Real comm2e ch4
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![Page 1: Real comm2e ch4](https://reader033.fdocument.pub/reader033/viewer/2022061219/54ba1c444a7959fd038b4637/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 4
VerbalCommunication
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• Describe the power of language—the system of symbols we use to think about and communicate our experiences and feelings
• Identify the ways language works to help people communicate—the five functional communication competencies
Chapter Outcomes
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Chapter Outcomes (cont.)
• Label communication problems with language and how to address them
• Describe how language reflects, builds on, and determines context
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The system of symbols (words) that we use to think about and communicate experiences and feelings
Language
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• Language is symbolic.• Words have multiple meanings.
– Denotative: accepted definition– Connotative: emotional or attitudinal
response
• Thought informs language and vice versa.– Cognitive language: specific symbols
used to describe ideas, situations, and so on
The Nature of Language
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• Language is ruled by a system of rules (grammar).– Phonological rules: pronunciation– Syntactic rules: word placement in a
sentence
• Language is bound by context.– Competent communication means
understanding a situation.
The Nature of Language (cont.)
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• Communication acquisition involves:– Learning words of a
language– Using the words
appropriately and effectively in the context of the situation
The Functions of Language
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Functional Communication Competencies
• Using language as a means of control to influence oneself, others, environment
• Using language to share information, which involves:– Questioning– Describing– Reinforcing– Withholding
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Functional Communication Competencies (cont.)
• Using language to express feelings appropriately and effectively
• Using language to express creativity– Imagining: ability to think, play, and be
creative in communication
• Using language as a form of ritual– Ritualizing: learning the rules for
managing conversations and relationships
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Problems with Language
• Abstraction and Meaning– High- and low-level abstractions
(abstraction ladder)– Evasion: avoiding giving details– Equivocation: using unclear words– Euphemism: using inoffensive words– Slang: using informal, nonstandard
words– Jargon: using technical language
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Problems with Language (cont.)
• The Abstraction Ladder
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Problems with Language (cont.)
• Situation and Meaning– Semantics: meanings words have for
people based on relationships between symbols, objects, people, and concepts
– Pragmatics: ability to use cultural symbol systems appropriately
• Limits of Labeling– Accepting labels may overlook
individual differences.
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The Dangers of Biased Language (cont.)
• Biased language openly excludes or implies something negative about certain groups.
• Politically correct language uses neutral terms in place of biased language.– May avoid real issues in favor of politeness– Allows people to be both sensitive and
accurate when choosing words
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The Dangers of Biased Language (cont.)
• Profanity: insulting, rude, vulgar, or disrespectful words or expressions– Some may see offensive words as
reasonably hostile, based on the situational context.
• Civility: social norm for appropriate behavior– Follow guidelines for civil language.
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Guidelines for More Civil Language
• Use no words rather than offensive ones.• Use words appropriate to your specific
listener.• Choose temperate, accurate words over
inflammatory ones when commenting on ideas, issues, or persons.
• Use objective, respectful, nondiscriminatory language.
• Use clean language at all times when at work.
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Language in Context
• Language reflects context(Have a variety of speech
repertoires)
• Language builds on context(Adjust language to situation)
• Language determines context(Choose formal / informal language)
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Language in Context (cont.)
• The Relational Context:– Using language and levels of
abstraction to create / reflect a relationship
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Language in Context (cont.)
• The Situational Context:– High language: formal, polite, or
“mainstream” language– Low language: informal, casual
language for more comfortable environments•Includes slang
– Sex and gender are part of situational context.
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Language in Context (cont.)
• The Cultural Context:– Culture, Words, and Thought
•Sapir-Whorf hypothesis: A culture’s words influence thinking.
•Linguistic determinism: Language influences how we see the world.
•Linguistic relativity: Speakers of different languages have different views of the world.
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Language in Context (cont.)
• The Cultural Context (cont.)
– Gender and language affect communication.• Males: use interruptions• Females: use intensifiers, qualifiers,
hedges, disclaimers, tag questions• Both use resistance messages differently.
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Language in Context (cont.)
• The Cultural Context (cont.)
– Geography and language affect communication and understanding of the world.
– Accommodation means adapting to another person.• Code switching• Style switching
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Language in Context (cont.)
• Mediated contexts– Communication via technology
requires strong, clear language.• Powerful or intense language may receive
more attention.
– English has become the language of the Internet and mass media.
– Acronyms and emoticons can enhance, or hinder, communication.