REKAYASA TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA - · PDF fileREKAYASA TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA ... Setelah mengikuti...
Transcript of REKAYASA TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA - · PDF fileREKAYASA TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA ... Setelah mengikuti...
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REKAYASA TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA PERAIRAN
AQUACULTURE ENGINEERING
SISTEM BUDIDAYA
• KOMPETENSI DASAR
Setelah mengikuti kuliah ini mahasiswa dapat menjelaskan jenis-jenis sistem budidaya, sarana dan prasarana dasar dari tiap jenis sistem budidaya, syarat untuk setiap jenis sistem budidaya, dan desain umum dari setiap jenis sistem budidaya
• INDIKATOR
1. Dapat menjelaskan jenis sistem budidaya
2. Dapat menyebutkan sarana dan prasaran sistem budidaya
3. Dapat menjelaskan syarat sistem budidaya
4. Dapat menghitung desai sistem budidaya
Fish Culture Tank
Aeration Air/Oxygen
Disinfection
Biofiltration Nitrification
Waste Solids Removal
Sludge
Fine & Dissolved Solids Removal
Carbon Dioxide Removal
Sludge
Overview of Unit Operations
Monitoring & System Control
BIOSECURITY
Fish Culture Tank
Aeration Air/Oxygen
Disinfection
Biofiltration Nitrification
Suspended Solids
Sludge
Settable Solids
Sludge
Fine & Dissolved Solids Removal
Carbon Dioxide Removal
Sludge
95% 5%
Monitoring & System Control
Overview of System Design
Biosecurity Program
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Culture Tank
Fish Culture Tank
“Anything that holds water”
Polyethylene
Fiberglass Tanks Fiberglass
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Kayu Raceways Beton Raceways
Aquarium Systems Settable Solids Removal Settable
Solids
Sludge
5%
• penegelaman dasar
• separator putar/ Hydrocyclones
Rule of Thumb: 1 lb of feed 0.30 lbs of solids
• saluran di dasar tengah
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Center Dual-Drain System Settling Basin
Swirl Separator Suspended Solids Removal Suspended
Solids
Sludge
95%
• Filter Screen
• rotating microscreens • horizontal screen • vertical screen
• Filter Manik-manik (bead) bertekanan
• Filter pasir bertekanan
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Rotating Microscreen Filter Horizontal Screen Filter
Inclined Screen Filter Pressurized Bead Filters
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Pressurized Sand Filters Fine & Dissolved Solids Fine & Dissolved Solids Removal
Sludge
• Foam Fractionation
• Protein Skimmers
Solids Disposal Sludge
• land application
• composting
• lagoons
• GeoBags
GeoTextile Bags
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Vacuum Honey Wagon Waste Lagoon
Compost Bin Biofiltration / Nitrification Biofiltration Nitrification
Ammonia Oxidizing Bacteria
Nitrite Oxidizing Bacteria
2 NH4+ + OH - + 3 O2 2 H + + 2 NO2
- + 4 H2O
2 NO2 + 1 O2 2 NO3-
Ammonia Nitrite
Nitrite Nitrate
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Biofiltration / Nitrification Biofiltration Nitrification
Rule of Thumb:
1 kg feed about 0.03 kg ammonia
5.93 g carbon dioxide
1 g of ammonia yields:
consumes:
4.42 g nitrate NO3-
4.34 g oxygen
7.14 g alkalinity
Biofiltration / Nitrification
Biofiltration Nitrification
• Submerged Biofilters
• Rotating Biological Contactors (RBC)
• Trickling Biofilters
Gravel Biofilter Submerged/Trickling Biofilter
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Submerged Foam Filter Classic Trickling Tower
Trickling Tower & Spray Bar Smaller Version
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Rotating Biological Contactors RBC Drive Shaft
Biofiltration / Nitrification Biofiltration Nitrification
• Fluidized bead biofilters
• Fluidized sand biofilters
• Pressurized bead biofilters
• Moving bed BioReactors
Propeller Washed Bead Filter
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Bubble Washed Bead Filter Drop Filters (PolyGeysers)
Fluidized Bed Biofilters Downflow
micro-bead biofilter
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Moving Bed Biofilter
Aeration / Oxygenation Aeration Air/Oxygen
Oxygen Requirements
• Metabolism/respiration: 0.25 lbs O2 / lb feed
• Nitrifying bacteria: 0.40 lbs O2 / lb feed
Total: 0.65 to 1.00 lbs of O2 / lb feed
Sources of Air - Blowers Aeration / Oxygenation
Aeration Air/Oxygen
Aeration (less than 1/3 lb of fish / gal of water)
•Diffusers (air stones)
•Mechanical agitators
•Packed column aeration
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Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course
Air Lifts - Mechanical Aeration Aeration Tower
Aeration / Oxygenation Aeration
Air/Oxygen
Oxygenation
• Downflow Bubble Contactor
• Counter Current Diffusion Column
• Multi-stage Low Head Oxygenation (LHO)
sources: compressed oxygen cylinders liquid oxygen (LOX) on-site oxygen generation
Oxygen Sources
on-site oxygen generators
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Carbon Dioxide Removal Carbon Dioxide
Removal
• Packed column degassing units
Disinfection Disinfection
• Ultraviolet radiation
• Ozone
Monitoring & System Control
Continuous • DO • Level • Flow • Temperature • Air pressure
Periodically • pH • NH3
• NO2
• NO3
• CO2
• Alkalinity Phone Dialer
Monitoring & System Control
It takes only one mistake to KILL EVERYTHING IN YOU FACILITY!!!!
Continuous Monitoring
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Water Quality Lab BioSecurity
Support Components
•Water Quality Lab
•Storage - Feed, Chemicals, Product
•Equipment Storage
•Staff Support
•Back-up Generator
•Quarantine Area
•Waste Disposal
SAFETY
Water and electricity do not mix!
• Have Back-up Plans and Use Them!
• Train staff in emergency preparedness!
• Think!!!
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The Good!
The Bad!
The Ugly!!
SAFETY
Mercury!!
Fish Culture Tank
Aeration Air/Oxygen
Disinfection
Biofiltration Nitrification
Waste Solids Removal
Sludge
Fine & Dissolved Solids Removal
Carbon Dioxide Removal
Sludge
Putting It All Together
Monitoring & System Control
BIOSECURITY
Questions? Tipe Budidaya.
• Extensive (beberapa organisme tiap ruang akuatik).
• Semi-Intensive (lebih banyak organisme tiap ruang).
• Intensive (banyak organisme tiap ruang akuatik).
• Super Intensive (sangat banyak organisme tipa ruang).
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Tipe Budidaya.
• Pond culture.
• Tank culture.
• Cage culture.
• Bag culture for bivalves.
• Sea Ranching.
• Each of these is further subdivided and can be used for the previous definitions that depend on stocking density.
Pond culture.
• Kolam tanah atau dengan pelapis.
• Statis atau dengan pertukaran air.
• Menggunakan air pasang atau aliran grafitasi atau pompa air.
Ponds • Manmade ponds, recirculating
seawater – Shrimp, catfish, tilapia
• Pro’s: – Cheap – no by-catch – does not deplete wild stocks – Provides jobs
• Con’s: – Location of ponds can destroy
important habitat (mangroves) – Untreated water contaminates local
environment • But, it CAN be treated
http://www.biology.duke.edu/bio217/2005/ncm3/pond_liner.gif
Recirculating Systems • Enclosed tanks
– Water is cleaned & reused
– Striped bass, salmon, sturgeon
– Environmentally sound
• Pro’s – Can help rebuild wild populations
– Provides jobs
– Conserves wild stocks
• Con’s – Requires a lot of energy and thus
$$
http://www.ag.auburn.edu/fish/image_gallery/data/media/77/Recirc_Kent_Seatech_jpg.jpg
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Tank Culture. • Beton, fiberglass atau pelapis?
• Indoor or outdoor?
• Static or water exchange?
Tank Culture.
• Beton, fiberglass atau pelapis?
• Indoor or outdoor?
• Static or water exchange?
Cage culture. • Biasanya pada badan air.
• Kurang memerlukan mekanisasi dan kontrol kualitas air.
• Lebih terpapar bencana alam.
Bag culture.
• Juga pada badan air.
• Untuk organisme filter feeder yang sesil (oysters, clams, mussels).
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Sea Ranching.
• Kultur oyster di dasar perairan.
• Pembenihan alga.
• Melepaskan larva untuk memanen setelah dewasa.
Raceways
• Divert water from a waterway – Must be treated before being
released back to waterway – Rainbow trout
• Pro’s: – no by-catch – does not deplete wild stocks – Provides jobs
• Con’s:
– Can be costly to build – Untreated water – Escapees (invasive species)
http://www.lib.noaa.gov/korea/korean_aquaculture/raceway.files/baqbk001.jpeg
Shellfish Culture • Ropes, plastic trays,
mesh bags – Shellfish require only
clean water to survive
• Pro’s – Easy to do
– Can clean up nutrient rich water
– Protects wild populations
• Problems: – Waste accumulation
– disease
http://www.whoi.edu/cms/images/oceanus/2005/6/v43n1-kitepowell3en_10837.jpg
A few pictures.
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Apakah semudah yang terlihat?
• Organisme yang hidup dalam densitas, raltif kental, secara kimia lebih aktif jika dibandingkan dengan organisme daratan.
• Sangat kuat dipengaruhi oleh habitatnya.
Permasalahan Utama dalam budidaya
• Lingkungan membutuhkan filter.
• Oksigen perlu ditambahkan.
• Organisme tidak dapat dilihat.
• Penyakit menyebar dengan cepat.
• Kerusakan peralatan.
• Bagian dalam organisme secara konstan berhubungan dengan bagian luar medium.
Sehingga , sistem harus:
• Menjaga medium dapat diterima untuk survival dan pertumbuhan optimal.
• Menambah oksigen dan membuang CO2.
• Membuat organisme dapat di akses untuk pengawasan.
• Perangi penyakit.
• Buat Nyaman untuk organisme.
C U NEXT WEEK
• Minggu depan kita akan membahas desain sistem budidaya.