi nsuuun r rnodoufi ar,ra rcr1fi usi ari r sl:fi *.nt"i t fi a q rn

nr:'[flsrqo r f,uarir ils{drr,trr r rirfius

urnuundil'lta rd rfi.rfi.r fia'irfiot

(Golden 1978r 10);,6rsdr.rfirJra (Golden 19?8: lo-11)

{rJrarrafi r {rhafirvfiu IQ = r35 firhafinrrrudrurn"lunr:

ilA.ilA.riulnallirl:'in4dr rustu'I, flur':ar 6 tdau n,lsnod.ounr.riotinarln

odr suu'j rfirh a r fiur]nfi sn r iuuunnodaudorgrJda r n s {u aud r i {o r ncd 'f o

lfiorpuuu w = 80, s = 75, cu = 22 finrrustduf,raua'lfit$uearufisr

dnfirotdlltatdru front,al lobe {rJealfigndtuuuund rtrtiltvdtninsT

, fi ,lt6;un,lisri rsuu'i'li, fi ,orn r fi ofiu"luata tdru pre-l'rontal ilrrflrs

a

a


C

48

ffrlrs:1ad z {rJeatf,ut6naTa LZ il rfiurlnfinnarir'rrioudc"

rfioqiifi ruqnr.:rnaud fle1fiu{rhafiarnr: dyslexia t drulrir tr'lq tul'lu

ld t ilr'[cn1r..t r i au I {rlr aldnu$uul1nfl r ttirulunodaudonrl6a r a o {u sud

ri{orn6d 6o w = z?, c = 54, ctl = 46 d.:'ludnruordutlil{rtf,uct

fia.rf,[oil,..rrrcrres.irrflu dyslexia tfisf,[u?1!,nsuuu ctr nt:qsd't

n,ir I t.r arq r f,uCul61'ruld'i roreeoiiilgurn'l\ia 1'ild r trrr r drrilo'r il1n

n,i.r r fi o ilrgu r n I { n 1 I r i au{ n r z fi r fi o tnrr q c d r aiiufruld

{rhazrad s firhagndstrtilarlrttfiuatanrtiot1tcd,..ninar

uuirnouuilsa{uilunodaudogrJfinraa{uaudri{orned rflu " = 2, c =

zo, ch, = tz' dsdr'tunndru uae s'lfirfiufisnmuunudasrosdla'rdfie

nroq1sfrrlil (diffuse braiul'tutrnrdolruuninrsil:sdrninarl6fir

nrzsttrqfi.o,.{,ooaufir r oa{ uu'ir1fiHafiuilufiuuuilnodoudsl*lfia r aa{

uoudri{ornad uasrfi ilr a r. oilldiun r riilcds'i r r f,u Alzheiner's

DiseaseI --. Y-.^. w

.ffrhanad a {rlralfiiunrzgi'ldotfiatanlatdla's dru frontal

tenporal - parietal tnnrr rdafirnr:nodorfirauililnedoudntrl

darna4uoudri{ornddufi.rqrnnrrairfio il:rnanuuuuaanill 60 w - 43,

c=Ztrcw=L4O firJrarrad s ilrlrarfiurdno.rq 14 il iiornrz pure dyslexia

uu'irfinsu;;;;;";tt",ouunoo'uaofi " ] 8' c = 45' cu = 75 finrilc

firJaat,rad o firleanndslr rfio'lfiiilqdauanTtnrtu'irt1rnin r nn

fiuo r rilfi orln6nr.rdil a,r uu.i ,lcrnn r:fi ruuunodaldo lrjfia r n a {u aud r i{an,{-

rndd iin"uuu W = 4O, C = 43, CI{ = 38 l.rnnsuuurraririlfioRu'ir

firhsrf,ul:niornn d s si a ru rn r gfl dsld iun r rilufiur r n uun d n r .': tl ts drn

?

r duf,uulHloade1il1un'rto??1 ,6nd r f,u dvs lexia

a

inarua"iouund


49

fi rle a n n no da r t d, n r.., *^dr^'r t ufi a q rn o fifi t Hule firlaat'rad z

c

nr'rilunnsi.oddtur iu'luaratrosdrauaoraQt t{fiu

84-7 2'

fiufiuiiru ruruufi r fi .,fi , f,u r urrndr auavuf, liifinrruodunn0i r sfiufi s'[usu'lo

n rrr6e d'irdu a s no tdrauaurafisiiln:.rair.rduornsir 'l

drtcrn {fitfi{drauac.

fiuufir {"0u

a

a

nrsdros r da r ilriau uu'ilnsuuura{uuilnodaudn1il6a r ao{uaud r i{o t nco{

ari"lu,nrufilntsfi{uuo 6o ilzcilril 50 arasln$ililnedountstoingr dilo6ua

fiia, u.A. anfi { fiu an r luE.riiilrgrarn r rfi 1un 1 I, od oulurdsldrtnfi {rh an'

rcililn ?1ilfio r fiu:Jnfro rqrriin r rudo s a anfito rrllddllr-lunrtfiruuunodau

u sifi r fiudnrrut r a r n'l rilnu'i a t r o s dl a t'Lu: t dlil 1 \i I u1 lri u *e'rfi 'rn : 1 il ci o

ilnfi'ludt a stnir a rai a ii ara q e fl fl ?c u?ufl r r r d a r fi ln..tr#',tl.

nrrl8rfiqrasnrrilunneirsnr.i tt Fl a1a uaYrsfiunrrfrnrr

1. nrrrusrndrs:t r4'j'l.i t ufl

1.1

urfifiErlna zs29zt

grJdr.r $ilror uauilnil1nn1$[urf uaudton (Lansdel

r,r:fifierrlqn zszs: 641 frnprnultdlfi;unrtsirfioduat uu'ir

u6,r fi rlfiiu'ro r {uqurir'lfi r fioerr-ru, irun.,.rcuo.rdnfira .l

arirstror{r aroodfr (Lacost ilrsqrn {fiufintrinar ilrs'iT drurot corpus cal losun

evil n r :{rJ r iia T r a u s tfi a a n'i r fi d r a u n o'tulruodd. ro u or0',rii uurtfi ildqo"lil

Ar a.rilnl,oilnuil.r u r n n'i rd ntnfiu'tus ruu r.r H rud r d a r fi un r :'tfl nrur {r0o

g rufiauer'ltaro.:dninufrsirildra urun1nau ( McGlone drsrrn {frun:fifiurlqa zszs: 6sl uu'irrdioiinrrt?larnra'lucruosilnt'ra t toiu'lufiru

nr:'ltnrprl rrfir"lfi rfie aphasia torrlfioilnfi'lufirunrtloratanrr'tfl

R'lr1 I "tufirafrs1dfiosn'irfidra

finrruvertrruunndl{n1{ r r^refifi airtzrallnaranu'ir dlo.rfisdo.r

dn no.rfiufu sfi rrafi rfi r fi a e to sfiun r zlflR1s1 n r rfinurnr tnrrrit r f,ulrt

r.rrfifierrlna zszg: 66 )

d.r r f,ufi e r d auudn rcr4'i r.t


t

50

ilnAru o.rfi sf a.rtn'lufiraft sru'luqin'i T l a s {l -r a r 5nfi a a uatuu'i r'[udil o't g o {

{rafr .rfiu drud r d a rfi un.r r'tfl n1rrq" ri au1ilnr sdruufi r s s sdl o s ( Anter ior )

uavo{drsqrndrurar parietal lobe uao'lu{rafi{sctluol1rfiorjnfi'lu

firunr:"tilnrur'tfiilaa

crnnrrfinrr r our"'tur{ro r f r{flrXrgr uu'iT 'lu{ufitoreetitnT :

io zc r ilalrail.rd1udr o,rd r fiulrto ri r rn rsio n rc c r ail rnn'i r ra€ ofi o s n'i rui a

r ri.rfiu r d o r fi sufitdr or r a rfi dT a udfi rnrirefi .,r r io t r dsrfiun1?uoua!'n1 ?

d y ----*- , . "-firsfifiruilrfirdarfiurtaof, cciotcrilatr ndou [urrasria uil?'l6ttla{ra{Hn -

railrd'luaurod, nrsn5iilfiu urnn.irdrarratfidrg ii.r r fludeudfir'Lfi r 6n

rafi .rvrolfi r {rn.i r o an r ?lasdn'ir unoiin'r?o ?ilnilnfi rru r f, afio t 6n1fidn'i T

,.rno. ntn r t {o tc r fi amafi rd'luAl a sdu n n si r'r fiufiu a r c r c drufiud

fililCI:rfieru1fl1rna{i'rtnradrtriauuatufi'rrirrilo rai (Levy ilr'rqrn

Afiu u:frfierrlna zszs: 691 lfi'lfineru rfiu'i'r dnrrnrtrfiuToro{ilndras

fis"lut.rauarraf,.riiorrruunnoi'rsfiu ilnarosfiruflra'tufir,rQ.rrofinrtfierur t 6r

n'ir uao'lufidradilostnnttcs,fi$ur r {rn'ir 6.r#u r 6nuft ',rr t!i n e rl afio-lu

finron r r'lili rr,ro dru r 6nd r aqcfi n r rr nfio'tufi nuod r d a rfiuto acn.1 \i

+

+

ilnil1nfla{go{TiluruC fi r flurta.rirdrg nrrgdrruT zndrdr.

fi 11v su11 s r a.r{r,rfr .r o r quilr r ld aulrtr4n .l t 6l aun rt zcdun r t r ild auurla'r

r o s aa {fu u r urt'tun ruu dTnfi or 6 a{raQ.sevfi rnvuuulfid'tude sdfi Estrogen

a qi"tu:oduti "'dqo'[unr {n t sfiut rrufi T i g a {IHu r ueraft 'r

a riluts'dud'l {'0ossrirosuuurdarfiufiflssfllrro*ou1"r (Motor skitl) 1fi6

t. 2 srrriluonsirs:cr4'i'l'l rurod rdarfiunrrildr r {c

nrdtfia (castre ilrsrrn iinturil TnuRu{ uac

{rrilar dr.rTgfi 2ble: 55t lfi:rutrur.odrrflndfidor?la'r'[uartudr'rr

{ruru 868 cru 1ur4n:uduarq uu'ir {ufrsdrurrnildot?latnrtnrttiiauru r n n'i r o rtr,rdu r u a s q 1 n n 1 :fi nr r d rulraqid r d e r fi un r r r f, l q n#" a n 1 { fl 'l t

au iau rJr rn4.i r r dnraft t r t au'tulr s r i au16dn'i r r 6nlr a 1o s r or.rro'luidr


e

51

n1s1d{nqD n,lidunedx fl,1?riauuauaarl drutdndrafirnouuuldd'tu

it.rnfrsrst,rdn{ rl:s{fielren{ nfier*n{ uasina'lelr*n{

1. 3 nrruuornoirtrvra,irs rud-lunrrrtd'rlrzndl6iunrtnedan

'tud.run r rud.rn rrnfi r dr r ducrrr,dlil ..trl t da rfiunr r

'tilfi a a 6 r c r n :u duTan r z nfi 'r ta{'lurg rl t r n4'i r r ueluQ"r u do { a o n n 1 { fi a a ri r

16arirsadrrdto uarndotunrirn'irtuefd'ts tgalri{n' $au rarj6u

(Herzberg & Lepkin ilrrqrn iiq:urfi inruiud ua!' {rrilgz drt1ffi

ZSL': E8l uu.ir r finrn6s:rduiisarnaurlnrg ( 01a 16, tT , 18 ilr

lfiaruuusrnnrtnodou Verbal Fluencv {sn'irrdngrasdrsrfiulfif,c

r 6nufi.rorq L7 il iiuuelfiufrre cuuudfiron.ro?1tr t *rl6dn'iT ii"lo"" t f,u

r u:rs.ir r dnufi.r r iauuofirueiarqfiaan'i r drur rnuelfidn'ir fio dr''rfiaa

n'i r-luttn'i r.rri au r ilr1r s r i au

deu'tufirun rrtdtr r:nnr tnfrnrtrdur{ uao'drun rtfioiunr rn

frufiudna.r?caunl{ {lT aevfirlfidn'ir{rafi'r

'tu6.run r rrudru I :nnr sfi ruBailc n r rttdrl r :n r d s rfiue r runri a s

unri r-[unrr'lilii ouarfir ununrrildrl r zn-lun T riu!:raa, t dae ad rs:re t {r

rr.rdufiseufirlfidn.i.r rileldrs tiisr:uril neruRu{ unc{r rilar drsTlfi

2519: 59-60 )

iin r zdnrrddoonfia.rfiuuar aofiu'i r{ufi.rfifinrc"lunr r r t and'aiil

d{n,irdra nrtfinrrla.r 1afiou (Ligon, cited in Golden 19783 8)

uao s"lfi r fiufi ssr r ruuonOi r.i o ri.r siifi adrdrgnr sdif i r firafi s a T a :cu'i r { 6- 1 6

il drur:nfirnvuuu c 1da.rn'irfigratu:sfiuarardaefiu dntil (stroop'

cited in Golden 1978: 8) fiuunrrlrrnnsirsolir':iifiafrrdrgnT sefifi'lu

nr:firuuunodau rcl4ir{finttaudra uavufl.rfitiauroduinarfia uau

crnnr:frns1ro{tqutdu (.Jensen, cited in Golden 19?8: 8l d'r

nodou-lunrirufirori'rr firird.rfinrrtvdurlirgEreri{ruru 436 au uu'ir

:ura.irsruetuncn.rrrisnfladfiri'rdrurJrvAn#A*f,utrrd .23 drvdlfiadrfirg

nr.rafifid . o 1

?

a


d

dn

I

52

?unllfinrluilunodoudru u rltrn4'irfi.rnT rflnp1!a\i Ligon

( 1932 ) r^t I 1 I 1 il Anr li .r {rafi r ri r n o u uuld g.r n'i r {l r a rai a n r : fi n r 1 n o \i

dorgr.l (1935) riutdu (1965) uac tcurduuat1rrra{ (1966)

ilrcdun r rrufir r uarrgnoiiu r uzroliliin 1?Anr1flfilluuzra { 1ufi{n ?'lrBon

si'l.izcu'i1s t uel'luuuilnodau !t adr{fifiadrfirgnr.rafifi

unr'lun r rfintrn r rruuonsi r's r o tn r rriruuunodou clt

rudfiu'tu:ra"urndrirnrtfinrrlriulnrrilunndrodf,t r eu der1il

U

!a.,ifi{ 2

( 1935 )

?

uu'iriinrrluonsiT .rfiaail1fl unoldiifiadrdrgnr.rdfrfi nr{c r ua{ u.toudwl

(Gardner, et al., cited, in Golden t9?8: B) dnurriasnT:-[fl

r rar'tunrzrirurunodou cw fiuu'irldiorrrunndr{zct4'ir',i t uddrauac

raft .r o ri'r'rfi fi a dr6qnT .rcfi fi

'tutts"siour tuattorfi (Perretti, cited in Golden

19?83 B) 16dnrT'tuillra SO nu uauuftf 50 nu uu'irntuuu,*drnro

uUlnodol cw '[urrdr6. = 48.2 uao-tutugld'ls = 55.1 UatUU'irii. t ds q u .q-d s

Fl ?'lilU 0fl Sl 1 { A I 1 \iiluB 5[1 nQn,l { fl nAil?uO U . o t lunrziilnn'l?sauutnio{

19?83 B) ldfirnrznoas{'tutt,o [ ?04 (Perretti, cited in Golden

neildrorirtdraunuufut s nritarq6o finriaufruilrcnilfinn finttaufru

fisaufinrr uacfindnrrtlrduina'rda uu'irlur1nn{l{ufr',rrirnuuutl c}, ld6n'iT dra udnrrruuonsiT .rduufiuliliifisdrdrgn,',rdfifi

Tnardu (Golden 19?8: 8) lfi'lfluuunodoldntil6arao{uaud

ri{ornad nodoufinfinrlzcduinalfis ruduQ.,r I17 nu tuefdra LOZ nu

1o anodauuuundru uu'i'rfinrriluernsi'l { a ri'r sldiifiadrdrgn'r.rafifi :sru'i r s

rueldraua"ufi.r'tunr:firnodouulunodounr:drudr (w) sir tdf = 2!7 $aguililnodounrtrianda?i (c) rir t = 1.86r

usir^ruo r lilunnsir r o rir.riifiadrdgnr.r*fifi'luuuunodoufl'r 1 ] iund adiililfiuri

eir (cw) rir t = L.g7, df = 217 lnnrdu (Golden 1978: 8) i.r

'|'fiil0fl..r r ncrir fierrrtunnsi'ls:cu'irt turldra Iilas t 6nfioa'tunrtriruut

t

=

df

1. 33,

= 2L7


53

? nodaudogrJda rna{uoud ri{o rn6d unofisufi'irrrilfiadrdrgnrtdifi usiqs

ldiin rrldrdrgnr sdruniin ut o s rudrilnoa 0 \i

2. nrriluslnoi r s:s,14'i'l sara

E.r q r f,ua sdrt:u n a ur,ldrn r ril rina r diidau{orrpflfi r t rn{l

r il'rurnari1 {}t a { r fiuf,o"lunrruuondr.rfiu dtd{i{adT r r iauu'l'luil 11 3o

riiort'ril {uuiu{ uas{.rrilar d.rsTrfi zsle z 7$ lfiqafriln?1lile?rg

rfiuln oonrfiu s f;uda

n. r"aniar6n (cbildhoodl tf,utoat,'ru.d,finfiflinoqid

fiauuasfiotdtntaunir

e. ?u8un2'lufiun.r (stabllization) 01q 28-50 ll ttl

,o uoduroafi r.,r rudrdrU r u.ndqo u ac ?u8edouds r fludru'lnr:i

{. lvasrdurfi,r{Tadra (decline) 01q 50-65 il rflu

dr{zsassa{n1i r rJdauurJa.,rdqonnlf,Teu?ail:c r fiudsd r rrlfiflandr r 6q -

rurufir $as r duffinfi.reruqi.r'irilinilnsu r ro{rfin

i. zlrasfin'$'lu (retirenent) s1q es ilf;ulrt

t qnnngn{rfie'[fiuao.rfienr:rufiaaas fintutilnldqnfiueion'r?{1tl

ilisrdairurr'[ua6o uasaauiunralc?.$'[t,*tod rdarfiuor1ilo1I

z. r nrruunndl {n1{o'1a'lutufiu r rr{ilrgrxr'*rlrr

r3{n (Yerkes drsqrn iiorurd {nruiud uag

E. :,racnrZfiruUef,rtat (self-deternination) O1q

L? -zB il d.r r f,uda.rdqo"unrodaiaiudanrtf rrrqficntrril t lafiotnrt

ita?uilinras t t1 unnnl:dturf,r r a't

,

I

e. ?ugun2'lllfiunt (Stabllization) riu

g?n8!ril

oaaillu

{r rilgr

fi.,ruoiorq

dr.r1tfi zs:s; 6? I lfi?lnur r tr{ilrgrgrla{ t u*g.radiitsduatadrs"l

18-60 il 'irurU 15,385 nu Toa'lf,uuunodau Arny Alpha

Scores 1lil.j 1q nuilu, *d, n, o t I r { ilrgrgr aen { q 1n fl riI 1n n a a r qfi o addclrtfi 'r

t

u.uo.nddt!tq


54

o Iru* uao

Tcruiud uac{r rilazt

nodorrJ:sdrdu'lu uew

nou?1n (Jones & Conrad ilrtqtn ttnturildr.rTlB zs19: 681 16'[t Arny Alpha Tests

England {ruru rs udfiru rltrn4wnaanrurefira

J

nfi.rfil r i{n ( Yerkes I 'tuu',ira\in,trnoa\tratzuf,u r lr{flggriirtho.runnnq rrr{rurur. qd, doffu uduu'i'r fi oaouri a gd r d a efiuri rAr,rr{ldfi nr?nea\r r n a

c'rnslq zo il cufi{ara Go il drufionodsuriaadur rdu nrrrrliaurilsil.(analogies) dT firgdrfin (connon sensel uaudrdufietar (nunber

seri,esl iinrtaoa.sodrt r$ufloorlr.odrdofu

t.,r o rnd1 rJlfi 'i T rn du r I r {ilrggr ! a { Un n a a 1 c aoa.$ldor r r a r qfi , dufi*t -- I I

ii.,rnrzilnrluuu cross sectional deu'lurglfifflf,fiuuurlfirn1{n?1il

drrrtnra{dila{tcnoa\trdrrrn{afitrarjnoufiu (earIy adulthoodl

rfiufiulrt $nlrn'lrnea\iqsrfiulfif,euT nf;uluTglrr (old age) drunrrrdttrrnnt{n'lyl u ac n r rilnrlfi fifi a i T .r {s rl r rn4'i r 6.cn r fnrT liGin'i ruauurun'i rn r rudrru 1 ?nn1 \rn 1:nrcfi r uain e tudu r zn'lun r zufi flrgur unc

n.turuodfi.r i nolfiilorrnuulunrrnodauulu'ltnrar r fr rrnn'iruuu'lfl

firdtnrrrdrurrnusiqrnnrtGlnrtuun longitudinal udernr: rdoffur,.nn'itntr

aon {i 1fl fl r rnedauraa r a "l a dr.rfiuqno^dfi r. q r {'[uia{'[r,lq!n oufiu ( ear lyadulthood) fi rlfi funT tnzo{ulu r 4a.rnrziiln".d r railrcdil ilT uiuia{traq!

lreoaunal{ (niddle ad,ulthood) rlr{ilrgrXT ilsnsa{-[uzcdurdu ueiiinrz

r drfruuiiaaoa { r 6nfi aatunr:nedauur r adr.o rvr,r'lr.,rorq so ilfulrt nr:aoa {u1 {arir sd r da rf,uflrgratn t rrudrru r rnnr rdil a { a1q r fi ofu uno'turru'i r.,r

a'lq ?o-80 il qc;inrzneatiltrng'Ifi rfiuf,o d.r16wa rraiioufiunr:Glnrruuu

cross sectional tiinzurfi lnruRud uas ,irriia: dr.rlrfi 2819:

73)


55

oz. 2 nx1iluond1.,i?cr4'i'l.larq"Lunrrrudrurtnfi t dr

hnd un"haf (Miles & t{iles ilr{crn tioruril

I

Touiud uac{rrilar dr..r1ffi zsle: ?Bl lHrirnr:Errrqrdo5oquffntilE

firerdrst dratonegatrasnrrt$u (Vision) uacnr:iuf;ro.,rnr:rfiu

(Visual perception) ilanedauer rsndasundrrstnfi .u r fiafi ,(dexterity) unrrnrzilzsr5flusa{nHu tfiadrusir.,tf sas'irsnra (notor

coordinationl ilanodaunrsdeRulr ( Judgeneut) rdarfiudrurad{unc

rurorasion fionodauneru,ir{Ae'|'ud 1 unutanodaunr:dtltiunurnrtl. I

alarlz rngd rdrudt n s {ns$uua ? trudtru r tnnt.,t notor o {'lun{l a rq 18- 29

il rrnn'irndu{adu dau'lunriruara so-4s it iincuuulsdgrd'l 't fiu ud1999

'luneinora so-89 il itnT taea{.tila.,ir6nfiaa uao'[undus'tq ?o-80 il il---"4--'- e Itdn1?aen{aa1{tr,tuflo drUfioneeaurdarfil visual perception AeA{

a d r..u Sulfi ao'lur. rd, dr,f;t

utou til'r.oq'rnitozurfi ieruRud uns {rriia: dasTlf, 2519:

7 4, HnrT uu'irldusi r fi a rn r ziuf,nr,,rn r r r fiu r rirfiudlf,"ru*uudesfi snr r

aoasluunu"diir.ou.nffr, rarnudrfiof;ufiun'rriuicrnilzEdtnf,tff*6u r-9e

uun o.ufi onrziuHd r darfiufiruiln n?1ila1?rat t ffu uaonruflaIt r iiouiindra.9

iar ra{uuu (slrvernan 1983: 2361 lfiude s'lfirfiufisilnrrO nlrnen{Ea{n?lushrrzntunr:6oRu'lquactdtaurfiau (judgenent and

conparison) orudrrttodrufinrsn,t?rodtul"', (notor skills)unsnrrrdrur:nfirunrriuinrsdrsnr tvisual pereption) fitgil

rJ:vnaud 4 d.,rueovirqnnniifieruln,r?rdrdnT sfirufintuntrrodrulrr

uasdrunrrffoiu'le ,drr.q 1B-29 il uatcoaoa{rdtt.g so il Cru

nrudrrrrnnrtdrun.r;o!ri.sdranrcsiinrzfierur r 6ud r drr.4 to-rr ilt

$nc r{raoa.rriaunrrrdrurznnr.rfirudu .unrrfisarg so il qtfidotrnr:

aoasairstro t 6r

O


56

a Judgement and. Comparison

100

Motor sltill-

80

vi-sua15o Pe:rception

Age group

I o-r ? 18-29 'o-49 'V59

7o-89

rrjrl:cnoilfi 4 udo.rri. t"dBra{n?1ildrut:nnr.rfirusirstl 'l '[uusiarn6iilo'ls

d:ilsr rrruuornsir {n1{ a 1ad t fi a rfiuo rrrdtu r:nfi t drqt

fl . n'lraqa.,rrl:'rn4eioa r flurioa"trt 3'lnn,ttnodouTenrrrdrurzn'q 'tora 30 ilffulrj uavqcilosrfiuflo,or.u.nffrrtdrr.u'l 3uo fllJljnoant . I uavqcilo{ [ uura I quil'lllnu[ [toil' ,

so il'trtuH?

!. or1ild1il1?on'lsnrtf,ufid uasnr:iil?aonou.nddt9l

Fr . n r 1il at1 u'r I n n 1 { n 1 t, grd oulu r il {sr { inrr116 o n o o Tafi "lr,tru9t-

r{ .d 6l q{ . q - dvu onoufla1{ uorrfl1? t ilnau$ilat turdnr:sir'r"l drlr?ut'tuil Ldnzcnr

r. n1rnzvfirfi rfisrfiurilosir.r .l ao{n,rrnoaror{.{fl'ltrtau?tl

90

?o

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ooH(6g

hoqt{c)Pr 6o

t

t

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a?{

a-d{Caoa{o't8018?l rrJilnu

t


57

a nr:dnrr'[u?sscu?n r darfiilora fiunrrru r €'l'lunrt t tandauao

n'rrdrudr rirloalnfiou (Ligon, "itja in Golden 19283 6) Tosr

finyr'lu r 6nf,n r tauernl:s r igudra6inrr Ggs nu d.,rilt"6unrrfinprff.rusi

rsr6il r fis :srdu g rrnnrrfinrrdrauuunodaildn:rjfraraa{uaudri{ornad

a

r .E r . d d | ,o 3 - -g-Yry ,-42 d?u o0 dru w uau c uu'I1n1?[1afldotlaun1t01un1uuscn'lloil'Iflf,u4arl".l

01il018 UnclcilQ?',liluan01{041{n{n9

dqqq I or 2a1n [d tun1la1uo1lcaoa{s1fl

darilcnn?1il I ?'l

130.2 iurfi1oo iurfi asfrt 4s.B iurfi 'lufiiunr:noaaudad:sdil e

o.r.i.ldCLUn,l?[18fltr06[[UiltrU

{q<aaoa{runa 69.1 ?u1n

ur., .u.d-tfl'lun r :no dauaon {1 1n

a 6t d dq - d I q Gt - 4fl1?dnE1 [U r Ofln5t1nun6[O t lJUfl1?6n]1gA$ lnurAn UnsnUAU 3l

(conalIi, et aI., cited in Golden 19?8: 6) d.rlfi'tfluuilnodau

do::Jdnraa{uoudri{ornad'lunrilffeodrs z3b Fru iide.rarazcu'irs

z-80 fl losfiiunrrnodarnn{orfiu Lt n4u n,rila1s z, 8, 9, 10,

11, L2, 13, 17-19, 25-94, 35-44 uac 65-80 uncndilala 11 il

i{rururrndao (zs nu) rrurdnriruara zs-s4 il iifiaadao (L4 nu)

r.ru'ir aranrz?inrlilnuuilnodou dru c ua!, wnfiranfitfrrnas lafiau(19s2t druuuunodoil ." fiu rdnars 7 i fir1finruut*ui"'dlr (zo ilo

"tu qs iurfir druff?rnlrnodoufiori'lunrirara 1?-19 il dT ruT:nrirlfr$99

.sdror{] [ n1nilu,?nn0g tild?.l 25-34 lJ

6erflarou (Golden 19zB: 6-7r ldaiu1s0lan.tfinrrdlfifiu

nrrunqufifi$u1n1r r r]iau r fiau lrofiug.una{n1ri r nz'rr#oilrafruo{fiu9l

qcruZXorrrudozrilsoo (conceptl -[unrtusnu?{uanuscfiunr:wdrualdru n{uff v 4 . o .o r I q/ .13 4 |

[ 1.1? 1y lna I ou I u a ? 1fl 'l 1n1u uunoSf ou6t0 ?ilRn t a 0?]t ouo [ ? 10 t n6fgtuu!1to BtD ile,qo.dd.f-.o4nilo ? 1st5t'1il 1 ?fl lun 1 ?s'luun ?ufi ? 1 {n 1? [ ?8nfl a5fnun 1 ? 0 1un 1 1{CI'liluanq u A 4a o Y-s t cl. I duelu,]n''t?uA? [ onjuilfl 11q.luuflu gnu8y touagn?1 $av0,tanil?1n4?''t t onsv^q-Yff_3--.__q-._ .. - -l . u. A d o yvl un1 tom'lil1n lunytluu ctr f,[uc I og?flu l,uflailgl6f {01an1lrilfl11nl lntt1a?g

I .a q u q r Q, oU u[ f,uI os?flu Lfln I ouoaula?1t l]un'l?yfl0{n'l?nonaa tuT.lyq'lnnqrflfiu6


5B

o iun ..,rnqdrudfi r. qu rnsoiin r:non os$aveciio r rudrru r:n'[unrz{ ruunu an

uaulfifiosn.irnri,daqi'tu{anarsou uanl1nfi oolden ( 1978t 6'rneirTiT

{rlrainrnndfir^rqdnir}rullutl".uddolril:zarFtRrro t inmature) fiq"il

fi nrruc n r :fi ru uunodalnfi r anfi 'rfi uneirfi 4\t o 1 a

urnu.nfiurrrd nu"rudut (Rand, et ar', 1963: 534-558)

Hsl6dnrruqfin:rrud r iof;uc rnn r zriruuunodoudn zrlfia r p a {u au6 r i{o

r nnd crnfiiunr:nodott A n6iilara ( 6, 9, tZ uas 16 ) oriT 'r'tnfi?o

ua"lfiurisuqfinr:trrnnrrrirnodouoan r f,u z iltc t nnfirafiu tlzs t nnuzn

6 orar { ruruil ofi oua 1o uu.i r il ofi oila 1o1c n o n {o 1u r. ufi , dufiu'tuouunodou

| fio g dru ua"nrrrufioua.'to3c r ilrf;u r do r rJ6auuuunodouctn Ir t flu c

ua, tf,u cw rlzr rnnd z do :rfrfi?ariirfiofru"luutunodo:l crr i'r:rufit

n'r I r t anii addlilldfr r o {ufinuacfl oA ldtuti r du dT u'ir iifir r tu lurird

firuri.jr r fi arfi raufinduo.r loar^ru'irr]flfiiarf,r"aoa{o1il4'18 fisufi 'irqrn

nrzfinnrfiunaiuorq g il rrac rz fl ruilnrruuurrirfiu utdnairuarq 6 il fi

fiasr'oua.rou.nfia, unvnriru0''rsq lG il fifiafiouaroofirdo tl:"rnnd s n'a

,trr."i*efio , t* , iuna r iar r flr.fi", riar "luurunoaoud r f,ufi

d'tnr:nrrri.,dufirururnfi4olunrilorq 6 i uat 16 il ou"ufilfiqo"lunriu999

a1q g il $av Lz il rlr"rnnfi a n.r"rf,r"luuulnodail cn ttu'irsusiao

j fia dsfiu.jr t flufiofiuu1rn'lunr:doounrnzcra i'l.riifiurir nrznztrir t dufiil

uue1fiufiquaoa\isylilalrJ rl:r rnnfi s ntlririlrlila torrlfilttuar'lun.z

1fidroouilosia1ill r.ru'ir nrrfrrfi'rruilofiurio-lunairuo'ra 16 il t taia

o. os t usifilduufiadrfirgnrsdfifi rJ:" r nnd e un" z 6a n1luooaflrur r fiu

rd rdu,,du#s'tqssuo'ir" uto "fiuatn" [ras rirr^roiililrfiurd riTir

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';,;;;; ;;;;', 'tnor*rGo,fiu'i.,i.,nru'tunri*anruf;iuurTfirrfiet r frri

ic - ^,rfiu r fiudrufir.ra,r r rafi oqrnrfi r o t t 6n ds'lu r dnfiufinrt"tili ruo t fi aunilO1lr yl'6{g{ l'l J6{ullNt.rlll u! LFDvrrrE*

drra,:firsrflasffsrduo t rdu "druilatir..rdtudt" ) rrruo{ uatqudu "l


59

a -' r a '-ri.f,nra1u'lq( 19G3 t 6o'irfifln'rzne doufio'lail'lnqsuodt tu o{uu

d r anrut.r , fiur^d r irfrue 1flfl ?uu'lun. rfi

lnoala u^r"rrdu .l (ButolIo, et al., cited in ctolden

19?8: ?) lfiuararufietu'tuulnodoldnlil6arao{uaudri{orndd drufu

'tt'tu r 6nriouTa r iau r darJiurll ofi.;ru ilo scu'i r'0riluuu ( f orns I fiu?i

Ioa"til{ruruiroaldgnfioo,firrfi.lrr uu'ir r6nara 3 il lunntiln?ul1n

nrrydaoun:nld.i'ran'i'tt6narq 6 il ?ofirfiulilslrilnqrfifiuu'rn1?!a{

u:uduaonudu r (19G3) $acuono.nfi un:tto{ (Craner, cited in

Golden 1928 z 7l fi.rlfifierurulunodaudn:rl6araa{uaudri{ornadI irratutdnriau{artaurdurdarfiu loa'ltSrJnru tuailrfia or.rarfis,d fir

qCddfiulfiI rf,t dsr?r r^rl'i1 R1'tcra{nlznndoounlnlunlutfrodutiiatdnnn

,.o, taulllfi rosln.rurndrn." usi-tfi r iandatunu t.rdlrJ'ir r 6nriauia

. rtguqvilnrr'6o??uaoordufle'lut*as:ilttuu (forns)

fl c qfiufi .t1ilfi n T zfinrr.dflt r qu r d a rfiun r zrJiurjr Iuunodaudn :il

darao{uoudri{ornasi'lfi rfiurrorzSru'ttdrrailrdn lnarHu ( 19781 ts

1d r cuo r nru.finrr:J?unvuuuo'uarqll1uriiiouuunoaf al r da r fiurJrcTsrddo

n r zfi nursi a1il usifi {ufi 'i r il olndlA ;o1ri r f,uno' rXrufi rlz T n4'i r u uuno dau

fio g dru;inrufrrfiud:""l.tfiuurn ,findiir.udtn'ir 7 fl qcfirosuuu

) 16eirn.ir c uaofiotdrndr w 6ra ii.rdo.r'jT .r z.,u4'ro.tuurrf,o?rqcct{

,C,uu.nfrt riiafinrr'lunaitora 15-1? il (Golden 19?8 s 7 )

3. orrilunngi''t\ina{tcdiln1:fintr

u6unrtfinnruri.rdrfi u.rl. 2520 ldzrul1'i, rcilun'lzfinrr

s s fi a,r f o ri r si o r d a .r fiuo a o oii o fi s'lu r r uuTt t t t guu a oua n t o uu1t.r t t au

Toauri.raanrfiu q rvdu fia rsduriouil:cnilfinrr tsduilzvnrufrntr zcdu

firaufrnur uayrcduoorfinpr uacnrr6onrtdnrr'tunnrc6ilqcd.t'tfifi riau

fro r f,u rir r f,u tfnufiilrgrar innrtri'r{1u o^tarl.irtfidrudru'lr.n.rfi.

r o sdru:rr m ruidnr {! o {1cililnr:ilnet :o suttutjzcg.rfi illma litt t ilailifiao


60

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rr si "tun r rfi n rr 1 u si n c : c fi il r u fi To n rJ : c d { d t qu r s' : c dlu n n 0i'l'$ fiulil

nItfinrrzcdudoutlzYnudnpr r flunT rfrnrafi{{aurtl tf;'o9.t 6n-'- -- I ,

t

riounrrfinpanrnfir6u r do, s,isu r 6n'lfifinrrluriouqnfiT uduafiqc r triilnrzfinnrsialrj

n r tfinurzcduilzvnrBnrr r f,un r rfin".d4t1fiq r i auitnr rr inrrrdrtrrof;r,fiug.u unr'lfiartrrnnsdarudruoon ri8u1d fiodrurulfi

iin r rrrdru r:nilzcn auorilurn ttn r:ud Tauacn rrild'lrur:nlfi

n r tfinrrr rc dilfis arfinrr r f,un'r rfi nr1rafi s zc6ilrltc n rfinrrd s"tfi

fi r?aufiolruTnr.ridrnaruacigriud tuilrlrdilfiuia nrrlffasnr: nrrlnfiogI

on"...r,Au-tc r da'lfiudnr ilnna r tr'|,c uas, {{n t fian a riufi r f,urJrsTadd

uri0ut osuacfr{nil

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l

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Raven standard ProEressive Matrices (RSPMI'tUfiiUn-|ZnOdOtt

419 nu uritoantflu 2 zvdunr:finrrfio zcdudrn'i.qoufini. uaszudu

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a

61

dunuf,u uat"uir, 'l (Stanton, €t al-, l9E4: 311-318)

16firnrtllnrrfirhaia{rrn'iT .r1an1ld1f,cfirtr {luru' 322 au o1q

lur,l'j't.t 40-69 il lnatfifirguunn6leu Trail ttaking Test,

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Forn 2 uAu Logical Menory Scale frol the Uechsler llerory

scale Forn I tfu'i1 f;ou.qo"rruf,unrrilnrrilflndefl.rlti'ltluunedau

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1:erfir'tq rfiufiuua"ii:oa" r ?a1t ilriunr:inur'lu1ztr^rarlrn'td rfiu s rdau

'}Copyright by Mahidol University

63

a z . z firhafi a.rldirtrrlfr nrr r 6urJranrsdruo s

z . s {rh a d'r u r :n'|,fi n r T u d rtil a'[un r rriruulno daulfi

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?-26-44il

45 64il- 6s il#ulrr

?

t

3

1.3 rcdunr:dnu1 uri.rrf,u g :cdu lduri

rJrrnrufrnn'rild r fi.r ilrrrnilfinr.ild z

- fisailfinnrild r fi.r iioarfnrrfld s utarfiaurrir

- zufiuaorfrnrrI

z. firuilroru lduri

Reuuul,rflnrzfrruuunodoudorrjda r ao{uoud r i{e r nddraset!

naiufiaarir.rfis z nait99

d { dquq qsIn1a{ilan ltr lun1??18

d { Jet-or ala{rtan Ltr tun'rriia il:srnaufira

1. rrllfiufintoruadrufirrotnai16rodrt ilrsrnoufiraialartoss_tIa

r url 0'lg zcdun.rzfrnrr Tufi r ilriunrzinrr nrzificdaTznt

z. uurnodaudn:ilfia rao{uoudri{ornAd d.ruri.rasn tflu 3

druda, -!r t fiuurunodaldruurndrlr"nrlHrarilir "uc.trr r' rfirarr

uac "frltiu" fizurldrarafin?idr riatfiuuuudruunrco.lD!1?!u,lo 8 L/2,,

x 11" urisrfiu s ufl't "l as zo dr uaclliildrit r dnnrgluunr

c rfluuunocaudrud z rllcnoilfirafirilnrrr xxxx frurl

Hraufinfiuo.r riae uurfilrn'u fi.rralo 100 fio uri.rrfiu s ufl? un?ac

zo ta usinsto r ta.rfiuuuudru uaolddaonfiosfiuuulnadoudru$in

cw,fluouurirraldrud 3 ilzcnotr6radruuuuunodaudru

urnfiruridrafr'luuuunodoudrud z 1oadfi.r z drursnnruduwdrufiufiosiofia

nairrdo drfi 1 iluuuunodaudruu:ncsnnfiilrlfirsd'luila r zo.ruuunodou

drufi z rir'lfirfiorf,ufia 1 uuuililnoaorLdrufi g ua"dldfiurf;ufid'tatu,iCopyright by Mahidol University

65

t

i

+

rirdfiSunrrnodoldrufit firdrurafrlrtufir tfiaruds fi'lfi riiautan 1

d rfiu"tfin:rufira

fiu1d*oonfiosfiu rdu ir.ir,,uo.t" ?cnfliilrlfieadfirriu irnaririlq"ud.t

rfiu s $n? 'l nc 20 rir rduro'arfiuuuunedol 2 druurn

i ruurfirlun t:nodau

'[un.rrtiruuune daudrrprlfia r aa4rroud ti{o r ndd finodoudtuuuU.

nodaufis g Ceu'tfifiiunr:nodau loaitulunodaldrunrtd'rudr (w)'l'l{

addrurudo o.ufi.louunodaunrrriandod (c) uacuuilnodounrrriangt

d rdd'tAAutid.., ( cw ) o rild rduuaun'li ?'l {uulnoalourcHo.i rr {'[uuurt ru

r,tfirfiiunr:nodau firrufiilnr:nodauanuulnodauf;uu.nou'rr.u ua"firn

r{ruuuUunodaulilnT silraraiasrr tfiun'ir 45 asrlr'[unrtfiruulnodaudrud d qJqrr- lo

n1r I tanda6[n tdlltlunl ( cw) rufi a.r ilfififi'tufi nnruo r d a rfi un I zriru lu

nodau drunrzrtgndo;i (c) nairrfio firriruuunodounrrrisnta;l (c)

1o a1d fi o suruuumno do ir n r :ri r uurnod o udrufl 1 ? t t a nii afld'tffi rr{i r fi fi o.r

'tduuuuuunodorH r a ua"-tun r :fi r uuunoda udor zrjda r a o {u auo{ r i {o r nad

q c fi o.r'lfi i r uuodrri oun r rno do ud'.rf,

urunodounrrdrudr (w)

,,"tuuuuno*a1t qrurrfiordrudrfir1r.rnglurafirnruo'1tr lfi r *rd- r .t . c Yu 5- , -d--rr-. o | {

do r ririnrudrtt:nnr [6 -toa t iilfruq'lndrutnlosunluln $nca,lua{t|1nac

9ld i d d ! -.!^.--- d H et- -

un?riiocuUnri. t frtitdrunru:nra{un?n 2 n{ll1luiUutl2 11nuunil1u

unrfi g, 4 uac F firdruorzu 5 unrufir 'tfinfiulrdrudru:nrrouo.d<3 "r I | | Y. ,l-.-U---- r Yur:-. 'lurail.rdnois uncEirusia liltdusti\tu?n quni.lqv Lniiln11U0n Lu gqg il4141il

r d 6lyg a 4, ,,d --e-Yf, e ' q e -..t1-

druaon r iia{-tfids uac r 5rfrdo r rirnnudril'11flnl to n101uslo?un0{un tr-Lfi

nn fi o'r r dari aui.r co Ei rud rsi 41il "i, i { r finadott.ruon'Ifi "fiao" uas?{nail?ailt ilontu I ?a'l 45 ?u1n s e


66

a

?

uilunodaun'11 ttandaiil (c)

ri r uurri r'[un r r fi r u u.une d o udrufi n fi r a fi tu uuno d o udrun r z d ru

6r (H) uanqrntuiltu1anu:n rldaudlir "'[fidrurir" tf,u "'tfiuonf,o?i"

loanrirlir "'[uuuunoeoufi nruq s fi a s uand tiidlt rn4uuufi rn zn e rt'lfi

, €rdgo r rirdnrulur:nfirlH loa r Crufiuqrnirurnorooo.d r ufitrirdalrtll

o ud rfiu r du r d gfiun r :ri ruuunadaudruu zn sun'i rrolfi iuri ruan'lfiraqo "

tas iurfir

uuunodsun'l? r iandaddlfl0rdtir ( cw)

n r r fi T u ulno doudrufi nH r afi uAa t druu zndti't, *f c1ilu fi r r ila.ru si

r rJd guu rta.r r t.r dlfiq iun r rnodo uur nd o?id'tililrdri r Ie aldfi a sdu'tqfiui rdr. nulrirarlt anfiradr{leafddlurnorouo.d t ufirartfiiunrrncdal'ir

fi a sn au.i'r a ri r.r1:z fi rfi iun r zne doun aunnfi 'Lfi ri r uunrir ffusi atl u dfi rn au

fiofiasaiura'lr,ld.irld'lfidrudrfia',rnr:'[fiuanda?inasrafind"ltfiurfiir ufirf,d

ffanodsurdu firfiirrnrznodaunsunnfiffttd z siolrt fi'rnouldgnfirdl

nrcil?ufl 1rsiaIil usiffT 6.,rooufie'tfi{nodsuaiuraiinr:#rlfiraaran{.r 1u

n.ir{iun'rrnodaurc r tr'tc raturi'h'ir{iunrzne*ouldctrrznrirlfi tu

n:ildfiilnr:nodarrilT'tr tfirCrrfir#{usifiournorooo.d r rf,ufiuh fir0c{r

n rdo'lfi ufilrlrad1fi n nfi atisr !rai T uil o nocoufiulrtld fi r n I tnc daufi a" un r

run'irc"lfiiurirtanlfiraqe tas iurfil .

ifi,firrilunrrBnur il:srnaufira z ffuoauda

6a t aa{uaud ri{n r ncd loalffifinrrd',rdolr.tfi '

t. t flrulilno5(oilil'll4'ln21ilrdtdu (Reliabilitvl lostfl

ifinr:nqaruf;l (test retest nethodl'tundrufieariT tdrf,ufinfinrrt -.--. r

rr?rlrlrlnfiuild r {ruru 10 r1a ufirrarrirflurJt"indar,rffrufiud log'lflid

{.t d1 . n 1:u'ln? ru t ilofruuaso? 1tt t ia so:.1no {uililnodottdoltlt


67

Iuri'rflnrltuinf rudrfiud r fia{f,ulu:dnTl r lrud

Correlation Coefficient = r = )

( Pearson Product Monent'

lfiriT drurtruRnCaufrufiudna.ruuunadsu nr:riru6T (v)

dntr= N €xy (€x, (€Vt

tNExz t*:t ) tN€yz <Bylzl

= 0.925

uuunadoun,t?r?ando?i (c) = o.ogzg

urnmorfarnrt,tando#lfu,ii'l (ctr) = 0.?5?6

1. z riruuune dsudnzrl6n , ^a{uaud

r i{e t nddrutarn11il?rdronro (validityl lag'lfliiinrrnadollflluuloinar,dar,l.n..ul.6ls{lrg.dn!,'[unrefinilufiiunrznorf auiliiuariidnrunrsdu at ( sens it iv ity ) uasn11il

{r r urEna {a'l'll r f,srlnB ( spec if ic ity I laa'lil r nnrdnT :fiofiuncuuuna',t

Tnnrffu 6a ns$uu[ililnedounr:druir (w) = 75 nuuuutluunedounr:

rtandad (c) = EB unlresuuuuuunedsunrz,tgnds;td1ilfimiri'r (c!t) =

25

Uns

81.6? rir specif icitY = 46.6?

uuunedoudrunr:rtandad (c) isir sensitivit,y =

96.6? riT Specificity = 2t.87

uuunoarordrunr:,trndafrd'liltr{rir (cw) iiirsensitivit,y = 96.6? ri'r specif icity 53.33

dp2. n11rnil??u?xilIoiln

"[unrr r fir:ruirutru"n*of fiiiafirnr:nodaunailf,rarir.-t!$3

fio z nairr loa'lfliinodaurf,urraunna fl1?rfiuilaruarCrrfi.,rudr6outm-raurttg

fi.r tdoufinursu zs30 loalddr tilunrz, fiufrutau d',rflfe

uu,i r r d afi r u uuno *a ulrt'lil'lun { I 6r a i r s r a s n r zi { e* H rfl ir s ens i t iv i Ly

specif icity'[uuuunedauudasdeuAsfi 6o

uuunadoudrunrtdruir (w) firir sensitivity =

c


68

t z. L 6o r 6annriuf,rodr.r ToafinurcrnuuuiiufinfiouafirhaTS

sosTrtualil,ta ii'.rairunrriilrfiaqrnuund utanrzslrrriilcila6rat o{.o

a

n asfi r r n a {,iT rleafi r alrnnr rdru o r unofidrh aHe a1tndu1c gilt relrrnua ri

dossr=

dnrunrsdua.t

z. z uuffrlrr,drouorlrf,r diatdtfiuuo.*ddnuuronrtldtng

li o'[un r zno do u u o n {nn il r c d{d n o { n r r nodo u r d a lzo1a lrl'tun r zilnrri ig

z. s f,runru${rha'[ur to.rfi agafrrh rlrlrTBdrudrd rdartas

fiunr:Hnr."*ofi r fiof,n , firn{tl.od, uu.oiufiunrziia

z. c rirnrrne aaufirlra t fiutraunaa

, z.E lunrrnedrun *Uuorr.aluatrlf,rfiusnrnd;ifiufirl.o

ua'ua,rs1iln:cfiutfi{rhaueo.ro'r.in.u.tnoirs r 6ud fiofiqntrrr6iar.o

ifiartrrne dauairt t nd.onicI

{ tttfl1f ? L nx.lsvtioila--s-

1. nrtt,rrirnl,ril r f rdunrouurne doudngrl6n r nnduaud r i{e r nad

loa'tfliiiurirf,uilrsrRnfauf,rfiudrfia{Hu lurdn fu rrud (pearson product

!{onent Correlation Coeff icient = r = )

N €xy (€xt t €vttttZxz tQxlt ) {Nfyz <9ylzt

2x fio r.rn??ilso{iloqndtelfiqrndruilr x

?xu fia a,a:rilsa{fird.rdatra.,rfiaXarT nf,tuilr x2y 6o erarrrna.rilarundioldsrnffruil: y

2y" 6a uat?il.noddrfi.rdo.,rna.rtaqaerndruilt y

N 6o {ru'lufiararaia{ruaunutuneiruf,rarirs

a


69

' z. n1 ?H1Fi1n ? "trt t du om o o, sulunodaildoril6a r a a{rr aud r iio-

r ndd 1oaltifinodau r ?rrsuroinar , dr*."r.ilh'tunrrdoiunrrl r 6ilrha

( Sensitivity) uaonrrr{r rilrc$?i.tR2'ltl rfiurjnfr ( Specif icity)

{01 SensitivitYSpecificitY

= al(a

= d/ (b

+ c)

+d)

nT :iilqilaq'ln$ililnodoilud<t q0.1nil L?n3?{I

fidld r fiuT:n

b

d

a

c

? tllJ (+)

lduu (-)

( s|au.)nc?{ )

( 0Jaau [ fi1)

( af nilzn | fil)t 6anUei.t I

3 . nr:dnurfinrru"trtlio{Qcuuu 'ttrir r odaua"i., dro, u,

il'lsr151U

,dder: n1tu1n'ltsaa x = f*

N

+ ,dn1 ?fi 1fi 1n? 1il t tts.! t iluil 10 151u

S.D. =

xo0zx Qa

E*" 6a

N6o

,Jun1 t oaBno{raila

!u

s,a1?iltra\:ilaradTol6crn6ruilr xit

arai?ilri.tfi sda.rtosiloilas1flfi ?uilt xitl

op.t lu?u0 aila

9l


o

70

4. n,rifinu'rc?1rtuo.nor1{no{eu$uufi{ g druro'rfirJeadiiilari

dnrunrsdra.r fil{rhalilriiruridnrunr{dilas loaltifinrirufiuuuiu{(llatch pair t-test,)

dor t df =JI 1

:{,drrrr'd da irtodaro{Q?'l}luonn,t{1c11?1{n?uut$oaun g

<1,{atsD do cir t uat t uuil16l151uila{80iln

{o9n R0 1',tu?utroila,il

5. n1?finr1 r iltaurfisunrrlunnsi,t{na{ncuuu?cra'irt tud na\t

firJrafi.: e nairu loa'ltidnadaufi3t3

?

i -/roFSD/ r/ n

F, x2

4 , J u , dRO n1[qAAnA$D0ilAtrOn$t{,ded6iA O1r OaADA{trAilAf,OYl

9!I{oURo qlu?uflauasofi 1

$t

dsrzs

2

+ (+: +i)

hj1

2

df

rlYw+t trr-1 n"-l

x1

x.tr.<l


7t

{RO

{no{n0

t A,

sr"z

sz

{ruruiloltadofl 2

ri rn r rluiltil? ?un a { il oXalofi

i,rn r rruu il?ili?uf, o.l il aqaqod

1

2

6.!

ra.rfirJrafisT

n I r Gln r r r ilt a u r fi a il n r r il u CI n 0i 1 .t ! a { n u u uu? ou'i r t n ai ru a r q

| 6 al uqd q 4 - -,.. ol-olaacrrr cr.rma.q d

2 nail tOs tr?!nttirR:rcrlRttiluilltj??uulluvl.t{t0tA,t (Anova)q

dst:9l

ur46i{n?1ilutl:ilsru df l,IS PSS

eSSb

SSW

SSt N-1

MSb/MSW < ol, uia solal1s14?1{flArt

.lln1a Lunail

I

r1ilfi{UilO

1

k

k

N

usb

MSw

t

sst 6o s,au?nti1fi{da{11$

ssb 6o atailxntilfi{do{:cr4'j1'!n6ir

ssw da atail?nfi'ldsdottnra'lun6iil

usb 6o ir r ofiara.iidail?nd1fi'rda{luu'j1{n6iil

usu fi a rir r adana'lq,nil?ntilfisdatnra'tunriu

N 6o 'irututou^fio"ut

T . n r rfinrr r iltsu r iaun ? 1iluqngi'l { ! a {osuuutcH'i'l.l zYdun rt{ . 6- .lqq^ta 4_,- - -ifinurnasfirlrsfr.r z nnil toB trifri r ntrcfioir r odBn?1ilttil1il1?uuuun.|{

,;;. t riovar orrdta r rafioufia o

8. u.rn"lufio 6 uay Z uu'iT fiarrruuonsi'tsfiuori'i.rfifiadrdqn'rs

dAfi nodaln r tuunnqir s z"u'j r 'rcir r oat a , drro.nuiuiiilt t ltl$ongi1sfiulo a"lfl

idnrzno\i scheffe (S-nethod)


72

ldst ttl

tn r ruunnd r s t"ra'i r s r qd ausia"ci

,Judrir r oaara{f,ailaqon 1

'Judrir r qaara{f,ailatron J

ri rnrrtuilTill?u! a {atnsi'l sturn'i r srir [ fl fi a

' r ndrfi'odatnra'lunailri1 t aag$a{alail?nfl 'ra{'di:l!rl-la t}6r r

{ruruilaruaaod illtoed1',ru?lrtr0llauen Jg 9

' ,Jv,q dsi r n r I H u n n si r.! z su.i r .r i.r r o6 a u 0i a c {fi 1d6 o r ni o {1411''l B

n1ifiq1ttu1n1'lilunnsir{ t rttas r fial fiu

A

vxt

X,

aq

MS-

[.

D.t

t'Qt

a

ri t

ltl'lT6Y

Xr x,

{


+ Iaailnn 4

qsqrqoaran'l I ?1 Suat afl u1'l 83dan'l I ?1 g

qrsgafl1r?qsn?{u r uufl'lrdnyr r rjial t fiauatnnttne douzt ra'ir.rfirlrsd

iiuarfidnT unrtdras o er dt,lnilaril? sn rruua ridnrunt sdl o.t Toa'liluuunador

t:tuaruraR?rrt {ruru gs r1a firleadrtriunr:inndurirailtsdlnina'lT:.ruarurnilzsdrnurg'rln {.u.lu l, i1a uao{rlradldfiuariaRlun'l\t

eto.riilr firiunrrinn, duarunarqrCrdo{ I:.ruarlrafrirrd {ruru eo ?'ls

'lu,irurunriufrrarirs Bo dfi rfluruddra 35 d ttaaas 58.331 tuorl0s9!s

zs di ttaaau 4t.orl uanttsrEsirn'ir lG il 1 Q t?aaac L.67) a1s-attt

tsu'ir,s lo-zs il {rueu t2 d ({aaac 20) arq:vra'lrt 26-44 fl"

{ruru 18 d (tasas 30) arqtnudr\r 45-64 il druru 27 B ttaaac

4F) ua"aTsff.tud es ilffulrt{ruru e B ttaaas 3.331 fin'rsfrntroritu

:sduilrvnrufinrr 36 q ttoans 60) tcduf,sailiilnul LT g (?aaaE

zg.gBl uactcduqatfinrr 7 B tTsanc 11-67)

C {rha'tun{rfirarirsfi.r z ndu ldiunrrnadauToaulunedau

dnqrlfia r na{uoud r i{o r nddutur,rsilnna loa{i{adr t ilunrrnodaufirs

our a{ ruanrznndtudlfi nnfiuri t n:ror{fieaidnrrnr',tdfiA Te auri.rnrr

irnzrnriaanlflu

f . irrirrsrluln?'l1riafio16 (Reliabitity) !o.tuuunodau

dq:rjdn,no{uoudri{orn*dfi.r s dru tdrun'rreirudr drunrtttandatlI

unsdrunr: r tsndoddlffiutiri-', r

z. irn:rorinla?1iltfrg{nr.i (validity) no{uuunodoudottj

dorgrlHarao{uaudri{orn*d'lufinuucnrzflnrruuuiu{ n{rudrar.iT odtA

Hnn r f,ufi rle adiir.ra ridntrnt t du a,sd t fi r iun r : inrT dus,un a r a rdr dn {gl

!}

irfiarao4uaudrilornadfi'r g dru


+

74

3. r rliau tfiauunnrtnodalfilfiqlnn'ttfituuunodaudnlrlda r aa{-

ruoud ri:d r nddfi s g dru :yu'ir.rfiilradfir^laridnrunrtdlratua"firlradlil

iusrftanlunttdruo.t

4. r rjtau rfiauwanr:no*oufi16q'lnnrtriruuunodoudn:rlfia r ns{4 ^4 .tArauo nro r nffnil{ g dru tufiiunT rnoaardiisvfiuarqurrnoir.rfiufisnril

sr.olqa.ru il ? s n il u a'l fr 5rR'lun''t .t dil a { B a c n ri r fi rh a dlil fi u a r i an r u n r .t dr a',t

g. r rJiau r fiaunanr znof audlfiq rnnr triluuunodoudntrJda r a s {C -! .e 3 - ( 5l g- ,- d*- e.-.-^-3^^.^..-^j^ ^.r,.. Y

uauo r ??o I nflCIn{ 3 5f?u lual?iln1?no6taunilltoljnl:finl'1unnoi'l{fiu frs

n {H{d r adiir,lariAn run 1 { dil a { u as n 6i il fi il t ufiltifi ",

ridn rtrn r t dru a s

6 . r rlt gil r figlaran r rvraaardl6q rnnrzfiruuunodoudo:il64 r a o {

uoud ri{o tnddfi'r s dru :sra'ir.rfiiunrtnodoutuddrauav rudufit fio'lu

n{rfirhadfiua rfianrunr rdua suacnaiufirJr aiildiluaridnrr.rnr tdr a.t

7 . i r nzr"rlulnsuuurlotgT u'[unT :'lfl r fiur nrudnrzfioRul:n

qrnnrrfiruuunodaudo:il6n r na{uouoi r i{o r naslfi{ s dru 'lufiilnrznodau99

ruddta-tuetufrs tuduarq unstcdunr:frnrT si'ls "l

nr:i r sr:rrr{ure?1il r dofi 01fi (ReIiabilitv) ! a {uljilnodaudCI zrl

t

efinraa{uoudri{ornasl

I

'[unruirerrrrrlnrn?'lilrdado16na.ruuunodau dqtrl6araa{

uoudri{orndsidrunr:riTudr (w) drunr:r?gndat (c) uaodrunr:4t d .t{"1

"ro t o

t ?findo6tn lduilt"to1 ( cw) fii{slfif ruilunod0udo zrl6a r a s {u oud r i{or nadfis a dru }.tno*au"lunainfirorirsfi r fiufindnrrrj?zuur1n d.rld r nafi

-9a'ieua'lu

n'11il? [ ?o{uuunqdaufiil''rriou{rueu 10 ?14 a?s?fin1lnodaudrtu

( test-retest I un"rirfirurdlfi..nnrrnodoufi.r z "{o rurdrurrurareiraoI

drurJrvRnf;draf,ilfiudsrliluuuna{tfia{fiu (Pearson Product, Monent

Correlation CoefficienL = r = ) lfialnnr:nodaufisfi

cCopyright by Mahidol University

{c

t uuunodaildsrzrJda r aa{uauol r i{o t nad deunrtnirurir ( w) firir

firurtrsRnddufirufiud . r, = o. 925*

uuunodoudsr:rlfiarna{uoudri{ornad drun'r:riant0 (ct il

riT ilrurJrvinda*frufiud . ", = 0.6323*

+q 1narnn r zi r er : rrdc:r.tld'j'r

I

r nadfiErrru r todo16 ( ReI iabi I itv t

uuunordaudq rilfia r a o {u oud r i{o9l

. du q uarirsilfiadrfrqn, .rdfififitvdu . o5

I ql ,duiluo t'lto I nflFl

q r 'd s^^.t^-^r? 4

nlzi r nrrvfiurerrril r fia{qzs t Val idity ) na.!uuilnodaudogrlfin r aoi

lun r ri r s, : r "

r{n r r il r fi a { sr I .i f, o $ rr rJU no d a udsr : rl6a r n a {u oud

ri:drnAd drunrzni'rurfi'r (st drunrzrtandofi (c) nitdrtn.r,iand,AdlAlrrriA'r (clrr fiiia'lffidnruirnzr"#t?trturoinar

lll

d,tt uo141 t nfun

nruuu"tunr:fioRu'tqTtnlo\iuililnodrufio g dru d.rnrzi rer.tdsiolilila e ! re -!.1. nr:i t e:tcr4uro?'1ru tfrasCIT{!o.0$uunodoudo:il6a t n0i

9t

ruoud r i{o r nnd drunrzdrudr ( w)

ncuuud rdo n a tnaiuo Iilattqqc

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fl . finprucn.ttnrsq.tBao.rilora udot"tuCI',r.od 1ru

erruuusirdososndufiradr.r - nsuuudtdonosnairufiraeits =qq$tq

t

- ersuuudrdo n a snairn ?uail9t9tt

- nvuuud.rdonatnairfi rad'r tEtg9

10-97

45-I20

45-97

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dr ( cw) ficirfirurjrYRndcudrufiud*rdqea1 r nlYOilUA611FlU

(r) = O.7278'

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!ut

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'irurut rral Taano

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drn'ir 4s nclnrr{

:sll'irt 45-97 auuta{

d.rn'ir 9? oc$ul,[9l

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ru r d rurruur fiodrur o 'rfiiun r znodoufifiavruun ''r ?nodauusiav zc fiu lfirun$

fi .rrrr1o.r"tum r:r.rfi 2


o

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rir1fi' as ?1a rfiu{rhadiir,rarfianrunrtdror zr ?.la t fio r f,ufiod:u

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(90

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liliius'lfiaR'lunlrdrarrrirfiudrirnsuuuld:oelfi{,ru?u E ?-rB t6orfiufrodau{oaas 1oo)

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I

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t t nrudnrrfioiunvnuura.:Tna r fiu l

lunrzirnrrnr{n?1Er,do*rr{!aruilunodou fii{a1ffidru

a, - d q s? t a?'lv$ [ d{tuu']o ?n8.1

.aoteur l^r a o ru ruu'l o ? 1 st I r

-[un r z duu r n,l I ru fi o rjn &

( sens it iv ity r uavo?'ttt t au,te t q"rsq.r"tunrzri.rf,nrrrrtnfi ( speci f ic ity )Yu 6l 'Lds,a6{udo.r-[unrrr{fi a

t

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t

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n r riils fi ss rn fi rJr affiiua.rfi dn ru fi rje afitifi ua'rBdnrur t?tl Sensitivity Specificity

uunodou nrtdruo.t nrtdrua.t

uil (+)

tiul (-)

81

39

32

28

49

11 81.67 46.67

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ri

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t s!t1v t 11s1\t ( spec i f ic ity ) "lun r rrisff'i',uererafifun r,lnodauil: rrlc 1n

r^ls'rBdn'lunrsdruor?aaar 46 . 62.

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i rorrrrdrar sensitivity unv specif icity arnfi1fi6sudos'tun'',r-,od 4


79

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nrziilqfigsT n firlra?fius1frdnril firhsfitifiuaridn,ru t'til sensitivity specif icity

nrunadou nrrduos nrtduos

l^lU (+ )

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DC

5

60

0

115

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t q

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r rn,u{n'r:fioiuot$uugoslnatfiut loa"lflidiro:rt1{ur Sensitivitiy

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rruunodou nrtdlto.t

{rhafitiiuarBdnrunttduo.t

?,til SensitivitY SPecificitY

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47

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fi{Hasas 96.82 unriiorriltqulcrl'lus\: (Specificity) lunrrriof iri-

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rtlrunordou nrtdlo.l n'ltdruas

uu i+)Vr

a tlJt^lu (-)

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1

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. ttY. $ I ^- -^ u

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n. finrruvn'rrflivq1sffaua trdos"tunrrl{fi Icl

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84

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l.ta fl 1 :i r Fr : r rt1s, r.r u r fi s {CI I \r n 0 { $ Uilnod o udq r rJda r a o {

'ri{ornad drunrrrigndafrfi"lfffirudd'r (cwi tfia'lilrnru6sruuuunlsu ouo

fioRulrnna.rTnn r fiu ,.ruuuri",n'iruia r rirfiu 25, uu'j'r'[unrritsn#ofl

urrnodoudrun.rzrBsndafrfi"lilfiuridr (cw) finrrulr (sensitivitv)

"tun-r:fiura.rsrrr*rfiqilnfinr.:dtosfi{{oaao 96. 67 ttatfinr,lru t qu1s 1-4'lv1'l

( specif icity) "lunrzrj..rff'i.fiiunr:nodauil:rslqrnorrllnr^ldo{n1{

dilo{Toaav 53.33

1l .r. nr:irr,rrrduro?'rurdrttrr{?a{llullnodottdozrJ6araa{

' r i{o r nasl drunr: r tsnflafiii"tflfirrid'r ( cr.r, , do1il t nru{nr:fioRufiu ouo. J-r d"r a. , -.-9-Yvq-.---:=-.^i^3Fts$uu :J 1 ( nv uuudsrf ofi {rle sfi ilu a rfi efn run r tdru o'rd'116-tun r :i {an 5.ril I

iv-loalffidnrrirprrrrr{utjr Sensitivity uav Specif icitv alafr [6

6tudo.r'lus,.r.od rz


I

87

r f,u r nrudnrrfiofru

JJ)d.(<rd<dq-o{CI'r?1{fr tZ udo{a10?'Iil r ng\in? {Bo{$uunodoudrun'l? I ignro6[n rililrtdl

dr ( cw) "lunrrri.,rf,fl'l?srn1?ilua.ridn-run'l{dila{ rdo'lilsrouuu

goO"dgttt gfiilila rfi rnrunr s ds o.rri r1fij(nsuilun 31)

qqu

n11?USS8

qrnuurmodan

ffrlzsffiugrfidnru fiilradlriiruarfr*n'u

fi'l.o6fila*r nltduo..t

l?il Sensitivity Specificity

{l.|rl (+)

l$tu (-) 35

99

2l

39

2t

60

0 100

T2$l 60 60 120

a

ar an r : i r n r rrr{sr r.r, r da or, { n a { u uilno dordrun r : r i s n d a Sdtffitdrir (cw) rdatflnruuu*.raedfiiunrrnodaunrirfifiuaridnrunrtdlras

firlH rf,urnru$"tunr:fioiu1:n ru"ouud s1) uudruuunoaoudrunr:

riand'aiid'lfrfiruridr (cw) fic"fis,rruL (sensitivity) "[unr:Hunr

nrrilfiqilnfinrrdruarlfia.,rfi'rtaanr 100 uavdrurrof,r*raors.lul{( spec i f ic ity t'irfriun rrnodotriltrds rnus ridnrr.lnr sdil 0.rlff Ta aas gb

q / .<t {n1 1 a t n r tvrl t iliau t fi silBan rrnodauuuunodoudo lrlda r a o {u audri{a r nddo-I

frs g dru :rudr{ndgfi.fudElgddarunr.rdras uacnrisrfirtrsdldiltrerB

dRruntrduos

L. r rjiau rfiaualanrznodouuuunodauder:rjda r aa{uoud r i{e r nasl

drunrrairud'l ( w t ru1lir.r{rhafifiuarfidnrunlrdsros fiufirhadlililusrfigg

nrtduo.t)


88

I{itald1fiifinr:i r nrrorllosiiinrznoaaufi uurnodou t flu

rrari (Match-pair t-test, rtdlfifftudot'lun.r.od 13

".r.od 13 r rjiau rflauwanr:nodou utunodatdeunrzrirudr ( w) :c14'ir',1

fi rJr sdfi u a ridnrunr sdu o.r u a v ff rJr udlrifi " r.fi dnrunr tdl o',t

rjrs, ttmaa.in6iilI

q?oa'ht

11U?U

(r18)

acuuu

,"d,

rir rqdsnmilunnsi'l.ta{n1[ug{tur

1dn1n

:lril'j'l{firuil:usiauei tdl ruT n:1ru tsdl

a ffrha#ruafannrg

ntsdruo't

ffilradlfurari*nn^r 60 73.383l!

nttdrua't

60 49.967

-23.4667 25.1386 -?.230g***

)'**t.oo1 (sg) 3. 460

etan 1t r rliau t fi atoouuun I :nodo lq rnn r zriruuuno daudn :il-

Ha r aa{uoud ri{o r nrd drunr:eirudr ( w ) rrn'irtnail{rhadilr.rsridn'l},

t nrsdlasuacnaiilfiilrgfildfiuaridRrunrtdros loa'tiliinrznodaufl silil

nodau, f,ur.ui "1U0. t srnn'l:Tiru?ilt rirfiu -2. 23oB udo{'i..ncuuu

n r rnodouc.lnnr rrirurunodoudrun r : d rud r t w I rsra'i r tnaiufirlrafiiliua ridnrunr sdr o.r uasnriufi rlr rdlriilrr rfi dn runr sdru a lit n r rruunnsi't'rfiuo d r.r'

fifiadrdEnrrCfiafir"6u . 001 i.raaoeffo.rfiuAtlaST unrzi{a

Z. rrltstl tfiauaranrznodouttulnodaudn:rjfia r aa{uour1 ri{o r nfd

drunrrtiandad (c) r"ra'ir.rnriunrlrafifiuarfidnrunrtdtot uasnritil

rl r a?ildfi r.r a -rBdn runr tdr o.o fr rtAl;n r r no doufi uuunod ar t fiu: r aqi r.ra

d1fiucro"[r.r.".od L4


t

89

CI.'f11{d L4 rrjigiltfiauruanrrnodott ulunodaudrunrrriandoi (c)

rcu.ir{fiilrafiitraridnrunrrduat uaofirhadldiluari*nT u

nttdto.t

il:crrmrasn6iil9

CI?o8'ht

oq-til?u

(r1a)

nu$l[ld

toaS

,d.nl toaSQ?'1il$0n01{

z4a'j'r{firuilrusiacai tdl9l

rJa.[ua{[ul

r|1A€1U (sd)

rdn'ln

ur dq q.aN?gmua1flfln,tut 60 32.733!u

n1{dilo{

o ffrjradldfrua.ridnru 60 49.88llI

n1{dr0$

-t7.t5 17.0948 -7.7707***

"**t.oo1 (sg) 3. 460

cla n 1 ? r rli a u t fi a unc uuun 1 1 no d oill 1 n n 1 1 ri'l I uuno da udCI ! ilC 6

^t .4naraa?uailor??orn6ro drunrzrianflat (c) rcu'i'l{n6iufl.udfi"r.;

dnrunr sdr o r ua" naiufi rJ, odlrifi ,, ridnrr,rnr rdru o t fo rf in;n r :nodoufi

uurnodaurf,u:'rad'14a. t crnnr:iru?ilrri'rfiu -T.TTo7 udo.r'ir

? acBuun'l?nodarrrnnrrriruuunodoudruflllrtando;i (c) rura'irsnril

ftrJr afiilr.ra ridnrr.rnr {dila.!uayn{r{dr adliliir.rarian,run'l rdru o r fi" r.un

, I du .l u ^qod o .$ . v v$oner.rrriuadrsilfiadrdqnrsdddil:sdu . 001 Ssdoonfiatfiudrruo'1, u

3. r rjisu r fiailef anrznodouuuilnodaildst:rjfia r aa{uoud r i{o r nad

drunr: rianiodd"lilfiruridr ( cw) zuu'ir.rn6irufirhadfiusridnrunttdras

uacn6iilfiil.odlriil"urfidnrunrtdrat frufAl;nr:nodorfiurunodou r f,u

rrari arafi16uao s"lumrrrsfi 1s


90

]n.l ? 1 {d 1 s r rli au r fi g ueran r :nedaruuunedaudrun'r l i a ni sid'ltilrrrii r

I v I d.{ q . - v-t---dY-lf-.--:( cu ) :cuirsFileaniluarli 6fn1un'l{5til4{uacqlil?an Lrilua,lt

t$

dntunrtdrua.t

.ail1c tnnro$flail

t

n'lAg1\t

''itmu

(1',18)

errUUU

dtoaa

r{lR,lrOaAn?',lrunne'hl

ry.t,_rsu'ir.:druilrudaci (d)c

,dn'ruJE{[nr

il'ICI1!1u (sd)

rr{n1n

ul {4 q.Hil?AnfM8'1fl6[nT,l 15.5g

n1sdilo{

fi rleaiild'rrua'lidn'n-f 60 27.7t!

n1{dil0{

60

-L2.2 10.4066 -g.ogog*r*a

?

***t.oo1 (s9) = 3.4460

0{ a n'l r r rJt a u r ii a un c uuun'l I ne d o il j 1 n fl 1 T ri'l B uilno d a udet 3

il -! t s!'-t r-' --- landaiidlfltrtiAl (cw) :vu'ir'rnrirfinn I n0?uauo t ?10 t n6[n d?un11t t8ntra5tn Ltrul|ue 1 ( cw) 1ul4?'1. r r

rh adilua ridn rr.rnr rdr a s ua c nGiilfi ilr afildiiu a ridnrunr tdr a t Ic aliliinrrnealoufiulunodourfiurT ai

'1a;. a q'lnn1li1u?.urriT fiu -9.oBoB

u do {'i rnsuuun'l ?nodam rn n r zriruuuneda u drun r : r t and oddltfi rriri r( cw ) r cu'i r sn ailfi rJr adfi r.r a T ianlun'l { afil a.ru asnairfi rJr adlriilua ridnru

nr sdru a.,rii...uorn, r sfiuarir tifigirfirunr rafifidzoiu' . oo, t.rdae nHo.-r

fiuarrufigru

dltl nr:r'rnzr"t{wanr:nodaunrrrirurunodoudorrJdaraa{t ql .1

u auo r ? ro r nfl o rvu'i r.r naiilfi rla afifi ua ridnrr.ln r rdu o su ac n6iilfi ilr adtril9.!lr9

uaridnrunrsdras arar.l:rng'i'r uuunodsudnlrl6a r aa{usud r i{o r nedfi.r

g deu tdrunrzcirudr drunrrriando;i uaudrunr:riandofrdlilAu,iA-tr

drr r rnu ann ? ,rilusrnsir srsu'i r.rfirlrgfi{aa.rnairlffo i'r.rilfiadrfirunr tafifi9t

a

z--


91

+ u, n.. nilili ia 3.r fi r n I ri t n : r or{n r r I u n n d r t r a'o nt uuune d a u

uulnodaudsr:ilfin, ^riu

oud r i{o r n*dfis g d'lu zuu'irsnril{ilradfiua'ri

dnrunr tdu o s'tud ruuri.rduqnd'r.rfiu r ilae 'i rdruudtuaridnrunr sdo t od

urrnsiT sfiuiiaasianrrtirurrune daldolrl6n r na{uaud ri{o r n*duiald '[u

qs 3 {-o- ! -. rr-r^ --Cg-.-^ir^^^.-^ ^r..^ a ' I

n1T?caa?{uar?qauU{nalflU?snluaridnrunttdlo{aAntilu a nQil 01tlt-grl

finrrucdruurisdfi ortnfinrsduo s 6o

1 . n{r{rhadfinrrufie rJn6nrsdra\ruuunlslradrlrt ( Dif f use

brain lesionl {ruru 13 ?18

Z. nrilfirleadiinrrrfioilnfira.sdlo.rilntra (Left henisphere

a lesionl {ruru 16 ?'18

3. n{t{ilradiineufierlnfinasdrasilnrrr (Rieht henlspbere

lesioul {ruru 16 ?'la

4. nrir{rleadlriarlT rn:lruudfleld'ir iin?ufiqilnfinrtdlo',t

drurari.r'lo'tu s n{lurn ,iruru LT 71a {iiat.rildfiuritntrorlHra'[unr:i rnrrrt{ilala fii{alditn:ror{r iliaurfialalanrzrirulu

nodordnrrJ6a r aa{uaud r i{a r nadfi's s dru ruu'ir.,rn6itfirleafiiluari

o

dnlr.f n1.i 6f il o { u uun rr i r a fi 'l1rl fi rJ r af,fi n r r lfi olnfi ddu altnt'r a u au {rlr a

fifinerrufiorjnfifiau o riln r rr loa'lfliiin'rti t nzrttlnr rlurlziltruuilrn't \i

dgd{,tl.St6ig? (Anova) o{ll1'l8asl080na LUU

n. finruvnrrnlsj'lano.rilorn ude.r'tuortaod 1oI


|"

92

udo {n'l1n rui1a! o {nsuuun 1lnodauuuunadaildm3rJfin r a o {

uaud ri{o r nadf;.r g dru ra.rfidradfinrrrufrarjnfinrtdtas

nuiln Ici'l a drlrt fi ilr adiin r T rufi o lnfi dau a.rilnfl I auac{ilr afi

in, rrufrorjnadaur.rtn!?1 I

nrzrsfi 1G

uuunedon ."ot udti"'1H

ndrfirJeadlit!

uaridnrunrsduas.i y.

uililn?c11an? tu

I ur Jdflailaru?anil

or.oUrun,

arro.rilnfl'ra

I ur .l{flnililu?8niltl

qqdR21ilAtOUflnn

dilastnrrr

Ceunrzdrurir

(w)

0suuud'ldet

ncuuud.!dottd

ncuuu I qaa

{0EUUUlll8\ttUU-

il1n?I',Iu

111025a

97

66. 15

21. 38

95

47.63

24 .8L

89

43.64

20.52

r<|{{a?ufl11t ?8flr06I

(c)

nu$uuo"l

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ncuuu I s

o

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6

60

40. 08

14.66

5

57

30.31

L4.97

0

48

28.7 L

14.18

dIda

EIdocuuul u

il'lsr?1'ru

drunrz riantod

ncuuudrdoI

ncuuud{degl

dncuuuI oa8dnc$uut1t8{tlJu-

il1n?fl'lu

dquq I on tguilun'l

(cn)

o

31

18. 69

7.69

0

22

13.88

8.44

0

22

14. 93

6. 08


I93

! . n11i I e l lcrltora r rjiau r fiaunouuun azne af aluulnodaldnril6a r aa{uoud r i{o r ncsIfis s Cru tcu'i'l.0n6il{rhadilr.raridnlunr.r

dr a.ou uun :"c r aiirlil n {ru{rle aiiiio r rrfi or]nfiiiau o.rtnfl r a uann aiufi rJ r ad

ilnr T rufi orjnfi dar a.riln o.. Ie alflidnr :nodaunr ri r n:r"rin rrrurJ:il: rurilun1{rdar ,^dlddonao.r'lunru T sd LT

n.trod LT rrjtalrfiauaranr:nodaunr:drudr (w) n,tlrianiis;i (c)

uasnlrrianiioflii'lflfirdrir (cw) rsu'i'r.ifiilradiidrurari.r

n r rufi o ilnfi n a rdt o.,tusnsi,l,,ifiua

douuunedau uurirnrrruuilril:ru ss df us F

acatn'l?a1un 1 ts14? 1{nailt

( w ) nra'luneir

3888.134 2 L944.067 3.8556*

20168.656 40 504.2L67

? ?ll 24056.79

,4a{.rrln1r r landart 1vv.t1{nail

I (c) n.ra'tunriruI

LO20. 9689 2 510. 4845 2 . 390 1

8543.2L7 1 40 213.5804

??tl 9564.186

n'r? r tsniafi :vra'ir.rnalu fiT . gg4z z gB. 9e71 1 . 96szICqqr (q q In rtru&fua.) n18 luflAil 1911.4479 40 45.2982

( cw) 1?il 1989 .442

C

P<.05=3.23


T

94

Han 1 ? r rJ? au r fi aunruuun r :nedauc rnn r rfi ru ulnodoudn trl

finrna{uoudri{ernAd drunrzrirurir (w) drunrztiandoil (c) uav

d.lunrl taniadd'ltfirdtir ( cw) loaiinr:nodauntri t nrrtdnrrluil:

il:ruuuun'rstdsr (Anova) ldrir f c'lnnrzdruru'luuuunedoudrun,lt

airu6,l (w) = g.BEs6 ir f crnnrzirurru'tuuutnodolntrrianiod (c)

= 2. 39ot uaurir tr' rrnnr:drurudouuunodaunr: rianiadfi'tflAtridr

(cw) = 1.9652 udet'jr rsu'jr.ifiil.tdiio..ufieilnfinrsdHotulun?u1'18

n rlrt fi rh adii n lr rfi o rjnfi fi er a.,rilnir a u a s fi il r adii n e'rlrfr n lntsdeu a.riln n ltfin I zfiruulne daudq:rlda r n a{u oud r i{o r ndddeun rrdrui r ( w ) unndr.t

f,uori.r.rfifiadrfirxn'r.,rafifid:sdu . oE utdlriuunrriluonsirsrosnrrfiruuu

nadaudrun,rzrianiail (c) uavdrunrrrtanioiili'tlfiutfd', (cw)

c rnn r ri r n:ror{r,ruo rrtunnd'l { n o {Fnn rtncdouuuunodalds ?tJs.r I qd ,f r - --r---!- . . -^----J^ -g-r--C:'|---.-3:^.

fin r aaiuoue r iia r ndd drunr:drudr (u) tcn'irtfirlrafifiuariidnrunr',teio.{|u,n..|i!

dlas-Lunrurailriumnsir{flu uau l ua r ilisil [ tiauo?1n1t oasra{fl4il Le ut0n

'[nunnsi'l'ifiuilr.,r fi i i ai.r rfi rtlno r o uTa a-lili i n r t no d s un t I I u o n d r .tI

rrdfct4?1{n'l I oaantarafitnrrnodaunrluuilrilrrurot Scheff J S-nethod)

ldarndsuaro-lur.:.od 18

a

t,.r. ofi 18 r rliau r fiauoruuu, *drn.rrirurunodoudn:rlf,a r na{u oud r i{o r nad

yldc-..qo.( w) !a\t&fll?Enluaridn,tunr.,:dlo\t tun'lul4u{

tl

g nrilt

drunr:druird,uSnu0fln1{flun{

olqr-0r 1tn4u{ E a {n ? 1 Ialeunn nz"qradrlil

66. 15

drto.rtnflra

47 .63

drasilnrlr

43.64x

nr"s1afir1il

dro.rtnflra

dto.rilnrrr

66. 15

47 .63

43.64

18. 52 22.5L

3. 99

fdu o^ - dsru86f .lnunruoil . o5


I

95

i 1nn 1 ?nodsun tlrtunnd a { rcu'i r.iri r, *d, n t on r rfi ruUunednU

dorrjfiarao{uaudri{erndd deunrzdruir (u) nrrrafitnr:nodouorrl

urlzrl:eu1cs'tflidna.,t schef f J drrn4'irnsuuu r odarot{rJradiuari

dnrunrsdila{$run?orT aitr}Jdrn'ir nsrilu r odaro s{rleadliugrianrud

dlottn rer ari r siifiadrdEnT tdfifi drodu . o5 druncuuu r sdart$'ir.r{rh a

dir.r a ri *nruRa r dr a \r u ilun ru 1 r a fi elr|fi uEd a a dii n r trfi clnfi del a tiilnilr a

unsnuuilnr odar"ra'ir.,rfideadiiuarfidnrunrtduatilnfirauasiln!?1 ldfi

n rrruond r tfius d r.silfi adT 6gn'r.rdfi fi

nrrt I R:rsdaanr?ne daurrnn,lrri'tuuune daudngrt6a r as{Uaud I t{o t ned

Crunrtdruir (w) daunrrriantaii rc, unud"unl"tfan

-

' sfi tun r r ncea ldii :s du a'r a u o nd r.s fiun a.,r n r{ldrlr adiiua rfi( cw) tsl4't1' e- i-r-dn r un r s dr a t u a v n dgtrh gdldfi u a ri an run r.t ail s s

1. nrzi r nrrnrinanr:nodaunrrfiruuunodaudozrlfia raa{$oud

ri{ornedfi.r s Cru rvra'irs{rhadiiuariatnrunrrduardiirodralq$nn

sir.,rfiu ( aransruuudldfi 'rn. rrliuufi 'ra rilna t nru'fin r :lf{fi o I toalfiinrri r nzr"rinaruurJrilr?uuuiln1{r rdar ( Auove) ,.dlHdougattunrrrtd 19

o

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Io1r.l{d 1e r rjiaurialwnnr:nadauuuunodaudnrrjfra rao{uaud ri{e -

rnad drunrsdrurir (w), drunr:rianiloii (c) unsdru

n11 rtaniiodd-tilfirririr ( cw)dcore

n1 {dil a {fr ii rc dilo 1 8$nn0 1 {fl uI

Ou t4n1? Lf,nilo )g

: cu'i r { n 6i r{il r adilr.r a lidn 1u

( ncuuuiliuufi?n'lilnA I nrrd

douuunodauI

uradtn r rtuiltrlzru SS df MS F

a0fl17A1Un',l

(w)

al?sfi'l'l{fl4}l

I'.l.n1! lunailt

3022.88

29088.7

2

54

r'LL.44 2.8136

537.1981

t 1?11 32LL1.58 56

d.iqfl1l t ?gntafl

(c)

tllcu?1{nail9

OlR1A LUflnil

I

38L.717

L4375.862

190.8585 0.7169

266.2L97

2

54

??tl t4757,579 56

d{{n11 t lanxofl

ll?lrl4',t''l {nailt

OlR',la Lunail

9

82.6L7

227 t .27 8

41.3085 0.9821

42.0607doqq I on lf,uiluo1

2

54

( cu) 1?il 2353. 895 56

a

a

Hafl'l? r iltail t fisuncuuun'l?ne dou 1 1 n n 1 ?fi 1 uuuno dauurd ac

deuro.rfirJrsdilr,rarBdnrunr.rdilo.rdii?c6il0'lqunnFi'l{fiu loa'ltiiinodailattn1r?taT"tsl4o?'Iiltrillil??uuuun't{rdar (Anovat lfiir F ilnn,tti'luxau

'luuuunodoild?un'ridrudl ( wl r rirfiu 2.8136, eir F 11nn'ltli'luru'tu

$uilnodaudrunr:rtAndat (c) rriT fit o.7169 uncdr F 11fln'lldruru

l,uuulnodoild?un1?rtandrfrdltfitdd1 (cw) rrirf,u 0.9821 ude.r'ir

:"d'ua r aduon6ir.ifiur a.rffrlr adiir.ra ricn'runr tdru o.r ldiiruaeionrrfiruuu

nodoudotrl6araa{uaudri{orncd fio s dru tdontuuun.r?nodoil1fi;u

n r rrJiru fi ro'lilnA t nrufin r z'lilqiii auuunodau


97

I Z. n1?i r nrlsd r rliau r fialaranrttiruuunodoudotil6a r ao{I q ! .lA - t- -, ---^--r^ --Y^t^-.*f",-,^3ot-^o,-^-qq{qrn.f,fiq-,"uouor??otndnn{ 3 dru lcr,r'i'ls{rlrafifiu8lfidn'lun1.rdila.ldfi:cdilo1q

unn0ir {fiu ( Ftvruu6il I 1o aidn 1?nodailn 1f i t n ?1edn ?1il$ilttJ1?uuull

n1{ rds? (Anoval aladlfifi{udos'lun111{fi 20

n1r1.!d zo r rjtau rfiaualanr?nodailuuunodaudozrlfia r aa{uaud r i{o-' rndd drunrrdrudr (u) drunrrrtgndo;i (c) uacdru

n.rirtandoddlilfirrldr (cw) :cr{'ir{n6iru{rleadilua'ridn1il

nT tdtosdilztdlaraunnndrsffu ( avuuudil )

I

o

dourrnadou uuaitnrrluil:il:ru ss df t'Is F

n.rreiruir :vrn'ir.rneir 5834.53 2 2gL7 -285 5.6111**

(w) nrstun6iil 28075-37 54 519.9143

??il 33909.9 56

<ai"frtfllrrisnBad :vra'ir.rnriru LLl4.981 2 587.4905 2.2083

rra"tunail L4375.862 54 266.275

?'ril 15550. 843 56

d{{rln1? t tgnga5t tul4?'l{flail

I?o0.814 2 350 .407 8.3282***

2272.029 54dsluq ! on lfluillfn'l n'ra'lunail

( cw) l Xtl 2972.843 56

F",o" **P < .01 = 4.98 , ***p ( -001 = 7.76


98

t

a

af an''rr r ritI:J tfialntuuufiurrnnrrrirullnodaudntil6n t aai

uoudri{ornad drunrzri'ruir (w) drunrzrtsnd'afl (c) uasdrunrr

r €anflofid-lilfirrid'l ( cw I :yu'ir.rfirlr afifiua rfidnrr.rnr 'rdr a sfifi:vduorq

uon0ir{fiu loa'lilidnrzi t ozr"tinrluu,trrtr?uuuun'lt t 6ar ( Anova) ld

rir F qrnnrrdrurru'luuuunodaunr:riTudl (n) = 5.6111 eiT F q1n

nrr+irursu'tuurunodounr:riandaii (c) = 2.20G3 unlreir F 1'1nfl1?

+irurru'luurrnodaufll?rtaniiadd'lilfilddr (ew) = B.szlz udo.r'jT tcdu

a'redunnsir.rfiun a sfiilradil"a.frdnrunr sdru o s iiq'aoian r rriru uunodot

dorilfraraa{uoudri{ornad <oruuudul drunrtiirurir (w) unrdrunr:

rianflofrd'lilfrul1rir ( cu) odr.rfifiadrdrunrrafifidzsdl .01 uas .001ourY.4o1ila10il uo ruilBJasionrzfiruuunodaudrufl,t? r tanflafl ( c )

q r n n r :i r n r r rr{uun r r r u n n d 1 { ! o { ar a fl 1 I no da uu rlne d a ualn t rJE

ffaraa{uoudri{ornrd tnvuuudul drunr:ai'rurir (w) uncdrunr:tiand adcr-o 4of,06[n lduilun1 ( cw ) rsra'ir.r{ileadfiuraridnrunr sarr a.,rdil rvduaraunn

. s j .4a d | | d I Q { rQ ! s e DquSl''l{nU tr.l0[lJ?8il[nAUO?1Fl''ltOnBI0{nAil LCIfi10Fl tOU0flgl1{flUu'l.t Cl?i8

tsrflrlrtnoaollo fl-lilidn r:nodoue ?.rilusrnsir s:yil'i r sdr , *doo. o*fi.:nr z

nodauRrrHu:l:ilzrunor scheffe (s-method) ldaladsucro'luu,.r.odj

2L uaso,t?1{n 22o


o'r?1 {fi 2t r rjtau t fi aunruuu, "dun

rzriruuunodorrdCI?ilfia r a a{u aud r i {o r nad.!

drunrrairuir ( er) nasfirJesdfiuaridnrr.rnrsdrasdfir"dlora

99

\1

\\\ \\\\\ \.

!u

luqu0n01{nu ( nvuuuolJ)

16-zs il

58.583

ze-aa il

54. 11

as-ea il

35.889

16-25

26-44

45-64

58.583

54. 11

35.889

il

il

il

4.4T B*r'r zz.6g4***

Lg .221***

3

iifiadrfignrsafififizcdu . oo 1

11fln'r?nodolRrttunnsi'1.!:cll'jr.reir r oda t nyuuu6rl n,rztir

uuunodaudsr:ilfin r na{uoud ri{o r nad drunrzdrudr (w) rasfirJradildg

r.rs ridnrilnr ldru a sfi il zs 6uo r au on 0i'r { fiu nr afi ff tn r znodalR r rtu il:ilr ruI

1oa"lflif,no.r scheffe rJrrn4'ir acuuu,"dunrsfirhadiirvfiuarq L6-zsllt{ . I d a, I J.r I dil d.:n'irncuuu[ilaaro{aru?snila1arvu.ir.i 26-44 il uas 4E-64 fl,u!t

| .ao q uos'r{ ilus6r']arJnT safifi uasnsuuu,"duno.rfirlradiiarazou.jr zB-44 il'l|t

fl rn'i rnvrruu, *d, o o'rfi rJr udfi ,. u rru'ir.r 4s-64 il a rir.riifiadrdrunr rafi 6fugrrt4{s[truIo8?nu

c


100

ro..f I 1 {d zz r r1iau r fi aun"uuu, *d rn. rriruuunodoudot lrJ6a r n a{u aud r i {o t ndd

drun r r r iand odfi'Lilfi u{ri r..iq)o

5fil O {nri ?s6u0'1 8t[$n0 1 {fl u

( cw) ro.:firl'ladfiuaT icnrtlnl\tt nc$uufiu I

Tsou018tx

16- 25

17. 583

26-44 il

15. 44

45-64 il

9.44

a

16-25 il

26-44 il

45-64 il

17.583

t5.44

9.44

2.143 B. 143****r*6.0

]

** r fifisdrfirufizcdu . oo 1

i 1 fl n 1 ? ne do tln t r u u sr n si r s z "u'i r t ri r t *d, o "

uuud ul a t n T rri r

uuunodardqrilfra rna{uaud ri{o r nasl drunrrr€antaiid'tilfilririr (cw)qt

erddq..io.sor a.rfirlr afriiura rddnrunr rdru a siil zcduo r auonsir sflu fl'lBud'{n1?no5f fltl

Sl

nrruuilzrlrruTos'tilifira.r Scheffe (S-nethod) ttl'irersuuu,"dooro

fi:lrafifiara 1c-zs il sac zB-44 il dsn'jrovurru,"dror.rfirhadiiarqri- ------- 'l et s t

zrr,r.i'l s 4s-64 i ori r silfi adrfignr'rdifi drun"uuu t afi an o.rf, rlranrila rqrll

,d{rrYr{squn fluiln ? ,riluonor { ad r.r ldilfiadrdgnr.rafrfiIt

3. nrri r n:r"r{wan1?fi1uil::nodoudorrj6a r ao{uaud ri{o r nada

Y - . er dY,.r q, . iafr .l g dru zvu'it \il.tu? Bn LililurE rsafntunr {dil o snil zcdilo r qtd'r'-rfiu ( rluuuu

dliuufirn1ilnA r nrufrnr::tfl{fia I tosidnT ti t erzr"r{nrrrruilzrJtruuuunl{

rdar ( Anoval lfiaradtudo.r'[uorrrsfi 23


101

.Cn1?1.,rd zg r rjtsu r iiauannrrfiruurnadsudn:ilfia t aa{uaud r i{e r n*d

deunr:Eirudr (w) n.rrriandaii (c)

fiuridr < cwl :cu'irrn6irffdeadldiiua,lianrunrsdrus.,rdfi rodu

orquoneir.rfiu , *"nuuuruufirnrung r nmdn'rz'til{iio )

uacn'r? r taniiaiildtf

dauuunoalart uudsorruuilrilzru df !tsss F

ten'r?a1un1

(ir)

tl?slt?1{nail9

3ltR',lg tilnar

I

3806. 99

14403. 05

1903. 495

286.723

?. 1366r*,2

54

a, ??tl 182 10 . 04 56

n'l? rtanda?l t.l?su?1{na||t

6t.fl18 tUflAilt

232.Ot

9126.03

2

54

116.005 0.6837

169.667(c)

l',ltl 9394. 04 56

n'rr rtsndail tl?t t4?1{natl

Iall

R1A tunnilt

TL7.47L

5131.196

58.7355 0.6181

95.O22dll-c I o?r Lf,uilua1

2

54

( cu) tztl 5248.667 56

Fu,"o **P ( .01 4. 98

g|an 1 ? r il€au r iiauocuuun r :no dsui'lnuuunodauds zrlfra r n o {uaudri{ornrd d'lunrrniT udr (w) drunr:rignflot (c) uasdrunrz

r tsnd afrdlflfirr$ri r ( cw ) :cu'ir {fi il. udlrifi ro rfi dnrr,rnr -reu o rdii zcdua ra

uoneir{fiu 1oa"lilidnrri r n:r"rinrrruil:ilzauuuun'l\r r dar ( Anova) lfirir F qrnnr:drurrul,uuurnsdounrrnirudr (w)' = 2.1966 ci,r r r.lnnrzdrurru'luuurnodoudrunrzrtandaiil (c) = o.683? unrrdr F l1nnrrdrurul,uurunodoudrunr: rtandodd'lilfiHrfiir ( cw) = . 0.6181 rr6fo.,i


ro2

I.i r z s 6t a r gdu o n gi r.! fiut o s fi rJ e adldiiu a 1i dn run r t dru o .: ii al asi n n I :fi I u lltt

nodoudaun r r d ruri'r r d orliunouuun'1iln0 r nrudn r t'lil{fi aarir siifiadr619

nr.rdfiBfitcdu .01 usillifierasianr:tlruuunodnudrun,r?rtsndod (c)

ua"drunrr r tandadd'tAtutiA-, ( cw)

crnnr:i t n:rtriuln r luunnsi,t { tra {il4fl 1?nodauuuUnodoUdn:il

6araa{uaudri{ornfd drunr:;irurir (w) rdr.tnurujiuuHrorrrnru'$

nr z'lilrifi o rcu.ir.r{rlrafililfi ils'lianrunr rdru o rdi:"duoraunngir'0fiu iiialfi r r1tau t fiailo'iri., *duo,uneirlor,rioqi'louorndT 'rfiuilr'r 1oaltiin1?ne 6f ail*.|

"uurn, r srsra'i r sA. , *d un. uri.tn. rnodauR rrruuiltrJrrur a s

scheffe (S-nethod) lficladsuAo.r"lurrr.sfi 24

,.r",od 24 r iltsil t fiauntuurr t *drn.rfrruuunodoudmlrJ6a r aa{uoud r i{o-rndd drunrrni-rudr (u) na.rfirjradldfiusridnrurnrsdtatd

firuduarqunnsi'lsfiu t otuut diliurrHrnrrun4 t nrudnr:lfl{fia I

a.

1soila18tx

16-25 il

88.75

26-44 il

74.83

45-64 il

67.37

?16- 25

26-44

45-64

88.75

7 4.83

87.37

il

il

fl

13.g2*** 21.88***

*I* du e - d" ' ilfiadrfirjfrzsdt . oo 1


I

103

q -rfln.rtnodoln r rruunn0ir { tsfi'j'r sril , "d

o o. on r:riruuunodou

dnrilfiarao{uoudri{orn*d drunrteirudr (w),dro"nuufiurjiuufie

n.lrun0 r nrufrn rr'tf {fi o na.rfi rJradldfiuarianrunrtdru osfifi todilo'lauon

si.r.rfiu nrafifi.rs.'tnnr:ne dounrrruuiltilzru 1os"liliisa.t Schef f e

(S-nethod) uu'jrnouur,r"dooo'rfirleafifiarazcu'ir{ 16-25 n d'rn'ir' -t- --'--'- '- ' {i - - -"r5adfiora:sra.irt 26-44 fl $ac 4s-G4 il orir.rfifiadrfiqftvuuu[ flaBga{gll r

nr.rdfifi uayocttuurodsna.:firlradfiorqzsu'irs 26-44 i dsn'irnuuuu

r adanasilrrea ';;-;;--;; ;;;;:ii,i.u*n'r.rana r dunu r'

4. nrri r n:rrriaranr:riruurnodoudo?rJ6n r ao{uoud ri{e r nad

a u-fis g druq

( Ftcuuuou )

: v ra.j .r s fi rJ. u dlri ii "

u r i dn -ru n r .r Au a .r fi il : s 6il a r a u n n si r { fi u

1o aidn r tno d a un r zi t n t r "rln

a r ru u il : tJ 1 ?uu ilun "l t t d a r

(Anovat t^dlfiasudo.r'tuo.t..td 25

?


104

I n..f r f .id zs r rjiail r fi siluanr rnodouurunodoudo :rjffa r aa {u oud r i{o r n*d

drunrrrirurir (w) dtunr:ttsnila;i (c) uacdrunrttian

drfrd'tAtu,iAr ( cw) zora.irsnaiuf,rJraiililfiuarfrdnT unrtdruas

fifi :cduoraunnsirsfiu t nctruudil I

douulnodau uuaitorruuil:ilrru SS Fdf MS

lon'rTa1uFl1

(w)

lr?cU? 1\iflfltl

Iall

R1g luflnil9

7678.99

14403.05

z

54

3g39. 4g5 14. 395***

286.73

1?tl 22082.O4 56II

d4l4lfl11t 1gnr06[

(c)

ar?s14?''t {nailt

Orfl1d lunailt

890.12

9162.03

445.06 2.623

169.667

2

54

?1tl 10052. 15 56

n1r r tsndart' tcudr.indilt

qlfl1S LUflAil

9

352.734

5131.196

1.76.376 1.8561

95.O22dsls- ! on Lf,u,ill.lB 1

2

54

( cw) ??tl 5483.930 56

?F2 ,6Ei

*P < .ooi = 7.78

4 qt ,t | | o

tt auo r ?10 [ ndm6[?un1?0 .]ua''l

el d ^rdquo 4 o

r iandodri Lduntunl ( cw)

r dar ( Anova I lfidr F qrnnl?d'rurru"tuuuunodoudrunrteirusir ( s) =

14.39b rir F s-rnn-r?d1u?il'tuuuunqdailn'lrrtanflo;i (c) = L 623

uasrir F 1'lflflrrriruaru"lurrilunodoudrunrr r tanflodfi"lflfiruririr ( cu) =

ar a fl 1 ? r rji a u r fi a un c uuud uc r n n r z fi r u luno d a u dor 1 r.lfi a t a fl {(w) drunr:rtanto?i (c) uacdrunr:

1o a"tilidn r ti r r, trr#o r riluiliiliturililn"t {

a


I

105

1 . 8 s 6 1 u do t'i r :vdua r qfi u nnoi r sfiun a sfl r-lr afillifi ila rfi dnrunr s du a'rfi

araoionrrri-ruuunoor;;r;;;. r aa{uoud,t*, r nad t ncuuuaur drunrz

Eirud.1 (wl odT silfiadrdrgnr.rdfififitvfiu . o01 utdldilwnsianrzfiruutt

nodoudrun.lrrtantoR (c) uacdrunr:ttandoddlilnu,id. (cs)

q1nfl r ti r n trot{uun r rluOn0ir s n o {alan 1?nodouuuUnodaudnlil

fia r a a{u aud t i{o r nAs{ r ncuuuGil l 'luurunodaldrun r:drudr ( w )

'. v I - --iY -:;","n-,PzJnrr.rnr.rdr ic rngirsfiu fiiiald r rjiaurcfi?'l{te,ilxan tuiir^raT idntunrtdruasilii:Ydua,tsug en,

r fiauo.irei. r *fiunosnaiu"loratori'tousrnsir.rfiuilrs loa"ltiiinrtnodaun?'lll

unnsir.rzvra'irtrirrodanrsudtnrZnodounrruutJ::l:rura$ Scheffe

(s-rnethod) lfiaradsua".:'|,urrzrod 26

,.". od 26 r rjtau r fl auncuuu r odan'rrriruunodoudoril6a r ao{uoud r i{o-

rnad drunrzEirudr (w) nosfirhafililfiua1idnrunr.trrua.rd

iittduararrnnsi,r{f,u, ."orru6i'

a

r.6-zs il 26-44 il 45-64 il

88.?5 74.833 59.371volto',lg xIC

16-25 il 88.75

26-44 il ?4.833

45-64 i 5e.37

1g.912*** zg.B8***

- 15.463***

*** du q - d"' ilfirdrdryitcdu . oo1


106

"q 1 n fl .l I no do uR r r ru u n n si r { I c 14'i 1 .! gi 1 t ad a n v uuud u n o { n 1 ? fi 1

$uilnodoudozil6atao{uaudri{orndd drunrrdT udr (w) ro.!{il?adld$91

{q.dd.uedir.r a rd dn run 1 { dil a sfi ii : y 6u o'r I u o n6i 1 { fi u n'r Br4fi { n 1 T no da un ? 1 il u il ? il T ?u

loa'ltidna.r schef f J ( s-nethod) uu'irncuuur odanasfirJrgdfiars|Dt

16-2s il dtn'irsrsuuur odaro.rfirjrafifio'ra 28-44 il rtat 45-64 il

ori'r{fifiadrfiEnr.rafifi uauRsuuu, *donasfirlrBo-ra 26-44 il dsn'ir

nvuuur odsro,rfirhao'rarvra'ir.! 4s-64 il orirsfifiadrfirynT .rdfrfi r durdarfiu9tI

n r:i r n : rrdwan r znodauq rnn r :riruililnodaildn :ilfia r n a {b oud r i {e r nad

drunrzeirut{r twr drun'rzrtsndo;i tcr $a"drun1:riando;ild'tilfiildir. vu d.r

( cu ) 1u14?',]\ret ?un ''t ?no6taunil ?seiln r rfinrru0neir {fiuna snaiufirlr adfir.ra'li

dR1iln1.:dilo{ uavfl aigffrJradldfiuarianrun,'raruo'r

1. nr:i rnrlor{aranlifi,ruilrlnodoudsrrda rao{uoudri{o rnad

fio g dru rou'irsfirlradfir.raridnt^rnrsdrasdfi:rdiln1?Antlusrndr{fiu

Ie s'tflifin rri r rr r rrdn rrruil:ilzruuilun''t.r r d ae ( Anova I "udlfiA{udo.l

"|'unr:1{fi 27

o


LO7

Io1r1rd 27 ciliautfiauoanrzfieuuunodoudnrilda rna{uaudrt{o rnrslfisI

g dru z cil'i r .r n ai u fi rl r a fi iiu a r i dn rurn r t dr a s dr' r r 6un r : ilnrr rtsl9

$0nCI'l{nu

douurmodauq

uuaiso rrruud:rJz zu SS df

aon1?a'lua"l

(w)

l!

?utt? 1{fl a ilI

Jlrfl18 tunailt

1956.088

28869.842

2

ri7

978.O44 1.9310

506.4885

??ll 30825.93 59I.r4.a

n'l? t ?8fltrafl

(c)

Ir?cl4't'l {fl4il

I5lt

fl18 lunailt

260. 0 1 17

14489.72t

130.0059 0.5114

254.2056

2

57

1?tl t47 49 .7327 59

Id<l<an'llt lantro5ltl

?ul4? 1{nailt

Orn1E luflAil

I

12.5893

2443.9937

8.2947

42.87T t0. 1468

dslgq ! on truillJo'l

2

57

( cw) ??tl 2456.583 59

t.d{o

9,lan 1r [ il?au r nsuncuuun,l lnodaul 1nn11n1[tuilnodaildo tilI

fiarna{uadriiorndd drunr:ii'ruir (w) drunr:riandod (c) $asrd?u

n1? rianiiaditlilfiruririr ( cw) rasfirhafiiiuaT fitrnrunl{d&r0.rdfi :rdun.rz

finr1rnnoi1{fiu loa"lflidn1ri r or.Jr{.r.iluil?rj?xuuuun.l{ r 6a.l ( Anova)

16ri'r F q.tnnlrd'lurn'luuuunodaild?un'r:iirurir (!r) = 1.9310 rir F

qrnn.tTdlu?ru'luuililnod0ild?un.lrrtandoit (c) = 0.s114 uavrir F

q1nn1?drurruluurunoda:rdrufl1?ttsniio;idlilfirrdrir (cu) = 0.t46B

udo.r'i r tsfiun r:dnrrduon0ir tfiur a tfirlr adiir,ra lBdn.runr.rara.rldilalnsio

O nrzfiruuunodaudorrJdnraa{uoudri{orncd


t108

z. n1?i r orlcdarnnlr?i-ruuunadaudn?rlda r ao{uoud ri{e r n*ds

fio g dru rcH'j'rsfirhadldfiuaridnrr.rnrrdrosdirodunrziinrrunnoirsg

e- cl .lq3!| q I , , d JV-nu toatg?fln'lr?rnfllcuarrtuilrilr?u$uiln1\irdar (Anova) aJanro.od

O \:$6[0 \: tilgl'l ? 1\in 28

t'',t..td 28 r rjiau t fiarruanrrriruuunodoudnril6a r aa{uauol r i{o r nadfrsa

g dru ssu'irsfirleadliliiuaridnrunrtdruosdiizrdunrrfrnurtu

unnsir.rfiu

a dourunodouI

uuaisnrrruurlrilrru SS df FMS

tcn'l?a'lun'l

(u)

tl?clt?1{flail9

5lrfl14 tUnAil

t

6929.42

t2878.76

2

57

3464.7L 15.5?63rr*

222.4344

1? ll 19608. 18 59

n,rr r ianflaii(c)

tl?vl4?'l{nailt

5lrfl''ta Luflail

t

1891.525

7858.655

2

57

945.7825 6,8598**

L37 .87 LL

T?il 9750. 18 59o

d{{n11[ 7AflrA6[ 2

57

al?u14?1{nAilt

OtR',lg Luflnil

q

897.TL8

4524.882

448. 859

79. 3839

5.6543t*douq 4 on Lfluttilo1

( cw) ??il 5422.5 59

Fr,u, P < .01 4. 98**ta P < .001 7.78


t

' 109

H afl 'l 1 r rli au r fi aunr uuunodo ue rn n r tfi ruuuno daudo rrjfi a r a o {

uaudri{ornad drun'rzd'rurir (w) drunr:rianioi (c) $ncdrunrr

-lsfl 11fln$'l$0fl41{nuYu t

( Anova) l,on1 F

I15.5763 R1 F

I8.8598 $nun1 F

risnflafrd'ttfirrridr (cw) rcn'ir{fiilrafi1diluaridnrunr.,rduo.rdfircduI

Ic a'lilifi n r r i r n z r rr{n r r ru il ril r ruu ililn 1 { r e' a e

q,lnnr:iruru'luurunadordrunrrairuir (w) =

1'lflnr:rirurru'luuurnodoudrunrrriandad (c) =

c rnn'lzgi rurru'luuuuno doudrun'lr r iand odd'tflfirrftir

(ctt) = I4a

6rR'lun1{6ril a \iilalasion r zfiruuune doudn:ilfia r a a 4u aud r i{o r nadfi.r gg

I . {s q u .oqJ odruarirsiiiladrdrlnr.rdddircdu .001, .01 ua!, . o1 nrildrduqrnnrzirozr"riuunrruunnsi'rs ro{a|an1?nodaruuunodau

dozilffn r aa{oaudr i{o r nadfi.r g deu :rru'irsfiilrafildfiuarfidnrunr.r!g

. de s t . - uqo Yu ,.a .a | .6uro{nillsqunrzdnrruondrtfiu firqg [o r u?gu I nauon?]ilunna1{Trn4?'r{as

eiT rqdanr.rfrdufidrausiacndil 1oa'ltifinrrnodaunrrruunnoir{zsr4'ir.rqtl. d | , - yu

sir r qda nraradtnr:nodaunrrruilrrl:runa\r Schef f e ( S-nethod) t6. .l J ^- { d

0.,ao{u6fn{ lua111{n 29 , n'tT1{tl 30 uau0'l?1{ri 31

srl I 1.rfi zg r rjisu t fi ailnruuu, *d un. rriruuunodaunfq rilda r a a {u aud r i{o-rncsl drunrrdrurir (w) ra.rfirhafrlilfiuaricnrunrsdrard

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dqrrlfiaraa{uoudri{o rnad drunr:d'ruir (w) lo.rfirhadldfiilsrian'lu

nr sdl o sfifi z"6un rtfintrruondr.:f,u nr aufi tn r rnrCrio.'tuutjzilrru to a

"[iidro.r scheffd (s-nethod) uu'irnouuu,*donro{rhadinrlfinrr

rcduil:cnlfinrrdrn'i rotuuu, *d, o o tfirle adfin r:finurzoiuiluo*dntr1Bac

zvdra,orufrnrr o ti'r.rfifiadrdqnr sdfifi i.u.tnuu, *d ro, 'r{rh adfin r:ilnpr

zcduiisailfinrrfin r rilunnsir {r 'rnnsuuu, "d,

n r.rfirJr adiniriin".rt6,aorfrntr o ri r sldfifi sdrfignT .rafi fi

a g|. r...rd go r rlial r fi aunruuu, *d un.tfi ruuunodoudorlrlfia r n o {u aud r i{e-rnad drunr:rtaniod (c) r o'rfi ilr adldfi us rian1iln1 {

dua.rfifi rufiln r:finrrunnsir {fiu

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I

dR run r r dl o.r dfi r "

dun r ziinu r u n n si r t fiu . n r arafi t n r z no da rn t r r u il z il z ru+ 5l uqdtoB td?flIO.l

/ - - | ' d.rSchef f ei ( s-nethod) uu'irn"uuut ofianatfiilrantnrz

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on t.rfirJe afifin r tiinnr rrrdilfilaufinrr


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ft unctsfiilaouHnrrodrtfifiadrf,rgnr'rdfif, drunsuuu, *d o n r.rfi rh afiiinr :ilnr r fir a ru Cln r r u a c : c dil q e tfr nr r it n r r n u o n d r s fiua ri r',r lil fi fi a d r 6rgn T t dfi fi

*.r.oil i g r r rltau r fiarn"uur,, *don.rfi ruutnodoudogrlfia r ns{u nud r i{e-rndd drunrzrianflatdltfirririr (cw)

dnrunrsdoro diit"dtnr:finrrunndrtfiu

rsdunrrtlnp-l rJrsnililntr'l ilsanfinrr qaufinrr

f 24.833 30.353 36

ilrcnildnu1 24.833 -5.52 -11.16?r

frsaufinra g0. BSg -s.64?

acrfinrt 36I

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U n, o n. :ri r U uUno d s u

angrtdaraa{uaudri{e rnad drunrz rianCa?ild'lilfiuriir (cu) natfirhad

- Yr{O uriluaridntunrrdrua.rdiirodun'rtflnrtunndr..rfiu nraufi',rnrrnodaue lru

url:rlzrlr logtiliiita{ schef fJ ( s-nethod) ttu'itn"uur., *dootofirlra."-,.;;:-;;;; s. -i--., -c----,tr-rdiinrzirn'.roiuiii n r zBnra rsduil rcnuilnrr d r n'i rncuuu t qd a n 0 sFilr a

aeufinrrsi.r.,riifiafrfirgnr.,rrfifi deunsuuu r odaton'irsfirlegdin rrfinn{

:sduil:cnlflnrrfiufisauAlnyl uns:ura'j'lsfiraHfinprfiuaelfinrr itnrru

un n d r.lfi uo ri r'rldiifi a *r dqn'r',r afi fr

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dRrilnr {dil a suasrneg{il? Edldfiua 1fi dn,rrdn

1 . nrrdnrr r rltau r fisu$nnrrncdauqrnnrzfiruuunedaudoril

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,.r.od ?z r rJtau r ilaunrruunndrtrs\rnuuilunlrfrruuune doudelrlt!

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nodauderSrldarao{uoudrizdrnad drun'rrrirurir (w) dtunrrrianioii

(c) uacdrunrrriandofidlfnu,i (cw) rcu'irsfiilradfiuaridnrunr',t

drarruddrauaurudufts lddr t qrnnr:druruluulunodaudrunr:dru

ir (w) = r.gzrs ir t rrnnrrirurn'Luuuunedaudrufllrttandaif

(c) = t.zl7s uncrir t c'lnnrzdruru"tuuuunodaudrufl'llriandadd'tl

firuririr ( cw) = o.zzr 4 udovirnrluuenci'lsrcra'ir{ rue ras{rhadiiuari

dnrunrsduar ldilaradonrzfiruurnodaldmgilHa r aa{uaud ri{c r nrdfi.r 3

dru

z. nrzfinrr r rJ?au rfiaualanrrnodouc'lnnrtfiruulnodoudorrl

fin r ao4uoud ri{o r nadfi.r s dru :vu'i'rs{rltodl*iirtridnrunr'odrua.t

tilddrauar tudrafr.t toalflifinrrnodarfi (t-test'l t^dlHfrtueettu

n.r.t,d gg

0r,l ?.'r od s g r rji al r fi aunrruuonsi r.! n a {Rcuuunodouq rnnrrriruuunedon

dnrrtdn r aa4uaud r i{e r nadfi.r g dru rora'lr.r{rlradlrifiuari

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114

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nrzfiruutnadoudngrlfia raaduaud ri{o rnfd Crunr:drudr {w) drunrt

,taniiod (c) uacdrunrrrlsndadd'tAfiuriA'r (cw) lcsifinrznedauil

(t-testt 16ir t qrnnr:d'lurru"luuuunodounr:drurir (rt) = 2.8959

cir t ernnrtdruru'luuuunodolntzrtandaiil (c) = 2.L1t2 ua!'ir t,

c.rnnr:irurutuutunedatnr:rianiia?ild'ltfinrfiir (cw) = 3.6916 ude't

.i r n r r rr u n n d r { r cu.i r t r. udn a s {rt r adll;iu a ri dn runr s dt a t ilwasi a n r rfi r

uuunedaudo:rjfiarao{uaudrl{ornedfi.r s dru sdr.rfifiaihf,rgnr',rafifid

rudu .01, .05 uas .01 nruiirdu

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r r.lddraunu r udufis r dntfl r nur{nruuugoqrdgttradil*aridntlnrsdrotud

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uasnarr{1 I u1c tra{utunodott ( Spec if ic itrr )

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r f,u, nru{nrzfroiuT:n uuunodaud.uf,fiolrlh (sensitivitvi ra{

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fi.rtoaao 97.L4 ua"finrrrudrtur* (Specificityl rosuuunedau

lun rruon'i.rusoailr rdq rnua ridnrunr tdl a st o aas 28 .57

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(Sensitivityl ?aaav 81.6? uatiinrrrt{r turslo{fi11nodoll

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n. rf{.u"nail:rrls rnuaridnrunt tdr a t t fia s Toaav I . 3 3 r rirfiu do

r4r'lscr?''ru'irfir'tfl r nrufrnrrdoRudotuuu 97 ufir st'tsiillonrdfiouaro t fioC d qu . r r ! ^t^-51 --^--:^l^p-.-.^^^ifl qDu rila rsuuunodotdrunrrd'ruri'l (!r) dra"tunT tiilcfisqenadfiusrd

dRrunrtdruos ueirrucrdarfiuurunodaudruf,filt"inio.t{un.rriof irunnail:'tdqrnilerfirtfl'lun,ltduosutiuaurilas g au qrn'iruru 10O nu

toaiirlilufiruurnodaufi'tff'tunT tiilcfiatrn r,r{ofruurff

rlrasrrzfierrrrhlunrrnordouds unriinrrlr.ir r r^rrtfi't*itir r fiulrt , arui

nilafouna zszl : lG1, nuinraoutsfinrrth'lunr:nodaudslt''tfl t rirto

uda vi rutunodotfiufi rt:rinfi nru"lun r : Tad.r Tan rdfi qc t fi a n r rrft oua 1 oit

fiaa nrus r 6arfiuuulnodau'tofinrru,i",, "ltootnrtnodoud{ fiecd.tu'l:n

u gnnuilnfi o anq1fl aufiIrn1fia.r r dufiu d.r1un ufi , drrf,a.u. rof .l snon r:tirD / { /61 d u o -- -Crr-.-c{'lux a { urln su ? 0 iln a 1 fl T n'l { n 1 ruun 6-[un r r fr s s 6 o { n r n I t no d a ufr fl ud s ud.r

t

arnsi a1il drra?uaranrrdnrr r t a.rn r T r r fi a {q t { fl o suuunodoudrun r zni rudr6l qu S g, t .a I o

( w ) -[un r ri{sor Y.ril:jz rn4'i rilci ra r rilq r I u1c ! o tn I znodoLt ( Spec i f i c ity I

. u t J c. , &.o- o t Q i ! rr-r--.-!O OUE r ter r unn t IIU t dUUff ?i geo ? 1 01s t ilUalA I Ufl .ttl'lq1nafltilv i A {ruU? gn

99s

rirr r r rjiau r fial nair 16 ofirlr anaiiln runil t nrirrfirtrrdq rnus lBdnrunr ss'lti

dr o.r I r f,ufi rJr efi r il'r iun r r 5nyr"[u1r tua rurad? rra ii.r t fiuTz sxlH'Iil1nqt

6l r u | 3- 4 v t d t q-. .turu gtrJraurnlid{iln [ iluaril?anH1un11Tflb'] tuaffl']ut^f 81u''lntcoil7a{il1-gs

uaraud{ tq'ot Rnfiorut H. il. n. :13) finreucTrnfirfiut.rfia.n'',rdtlt.n4

fi s#uan r!,o ?'l u r 6 urlr s u a s d auu o nr t "i r t n t etu n s i o'l c a r c

I

tvo aufl'r { lutl I {

Io,{sar a si o n r z ri ru uuno a o llfi


o

134

a- $uunodoudrunrtrisniofi (c)

n rri r o r rrf,in r.u, du $st I { a o suuunqdoldrun r' t und t

d (c) uu'irrfio"tilrncufrdoRud"tuut* Sa frtTnarfiu (Gotden 1976 :

6s4-6F8r finrrli uuunoeloudnrilfia r ao{uaud ri{o r naddrun-r: rtando

A (c) fl fi.r.r,hsa{fl1?nodau (Sensitivitv) fisHaen" 96'6? rras'

fidrir ru'lyro\tfl'llnodoutaaau 2I.67 usifi'r1fi r nrufifioRudncuuu eo do

( Sens it, iv it Y I

qo t fiulf irsi'r

I

I

?

, f, ur, "

u uud'r Aofi { rl r s n 6i u fi i u s r fi dn r r^r n I s du a'r d r ru r : n ri rlfi r fi u r nru{n r z

6oiul:n uu.i ruuunoaaildeuf,s riin r 1 il't1 n a \: fl 1 I noda u

{aaa" 98.33 firir{r ru'lc?0snrtnodauHarlat 18 ' 33

. r I tl r n a r n I : no d a uu a c i -t { r r u'ls, tr a t n t t not da ufi lfi c r n t nruSer " uuud'la

fioRufi.r z r nrufr firi, "tnfi r da'rfiu uatfiilztinanru'tunt:rioflotrrfioilnfi

ldeiaufir.rdsHrn

a. uuunodoud.lun.rr r tanilodd"tflfiilrftir (cw)

nT ti t n:rttnnr.u, duor"{ no{uilunodaudrunr: r tando

edlfnuriAr ( clr) ul'ir r iia'|il r nrudn'rtfiqRudo'uuu 25 ii'r1na r fiu

(Golden 1976 : 654-658) finrrl{ arnrttrnn'iruuunodaudrufi"til

nrrru'trno':nrtnodou ( sens it iv ity ) dsfi'rTocac 96 ' 6? untfirir

{r rursrtarnr:nodaud{?oaas 53. 3s ueifir"lil t nrudnrrfioRudotuuu 31

iio r fiuoruuuA.rAofifirJr andudfiraa'lidnrunr tdru o tdrl I tafirlfi'lun rtiia

"#ofl "u.i.uuunrArunr: r iunirdli"tilfiurld-1 t cw) f,qoiieirnrruhno'r

nrsnodau (Sensitivity) dsfr.r{aelas 100 uaoilrir{T tU.1sra{fl'.1?

nodaudr?a'as 3s fi.rfiu1ddr-r"'tfi rnru{n'rrfioaudntrruu zs utonvruu 31

ouun"irudrufiqrilrt:cRnfinrud.r'lunr:ifiqilaqr'.'Hfi orjnfi nT tdu a s lrlly

r d a r fiufi fi rJ:sRnfi nrudrua dr n r q'lun r r u a n uon nilnfi a a n q rnunnafiiln r rru

fiorJnfinr sdro.t

s 1nfl r :i t o r rotiuro r au, du {sl I { a o {uuunodoildn til

fiarao4uoudri{ornAdfi.r g dru uu'i't ulunodoudrunr:tisnilo?i (c)

uau$uunodoudrunrliandafidlAAutiril ( cut firJr"ininrudtlrn"lunr:


135

ari.rffererufi o:lnfr nrrdruo{ rncdsn'iruuunodoudaufi r fiun'rrEirudr ( w) do

I

Fdward 1979 :

q.lnnr:finp.lf,a{$antnA (Cat,t,e11, cited in Golden 1978 : 1)

r vo ,dY--Irlr.r.lr.r r$gn rorun.1lAnB16{1il1.?fl r ?andounuf,16flrn'irnrtrirudr 1oa"tu '

nrrdrudrfiuunnafiiuilrflod.rrulrnii.ruaonlfinra'lut ?a'l It 4 iurfi n.us

finr:, iundauouii.ira "t fis.r"lff r ?a1t fiu z r rir fi.tfioon t naaiura'ir

n 1 I r t ruto s : oui..t { n..t I sl o t r fi ufi un r : ai rud',fir., f,ur o ludqlufrfi f s r fiuola

lu.l11flfl.l1ilnrlfrfifiodrrq?.ris"lu,4ron.rrfiuuarnr:niru "lunrutiin'',ttian

fl.fr , f,uornurq rner r rrudrs r rn'lun r z t i anua o:.tand'lu:odlindrfin uac

unrrl (Brown, eited in ctolden 1978 : 1) dufru'j'rfisuilctfin'l:iln

o n.rr r isndodsri.o"i,., r srds r orc?s r orisfilild'rrurtnfir16 r 6rn'irnrteiT urir

lafiau (Ligon, cited in Gold.en 1978: 1) -tfi r raoNa'i.n'rrdn.t r ian

il odfi r1fi f, ,rfi r r.r: rr?iil o.rdrl:rn o u r oilr c fi r n ai r 16 oii r fiuaT riunt dii, fi tfit,l

"[urrtrd'rB n*rdn., d ru6lffu, ..ci fi u$l a n a t n r zitnfi o''r n n'i T a r fi a a s 6

il:cn ailfi r elrnr sBunid d.rfiun r z d ruri rttd'tr I rniliurlrsu€ arir'lfidurn

uriluufiuadfiun rtilnfior o*odr.'rru r 6r"tun. t , ?ond ofrnn{ rfio noil t !o

To a a s drlscn aun-r s6uni 6 n a s fi ril r o.r fi sfiuilfrfr ? I rfi r fi ofru'lun tr r t anfl ail

a I q,--.e s rjrcd,lninatuaraadr{i.t t ilunzvil?ufl1? uasorilan''lzn1{'1u30{Tviluqn'

raurunua"t6ari{o (Kenneth & Edward LgTg z 2O2-2O3r nairyir. 5l 4l q .t- I t q' r- i

R ?,lilUn!,? o { tuft'l 1u anii t iar rn [: cnr sdu a t t i]udrudrago {0 ? o s'l {n

r ndiuduacil?aTa (Geshwind 8a FusilIo, cited in Kenneth 8a

2o7) dnprffrlra Alexia r^ru'ir nairuornr: ltexia fifi'''ut

n'r:{U, du, t. on.r r t:rTfr r f,ualau'rq rnn r tonri'\n 1 s ! a tdu o.rdrufi , d.u1u o

:su.ir{ visual cortex fiudrufitfiarilosfiunr{tl1r'l fir'lfinr:ri-l{'luv.

n a rdu a sfr sda.rdru'trirl:varufiu

dtrjn.rzr't nr r"r{n r.* , duorr{ ! 0{Bilunodoudo trjda r aa {u ouo{

' tU

riio r nd6fir g dru wa:Jrrn4'i'ruuunadauusiavdruiirt:"ininrueiouil'r.r

d,rtun r z Ton r I rufi orln6 nr r dru a s fi su il'i r q tfi ei''r Q r r ru d r r u1c ! a su luno do Iru si a

" d r u"tun .r : rj o f n r z v il r r rlc r nrd a tB dn ru n r t lru a .r lil ei o a {.r fi n u si fi 'tfi

a


136

I r4$r1sFr?1ru.j.ruuunod.ufilria.urrnrir"tl'lflrt:"Iatdld utaldi:trcRndn'Iil

r irg {ua'lun r:rir1rt1fl fitf,, ur 1sn r zriruuuno doudnrilfia t a o{rt aud r i io

r nddlil'tilfiuu"fi o r"liluuunoaorfi s g druilrsn oufiu i'tfi"lildru1odruuil'r

rila{orir{rfiar rd.o..no11rurf,uronfintrfrno.ruuunodouadn:od'i'', iio

r ?.rdr1:rnn"tuuuunodauqvn rv {u"tfi r fioilfriia rn auduo {! 0 {n 1Yil?un 1tn1{

nrutuavfia {cirunl:ftr stun a struuiutritcdrnltar aadr s{d

r iloiln115100

sCunrnrilflrurnoruluuuuno*audrud g tdrunT trtetndafidliltrutirl'l cw)

t.r r rirfiu r fiunrrnodounrrrd'lu,trnro.rqnna"tun,t Tu anu av rYu'ir odo r ?'',d

r flui rfiln.,, iundrd Sour snuo rqilrcdun r rrufi I t ua r'lun rt rs Sun I :d ru

o i ruav udo srJ$fi ? a r o ont.r'tuzr]n r : d rud r u a r, i and ad!,t orufiulrt o*"fl u. o

nurir r ardruatdodlrtrttrtufiucuuanlliaan (Golden 1978 : !-2t"tfluulnoAoudotilfia r aa{uaud ri{o t nddi{fi4.r'tffrJ:"noufiufi'r 3

r fi a'lfi r fi on :vlrun r rnr sioiltcd'lnina r n'r z'|'fi r fi a s dru"lo druuds et

fir"tfi I fio ffafior^la ro"[6uar r fluarn r ?lar rnn'i rzuad r ur r"'lun'r:iilsfisIt.fiu

uanr.tnjc'lfl r nmfrnrzfioRufiean"uuuufi r u116n:TilBo.rfinodounzusfrruuu

noAalfifidrufrdg"lun'r:"lilrJ:ono1ifirfis (Clolden 1976a : 654-658)

uacnrz'Ifl rnudnruuuna{uuilnorraufi.r 3 drurlrsnolfiu sodraifiqdal:n

ld a d r.r n n fi o.r u a o fi rJ : " infi n T uu. nd o f; u'tilfi t r dun r : fi nnr n o t1n a t 6u

a (clolden 19?6 a : 654-658) fiilnUrffnpiluRsuUulatUUUnndaldnlil

6arna{uaudri4ornadfis g dru,drriof,r.nrrrosl:nuu'i'ts 3 !--- -.l---.^r^-a sr^-.^."I ".H"1^-.",^^,9'nlRsuuu w sr1 rrcuuudndosdrur]nfr finuru"lufirl?flil'lo t 6unr'r

tl

.idUA,riUffO{41n1? E0\r dys Iexia

I i 6l ul iol 4-- 4{ r,t {nsuuunndrusi r ul-lufr ilr artnn r Iu'lo t ?uil o rdtl 0 {flnu 1 8t4I an'l I

4qu'lo I iugasdruas'lufinreusnruclB ( dif f use )

flyuuu w r1nfi nc$uu c unu cw dr u11ufirlrafifinrruunu.ia'ttu

.{n0\:6[110{Ann?-l

FrBtruu w ilnfi c rlnG usi c!r t4'', finul"lufirlrafifin-,ru-totfutl

tasdrua.r druuilrros frontal lobe (prefrontal lobe)

fl't 1

dru


t

137

hrc$uuilnAnndru a.rqq"fi-l,duu16rfia.r'[uuornailnfirrirfiu usii'q

YuQ - -ifin1?u.lor6urr-,.sdruoou..ro.udiorrrr:d uiofinrrrfiorjnfr01sl^ru to tuunaat

:c dud ou ?sdrru.r rnnfi udu r f,urjnG'tfi 'lun :fi r duf,ctfi o.r"lfl n -r t fi s t nnuqCI--

nr3u r il,rrurdra"[unrrifrsta rurrvfisuf irorvuuurrlddrl.lrtltrstlFl?''l]l

unr^r d a { i o s du o s'tfi u si frn s vuu'j r a r n''l r ! o \t o ? 1ru unu'i 0 $ n 1 {dH a s cs d st'f a

r un rufisurtfin rrru n o sfi6un r zno daua ri'r sfifiadrdry r dufirlr afin r rrud rurn

"lunr:drreuArurfi'liiarifiunr t column ) !o.tttuuttodald'.rudo.r"tfi r fiufi'r

srrrrunu:'a\inoon.rnJ TvdY uian',rfifitJ.urof;l*ia0on rdatnrufiutj

n rrrts r andscriruuunodousiolrt or,lur$ t fra.ira nrrufi orJnfr sosl.fq&n zril

C , { a d {q- 4 --- a | {naai rila 1s s y t ilU t n i A sil'tfi t frun r r s n'l ? U 10 t i U n a {dil a { 0 B 1 { [ Os Ur'lau

- ! r':' t 4 '{ornad1rt"],il qcfia'lfi'.tfiufrililruuunodoudsl?ilna I a0luauo t ?

q :cufinfi { fi ori rfiosi r sr s a {uuunodau u nurfi o sfi er rru t ilr-lqffr.X.uo a sfi fl

n r rno da uu odun r r fi r dufiua r qr oil il ofi oua 1o r iot'ulfi '[un r tfi ru uunodo u

ilh'tA1unreiilsdserruunuiatnttduo\itra{Uana (Golden 1978: 10)

3. 3.ran.l? r rJtau r fiaunr:riruurnodau dorlrJffa t no{uauo{ r i{o-, e . | , ur dc -, -^.:^..^-.^,.:..t?"1--.sY-!

r ndd fi.r g dru ryn.jr.rnaiu{ilrafriluarddnrunr{dllo{ $nvnaila|il?sn Lil

fir,rarfidnrunrsdrua r ilr rn4'iror"uuunItnodailna.rfirJr afi.r z nrjH fi err lil

$onsir.rfiuadr.rfifitdrdgnrsafifr (p ( .001') fio 3 douuunodou ru4fl''l?

6 &- d 4 .ri-a^l- -..d-^Ffnr,tus{ t ilun'lrriuaunrrru t flaflo [fi spvnlru t ria{o1'lna{llilunodaudflril

6a r aa{uaud ri{o r nad.irfirtzrinBnrr^rg..r1unr:"tt, f,u, "dtsfiorlrraiua??i

fi'lRl.rilunuiasnosdros d.rdaoqfiaoiun.rAnsln0stnarfiu (Golden

1926a: 654-688) firi'rnrrnordau"tufirjraii"[6fruror6lnrsdru0t, nurjrrfi

runcfidea1sninufi ruu'i r uulnodauir nrA. r a o {u aud r i {o t nadf,A'ril 1?o

sq u ur dq d - ----^ttl--l^^^^Y^-:"P^-^- oa a cr- C

iilq{afiileaililnr:lro r 6unrsduo'116orirsnnfiotfisYoaas 84. 6 uonqrnu

;odfiudqr.nrtfinrrdnraarsafiu r du r ua t tn ( Perret lg7 4z 323-330 )

ua"Tna r fiu (Golden 1973: 6 ) fiuu'jrfirJrudlfi?uu'',o,6un.'tdrua{o'ls

I


a srfinrt{rlr fiaerrtudtutrn'lunT :druorira "l

138

unv{rJ t fi an rrrrdru rtn-tu

nrzuonfafi

*rn..nfi" rnn r zi r r, t rtr1 r fi oo'i rd rurarisfi r fi oua1fr dn1un1 {

du a.rfi s.la si a n r tfi ruuuno doudrvt ; :lfi n t a o { rr aud r i {o r nadrai olilfiu arn il t r n4

,i r d ruraris n r r'fi o ilnG n r.r dt| a .r fi u q n si r .r fiu"lilfi ar a si a n r z fr r $ uuno d o tt d ru

n.rrriando?i (c) uacuuilnodaldrunrt*iandadd"lAtutiA-, (cw) ii'rdso

srdasfiunT rdnnrnas t oa r tuil uat Aiur ao{ ( DeRenai & Spinn}er'

cited. in Kenneth & Edward 19?9: 203) firirnrrfinnTfirjratrnn']\t

dua.rfierliiion'r:iu!tto.rfi Hrauulnodau Ishihara plat'es uauttlJ1

n o d a u n r r i' ri fr fi n fi r a n fi .r fi u u''i r fi rl r s fi fi n r r ru u.nu'i a s n r r dr o .r d ru'traqia n

\idrrrzn{urid16 nrur r dsrfiu'tunrtfint","#of,fiur^ru'ir oiruurisdfioilnfr

nr sdu o.rilararirtfi r fioer 'r,1usrntd

1{ ! 0 {alaasuuun r:frrulunodou drun r s

drudr (u) adrsiifiadrfirynrtdfiE loafitlr afifiusridn'lunr sdru a {Bilu

nrru,rafirlil (Diffuse brain lesionl finvuu*,*dooaoatanr:firuuu

nodoudrun T zd rud r ( w ) a'rn'i'rf, rlr udfi r^'a ttsanrun o tdu o stn r r r ( Ri ght

henisphere Iesionr odrsfifiadrfiqnrsdfrfr $acd{n'irfirJradfiuarfi

dnrutardilosinff'ra (Left henisphere Iesionr odr.rlrififiairfirgnr'r

dAA druaranr:nodouuuunodaunrzd'rudr ( w ) :vra'ir'rfi rJrafiiuaridnrr'l

o nr rdu a ttnlrrunrdnflrtfiulduCInsi r sfiu d.r'til r f, ulilq ^,il nqrifi 'i r fi rfi

nr rufioiln6r a.rdu a.rtnflr s finfir"lfi r ion r rufioiln6 t oiuf o r fi arfiiln r z'lfl

n1p1 t Hrsqrn ifla rft"ld 2524: 321) nrziiiltrn0ala I duilfiitaao'ir

o r eacfi ruail11.Ifl o sdrjz"n ouuacdRtun I srilrrutfirirn I tnodou naired o !ilsdo ,,_.&-.y r . o-^rudortaonfisnrlilluuf{la{alnlzunnsir.lilnrnrtnodouilu6rlrS[[oasl'lgiln1T[tao\raillllr\rH r I'

r

fiu fi rlr au1 \i T.t aiin r rudo s a onfi sne'r I r 6urlranr t dr {fl 1 I ?uu?{tt 1fl lj''l {

:rafiarnrl?uuzriloa Ssdnrtrnrril r 6urlrsfifi"^si"ot.T ldrrufia rac

il:cRninluDo.:ilnenlunr:riruuunodol"tfi 6'rdTna t fiu ( Golden 19?B:

1o )'tfi nri.r rli*fi r.j -r uqfi n t rru ruyfi ruuunodouiiq r rrudr6ry'lun'r :dcv dr a

ifr-adserrilu.lo r 6unrrd'a.r r.rnu.nfi , unwainrJzon.r"dodfi r'lfiaranrz

a


o

139

q R rt- quoa 1 s [ fr oEu'[6q r n n'] ?-[f, i 1u,luna ilsl ? 0 s'1 { nn 1 fl "t rfinar"td r f,u1rtnrilnilDi

finrrilos riu"lrt

a

4. s{afl'lr r rlisu r fialnrtriruulnodoudorltl6n I ao{uouoi r i{o t ndd

y -r q e!.-.- do v ' s'-- -*.rtlufinrruunsruuufiiluacfi.r gdru -lufiSunrrnodaunurvou0'18$mno1\:flu n-'-S t

u" ouudilfuufi ro -ril r nilfr fl 1 r"lff rifi a r^ru'j'r r d arl."an I znodotr o sfi rJr afi s

2 nril tnairufiilr,raridnrunrsduasuavnriudlilfiuarBaR.run'l.ldila{) il1-,irl

' rt'tflsifi0uuunodauufir rfiaucrldililR2'lttuonsir{rosruatJTu9t,lrun4 t flilnn' . 'uuil'l t lli'lu t;t t

acuilulvtf irsfiiunT tnodalfifitsfiuo'tatt$ncirsfiu'lufirltufio z nrirr usi

d - t ' '.-- -'^-.:^$^.t) r ' dc

rilauq1?illqlnqvuuuoUrlu,t.ttlFlxltlunnsi'l{[dofru Lufirlrgfi{ 2 n6iilfriltl

:sfiuarauornsir sfiunai T rfi o "luilrle sfiiiua rfi dnrunr tdl o suu'i r r"6ua T adelrq'' g r{' nrzfiruuunodaudnrilfiarao{uoudri{ornaddrunrzdrudr$CIn0 1 {nUilAlAn 0n'l Xn-lBUUno'61 iru'c

e

(w) uaa;drunrtrtsndafl'tilfirridr (ew) odrsfifisdrdrgnr.rafifi tfizcfiu

.01 uas.0o1 et'1il6i1fiu) usildfiilasion1?ri1$ililnodaud?ufl'l1r€anflafr (c)6r ' ludrunr:eirudr ( w, firlrgfifiorarcfid1{ 16-25 il,luuuuno6foual,)un1lo1un'l $ r

d { o - ---.gd-^ F^r 4' 'uosrruu I odsna {n1Tn']ttuunodaildildo . 58 . 58 ) ?0 {a{il161oflOil018

26-44 il (b4.11) uacnriuara 45-64 il (43.39t CIrsdr6'uct

$ililnodoun1r r tandodii"tflnruririr ( cw) neiruaT qfiilacuuurqa'sdtl

_"iqI naoda a1s?uu'j1{ 16-2b il (12.88) To.:a{illdotvdlolq 28-44 iltit

(1s.44r unsrcdu0ls 45-64 il (t4.44t orlri16'l'l

t.tan 1:fifl$-rfi r flu"lrtn r unqafln a.rtna r fiu ( Go lden 19?8 : 6-? )

J, lru j.c d ^^,/^^. 5l o

fr i rdi ?un r ?nodoilfr il fl ''t s il 1 fl q v il n r : no n a I r a re ? 1ild1il 1 Tn lufl 'l 1 s']rtufl

$ Bnu ard.rsi r.rr r..rn'i rfi Tufl 1 I nodoufi a d"tulaurirar tut o Tann r {nu drniu'll!$l

uuilnqdaildrunrtrtsnflafi (c) dv , | | . r---in qn triuuo r 1il$ann'l { ?c14? 1 {t^llJ? Bnilua 1fl

ID

dnrr^lnr sdu a.r"tuusias :sfi uo r q a 1q qy r fiu t u: rc'i r a rnrsn1 {dil a odfi olnA

rir'Ifi rionrrtunr.riatlunlluanfi ( Kenneth & Edward 19?9 z 2O2-2OBI

a- g ur r - 6l ,3 ivv aq u e I d t'6.rfiufi rl r s $ ei a s T a-[un ei rurinn n u td 5 un r r Iils t a u 6 r i r ilu a rddnruln I { dil 0 $

!te


140

ai.rorqfiruuunodau'ludrunrrrtsnflad (c) lfililustnsir.rffu drunrrn

ruornsi. odru'luu uuno doun T : r i unt tf,lilfifi ur,id'l ( cw, fiur.o t fi onr rv n I z

doounrn ?un ruzcn'i r sn 1 co;l$ac Ei rudr r d ofi o r r*uonsi r.r r fi ofiu'lu t 4 t o

nr z ai T uri r n o sffrJa a'luusiat Itdur., isd sarasi on rrfi ruuunodaudrud r fir,

nr"riendo*d'tAluri,lr (cw) f,am

'tun {u {rl r e fi 'l'il fi u a r i dn r un r t dr o.r uu'i r R r r r u o n 0i r { I o { : c 6'u

arailHnsianrtriruutnadaldruntteirurir (w) odrsfifiadrdqnTtAfifid

:yfiu. 001 loe'luuuilnodounrreiruri'l (rrr fiiunrtnocaudfirocuuu, *do

agrdqaaqiludr{:sfiuars 1G - zs il

zB 44 il ( 74. 83 I uactcfiua'ls 45

(88.?s) io{a{ilrEa:cduarat

- 64 il (Gs.z3) srTrudrdu d.t

r f, u1r]o r il norfl d'i r fi f rn r zno da ufi fi o r a r 1 fl ls r fr o n r r r n o n a ari r'lfi fi n lr ldrt r zn'lun r z{ruun'lfifia an'irfiiun t:nodouigl,rducr rd.rfilfineir rt rufir

rusi"tu$uunodardrunll tuntrfrdlilfiil;dr ( cr{) tlr,rnflarn'ir1d

uue ? lrruonsir sa sir sfifiadrfirunr.rdfifi:cu'ir tt.ranr:nodotno.ofirlr adldil

o

uarfidnrunrsdra.rdfi rrduar4uonsir sfiu d.rld r f,ulrtortnqrflunuaulo'i3 'rv J a , 3

s'lunCI{ [? [uantilutfluu uqe<|qAr€do6?igilnx1ilao rfiu'1101s I no Iua{s1nn1fl'l?I

flnu r'tun aiu dr o ri r s dil { ruruei ouff r.rfi o I u n rldldn r uq l fi r u rl t 6un a { u dn c

rcdu o r a-lfifi fi nururlnfi r 6 a s fiu

d:,rJufir'lunrrfiruuunodaudorlrl6a r aa{uoud r i{o r nadfiu zs6'il

dru{roalan$onarsnuilarasianrtnruuunrdrufi ., g dru d'rfiu-lunrtfiruutnadou

Jrt'lilrt rrladrl q c fi a sfi n T ziliun "

uuu'tfi t uu rcdilfiurc6u o r ao r il fi ti riluo'tl5| / ourun4 r nilnn 1 ? rsrifi au uunqdo u r fr ari au is qr ?ir'lfi u uunrarr]ilfi o. r ru r d ofi 016

b. r{nn1r r rjigrJ r fiaun.rryiruurnodoudntil6a r ao{uoud t i{o'tt ' "[ufiiunrznodoudfi:ofiunrsfinrrumnsirsfiu r^rrt,ir"tunauarrn6l6n{ s rl?u lufiiunrznoroudfi:vfiunrsfin"lnJn,i.sfiu ul'ir"fr ' u

tlri<t.

il? B nriuB'1fl dnlun1 { 6{il a {ttl

r c fi u n tr fi nr r d u o n si 1 .t fiulri fi a, n si o n r z ri r u I u

nod0udnzrjfiarao{uoudri{ornas{fi.r s 6iru fiufit.",drourcrnua1fia, : .d a c u I r rru s s , q q

dR r un r r dru o s il r il o i'ufi ufi rJ r a d s ar n'tfi r fi o e r r rufi o rjn fi n o \t o "r fl 'r ? u a v u q d n z r n


141

o J-t+nBdo{0aflna'180n{flu fi t r dunr rufi oiln6d t fi otfru"luufi rdn rrfi r $ 1uB 0 {

A1o.r1uEfirrflunrrlfiortntsiirflulrtIoaiielrt (Diffuse lesion) cvfir

'lfirn'o01fl1?!a{flrt{rJrdsufirdrotdro.r'traqiraara "1 orjrsdrrufiu tdu

r?laarrtnzs{r ueldT,dto tilasrrrutqdsrqnro uiofinlrufiarlnBn, t

uqfin t:nu.o r. rui*.oOu uacfir r f,ua rrrufrolnfid t froffu, *r."d ( Focal

Iesionl fi'qrrir'lfi rfioneito'Ifl'li,*r."dri'to't rdu aphasia, apraxia,

annes ia r f,ufiu ii.rnrirua.n",rd t firffufi r do r fio'lufiileadfiuaridnrunrs

a, * r, nito fi 'r I ofi .t ilulH

rfirufiud fiusiliuo.l u^r.r,du 1 zszl :92) uf irrsrrraairfiucoiitt6ilnrt

frnrrunnoir sfiufisrt

u d'[un dru ff rl r a dldfi nr a rfi dn run r t dru o.,r u u'i't zs fi un r :fi npr du n nts

si r.rfiufi arasi onr :fi rurunodaudnrilfia r n o{u aud r i {o r nadfi s s druo d1 sil

fia*rfignr.raifi tfi:cdu .001, .01 uac . o1 ouiirdul losd'tuuuu

nedaudeunrzdrui, (w) uatdrunrzrtandaii (c) firhadfinrzfinur

rcHufissetfinrr uac:cduaarRnrr dTrr:nfirnuunrfrilfrdn'irfirlrudfi

n r rfinpr rc duil:snufinrr a d r rfi fi aC'rfiEn r.r afi 6 dru'tuu lttnodoun r t r i a n

trfidlAtotifi", (cw) firlrgfifinrzfinnrrcduqorudnrrd'rurrnfirulunodau

'tfi dn'i rff rl, un *udiln. rin". rt dlrJzs ntfint. r ri. ofi fi a drdqnr safi fr u silliU9

I | | de q u .qc . uu -- Cf---g-uiln ? 1 il u o n si.l.r o d r sIfi a d r dqn I t dri d rvu r t t 6 i ufl 'l I ne 5f o ilnil fl 1 ? 6{fl P1 T c oil

ilrsnrilnut uactsdtfrtalfrnr, iirwnn r zdn".fld r r"fi a tfiun r tfintr r o.t

Tuztro{urtu (Brovernan, cit,ed in Jensen 1966: 491 fir^rl'irfin?1il

u nnsi r r n o ssi rf,rurt z "RndauflHfiud

r a tu unodo udrr 1ilfia t a a {u oud r i {o r nad

. eu i a u ae S :rd ^)--L^^s-:lt^ {?cu?'l {af lun'l?no6toun t iluunf, n$1 guiln 1 $asfl aililaT drdfin? B o { a tnnr t'olo

n r s rf r du'r d il ".l

. u os| n si'l { fi ufi t'tuH r un r t fi nr r u a t o'r ilr,r

t.: r^r o a r rj'tf i r : r du n r r dn u. du n n si r s fi ufi at a si a n r z fi r u u un o d a u

dn : rlfin r a o {u aud r i io r nad"tuun" ^d'[tiil,

u rfi dn run r t du o.t

a

OCopyright by Mahidol University

a

l42

6. ilan11 r iltaurfiaunrrfiruuunodaudn:rjdn raa4uaud ri{o

r nadfis g dru rou.jrriliunr:noaaudfi r ur{sir{fiu uu'i'r'[unriu{ilraiiil

us.rfrdn.lunrrdrostvu.jrsrusldrauavrr,rrrrafrsldfisrrriluonsir'rfiu'tunT rrir

uuunodounr:riru61 (!rt uuunodoudrunrtriandad (c) uasfl'lltian

?rfrdlaturiA,., r cr.r) od,rtfifiafirdqnr.rafifr aranrrfinrrfiuil'lunriu{rhafi

fiil8 rfr dnrr.rnr sr{* o sil lri o rq6uffu16'i r t ior''lno ? ,.tlusrnsir { :cu'ir s t ud

arir.rufiqt o fi ofi r ur rrfi nr'lcn? 1il r 6urlranr sdro'r t fi rH r t fi artotdea d's

fl 1s r f,uala"lfiilqfi n r s u rrus fi r n r r no da u t ils s r ilulrtlfi

d.ru'tunriru{rtr ad1ilfir^ls rfidnrunr sd* o.rfiu uu'i rsr rruuurnsir 'i

rvu.jrt r r^rstfiarationrzfiruuunodaldorrjdn r ao4uaud ri{o r nAdfil g dru

orir,rfifiadrfiEnr.rdfi6 tfirc6il .01, .05 $as .001 nr*6rdll loa'tu

uurnodolnrzrirudr rw) rrurldrafieirradea.tn'iT rr'rotra6s fi8'429 uns

66.32 nrudrfiil) uuilnodaunr:tientafr (c) rurldrafinu$ultrofia

bz. 89 rurfufu.riloy$uu, *d, 45.7s uacuilunodalnrt r€anflo?id'lilfirri6r

(cw) rr,rrtdrsfinsuuuro6s 81. 086 rurtrafi'rilncuuur*d, 21--gB dsld

rf,u"trjstrilfinpruvorruunnsir{n1{rutdiifi{afrrjrrslluaranu'ir {uft.r"tilfiaa

C

6rrrnn'irfidr a dr o rfisAarilnno.rfiufusri'afirfi t fia rta.rfiunr:"lflnrt't

nrrfi*urnrsnrrri't r f,ulrtarirtzro t 6r t dfiu u:fifiErlna 2529 : 65)

O $asr{afl.lrfinr.rf,fi.r"tdaaonHasfilnrtfiflH1las 1afiau ( 1932) d01il

(1935i rsurdu (1960) UAY tsurduuatlrtro{ (196G1 fiuu'ir"lU

nr:firuu'nodondCIzrl6n r no{uoud ri{o r nAdfiu nrrruuCInsir{zcu'ir'0 tu'l

1ilfi arasi on r rfi rurunodaun'r r d rud 1 ( w I deu'tuuu:rnodou'tun r z t tand ad

( c ) firailsq rfifinpr"lun r: r i anfl ofr166n'i rfir r s o d r sfifiadrfirgn'r sdifi u si

9-

irraiuuuunodoun r l i unf odd"tilfi u{ri r ( cr,r ) fir*, ^

n''' tfi ntrn * silao onfi o'r

fiunrrfrnr.llo{ tuat znfi (Perretti' cited in Golden 1976:8)

d'u".l.uu$noirsna{0yuuunodoudrunr"rianda*dlanu,ia..'(cl'|,l"rt.jr.t

r ueld r su a v r r,relnft s o d r'rfi fi afi r 6En r'r rtfi fi 1o afi o"uuu r o6$na s t ur{dr a

e (55. 1l d.rn'j'rovuullrqf,anosrurdufr'l ( 48' 2)


a

143

d q , -.^ -J^^.- -lx.,o3-"fl'1 .i.t...''Xa.rfilmnt o {fl.l rnaran l rfinrrur.r drur o {n .r riirin #.tilltiattsrfia.rfiunRrflui o

nrrfinyrfiilurrirufiu or., flur!f?1un1liEan{tf,fiila{rfiourtil:vnr:'[u

drun a s { rurun { rufi r o ei r s u ac n 1 I a ? uqil fi r rr r]zfi fi 'rlri o r ounailrl afi 16

t. n'r z i t sr r r "

tiu I n v u uull 1 o 1 g1u! o s u llno d o udn t ilfia t a a i

uoud ri{a r nadfi.r g dru'lufiiunrznodot rurldra-uOs tsfiuotsluastcfiu

nr:finrrsirs "1

s 1nn 1 r i r n z r "

t{u r n'l 1 lt, d u o r, { B 0 su Uilno da ldsr r rl6a r n a {,v

uoud riio r nd6fir g dru ul'iruuunonauf,firirorrrhrotuuunodou

( Sensitivityl d{ rrdilirorrrl{1ru']v ( Specif icity ) ratulunodar't

riaufir.rdr ilrsn oufiuaran r zi r nzrr116nfiua r o r6ruilrsian'rrriruuunodau

uu,ir r ud o 1 q $ ay rcfiun r:dnrrdusrnsi''r sfiufi alasi an r triruuunodaldntil

f,a r aa{uoud ri{a r n*d fii{si{lfii r n:'rrriu,.'ncuuuil''tot1,..uilo.riltunrz

nodauloauana'liln?ruunnsir{tcu'j'l.t tuel :ufiuara uavtcdUnrtilnrr.dq

t^larl:rnnr 1 t il a ? t n s.t"fru anOtililts t tln! o sfi ruil:ufi ruuunodaildm zil

fia r ao{u aur{ r i{o r nadfi r g drufiileirorrrlrna suulnodou ( sens it iv itv )

uasri ro r rru.i r t g1v fl o.tulunorlau ( Spec if ic itY I *.rfruariT .r t fiulfi

il6f r su r d.rudor"luu,rr-.,rd 14, fi.r 4L, ii'rafirauuwanr:i{adr^rrir tilsl

a 1 q uac zcfiunr tfinurfi arasian r :fi ruulnodauds arJda r a a {u oud r i {o r nAd

drra{ln'rrfiruuunodouds|zilda r aa{uoud r i{a r nad lrt"lfl

rJ:cIagfin.r snhilnfiuq ? ? r fi on1floruiluil 1a 15rufi t uil -tc6ilufiufiiun r tnodau

too.nn. ri{sn*{il fi iiafi e r rrfi o r fiu'j'r a T q'liloc$uuil rB r5'lus o.rTna t fiu

r fiur nrudnrsfioiut:q"td , dro.rnfirirerrrruhrornrrnod'rJ ( sens it ivitv i

ra€ onrn c r'lil r neudn"uuutt ''," rg.ud1fis'lnn r:i{ao{tfi t fiu

a

o

r{tuodret r:r nru.frnr:fioiulzn {iia r rtuo.irnrz"lflnrrrrusrngirsnr{o1s r flt t neufirJlsflou

n r zfis r tzur iiud 0qs$uullt"gt*d*u1ufiTun mn'a' ufifidr s o r a,:vu'ir'r

16-2s il, z6-44 il uay 4s-64 il fiof,rur1c?rnnr:itsuu'ir orsfi

a infiuasian r rfiruuunodourlo 3r.tfia r a a {u aud r i {o r nad fi'l"lunrilfirl? aiifi


a

t44

us1i dr 1,!rn'l ldr a .r u ar n ri l{rtr ailliils ridnrunr*du a r'lum" i r xduas

:udun r rAlnrr ii niund on r riru uuncdaudn g$f,a r nai'u aun r i in r nadt a rfirtraii'tdiua'ridntrnr,odra.rrila'rnrirrdarrrirfiu ii.ru*rr-lfirfiu'irfiruilrl. oil* r.u C rfini ouir.rd rd u n. r ri.u r]unn d audrrrlda r e a {u oud r i {e r nadtt

a

o


o unfi 5

dzrjnr:i{Buac ilo t duouuc

n'r ri ia n * sf,fi r o ri srail 1 I r fi oi r n t r ttira r n r r I u riun t s

(Validity) unvo'l1llrflofialfi (Reliabilitv) f,0{uilunadoudnril

6n r ao{uoud ri{o rndd r.ufio rrjiaurfiarnrrruondr{rarrunnr:riruurj

no daudn :rl6a r a o {u aurl r i {o r nAsl t"rai r.r fi rjr adfi nra "idarunr

tdil o {u nc

fiilr atlilfir.ra rfidnrunr sdru a s r ilarirrtzrruo*dra;u1rt'tfl'tusrufirunfifin

n ai ru dr o :i'r sfi'lfl 'tun r ri i a n {.rf, r fl ufi rl r gfifi r^ra rfi dn run r .r dr a sfi

rilriunrtinrr'luuwufla''lazdrdn4 lzsuaruraBizrtr uas'udrail:sdtn

inar 1:tuarurailzsdrnuETln {ruru so 114 laadnrrriltaurfisufiufi

rJr giililfi,^rarBdnrunr tdr a.rfi r fir ?un r t?nurfir a1znnr t a 1s rnrtil '[u

uafuno'ls?d'rngt{ 1:tuarurafii:rf druru eO ?'ls "lufinrils'{uci lfifi

r ud 0 1 auau zsfitnr rfinyr'lnfi r d a.rfiu fl '11 [ fi onnrilfir a d r s r fluulu t ilt'l1sI

rq.1sq{ (purposive sanpling) rfia"lfilfinrgnzudliifidrirrauoll

r nio.rfi afi'lil"lunr riiss,#sfi il:snoufi rs

n . urLufiufin il ouadrufir ra tnairudradr s

B. uutnodsudozilfiarao{uaudri{orndd dsurisaanrflu 3

attrdru6o dourunodaunrrnirudr (w) douuunodailfl'l1rtsanflo;i (c) uns

doutunod0iln'r r t tsnd tfrii'[ilfrrr$d r ( cw )

fl 1 t r fiu: rrLt rl ilorn fiiiafi rn I : r fi onnaiufi r orir'rfi sdo sndilq rn

uuurJo {ruiiufin:l:v T6r o.rfirJr s r fia"tfilfinaitfir o dr.rfifinrurrufi6*. ',g|tud

rirrauorll q'rnfiuffiis'tfidr rilunr:noaolfirhafi'r z nairufiranut o': loa

f, unrrfirj :" {6tlrufr rrt trl zs n r tnqdoudnrrjfia r aa4uoud r i{o r n*o{

uasrirn r :nodalu uttz r aqnn afi ? s$ ililc

a


o

146

t. eirqrrrrusdafio"tfi (Reliability) notuuunodoudn:il

- 4 4 <l ' e ' | .s-g-'lvi- !.-.-"?-.9-Poa r aoTttauo r ??o t ndd fi'r g dru uild"tgl?1]l t dado [6n:c6ilil8d'l6Un1{

.UdfrAfi . os 6.ril

n. uuunodaudrunr:airudr (w) rir r = 0.925

B. uuunodoudrunr:riandad (c) rir r = 0.6323

Fr. uuunodor.rdrunrltundoadlffitrial ( cw) ir r = 0.7576

z. sirnrrt rfiuurr\too\tuuunodolderil6a rao{uouo{ ri{o rnad

fio g dru 1fialad.ruao.r'tuo''tzr.rfi 42

J . . d rer----1-.--.!.:t^.---! Hst1?1{n 42 lr6to\:q1n?1illn8{CI1{rarurnmodoildn:L6ataotrraunritotndn fi.r g dru

!t

douuumrdauq

stvtn{uil'16t15'Tu

5vn0{ Lflatou

asuuilil.lsng'lu rir sensitivity eir specificityd.r s qun Loq.]nn'1I?q8

O $uunodau

nr:Eirudr twl 97

75 81.67

100.00

46.67

8.33

uurmodou

60

58 96.67

da. sg

2L.67

18. 33nrrrtanila;ttci

53- 33

35.00

96.67

100.0031

25

uuunodou

^. { .ldn1? [ ?8fltrO6ln

"tflfimldr t."la


O

r47

g. aran.,ri r 6ri1yr{ r rjiau r fisilnrtnodauutlnodaudmtrjda r ao{

uaudri{ornad fio s dru :cu'ir{n6iu{rleadfir^rarfidnrilnrsdruotuasnaiu

{rtraiilriiluarfidnT r^rnr.tdlo.r firsidnT :noraoufiuuu{uei (Match pair

T-test I r,lu'j lervuuunodaun o.rfi ilr afi 'r A nuiu ilor riluOntdr t a ri r'rfi.at

fiadrfignrsdfi& fit"fiu -001 fi': 3 donililnodau

L. nrzi r srrrtr{ r rJtau t fiaualanrznodauulunodaudcllrtda r aa{

uaudri{ornadfis s dru rvra'i'r.rfiiunrrnodaudil:"duaT asir{fiu loa-[il

if,i rnzrrdnrriluilrili?uuililn1\r rdar (Anova) dlilaranr:i tnz'tcli

-go{u

n. n{r{dradiuaridn'runrsdrua't

ldr^run rrtunnsir 'r a rir silfisdrHqnr.rafifi !a {ncuilufl'11

nodauutunodoudotlr1daraa{uoudri{otnAd f;o g dru'lu{iunrtnodou

;; ;. ;;; ; 1,.., u'," *lll;ll;::l

i:.l*i:*x#l:3t; :1, "....,

""nodaldrunrzrirudr (r,r) uatd:odu .OO1 "tuuuunodaudrunrrrignd'aii

dlAtr,rlA -, ( cw ) udldglsr r rHuCInri r s o ei r.rfi fi a irfirynr.rdfi 6'[uuuunodou

n.rtrtantafr (c) rdarirntuuufiulritnyr"#

r. n{H{rhadldiiua'ri*nrunrtdr o s

I - uilo?.lruondr{od'rsiifiadr6rgnr.rafifrd:ufiil .01 'luulu

nedaudrun r r eirud r ( w ) udliluun r rH$nnoir {orir sfifiadrdrgn'r.rafifi'lu

uurnodaudrunr:riandofi (c) unsn1r,isniladfi"lilfilririr (cw) tfit

sr"uuufiuiliuufirn riln4 , n,udn r:lt{fi onr:nodou

r^ru6t?rilunnsi'rsadrsfifis1*rfiqnrsafifid:cdu . 001'luuuu

nodordrunrtdrudr (n)

udlililuer rriluon0i't.r o dr.rfifia*rdqnr tcfifi

rt

'tuu uunodsudeun r t r iand o

, d ari",otuuuduu ri t nz rtr{

I

A (c) ua'drun',r,?undrfidlffir,iri.r (cw)


t

148

s. nlri r or.'rsd r rjtJu r fiauaranr:nodouulunodaildorrjda r aa{

*oudri{ornfd rio s d.tu rcu'ir.ril?unr:noAsufifit"6unr:frn'1uondrs

fiu loa'lflidi t nzrtdnrrruttiltrJ:?uuililn''l{ r dar ( Anova) d1ilru.n11

a /Ys- 3iIo?1Y11 Loo{u

n . 1dlun rrluon0i.l s o rir.rfifiaErfirJnr.rcfi6 n o {ncuuun'11

nodau $uilnodoudsrlrl6a r ao{uoual r i4o r nAd fio s dru 1un{l{rhadfi

r^ra ridu a {n1.ralt a 'rfifi:cfiun.t zfrnprunnrir sfiu

f, . r.ruo ? -r r u sr n si .l .t n a { a v ttuun r t na d a uu luno d o tldo t rl6a r a a {

u aud r i {e r nad ori.r.rilfiadrdqnr.rafrfifizsdu . 001 '[uuuunodoldrunr:

t drudr (w) dztfiu.or -luurunodordrunlrriania?i (c) uno'luull

nodoudrun'r r r €andtdd'lfifirurld r ( cw )

*rr o.rdfi ts fi tn r :finnru onsi T tfiu

rcra'i r {firJr adldfiuarficn'lun1{

6. ntrirn:r"r{rrliautfiailHnnr:nodotl uulnodoudo:il6araa{

uaudri{ornad fio g dru zvu'jrsfiiunr:nodotltuddrauavrudrafls dra

iiinrtnodou fi (t-testl d:rJaralddsfi

n. lriulnrrlunndrsro{ruanrtnodauadr'rfifiadrfiEnrsAfifi

'[uuuunodaudrun rrnirui r ( w ) usilduune rilunndr { o dr tfifiadrdrgnr 'rdfifi

"tuuurnodardrunrr rtsndoii ( c) uns uuunodaufl ''rr t tandadd'lflfirridr

I ( cw ) rru.i r s{rlr adfirlgrficn,tunl tdrt a s t udd r auav t uelraft't

a . uun I .1iluansi r s n o {ru6fl 1 snodolo d r sfifi adrfirgn, snfi fi d

rvdu .01 "luuutnodaldruntrdrudr (w) rlas$ililne daldrunrr rtando

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zszr.'tdo*rtu'tr

.!l

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9

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u*s{td dT ar.rdga o.o.udu f . inins'rfrrlil. ttat'lud, ltsfilrrlffr.r

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unrina rfig t nrn:s{rdn {, 25 19 .

oolt finrruiqrrd. ltninuaonlrsutjtiltrunr{in ilsuil:silrru zszz -2529-i-'-n1.0 t nililfi'luar, Tt.rfrruri*iofiud, 2528.

Abransonr J.H. Sur:rey net\ods in Conmunity nedicine.

Second edition. New York: Curchill Livi'ng Store

Inc., 1979.

Golden, C.J. "A Group Version of the Stroop Color and lford

Test. " Journal of Personal ity Assesssen'L. 39

( 19?5a): 3BG

. "The Measurenent of Creativity by the Stroop

Color and tford Test. " Journal of Personalitv -Assessnent. 39( 19?5b): 502-506.

. "Identification of Brain Disorder by the Stroop

Color and l{ord Test . " Journal of Cl inical

Psychology. 32(July 1976at: 654-658.


155

Golden, c.J. The identification of brain damaEe

abbreviated form of the Halstead

neuropsychological battcry." Journal of

Psychology . 32(October: 1976b) : 822'

. stroop color and tf ord Test,. I I I inois: stoel ing

ConPanY' l'978.

Guttnan, Ruth. "Perfor&ance on eight spatial ability tests

as a function of age and education" Educational

Gerontology- 1O ( 1984) : 1-11 '

Jensen, A.R. "scoring the Stroop Test' " @24 (october 1965): 398-408'

Jensen, A.R. and Rohwer' U.D. .,The Stroop Color-l{ord Test:

A Review. " l@. 25 (January 1966):

36-93.

Kenneth, il. He i lnan . and Edward ' Valensf ein . C I in i.cal -

Neuropsycholocy. Neu York: 'oxford University

Press, 1979.

perret, E. "The left frontal lobe of nan and the

suppression of habitual responses in verbal

categorical behavior. " NepropEychologia. 12 ( 1974):

323-330.

by an

Re itan

Cl iroical

Fundanentals

HeaIth and

Peterson, R. Donald and Thomas, B. David'

and EPidernioIogY. U.S.A.: D'C'

Corrpany ' 1978.

Rand, G. et al. "Age differences in perfornance on the

stroop color - l{ord Test. " Journql.,of Personality.

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j


I

156

RoberL, E. Silvernan; Psvcholggv. Fourth edition. New

Jersey: Prentice Hall, fnc., 1982.

Stanton, Babette, Ar et, aI. "Age and educationat differences

on the Trail Making Test and lfechsler Menory Scales."

perceptual & ltotor Skills 58 (Febuary 1984): 311-318.

\)

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'rin't uno.' :l: li;; H:mulinet11.li.mahidol.ac.th/e-thesis/scan/15467.pdf · err trufioilnfit a...

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