Remote Sensing Presentaionfri

7/27/2019 Remote Sensing Presentaionfri

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CHARACTERISTICS OF LANDSAT MISSIONSensor

SystemSpectral

resolution

Spatial

resolution

Scan

width

Revisit Orbital

Altitude

IN KM

Launch

MSS B4 .5-.6

B5 .6-.7

B6 .7-.8

B7 .8-1.1

79X79

185 18 918L1-72

L2-75

L3-78

L-4-82

TM B1 .45-.52B2 .52-60

B3 .63-.69

B4 .76-.90

B5 1.55-1.75

B6 10.4-12.5

B7 2.08-2.35

30X30

120X120

185 16 710 L-5-1984


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Multispectral Scanner (MSS) systems, Thematic Mapper (TM) and

Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM).

After more than two decades of success, the LANDSAT program

realized its first unsuccessful mission with the launch failure of

Landsat-6 on October 5, 1993. The sensor included on-board was

the Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM). To provide continuity with

Landsat -4 and -5 the ETM incorporated the same seven spectralbands and the same spatialresolutions as the TM. The ETM's major

improvement over the TM was addition of an eighth panchromatic

band operating in 0.50 to 0.90m ranges a spatial resolution of 15m.

Landsat-7 includes two sensors: the Enhanced Thematic Mapper

plus (ETM+) and the High Resolution Multispectral Stereo Imager

(HRMSI).


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Characteristics of spectral bands of Aster

subsystem Band

no.

Spectral range Spatial

resolution

VNIR 12

3

4

.52-.60

.63-.69

.78-.86

.86-.92

15M

SWIR 56

7

8

9

10

1.600-1.700

2.145-2.185

2.185-2.225

2.235-2.285

2.295-2.365

2.360-2.430

30M

TIR 1112

13

14

15

8.125-8.475

8.475-8.825

8.925-9.275

10.25-10.95

10.95-11.65

90M


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SPOT SATELLITE

name launch sensors bands Spectral

range

resolution swath revisit

Spot-5 May 2005 Ms/vmi4

.43-1.75 1 600x120km 1

spot

4

98 hrv 4

1

10

20

60 26

Spot2-3

1990

1998 31

1020

60 26

spot

1

1986 3

1

10

20

60 26


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SPOT Series of Satellite

French Government in joint programme with Sweden and Belgiumundertook the development of Systeme Pour l'Observation de la Terre

(SPOT) program. Conceived and designed by the French Centre National

d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES), SPOT has developed into a large-scale

international programme with ground receiving stations and data

distribution outlets located in more than 30 countries. It is also the firstsystem to have pointable optics. This enables side-to-side off-nadir

viewing capabilities, and it affords full scene stereoscopic imaging from

two different satellite tracks permitting coverage of the same area. SPOT-

1 was retired from full-time services on December 31, 1990. The SPOT-2

satellite was launched on January 21, 1990, and SPOT-3 was launched

on September 25, 1993 Spot 4 was launched on 26 March 1998. SPOT-

1, -2 and -3 have identical orbits and sensor systems,


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SPOT-4 includes the additional20m-resolutionband in the mid-infrared portion of the spectrum (between 1.58 and 1.75m).

This band is intended to improve vegetation monitoring and mineral

discriminating capabilities of the data. Furthermore, mixed 20m and 10m

data sets will be co-registered on-board instead of during ground

processing. This will be accomplished by replacing the panchromatic band

of SPOT-1, -2 and -3 (0.49 to 0.73 m) with red band from these systems

(0.61 to 0.68 m). This band will be used to produce both 10m black and

white images and 20m multispectral data. Another change in SPOT-4 is theaddition of a separate wide-field-of-view, sensor called the Vegetation

SPOT-5 is the latest in France's series of Earth observing satellites,

all of which were sent into orbit by Arianespace. Since the first SPOT

satellite was launched in 1986, the SPOT system has sought to

provide continuity of service and constantly improved quality of

products for users. Spot 5 is the fifth satellite in the SPOT series,

placed into orbit by an Ariane5 launcher in May 2002.


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IRS Satellite Series

The Indian Space programme has the goal of harnessing space

technology for application in the areas of communications,

broadcasting, meteorology and remote sensing. The importantmilestones crossed so far are Bhaskara-1 and 2 (1979) the

experimental satellites, which carried TV Cameras and Microwave

Radiometers. The Indian Remote Sensing Satellite was the next logical

step towards the National operational satellites that directly generates

resources information in a variety of application areas such as forestry,geology, agriculture and hydrology. IRS -1A/1B, carried Linear Self

Scanning sensors LISS-I & LISS-II. IRS-P2 launched in October 1994

on PSLV-D2 (an indigenous launch vehicle). IRS-1C, launched on

December 28, 1995, which carried improved sensors like LISS-III,

WiFS, PAN Camera, etc. Details of IRS series platforms are given inthe following section. IRS-P3 was launched into the sun synchronous

orbit by another indigenous launch vehicle PSLV - D3 on 21.3.1996

from Indian launching station Sriharikota (SHAR). IRS-1D was

launched on 29 September 1997 and IRS-P4 was launched on 26 May

1999.


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Detatils of IRS Series SatellitesName Launch Sensors Types Band

s

Spectral

range

Resol

ution

Swath Revisit

DAYS

IRS

1A

1988 L-I

L-II

MS 4 72.5

36.25

148

7422

1B 1991 L-I

L-II

MS 4 72.5 22

1C Dec95 WiFS

LIII

PAN

MS

MS

PAN

2

3+1

1

R,NIR

G,R,NIR

SWIR1.55

-1.70

.50-.75

189

23.5

70

5.8

810

142

148

70

5

24

1D SEPT97

774 24


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Detatils of IRS Series Satellites

Nam

e

Launch Sensors Types Band

s

Spectral

range

Resol

ution

Swath Revisit

DAYS

Irs-

p6

oct200

3

AWiFS

LISS-III

LISS-IV

MS

PAN

MS

MS

3

1

3+1

3

G,R,NIR

SWIR1.5

5-1.70

GRNIR

SWIRGRNIR

56

23

5.8

740

141

23MX70PAN

5

24


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s

Spectral

range

Resol

ution

Swath Revisit

DAYS

Irs-

p6

oct2003 AWiFS

LISS-III

LISS-IV

MS

PAN

MS

MS

3

1

3+1

3

G,R,NIR

SWIR1.55

-1.70

GRNIR

SWIR

GRNIR

56

23

5.8

370,

740

141

23MX70PAN

5

24


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s

Spectral

range

Resol

ution

Swath Revisit

DAYS

Irs-

p6

oct2003 AWiFS

LISS-III

LISS-IV

MS

PAN

MS

MS

3

1

3+1

3

G,R,NIR

SWIR1.55

-1.70

GRNIR

SWIR

GRNIR

56

23

5.8

370,

740

141

23MX70PAN

5

24


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Details of IRS Series of SatellitesCartosat - 1

IRS-P6 (Resource -sat)

IRS-P4 (Oceansat)

IRS-1DIRS-1C

IRS-1B

IRS-1A


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Cartosat-may2005

irs-p6-oct2003irs-p4may1999

irs-1d-sep1997irs-1c-dec-1995

irs-1b-1991

irs-1a-1988


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IRS-P4 (Oceansat-1)IRS-P4 carries an Ocean Colour Monitor (OCM) and a Multi-frequencyScanning Microwave Radiometer (MSMR), launched on May 26 1999.

OCM has 8 narrow spectral

bands operating in visible and near-infrared bands (402-885 nm) with a

spatial resolution of 350 m and swath of 1500 kms. IRS P4 OCM thus

provides highest spatial resolution compared to any other contemporarysatellites in the international arena during this time frame. The MSMR

with its all weather capability is configured to have measurements at 4

frequencies (6.6, 10.6, 18 & 26 GHZ) with an overall swath of 1500 km.

The spatial resolution is 120, 80, 40 and 40 kms for the frequency bands

of 6.6, 10.6, 18 and 26 GHz. MSMR will also be in a way a unique sensoras no other passive microwave radiometer is operational in the civilian

domain today and will be useful for study of both physical oceanographic

and meteorological parameters.


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RESOURCESAT-1RESOURCESAT-1 was launched by ISRO's Polar SatelliteLaunch Vehicle, PSLV-C5, from Satish Dhawan Space

Centre-SHAR on October 17, 2003. RESOURCESAT-1

carries three cameras on board:

A multi-spectral high spatial resolution camera, namely,

Linear Imaging Self Scanner-4 (LISS-4) providing a spatial

resolution of 5.8 m and a swath of 23 km. It operates in the

Visible and Near Infra Red spectral bands.

(ii) A multi-spectral Linear Imaging Self Scanner-3 (LISS-3),

which has a spatial resolution of 23 m and a swath of 141km. It operates in the Visible, Near Infra Red and Short

Wave Infra Red spectral bands.


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FCC Car Nicobar

IRS-P6-LISS-III BANDS 4

DATE OF PASS-

FEB.16,2005

R 24 Meter


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IKONOSThe IKONOS-2 satellite was launched in September 1999

and has been delivering commercial data since early

2000. IKONOS is the first of the next generation of high

spatial resolution satellites. IKONOS data records 4

channels of multispectral data at 4-meter resolution and

one panchromatic channel with 1-meter resolution. Thismeans that IKONOS is first commercial satellite to deliver

near photographic quality imagery of anywhere in the

world from space.

Radiometric Resolution: Data is collected as 11 bits perpixel (2048 gray tones). Timings of collecting / receiving

IKONOS data and satellite orbit characteristics vary

considerably depending on accuracy of product, extent

and area.


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Advantages and Limitations of

Remote SensingThe major advantages of remote sensing over the ground - basedmethods are:

1.Synoptic view: Remote sensing process facilitates the study of

various features of earth's surface in their spatial relation to each

other and helps to delineate the required features andphenomenon.

2.Accessibility: Remote sensing process makes it possible to

gather information about the inaccessible area when it is not

possible to do ground survey like in mountainous areas or foreign

lands.

3.Time: Since information about a large area can be gathered

quickly, the techniques save time and efforts of human beings/ or

mass.

4.Multi-disciplinary applications: The data gathered by remote

sensing process can be used by the users of different disciplines

like, geology, forestry land use etc.


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Limitations of Remote Sensing Technology

1. Since resolution of the data from LISS-III is 23.5 M

the linear forest cover along roads, canals, bunds, rail of thewidth less than the resolution are generally not be recorded.

2. young plantations and species having less chlorophyll

contents in their crown do not give proper reflectance and as

a result are difficult to be interpreted correctly.

3. considerable details on ground may be obscured in areashaving clouds and shadows. It is difficult to interpret such

areas without the help of collateral data.

4. variation in spectral reflectance during leaf less period

poses problems in interpretation.5. gregarious occurrence of bushy vegetation, such as

lantana, sugarcane etc, often poses problems in delineation

of forest cover, as their reflectance is similar to that of tree

canopy.

Appropriate season for aerial/satellite data acquisition in forestry


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Appropriate season for aerial/satellite data acquisition in forestry1. Humid/moist evergreen and semi-evergreen

forests of western ghats and eastern ghats

January-February

2. Humid and moist evergreen and semi-evergreen

Andaman andNicobar Islands

February-March

forests of north-east India and

3.

Tropical moist deciduous forests of northern andcentral India

December-January

4.

Temperate evergreen forests of western Himalayas

March-May

Temperate, sub-alpine, alpine evergreen, deciduous forests of Jammu

6.

Arid and semi-arid dry deciduous and scrub forest

October-December Mangrove for

period

5. Jammu and Kashmir-


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BASIC COMPONENTS OF AN IDEAL REMOTE SENSINGSYSTEM

1. Uniform energy source

2. A non interfering atmosphere3. A series of unique energy- matter interactions at the

earths surface

4 A super sensor

5. A real-time data processing and supply system

6. Multiple data users


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1.This source would provide energy over allwavelength at a constant, known ,high level of output

irrespective of time and place.

2This would be an atmosphere that would not modifythe energy from the source in any manner, whether

that energy were on its way to the earths surface or

coming from it. Again, ideally, this would irrespective

of wavelength, time, place and sensing altitude

involved.


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3;These interactions would generate

reflected or emitted signals that not

only are selective with respect to

wavelength, but also are known,

invariant and unique to each and

every earth surface feature type and

subtype of interest.


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4. This would be a sensor, highlysensitive to all wavelengths, yielding

spatially detailed data on the absolute

brightness form a scene as a function ofwavelength throughout the spectrum.

This super sensor would be simple and

reliable. Require virtually no power or

space and be accurate and economical

to operate.


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5.In this system, the instant the radiance wavelength

response over a terrain element was generated, it

would be transmitted to the ground, geometrically and

radio metrically corrected as necessary and processed

in to a readily interpretable format. Each data

observation would be recognized as being unique to the

particular terrain element form which came. This

processing would be performed nearly

instantaneously(real time) providing timely information.


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6.These people would have knowledge of great depth bothof their respective disciplines and of remote sensing

data acquisition and analysis techniques. The same set

of data would become various forms of information for

different users, because of their wealth of knowledgeabout the particular earth resources being sensed. This

information would be available to them faster, at less

expense and over larger areas than information

collected in any other manner, wise decision about how

best to manage the earth resources under scrutiny andtheses management decisions would be implemented.


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Resolution

Resolution is defined as the ability of the system to

render the information at the smallest discretely

separable quantity in terms of distance (spatial),wavelength band of EMR (spectral), time (temporal)

and/or radiation quantity (radiometric).


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RESOLUTIN TYPES AND DEFINITIONS

TYPES:-

1. Spatial resolution

2. Spectral Resolution

3. Radiometric Resolution

4. Temporal Resolution


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original image

1m pixel 2m pixel 5m pixel

10m pixel

30m pixel

Object identification depending upon pixel size


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Spatial resolutionthe area on the earths surface thatcan be seen by a sensor as being separate from its

surroundings and is represented by a pixel.

is the projection of a detector element or a slit onto theground. In other words scanners spatial resolution is the

ground segment sensed at any instant. It is also called

ground resolution element (GRE). The spatial resolution at

which data are acquired has two effectsthe ability to

identify various features and quantify their extent


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Spectral Resolutionthe range of wavelength that satelliteimaging system can detect , it refers to the width and number of spectral

bands. the narrow band the greater spectral resolution.describes the ability of the sensor to define fine wavelength intervals i.e.

sampling the spatially segmented image in different spectral intervals,

thereby allowing the spectral irradiance of the image to be determined.


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Short wavelengthVisible range

blue band 0.45---0.52

Green band 0.52---0.60

Red band 0.60---0.70

IR 0.70---3.0

Thermal 3---58---14

Microwaves 1 mm ---1 m


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Radiometric Resolutionis a measure of the sensor to differentiate the smallest change in the

spectral reflectance/remittance between various targets. The radiometric

resolution depends on the saturation radiance and the number ofquantization levels. Thus, a sensor whose saturation is set at 100,

reflectance with an 8 bit resolution will have a poor radiometric sensitivity

compared to a sensor whose saturation radiance is set at 20

reflectance and 7 bit digitization.


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Temporal Resolutionis obtaining spatial and spectral data at certain time intervals. Temporal

resolution is the capability of the satellite to image the exact same areaat the same viewing angle at different periods of time. The temporal

resolution of a sensor depends on a variety of factors, including the

satellite/sensor capabilities, the swath overlap and latitude.


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Suggested books

1) Lillesand Thomas M. & Kiefer Ralph 2003 : Remote

Sensing and Image Interpretation Third Edition John Villey2) Campbell John B. 1996 : Introduction to Remote

Sensing, Taylor & Francis

3) Floyd F. Sabins : Remote Sensing and Principles and

Image Interpretation(1987)4) Manual of Remote Sensing IIIrd Edition : American

Society of Photogrammtery and Remote Sensing 210, Little

Falls Street, Falls Church, Virginia-22046 USA.

5) George Joseph. 1996: Imaging Sensors ; Remote

Sensing Reviews, vol 13,Number 3-4.

6) P.J. Curran, 1985. Physical aspects of Remote Sensing

Longman Group UR Ltd, England.

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