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3

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System)

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(."Citizen Band Radio "CB-Radio )

25

(.Full Duplex System )

12

.( 2-1 )

(MTS)

( "Improved Mobile Telephone System "IMTS )

1000 12

. 1968( Bell Labs )

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15

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1979

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("Nippon Telegraph and Telephone "NTT)

KHz 25 600 MHz 800

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( FM )

KHz 25

KHz 3

( Multiple Access System )

MCS-L1( FDMA )

12.5 MCS-L2

KHz

16

.

("Nordic Mobile Telephone "NMT) 1981

MHz 450

1986

( NMT 450 ) NMT MHz 900

( NMT 900 )

. 40

("Total Access Communication System "TACS)

KHz 25 1985 1982

( MHz 960 MHz 935( )MHz 915 MHz 890 )

(.Extended TACS (ETACS 25

(AMPS )1982

(Advanced Mobile Phone Service)

(AMPS 800 832( MHz 30 KHz

( FDMA )

.(FM)

17

(C-450) 1985

KHz 10 MHz 450

560 Radiocom 2000

.KHz 12.5

)(

NNT 1979 800

AMPS 1981 800

NMT 450

800

1981

1986

TACS 1985 900

C 450 1985 450

Radiocom2000 450

900

1985

1986

RTMS

TACS

450

900

1985

1990

. ( 1-2 )

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band AMPS ) AMPS

KHz 10 30KHz

KHz 6.5 KHz 25

.

( FM )

(noise)

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.

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( NMT ) %50

. (NMT)

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( Mobile Telephone Exchange "MTX".)

( Home Location Register "HLR".)

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( Mobile Station "MS".)

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( MTX )

.

( ) ( MTX )

256

.

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(:NMT ) -1

( Full Duplex )

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( HLR )

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( Challenge - Response )

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21

( Personal identification number "PIN":)

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( PIN )

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.

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.

.4

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22

. .7

) (. .8

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( Analogue System )

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(Global System for Mobile "GSM" )

ETSI" (European Telecommunication Standards Institute" )

23

.

MHz 900( GSM )

MHz 25

MHz 900

1900 MHz 380 14

MHz ) GSM (

(GSM)

.

(FDMA/TDMA 25 ( MHz

Radio ) KHz 200 124

Spectrum )

.(GMSK )

24

.

GSM

(P-GSM 900 25( MHz 900 MHz (E-GSM 900 )

MHz 10 MHz 900 MHz 35

MHz 75 GSM-1800

.MHz 1800

(MHz)

(MHz( )Uplink)

(MHz) (Downlink)

(MHz)

P-GSM 900

(Primary)

900 890.0 - 915.0 935.0 - 960.0 25

E-GSM - 900

(Extended)

900 880.0 - 915.0 925.0 - 960.0 35

GSM 1800

(PDC)

1800 1710.2 - 1784.8 1805.2 - 1879.8 75

GSM 1900

(PCS)

1900 1850.2 - 1909.8 1930.2 - 1989.8 60

(GSM( )2-2 )

25

( GSM )

:

( Digital Advanced Mobile Phone System "D-AMPS" )

(D-AMPS )Interim Standard 136)( )IS-136( )Interim

Standard 54( )IS-54.)

Code Division Multiple Access - Generation One "cdmaOne") )

(."Interim Standard 95 "IS-95 )

( Personal Handy System "PHS" )

.

(GSM ( (D-AMPS )

( GSM ) 2008

.

) ( Packet Data

( GSM - Phase1( )GSM )

( GSM - Phase2 )

.

26

)(

( Circuit Switching )

(Data Rates 9.6( Kbps

.

( Time Slot ) 4

Kbps 38.4

.("High Speed Circuit Switched Data "HSCSD )

(GSM ) 2-3-1

(GSM )( 2-3)

27

(GSM ) 2-3-2

("Mobile Station "MS ) .1

( GSM )

Subscriber( )Mobile Equipment ) ( )

Identity Module "SIM".)

(GSM ) ( 2-4 )

("IMEI" International Mobile Equipment Identity )

International Mobile Subscriber )

Identity "IMSI" )

( IMSI )

28

( .International )

("Base Station Subsystem "BSS ) .2

:

(:"Base Transceiver Station "BTS ) -

64

.

:("Base Station Controller "BSC ) -

( (BTS 30 20

( BSC ) ( A-bis)

(BTS.)

( ("Mobile Switching Center "MSC .3

.

("Home Location Register "HLR ) .4

.

29

:

. -

. -

. -

. -

. -

. -

("Visitor Location Register "VLR ) .5

(. MSC )

:

. -

. -

. -

. -

30

("Equipment Identity Register "EIR ) .6

( .EIR )

("Authentication Center "AuC ) .7

( MSC )

( OMC) ( HLR )

.

("Operation & Maintenance Center "OMC ) .8

(EIR )( 2-5 )

31

.

:

( .OMC-S ) -

( .OMC-R ) -

(GSM ) 2-3-3

(GSM )

:

(:IMSI ) .1

( : SIM )

(: MCC ) -

(.PSTN )

(: MNC ) -

.

10(: MSIN ) -

.

32

(.IMSI( )2-6 )

(:TMSI) .2

( MS( )IMSI )

( TMSI )

( MS )

( IMSI )

.

( "Mobile Subscriber ISDN Number "MSISDN )

.

33

: .3

.

: .4

( Encrypted )

.

2-3-4

. .1

. .2

. .3

( "Short Message Services "SMS ) .4

.

. .5

. .6

9.6

Kbps ) )

(Circuit Switching.)

34

(G 2.5) 2001-1999 2-4

( . GSM )

(Packet Switching )( Packet Routing )

) (

(General Packet Radio Service "GPRS" )

) ( +GSM - Phase2

( :GPRS )

"" GPRS

:

) (

.

(."Internet Protocol "IP( )"Transmission Control Protocol "TCP )

35

" Services "" "

"Technology( "GSM )

( .GSM - Phase2 )

( GPRS )

.

( GSM( )GPRS )

" Overlay Network "

.

.

36

(: GPRS ) 2-4-1

( GSM( )GPRS )

( GPRS( )GSM )

( :GPRS )

(:Subscriber Terminals ) .1

( GSM( )GPRS )

(.GPRS( )Packets )

(GPRS( )2-7 )

37

:

: (A" (Class A Terminals" -

GSM GPRS

(.Simultaneously )

(:B" (Class B Terminals" -

.

(: C" (Class C Terminals" -

.

(: (GPRS Base Station Subsystem .2

( PCU( )BSS )

( GSM )

(GPRS )( BSS )

.

38

(:GPRS Support Nodes ) .3

Circuit( )GSM( )MSC )

Switched Central Office( )MSC ) ( Data

Traffic: )

"GPRS" (Serving GPRS Support Node "SGSN" :)

( MS )

( HLR )

( SGSN( )MSs )

(Mobility Management( )Handoff( )Location

Management( )MSs )

(. Billing user data and charging )

"GPRS" (Gateway GPRS Support Node "GGSN" :)

( GPRS )

( Intranet )

( SGSN( )Active )

( .Idle ) ( )

39

( G 2.5 )

,

( GPS )

.Kbps 115

(:GPRS ) 2-4-2

(.GSM ) .1

( .Packet Switching ) .2

.3

(Circuit Switching.)

. .4

( .GSM ) .5

. .6

(:G 2.75 ) 2-5

(GPRS )

(8 Phase Shift Keying "8-PSK" )

( "Enhanced Data Rate for GSM Evolution "EDGE )

)( .( "Enhanced GPRS "EGPRS )

40

GSM/GPRS GSM

( GPRS( )GSM( )EDGE )

( PSK-8 )

.Kbps 384 ( Network 2.75( )EDGE )

(3G) 2001 2-6

(ITU)

( "International Mobile Telecommunication 2000 "IMT-2000 )

MHz 2000" 2000"

. ) (MHz 5

41

.

:

( 3 GPP)

(Third Generation Partnership Project (

.

.(3GPP)

( 3GPP )

( GSM )

( Release )

.

( ETSI )

42

( 3GPP( )(+GSM-Phase 2 ( (GSM

.

( 3 GPP2 )

( CDMA-One )

.

: " "

( 3 GPP )

( UMTS )

(Universal Mobile Telecommunication Service )

" "

( .GSM )

( CDMA-2000 )

( CDMA-One( )3GPP2 )

( 3GPP2 )

(.3GPP )

( 3GPP )

43

.Mbps 2

- 3GPP )

Release 99 )

:

.1

.

.2

.

( UMTS )

(Wide Code Division Multiple Access "WCDMA" )

.

( UMTS )

.

44

(UMTS ) 2-6-1

( UMTS )

Kbps 384 Mbps 2

( GSM )

("Quadrature Phase Shift Keying "QPSK )

(WCDMA )

(B( )Node B( )UMTS)/( )

.

(UMTS ) 2-6-2

( Core Network )

( WCDMA )

(Operating Band)

(UL )(MHz)

(DL )(MHz)

(MHz)

1 1920 - 1980 2110 - 2170 190

2 1850 - 1910 1930 - 1990 80

3 1710 - 1785 1805 - 1880 95

(UMTS ) ( 2-3 )

45

( B( )Node )

(Radio Network Controller.)

( :UMTS )

(:"User Equipment "UE ) .1

.

(:UTRAN ) .2

( GSM( )B (Node B

( BTSs )

(UMTS( )2-8 )

46

(UTRAN) (UMTS Terrestrial Radio

Access Network.)

(: "Core Network "CN ) .3

( PSTN )

.

(UTRAN ) 2-6-3

( UMTS )

:

(:B (Node B .1

( GSM( )BTS )

) ...... (

.

(:"Radio Network Controller "RNC ) .2

( Node B )

)

47

( CN )

(.GSM( )BSC )

(UMTS ) 2-6-4

( GSM( )UMTS )

.

(:GSM )

. .1

. .2

. .3

( :UMTS )

. .1

( Node B ) .2

(RNC.)

.3

.

.( Upgrading ) .4

48

(G 3.5 ) 2-7

( "High Speed Packet Access "HSPA )

High Speed Downlink( )DL )

Packet Access "HSPDA" )Mbps 14

(3GPP Release 5( 3( GPP )

( Release 6 )

5.8( "High Speed Uplink Packet Access "HSUPA )

Mbps

( QPSK( )QAM-16 )

( Time Delay )

( "Multiple Input Multiple Output "MIMO )

(.Smart Antenna )

49

( MIMO( )2-9 )

(G 3.75 ) 2-8

( + HSPA( )HSPA( )HSPA )

( HSPA( )3GPP )

( Downlink( )Uplink )

( MIMO ) (QAM-64 )

(HSDPA( )HSUPA ) (Dual-Cell )

Mbps 84

10.8 Mbps

.

2-8-1

. .1

. .2

50

.(WCDMA ) .3

.() .4

. .5

. .6

. .7

(.Mobile Banking ) .8

2-8-2

.1

.

( .MIMO ) .2

(.+ HSPA( )HSPA ) .3

(4G ) 2-9

" Release 8" 8 2008( 3GPP )

.

20 MHz 100 Mbps

Orthogonal Frequency Division )

51

Multiplexing "OFDM" )

( LTE( )Long Term Evolution )

.

( LTE )

(GSM/UMTS (

( Latency )

.

)(

( Packet Switching )

( "Internet Protocol "IP )

( VoIP( ) Voice over IP )

( "Packet Data Network "PDN( )UE )

.

(LTE ) 2-9-1

( LTE )

( Service Providers )

52

( QAM-64) 64

( MIMO )

( QPSK )

. 64 16

( LTE )

.

(MHz)

(MHz)

(MHz)

(MHz)

(MHz)

1 1920 - 1980 2110 - 2170 60 190 130 2 1850 - 1910 1930 - 1990 60 80 20 3 1710 - 1785 1805 - 1880 75 95 20 4 1710 - 1755 2110 - 2155 45 400 355 5 824 - 849 869 - 894 25 45 20 6 830 - 840 875 - 885 10 35 25 7 2500 - 2570 2620 - 2690 70 120 50 8 880 - 915 925 - 960 35 45 10 9 1749.9 - 1784.9 1844.9 - 1879.9 35 95 60 10 1710 - 1770 2110 - 2170 60 400 340 11 1427.9 - 1452.9 1475.9 - 1500.9 20 48 28 12 698 - 716 728 - 746 18 30 12 13 777 - 787 746 - 756 10 -31 41 14 788 - 798 758 - 768 10 -30 40 15 1900 - 1920 2600 - 2620 20 700 680

(2-4 )

53

16 2010 - 2025 2585 - 2600 15 575 560 17 704 - 716 734 - 746 12 30 18 18 815 - 830 860 - 875 15 45 30 19 830 - 845 875 - 890 15 45 30 20 832 - 862 791 - 821 30 -41 71 21 1447.9 - 1462.9 1495.5 - 1510.9 15 48 33 22 3410 - 3500 3510 - 3600 90 100 10 23 2000 - 2020 2180 - 2200 20 180 160 24 1625.5 - 1660.5 1525 - 1559 34 -101.5 135.5 25 1850 - 1915 1930 - 1995 65 80 15 26 814 - 849 859 - 894 30 / 40 10 27 807 - 824 852 - 869 17 45 28 28 703 - 748 758 - 803 45 55 10 29 n/a 717 - 728 11 30 2305 - 2315 2350 - 2360 10 45 35 31 452.5 - 457.5 462.5 - 467.5 5 10 5

54

(MHz ) (MHz )

33 1900 - 1920 20 34 2010 - 2025 15 35 1850 - 1910 60 36 1930 - 1990 60 37 1910 - 1930 20 38 2570 - 2620 50 39 1880 - 1920 40 40 2300 - 2400 100 41 2496 - 2690 194 42 3400 - 3600 200 43 3600 - 3800 200 44 703 - 803 100

( 2-5 )

55

(LTE ) 2-9-2

(LTE( )2-10 )

(E-UTRAN ) .1

( LTE )( Air Interface )

( B (Node B( eNode B( )(B

( UMTS( )UTRAN ) ( RNC )

(B( )eNode B ( (Node B )

( BSC) ( BTS ) ( RNC)

System Architecture) " "

56

Evolution "SAE")

( Evolved Packet Core( )EPC )

(Evolved Packet System "EPS")( Core Network )

.

(EUTRAN ) ( 2-11 )

("Serving Gateway "S-GW ) .2

( IP )

( eNodeB's )

(.Paging Requests )

57

("PDN-Gateway "P-GW ) .3

(Packet Data Network Gateway)

(UE )

(. QoS"Quality of Service )"

(PCRF ) .4

( Policy and Charging Rules Function )

( Real Time Application ) )(

.

("Mobile Management Entity "MME ) .5

MME

(SGW( )UE ) (Authentication)

(HSS )

.

58

( "Home Subscriber Server "HSS ) .6

( UMTS( )GSM ) ( LTE )

( HLR( )HSS )

( HLR )

(HSS.)

(LTE ) 2-9-3

. .1

.Mbps 100 .2

. .3

. .4

. .5

(.Lagging ) .6

(.Latency ) .7

. .8

. .9

(LTE ) 2-9-4

. .1

59

( Startup Cost ) .2

.

60

(LTE( )UMTS ) -3

: 3-1

( 3GPP )

( UMTS )

( LTE( )Release 99 )

(.Release 9 )

: 3-2

(:LTE( )UMTS ) 3-2-1

( B (Node B ( UTRAN( )UMTS )

( E-UTRAN( )LTE )( RNC )

.( eNode B ) B

(LTE( )UMTS( )3-1 )

61

( LTE ) (EUTRAN )

( eNode B ) B

( UMTS )

Node B) B) ( RNC )

. (Reliability( )Core Network )

(:Core Network ) 3-2-2

( LTE )

(Packet Switching )

( .IP )

Circuit ) (UMTS )

Switching (

(Packet Switching) .

3-3

Kbps 384 UMTS) 2 Mbps )

( HSDPA )

Mbps 14

62

( HSUPA ) Mbps 5.8

(Dual-Cell( )MIMO )

. 10.8 Mbps 84

Mbps 50 Mbps 100( LTE )

( Single Input Single Output )

(.SISO )

)( 3-4

( QPSK( )Release 99 )

(UMTS ) ( Release 99 )

(.64QAM) 64( 16QAM )

( 64QAM) 64( LTE )

( QPSK )

(16QAM 64) 64( QAM. )

63

( B( )B ) 3-5

( FDD( )TDD )

( B( )B )

(.LTE( )Latency )

(Handover ) 3-6

( Intra Frequency( )UMTS )

( Soft Handover )

( Inter Frequency )

( .Hard Handover )

(Soft Handover( )LTE )

( MME )(MME )

(Hard Handover. )

3-7

( WCDMA )( UMTS )

.

64

( OFDMA )( LTE )

(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (

Narrowband )

Subcarriers )

(OFDMA (

.

.(OFDMA( )Subcarrier( )3-2 )

Single Carrier Frequency( )SC-FDMA )

Division Multiple Access( )Carrier)

.

(SC-FDMA( )3-3 )

65

3-8

( .Full Duplex )

( LTE( )UMTS )

( .TDD ) (FDD )

("Frequency Division Duplex "FDD ) 3-8-1

( Simultaneously )

( Guard Band )

( Transmitter Signal )

.

(FDD( )3-4 )

66

( Simultaneous ) (FDD )

.

("Time Division Duplex "TDD ) 3-8-2

( TDD )

.( Time Delay )

( Guard Band( )FDD )

( Guard Time( )TDD )

.

(TDD( )3-5 )

67

.

( :Guard Interval )

( Propagation Delay ) .1

(1 Km )( 3.3 ms( 1( mile( 5.4( ms.)

)/( . .2

(FDD( )TDD ) 3-9

( TDD )

( Channel Efficiency( )Guard Time )

( ) ( TDD )

.

( FDD )

( Simultaneous )

.

68

3-10

( IP v4 )( UMTS )

( LTE( )IP v6 )

( .IP v6 )

69

-4

(LTE( )UMTS ) 4-1

.(LTE( )UMTS )

(LTE ) (UMTS )

3GPP 3GPP

) (.

.

UMTS 2 Mbps HSDPA 14 Mbps HSUPA 5.8 Mbps

HSPA + 84 Mbps (DL) HSPA + 10.8 Mbps (UL)

(LTE )

100 Mbps 50 Mbps .

.

.

.

.

.(MIMO )

.

(LTE( )UMTS( )4-1 )

70

(4-1 )

(LTE ) (UMTS )

HSPA HSPA+ MIMO

Dual-Cell

MIMO Dual-Cell

(IP v4 )

(.IP v6 )

(IP v6. )

( FDD ) (TDD.)

( FDD ) (.TDD )

( B( )UTRAN )(NodeB( )RNC.)

( E-UTRAN )(B( )eNodeB )

.

( B( )NodeB )

(RNC ) .

( eNodeB( )B )

.

)(

( QPSK )

(16QAM ) (.64QAM )

( 64QAM )( QPSK )

(.64QAM( )16QAM )

. ( Soft Handoff )

(Hard Handoff.) (Soft Handoff )

(.Hard Handoff )

71

(4-1 )

(LTE ) (UMTS )

(W-CDMA SC-FDMA (UL OFDMA (DL)

. .1 .2

. .3

(WCDMA). . .4 . .5 .6

. .7

. .8

Mobile )Banking.)

. .1 .2

Mbps 100 .

.3 .

.4 .

. .5 .6

(.Lagging ) .7

(Latency.) . .8 .9

.

. .

72

4-2

.

2000 1990 1985 1980 1970 2010 2002 1999 1991 1979

.)(

)(

.

.

(Wideband).

(Broadband ) .(IP )

GSM GPRS UMTS LTE

(UL)

FDMA TDMA/FDMA TDMA/FDMA WCDMA SC-FDMA

(DL)

FDMA TDMA/FDMA TDMA/FDMA WCDMA OFDMA

.

.

( 4-2 )

73

4-3

.

(DL)

(UL)

CSD 9.6 Kbps 9.6 Kbps HSCSD 28.8 Kbps 14.4 Kbps GPRS 115 Kbps 20 Kbps EDGE 384 Kbps 60 Kbps

WCDMA 2 Mbps 153 Kbps HSDPA 14.4 Mbps - HSUPA - 5.8 Mbps HSPA+ 21 Mbps 11 Mbps

Dual-Cell HSPA+

42 Mbps 22 Mbps

Dual-Cell HSPA+

4*4 MMO

168 Mbps 22 Mbps

LTE 100 Mbps 50 Mbps

( 4-3 )

74

(TDD( )FDD ) 4-4

(.TDD( )FDD )

FDD TDD

Guard Band).)

(.(Guard Time

.

(Latency)

(TDD( )FDD( )4-4 )

75

: -5

(.LTE( )UMTS )

.

.

( LTE )

.

( LTE ) ( LTE-Advanced )

(.LTE )

.

76

) ( .1

2013 : :

ISBN 978-9933-9142-0-2

.2

: .

1. From GSM to LTE: An Introduction to Mobile Networks and Mobile Broadband

Author: Martin Sauter

Publisher: Wiley; 1st edition (March 1, 2011)

2. LTE in a Nutshell: System Overview

White Paper

English References

http://www.amazon.in/s/ref=dp_byline_sr_book_1?ie=UTF8&field-author=Martin+Sauter&search-alias=stripbooks

77

1. www.3gpp.org 2. www.umtsworld.com 3. www.lteworld.org 4. www.radio-electronics.com 5. www.ossidian.com

Websites

http://www.3gpp.org/http://www.umtsworld.com/http://www.lteworld.org/http://www.radio-electronics.com/http://www.ossidian.com/