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Research Methodology - Methods and Techniques 2004
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1Research Methodology:An IntroductionMEANING OF RESEARCH
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F 2 G ? D > : C 9 C H I 6 D @ = 9 4 6 ; 6 D 4 < ? J K L A 8 D 5 @ 5 > ; ; 5 M @ 5 7 5 < D @ < 6 5 @ I C : 6 4 @ > 5 I 6 ; E
N 2 O 5 ; > 5 @ M H 5 ; ? = 6 > P 6 6 @ Q 6 ; 6 D 4 < ? I 6 > ? C : ; D @ : Q 6 ; 6 D 4 < ? I 6 > ? C : C 8 C M 9 E
R 2 O 6 ; < 4 5 = 6 > ? 6 : 5 7 7 6 4 6 @ > > 9 A 6 ; C 7 4 6 ; 6 D 4 < ? S < 8 6 D 4 8 9 A C 5 @ > 5 @ M C H > > ? 6 : 5 7 7 6 4 6 @ < 6 = 6 > P 6 6 @ D @ 6 L A 6 4 5 I 6 @ > D @ : D
; H 4 B 6 9 E
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2 G 4 5 > 6 ; ? C 4 > @ C > 6 ; C @ U
V W X
O 6 ; 5 M @ C 7 > ? 6 4 6 ; 6 D 4 < ? A 4 C Y 6 < > Z
V [ X
K L A C ; > 7 D < > C 4 6 ; 6 D 4 < ? Z
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C > 5 B D > 5 C @ 5 @ 4 6 ; 6 D 4 < ? Z
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= Y 6 < > 5 B 6 ; C 7 4 6 ; 6 D 4 < ? Z
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4 5 > 6 4 5 D C 7 M C C : 4 6 ; 6 D 4 < ? Z
V b X
Q 6 ; 6 D 4 < ? D @ : ; < 5 6 @ > 5 7 5 < I 6 > ? C : E
c 2 d K I A 5 4 5 < D 8 4 6 ; 6 D 4 < ? 5 @ e @ : 5 D 5 @ A D 4 > 5 < H 8 D 4 < 4 6 D > 6 ; ; C I D @ 9 A 4 C = 8 6 I ; 7 C 4 > ? 6 4 6 ; 6 D 4 < ? 6 4 ; f E g > D > 6 > ? 6 A 4 C = 8 6 I ;
> ? D > D 4 6 H ; H D 8 8 9 7 D < 6 : = 9 ; H < ? 4 6 ; 6 D 4 < ? 6 4 ; E
V h i j k l m n o k p q r s k t s k u v n w k p x i y k t z { | { X
}
2 d ~ 4 6 ; 6 D 4 < ? ; < ? C 8 D 4 ? D ; > C P C 4 D ; D Y H : M 6 D @ : : 6 4 5 B 6 > ? 6 > 4 H > ? D @ : @ C > D ; D A 8 6 D : 6 4 P ? C 5 ; C @ 8 9 6 D M 6 4
> C A 4 C B 6 ? 5 ; < D ; 6 5 @ 7 D B C H 4 C 7 ? 5 ; A 8 D 5 @ > 5 7 7 E f O 5 ; < H ; ; > ? 6 ; > D > 6 I 6 @ > A C 5 @ > 5 @ M C H > > ? 6 C = Y 6 < > 5 B 6 ; C 7
4 6 ; 6 D 4 < ? E
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5 @ H 5 4 9 > ? D > I D 5 @ > D 5 @ C = Y 6 < > 5 B 5 > 9 S < 8 D 4 5 > 9 S D < < H 4 D < 9 D @ : < C @ ; 5 ; > 6 @ < 9 f E O 5 ; < H ; ; > ? 5 ; ; > D > 6 I 6 @ > D @ : 6 L D I 5 @ 6
> ? 6 ; 5 M @ 5 7 5 < D @ < 6 C 7 4 6 ; 6 D 4 < ? f E
V h i j k l m n o k p q r s k t s k u v n w k p x i y k t z { | X
2 d Q 6 ; 6 D 4 < ? 5 ; I H < ? < C @ < 6 4 @ 6 : P 5 > ? A 4 C A 6 4 7 D < > 7 5 @ : 5 @ M S D @ D 8 9 ; 5 ; D @ : 6 B D 8 H D > 5 C @ E f O C 9 C H D M 4 6 6 P 5 > ? > ? 5 ;
; > D > 6 I 6 @ > J 5 B 6 4 6 D ; C @ ; 5 @ ; H A A C 4 > C 7 9 C H 4 D @ ; P 6 4 E
1 2 e > 5 ; C 7 > 6 @ ; D 5 : > ? D > > ? 6 4 6 5 ; @ C > D A 4 C A 6 4 8 5 @ = 6 > P 6 6 @ ; C I 6 C 7 > ? 6 D < > 5 B 5 > 5 6 ; H @ : 6 4 P D 9 5 @ > ? 6 P C 4 8 : C 7
D < D : 6 I 5 < ; D @ : 5 @ I C ; > = H ; 5 @ 6 ; ; 5 @ C H 4 < C H @ > 4 9 E ~ < < C H @ > 7 C 4 > ? 5 ; ; > D > 6 C 7 D 7 7 D 5 4 ; D @ : M 5 B 6 ; H M M 6 ; > 5 C @ ; 7 C 4
5 I A 4 C B 6 I 6 @ > E
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2Defining the Research Problem
WHAT IS A RESEARCH PROBLEM?
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CONCLUSION
-
Questions1 2 O 6 ; < 4 5 = 6 7 H 8 8 9 > ? 6 > 6 < ? @ 5 H 6 ; C 7 : 6 7 5 @ 5 @ M D 4 6 ; 6 D 4 < ? A 4 C = 8 6 I E
F 2 G ? D > 5 ; 4 6 ; 6 D 4 < ? A 4 C = 8 6 I J O 6 7 5 @ 6 > ? 6 I D 5 @ 5 ; ; H 6 ; P ? 5 < ? ; ? C H 8 : 4 6 < 6 5 B 6 > ? 6 D > > 6 @ > 5 C @ C 7 > ? 6 4 6 ; 6 D 4 < ? 6 4 5 @
7 C 4 I H 8 D > 5 @ M > ? 6 4 6 ; 6 D 4 < ? A 4 C = 8 6 I E 5 B 6 ; H 5 > D = 8 6 6 L D I A 8 6 ; > C 6 8 H < 5 : D > 6 9 C H 4 A C 5 @ > ; E
V h i j k l m n k p q r s t s k u v n w k p x i y k z { | { X
N 2 C P : C 9 C H : 6 7 5 @ 6 D 4 6 ; 6 D 4 < ? A 4 C = 8 6 I J 5 B 6 > ? 4 6 6 6 L D I A 8 6 ; > C 5 8 8 H ; > 4 D > 6 9 C H 4 D @ ; P 6 4 E
V h i j k l m n k p q r s t s k u v n w k p x i y k z { | X
R 2 G ? D > 5 ; > ? 6 @ 6 < 6 ; ; 5 > 9 C 7 : 6 7 5 @ 5 @ M D 4 6 ; 6 D 4 < ? A 4 C = 8 6 I J K L A 8 D 5 @ E
T
2 G 4 5 > 6 ; ? C 4 > @ C > 6 ; C @ U
V
D
X
K L A 6 4 5 6 @ < 6 ; H 4 B 6 9 Z
V
=
X
5 8 C > ; H 4 B 6 9 Z
V
; C 7 D 4 6 ; 6 D 4 < ? A 4 C = 8 6 I Z
V
:
X
Q 6 A ? 4 D ; 5 @ M > ? 6 4 6 ; 6 D 4 < ? A 4 C = 8 6 I E
c 2 d ? 6 > D ; C 7 : 6 7 5 @ 5 @ M > ? 6 4 6 ; 6 D 4 < ? A 4 C = 8 6 I C 7 > 6 @ 7 C 8 8 C P ; D ; 6 H 6 @ > 5 D 8 A D > > 6 4 @ f E K L A 8 D 5 @ E
}
2 d @ C P 5 @ M P ? D > : D > D D 4 6 D B D 5 8 D = 8 6 C 7 > 6 @ ; 6 4 B 6 ; > C @ D 4 4 C P : C P @ > ? 6 A 4 C = 8 6 I 5 > ; 6 8 7 D ; P 6 8 8 D ; > ? 6 > 6 < ? @ 5 H 6
> ? D > I 5 M ? > = 6 H ; 6 : E f K L A 8 D 5 @ > ? 6 H @ : 6 4 8 9 5 @ M 5 : 6 D 5 @ > ? 5 ; ; > D > 6 I 6 @ > 5 @ > ? 6 < C @ > 6 L > C 7 : 6 7 5 @ 5 @ M D 4 6 ; 6 D 4 < ?
A 4 C = 8 6 I E
2 G 4 5 > 6 D < C I A 4 6 ? 6 @ ; 5 B 6 @ C > 6 C @ > ? 6 d D ; C 7 : 6 7 5 @ 5 @ M D 4 6 ; 6 D 4 < ? A 4 C = 8 6 I f E
-
3Research DesignMEANING OF RESEARCH DESIGN
"
%
-
NEED FOR RESEARCH DESIGN
-
FEATURES OF A GOOD DESIGN
)
IMPORTANT CONCEPTS RELATING TO RESEARCH DESIGN
-
' $
(
-
#
/
#
/
#
)
#
)
)
)
DIFFERENT RESEARCH DESIGNS"
-
)
%
%
$
)
%
$
-
"
"
*
-
"
%
(
*
*
%
-
Table 3.1
h
i v
n m p x
w
i
r
y
w i
n o
n
n o
n i m
n
_
B 6 4 D 8 8 : 6 ; 5 M @ 8 6 L 5 = 8 6 : 6 ; 5 M @
V
: 6 ; 5 M @ I H ; > A 4 C B 5 : 6 Q 5 M 5 : : 6 ; 5 M @
V
: 6 ; 5 M @ I H ; > I D 6
C A A C 4 > H @ 5 > 9 7 C 4 < C @ ; 5 : 6 4 5 @ M : 5 7 7 6 4 6 @ > 6 @ C H M ? A 4 C B 5 ; 5 C @ 7 C 4 A 4 C > 6 < > 5 C @
D ; A 6 < > ; C 7 > ? 6 A 4 C = 8 6 I
X
D M D 5 @ ; > = 5 D ; D @ : I H ; > I D L 5 I 5 ; 6
4 6 8 5 D = 5 8 5 > 9
X
V
5
X
g D I A 8 5 @ M : 6 ; 5 M @ C @ A 4 C = D = 5 8 5 > 9 ; D I A 8 5 @ M : 6 ; 5 M @
4 C = D = 5 8 5 > 9 ; D I A 8 5 @ M : 6 ; 5 M @
V
4 D @ : C I
V
A H 4 A C ; 5 B 6 C 4 Y H : M 6 I 6 @ > ; D I A 8 5 @ M
X
; D I A 8 5 @ M
X
V
5 5
X
g > D > 5 ; > 5 < D 8 : 6 ; 5 M @ C A 4 6 A 8 D @ @ 6 : : 6 ; 5 M @ 7 C 4 D @ D 8 9 ; 5 ;
4 6 A 8 D @ @ 6 : : 6 ; 5 M @ 7 C 4 D @ D 8 9 ; 5 ;
V
5 5 5
X _
= ; 6 4 B D > 5 C @ D 8 @ ; > 4 H < > H 4 6 : 5 @ ; > 4 H I 6 @ > ; 7 C 4 g > 4 H < > H 4 6 : C 4 P 6 8 8 > ? C H M ? > C H >
: 6 ; 5 M @ < C 8 8 6 < > 5 C @ C 7 : D > D 5 @ ; > 4 H I 6 @ > ; 7 C 4 < C 8 8 6 < > 5 C @ C 7 : D > D
V
5 B
X _
A 6 4 D > 5 C @ D 8 : 6 ; 5 M @ C 7 5 L 6 : : 6 < 5 ; 5 C @ ; D = C H > > ? 6 ~ : B D @ < 6 : : 6 < 5 ; 5 C @ ; D = C H >
C A 6 4 D > 5 C @ D 8 A 4 C < 6 : H 4 6 ; C A 6 4 D > 5 C @ D 8 A 4 C < 6 : H 4 6 ; E
%
(
%
*
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS
*
-
*
%
0
, (
"
-
Important Experimental Designs
* * "
"
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Fig. 3.1
! " # $ %
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Fig. 3.2
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Fig. 3.3
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Fig. 3.4: Two-group simple randomized experimental design (in diagram form)
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Fig. 3.5: Random replication design (in diagram form)
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Fig. 3.7
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Fig. 3.10
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$ " % " % # # $ & '
" & & " # #
$ $ & '
( ) ( ! # * ! $ ' ' % $
* # $ ! $ ! % ! # ! & $ " * #
$ ! " $ ! ' + * # % # & & & ,
- " & " . & # '
+ ( ) ( # & ' /
& # " ! & " 0
Fig. 3.111 & & # # & # 2
3 " & # % " "
$ ( ) ( # & " ! $ ! $ ! #
$ $ & ! $ ! '
4 5 5 6 7 8 9 : 8 ; < = > ? @ A ) B # & C '
A ) B # & " & # & * # $ !
$ & $ ! ' D # 3 & " & # 0
Fig. 3.12 # & # & & # $ - ' % E % 1 % F % G &
* # $ ! $ $ - ' % % % & $ ! H ( & &
" ! $ ' " ( ) ( # & !
# ! & # $ ' E " # @ I ) I C '
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# & # $ " # & # & &
& # # & " $ # & # & & & $ '
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& # * & ' E " #
$ ! # # * & ' & & "
* # $ ! $ " # " $ ! % &
" $ " $ % " ! # ( ) ( ) ( # * &
" " & " ! " + ' B ' H B '
Fig. 3.13 + ' B ' H A $ & " ! " '
Fig. 3.14
-
# F H & ! $ ( ) ( ) (
& # E % $ & $ ! H % $ & $ ! ( ' + #
! # # & & & $ ! ' ' % * # "
$ ! ' # ! " ! &
$ ! @ + C ! " $ !
3 @ C ' & ( ) ( ) (
% & $ & ! 0
* # $ ! " $ ! H @ ) F H C
* # $ ! " $ ! ( @ ) F ( C
F $ ! H " $ ! ( @ F H ) F ( C
" ! " $ @ ! "
$ ! ' ' % ) F H ) F ( C '
# # & & & * # $ ! % #
# # ! # & H % ( % B A & # E " # ! #
& % % & # 1 ' " # & & & * # $ ! %
& $ ! H $ ! ( % ! ' # % # & & &
$ ! H % & * # $ ! $ ! ( % ! & " #
# ! # & H % B % " # ! # & ( % A % &
( ) ( ) ( & ' # % # # & & &
$ ! ( & * # $ ! $ ! H % & # ! # &
H % ( % # " # ! # & B % A % '
! & % % & ) F H ! $ %
# $ ! ( & " # $ ( ) ( & #
( ) ( ) ( ! # ! & $ & " + ' B ' H '
Fig. 3.15 # % # & ' & &
% # ! ! $ % # & "
$ ! # # ' 1 &
" & $ ! & ( ) ( ) (
'