Giotto di Bondone1267-1337

Italian painter and architect from Florence, generally considered the

first in a line of great artists who contributed to

the Renaissance. Introduced humanism

Volume, mass and landscape

Worked in fresco

Judas Kisses Jesus

Leonardo de Vinci 1452 - 1519

•Perfected aerial perspective•Linear perspective and sfumato•Always trying new techniques so often pictures didn’t last.•Would get bored and go on to something else, so few pieces left.•Artist musician, inventor•Often didn’t finish what he started -few works left•Perfected several painting techniques that scientifically produce realism

Vitruvian Man

Linear Perspective

A mathematical system for creating the illusion of space and distance on a flat surface. Artists must imagine the picture surface as an open window. Involves three ideas.

1 The horizon line runs across the canvas at the eye level of the viewer. 2 The horizon line is where the sky appears to meet the ground.3 The vanishing point should be located near the horizon line. The vanishing point is where all parallel lines that run toward the horizon line come together like train tracks in the distance.

The Last Supper by Leonardo Di Vinci

Aerial perspective

Distant landscapes look bluer and more blurred. Nearest objects are painted their true color. Objects in the background are proportionately bluer and blurred.

Madonna Of The Yarnwinder

Sfumato

Means dark smoke in Italian. The blurring or softening of sharp outlines in painting by subtle and gradual blending of one tone into another. Used to create atmospheric perspective, depth, volume and form.

Mona Lisa

Bas-relief

Shallow relief sculpture that, in Donatello's case, incorporated significant developments in perspective.

baptistry font

Michelangelo 1475-1564

Painter , sculptor, architect

•Leading artist of the high Renaissance•Studied Giotto and Donatello•Scientific studies of human body•Classical influence•Concerned with what lies beneath the surface of the body and the mind•Emotional and passionate•Technically perfect

Pieta

Sistine Chapel

There are 300 figures in fresco

The ceiling, completed in 1512 and the The Last Judgment 1541 are widely believed to be Michelangelo's crowning achievement in painting.

Donatello 1386-1466

Master of sculpture in both marble and bronze,•David is the first bronze since classical time. Lost wax technique.•Reflects classical influence of physical beauty.•Humanistic and realistic.

David

Durer 1471-1528

German painter and engraverUsed Science in perspective and detailsGerman gloom; religious; inner emotionsInterpreted subjects in realistic contemporary terms

Young hare

Hieronymus Bosch 1450 –1516

Dutch Painter known for his use of fantastic imagery to illustrate moral and religious concepts and narratives.

Garden of Earthly Delights: Duck Feeding man

Brunelleschi 1377-1446

Foremost architect and engineer of the Italian Renaissance. He used classical influence which reflected in the harmony of shapes He is perhaps most famous for engineering the dome of the Florence Cathedral, but his accomplishments also include other architectural works, sculpture, mathematics, engineering and even ship design

Gutenberg Press1444

Movable-type printing press. 1455 printed complete version of the Bible.Helped spread new ideas. Availability of books encouraged people to learn to read.Books printed in local vernacular.Encourages the Protestant Reformation because individuals could now read the Bible for themselves.

William Shakespeare 1564-1616

The spread of books allowed for the written word to take on an immortal life through; literature, plays, poetry. The First Folio, a collected edition of his dramatic works that included all but two of the plays now recognized as Shakespeare's.

Miguel de Cervantes1547-1616

Spanish novelist, poet, and playwright. His work, Don Quixote, is considered to be the first modern European novel, and regarded amongst the best works of fiction ever written.[

His influence on the Spanish language has been so great that the language is often called la lengua de Cervantes.

Don Quixote

Scientific Revolution

Influenced by:• Classical writers (Socratic method)

• Muslim science

• Protestant Reformation

• Era of Exploration.

Methods:• Careful Observation of the natural world

• Questions about accepted theories

• Answers to practical problems in scientific observation

• Experimentation.

Nicolas Copernicus1473-1543

Used mathematical calculations proved that the sun is the center of the universe

Distances of the planets from the sun bore a direct relationship to the size of their orbits.

Heliocentric idea was controversial and it was the start of a change in the way the world was viewedCopernicus seen as the initiator of the Scientific Revolution.

Galileo Galilei 1564-1642

1609: invented the telescopeProved all objects fall at the same speedSupported Copernicus research and is tried for heresy at the Inquisition in Rome1616 condemned and threatened with tortureDenies his beliefBy 1630, everyone supported the idea that the sun was the center of our universe

Isaac Newton 1642 –1727

Used the scientific method to expand the knowledge of the universe

Principia, which mathematically explained the workings of the universe and said everything is mechanical.

Explained light (colors) and gravity

Built a reflecting telescope

Invented calculus

VIDEO click the Picture

Anton van Leeuwenhoek1632-1723

Considered to be the first microbiologist He perfected the microscope in 1670. It had the magnifying power of 300XFirst to observe and describe single-celled organisms, muscle fibers, bacteria, spermatozoa, and blood flow in capillaries.

Gabriel Fahrenheit1686-1736

Developed the first mercury thermometer with a standardized scale,The Fahrenheit scale divided the freezing and boiling points of water into 180 degrees. 32°F was the freezing pint of water and 212°F was the boiling point of water. 0°F was based on the temperature of an equal mixture of water, ice, and salt.

The first portable self-registering thermometer, first designed in 1780, which recorded the maximum and minimum temperatures reached. Designed by James Six (1731-1793)

Evangelista Torricelli 1608 –1647

Invented the Barometer in 1643This instrument measured the pressure of the earth’s atmosphere.A glass tube with a height of at least 84 cm, closed at one end, with an open mercury-filled reservoir at the base. Mercury in the tube adjusts until the weight of the mercury column balances the atmospheric force exerted on the reservoir. Torricelli documented that the height of the mercury in a barometer changed slightly each day and concluded that this was due to the changing pressure in the atmosphere. The pressure is the level of the mercury's height in the vertical column. 1 atmosphere is equivalent to about 760 millimeters of mercury.

Rene Descartes 1596 - 1650

A French philosopher

Believed that every idea should be doubted and provenBelieved that God created two realities: Physical reality and what people thinkPeople can use their rational mind to understand the truths of the physical world. But cannot totally trust the senses.Eroded the authority of the church and established forms of government

Scientific Rationalization “I think, therefore I am”

John Locke 1632–1704

Wrote Two Treatises of Government: 1690

Said government was an agreement or contract between the people and the ruler

The people allowed the ruler to rule as long as he ruled fairly

The people had the right to overthrow the ruler if he did not honor this contract

The ruler must accept the natural rights of his subjects: life, liberty and property

Baron de Montesquieu 1689 –1755

He is famous for his articulation of the theory of separation of powersThought government worked best when the power of the ruler was limited.Government worked best when divided into three parts: legislative, executive, and judicial.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau 1712 –1778)

Made contributions to political and moral psychology, active composer and music theorist, pioneer of modern autobiography, a novelist, and a botanist.

Appreciation of the wonders of nature and his stress on the importance of feeling and emotion made him an important influence on and anticipator of the romantic movement

Believed people should participate directly in the government they elect; champion of democracy.

Contracts between subjects and rulers should not be severed for trivial reasons.