Red Supergiants as Extragalactic Abundance Probes: Establishing the J-Band Technique Zach Gazak Rolf...
-
Upload
nancy-spencer -
Category
Documents
-
view
221 -
download
0
description
Transcript of Red Supergiants as Extragalactic Abundance Probes: Establishing the J-Band Technique Zach Gazak Rolf...
![Page 1: Red Supergiants as Extragalactic Abundance Probes: Establishing the J-Band Technique Zach Gazak Rolf Kudritzki (chair), Josh Barnes, Fabio Bresolin, Ben.](https://reader035.fdocument.pub/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ad47f8b9ab059972648/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Red Supergiants as Extragalactic Abundance Probes: Establishing the J-Band TechniqueZach Gazak
Rolf Kudritzki (chair), Josh Barnes, Fabio Bresolin, Ben Davies, Lisa Kewley, John Learned, John Rayner
![Page 2: Red Supergiants as Extragalactic Abundance Probes: Establishing the J-Band Technique Zach Gazak Rolf Kudritzki (chair), Josh Barnes, Fabio Bresolin, Ben.](https://reader035.fdocument.pub/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ad47f8b9ab059972648/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Red Supergiants as Extragalactic Abundance Probes: Establishing the J-Band Technique
Rogelio Bernal Andreo (DeepSkyColors.com)
α Orionis (Betelgeuse)
![Page 3: Red Supergiants as Extragalactic Abundance Probes: Establishing the J-Band Technique Zach Gazak Rolf Kudritzki (chair), Josh Barnes, Fabio Bresolin, Ben.](https://reader035.fdocument.pub/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ad47f8b9ab059972648/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Metallicity gradients of star forming galaxies:
Extragalactic Chemical Abundances
Key targets for understanding galaxy formation and evolution
Important input for modeling
galaxy evolution
Mass - Metallicity and Mass - Gradient
relationship
M31
Jerry Lodriguss
Ken Crawford
M33
M81
Giovanni Benintende
NGC 2403
Subaru
![Page 4: Red Supergiants as Extragalactic Abundance Probes: Establishing the J-Band Technique Zach Gazak Rolf Kudritzki (chair), Josh Barnes, Fabio Bresolin, Ben.](https://reader035.fdocument.pub/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ad47f8b9ab059972648/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Metallicity gradients of star forming galaxies:
Extragalactic Chemical Abundances
Typically measured using highly uncertain “strong line” methods of collisional lines in H II
regions:
Problems with these methods include:I. Troublesome calibration
II. Abundance discrepancies
III. Line saturation degeneracies
![Page 5: Red Supergiants as Extragalactic Abundance Probes: Establishing the J-Band Technique Zach Gazak Rolf Kudritzki (chair), Josh Barnes, Fabio Bresolin, Ben.](https://reader035.fdocument.pub/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ad47f8b9ab059972648/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Collisional line methods from H II regions
I: Troublesome Calibration
Results depend heavily on choice of calibrationNGC 300 (ESO)
![Page 6: Red Supergiants as Extragalactic Abundance Probes: Establishing the J-Band Technique Zach Gazak Rolf Kudritzki (chair), Josh Barnes, Fabio Bresolin, Ben.](https://reader035.fdocument.pub/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ad47f8b9ab059972648/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Collisional line methods from H II regions
I: Troublesome Calibration
Results depend heavily on choice of calibrationNGC 300 (ESO)
Bresolin et al. 2009
![Page 7: Red Supergiants as Extragalactic Abundance Probes: Establishing the J-Band Technique Zach Gazak Rolf Kudritzki (chair), Josh Barnes, Fabio Bresolin, Ben.](https://reader035.fdocument.pub/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ad47f8b9ab059972648/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Collisional line methods from H II regions
I: Troublesome Calibration
Results depend heavily on choice of calibrationNGC 300 (ESO)
Kewley & Ellison 2008
![Page 8: Red Supergiants as Extragalactic Abundance Probes: Establishing the J-Band Technique Zach Gazak Rolf Kudritzki (chair), Josh Barnes, Fabio Bresolin, Ben.](https://reader035.fdocument.pub/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ad47f8b9ab059972648/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Collisional metallicities 0.2 to 0.4 dex lower than recombination measurements.
II: Abundance Discrepancy Factor
Simon-Diaz & Stasinska 2010
Dust composition
![Page 9: Red Supergiants as Extragalactic Abundance Probes: Establishing the J-Band Technique Zach Gazak Rolf Kudritzki (chair), Josh Barnes, Fabio Bresolin, Ben.](https://reader035.fdocument.pub/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ad47f8b9ab059972648/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Collisional metallicities 0.2 to 0.4 dex lower than recombination measurements.
II: Abundance Discrepancy Factor
Simon-Diaz & Stasinska 2010
Peimbert et al. 2006
Dust composition
![Page 10: Red Supergiants as Extragalactic Abundance Probes: Establishing the J-Band Technique Zach Gazak Rolf Kudritzki (chair), Josh Barnes, Fabio Bresolin, Ben.](https://reader035.fdocument.pub/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ad47f8b9ab059972648/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Degeneracy at over ~0.5 solar metallicity
III: Line Saturation
Stasinska 2010
[OIII] and [NII] [NII] only
![Page 11: Red Supergiants as Extragalactic Abundance Probes: Establishing the J-Band Technique Zach Gazak Rolf Kudritzki (chair), Josh Barnes, Fabio Bresolin, Ben.](https://reader035.fdocument.pub/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ad47f8b9ab059972648/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Significant Discrepancies
Stasinska 2010
[OIII] and [NII] [NII] only
Simon-Diaz & Stasinska 2010
M33: U et al. 2009A and B Supergiants
![Page 12: Red Supergiants as Extragalactic Abundance Probes: Establishing the J-Band Technique Zach Gazak Rolf Kudritzki (chair), Josh Barnes, Fabio Bresolin, Ben.](https://reader035.fdocument.pub/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ad47f8b9ab059972648/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Significant Discrepancies
Stasinska 2010
[OIII] and [NII] [NII] only
Simon-Diaz & Stasinska 2010
M33: U et al. 2009A and B Supergiants
+ HII Regions
![Page 13: Red Supergiants as Extragalactic Abundance Probes: Establishing the J-Band Technique Zach Gazak Rolf Kudritzki (chair), Josh Barnes, Fabio Bresolin, Ben.](https://reader035.fdocument.pub/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ad47f8b9ab059972648/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Stars drive chemical enrichment
Evolution of galaxies
Abundance pattern gradients
Interstellar extinction
Distances
Quantitative Spectroscopy of Stars
![Page 14: Red Supergiants as Extragalactic Abundance Probes: Establishing the J-Band Technique Zach Gazak Rolf Kudritzki (chair), Josh Barnes, Fabio Bresolin, Ben.](https://reader035.fdocument.pub/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ad47f8b9ab059972648/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
8 < Minit < 35 Msun
Red Supergiants
B8-A4
K–M
MJ -8 to -11
![Page 15: Red Supergiants as Extragalactic Abundance Probes: Establishing the J-Band Technique Zach Gazak Rolf Kudritzki (chair), Josh Barnes, Fabio Bresolin, Ben.](https://reader035.fdocument.pub/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ad47f8b9ab059972648/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Cool: Teff < 4500 K
Inflated: R on AU scales
Convection + Mass Loss
Red Supergiants
ESO
Betelgeuse
ESO & P. Kervella
![Page 16: Red Supergiants as Extragalactic Abundance Probes: Establishing the J-Band Technique Zach Gazak Rolf Kudritzki (chair), Josh Barnes, Fabio Bresolin, Ben.](https://reader035.fdocument.pub/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ad47f8b9ab059972648/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Historically, high resolution (R~20,000) required.
Unrealistic extragalactic integration times!
Davies, Kudritzki & Figer 2010:
We can use R~3000 in J band, log[Z] to 0.1 dex
Spectroscopy of RSGs
![Page 17: Red Supergiants as Extragalactic Abundance Probes: Establishing the J-Band Technique Zach Gazak Rolf Kudritzki (chair), Josh Barnes, Fabio Bresolin, Ben.](https://reader035.fdocument.pub/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ad47f8b9ab059972648/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Peak RSG flux and strong, well separated linesRSGs in the J Band
3500 K
J band
![Page 18: Red Supergiants as Extragalactic Abundance Probes: Establishing the J-Band Technique Zach Gazak Rolf Kudritzki (chair), Josh Barnes, Fabio Bresolin, Ben.](https://reader035.fdocument.pub/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ad47f8b9ab059972648/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Peak RSG flux and strong, well separated linesRSGs in the J Band
3500 K
J band
R~2500 SpeX (Rayner et al. 2009)
HD 39801
![Page 19: Red Supergiants as Extragalactic Abundance Probes: Establishing the J-Band Technique Zach Gazak Rolf Kudritzki (chair), Josh Barnes, Fabio Bresolin, Ben.](https://reader035.fdocument.pub/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ad47f8b9ab059972648/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
MARCS model grid: Spherical symmetry, LTERSGs in the J Band
R~2500 SpeX (Rayner et al. 2009)
HD 39801
![Page 20: Red Supergiants as Extragalactic Abundance Probes: Establishing the J-Band Technique Zach Gazak Rolf Kudritzki (chair), Josh Barnes, Fabio Bresolin, Ben.](https://reader035.fdocument.pub/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ad47f8b9ab059972648/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
MARCS model grid: Spherical symmetry, LTERSGs in the J Band
R~2500 SpeX (Rayner et al. 2009)
HD 39801
Teff: 3750 +/- 220 (3710)
log[Z]: 0.16 +/- 0.28 (0.19 +/- 0.21)
![Page 21: Red Supergiants as Extragalactic Abundance Probes: Establishing the J-Band Technique Zach Gazak Rolf Kudritzki (chair), Josh Barnes, Fabio Bresolin, Ben.](https://reader035.fdocument.pub/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ad47f8b9ab059972648/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Finding RSGs
Image Courtesy of Mike Bessell
LMC
Ben Davies
![Page 22: Red Supergiants as Extragalactic Abundance Probes: Establishing the J-Band Technique Zach Gazak Rolf Kudritzki (chair), Josh Barnes, Fabio Bresolin, Ben.](https://reader035.fdocument.pub/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ad47f8b9ab059972648/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
M33
![Page 23: Red Supergiants as Extragalactic Abundance Probes: Establishing the J-Band Technique Zach Gazak Rolf Kudritzki (chair), Josh Barnes, Fabio Bresolin, Ben.](https://reader035.fdocument.pub/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ad47f8b9ab059972648/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
M33
![Page 24: Red Supergiants as Extragalactic Abundance Probes: Establishing the J-Band Technique Zach Gazak Rolf Kudritzki (chair), Josh Barnes, Fabio Bresolin, Ben.](https://reader035.fdocument.pub/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ad47f8b9ab059972648/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
M33
![Page 25: Red Supergiants as Extragalactic Abundance Probes: Establishing the J-Band Technique Zach Gazak Rolf Kudritzki (chair), Josh Barnes, Fabio Bresolin, Ben.](https://reader035.fdocument.pub/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ad47f8b9ab059972648/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: Red Supergiants as Extragalactic Abundance Probes: Establishing the J-Band Technique Zach Gazak Rolf Kudritzki (chair), Josh Barnes, Fabio Bresolin, Ben.](https://reader035.fdocument.pub/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ad47f8b9ab059972648/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Thesis work:I. The Milky Way
II. Local Group Galaxies
III. Beyond the Local Group
Solar metallicity Perseus OB1 RSGs
M31 (Milky Way analog)M33 (sub-solar metallicities)
M81 (super solar metallicities)NGC2403 (sub-solar metallicities)Super Star Clusters (SSCs)
![Page 27: Red Supergiants as Extragalactic Abundance Probes: Establishing the J-Band Technique Zach Gazak Rolf Kudritzki (chair), Josh Barnes, Fabio Bresolin, Ben.](https://reader035.fdocument.pub/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ad47f8b9ab059972648/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
I. Solar Neighborhood: Per OB-1
20+ RSGs
![Page 28: Red Supergiants as Extragalactic Abundance Probes: Establishing the J-Band Technique Zach Gazak Rolf Kudritzki (chair), Josh Barnes, Fabio Bresolin, Ben.](https://reader035.fdocument.pub/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ad47f8b9ab059972648/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
I. Solar Neighborhood: Per OB-1 Observe full RSG population at high and low
resolution
Compare and calibrate high-R v. low-R methods
Calibrate to well established BSG techniques
J, H at R~20,000: IRCS on Subaru (1 night)R~ 2,500: SpeX on IRTF (1 night)
MARCS model gridDevelop analysis techniques
Collaborate with Urbaneja, Kudritzki: spectra of all known BSGs in Per OB1
![Page 29: Red Supergiants as Extragalactic Abundance Probes: Establishing the J-Band Technique Zach Gazak Rolf Kudritzki (chair), Josh Barnes, Fabio Bresolin, Ben.](https://reader035.fdocument.pub/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ad47f8b9ab059972648/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
I. Solar Neighborhood: Per OB-1
Critical dataset for this work and into the future
Test and calibrate new future RSG atmosphere codes
![Page 30: Red Supergiants as Extragalactic Abundance Probes: Establishing the J-Band Technique Zach Gazak Rolf Kudritzki (chair), Josh Barnes, Fabio Bresolin, Ben.](https://reader035.fdocument.pub/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ad47f8b9ab059972648/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
II. Galactic Neighborhood: M31, M33
M31
Jerry Lodriguss
M33
Ken Crawford
Metallicity gradients of Local Group
galaxies using RSGs
![Page 31: Red Supergiants as Extragalactic Abundance Probes: Establishing the J-Band Technique Zach Gazak Rolf Kudritzki (chair), Josh Barnes, Fabio Bresolin, Ben.](https://reader035.fdocument.pub/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ad47f8b9ab059972648/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Milky Way analog
Very little spectroscopic information over the radial gradient.
1000s of RSGs
II. Galactic Neighborhood: M31, M33
M31
Jerry Lodriguss
2 nights with MOSFIRE on Keck I:Full coverage of radial metallicity gradient with detailed information on α/Fe element
ratios.
![Page 32: Red Supergiants as Extragalactic Abundance Probes: Establishing the J-Band Technique Zach Gazak Rolf Kudritzki (chair), Josh Barnes, Fabio Bresolin, Ben.](https://reader035.fdocument.pub/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ad47f8b9ab059972648/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
II. Galactic Neighborhood: M31, M33
M33
Ken Crawford
1 night with MOSFIRE on Keck I:Cover radial gradient with brightest RSGs, allowing a critical test of conflicting results between HII and BSGs.
M33: U et al. 2009A and B
Supergiants
+ HII Regions
![Page 33: Red Supergiants as Extragalactic Abundance Probes: Establishing the J-Band Technique Zach Gazak Rolf Kudritzki (chair), Josh Barnes, Fabio Bresolin, Ben.](https://reader035.fdocument.pub/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ad47f8b9ab059972648/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Abundance gradient of M81 or NGC 2403
III: Beyond the Local Group
M81
Giovanni Benintende
NGC 2403
Subaru
![Page 34: Red Supergiants as Extragalactic Abundance Probes: Establishing the J-Band Technique Zach Gazak Rolf Kudritzki (chair), Josh Barnes, Fabio Bresolin, Ben.](https://reader035.fdocument.pub/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ad47f8b9ab059972648/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
III: Beyond the Local GroupM81
Giovanni Benintende
4 Mpc
Indications of super-solar central metallicity and shallow gradient
1000s of RSGs3 nights with MOSFIRE on Keck I:Mass-metallicity relationship from RSGs (with
LG work)
Spiral galaxy metallicity gradients independent of mass if considered on a dimensionless length scale?
![Page 35: Red Supergiants as Extragalactic Abundance Probes: Establishing the J-Band Technique Zach Gazak Rolf Kudritzki (chair), Josh Barnes, Fabio Bresolin, Ben.](https://reader035.fdocument.pub/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ad47f8b9ab059972648/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
105 Msun with ~100 RSGs: reach 10x distances
IIIb: Super Star Clusters
M82: McCrady & Graham 2007
![Page 36: Red Supergiants as Extragalactic Abundance Probes: Establishing the J-Band Technique Zach Gazak Rolf Kudritzki (chair), Josh Barnes, Fabio Bresolin, Ben.](https://reader035.fdocument.pub/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ad47f8b9ab059972648/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
105 Msun with ~100 RSGs: reach 10x distances
IIIb: Super Star Clusters
Perseus OB1 work will allow a critical testProceed with additional observations if successful
Promising agreement with M51 SSC photometry from Nate Bastian
![Page 37: Red Supergiants as Extragalactic Abundance Probes: Establishing the J-Band Technique Zach Gazak Rolf Kudritzki (chair), Josh Barnes, Fabio Bresolin, Ben.](https://reader035.fdocument.pub/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ad47f8b9ab059972648/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
RSGs with Extremely Large Telescopes
Evans et al. 2010
Limiting mJ ~23 means RSGs beyond Virgo Cluster
![Page 38: Red Supergiants as Extragalactic Abundance Probes: Establishing the J-Band Technique Zach Gazak Rolf Kudritzki (chair), Josh Barnes, Fabio Bresolin, Ben.](https://reader035.fdocument.pub/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ad47f8b9ab059972648/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
RSGs with Extremely Large Telescopes
Evans et al. 2010
Limiting mJ ~23 means RSGs beyond Virgo Cluster
![Page 39: Red Supergiants as Extragalactic Abundance Probes: Establishing the J-Band Technique Zach Gazak Rolf Kudritzki (chair), Josh Barnes, Fabio Bresolin, Ben.](https://reader035.fdocument.pub/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ad47f8b9ab059972648/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
RSGs with Extremely Large Telescopes
Excellent recovery of metallicity (Evans et al. 2010)
![Page 40: Red Supergiants as Extragalactic Abundance Probes: Establishing the J-Band Technique Zach Gazak Rolf Kudritzki (chair), Josh Barnes, Fabio Bresolin, Ben.](https://reader035.fdocument.pub/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ad47f8b9ab059972648/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Center of Virgo Cluster Gunter Kerschhuber
![Page 41: Red Supergiants as Extragalactic Abundance Probes: Establishing the J-Band Technique Zach Gazak Rolf Kudritzki (chair), Josh Barnes, Fabio Bresolin, Ben.](https://reader035.fdocument.pub/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ad47f8b9ab059972648/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Thesis Timeline
MOSFIRE backup instrument is FMOS on Subaru