cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa dkedM+tky

jktho nhf{kr

Lons”kh Hkkjr ihBe~

cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa dk edM+tky

ys[kd % jktho nhf{kr

izdk”kd % Lons”kh Hkkjr ihBe~

lokZf/kdkj izdk'kd ds ikl lqjf{kr

izFke laLdj.k % vizSy 2009 ¼1000 izfr;k¡½

izdk'kdLons”kh Hkkjr ihBe9] pkS/kjh ys&vkÅV]xzke&o:M] iks-&lsokxzkeo/kkZ & 442 102Qksu ua- 07152& 260041eksckbZy % 9822520113

lg;ksx jkf'k % 30 #i;s

1 2

vkeq[k

ekuo lekt ds yEcs bfrgkl esa cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa dk mn;

,d ,slh ?kVuk gS ftlus euq’; dh thou “kSyh vkSj vuqHko ls ij[ksfVdkÅ ewY;ksa dks >d>ksj fn;k gSA uotkr f”k”kq ds Hkjiwj iks’k.k dsfy, izdfr iznRr ek¡ ds Lruiku dh fpjdky ls pyh vk;h LokLF;ijEijk ds LFkku ij cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa }kjk *csch QwM* dks LFkkfirdjok nsuk bldk ,d mnkgj.k ek= gSA jkT;] jk’Vªh;rk] /keZ] bZeku bulc ls Åij mBdj equkQk vkSj vkfFkZd lkezkT; dh gol us budEifu;ksa dks *lqijLVsV* cuk Mkyk gS tks izdfr vkSj euq’; nksuksa ds“kks’k.k ij fVdh gSA thou ds izR;sd {ks= esa & jkstejkZ ds miHkksDrklkeku ls ysdj ;q) ds fodjky gfFk;kj cukus rd & budh ?kqliSB gSAfo”o ds i;kZoj.k dks] fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa mn~Hkwr laLdfr;ksa dks bu dEifu;ksaus jksM jksyj dh rjg jkSan Mkyk gSA

;wjksi dh vkS|ksfxd ØkfUr us if”pe ds ns”kksa dks vius mifuos”kcukus esa cM+h enn nhA bl mifuos”khdj.k us if”pe ds ns”kkssa dhcgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa dks rhljh nqfu;k ds ns”kksa esa viuk O;kikj tkyQSykus dk Hkjiwj volj fn;kA mifuos”kh rkdrksa dh N= Nk;k esa bUgksausykrhuh vejhdk] vÝhdk vkSj ,f”k;k ds ns”kksa ls lLrk dPpk dkycVksjk vkSj vius egaxs *cus cuk,* eky ls muds cktkjksa dks ikV fn;kAurhtru bu ns”kksa dh fVdkÅ vFkZO;oLFkk VwV x;h vkSj lEiUu ns”kvfodflr ns”kksa dh Js.kh esa /kdsys fn;s x;sA f}rh; egk;q) ds cknmifuos”khdj.k dk tky VwVk] ij fodkl ds uke ij ;s dEifu;k¡ rhljhnqfu;k essa viuh ?kqliSB cuk, jghaA mifuos”kdky esa tks dke iqfyl&QkStds gfFk;kj djrs Fks] mRrj mifuos”kdky esa og dke fo”o cSad vkSjeqnzkdks’k dh lgk;rk ls _.k ds gfFk;kj }kjk fd;k x;kA cgqjk’Vªh;dEifu;ksa dks rhljh nqfu;k esa fuckZ/k :i ls vius ik¡o ilkjus dkdkuwuh gd xSV ds ;w:Xos pØ dh lekfIr ij cus fo”o O;kikj laxBuus ns fn;k ftlds rgr ;s dEifu;k¡ bu ns”kksa ls *jk’Vªh; O;ogkj* ikusdh gdnkj cu x;h gSA

cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa us rhljh nqfu;k ds ns”kksa dh vkfFkZdLok;Rrrk dks u’V dj fn;k gS rFkk O;kid iSekus ij xSj&cjkcjh] vkSjmiHkksDrkoknh vilaLdfr QSykbZ gSA vc rks fodflr ns”k Hkh budsdkj.k csjkstxkjh vkSj mlds QyLo:i QSyrs lkekftd ruko dsf”kdkj gks jgs gSaA

cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa dk c<rk edMtky u dsoy Hkkjr esacfYd iwjh nqfu;ka esa ekuoh; laLdfr vkSj lH;rk ds fy, [krjs dh ?kaVhcu pqdk gSA blfy, buds f[kykQ pyus okys bl vfHk;ku esa ge lHkh,dtqV gksdj vkokt mBk;saxs rks fuf”pr :i ls Hkkjrh; laLdfr vkSjlH;rk dh j{kk dj ldsaxsA

jktho nhf{kr

lsokxzke] o/kkZ

3 4

cgqjk’Vªh; daifu;ksa dk edM+tky

ekuo lH;rk ds fodkl ds bfrgkl esa fdlh Hkh u;h [kkst usbrus euksosx] xgjs&lansg] rh[kh vkykspuk o luluh dks tUe ughafn;k] ftruk fd cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa usA tklwlh miU;klksa dk lkjksekap iSnk djus okyh budh jgL;iw.kZ xfrfof/k;ksa dh tc dybZ [kqyrhgS rks vUrjkZ’Vªh; izsl txr Hkh HkkSpDdk jg tkrk gS tks fd Lo;a blrjg dh dkjxqtkfj;ksa dk HkaMkQksM+ djus dk vknh gSA jks”kuh dh ,duhyh lh ydhj vUrjkZ’Vªh; txr ds mu iqjks/kkvksa dks Hkh pdkpkS/k lsvk¡[ks Hkhapus ij etcwj dj nsrh gS] tks bl eqxkyr esa jgrs gS fdvUrjkZ’Vªh; jktuhfr muds b”kkjksa ij lapkfyr gksrh gSA

vkt ,sls fdlh Hkh cM+s vUrjkZ’Vªh; ;k jk’Vªh; fooknksa dks <w¡<+ikuk dfBu gS ftuds ihNs dgha u dgha cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa ds LokFkZ utqM+sa gksaA fdlh vkdsZLVªk ds lapkyd dh Hkk¡fr ;s dEifu;k¡ ;g fu/kkZfjrdjrh gSA fd ns”k ds jk’Vªifr;ksa] iz/kkueaf=;ksa ,oa usrkvksa dks fdl izdkjds Loj fudkyus pkfg,A ;s dEifu;k¡ muds izfr fo”ks’k :i ls fueZegksrh gSa tks mudh ckr ugha ekursA ,sls yksxksa dks lh/ks&lkh/ks muds inksals gVk fn;k tkrk gS ;k mudh gR;k djok nh tkrh gSA blfy, bucgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa dks *lqij LVsV* Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ftu ns”kksa dh ;sdaifu;ksa gksrh gSa mu ns”kksa dh ljdkjsa Hkh buls Hk;Hkhr jgrh gS D;ksafd;s jkT; ds Åij ,d vf/kjkT; ds :i esa dke djrh gSaA vc *jkT; dhuhfr* *jkT; dh “kfDr*] *jkT; dh lEizHkqrk*] vkfn “KCn vFkZghu gks x;sgSA bu daifu;ksa dh uhfr;ksa ls gh vc jkT; dh uhfr;ka fu/kkZfjr gksrhgSA fdUrq fodflr ns”k budks cnkZLr djrs gSa vkSj budk iks’k.k Hkh djrsgS D;ksafd ;s dEifu;ka muds fy, fodkl”khy o vfodflr ns”kksa dknksgu djrh gSa vkSj u;s lkezkT;okn dks cuk;s j[krh gSA

bu cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa dk vkil esa vfu’Vdkjh xBtksM+okLro esa u;h lEizHkq “kfDr gSA ;s daifu;k¡ fo”kky jktuSfrd “kfDr okysvf/kdkf/kd Lok/khu dsUnz curs tk jgs gS ftUgksaus nqfu;k ds lHkh ns”kksa esajkT; ds vUnj jkT; tSlk dqN cuk fy;k gS ftlus LorU= “kfDrgkfly dj yh gSA bu dEifu;ksa dh rkdr dk vuqeku bl ckr ls gh

5 6

fo’k; lwph

vkeq[k 3cgqjk’Vªh; daifu;ksa dk edM+tky 6cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa dk bfrgkl 8;q) dh jktuhfr vkSj gfFk;kjksa dk O;olk; 13cgqjk’Vªh; daifu;ksa dk vkilh foy; 20cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa dk Hkkjr esa izos”k 24fons”kh iw¡th dk /kks[kk 29Hkqxrku lUrqyu vkSj fu;kZr dk Hkze 35dtZ vkSj vkfFkZd lgk;rk dh jktuhfr 39mPp fons”kh rduhd dk >wB 43?kVrs jkstxkj vkSj c<+rh csjkstxkjh 48nokvksa ds uke ij ywV 52xqyke gksrh [ksrh 56vk/kqfud fodkl ;k izdfr fouk”k 62laLdfr ij geyk 65jktuSfrd gLr{ksi 70fo”o cSad] vUrjkZ’Vªh; eqnzkdks’k vkSj Hkkjr 84cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa dk vlyh psgjk 91

vklkuh ls yxk;k tk ldrk gS fd vesfjdk tSlk “kfDr”kkyh jkT; Hkhbu dEifu;ksa dh voS/k xfrfof/k;ksa ij jksd ugha yxk ldrk gSAvesfjdk ds *QMjy fjtoZ cksMZ* dks bl ckr dh tkudkjh ugha gksrh gSfd fdruk *;wjks Mkyj* dgka vkSj fdlds ikl gS \ vkSj og vesfjdk esadSls izos”k djk;k x;k gS \ ¼fons”kksa esa tek rjy eqnzk dk HkaMkj *;wjkMkyj* dgykrk gSA

cgqjk’Vªh; daifu;ksa ds ikl djhc 3100 vjc Mkyj ¼78]000vjc :i;s yxHkx½ dh rjy ifjlEifr;k¡ crkbZ tkrh gS tks fo”o dhlHkh ljdkjksa dh rjy ifjlEifr;ksa dk yxHkx rhu xquk gSA buesa tjklk Hkh ifjorZu djus ij fo”o Hkj esa Hk;adj foRrh; ladV mRiUu gksldrk gSA

lu~ 1988 esa lalkj ds dqN izeq[k ns”kksa dh dEifu;ksa us 10]720vjc Mkyj ¼20]2960 vjc :i;s yxHkx½ dk O;kikj fd;kA ns”kksa dsvuqlkj] dEifu;ksa ds O;kikj dk vk¡dM+k fuEu gS %&vesfjdk 4807 vjc Mkyj ¼36]526 vjc :-½tkiku 2843 vjc Mkyj ¼51]174 vjc :-½if”pe teZuh 1201 vjc Mkyj ¼21]618 vjc :-½Ýkal 947 vjc Mkyj ¼17046 vjc :-½bVyh 828 vjc Mkyj ¼14]904 vjc :-½fczVsu 813 vjc Mkyj ¼14]634 vjc :-½dukMk 482 vjc Mkyj ¼8]676 vjc :-½

¼lzksr% Qkjpwu] twu 1990½

vc jktuSfrd :i ls fdlh ns”k dks xqyke cukuk lEHko ughagSA vr% ns”kksa dks vkfFkZd :i ls bu cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa ds tfj;sxqyke cuk;k tkrk gSA ;s dEifu;k¡ vkfFkZd lkezkT;oknh “kks’k.k dk ,dizeq[k gfFk;kj gSA fdlh Hkh ns”k dh jktuSfrd O;oLFkk dks fu;af=rfd;k tkrk gS] bu cgqjk’Vªh; daifu;ksa }kjkA D;ksafd jktuhfr vius vkiesa dksbZ ,d fujis{k rRo ugha gSA nwljh vksj vkfFkZd O;oLFkk Hkh viusvki esa vfUre lR; ugha gSA ;fn fdlh ns”k dh jktuSfrd O;oLFkk esafdafpr ifjorZu gksrk gS rks vkfFkZd gksrk gS rks vkfFkZd o lkekftdO;oLFkk ,d cMs+ vuqikr esa cnyrh gS vkSj lkekthdj.k dk iwjk <k¡pkgh ifjofrZr gks tkrk gSA ftlls thou ewY;ksa ij lcls vf/kd izHkkoiM+rk gS vkSj ,d fefJr laLdfr dk vkfoHkkZo gksrk gS ftlds iSj viuhgh tehu ls m[kM+dj fdlh nwljh tehu dh ryk”k esa gksrs gSaA

cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa dk bfrgkl

cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa dh tM+s e/;dky esa osful] vaxzst] Mp oÝkalhlh O;kikfj;ksa }kjk LFkkfir daifu;ksa esa feyrh gSaA izkphu lH;rk esa HkhO;kikfj;ksa }kjk nwljs ns”k esa tkdj O;kikj djus ds mnkgj.k feyrs gSaA ns”kdh lhekvksa dks yka?kdj nwljs ns”kksa esa O;kikj djus ds izek.k *eslksiksVkfe;klH;rk* ds le; ds ekStwn gSaA ysfdu ;g O;kikj eq[;r% LorU= O;fDr;ksa}kjk gh fd;k tkrk FkkA O;kikjh lewg cukdj ,d ns”k ls nwljs ns”k esa viuseky dh fcØh ds fy;s tkrs Fks] vkSj vko”;drk dh oLrq;sa ogka ls [kjhn djykrs FksA Hkkjr dk jkse ds lkFk O;kikj] Hkkjr dk cekZ] eyk;k ¼vc eysf”k;k½]phu vkfn ds lkFk O;kikj blh Js.kh esa vkrk FkkA jkseu lkezkT; ds le;ikj&jk’Vªh; O;kikj [kwc gksrk Fkk] ysfdu O;kikfj;ksa }kjk lkezkT; ds iru dsckn Hkkjr dk O;kikj phu ds lkFk “kq: gqvkA eq[;r% nf{k.k Hkkjr dk fgLlkphu ds lkFk O;kikfjd xfrfof/k;ksa esa vf/kd layXu FkkA O;kikj ds blLo:i esa “kks’k.k dh dgha dksbZ xqatkb”k ugha Fkh vkSj u gh estcku o esgekuns”kksa ds chp bl O;kikj dks ysdj dksbZ >xM+k gqvk djrk FkkA

vk/kqfud cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa ds pfj= okyh nqfu;k dh lclsigyh dEiuh *n eLdksoh dEiuh* (The Muskovi Comp ayny) ekuhtkrh gS ftldh LFkkiuk lu~ 1553 esa gq;h FkhA bl dEiuh us viuhLFkkiuk ds 3 o’kksZ ckn gh nqfu;k ds egRoiw.kZ “kgjksa esa vius O;kikfjdizfr’Bku LFkkfir dj fy;s FksA lu~ 1553 ls 1581 rd *eLdksoh dEiuh*us vdwr equkQk dek;k vkSj lu~ 1581 esa dEiuh ds vyecjnkjksa us ,dvkSj fo”kkydk; dEiuh *n VdhZ dEiuh* (The Turkey Comp any) dksLFkkfir dj fy;kA bl *VdhZ dEiuh* dh fo”ks’krk Fkh fd blus LFkkiukds le; gh nqfu;k ds egRoiw.kZ uxjksa esa vius ik¡o ilkjsA ,slk ugha Fkkfd 1553 ls lu~ 1581 ds chp nqfu;k esa fdlh vU; dEiuh dk tUe ghugha gqvkA vU; dbZ NksVh dEifu;k¡ lkeus vk;h ysfdu vf/kd fnu rdpy u ldhA vr% ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd lu~ 1553 ls lu~ 1581rd *eLdksoh dEiuh* dk O;kikfjd {ks= esa ,dkf/kdkj jgkA

7 8

lu~ 1600 esa bZLV bf.M;k dEiuh Hkkjr esa O;kikj djus ds fy;svk;hA gkyk¡fd bl dEiuh dh LFkkiuk bfytkcsFk izFke ds le; esa gh gkspqdh Fkh] ysfdu bl dEiuh us cgqjk’Vªh; pfj= lu~ 1600 esa gh xzg.k fd;kAHkkjr vkus ls iwoZ bl dEiuh us nqfu;k¡ ds vU; fgLlksa esa Hkh iSj tekus dhdksf”k”k dh Fkh ysfdu og lQy ugha gks ldhA ml le; nf{k.k&iwoZ ,f”k;kesa vusd NksVh&eksVh Mp dEifu;k¡ viuk O;kikj dj jgha FkhA Hkkjr esa HkhdqN Mp dEifu;ksa dks izos”k gks pqdk FkkA bZLV bf.M;k dEiuh us lu~ 1612esa bZLV bf.M;k dEiuh us Mp dEifu;ksa ds lkFk vEcksfu;k ¼bUMksusf”k;k½ esa,d ;q) yM+k FkkA bl ;q) esa bZLV bf.M;k dEiuh us ,d ‘kM~;U= ds rgrMp dEifu;ksa ds vf/kdkfj;ksa dh lkewfgd gR;k djok nhA lu~ 1667 dsvkrs&vkrs bZLV bf.M;k dEiuh us Mp dEifu;ksa dk ukeks&fu”kku feVkfn;kA lwjr ds cUnjxkg ij dCtk djus ds fy;s bZLV bf.M;k dEiuh us1612 esa Lokyh esa Hkh ,d ;q) yM+k ftlds ckn lwjr ds cUnjxkg ij bZLVbf.M;k dEiuh dk iw.kZ vf/kdkj gks x;kA blds ckn gh bZLV bf.M;k dEiuhdk f”kdatk iwjs ns”k ij dlrk pyk x;kA

fczVsu dh vkS|ksfxd Økafr ls iwoZ] lu~ 1670 esa LFkkfir *ngMlu cs dEiuh* (The Hudson B ay Comp any), lu~ 1672 esa LFkkfir*n jk;y vÝhdu dEiuh* (The Roy alAfric an Comp any) o 1711 esalFkkfir *n lkmFk lh dEiuh* (The South Se a Comp any) vkfnfo”kkydk; cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;k¡ nqfu;k ds reke fgLlksa esa O;kikj djjgh FkhA

lu~ 1750 ds ckn dk nkSj fczVsu dh vkS|ksfxd ØkfUr dk nkSj FkkAftlds nkSjku mRiknu dh rduhd esa vkewy ifjorZu vk;kA lu~ 1600 ls1750 ds chp vaxzsth dEiuh us] ftlesa bZLV bf.M;k dEiuh Hkh “kkfey Fkh]vaxzstksa dks vdwr iw¡th dk ekfyd cuk fn;kA Hkkjr o nf{k.k&iwoZ ,f”k;k dsvU; ns”kksa dk “kks’k.k djds vaxzsth cktkj esa iSls dk izokg vR;kf/kd c<+ x;kAcktkj dh rkdrsa ¼cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;k¡½ cktkj esa rkdroj gksrh x;hA eqnzkdk ncko yxkrj c<+us dk ifj.kke vkS|ksfxd ØkfUr ds :i esa lkeus vk;kA

vkS|ksfxd ØkfUr us O;kikfjd dEifu;ksa dks tehu ls tehu lsmBkdj vkleku ij fcBk fn;kA vf/kd mRiknu o de ykxr dsfl)kUr ds pyrs dEifu;ksa dss equkQs cgqr rsth ls c<+rs x;sA lu~ 1765ls 1785 ds chp ek= 20 o’kksZa esa ,d rjQ rks dbZ u;s vkfo’dkj gq;s RkFkk

nwljh vkSj dbZ cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa dk tUe gqvkAlu~ 1770 ds vdky esa Hkkjr esa tgka yk[kksa yksxksa dh ekSr gks

jgh Fkh] ogha vaxzsth tehu ij oSHko dk uaxk ukp gks jgk FkkA ftlvuqikr esa yksx bZLV bf.M;k dEiuh }kjk jpk;s x;s vdky esa ej jgsFks mlh vuqikr esa vaxzsth lkezkT; esa dEifu;ksa rFkk vkfo’dkjksa lspeRdkj gks jgs FksA vaxzsth cSdksa esa bruk vf/kd /ku tek gks x;k Fkk fdmruk /ku nqfu;k ds fdlh HKh fgLls esa ;fn gksrk rks ogk¡ Hkh vkS|ksfxdØkfUr gks x;h gksrhA

ek= 50]000 ikm.M ls Hkkjr esa O;kikj “kq: djus okyh bZLVbf.M;k dEiuh lu~ 1770 rd vkrs&vkrs Hkkjr ls 20]00000 ikm.M dscjkcj dk equkQk izfro’kZ dekrh FkhA lu~ 1860 rd dqN vkSj fo”kkydk;cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;k¡] tks ewyr% fczVsu dh Fkh] nqfu;k esa viuh igpkucuk pqdh FkhA blesa ,suMª;w ;wy ,.M dEiuh] Madu ,.M cznlZ dEiuh(Andrew Yul & Co.) , esDykbV ,.M dEiuh (M aclite & Co.) , cuZ,.M dEiuh] Madu ,.M cznlZ dEiuh (Dunc an And Brothers Com-

p any) , vkDVsfo;l LVhy ,.M dEiuh (Oct avious Steel & Com-

p any) fxykUMlZ vcqZFkukV ,.M dEiuh (Gill anders Arbuthnot Com-

p any) , “kk okysl dEiuh (Sh aw W allace Comp any) , ,slh cgqjk’Vªh;dEifu;k¡ Fkha] ftudh 50 ls vf/kd dEifu;k¡ nqfu;k ds fofHkUu fgLlksaesa dk;Z dj jgh FkhaA bu fczfV”k dEifu;ksa ds ckjs esa ,d egRoiw.kZ rF;;g gS fd ftu&ftu ns”kksa esa ;s dEifu;k¡ O;kikj djus ds fy;s x;h] muns”kksa esa vaxzsth lkezkT; dk >aMk ygjk;k x;kA fczfV”k lkezkT; dhlhek;sa c<+kus esa lcls egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk ogka dh dEifu;ksa us fuHkk;h FkhA

18 oha “krkCnh ds e/; rd mRrjh vesfjdk esa fczVsu dh 13dEifu;k¡ O;kikj dj jgha FkhA ckn esa ;s {ks=] ftuesa fczfV”k dEifu;k¡O;kikj ds uke ij “kks’k.k dj jgh Fkha] fczfV”k mifuos”k cusA blmifuos”kksa ds uke Hkh mUgha dEifu;ksa ds uke ij j[ks x;s tks bu {ks=ksadh ekfyd cu cSBh FkhA mnkgj.k ds fy;s eSlkpqlsV] cksLVu] ysfDlxzaVu]othZfu;k] eSjhyS.M] tlhZ] isuflYosfu;k vkfn txgksa ds uke dEifu;ksads uke ij j[ks x;sA tktZ okf”kaxVu tSls usrkvksa ds usrRo esa fczfV”kmifuos”kksa dks eqDr djkus dk jk’Vªh; vkanksyu vesfjdk esa “kq: gqvkAvkanksyu dk lcls rkdroj i{k Fkk] vaxzsth oLrqvksa dk cfg’dkjA yksxksa

9 10

us vaxszth dEifu;ksa }kjk cuk;h x;h oLrqvksa dks [kjhnuk can fd;kAdEifu;ksa dks vU; izdkj ds lg;ksx nsuk NksM+kA *vlg;ksx* vkSj *cfg’dkj*ds ukjksa ls vesfjdh /kjrh xwath vkSj bl xwat dk ifj.kke lu~ 1783 esafeyk] vaxzsth nklrk ls eqfDr esaA mu 13 vaxzsth dEifu;ksa dks vesfjdkdh /kjrh ls viuk cksfj;k fcLrj lesVuk iM+kA

fczfV”k dEifu;kssa }kjk tks cht vesfjdk dh /kjrh NksMs+ x;s] os vcikS/ks cuus yxs FksA vesfjdk esa Hkh NksVh&NksVh dEifu;k¡ vfLrRo esa vkus yxhaFkhaA lu~ 1865 esa vesfjdk dk flfoy okj lekIr gqvk ftldks vesfjdhvkS|ksfxd ØkfUr dk uke fn;k tk ldrk gSA flfoy okj dh lekfIr ds cknvesfjdk mlh uD”ks dne ij pyus yxk ftl ij dHkh fczVsu pyk FkkA

vesfjdk dh lcls igyh cgqjk’Vªh; dEiuh *flaxj* (Singer) Fkh]tks 1867 esa LFkkfir gqbZA bl dEiuh us ns”k ds ckgj viuh igyh mRiknubdkbZ 1867 esa gh Xyklxks ¼LdkVyS.M½ esa LFkkfir dhA lu~ 1867 esa *ck;j*(B ayer) us viuh igyh mRiknu bdkbZ dksyksu ¼Ýkal½ esa LFkkfir dh Fkhftlesa jklk;fud inkFkZ ,uhyhu rS;kj fd;k tkrk FkkA bl dEiuh dstud iz[;kr oSKkfud ÝsMfjd ck;j Fks tks teZuh ds FksA lu~ 1866 esafo”ofo[;kr HkkSfrd “kkL=h vYÝsM ukscqy us Mk;ukekbV ds mRiknu ds fy;s*ukscqy b.MLVªht* (Noble Industries) uked dEiuh dh LFkkiuk gsEcxZ esadhA ;s rhuksa dEifu;k¡ cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;k¡ Fkha] tks vkt viuh 450 ls vf/kd dEifu;ksa ds lkFk vkfFkZd txr dh cqyafn;ksa ij gSaA Kkr jgs fd nqfu;kdk izfrf’Br ukscqy iqjLdkj] Mk;ukekbV o vU; foLQksVd inkFkksZa dkmRiknu djus okyh dEiuh ukscqy b.MLVªht }kjk gh fn;k tkrk gSA

19 oha “krkCnh dh “kq:vkr rd cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa ds vkdkj olef) esa vR;f/kd of) gksus yxh FkhA vr% ;wjksih; ns”kksa dh ljdkjksa uslaj{k.kokn dh uhfr dks viuk;k FkkA ftlds rgr mu ns”kkas dh ljdkjksa usvius ns”k dh dEifu;ksa dks laj{k.k fn;k vkSj nwljs ns”k dh dEifu;ksa dks viuscktkj esa ?kqlus ij dbZ ikcafn;k yxkbZA lu~ 1890 rd vesfjdk esa 5000dEifu;k¡ LFkkfir gks pqdh FkhaA ;wjksih; ns”kksa esa mudks ?kqliSB djuk vceqf”dy gks x;k FkkA D;ksafd vf/kdrj ;wjksih; ns”kksa esa dM+s vkfFkZd izfrcU/kyxk fn;s x;s FksA vc bu vejhdh dEifu;ksa us vkilh izfr;ksfxrk ls cpusds fy;s vkil esa VªLV cukuk “kq: dj fn;kA 5000 dEifu;ksa esa vkil esaxBtksM+ gqvk vkSj izFke fo”o ;q) rd vkrs&vkr vesfjdk esa 300 fo”kkydk;

1211

dEifu;k¡ ns”k dh vFkZO;oLFkk ij dCtk djds ;wjksih; n”kksa esa Hkh ?kql pqdhFkhaA bu 5000 dEifu;ksa ds vkilh xBtksM+ us vkxs vkus okyh dEifu;ksa dksvkil dh izfr;ksfxrk ls cpus dk] ,d nwljs ds fgrksa dk vkil esa u Vdjkusdk vklku jkLrk fn[kk;kA tc 5000 dEifu;ksa us vkil esa feydj 300fo”kkydk; dEifu;k¡ LFkkfir dh rks ;wjksih; ns”kksa esa dksgjke ep x;kA ns”kksads vkfFkZd izfrcU/k rkd ij /kjs jg x;sA lke&nke&n.M&Hksn dh uhfrviukdj bu dEifu;ksa us ;wjksih; ns”kksa esa ?kqliSB dh rFkk mu ns”kksa dhvFkZO;oLFkkvksa dks vius vuq:i cnydj j[k fn;kA [kqys cktkj dh vFkZO;oLFkkdk ukjk nsdj mu ns”kksa ds iq”rSuh jkstxkj /ka/kksa dks pkSiV fd;kA izFkefo”o;q) ds le; rd ckth ,d ne ls iyV x;h FkhA dy rd tks fczVsuds gkFk Fkh vc ckth vesfjdh dEifu;ksa ds gkFk FkhA lu~ 1901 esa fczVsu esadke djus okyh dEifu;ksa esa lcls cM+h dEiuh (St and ard Oil Comp any)

iwjs ;wjksi dh lcls cM+h dEiuh gqvk djrh FkhA lu~ 1914 rd iwjs ;wjksi esaftruh dkjsa curh Fkha muesa ls ,d&frgkbZ dkj vdsys vejhdk dh QksMZ(Ford) dEiuh cukrh FkhA tcfd bl dEiuh dh LFkkiuk gsujhQksMZ us lu~1903 esa dh FkhA izFke fo”o;q) ds “kq: gksus rd vejhdh dEifu;ksa us ;wjksidks jkSan dj j[k fn;kA bu lUnHkZ esa ,Q-,] eSdsUth }kjk 1902 esa fyf[kriqLrd *n vesfjdu bUosMlZ* vR;Ur gh egRoiw.kZ gSaA muds Lo;a ds “kCnksa esa& ßvesfjdk us ;wjksi dks jkSan fn;k gs] viuh QkSatksa ls ugha cfYd dEifu;ksa}kjk RkS;kj mRiknksa lsA bu dEifu;ksa ds dIrku vkt ;wjksi ds HkkX; fo/kkrkcu cSBs gSaA ftUgksaus eSfMªd ls ysdj lsaV~l ihVjcxZ rd yksxksas ds nSfud thoudks viuh fxj¶r esa ys fy;k gSA bu vkrrk;h dEifu;ksa ds lkeus vc dqNHkh lqjf{kr ugha jg x;k gSA gekjs MªkbZoj vejhdh xkfM+;ksa dh xksn esa cSbusdks csrkc gSaA gekjs cPps vc vejhdh Hkkstu ij iy jgs gSa vkSj gekjs cqtqxZHkh vc vejhdh rkcwrksa esa nQuk;sa tk jgs gSaAß vejhdh dEifu;ksa }kjk cuslkekuksa dh ck<+ esa ;wjksi Mwc x;kA lqbZ ls ysdj cM+h&cM+h eksVj xkfM+;k¡ rFkkcPpksa dks nw/k fiykus okyh cksry ls ysdj] ejus ds ckn nQukus ds fy;srkcwr rd vejhdh dEifu;ksa }kjk cuk;s tk jgs FksA lu~ 1914 rd dks;yk]jsyos] bLikr] bUthfu;fjax] dkj] isVªksfy;e] ,Y;wfefu;e] jlk;u] diM+kvkfn {ks=ksa esa vejhdh dEifu;ksa dk izHkqRo LFkkfir gks pqdk FkkA lu~ 1914rd vesfjdk o ;wjksi dh dqy rjy ifjlEifRr dk 90 izfr”kr cgqjk’Vªh;dEifu;ksa esa yxk gqvk FkkA

;q) dh jktuhfr vkSjgfFk;kjksa dk O;olk;

;q) dHkh Hkh jktuhfrd dkj.kkssa ds fy;s ugha cfYd vkfFkZddkj.kksa ds fy;s gh yM+s tkrs gSaA izFke fo”o ;q) ds ckn ;g ckr ,dne“kh”ks dh rjg lkQ utj vkrh gS fd bu fo”kkydk; dEifu;ksa dsvkilh fgr tc Vdjkrs gSa rks mldk ifj.kke iwjh ekuo tkfr dks >syukiM+rk gSA vesfjdk us izFke fo”o ;q) esa n[ky nsus dk fu.kZ; rFkh fy;ktc mlus ns[kk fd vejhdh dEifu;ksa ds vkfFkZd fgr pkSiV gksrs tk jgs gSaA

lu~ 1914 rd vejhdh dEifu;ksa dk ;wjksih; ns”kksa ds lkFkdqy O;kikj 16-9 djksM+ Mkyj ¼orZeku le; esa yxHkx 3-42 vjc :i;sds cjkcj½ dk fkk] tks 1916 rd vkrs&vkrs ek= 11-59 yk[k Mkyj¼orZeku le; esa yxHkx 2-08 djksM+ :i;s½ jg x;k FkkA ;wjksih; ns”kksds lkFk O;kikj esa vk;h Hkkjh fxjkoV ls vejhdh dEifu;ksa dks cgqr vf/kd ?kkVk gqvkA vc vejhdh dEifu;ksa us bl ?kkVs dks iwjk djus ds fy;svU; fe= ns”ksa esa lsa/k yxkuk “kq: fd;k vkSj blesas os dkQh lQy HkhjgsA 1914 rd ;wjksih; ns”kksa ds ckgj nqfu;k ds vU; ns”kksa esa vejhdhdEifu;ksa dk izfr o’kZ dk dkjksckj 82-4 djksM+ Mkyj Fkk] tks 1916 esa c<+dj 321-4 djksM+ Mkyj gks x;k FkkA bl O;kikj esa ,d cM+k fgLlkgfFk;kjksa dh fcØh dk “kkfey FkkA D;ksafd ;q) “kq: gks x;k Fkk vkSjvejhdh dEifu;ksa us vc gfFk;kjksa dk mRiknu “kq: dj fn;k FkkA;q)ds gkykrksa esa vejhdh dEifu;ksa dks gfFk;kjksa ds O;kikj ls vdwrQk;nk gqvkA lu~ 1916 ds ckn gj cM+h dEiuh us viuh dqy iw¡th dk,d cM+k fgLlk gfFk;kjksa ds mRiknu esa yxk fn;k FkkA bl ?kVuk dsckn rRdkyhu vejhdh jk’Vªifr foYlu us teZuh ds f[kykQ ;gdgdj fd ßvf/kdkj “kkfUr ls vf/kd ewY;oku gSß ;q) dh ?kks’k.kk djnhA iwjs ;q) ds nkSjku 375 vjc Mkyj ds gfFk;kj dEifu;ksa }kjkfofHkUu ns”kksa dks csps x;sA vc dEifu;ksa ds eq¡g gfFk;kjksa dk [kwu yxpqdk Fkk] vr% vc dEifu;ksa }kjk gfFk;kj mRiknu esa lcls vf/kd iw¡th

fuos”k fd;k tkus yxkA dbZ dEifu;ksa us vius iqjkus mRiknksa dks cukukcUn djds gfFk;kjksa dk mRiknu “kq: dj fn;kA dbZ vkSj dEifu;ksa usmiHkksDrk lkexzh ds lkFk&lkFk gfFk;kjksa ds mRiknu ds {ks= esa dne j[kkA;q) ds ckn dEifu;ksa ds dk;Z djus ds rjhds esa ,d vkSj egRoiw.kZifjorZu vk;kA dEifu;ksa us vkfFkZd fgrksa dks lqjf{kr j[kus ds fy;svkil esa feydj *dkVsZy* ¼dbZ dEifu;ksa dks feykdj ,d lewg½ cukuk“kq: dj fn;kA cktkjksa esa vkilh izfr}fU}rk ls cpus ds fy;s dEifu;ksaus ;g dne mBk;kA izFke fo”o ;q) ls f}rh; fo”o ;q) ds chp dkle; cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa ds bfrgkl esa *dkVsZykbZts”ku* ds uke lse”kgwj gSA vFkkZr~ “kfDr;ksas dk vkSj vf/kd dsUnzhdj.k gksrk x;kA iw¡thdqN dsUnzksa esa gh fleVrh x;hA rduhdh ij dqN pquh gq;h dEifu;ksadk gh vf/kdkj gksrk x;kA bl nkSj dh dqN izeq[k dEifu;k¡ tks gfFk;kjmRiknu ds {ks= esa vxz.kh Hkwfedk fuHkk jgh Fkha vkSj ftu dEifu;ksa usdbZ vU; dEifu;ksa dks vius esa feykdj dkVsZy cuk;s Fks fUkEu Fkha %&

tujy eksVlZ] (Gener al Motors) , QksMZ (Ford) , LVSUMMZ vk;y(St and ard Oil) , M~;wikUV (Dupont), vkbZ-lh-vkbZ- (I.C.I) , ,ykbMdsfedYl (Allied Chemic als) , jsfeaxVu (Remington) , dSaVj fiyjVSªDVj (C ater Pill ar Tr actor), Økblyj dkiksZjs”ku Qk;j LVksu (Fire

Stone) , tujy bySDVªhdYl dkiksZjs”ku (Gener al Electric als Corpo-

ration) , bUVjus”kuy gkosZLVj (Intern ation al Harvester) , dksYV (Colt) ,dksdk&dksyk (Coc a Col a) , vkbZ- ch- ,e- (I.B.M.), vkfnA

f}rh; fo”o ;q) dh iwjh :ijs[kk gsfMª[k eqYySj }kjk cuk;hx;h Fkh ftlds rgr ikyS.M ds Åij lcls igyk vkØe.k fd;k x;kAgSfMª[k eqYySj] fgVyj ds nkfgus gkFk ds :i esa vR;Ur gh egRoiw.kZ inij teZu lsuk ds lapkyu ds fy;s fu;qDr gqvk FkkA

blls Hkh egRoiw.kZ rF; ;g gS fd gSfMªy eqYySj f{rh; fo”o;q) ds le; dq[;kr cgqjk’Vªh; dEiuh vkbZ-Vh-Vh- dk izeq[k FkkA ;gcgqjk’Vªh; dEiuh ;q) ds le; esa QkflLV xqV dks foRrh; lgk;rkiznku dj jgh FkhA blds vykok viuh lg;ksxh dEiuh *Qksds cqYQ,;j Øk¶V dkiksZjs”ku* ds lkFk feydj ceo’kZd foekuksa dh vkiwfrZQkflLV xqV dks dj jgh FkhA lEiw.kZ ;q) ds nkSjku vkbZ-Vh-Vh- dh lapkjlsokvksa us ukth ;q) rU= dks lh/kh lgk;rk dh FkhA ij ;q) lekIr gksrs

13 14

gh ;g dEiuh vejhdh lsuk dh Hkh izeq[k Bsdsnkj cu x;h vkSj bldsvf/kdkjh fe= jk’Vªksa ds xqIrpjksa ds lkFk feydj ?kfu’Brk ls dke djusyxsA etsnkj ckr ;g Fkh fd vkbZ-Vh-Vh nksuksa vksj ls ;q) esa yM+ jghFkhA QkflTe ds f[kykQ ;g dEiuh vejhdk o lksfo;r la?k dks enndj jgh Fkh rFkk nwljh vksj ukth lsukvksa dks enn dj jgh FkhA

;g vR;Ur gh fofp= yxrk gS fd ;q) lekfIr ds 30 o’kZ cknvkbZ-Vh-Vh- dEiuh dks vesfjdh ljdkj dh vksj ls 2 djksM+ 60 yk[kMkyj bl ckr dh {kfr iwfrZ ds fy;s izkIr gq;s fd vesfjdh forkuksa usteZuh esa dEiuh ¼vkbZ-Vh-Vh-½ ds izfr’Bku dks Hkkjh uqdlku igq¡pk;k FkkAbl izdkj vkbZ-Vh-Vh- us ,d ;q) ds eSnku ls rhu&rhu vkfFkZd QlysadkVhaA nks ckj vius eq[;ky; ds ek/;e ls vesfjdk ls vkSj ,d ckjviuh lgk;d dEiuh ds ek/;e ls teZuh lsA ;g xkSj fd;k tkukpkfg, fd ;q) ds iwoZ Hkh bl dEiuh ds teZu lsuk ds xqIrpj foHkkxds izeq[k xks;fjax ls vR;Ur gh e/kqj lEcU/k Fks] ftlds dkj.k dEiuh dsfgVyj ds lkFk egRoiw.kZ lEcU/k cus FksA

f}rh; fo”o ;q) ds lekIr gksus ds rqjar ckn vesfjdk dh 23cM+h dEifu;ksa us ukfHkdh; gfFk;kjksa dks cukuk “kq: fd;kA bu gfFk;kjksads ijh{k.k LFky cus vÝhdk o ,f”k;kds xjhc o NksVs ns”kA gfFk;kjksa dkmRiknu djus okyh dEifu;k¡ fn nwuh jkr pkSxquh rjDdh djus yxhaAvc ;g gfFk;kjksa dk O;olk; dEifu;ksa ds Qyus&Qwyus dk vk/kkjcukA tks vkxs pydj fo;ruke ;q)] dksfj;k ;q)] bZjku&bZjkd ;q) odbZ vU; NksVs ;q)ksa esa vkSj vf/kd rsth ls QSyrk x;kA

bZjku ds “kkg vkSj izfrfØ;koknh vjc gqdwerksa us gfFk;kjksa dks[kjhnus esa lSdM+ksa vjc Mkyj [kpZ fd;s gSaA btjk;y] phu vkSj felz dhljdkjsa Hkh gfFk;kjksa ds c<+ko dks dk;e j[kus esa lfØ; jgh gSaAbtjk;y&felz le>kSrs ds ckn e/;&iwoZ esa vejhdk ds lSfud vkS|ksfxdleqPp; ds fy;s equkQs dekus dh u;h laHkkouk;sa iSnk gks x;hA bZjku ovQxkfuLrku dh ?kVukvksa ls Hkh mUgsa ,sls gh ekSds feysA tkiku vkSjphu ds chp lEiUu rFkkdfFkr “kkfUr le>kSrs us ftlesa ekvksokfn;ksa us]uk;dRookn ds ckjs esa ,d fojks/kh ykch rS;kj dh] feR”kwfo”kh] dkoklkdh]fgrkph] tkslsu vkSj vU; fo”kkydk; tkikuh m|ksxksa ds equkQksa esa Hkkjho) dj nhA ihfdax ds nwr dtksZa vkSj gfFk;kjksa dh ryk”k esa if”pe esa

lkjs ns”kksa dks Nkus Mky jgs gSaA vHkh gky esa vejhdh ;k=k ds nkSjku yhisax us ykdghM] esdMksukYM&Mxyl vkSj cksbax tSls n”kZuh; LFkkuksa esa:fp fn[kk;h gSA mudks “ysflaxj] uu vkSj tSdlu tSls cnuke;q)okfn;ksa ds }kjk lSj djk;h x;hA cksyhfc;k] czkthy] fpyh] ;wukuvkSj baMksusf”k;k esa nf{k.kiaFkh ‘kM~;U=dkfj;ksa dks vejhdk ljdkj dhlykgdkj fuxeksa us lgk;rk igq¡pk;h vkSj blds cnys esa bu ns”kksa dslsuk/;{kksa us vejhdh cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa ds fy;s vuqdwy ifjfLFkfr;k¡miyC/k djk;h gSaA Fky lsuk vkSj ukS lsuk ds yxHkx 500 izeq[k vM~MksavkSj lSfud gLr{ksi ds ntZu ls mij fu;a=.kdkjh pkSfd;ksa ij nqfu;kHkj esa tgk¡ dgh Hkh vejhdh >aMk xkMk x;k gS] ogk¡ vejhdh daifu;k¡?kql x;haA fo”oO;kih lSfud lkezkT; dk fuekZ.k djuk buds fy;s ,dvPNk /ka/kk jgk gSA tcfd bu daifu;ksa ds leFkZdksa dk dguk gS fdvarjkZ’Vªh; daifu;ka ewyr% ,d “kkfUriwoZd lekt dh LFkkiuk ds fy;slqanj&lqanj phtksa dk fuekZ.k djus esa yxh gqbZ gSA bu daifu;ksa dkcpko djus ds fy;s fdrus gh laaqnj “kCnksa dk bLrseky D;ksa u fdk tk;]vkSj ;g izekf.kr djus ds fy;s fdruh gh th&rksM+ esgur D;ksa u djsa]fd nqfu;k esa LFkkf;Ro iSnk gks x;k gS vkSj jk’Vªksa dh gkyr esa lq/kkj gksx;k gS] lSfud [kpksZa esa dVkSrh dh x;h gS] ysfdu rF; mYVk gh izekf.krdjrs gSaA gky gh esa U;w;kdZ VkbEl us vius ,d laikndh; esa fy[kk gSfd gfFk;kjksa dk mRiknu djus vkSj dkuwuh rkSj ij mudk fu;kZr djusesa vejhdk dh ,d gtkj ls T;knk daifu;k¡ yxh gqbZ gSaA muesa os izeq[kvkS|ksfxd izfr’Bku Hkh “kkfey gSa tks nSfud miHkksDrk oLrqvksa dkmRiknu djus ds fy;s tkus tkrs gSaA ;q) lkexzh ds fuekZ.k esa ,Dlksu¼rsy½] tujy eksVl ¼eksVj½] vkbZ-ch-,e- ¼dEI;wVj½] vkj-lh-,- ¼Vh-oh-lSV½] xqMbZ;j ¼Vk;j½] Mw;wiksaV ¼jlk;u½] flaxj ¼flykbZ dh e”khusa½]osfLVax gkml ¼fctyh ds lkeku½ vkSj xYQ vk;y tSlh daifu;k¡ Hkh“kkfey gSaA bu fuxeksa dh dkjxgqtkfj;ksa ds dkj.k LFkk;h “kkafr ugha jgikrhA cfYd lp rks ;g gS fd ;s fuxesa yxkrkj nqfu;k dks ;q) dsdxkj ij [kM+k djus dh dksf”k”k esa yxh jgrh gSA

fo;ruke ij vejhdh vkØe.k us fo”ks’k rkSj i] mu Hkzkafr;ksa dksvf/kd /kDdk igq¡pk;k tks cgqjk’Vªh; daifu;ksa }kjk QSyk;h x;h FkhaAfo;rukeh turk ds fy;s bl ;q) ds Hk;adj ifj.kke loZfofnr gSaA

15 16

ysfdu cM+h la[;k esa vejhdh yksxksa dks Hkh fgUn&phu ds taxyksa esaviuh tku ls gkFk /kksuk iM+kA Qk;nk gqvk dsoy bu cgqjk’Vªh; fuxeksa dksA

1955 ls ysdj fo;ruke ;q) dh lekfIr rd bu fuxeksa dksgfFk;kjksa ds 75 izfr”kr vkMZj izkIr gq;sA ml dky esa vejhdh lsuk dh“kL=ksa dh vkiwfrZ djus okyksa dh lwph dkQh dqN dgrh gS& cksbaZ&1800djksM+ Mkyj] tujy Mk;ukfeDl& 1400 djksM+ Mkyj] ukFkZ vesfjdu,fo;s”ku bu dkiksZjs”ku& 1330 djksM+ Mkyj] ;wukbZVsM ,;j Øk¶V &1160 djksM+ Mkyj] tujy eksVlZ & 1050 djksM+ Mkyj] Mxyl & 850djksM+ Mkyj] vkbZ-Vh-Vh- & 710 djksM+ Mkyj] ekfVZu ekfj;s & 660djskM Mkyj] áwXl & 470 djksM+ Mkyj] esDMksusy & 570 djksM+ Mkyj]Lisjh jsaM & 560 djksM+ Mkyj] fjifCyd & 530 djksM+ Mkyj] xqzesu &420 djksM+ Mkyj] csufMDl & 410 djskM Mkyj] osfLVax gkml & 390djksM+ Mkyj] dfVZl jkbV & 380 djksM Mkyj] jsfFk;ksu & 330 djksMMkyj] vkbZ-ch-,e- & 320 djksM+ MkyjA bu fuxeksa dks ;qw) lkeqxzh dsvkMZjksa dk ,d cM+k fgLlk dkaxzsl lnL;ksa vkSj lhusVjksa dh en ls feyk FkkA

btjk;y Hkh bl ckr dks Lohkdjus yxk gS fd ßfelkbyksa dkO;kikj larjksa ls vf/kd ykHknk;d gSß & ;s “kCn ogka ds iz/kkuea=h usgky esa gh O;Dr fd;s gSA btjk;y gfFk;kjksa dks cspus esa leFkZ gSA ogk¡bu gfFk;kjksa dk mRiknu *jkdosy*] *ykdghM*] *okfu;k*] *tsfuFk*] *osfLVaxgkml*] *eQhucksy*] *esxzkoksDl*] *,;jkstksV*] *tujy U;wfDy;ksfuDl*]*fyax&VsDdks&oksXV* vkfn fuxe dj jgs gSA btjk;y ds “kL= m|ksxds laj{kdksa esa M~;w”k cSad] ,=th= “kkfey gSa tks if”pe teZuh ds lclscM+s cSadksa esa ls ,d gSaA ;g cSad ogk¡ ds fuxeksa dks foRr eqgS;k djkrk gSAfiNys 10&12 o’kksZ esa ;gk¡ ds fuxeksa ds fu;kZr esa 50 xquk of) gqbZ gSAvkt ;g fu;kZr 100 djksM+ ekdZ dks ikj dj pqdk gSA ;s fuxe tsV¼yM+kdw ceo’kZd½] vkLVaM & 1124 ¼leqnz rVh; x”rh foeku½] QkSxk &ekftLVj ¼ceo’kZd½] vjkok ¼lSfud ifjogu foeku½] tgkt ls NksM+stkus okys iz{ksiklz] 155 ,e-,e- rksisa] iz{ksiklz <kus okys tgkt rd csprsgSA fizVksfj;k dh ljdkj buds eq[; xzkgdksa esa ls ,d gSaA

ukfHkdh; gfFk;kjksa dks cukus dh izkS|ksfxdh dks cspuk fo”ks’k:i ls fouk”kdkjh gSA nf{k.k vÝhdk ds x.kjkT; esa ukfHkdh; gfFk;kjksadk fodkl bu fuxeksa dh lgk;rk ls fd;k tk jgk gSA ;s turk dh

ek¡x dks vuns[kk djds muds mRiknu esa tqVs gSaA ;s fuxesa mu ekun.Mksard dk mYya?ku djrh gS ftudkss ljdkjsa ekurh gSa vHkh gky esavtsZVhuk dks ,d fuxe }kjk ukfHkdh; la;a= vkSj izks|ksfxdh cspus dkekeyk izdk”k esa vk;k gSA gkykafd vtsZVhuk dh ljdkj bl ckr dhleqfpr xkjaVh ugha nsa jgh Fkh fd mDr la;a= dk mi;ksx lSfudmn~ns”;ksa ds fy;s ugha fd;k tk;sxk] ij fQj Hkh if”pe tZeuh ds fuxeus ml ljdkj dks izkS|ksfxdh o fj;sDVj nksuksa cspsA

nwljs fo”o ;q) esa fgVyj dh gkj ds ckn if”pe teZuh esalkefjd jkdsVksa dk fodkl djus vkSj budk fuekZ.k djus ij jksd yxknh x;h Fkh ijUrq vks-Vh-vkj-,-th- daiuh dh ikjjk’Vªh;rk dk ykHk mbkrsgq;s bl fuxe ls dqN ugha dgk x;kA fQj if”pe teZuh dks ;g fopkjvk;k fd iz{ksikL= O;kikj fdlh vU; ns”k dh /kjrh ls fd;k tk ldrkgS] vr% bl daiuh us tk;js esa ,d {ks= dh fj;klr gkfly dj yh vkSjiz{ksiklz {ks= dk fodkl dj fy;kA turk ds lkeus bl iwjs lkSnks dksO;kikfjd dg dj izLrqr fd;k x;kA vc tk;js ds ml {ks= dkbLrseky lkjs vÝhdk dks /kedkus ds fy;s fd;k tk jgk gSA gfFk;kjksa dkmRiknu cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa dh uhfr dk ,d ewy vax gSA os bldksesgurd”k turk dh dher ij equkQksa dk ,d LFkk;h lzksr ekurh gSaA

f}rh; fo”o ;q) ds ckn 1946 ls ysdj 1969 ds chp vesfjdhdEifu;ksa dk fo”o O;kikjh iw¡th fuos”k 72 vjc Mkyj ls c<+dj yxHkx708 vjc Mkyj gks x;kA ftlds ifj.kke Lo:i fo”o Hkj ds dqy iw¡thfuos”k dk 65 izfr”kr fgLlk vesfjdh dEifu;ksa ds ikl gks x;kA

blds vfrfjDr lu~ 1952 ds chp esa vesfjdk esa cuh ek”kZy;kstuk ds rgr ;wjksih; ns”kksa dks vius cktkjksa dks fodflr djus gsrq 17vjc Mkyj dh vfrfjDr vesfjdh lgk;rk nh x;hA ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i ;wjksi dh izfr O;fDr vk; ukVdh; rjhds ls c<+ x;hA ek”kZy;kstuk dh ;g lQyrk Fkh] ftlds dkj.k ;wjksih; cktkj esa vejhdkdh oLrqvksa dh ekax vkSj vf/kd c<+ x;hA vehj ns”kksa }kjk xjhc ns”kksadks nh tkus okyh vkfFkZd lgk;rk dk okLrfod :i lu~ 1952 esa ns[kusdks feykA fodflr ns”kksa }kjk nh tkus okyh vkfFkZd lgk;rk xjhc ns”kksaesa cktkj iSnk djus ds dke vkrh gS] u fd mu ns”kksa dk fodkl djusesaA ;wjksih; vFkZ”kkL=h jseUM ouksZu us ;kstuk ij fVIi.kh djrs gq;s dgk

17 18

Fkk A ßvesjfdk ds fy;s ek”kZy ;kstuk ,d ,slk jktuhfrd gfFk;kj gS]ftlls og vius ns”k dh dEifu;ksa dks ;wjksi esa py jgs vkfFkZd ;q) esalEiw.kZ fot; dh vksj ys tk jgk gS vkSj nqfu;k esa vesfjdh vkfFkZd&vkf/kiR; dh tM+ksa dks etcwr dj jgk gSA bl ek”kZy ;kstuk ds nwjxkehifj.kke gksaxsA nqfu;k ds vU; xjhc ns”k Hkh vesfjdh enn ikus ds fy;s,d nwljs ls gksM+ djsaxs ftldh otg ls mudk lgh fodkl vo:)gksxk vkSj os ,d ,sls fodkl ds jkLrs ij /kdsy fn;s tk;saxss tgka lsokil ykSVuk mu xjhc ns”kksa ds fy;s fQj vlEHko gksxkAß

lu~ 1960 ds vkrs&vkrs jseUM cuksZu }kjk dh x;h Hkfo’;ok.khv{kj”k% lR; fl) gq;hA ,f”k;k o vÝhdk ds ns”kksa esa fons”kh enn dscgkus vesfjdh o vU; ;wjksih; cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa dh ?kqliSB c<+usyxhA vc xjhc ns”kksa dks vkfFkZd enn nsuk vesfjdk dh j.kuhfr cux;hA vkus okyh vesfjdh ljdkjksa us bl ijEijk dks yxkrkj vkxs c<+k;kA

;wjksif;u vkfFkZd leqnk; dk xBu blh n”kd esa gqvkA ftldkeq[; mn~ns”; vesfjdh dEifu;ksa ds ;wjksi esa c<+rs izHkko dks de djusrFkk ;wjksih; dEifu;ksa dks vkxs c<+kus ds fy;s FkkA blesa ;wjksih; ns”kvkaf”kd :i ls lQy jgsA D;ksafd vf/kdrj ;wjksih; ns”kksa ds ikl fons”kheqnzk ¼Mkyj½ dk vHkko FkkA ysfdu ;wjksfi;u vkfFkZd leqnk; ds xBuds ckn ;wjksfi; cktkj vkfFkZd mrkj&p<+ko ds nkSj ds ckn fLFkj gksusyxk blh nkSj esa ;wjksfi;u dEifu;ksa dk mn; gqvkA gkykafd dqN;wjksfi;u dEifu;k¡ rks bl “krkCnh ds “kq:vkrh nkSj esa gh vfLrRro esavk pqdh FkhA ysfdu lu~ 1960 vkSj mlds ckn ;wjksih; dEifu;k¡ HkhvUrjkZ’Vªh; cktj ij Nkus yxhaA lu~ 1970 o blds ckn dk nkSjtkikuh dEifu;ksa ds mn; dk FkkA

cgqjk’Vªh; daifu;ksa dk vkilh foy;

if”pe dh cktj laLdfr dk ,d izeq[k fl)kUr gS& izfr;ksfxrkAvFkkZr~ dEifu;ksa esa ;fn vkilh izfr;ksfxrk gksxh rks eky dh xq.koRrkmPpLrjh; gksxh] nke de gksxk vkSj vUrr% mlls miHkksDrk dks ghQk;nk gksxkA cktkj esa ,dkf/kdkj dks jksdus ds fy;s t:jh gS fddEifu;ksa esa vkilh izfr}fU}rk gks ftlls fd dksbZ dEiuh cktkj esaviuk ,dkf/kdkj LFkkfir u djsA blds fy;s vko”;d gS fd ,d lsvkf/kd dEifu;k¡ cktkj esa gksa tks ,d lh oLrqvksa dk mRiknu djrh gksa]ftlls miHkksDrk dks oLrqvksa ds p;u] ewY; o xq.koRrk vkfn dk leqfprvf/kdkj fey ldsA og viuh ilUn ls phtksa ds [kjhn ldsA dEifu;ksa dhLoLFk izfr;ksfxrk ls cktkj ds Hkh vkfFkZd fgrksa esa of) gksA

vk/kqfud cktkj fl)kUr dh ;s ckrsa ,dne cscqfu;kn gSaAcgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa dh equkQk[kksjh dh laLdfr us bu lHkh cqfu;knhfl)kUrksa dks udkjk gSA vkilh izfr;ksfxrk ls cpus ds fy;s ;s dEifu;k¡vkil esa le>kSrs djrh gSaA equkQk[kksjh dks vf/kdre cuk;s j[kus dsfy;s dEifu;k¡ cktkjksa ij ,dkf/kdkj j[krh gSaA bl ,dkf/kdkj o equkQsdks mPpre fcUnq rd igq¡pkus ds fy;s ;s dEifu;k¡ fdlh Hkh gn rd tkldrh gSA ,d nwljs ls xykdkV izfr;ksfxrk esa fyIr jgus okyh ;sdEifu;k¡ vkil esa foy; Hkh dj ldrh gSa] lgxkeh gks ldrh gSaA ;fndqN cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa dks yxrk gS fd vkilh izfr}fU}rk esa mudsequkQs esa deh vk jgh gS vkSj ckrkj ls mudk ,dkf/kdkj lekIr gks jgkgS] rks os dEifu;k¡ futh LokFkksZ ds fy;s vkil esa feydj fdlh ,dfo”kkydk; cgqjk’Vªh; dEiuh dks tUe nsrh gSaA

vf/kdka”k pfpZr cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa dk tUe blh foy; dhizfØ;k ls pyrs gqvk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy;s %&1- fczfV”k yhyS.M eksVj dkiksZjs”ku (British Leyl and Corpor ation)

2- bUVjus”kuy dEI;wVj fyfeVsM (Intern ation al Computer Limited)

3- n ÝsUp bySDVªhdy dEiuh (The French Electric al Comp any)

19 20

fczfV”k e

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(Dam

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(Jag

uar

Car

Ltd.)

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(Leyl

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LVSaUM

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dar

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Car

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ax&ckjQ

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Eiuh

(Avel

ing-B

arfor

dCo.)

yhy

S.M e

ksVlZ fy-

(Leyl

and

Motors

Ltd.

1961)

fyyS.M

eksVlZ d

kiksZ-

(Leyl

and

Motors

Corp.

1963)

txqvkj d

kj fy-

(Jag

uar

Car

Ltd.

1962)

txqvkj d

kj fy-

(Jag

uar

Car

Ltd.

1960)

yhy

S.M eksVlZ d

kiksZ-

(Motor

sCor

p.1966)

yhy

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(Leyl

andM

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1968)

fczfV”k e

ksVj

(Briti

shMot

or1966)

txqvkj d

kj fy-

(Jag

uar

Car

Ltd.

1963)

fczfV

”k yhy

S.M eksV

lZ

dkiksZjs”ku

(Briti

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lan

dMo-

torsC

orp.

1968)

fczfV”k y

hyS.M

eksVj

dkiksZjs”ku d

k tUe

21

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scqysfVax e

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achin

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ikol

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fUVax d

Eiuh

Powers

Sam

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ccount

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y)

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ySfDVªd

dEiuh

(Gener

alEle

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y)

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e-vkbZ-] by

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(E.M.I

.Elec

tronic

Ltd.)

QsjsUVh fyfeVsM

(Ferre

ntiLtd

.)

bafXy

”k b

ySfDVªd

dEiuh

(Engli

shEle

ctric

Com-

pany)

fy;ks dEI;

wVj fy-

(LeoC

ompute

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.)

ekjd

ksuh dEiuh

(Mar

coniC

ompan

y)

baxfy

”k bySfDVªd

fy;ks

dEI;

wVlZ fy-

(Engli

shEle

ctric

Leo

Comp

uter

sLtd

.1963)bUVj

us”kuy d

EI;wVl

Z,.

M V

scqysVl

Z(In

terN

ation

alCom

puters

And

Tabul

ators

1959)

bUVj

us”kuy d

EI;wVl

Zfy

feVsM

(INTER

NA

TION

AL

COMPUT

ERSLIM

ITED

1968)

bUVj

us”kuy d

EI;wV

j dk tUe

bfy;V

vkWVkses”ku

(Eliot

Auto

mat

ion)

bUVj

us”kuy d

EI;wVl

Z,.

M V

scqysVl

Z(In

terN

ation

alCom

puters

And

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1961)

bUVj

us”kuy d

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Z,.

M V

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puters

And

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1962)

bUVj

us”kuy d

EI;wVl

Z,.

M V

scqysVl

Z(In

terN

ation

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puters

And

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1963)

baxfy

”k bySfDVªd

fy;ks

ekjd

ksuh fy

-(En

glish

Electr

icLeo

Marco

niLtd

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baxfy

”k bySfD

Vªd

dEI;

wVlZ fy-

(Engli

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ctric

Comp

uter

sLt

d.1966)

baxfy

”k bySfD

Vªd

dEI;

wVlZ fy-

(Engli

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Comp

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sLt

d.1967)

22

Fkkelu

B;wLV

u dkiksZjs”ku

(Tho

mson

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oust

onCor

potat

ion)

gkVfdl&czk.M

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otchki

ss-br

andt)

DykjsV

dkiksZjs”ku

(Clar

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porat

ion)

lh-

tuj

sy n

Vsyhx

zkQh lk¡ Qh

(Cie

Gener

ate

DeTel

egrap

hieSa

nsFil

.)

ls u

woSy n

bySDV

ªkfud ,

n y

k jsfM;ks bUMLV

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(Ste

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La

Rad

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)

lh tuj

sy fn

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lksfl

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dkiksZjs”ku

(Alst

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Fkkel

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&gkVfdl

czkUV

dkiksZjs”ku

(Thoms

on-H

ouston

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otchki

ss-Bran

dt-Cor

p.)1965 n Ý

Sap b

ySfDVªdy d

Eiuh dk tUe

Fkkel

u&á;wLVu

&gkVfdl

czkUV

dkiksZjs”ku

(Thoms

on-H

ouston

-H

otchki

ss-Bran

dt-Cor

p.)1968

Fkkel

u&á;wLVu

&gkVfdl

czkUV

dkiksZjs”ku

(Thoms

on-H

ouston

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otchki

ss-Bran

dt-Cor

p.)1968

Fkkel

u&á;wLVu

&gkVfdl

czkUV

dkiksZjs”ku

(Thoms

on-H

ouston

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otchki

ss-Bran

dt-Cor

p.)1969

lht

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cite)

1966

lh tuj

sy fn

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(CieG

ener

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lh ,y

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- dkiksZjs”ku

(C.L.L

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orat

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n ÝSap

bySfDVªd

y d

Eiuh

(TH

EFREN

CH

ELECTR

ICA

LCOM

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NY)1970 cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa dk

Hkkjr esa izos”k

Hkkjr esa fons”kh dEifu;k¡ rhu rjhds ls de dj jgh gSA igyk]lh/ks viuh “kk[kk;sa (Br anch) LFkkfir djds] nwljk viuh lgk;ddEifu;ksa (Subsidi aries) ds ek/;e ls] rhljk ns”k dh vU; dEifu;ksads lkFk lk>snkj dEiuh (Col abor ation) ds :i esaA

twu 1995 rd izkIr vkadM+ksa ds vuqlkj 3500 ls dqN vf/kdfosns”kh cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;k¡] viuh “kk[kkvksa ;k lgk;d dEifu;ksa ds :iesa ns”k esa ?kqldj O;kikj dj jgh gSaA 20]000 ls vf/kd fons”kh le>kSrsns”k esa py jgs gSaA vkSlru 1000 ls vf/kd u;s fons”kh le>kSrs izfro’kZns”k esa gksrs gSaA

lu~ 1972 ds vUr rd ns”k esa dqy 740 fons”kh dEifu;k¡ FkhaAftuesa ls 538 viuh “kk[kk;sa [kksydj o 202 viuh lgk;d dEifu;ksads :i esa dke dj jgh FkhaA buesa lcls vf/kd dEifu;k¡ fczVsu dh FkhaAysfdu vkt lcls vf/kd dEifu;k¡ vesfjdk dh gSaA le>kSrs ds vUrxZrdke djus okyh lcls vf/kd dEifu;k¡ teZuh dh gSaA 1977 esa fons”khdEifu;ksa dh la[;k 1136 gks x;hA

vktknh ds iwoZ lu~ 1940 esa 55 fons”kh dEifu;k¡ ns”k esa lh/ksdk;Zjr FkhaA vktknh ds ckn lu~ 1952 esa fd;s x;s ,d losZ{k.k dsvuqlkj fczVsu dh 8 fo”kkydk; dEifu;ksa ds lh/ks fu;U=.k esa 701dEifu;k¡ Hkkjr esa O;kikj dj jgh FkhaA fczVsu dh vU; 32 dEifu;k¡]Hkkjrh; dEifu;ksa ds lkFk fd;s x;s le>kSrksa ds rgr dk;Zjr FkhaA ;s 8fo”kkydk; fczfV”k dEifu;k¡ lu~ 1853 ls gh Hkkjr esa ?kqluk “kq: gksx;h FkhaA bZLV bf.M;k dEiuh }kjk lksph le>h j.kuhfr ds rgr yk;hx;h ;s dEifu;k¡ lu~ 1860 rd bZLV bf.M;k dEiuh ds Hkkjrh;miegk}hi ds “kks’k.k ds fy;s /kkjnkj gfFk;kj cu pqdh FkhA Hkkjrh;miegk}hi esa LFkkfir gks tkus ds ckn ;s dEifu;k¡ nqfu;k ds vU; nwljsns”kksa esa “kks’k.k djus pyh x;haA

23 24

;s 8 fczfV”k dEifu;k¡ fuEu Fkha %&

1- ,UMª;wy ,.M dEiuh2- esDykbM ,.M dEiuh3- ekfVZu ,.M dEiuh4- cuZ ,.M dEiuh5- Madu cznlZ ,.M dEiuh6- vkDVsfo;l LVhy ,.M dEiuh7- fxyS.Mj vcqZnukV ,.M dEiuh8- “kk okysl ,.M dEiuh

Hkkjr esa tSls&tSls fons”kh iw¡th dk fuos”k c<+rk x;k oSls&oSlsfons”kh dEifu;ksa dh la[;k c<+rh x;hA blds lkFk tqM+k gqvk ,dvk”p;Ztud lR; ;g gS fd ftu fons”kh dEifu;ksa us Hkkjr esa iw¡thfuos”k fd;k muesa ls vf/kdka”k dEifu;ksa us vius fuos”k djus ds vxyso’kksZa esa gh viuh fuos”k dh gq;h iw¡th ds cjkcj ;k mlls vf/kd iw¡thdek yhA ckdh vU; dEifu;ksa us vf/kdre 5 o’kksZa esa viuh fuos”kdh gqbZ iw¡th dks dek fy;kA

gj {ks= esa ?kqlh gSa cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;k¡vkt ns”k dk NksVk&cM+k izR;sd {ks= bu fons”kh cgqjk’Vªh;

dEifu;ksa dk xqyke gSA thou ds fdlh Hkh {ks= esa vkus okyh dksbZ Hkhpht ,slh ugha gSa] ftls ;s dEifu;k¡ u cukrh gksaA nSfud mi;ksx dslkekuksa dk mRiknu djds ;s fons”kh dEifu;k¡ ?kj&?kj esa ?kqlh gq;h gSaA[ksrh ds dke esa vkus okys tgjhys dhVuk”kdksa] [kknksa vU; midj.kksa dkmRiknu djds bu fons”kh dEifu;ksa us gekjh vkRefuHkZj [ksrh dks viukxqyke cuk fy;k gSA m|ksxksa ds {ks= esa jn~nh rduhdh dk bLrsekydjds okrkoj.k dks fo’kSyk dj fn;k gSA gok] ikuh vkSj feV~Vh Hkh vciznw’k.k ls eqDr ugha gSaA

uhps mu {ks=ksa dh lwph nh x;h gS ftuesa ?kqldj bu fons”khdEifu;ksa esa gekjh vkfFkZd O;oLFkk dks iaxq cuk fn;k gS&

dqN izeq[k mRiknu ds {ks=] ftuesa fons”kh dEifu;k¡ ?kqlh gqbZ gSaA1- nSfud miHkksx dh lkexzh ds {ks= esa2- nok m|ksx ds {ks= esa

3- [kkn] dhVuk”kd] nok;sa o [ksrh midj.kksa ds {ks= esa4- jklk;fud inkFkksZa ds mRiknu esa5- eksVj&xkfM+;ksa ds midj.kksa ds mRiknu ds {ks= esa6- Hkkjh bathfu;fjax lkekuksa ds mRiknu ds {ks= esa7- bysDVªkfudh o bySDVªhdy lkekuksa ds mRiknu ds {ks= esa8- lSfud j{kk lkexzh ds {ks= esa9- QwM izkslsflax o IykaVs”ku ¼pk;] dkWQh] fMCckcUn [kk|

inkFkZ] pkWdysV½10- oSKkfud j{kk vuqla/kku esa11- lhesUV m|ksx esa12- rsy “kks/ku o mRiknu ds {ks= esa13- /kkrqvksa ds [kuu rFkk fu’d’kZ.k {ks= esa14- twV m|ksx esa15- flys gq;s ¼jsMhessM½ diM+ksa ds mRiknu {ks= esa16- twrs o vU; [ksy lkekuksa ds mRiknu {ks= esa17- jcj bUMLVªht ds {ks= esa18- cPpksa ds f[kykSus o vU; IykfLVd lkekuksa ds mRiknu esa

cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa dh rkdrHkkjr esa bu fons”kh cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa dh fdruh rkdr gS \

budh rkdr dk ,d vankt blh ckr ls ykx;k tk ldrk gS fd nqfu;kdh lcls cM+h fo”kkydk; (Gi ants) 100 cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;k¡ pquhx;ha gSaA ftuds ckjs esa *Qkjpwu* if=dk ds 31 tqykbZ 1989 ds vad esa,d fVIi.kh Nih Fkh %&

ßiwjs fo”o dh vFkZO;oLFkk ij pquh x;h 100 cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksadk dCtk gSA ftruh rjg ifjlEifRr bu 100 dEifu;ksa ds ikl gSa]mlesa tjk lh Hkh gsj&Qsj dj nsus ij iwjs fo”o dh vFkO;OkLFkk pjejkldrh gSAß bu lHkh dEifu;ksa dh “kk[kk;sa nqfu;k ds 125 ls Hkh vf/kdns”kksa esa gSA 31 tqykbZ 1995 rd bu 100 dEifu;ksa esa ls 50 dEifu;k¡Hkkjr esa dke dj jgh gSaA bu 50 dEifu;ksa esa ls izR;sd dk okf’kZddkjksckj Hkkjr ljdkj ds okf’kZd ctV ls vf/kd gSA

o’kZ 1994 esa bu dEifu;ksa dh fo”o Hkj esa fcØh rFkk Hkkjr esa25 26

;s dEifu;k¡ fdl :i esa dk;Z dj jgha gSa( bldk fooj.k uhps nh x;hrkfydk esa fn[kk;k x;k gS %&fons”kh@cgqjk’Vªh; o’kZ 1994 dh fcØh Hkkjr esadEiuh dk;Zjr :Iktujy eksVlZ 4936-032 vCt #i;s 'kk[kkQksMZ eksVlZ 4110-048 vCt #i;s 'kk[kk,DlkWu 3246-688 vCt #i;s 'kk[kkokWy ekVZ 2669-184 vCt #i;s 'kk[kk,-Vh- vW.M- Vh- 2403-008 vCt #i;s 'kk[kktujy bysfDVªd d- 2063-984 vCt #i;s 'kk[kkvkbZ- ch- ,e 2049-664 vCt #i;s 'kk[kkeksfcy 1907-872 vCt #i;s 'kk[kklh;lZ 1745-888 vCt #i;s la;qDr m|e esaØkblyj 1671-168 vCt #i;s la;qDr m|e esaLVsV QkWeZ 1234-200 vCt #i;s &&&&&&&&iwzMsfU'k;y daiuh 1163-072 vCt #i;s lg;ksxh dEiuhbZ- vkbZ- n~;wikSa 1118-976 vCt #i;s la;qDr m|e@ekVZ * 1098-016 vCt #i;s &&&&&&&&lhVhdkWiZ 1012-800 vCt #i;s 'kk[kk'ksojkWu 994-048 vCt #i;s lg;ksxh daiuhizkWDVj ,aM x¡cy 969 vCt #i;s 'kk[kkisIlhdks 911 vCt #i;s 'kk[kk@la;q m|ksxvkWedks 862 vCt #i;s lg;ksxh daiuhgsyoV iWdkMZ 799 vCt #i;s 'kk[kk@lg- daiuhvk;- Vh- Vh- 760 vCt #i;s 'kk[kk@lg- daiuhdksukxzk 752 vCt #i;s lg;ksxh daiuhØkstj 734 vCt #i;s la;qDr m|ksxvesfjdu baVjuW'kuj xzqi 716 vCt #i;s la;qDr m|ksxeksVksjhyk 711 vCt #i;s 'kk[k@la;q- m|ksxesVªksikWyhVu ykbZQ 712 vCt #i;s 'kk[kk@la;q m|ksxbU'kwjUl daiuhfQyhi ekWfjl 1720 vCt #i;s 'kk[kk

VsDlkdks 1080 vCt #i;s lg;ksxh daiuhcksbax dkWjiksjs'ku 701 vCt #i;s 'kk[kk@la;q m|ksxMk;Vu&gMlu 681 vCt #i;s la;qDr m|ksx;quk;VsM VsDukWykWth 626 vCt #i;s la;qDr m|ksxts- lh- isuh 674 vCt #i;s la;qDr m|ksxMkÅ dsehdYl 640 vCt #i;s 'kk[kk@la;q m|ksxth- Vh- bZ- LVseQksMzZ 638 vCt #i;s la;qDr m|ksx;quk;VsM iklZy lfoZl 626 vCt #i;s 'kk[kkQsMjs'ku uW'kuy ekWjxstvWlksfl,'ku VªWOgylZ 590 vCt #i;s la;qDr m|ksxflXu 588 vCt #i;s la;qDr m|ksxvesfjdu LVksvlZ 587 vCt #i;s 'kk[kkesfjy fyUc 583 vCt #i;s 'kk[kktsjkWDl 570 vCt #i;s 'kk[kkvWVuk ykbZQ bU'kqjUl 560 vCt #i;s &&&&&daiuhbZLVeWu dksMd 539 vCt #i;s 'kk[kkcsylkmFk 539 vCt #i;s la;qDr m|ksx;w-,l- ,Dl- 537 vCt #i;s 'kk[kk@la;q m|ksxc¡d vkWQ vesfjdk 528 vCt #i;s 'kk[kkizkbl&dkWLVdks 527 vCt #i;s la;qDr m|ksxdksdk&dksyk 517 vCt #i;s 'kk[kk@la;q m|ksx,- ,e-vkj- 516 vCt #i;s la;qDr m|ksxlqij OgWY;w 509 vCt #i;s 'kk[kk

27 28

fons”kh iw¡th dk /kks[kk

cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;k¡ tc Hkh nqfu;k ds fdlh ns”k esa O;kikjdjus ds fy;s tkrh gSa rks os ml ns”k ds fy;s Hkkjh flj nnZ cu tkrhgSaA cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa ds fdlh Hkh ns”k esa dke djus ls ,slk ugha gSfd ek= vkfFkZd nq’izHkko gh iM+rs gksa vfirq ml ns”k esa bu dEifu;ksa dsO;kid vkSj xgjs izHkko utj vkrs gSaA D;ksafd bu dEifu;ksa dk pfj= gh,slk gS fd ;s ns”k dh uhfr;k¡ cnyokus ds fy;s lh/ks jktuSfrd gLr{ksidjrh gSA lkekftd thou Hkh bu dEifu;ksa ds izHkko ls vNwrk ugha jgrk gSA

tc ;s dEifu;k¡ dke djus ds fy;s vU; ns”kksa esa tkrh gSa rksmuds ihNs dqN feF;k /kkj.kk;sa dke djrh gSa tSls ;s vius lkFk iw¡thyk;saxh] vk/kqfud rduhd nsaxh] yksxksa dks jkstxkj ds volj eqgS;kdjk;saxh] ns”k dk fu;kZr c<+k;saxh] ns”k ds Hkqxrku lUrqyu dh fLFkfr dkspqLr&nq:Lr j[ksaxh] ns”k dh vkfFkZd lalk/kuksa esa vkSj vf/kd of) djsaxhvkfn&vkfnA ysfdu vlfy;r Bhd bu lHkh nkoksa ls mYVh gksrh gSA

fons”kh dEifu;ksa ds i{k esa lcls cM+h nyhy nh tkrh gS fdHkkjr tSls xjhc vkSj fiNM+s ns”k esa iw¡th dh cM+h deh gksrh gS vkSj iw¡thds vHkko esa fodkl ugha gks ldrkA blfy;s fons”kksa ls iw¡th vkefU=rdjds bl deh dks iwjk fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj fiNMs+iu ds nq’pØ dksrksM+k tk ldrk gSA

ysfdu lPpkbZ dqN vkSj gh gSA ;s fons”kh dEifu;k¡ ckgj lscgqr de iw¡th ykrh gS] vf/kdka”k iw¡th ;gka ds cSadksa ls dtZ ysdj] ;gk¡dh turk ls dtZ ysdj vkSj mudks “ks;j cspdj ,df=r djrh gSaA ns”kesa ftruh Hkh fons”kh dEifu;k¡ dk;Z dj jgh gSa] os vkSlru 5 izfr”kr rdiw¡th gh ckgj ls ykrh gSA ckdh 90 izfr”kr ls ysdj 95 izfr”kr rdiw¡th ;s Hkkjrh; lzksrksa ls gh ,df=r djrh gSaAfdruh iw¡th] fdruk /kks[kk

Hkkjr esa O;kikj dj jgh 45 izeq[k cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa us tcO;kikj “kq: fd;k rks fdruh iw¡th yxk;h Fkh] blds ckjs esa dqN rF;uhps fn;s tk jgs gSa %&

cgqjk’Vªh; dEiuh vkus dk o’kZ yk;h x;h iw¡th'kkyhekj isUVl fy- 1901 63 yk[k #i;sch-,l-Vh- baUMLVªht fy- 1930 1-85 dksVh #i;sckVk bf.M;k fy- 19+31 70 yk[k #i;sfgUnqLFkku yhOkj fy- 1933 24 yk[k #i;s;qfu;u dkckZbZM bf.M;k fy- 1934 8-36 dksVh #i;sØkWEIVu xzhOl fy- 1937 3 dksVh #i;sU;w bUMh;k baMLVªht fy- 1942 27 yk[k #i;scwV~l daiuh bafM;k fy- 1943 1-10 dksVh #i;stkWÝheWu daiuh fy- 1943 5 yk[k #i;sDyksjkbM bafM;k fy- 1946 2-11 dksVh #i;sC;wdks oqYQ bafM;k fy- 1947 39 yk[k #i;scsdsykbZV gk;ye fy- 1947 1 dksVh #i;sfgUnqLFkku lhck xk;xh fy- 1947 4-57 dksVh #i;slk;ukfeM bafM;k fy- 1947 1-39 dksVh #i;sdksVl~ bafM;k fy- 1947 38 yk[k #i;steZu jsesaMht fy- 1949 64 yk[k #i;seksVj baMLVªht daiuh fy- 1951 3-35 dksVh #i;svksVhl oyhosVj daiuh fy 1953 72 yk[k #i;sdkcksZjsaMe ;quhOglZy fy- 1954 1-06 dksVh #i;sQsuj bafM;k fy- 1955 64 yk[k #i;sgsDLV bafM;k fy- 1956 2-72 dksVh #i;sdscy dkiksZjs'ku bfM;k 1956 3-40 dksVh #i;sbafXy'k bysDVªhd daiuh 1956 2-25 dksVh #i;slhesUl bafM;k fy- 1956 2-40 dksVh #i;sikWyhdse yhfeVsM 1956 56 yk[k #i;sMkW- c¡d v¡UM daiuh fy- 1956 16 yk[k #i;stkWUlu v¡UM tkWUlu fy- 1957 24 yk[k #i;sdyj dse fy- 1957 1-25 dksVh #i;sck;j bafM;k fy- 1957 3-59 dksVh #i;sQwM Lis'kWfyLV fy- 1958 4-51 dksVh #i;sMsOghpZM czkmu fxzOgt fy- 1959 36 yk[k #i;svWVykl dkidks bafM;k fy 1959 1-33 dksVh #i;s

3029

ds- ,l- ch- iaIl fy- 1959 86 yk[k #i;seWFkj v¡M Iy¡V fy- 1959 1-83 dksVh #i;sfQfyIl dkcZu CyWd fy- 1959 1-57 dksVh #i;sl¡Mfod ,f'k;k fy- 1960 1-17 dksVh #i;svkWMdks bafM;k fy- 1961 12 yk[k #i;sfdyksZLdj dfeUl fy- 1961 50 yk[k #i;svk;- Mh- ,y- dsehdYl fy- 1961 1-07 dksVh #i;sxsLV dhu fofy;El fy- 1962 7-69 dksVh #i;slqUnje DyksVu fy- 1962 1-96 dksVh #i;sfjpMZlu fganqLFkku fy- 1964 1-17 dksVh #i;suhMy jksyj csvfjax daiuh 1965 10 yk[k #i;sfofM;k bafM;k fy- 1965 45 yk[k #i;slsUpwjh ,Udk fy- 1965 2-97 dksVh #i;s

cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa }kjk iw¡th fuos”k ek= ,d /kks[kk gSA fgUnqLrkuyhoj] dkyxsV] lhckxkbxh tSlh lSdM+ksa fons”kh dEifu;ksa us ek= dqNyk[k :i;s ls Hkkjr esa O;kikj “kq: fd;kA ykHk dek&dek dj cksyl“ks;j ds :i esa bu cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa us viuh “ks;j iw¡th djkM+ksa:i;s esa dj yhA vc ;s dEifu;k¡ jkW;YVh] “kq) ykHk vkSj VDuhdyQhl ds :i esa vjcksa :i;s Hkkjr ls ckgj ys tk jgh gSaA bl ckr dhxaHkhjrk dk vglkl blh ls gks tkrk gS fd 1976-77 esa tgk¡ Hkkjr esadk;Zjr fons”kh dEifu;k¡ 121-54 djksM+ :i;s ns”k ls ckgj ys x;ha] ogha1986&87 esa ;g jkf”k c<+dj 494-6 djksM+ :i;s gks x;hA fiNys 11 o’kksZaesa ;s cgqjk’Vªsh; dEifu;k¡ oS/kkfud :Ik ls 3244-15 djksM+ :i;s Hkkjr lsckgj ys tk pqdh gSa] tcfd voS/kkfud rjhds ls ;s dEifu;k¡ blls dbZxquh vf/kd jkf”k ns”k ls ckgj ys tk pqdh gSaA bu cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksadh Hkkjr esa “ks;j iw¡th yxHkx 675 djksM+ :i;s ek= gSA ;s cgqjk’Vªh;dEifu;k¡ ns”k ds [kwu&ilhus dh dekbZ fons”kh eqnzk dk fu;kZr vius ewyns”kksa dks dj jgh gSaA bu cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa us iw¡th ds uke ij dSlkedM+tky bl ns”k ij QSyk;k gS] bldk vuqeku nks&rhu mnkgj.kksa lsyxk;k tk ldrk gSA

fgUnqLrku yhoj us Hkkjr esa lu~ 1933 esa tc O;kikj “kq: fd;krc bldh ewy dEiuh ;wuhyhoj us ek= 24 yk[k :i;s yxk;sA 1933esa izkjEHk gq;h bl dEiuh us ,slk tky fcNk;k fd 1990 esa bldh ewy

dEiuh ;wuhyhoj dh “ks;j iw¡th 47-59 djksM+ :i;s gks x;hA blesa ls44-51 djksM+ :i;s dh “ks;j iw¡th cksul ds :i esa tqM+hA 1975 ls 1990rd ds chp fgUnqLrku yhoj us 80-18 djksM+ :i;s ykHkka”k ds :i esaHkkjr ls ckgj Hkst fn;sA ;g jde jk;YVh vkSj rduhdh “kqYd ds vfrfjDr gSA

blh rjg dkyxsV&ikeksfyo dEiuh us lu~ 1937 esa ek= 1-5yk[k :i;s ls viuk dkjksckj “kq: fd;kA 1989 ds vkrs&vkrs vejhdhdEiuh dkyxsV&ikeksfyo dh “ks;j iw¡th c<+dj 12-57 djksM+ :i;s gksx;hA blesa 12-56 djksM+ :i;s dh iw¡th cksul “ks;j ds :i esa tqM+hAdkyxsV&ikeksfyo dEiuh 1977 ls 1989 ds chp esa 18-42 djksM :i;sykHkka”k ds :Ik esa Hkkjr ls vejhdk ys x;hA

fLol dEiuh lhck xkbxh us 1947 esa 48-75 yk[k :i;s lsdkjksckj “kq: fd;kA 1991 esa bl dEiuh dh “ks;j iw¡th c<+dj 13-54djksM+ :i;s gks x;hA bySDVªkfud m|ksx esa yxh fQfyIl dEiuh us1956 esa flQZ 10 yk[k :i;s esa viuk dkjksckj “kq: fd;k] lu~ 1974 esabl dEiuh us 10 djksM+ :i;s equkQs ds :i esa Hkkjr ls gksyS.M Hkstfn;kA fjtoZ cSad dh 1992 dh fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj 1987&88 esa 326cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa dh “ks;j iw¡th 1445-23 djksM+ :i;s Fkh] buesa 60izfr”kr fgLlk Hkkjrh; yksxksa dk gqvk Fkk] 610 djksM+ :i;s cSadksa ds FksvkSj 50 djksM+ ljdkj ds FksA

lkekU;r% cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;k¡ ftruh iw¡th ysdj vkrh gS]mlls dbZ xquk vf/kd iw¡th rks os ,d gh o’kZ esa ns”k ds ckgj Hkst nsrhgSaA mnkgj.k ds fy;s xqMbZ;j dEiuh us Hkkjr esa 1 djksM+ :i;s iw¡th dkfuos”k fd;kA ;g iw¡th fuos”k bl dEiuh us Hkkjr esas viuk dkjksckj “kq:djus ij fd;k FkkA ysfdu 1989 esa xgqMbZ;j us 7-33 djksM+ :i;k Hkkjrls ckgj equkQs ds :i eas Hkst fn;kA vFkkZr~ ,d gh o’kZ esa iw¡th fuos”kdk lkr xquk ns”k ls ckgj Hkst fn;kA blh rjg ck;j bafM;k dk Hkkjresa vkjfEHkd iw¡th fuos”k 8-29 djksM+ :i;s Fkk] ysfdu 1989&90 esa ghbl dEiuh us 13-3 djksM+ :i;s equkQs ds :i esa Hkkjr ls ckgj Hkstfn;sA XySDlks bafM;k dh Hkkjr esa pqdrk iw¡th 2-88 djksM+ :i;s dh gS]ysfdu bl dEiuh us 1989&90 esa 3-93 djksM+ :i;s equkQs ds :i esans”k ls ckgj Hkst fn;sA vejhdh dEiuh Qkbtj us] Hkkjr esa tc viukdkjksckj “kq: fd;k rks ek= 5 yk[k :i;s yxk;s vkSj dkjksckj “kq: gksusds igys gh o’kZ esa Qkbtj us 4-83 djksM+ :i;s Hkkjr ls vejhdk Hkstfn;kA blh rjg vejhdh dEiuh ,cV yscksjsVjht us ek= 1 yk[k :i;s

31 32

dh iw¡th ls dkjksckj “kq: djds] vxys gh o’kZ esa 23 yk[k :i;s Hkkjrls vejhdk Hkst fn;kA xzs”ke ,.M dfou dEiuh viuh pqdrk iw¡th dk7-65 xquk equkQk gj lky fons”k ys tkrh gSA flxjsV cukus okyhcgqjk’Vªh; dEiuh vkbZ-Vh-lh- viuh dqy pqdrk iw¡th ij yxHkx 11364izfr”kr equkQk dek jgh gSA yxHkx lHkh vejhdh cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;k¡viuh pqdrk iw¡th dk 860 izfr”kr equkQk Hkkjr ls dek jgh gSAcgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;k¡ equkQs] ykHkka”k] jkW;YVh vkSj rduhdh Qhl ds :iesa fdruk /ku ns”k ls ckgj ys tk jgh gS] bldh tkudkjh ds fy;s uhpsrkfydk nh x;h gS %&

fdruk ywV dj ys tk jgh gSa] cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;k¡

o’kZ equkQs ds ykHkka”k ds jk;YVh ds rduhdh:i esa :i esa :i esa Qhl ds

:i esa ¼djksM+ :-½ ¼djksM+ :-½ ¼djksM+ :-½ ¼djksM+ :-½

1965&66 13-50 19-40 2-95 6-981966&67 14-47 28-77 5-13 10-431967&68 15-95 32-70 4-32 14-681968&69 12-96 30-25 4-78 17-971969&70 12-72 31-14 5-80 13-051970&71 13-12 43-48 5-23 20-631971&72 09-94 38-87 5-86 13-901972&73 15-54 39-08 7-33 11-331973&74 21-91 37-51 6-21 14-081974&75 07-19 18-46 8-46 12-561975&76 20-36 24-84 10-49 25-661976&77 19-39 48-47 15-88 37-881977&78 10-13 68-01 19-50 28-141978&79 10-24 54-35 12-65 55-521979&80 14-37 50-92 9-53 43-971980&81 12-10 55-92 8-88 104-93

1981&82 12-16 58-92 15-99 270-701982&83 19-12 70-31 39-72 258-581983&84 20-00 62-11 27-60 314-891984&85 16-68 74-58 28-49 300-901985&86 11-80 75-20 23-50 367-901986&87 10-60 85-50 40-10 358-40

lzksr % fjtoZ cSad vkWQ bf.M;k fjiksVZ 1989lu~ 1978 esa Hkkjr esa dqy fons”kh iw¡th dk fuos”k 1800

djksM+ :i;s Fkk tks Hkkjr esa dqy iw¡th fuos”k ¼uhft rFkk ljdkjh {ks=ksaesa½ dk ek= 8 izfr”kr FkkA tcfd nwljh vksj blh o’kZ nks ds 1929 djksM+:i;s ckgj pyk x;k bu dEifu;ksa ds ykHk] jk;YVh] rduhdh Qhl]bR;knh ds :i esaA

uhps nh x;h rkfydk lu~ 1981 esa ns”k esa fons”kh iw¡th fuos”krFkk lkFk gh lkFk mlh o’kZ esa ns”k ls ckgj tkus okyh iw¡th dk vkadM+kfn;k x;k gS %&o"kZ fons”kh iw¡th fuos”k Hkkjr ls ckgj

x;k /ku1981 108 djksM+ :i;s 114 djksM+ :i;s1982 628 djksM+ :i;s 641 djksM+ :i;s1983 618 djksM+ :i;s 590 djksM+ :i;s1984 1130 djksM+ :i;s 1169 djksM+ :i;s1985 1260 djksM+ :i;s 1181 djksM+ :i;s1986 1066 djksM+ :i;s 1265 djksM+ :i;s1987 1077 djksM+ :i;s 1193 djksM+ :i;s1988 2397 djksM+ :i;ss 2542 djksM+ :i;s1989 3166 djksM+ :i;s 5235 djksM+ :i;s1991 ls 25]479 djksM+ :i;ss 34240 djksM+ :i;ss1995 rd

Åij fn;s x;s vkadM+ks ls ,dne Li’V gS fd o’kZ 1983 o 1985dks NksM+dj “ks’k o’kksZa esa ns”k dks ?kkVk gh jgk gSA ftruk iw¡th fuos”k gqvk]mlls dgha vf/kd /ku ns”k ls ckgj pyk x;kA vr% Li’V gS fd fons”khiw¡th fuos”k dk lkSnk ns”k ds fy;s ?kkVs dk lkSnk jgkA

33 34

Hkqxrku lUrqyu vkSj fu;kZr dk Hkze

fons”kh dEifu;ksa dks ns”k esa cqykus ds ihNs ,d rkdroj rdZgksrk gS fd Hkkjrh; mRikn viuh ?kfV;k xq.koRrk ds dkj.k vUrjkZ’Vªh;cktkj esa fVd ugha ikrk] vr% vk/kqfud rduhd ls csgrj mRiknu djusls fu;kZr esa rsth vk;sxh vkSj ns”k esa Hkqxrku lUrqyu dh fLFkfr vPNhjgsxh vFkkZr~ fu;kZr dks c<+kok nsus ds fy;s fons”kh dEifu;ksa dh vko”;drkgksrh gSA ysfdu bl rdZ dk [kks[kykiu uhps nh gq;h rkfydk iznf”kZrdj nssrh gS %&

o’kZ fo”o fu;kZr esa Hkkjr dk fgLlk1938 4-5%1950 2-2%1955 1-5%1960 1-2%1965 1-00%1970 0-7%1975 0-5%1980 0-1%1990 0-05%1991 0-045%1992 0-042%1993 0-04%1994 0-38%

ns”k ds fu;kZr dh ?kVrh gq;h nj ls vuqeku yxk;k x;k gS fdlu~ 1995 ds lekIr gksus rd fo”o fu;kZr esa Hkkjr dk fgLlk ek= 0-03% jg tk;sxkA

fu;kZr esa yxkrkj ?kkVs ls] ns”k ,d Hk;adj vkfFkZd ladV ls

xqtj jgk gS tks vkradokn ls Hkh vf/kd Hk;kog gS D;ksafd blls ns”k esajktuhfrd ,oa vkfFkZd vfLFkjrk rFkk vjktdrk dk [krjk iSnk gksx;k gSA ;g ladV fons”kh eqnzk dh raxh vFkkZr~ Hkqxrku larqyu ¼fu;kZresa deh rFkk vk;kr esa c<+ksRrjh½ dh izfrdwyrk ls mRiUu gqvk gSA ns”kds /kqjaj vFkZ”kkL=h ,oa ;kstuk “kkL=h fiNys dqN o’kksZa ls ,d ,slhj.kuhfr dks [kstus esa yxs gq;s gSa ftlls bldk lkeuk fd;k tk ldsA

Hkqxrku larqyu dk ladV Hkkjr ds fy;s dksbZ u;h ckr ughagSA fiNys yxHkx 45 o’kksZa ds fodkl dky esa Hkkjr dks dbZ ckj blfLFkfr dk lkeuk djuk iM+k gSA ;g ladV loZizFke 1957 esa iSnk gqvkFkk] tc Hkkjr dks vius O;kid vkS|ksfxdhdj.k ds fy;s fu;kZr ls vf/kd vk;kr djuk iM+k FkkA

lu~ 1966 esa ,slh ladViw.kZ fLFkfr iqu% mRiUu gq;h rks ladVij dkcw ikus ds fy;s rFkk fu;kZr c<+kus ds ckgjh ncko ds pyrs Hkkjrus viuh eqnzk dk 57-5% voewY;u dj fn;kA ckn esa 1970 ds vkjEHkgksus okys n”kd esa isVªksfy;e dh dherksa esa Hkkjh of) ds dkj.k HkkjrladV esa Qal x;kA fdlh rjg [kkM+h ds ns”kksa ls izoklh Hkkjrh;ksa }kjkHksth x;h /kujkf”k ls Hkkjr bl ladV ls cp x;kA

ijUrq 1985 ds ckn ls fLFkfr ,dne cny x;h gSA HkkjhO;kikj ?kkVksa rFkk fons”kh dtksZ us ns”k dh dej rksM+ nh gSA fons”kh eqnzkdk [ktkuk [kkyh gks x;k gSA

fons”kh dEifu;ksa dks yxkrkj O;kikfjd ?kkVksa dks iwjk djus dsfy;s cqyk;k tk jgk gS ysfdu O;kikj ?kkVs yxkrkj c<+ jgs gSA1983&84 esa 5]871 djksM+ :i;s dk ?kkVk gqvk] tks 1985&86 esa c<+dj9]586 djksM+ :I;s rd igq¡p x;kA 1985&86 ls 1987&88 rd vkSlruO;kikj ?kkVk 9]412 djksM+ :i;s jgkA 1995 ds vUr rd O;kikj ?kkVk7]500 djksM+ :i;s rd igq¡p tk;sxkA

bl ?kkVs dk ewy dkj.k ns”k esa viuk;h tkus okyh mnkjhdj.kdh uhfr gSA rduhdh dks mUur cukus ds bjkns ls vf/kd ls vf/kdcgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa dks U;kSrk fn;k tk jgk gSA dEifu;ksa dh la[;kns”k esa c<+ jgh gSA vkSj mlh vuqikr esa vk;kr c<+ jgk gS tcfd fu;kZresa yxkrkj deh vk jgh gSA cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;k¡ vius fu;kZr ds y{;dks iwjk dj ikus esa vlQy fl) gks jgh gSaA o’kZ 1988&89 ds nkSjku

35 36

gh 293 cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;k¡ vius fu;kZr y{; dks iwjk ugha dj ldh gSaAbu lcds ckotwn ljdkj fo”o cSad vkSj vUrjkZ’Vªh; eqnzkdks’k

ds ncko esa] fu;kZr c<+kus ds uke ij cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa dks [kqyh NwVns jgh gSA okLro esa cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa dk fu;kZr Hkkjr ds dqy fu;kZrdk 0-5% gh jgrk gSA Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSSad dh ekpZ 1992 dh fjiksVZ dsvuqlkj 326 cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa us 1987&88 esa dsoy 810-37 djksM+:i;s dk fu;kZr fd;k] tcfd bl o’kZ esa Hkkjr dk dqy fu;kZr 15]674djksM+ :i;s ds yxHkx FkkA ;s cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;k¡ fu;kZr c<+kus ds ukeij vkrh gS ysfdu budh uh;r Hkkjrh; cktkj ij dCtk djus dh jgrhgSA ßikWfyfVdy bdkWukeh vkWQ bf.M;kß dh okf’kZd fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj 1djksM+ :i;s ls vf/kd dh pqdrk iw¡th okyh 144 cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa us1986&87 esa dsoy 412-71 djksM+ :i;s dk fu;kZr fd;k tcfd budEifu;ksa dh dqy fcØh 9]879-77 djksM+ :i;s FkhA vFkkZr~ bu 144cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa us 1986&87 esa viuh dqy fcØh dk ek= 4-18izfr”kr gh fu;kZr fd;kA blh fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj 1985&86 esa bu 144cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;kas us 8]997 djksM+ :i;s dh dqy fcØh dh] ysfdufu;kZr ek= 384-67 djksM+ :i;s dk gh fd;kA vFkkZr~ dqy fcØh dk 4-23 izfr”kr ek=A

ljdkj us fo”o cSad vkSj eqnzkdks’k ds ncko esa tqykbZ 1991 esa:i;s dk yxHkx 25 izfr”kr voewY;u fd;kA blds fy;s foRrea=h dkrdZ Fkk fd ns”k dk fu;kZr vkSj vf/kd c<+kus ds fy;s voewY;u fd;kx;k gSA ysfdu blds ckotwn 1990&91 ds eqdkcys 1991&92 ds fu;kZResa 15 izfr”kr dh deh vk;hA tcfd blds igys ds 5 o’kksZa esa fu;kZr esa16-8 izfr”kr vkSlru c<+ksRrjh gq;hA b- 5 o’kksZ esa uf;kZr 9-7 vjc Mkyjls c<+dj 18-1 vjc Mkyj rd gks x;kA ijUrq 1991&92 esa fu;kZr?kVdj 17-8 vjc Mkyj jg x;kA

o’kZ fu;kZr fu;kZr ?kkVk ¼djksM+ :-½ ¼djksM+ :-½ ¼djksM+ :-½

1979&80 6]418 9]143 2]7251980&81 6]576 12]544 5]9671981&82 7]766 13]887 6]121

1982&83 9]137 11]913 1]7761983&84 10]169 16]039 5]8711984&85 11]959 18]680 6]7211985&86 11]578 21]164 9]5861986&87 13]315 22]669 9]3541987&88 16]396 25]633 9]2961988&89 20]646 34]202 13]5561989&90 28]234 41]173 10]6401990&91 32]553 43]193 10]6401991&92 44]042 47]851 3]8061992&93 14]921 52]205 10]2841993&94 55]824 57]649 1]8251994&95 65]482 71]247 5]765

lu~ 1988 ckn ?kkVs esa vkSj rsth ls of) gq;h gSA vkSlru Hkkjrdh fu;kZr vk;k] vk;kr Hkqxrku dk 60 izfr”kr gSA

37 38

dtZ vkSj vkfFkZd lgk;rk dh jktuhfr

vUrjkZ’Vªh; eqnzkdks’k ¼vkbZ-,e-,Q½] fo”o cSad tSlh laLFkk;sa tcns”kksa dks dtkZ nsrh gSa rks og mu ns”kksa ds fodkl ds fy;s ugha gksrk gS]cfYd bl ckr ds fy;s gksrk gS fd fiNM+h vFkZO;oLFkkvksa dks iuius ufn;k tk;A ;g dtkZ blfy;s fn;k tkrk gS fd mu ns”kksa esa vkRefuHkZjrk u vkus ik;s vkSj mu ns”kksa dh xjhch dHkh Hkh nwj u gksA

fo”o cSad xjhc ns”kksa dks tks enn nsrk gS og vehj ns”kksa ls ughavkrh cfYd vehj ns”kksa dks enn rFkkdfFkr rhljh nqfu;k ls tkrh gSAtkfgj gS fd fodkl”khy vkSj vfodflr ns”kksa dh enn ds uke ijpyus okys bl izokg dks jksdus esa vkSj mls lpeqp fodkl”khy vkSjvfodflr ns”kksa dh csgrjh ds fy;s yxkus esa fodflr ns”k dksbZ :fpugha j[krsA vxj mudh :fp gS rks xjhc o vfodflr ns”kksa dks viuhvFkZO;oLFkk ds lkFk iks’kd vFkZO;oLFkkvksa ds :i esa tksM+s j[kus esaA rkfdos viuh bLrseky dh gq;h izkS|ksfxdh vkSj csdkj gq;s la;a=ksa dks bu ns”kksadks csp ldsa vkSj bl rjg ;s vfodflr o xjhc ns”k izkS|ksfxdh ds Lrjij ges”kk fiNM+s jgsa vkSj muds dtZnkj Hkh cus jg ldsaA blfy;s fo”ocSad o vUrjkZ’Vªh; eqnzkdks’k vkfn laLFkkvksa ls tks Hkh enn nh tkrh gSog mu ns”kksa dks fiNM+k j[kus dk ,d lk/ku gSA

fo”o cSad o vUrjkZ’Vªh; eqnzkdks’k ds vkadM+s crkrs gSa fd vehjns”kksa ls xjhc ns”kksa dks enn feyus dh ctk; 50 vjc Mkyj ¼95 [kjc:i;s½ dk dPpk eky vkSj mRiknu mYVs bUgha ns”kksa dks izfro’kZ equkQsds rkSj ij miyC/k gks tkrs gSaA ;kfu ;s vehj ns”k gekjh enn ugha djrscfYd ge gh izdkjkUrj ls mudh enn djrs vk jgs gSaA vxj gj lkyfeyus okyh u;h lgk;rk dh jde ?kVk nh tk;] rks yxHkx 40 vjcMkyj ¼760 vjc :i;s yxHkx½ gS] rks Hkh 10 vjc Mkyj dh jdefodkl”khy vkSj vfodflr ns”kksa ls bu fodflr vehj ns”kksa esa tkrhjgrh gSA ;g gS bu ns”kksa dh gekjs fodkl ds fy;s enn vkSj ;g gSfodkl”khy ns”kksa dh ljdkjksa dh fodkl laca/kh vo/kkj.kkA

vehj ns”kksa dh nf’V ls ns[kk tk; rks mudks dbZ Lrjksa ij ykHkgksrk gS & igyk ;g fd fodkl”khy vkSj vfodflr ns”k muds }kjkiz;qDr vkSj csdkj izkS|ksfxdh vkSj la;a= ysus yk;d gks tkrs gSa] ;kfuftl izkS|ksfxdh vksj la;a=ksa ls os igys gh ykHk mBk pqds gSa vkSj tks vcmuds fy;s csdkj gks x;s gSa] mls fodkl”khy ;k vfodflr ns”kksa esa Å¡phdher esa iVdus dk bartke gks tkrk gSA

nwljk ykHk ;g gS fd bl rjg ls lgk;rk izkIr djus okys ns”kizkS|ksfxdh ds ekeys esa rks fiNM+s jgrs gh gSa] os Hkkjh dtZnkj Hkh cus jgrsgSa vkSj ;g dtZnkjh lky&nj lky c<+rh jgrh gSA bl rjg os ns”k buif”peh vFkZO;oLFkkvks als tqM+s jgus dks etcwj cks> Åij ls yn tkrkgSA if”peh ns”kksa ds bl nq’pØ esa Qaldj bu ns”kksa dh vFkZO;oLFkkpkSiV gksus dh fLFkfr esa igq¡p tkrh gSA

rhljk Qk;nk vehj ns”kksa dks xqIr iw¡th iyk;u ls feyrk gSArhljh nqfu;k ds “kkld oxZ vius dkys/ku dks pksjh&fNis ckgj ystkdj if”peh cSadksa esa tek djrs gSa vkSj bl rjg if”pe ds m|ksxksa dksfcuk C;kt dh iw¡th miyC/k djkrs gSaA Kkr jgs fd dkys/ku ij C;ktugha feyrk gS] pksjh dk /ku tek djus okyh cSad dsoy ml dkys/ku dhlqj{kk dh xkjaVh nsrh gSA if”pe dh tks lEiUurk vkt gS og mlh iw¡thds dkj.k gSA vxj og iw¡th feyuk cUn gks tk;s rks mldh lEiUurkvk/kh jg tk;sxhA

vehj ns”kksa ds ikl rhljh nqfu;k ds ns”kksa dh dtZnkjh c<+kusdk ,d tfj;k vkSj Hkh gS( vkSJ og gS xjhc ns”kksa ds dPps eky dhdher fo”o cktkjksa esa fxjk nsukA vehj ns”k tc ns[krs gSa fd xjhc ns”kksadh lEiUurk c<+ jgh gS rks dPps eky dh [kjhn ij jksd yxk nh tkrhgS vkSj vkiwfrZ ekax ds fu;e ds eqrkfcd ekax de gksus ij phtksa ds Hkkoges”kk fxjrs gSA bl rjg dPpk eky cspus okys bu ns”kksa esa xjhch vkSjcsjkstxkjh QSyrh gSA

dtsZ dk nq’pØfodkl dk tks <k¡pk cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa us ns”k dks fn;k gS og

yxkrkj ns”k dks dtsZ ds tky esa Q¡lkrk pyk tk jgk gSA dtZnkjh esaof) ds lkFk gh lwn Hkqxrku Hkh c<+ jgk gSA 1984 esa ;g 1-5 vjc Mkyj

39 40

¼28-5 vjc :i;s yxHkx½ Fkk] tks 1990 ds vUr rd 4 vjc Mkyj¼76 vjc :i;s yxHkx½ gks x;kA lu~ 1991 esa ;g lwn 4-6 vjc Mkyj¼87-4 vjc :i;s yxHkx½ rd igq¡p x;kA

tqykbZ 1995 rd ns”k ds Åij dqy fons”kh dtZ 4]53]397djksM+ :i;s ¼140 vjc Mkyj ls Hkh vf/kd½ gks pqdh gSA bl dtsZ dsC;kt ds :i esa izfro’kZ yxHkx 49]508 djksM+ :i;s ¼15 vjc Mkyj lsHkh vf/kd½ pqdkus iM+ jgs gSA bl fons”kh dtsZ esa og fgLlk “kkfey ughagS tks ljdkj }kjk fons”kh lgk;rk vkSj lk¶V yksu ds :i esa fy;ktkrk gSA ;fn bls Hkh “kkfey dj fy;k tk; rks dqy dtkZ yxHkx6]91]511 djksM+ :i;s ds cjkcj cSBrk gSA bl le; Hkkjr nqfu;k esanwljs uEcj dk lcls cM+k dtZnkj ns”k gSA fiNys o’kZ rd Hkkjr dhfLFkfr nqfu;k esa rhljs lcls cM+s dtZnkj ns”k dh FkhA Hkkjr ls igyseSfDldks vkSj czkthy ns”kksa dk uEcj vkrk Fkk] ysfdu 1995 esa fons”khdtZ ds ekeys esa Hkkjr us eSfDldks dks Hkh ihNs NksM+ fn;k gSA

fons”kh dtsZ ij pqdk;k tkus okyk C;kt rFkk ljdkj }kjk dele; ds fy;s fy;k x;k dtZ] ;fn nksuksa dks feyk fn;k tk; rks rLohjcgqr gh Hk;kog gSA dsUnz ljdkj ij ?kjsyw dtZ vkSj nsunkfj;ksa esa Hkh[kwc c<+ksrjh gks jgh gSA nsunkfj;k¡ ,sls dtZ dks dgrs gS] ftl ij C;ktugha nsuk iM+rkA 1980&81 esa dsUnz ljdkj ij ?kjsyw dtZ vkSj ?kjsywnsunkfj;k¡ 48]451 djksM+ :i;s Fkh] tks 1990&91 es c<+dj 2]83]033djksM+ :i;s gks x;hA ekpZ 95 rd ;s 4]83]545 djksM+ :i;s ds cjkcjgks x;haA blh izdkj dsUnz ljdkj ij fons”kh nsunkfj;k¡ 1980&81 esa11]298 djksM+ :i;s Fkha tks 1990&91 esa 3]21]525 djksM+ :i;s ds cjkcjgks x;haA blh rjg dqy nsunkfj;k¡ ¼?kjsyw dtZ lfgr½] tks 1980&81 esa59]749 djksM+ :i;s Fkh] og ekpZ 1995 esa 5]33]053 djskM+ :i;s gksx;hA bu nsunkfj;ksa esa ;fn fons”kh dtZ dks tksM fn;k tk; rks fLFkfrvR;Ur gh Hk;kog fn[krh gSA ns”k ds ldy ?kjsyw mRikn ls Hk vf/kdfons”kh dtZ rFkk nsunkfj;ksa dk vkadM+k cSBrk gSA ns”k dk ldy ?kjsywmRikn yxHkx 8]00]000 djksM+ :i;s ds cjkcj gS] ysfdu fons”kh dtZvksj nsunkfj;k¡ bl Ms<+ xquk ¼yxHkx½ vf/kd gSA bu vkadM+ksa ls ;gLi’V gks tkrk gS fd ns”k dh vFkZO;oLFkk iwjh rjg fons”k dtZ vkSjnsunkfj;ksa ij gh fuHkZj gks x;h gSA fons”kh dtZ vkSj nsunkfj;ksa ds nq’pØ

esa Qal dj ySfVu vejhdk] vÝhdk vkSj ,f”k;k ds dbZ ns”k cqjh rjgcjckn gks pqds gSaA dbZ ns”kksa dh gkyr rks ,slh gS fd os ;fn viuh iwjhlEifRr cps Hkh nsa rks Hkh fons”kh dtsZ dks ugha pqdk ldrk gSaA dbZ ns”kksads gkykrk ,sls gks x;s gSa fd mUgsa iqjkus dtZ pqdkus ds fy;s u;k dtZysuk iM+rk gSA bl rjg dtsZ dk QUnk ,sls ns”kksa ds xys esa dlrk ghtk jgk gSA

bl le; fLFkfr ;g gS fd ns”k dh fu;kZr ls gksus okyh vk;dk 50 izfr”kr va”k izfro’kZ lwn dks pqdkus esa [kpZ gks tkrk gSA “ks’k 50izfr”kr fu;kZr vk;] izfro’kZ gksus okys vk;kr dk ek= 42 izfro’kZ gh iwjkdj ikrh gSA fodkl dh mYVh fn”kk ds dkj.k ns”k dtZ ds nq’pØ esaQal x;k gSA

41 42

mPp fons”kh rduhd dk >wB

fons”kh mPp rduhd dks ykus ds uke ij cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksadks O;kikj dh [kqyh NwV nh tkrh gSA Hkkjr esa vkus okyh lHkh cgqjk’Vªh;dEifu;ksa us fons”kh mPp rduhd nsus ds le>kSrs ij gLrk{kj dj j[ksgSaA ysfdu okLro esa vf/kdka”k cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;k¡ ,sls {ks=ksa esa O;kikjdj jgh gS] tgk¡ fons”kh rduhd dh dksbZ t:jr ugha gSA 80 ds ns”kdesa ljdkj dh vksj ls ,d uhfr cuk;h x;h FkhA bl uhfr ds vuqlkj850 ,slh oLrq;sa gSa] ftlds mRiknu dks y?kq m|ksxksa ds fy;s lqjf{krj[kk x;k gSA ysfdu ftruh Hkh fo”kkydk; cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;k¡ gSa] oslHkh bUgha mRiknksa ds O;kikj esa yxh gq;h gSaA y?kq m|ksxksa ds fy;svkjf{kr mRiknksa ds {ks= esa ?kqliSB ls cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa {kjk mPpfons”kh rduhd ykus dh ckr ,dne >wB lkfcr gksrh gSA ns”k esa O;kikjdj jgh dqN cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;k¡ ds ckjs esa uhps rkfydk nh tk jgh gSfd ;s dEifu;k¡ *thjks rduhd* ds {ks= esa O;kikj dj jgh gSa vFkkZr~ ,slslkeku cuk&csp jgh gSa ftuesa fons”kh rduhd dh dksbZ t:jr ugha gSAdqN mnkgj.k ns[ksa %&

dEiuh dk uke D;k lkeku cuk@csp jgh gSa \

ckVk bf.M;k twrs] eksts] jsMhesM diM+s] peMs+ ds FkSys vkfnActZj isUV~l isUV~l] rjg&rjg ds jax vkfnAczqd ck.M bf.M;k fy- pk;] dkWQh] jlksbZ ?kj ds elkys vkfnAdSMcjh bf.M;k fy- pkWdysV] fcLdqV] vkbZlØhe vkfnAdksyQSDl yscksjsVjh b- “ksfoax Øhe] vk¶Vj “ksfoax yks”ku vkfnAdkyxsV&ikeksfyo VwFk isLV] VwFk ikmMj] VwFk cz”k] lkcqu]

“ksfoax ØhedkuZ izksMDV~l bf.M;k ngh ikmMj] tSyh] eDds ds nksu iSd djds

cspuk vkfnA

ØkEiVu xzhOt ?kjsyw ia[ks] cYc] V~;wc ykbV vkfnAM~;wQkj&bUVjQSu lkSan;Z izlk/ku ds lkeku] lkcqu vkfnA,l-ds-,Q- fy- nnZ fuokjd eyge rFkk Lizs vkfnAfQLdlZ bf.M;k dSaph] pkdw vkfnAQuLdwy bf.M;k cPpksa ds f[kykSusAtujy bySfDVªd dEiuh ?kjsyw ia[ks] cYc] V~;wc ykbV] fctyh eksVjvkfnAT;kSÝh eSulZ VwFk isLV] VwFk cz”k] lkcqu vkfnAXySDlks bf.M;k csch QwM] Xywdkst ds iSd] nok,a vkfnAxkMÝs fQfyIl flxjsV] pk; vkfnAxqMyl usjksysd rjg&rjg ds isUV~lAxzkeksQksu bf.M;k fjdkMZ] dSlsV vkfnAxsLVdhu fofy;e ls¶Vh fiu] cVu] uV&cksYV vkfnAfgUnqLrku yhoj lkcqu] VqFkisLV] “kSEiw] fMVtsZUV vkfnAlhck&xk;xh VwFk isLV] VwFk ikmMj] Øhe] VwFk cz”k] nok,aA,p-,e-,e- fy- nw/k ikmMj] ckyksa dh Øhe] fcLdqV] VkWQhvkfnAvkbZ- lh- vkbZ- isUV~l rFkk jklk;fud jax vkfnAbfUM;k QksVksxzkfQd dEiuh dSejk] dSejk&jhy vkfnAbfUM;u Lohbax e”khu dEiuh flykbZ e”khu] jlksbZ ?kj ds cjru vkfnAbUMks&eRlqf”krk dEiuh izs”kj dqdj] ?kjsyw cjru vkfnAvkW;u ,Dlpsat bf.M;k okVj fQYVlZAvkbZ- Vh- Lkh- flxjsV] gksVy O;olk;] ouLifr rsy vkfnAts- ,y- ekWjhlu VwFkisLV] nw/k dh cksry] Qsl ØheAts- ds- gsyu ØwfVl lkSan;Z izlk/ku ds lkekuAtkWulu ,.M tkWulu lkcqu] VsYde ikmMj] lsusVjh usifdUl] cM~lAfdlku izkWMDV fy- tSe] LDdS”k] fcLdqV] pVuh vkfnAdksBkjh tujy QwM~l dkWQh] lk¶V fMªad] iku elkyk vkfnAy[kuiky us”kuy MªkbZ lSyAfyIVu bf.M;k fy- pk;] lk¶V fMªad] ouLifr rsyAenqjk dksV~l /kkxs ¼flykbZ ds fy;s½AesVy ckDl IykfLVd ds crZu vkfnA

43 44

ckfLdu jkfcUl vkbZlØheusLys bf.M;k lkcqu] VsYde ikmMj] dksYM ØheizkDVj ,.M xSfEcy cke] VkWQh] lkcqu] pkWdysV vkfnAjsfdV ,.M dksyeSu cwV ikWfy”k] lkcqu] fMVtsZUV] yks”ku vkfnAfoedks fyfeVsM ekfpl ¼fn;klykbZ½] ued vkfnAdksdk dskyk lk¶V fMªadyksVl pkWdysV~l cPpksa dh pkWdysV] fcLdqV vkfnAfjxys pkWdysV] VkWQh vkfnAjQse bf.M;k pkWdysV] VkWQh] ySeupwl;kMZy lkSan;Z izlk/ku vkSj lkcquckdkjkst ij¶;wEl lqxaf/kr lsUV] lkcqu] lkSan;Z izlk/kuyscksjsVjht xkfuZ;j lkcqu] lkSan;Z izlk/ku ds lkekujhcqd bf.M;k twrs] pIiy vkfnAftysV bf.M;k ls¶Vh jstj] CysM vkfnAfoYVsd bf.M;k ls¶Vh jstj] CysM vkfnALVhQsu dsehdYl fMVtsZUV ikMMj] lkcqu vkfnA

fons”k ls vk;h VsDuksykWth ¼\½nqfu;k ds fodflr&vehj ns”kksa ds }kjk nh x;h VsDuksykth ds cnys

izfro’kZ yxHkx 400 djksM+ :i;k jk;YVh ds :i esa gekjs ns”k ls ckgj tk jgk gSAysfdu ns[kus dh ckr ;g gS fd bu fodflr ns”kksa }kjk gekjs ns”k dks dkSu lhVsDuksykth nh x;h gS \ fdl ns”k us fdl izdkj dh VsDukyksth nh gS] bldsdqN mnkgj.k %

VsDuksykWth dgk¡ ls vk;h

ued fLoV~tjyS.McPpksa ds diM+s uhnjyS.Mdsys dh pVuh MsuekdZpkdysV&VkQh fczVsulk¶V fMaªd vejhdkphuh&eV~Vh ds crZu tkiku] bVyh] LohMudkap dk lkeku vejhdk] csfYt;e

cky IokbaV isu o fjfQy fLoVtjyS.M] teZuh] tkiku]vejhdk] Ýkal

Nkrk tkiku] rkbZokuIykfLVd ds crZu fczVsuLdwy cSx fczVsueksVjdkj dh lhV tkikuxgus&tsojkr dukMklqbZ fLoV~tjyS.MIykfLVd dh cksrysa] fMCcs ovU; lkeku fczVsu] vejhdkf[kykSus cukus ds fy, vejhdk] tkiku] bVyh]

dksfj;k] gkaxdkaxLiksV~Zl dSi dukMkP;wbaxe vkSj ccyxe nf{k.k dksfj;k] fczVsuvkyw&fpIl vejhdkVekVj dh pVuh cqYxkfj;k] vejhdk?kjsyw pkdw uhnjyS.MIykfLVd ds Qwy vejhdklkSUn;Z izlk/ku vejhdk] ÝkalxSl ykbVj LisudSaph fQuyS.MQkLV&QwM uhnjyS.M] vejhdk] fLoV~tjyS.Mrkfd;k ÝkalgS.M cSx vejhdkfyfifLVd vejhdkckyksa ds “kSEiw ,oa vk¶Vj“kso yks”ku Ýkal] vejhdk] fczVsu] uhnjyS.M

eky ns”kh] eqgj fons”khdbZ ckj ,slk Hkh gksrk gS fd cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;k¡ u rks iw¡th ykrh gS vkSj

u gh dksbZ mPp rduhdA gksrk ;g gS fd ;s cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;k¡ dqN Hkkjrh;dEifu;ksa ds lkFk *Ýsapkbt ,xzhesUV* djrh gSa ;k *lc dkUVªsfDVax ,xzhesUV* djrh

45 46

gSaA blds rgr mRiknu dk dke rks og Hkkjrh; dEiuh djrh gS ysfdu mRikfnreky ij uke cgqjk’Vªh; dEiuh dk gh gksrk gSA vFkkZr~ cktkj esa fcdus okys ekydh mRiknd dksbZ Lons”kh dEiuh gS ysfdu eky fons”kh dEiuh ds uke ls fcdrkgSA iw¡th yxk;s Lons”kh dEiuh] rduhd bLrseky djs Lons”kh dEiuh] mRiknudjk;s Lons”kh dEiuh] ysfdu eky fcds fons”kh dEiuh ds uke ijA cgqjk’Vªh;dEifu;ksa dk ;g xksj[k/ka/kk bl ns”k esa [kwc py jgk gSA

uhps ,slh dEifu;ksa dh lwph nh tk jgh gS ftUgksaus u rks iwath yxkbZ] udksbZ VsDuksykWth yk;s gSa vkSj u gh dksbZ QSDVjh yxkbZ gS ysfdu eky muds uke lsfc jgk gS vkSj djksM+ksa :i;s ns”k ls ckgj tk jgk gSA

lkeku dk uke Hkkjrh; mRiknd cspus okyh cgqjk’Vªh;dEiuh

twrs vkxjk] dkuiqj] dydRrk] ckVk ¼bf.M;k½ fy-vU; LFkkuksa ls eksfp;ksa }kjkBsds ij

dksyxsV VwFk ikmMj fØLVy dkWLesfVDl] gSnjkckn dksyxsV&ikeksfyo bf.M;kpkfeZl yks”ku ,e-th-lkguh ,.M dEiuh] fnYyh dksyxsV&ikeksfyo bf.M;kgsyks “kSEiw ,e-th-lkguh ,.M dEiuh] fnYyh dksyxsV&ikeksfyo bf.M;kikeksfyo “kSEiw ,e-th-lkguh ,.M dEiuh] fnYyh dksyxsV&ikeksfyo bf.M;kdksyxsV VwFkisLV lu “kkbu dkWLesfVDl dksyxsV&ikeksfyo bf.M;kdksyxsV cz”k vMokuh b.MLVªht] egkjk’Vª dksyxsV&ikeksfyo bf.M;kvk;ksMsDl ¼cuZ Lizs½ vØk iSd bafM;k ,LdsQ bf.M;k fy-flckdk VwFk ikmMj dSUV ySCl] cEcbZ fgUnqLrku lhck&xk;xh fy-flxzy VwFk isLV b.Vjus”kuy gsYFk ds;j izkWMDV~l fgUnqLrku yhoj fy-fyfjy Ýs”kus”k VsYDe b.Vjus”kuy gsYFk ds;j izkWMDV~l fgUnqLrku yhoj fy-Dyhfud “kSEiw b.Vjus”kuy gsYFk ds;j izkWMDV~l fgUnqLrku yhoj fy-luflYd “kSEiw b.Vjus”kuy gsYFk ds;j izkWMDV~l fgUnqLrku yhoj fy-Qs;j ,.M yoy Øhe b.Vjus”kuy gsYFk ds;j izkWMDV~l fgUnqLrku yhoj fy-fV;kjk “kSEiw fQ;ksjk dkWLesfVDl ts-ds- gsyu djfVl fy-fufo;k vk¶Vj”ksoyks”ku dkWLeksiSd flYoklk ts-,y-ekWjhlu ,.M tkWUl fy-fufo;k VsYde dsou dkWLesfVDl ts-,y-ekWjhlu ,.M tkWUl fy-fufo;k Øhe dsou dkWLesfVDl ts-,y-ekWjhlu ,.M tkWUl fy-D;wVhdqjk VsYde uhuu izkWMDVwl E;wyj bf.M;k fy-ikesM oSlyhu ts- ch- vMokuh ,.M da- ik.M~l bf.M;k fy-

ik.M~l l.My VsYde b.Vjus”kuy gsYFk ds;j izkWMDV ik.M~l bf.M;k fy-

?kVrs jkstxkj vkSj c<+rh csjkstxkjh

vk¡[ks ewandj cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa ds ek/;e ls] tc ge cuh&cuk;hrduhd dk vk;kr djrs gS rks ge njvly nwljs ns”kksa ds bathfu;jksa]rduhdh fo”ks’kKksa dks dke eqgS;k djkrs gSaA vFkkZr~ vius ns”k ls fodflrns”kksa dks jkstxkj dk fu;kZr djrs gSA bl rduhdh vk;kr dh izfØ;k esaHkkjrh; bathfu;jksa o rduhdh fo”ks’kKksa dks tks vfrfjDr dk;Z fn;k tkldrk Fkk vkSj vf/kd jkstxkj ds volj iSnk fd;s tk ldrs Fks] os,dne lekIr gks tkrs gSaA blls gekjs ns”k ds bathfu;j o rduhdhfo”ks’kK csdkj jgrs gS] ogh nwljh vksj fdlh fodflr vkS|ksfxd] ns”k dkstgk¡ dh dEiuh gksrh gS] vfrfjDr jkstxkj ds volj iSnk gks tkrs gSaAblds vykok tc cuh cuk;h rduhd dk vk;kr gksrk gS rks Hkkjrh;bathfu;jksa dk dk;Z flQZ rU= dks pkyw j[kus dk gksrk gSA loZfofnr gSfd dkj[kkuksa ds j[k&j[kko ds fy;s fdlh cM+h izfrHkk dh t:jr ughagksrh gSA tcfd rduhdh fo”ks’kKrk dk ;ksxnku u;h fof/k;k¡ fodflrdjus esa vkSj fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa vuqla/kku }kjk fodkl djus esa gksrk gSA blizdkj tks bathfu;j ;k rduhdh fo”ks’kK ns”k esa dke esa yxs gw;s gSa]mudh izfrHkk dk Hkh lgh mi;ksx ugha gks ikrk gSA

vkS|ksfxd ns”kksa dks ,d vkSj cM+k ykHk ml cqf) “kfDr dsvk;kr ls feyrk gS tks lqugjs Hkfo’; dh [kkst esa Hkkjr tSls ns”kksa lsmuds ;gk¡ tkrh gSA izkS|ksfxdh foKku rFkk vU; egRoiw.kZ fo’k;ksa esafo”ks’k f”k{kk ikdj tks yksx ns”k dks mldk dqN Hkh ykHk fn;s cxSj fczVsu]vesfjdk] teZuh bR;kfn pys tkrs gSa os mu ns”kksa dks u flQZ vkfFkZd ockSf)d ykHk igq¡pkrs gSa cfYd ,sfrgkfld ykHk HkhA

*lsaVj Qkj Iykfuax fjlpZ ,.M ,D”ku* ¼u;h fnYyh½ ds v/;;uds eqrkfcd izfrHkk iyk;u ds dkj.k Hkkjr dks vc rd 13 vjc ¼247vjc :i;s yxHkx½ dk uqdlku gks pqdk gS vkSj vxj ;g ugh :dk rks“krkCnh ds var rd 5 yk[k ls T;knk dq”ky vkSj izf”kf{kr Hkkjrh;fons”kksa esa dke dj jgs gksaxsA fQygky 4 yk[k 10 gtkj Hkkjrh; fons”kksaesa dke dj jgs gSA v/;;u ds vuqlkj Hkkjrh; bathfu;j fons”kh esa 32izfr”kr] MkWDVj 28 izfr”kr vkSj oSKkfud 5 izfr”kr gSA

47 48

tc ,d MkWDVj Hkkjr dks NksM+dj vesfjdk tkrk gS rks ns”k dks 3.5djksM+ :i;s dk uqdlku gksrk gS ysfdu og vejhdk esa 60 djksM+ ;kfu20 xquk /ku dek dj ml ns”k dh lef) esa Hkkxhnkj gksrk gSA tcfdnwljh vksj Hkkjr ,d fodkl”khy ns”k gS tgk¡ MkWDVjksa dk vHkko gS] tgk¡“kgj esa 5 gtkj yksxksa ij ,d MkWDVj gS rFkk xk¡o esa 45 gtkj yksxksa ij,d MkWDVj gSA

Hkkjr ls fudyus okyh izfrHkkvksa dh ,d cM+h la[;k vesfjdkpyh tkrh gSA 1957 ls 1965 rd vesfjdk esa Hkkjrh; oSKkfudksa] MkWDVjksarFkk bathfu;jksa dh la[;k flQZ 1000 Fkha ogh 1966 ls 1968 rd ogla[;k 4000 gks x;hA 1977 rd Hkkjr esa 16]849 oSKkfud] bathfu;j]MkWDVj vesfjdk pys x;sA

mnkj vkfFkZd uhfr;ksa ds pyrs ns”k esa fons”kh vuqca/kksa dh ck<+vk x;h gSA tqykbZ 1995 rd ns”k esa 20]000 ls vf/kd fons”kh vuqca/kpy jgs gSaA ftuds pyrs xSj t:jh {ks=ksa esa vkfFkZd fodkl T;knk gqvkgSA fiNys 5 o’kksZa esa laxfBr {ks=ksa ¼cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;k¡ o futh ns”khdEifu;k¡½ esa lcls vf/kd fodkl gqvk gS tcfd bl {ks= esa jkstxkjvoljksa dh of) nj ek= 1-5 izfr”kr jgh gSA ;kfu laxfBr {ks= esa iw¡thfuos”k lcls vf/kd gqvk gS ysfdu jkstxkj ds volj ml rqyuk esa iSnkugha gq;sA

nwljh vksj ns”k dk y?kq m|ksx dk {ks= gS ftlesa lcls de iw¡thdk fuos”k fd;k tkrk gSA ysfdu lcls egRoiw.kZ rF; ;g gS fd ns”k dsftrus Hkh jkstxkj gS muesa ls 80 izfr”kr bu vlaxfBr y?kq m|ksxksa esagSA y?kq m|ksxksa esa 1986&87 esa jkstxkj izkIr O;fDr;ksa dh la[;k 10-1djksM+ Fkh tks o’kZ 1987&88 esa c<+dj 10-7 djksM+ rd igq¡p x;h Hkkjresa 1988 ds vUr rd y?kq m|ksxksa dh dqy la[;k 14-6 yk[k FkhA blesals 3 yk[k y?kq bdkbZ;k¡ bu fo”kkydk; dEifu;ksa ds cktkj esa,dkf/kdkj ds pyrs chekj gks x;h gSa vkSj cUn gksus ds dxkj ij gSaA

pw¡fd bu fons”kh dEifu;ksa us y?kq m|ksx esa cuus okys gjlkeku dks cukus ds {ks= esa ?kqliSB dj j[kh gS] vr% yxHkx 10 yk[k 30gtkj vU; NksVh bdkbZ;k¡ buds lkeus izfrLi/kkZ esa /khjs&/khjs py jgh gSAgj o’kZ ns”k esa chekj bdkbZ;ksa dh la[;k c<+rh pyh tk jgh gS ftllsyk[kksa yksx csjktxkj gksrs tk jgs gSaA ljdkjh vk¡dM+ksa ds vuqlkj ns”k esa

izfro’kZ 1 djksM+ 84 yk[k u;s csjktxkj yksx iSnk gks tkrs gSA buesa lsvf/kdka”k NksVh bdkbZ;ksa ds cUn gks tkus dh otg ls csjkstxkj gks tkrs gSA

blds vfrfjDr bu fons”kh dEifu;ksa us fodkl ds uke ijlSdM+ksa o’kksZ ls py jgs gekjs ns”kh dkjksckj] gquj vkSj gLr f”kYi dks jkSankgS] ftlesa yxs djksM+ksa yksxksa dh jksth&jksVh fNu x;h gSA vk/kqfudhdj.kdh lcls T;knk ekj iM+h gS dkjhxjksa] nlrdkjksa o dqVhj m|ksxksa ijAtwrk m|ksx dk vk/kqfudhdj.k gksxk rks dksu ekjk tk;sxk \ eksphAdiM+k m|ksx dk e”khuhdj.k gksxk rks dkSu cjckn gksxk \ cqudjA oL=m|ksx dk jsMhesMhdj.k ¼flys flyk;s diM+s½ gksxk rks dkSu u’V gksxk \nthZA feBkbZ cukus ds {ks= esa tc fons”kh dEifu;k¡ ?kqlsaxh rks dkSu gSjkugksxk \ gyokbZA dqYgM+ dh txg fons”kh dEifu;k¡ IykfLVd ds fxklcukus yxsaxh rks dqEgkj fdl dke dk jg tk;sxk \ Qyksa dk jl fMCckcUn djds cspus ds fy;s fons”kh dEifu;k¡ vk;saxh rks dkSu lekIr gksxk\ Qyksa dk jl cspus okys yksxA ikuh cspus ds fy;s Hkh fons”kh dEifu;k¡vk;saxh rks vkxs dgk ugha tk ldrk] ge yksx Lo;a lksp yssaA

ljdkjh vk¡dM+ksa ds vuqlkj lu~ 1994 ds vUr rd ns”k esa dqycsjkstxkjh dh la[;k yxHkx 16 djksM+ gSA ;g la[;k mu yksxksa dh gSftUgksaus viuk iathdj.k ljdkj dk;kZy;ksa esa djok fy;k gSA bldsvfrfjDr ns”k esa djksM+ksa yksx ,sls gSa tks dHkh bl rjg dk iathdj.kdjokus ds fy;s izLrqr ugha gksrs gSA xk¡o ds vf/kdka”k ;qod rks iathdj.kdjokrs gh ugha gSA bl rjg ds yksxksa dks feykdj vuqekfur csjkstxkjksadh la[;k 20 djksM+ ls vf/kd gSA

,MhMkl (Adid as) , I;wek (Pum a) , M~;wd (Duke) , ukbZd(Nike) , ykV~Vks (Lotto) , vkfn fons”kh dEifu;ksa ds Hkkjr esa flys gq;s¼jsMhesM½ diM+ksa ds {ks= esa ?kql tkus ls ns”k Hkj ds yk[kksa nftZ;ksa dhvkthfodk fNusxhA Hkkjr esa cgqr rsth ls flys gq;s diM+ksa dk cktkjcurk tk jgk gSA

,MhMkl] I;wek] yksV~Vks }kjk Hkkjr ds [ksy lkeku cukus okys{ks= esa ?kql tkus ls] tkyU/kj ds [ksy lkeku mRiknu ds y?kq m|ksx esayxs gq;s 60 gtkj dq”ky dkjhxjksa ds vfLrRo dks [krjk gSA bldsvykok mRrjizns”k] if”peh caxky] rfeyukMq] egkjk’Vª rFkk fnYyh esayxs gq;s yxHkx 1 yk[k 80 gtkj vU; dq”ky Jfedksa dk jkstxkj Hkh

49 50

[krjs esa iM+ tk;sxkAfczVkfu;k ds pyrs m-iz-] fcgkj] o e/;izns”k ds csdjh m|ksx esa

yxs 1 yk[k 22 gtkj ls Hkh vf/kd Jfedksa dh jksth&jksVh pkSiV gksus dsdxkj ij gSA

ckVk o IykfLVd ds twrksa ds pyus ls ns”k ds yk[kksa eksfp;ksa dkscjckn fd;k gSA foedks us cjsyh o f”kokdk”kh ds ekfpl m|ksx esa yxsgtkjksa Jfedksa dks pkSiV dj fn;k gSA isIlh dksyk ds vkus ls [kk|lkexzh vkSj is; cukus okyh ns”k dh 2525 NksVh bdkb;ksa esa ls vf/kdka”kcan gks x;hA yxHkx 3 yk[k 75 gtkj dq”ky dkjhxj Jfed viuhvkthfodk ds fy, nj&nj HkVd jgs gSA

nokvksa ds uke ij ywV

vius vki dks f”kf{kr o tkx:d le>us okys fdlh Hkh O;fDrls vxj dgk tk; fd og ek= dqN iSls [kpZ djds *ewaxQyh dh [kyh*cktkj ls [kjhn dj jkst nw/k esa Mkydj ;k oSls gh [kk;s rks og O;fDrigys dgus okys dh ew[kZrk ij g¡lsxk vkSj ukd&HkkS fldksM+rs gq;s vUresa dgus okys dks Hkk’k.k fiykdj nq:Lr dj nsxkA fQj fdlh fnu cktkjls tkdj *cwLV*] *gkWfyZDl*] *dkWEIyku*] *izksVhusDl* [kjhn dj yk;sxkvkSj tjkst nw/k esa Mkydj MkWDVj ds crk;s vuqlkj fnu esa rhu ckj ;knks ckj fi;sxk vkSJ vius vki dks rjksrktk o “kfDr”kkyh eglwl djsxkAmls “kk;n ;g ugha ekywe] fd *cwLV*] *izksVhusDl*] *gkWfyZDl*] ;k *dkWEIyku*vkfn dks rkdkr dk VkWfud le> dj og fo”kq) *ewaxQyh dh [kyh*cktkj ls mBk yk;k gSA cl vUrj bruk gh gS fd ;g ewaxQyh dh [kyhvkd’kZd iSfdax esa vPNh [kq”kcw ds lkFk cUn gSA ;g dgkuh geesa lsfdlh dh Hkh gks ldrh gSA izpkj rU= }kjk fn[kk;s x;s vkd’kZdfoKkiuksa ls gesa [kwc vPNs rjhdss ls csodwQ cuk;k tkrk gSA

Vsyhfotu ij fn[kk;k tkrk gS fd dfiy nso ;k lfpursUnqydj cwLV [kkrs gS vkSj mlh ds dkj.k mUgsa fØdsV [ksysus dh “kfDrfeyrh gSA bldk lp D;k gS \ nwljh vksj Vsful dk fo”o pSfEi;u ihVlEizkl ;k cksfjl csdj fo”o Lrjh; Vsful izfr;ksfxrk thrus ds fy;sdsyk [kkrs gSA 9 tqykbZ 1995 dks yanu esa [ksys x;s foEcyMu dsQkbuy eSp esa vUrjky ds le; ihV lEizkl dsyk [kk jgk FkkA ihVlEizkl fpYyk&fpYyk dj ;g ugha dgrk fd vPNk VsfUl [ksyus ds f;smls cwLV ;k izksVhusDl ;k dkWEiyku tSls VkWfudksa dh t:jr gksrh gS \og rks dsyk [kkdj gh viuh ÅtkZ dh iwfrZ djrk gSA 200 fdeh- dhj¶rkj okyh xsan dks okil mlls Hkh vf/kd j¶rkj ls Hkstuk vksj og Hkh,d NksVs ls eSnku esa fdlh fo”ks’k dksus ij fdruk dfBu dke gS \ fdruh“kfDr dh vko”;drk gS \ ;g lkjh “kfDr rkRdkfyd :i ls ihV lEizklvkSj cksfjl csdj tSls f[kykM+h ek= dsyk [kkdj gh iwjh dj ysrs gSA rc

51 52

lkspus vkSj le>us dh ckr gS fd dsys esa vf/kd “kfDr gS ;k cwLV esa \,d vuqeku ds vuqlkj bl ns”k esa izfro’kZ yxHkx 1900 djksM+

:I;s ds *gSYFk VkWfud* [kk;s tkrs gSA yxHkx 50 djksM+ :i;s ls Hkhvf/kd ds *gSYFk QwM~l* csps tkrs gSA tcfd lp ;g gS fd gesa bu gSYFkVkWfudksa ;k gSYFk QwM~l dh drbZ t:jr ugha gSA gekjs ns”k dh 40izfr”kr vkcknh xjhch js[kk ds uhps xqtj&clj djrh gSA bl vkcknhdh vkenuh bruh de gS fd og jkst larqfyr Hkkstu Hkh ugha dj ikrhA,slk O;fDr tks vius vkSj vius ifjokj ds fy;s larqfyr Hkkstu dk izca/k Hkh ugha dj ldrk mlds fy, fdlh MkWDVj }kjk gSYFk VkWfud fy[kukljklj vU;k; gSA tks yksx larqfyr Hkkstu ysrs gS ;k ys ldrs gSa] mUgsarks fQj gSYFk VkWfud dh dksbZ t:jr gh ughaA vktdy bl ckr dkQSa”ku gks x;k gS fd t:jr u gksus ij Hkh nokvksa dks [kk;k tk;A*chdkslwy* ;k *chdkstkbe* dk dksbZ dSIlwy ;k VscysV [kkus ds dqNle; ds ckn] ;g ns[kk tkrk gS fd is”kkc ¼ew=½ dk jax ihyk gks x;kAtks *chdkslwy* ;k *chdkstkbe* [kk;k x;k] mls vkarksa us ipk;k vkSjvko”;drk ugha gksus ds dkj.k xqnsZ }kjk is”kkc ds :i esa ckjg fudkyfn;k x;kA iSls Hkh [kpZ gq;s] vkek”k;] yhoj rFkk xqnsZ dks dke Hkh vf/kd djuk iM+k vkSj Qk;nk gqvk dEiuh dksA vf/kdre 20 :i;s dhykxr okys bu rFkkdfFkr “kfDro/kZd VkWfudksa dks 40 :i;s ls ysdj200 :i;s rd esa cspk tkrk gSA bu VkWfudksa dks cspus okyh dEifu;ksa dsequkQs dk vanktk lgt gh yxk;k tk ldrk gSA

Hkkjrh; nok m|ksx ds yxHkx 90 izfr”kr fgLls ij fons”khcgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa dk dCtk gSA bl le; Hkkjrh; nok cktkj esayxHkx 60]000 nok;sa gSa ftuesa ls ek= 250 nok;sa gekjs dke dh gSa] ckdh59]750 nok;sa ,dne csdj gS tks fdlh dke dh ugha gSA bu csdkjnokvksa dks cspdj ;s fons”kh dEifu;k¡ 100 izfr”kr vFkok 200 izfr”krdk equkQk ugha cfYd 800 izfr”kr rd equkQk dek jgh gSA ,d&,dnok cktkj esa 40 ls vf/kd ukeksa ds fcd jgh gSA dEiuh dk equkQkmrus gh xquk c<+rk pyk tk jgk gSA 90 izfr”kr ,sls VkWfud cukdj cspstk jgs gS ftudh gekjs thou esa dksbZ mi;ksxhrk ugha gSA bruk gh ughmYVs os gekjs “kjhj ij cqjk izHkko Mky jgs gSaA bu fujFkZd vkSjuqd”kkunsg nokb;ksa ds tfj;sa gj o’kZ djksM+ksa :Ik;s ns”k ls ckgj tk jgs gSaA

bruk gh ugh] blds vykok ;s fons”kh dEifu;k¡ gekjs ns”k esamu nokvksa dks cukdj csp jgh gSa tks buds vius ns”k esa fo’kSys izHkkoksads dkj.k tgj ?kksf’kr dh tk pqdh gSA nqfu;k ds vU; ns”kksa esa dbZ o’kZigys izfrcfU/kr dh x;h nok;sa gekjs ns”k esa /kM+Yys ls fcd jgh gSA ekSrdk O;kikj djus okyh bu fons”kh dEifu;ksa us tc ns[kk fd fodflr ns”k,d&,d djds tkuysok tgjhyh nokb;ksa dks izfrcfU/kr djrs pys tkjgs gS] rc mudh fuxkg dbZ xjhc o fodkl”khy ns”kksa dh vkSjA pw¡fdmRiknu cUn djuk muds fy;s vkRe?kkrh dne gksrk] blfy;s ofodkl”khy ns”kksa esa mudh xjhch dk Qk;nk mBkrs gq;s rFkkdfFkrfodkl dk oge QSykus esa lQy gks x;s vkSj [krjukd dkj[kkus ,d ij,d djds [kksyrs x;s bu xjhc ns”kksa esa dkuwuh cafn”ksa dkxth “ksj dsflok dqN ugha gksrhA bl ckr dk bu dEifu;ksaus iwjk Qk;nk mBk;kAfnlEcj 1984 esa Hkksiky esa tks dqN gqvk og bu fons”kh dEifu;ksa dhdjrwr dk ,d fgLlk gh gSA ;s dEifu;k¡ yxkrkj Hkkjr ;k vU;fodkl”khy ns”kksa esa ,sls iz;ksx djrh jgrh gSa ftuls Hk;adj chekfj;ksa dk[krjk yxkrkj c<+ jgk gSA

40 ls vf/kd nok cukus okyh dEifu;ksa us o’kZ 1988 esa euekusrjhds ds vko”;d nokvksa ds nke c<+kdj djksM+ksa :I;s dk equkQk dek;kAmiyC/k ljdkjh vk¡dM+ksa ¼nok&jlk;u ea=ky;½ ds vuqlkj *XySDlks* (Gl axo)

us 37 djskM+ :Ik;s] *gsDlV* (Hoechst) us djksM+ :i;s o *lkbukekbMbf.M;k* (Cyn amid Indi a) us 3 djksM+ :i;s dk voS/kkfud equkQk dek;kAljdkjh fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj blls miHkksDrkvksa ds fgrksa dks pksV igq¡prh gSAvr% ljdkj us bu dEifu;ksa ls dek;s x;s bl voS/kkfud equkQs dks Mh-ih-bZ- ¼Mªx izkbl bDoykbts”ku½ esa tek djus dks dgk gSA

nwljh vksj *vkxsZukbts”ku vkWQ QkekZL;wfVdy izksM~;wllZ vkWQbf.M;k* tks cM+h&cM+h cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa dh izfrfuf/kRo djrk gS] us /kedh nh gS fd ;fn Hkkjr ljdkj us viuh ;g uhfr ugha cnyh rks vusokys le; esa *fjQkefiflu*] *iSjklhVkeksy* *DyksjksQsfudksy*] *bFkkeC;wVksy*vkSj *VsVªklkbDyhu* tSls nok;s cktkj ls xk;c gks tk;saxhA ftlls dq’B jksx]VkbQkbM o Vh- ch- vkfn jksxksa dh jksdFkke ds fy;s vko”;d nokvksa dkvHkko gks tk;sxkA /;ku jgs Åij nh x;h nok;sa bu jksxksa esa dke vkrh gSaA

1988 esa voS/kkfud :i ls nokvksa ds nke c<+kdj ftu 10

53 54

fons”kh dEifu;ksa us 89-2 djksM+ :i;s dek;s os fuEu gS %&1- tkuosFk (John Wyeth) 2- QkbZtj (Pfizer)

3- ikdZ&Msfol (P ark-Devis) 4- lSUMkst (S andoz)

5- ,ckWV yscksjsVjh (Abbot L abor ateries) 6- esfjUM (Merind)

7- bFkuksj (Ethnor) 8- QqyQksMZ (Fulford)9- fxQku yscksjsVjh (Giffon L abor ateries)

10- fudksyl yscksjsVjh (Nichol as L abor ateries)

cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;k¡ Hkkjrh; dkuwuksa dk [kqyk mYy?kau djrh gSAHkkjr ljdkj 15 twu 1988 dks fo”ks’k xtV uksfVfQds”ku ,Dl 11018@1@88Mh-,e-,l-ih-,Q-,- tkjh fd;k FkkA bl uksfVfQds”ku ds rgrbLVªkstu&izkstsLVªkWu vkSj DyksjkEQsuhdkWy&LVªsIVksekblhu ds la;ksx ls cuusokyh nokvksa dks iw.kZ :i ls izfrcfU/kr fd;k x;kA ysfdu vkt Hkh ;s nok;sacktj esa /kM+Yys ls fcd jgh gS vkSj bUgsa cspus dk dke cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;k¡dj jgh gSA bu ?kkrd nokvksa ds iz;ksx ls efgykvksa ij cgqr gh cqjs izHkkoiM+rs gSA ;fn xHkZorh efgyk dks ;s [kkus dks nh tk;sa rks viax cPPs iSnk gksusdk [krjk c<+ tkrk gSA bu nokvksa ls efgykvksa ds ekfld /keZ esa Hkh xM+cM+hiSnk gksrh gSA ;s [krjukd nok;sa&bZ-ih-QksVZ] eSLVªkstu QksVZ] vksjlsØksu QksVZRkFkk vksxY;wfVu vkfn ukeksa ls cktkj esa csph tk jgh gSA

blh rjg 23 tqykbZ 1983 esa dsUnz ljdkj us xtV uksfVfQds”ku,Dl 11014@2@83@ Mh-lh-,e-,l- ,.M ih-,Q-,- ds rgr 27 izdkjdh ewy nokvksa dk O;kikj izfrcfU/kr fd;kA ysfdu buesa ls dqN nok;savkt Hkh cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa }kjk csph tk jgh gSA bu nokvksa dksflusYtsfld] ,Øksekbflu] VsVªkekbflu] Msdkcksfyu] fgLVkizsM] isjksdkWVZ]isjksMªku vkfn ukeksa ls cktkj esa /kM+Yys ls cspk tk jgk gSA

26 fnlEcj 1990 rFkk 1991 dks dUnz ljdkj }kjk tkjh fd;s x;sv/;kns”kksa }kjk 15 tsufjd nokvksa dks izfrcfU/kr fd;k x;k ysfdu vkt Hkh;s nok;sa & C;wVk izkDlhoku] dkC;ZVkbZy] ckyktsfld] osxkfuu] QksVZTksfld]eksUVksfji] fMdsfjl] tsQjky] Y;wihfgLV] fVDlhfyDl] dksjsDl] VªC;wlkbu]MªhLVªku vkfn ukeksa ls cktkj esa csph tk jgh gSA blls ,d vanktk yxk;ktk ldrk gS fd fdruk Hka;dj vkSj tkuysok ?kksVkyk nok m|ksx esa py jgkgSA

xqyke gksrh [ksrh

vktdy ns”k esas ,d ukjk cgqr tksj “kksj ls bu dEifu;ksa }kjkfn;k tk jgk gS fd *[ksrh dks m|ksx cukvks*A ;kfu vc [ksr dksdkj[kkuk cukus dh lkft”k ns”k esa py jgh gSA vc ;s dEifu;k¡ [ksrhds cy ij vkSj vf/kd ekykeky gksus ds lius ns[k jgh gSA gesa ;kn gksukpkfg, fd vkt ls yxHkx 30 o’kZ igys bUgh dEifu;ksa }kjk ns”k esa*gfjr ØkfUr* dk ukjk fn;k x;k FkkA [ksrh dh mUufr vkSj fodkl dsuke ij pys bl ukjs us Hkkjr dh ikjaifjd df’k O;oLFkk vkSj mldslkFk tqM+h gq;h] lekt O;oLFkk dks pkSiV djds j[k fn;kA mlh rjgvc [ksrh dh mUufr ds uke ij [ksrh dks m|ksx dk ntkZ nsus dh ckrHkkjr ds lkekU; vkSj cgqla[;d fdlkuksa ds fy;s ns”k dh cph [kqph df’kO;oLFkk ds fy;s ?kkrd fl) gksxhA

bu dEifu;ksa }jk fujarj ;g izpkfjr fd;k tk jgk gS fd [ksrhesa fons”kh iw¡th fuos”k dh vR;f/kd t:jr gSA ftlds fcuk vc [ksrh dkfodkl ugha gks ldrk gSA ;g ckr fcYdqy Hkh lgh ugha gSA okLro esa[ksrh Lo;a ,s ,slh izofRr gS ftlesa ls iw¡th dk fuekZ.k gksrk gS] gfjrØkfUr dh ukjs ckth ls [ksrh dks ,slh nqHkkZX; iw.kZ fLFkfr esa yk fn;k x;kgS fd [ksrh dks iw¡th dh t:jr gksA vkt [ksrh dks m|ksx cukus dh ckrdgdj bl ckr dh dksf”k”k dh tk jgh gS fd [ksrh dk jkstejkZ dklkekU; dke Hkh fcuk iw¡th ds u py ldsA

[ksrh ds fy;s eq[; rkSj ls nks gh phtsa vko”;d gksrh gS& ,dfdlku dh esgur vkSj i”kq dh esgur( nwljs /kjrh[ cht] [kkn] ikuhvkfn izkdfrd lk/kuA ;s nksuksa gh phtsa ,slh gS tks dgha ckgj ls ykusdh vko”;drk ugha gksrhA bl izdkj [ksrh ,d lEiw.kZ Lokoyach /ka/kk gSA

fdlku ,d cht cksrk gS ysfdu bl cht esa ls tks Hkh nkus izkIrgksrs gS] muesa ls gj ,d nkuk fQj cht dk dke djrk gSA bl izdkj[ksrh ,d ,slh izofRr gS ftlesa yxk;s gq;s ewy dk dbZ lkS xquk izfrQyfeyrk gS vkSj ftlesa ls cpr gks ldrh gS vkSj cpr ls gh iw¡th curh

55 56

gSA dkj[kkuk fdlh Hkh pht dk gks] u rks mlesa pht lpeqp iSnk gksrhgS] u gh mldk xq.kkdkj gksrk gSA dkj[kkus esa dsoy dPps eky dk:ikarj gksrk gS] u;k mRikn ughaA dkj[kkuksa esa ftl dPps eky ls phtsarS;kj gksrh gS] og dPpk eky Hkh vf/kdrj [ksrh ls gh izkIr gksrk gSA

;g ,d foMacuk gh gS fd okLro esa mRiknu vkSj iw¡th dkfuekZ.k djus okyk fdlku [kkn] cht vkSj dhVuk”kdksa ds fy;s cgqjk’Vªh;dEifu;ksa dk xqyke cu x;k gSA viuh esgur ts [kqn mlds ikl gS rFkkizkdfrd rRo tks lc txg miyC/k gS bu nksuks ds la;ksx ls [kqnmRiknu djus okys fdlku dks vkt fHk[kkjh cukdj j[k nf;k gS bufons”kh dEifu;ksa usA okLro esa [ksrh dksbZ /ka/kk ugha gS og thou thus dhizfØ;k gSA tks [ksrh dks /ka/kk cukuk pkgrs gS] mudk mn~ns”; gS fdthou thus dh bl Lokoyach “kSyh dks ijkoyach cuk fn;k tk; rkfdfdlku dk vkSj [ksrh dk “kks’k.k fd;k tk ldsA Lokoyach lekt esa yksxviuh esgur ij thus okys gksrs gS] nwljs ds “kks’k.k ij ughaA [ksrh dksm|ksx dk ntkZ nsus dk eryc gS fdlku dks xqyke cukukA tc [ksrhdks m|ksx dh rjg pyk;k tk;sxk rks vf/kd vUu mitkus ds fy;s cht][kkn] dhVuk”kd nok;sa vkSj ikuh [kjhnus ds fy;s fdlku dks vkSjvf/kd ck/; dj fn;k tk;sxkA blds fy;s mls dtkZ fn;k tk;sxkA fQjml dtZ dh vnk;xh esa mldh Qly mlls ys yh tk;sxhA bl izdkjog iwjh rjg cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa o cktkj dk ca/kqvk etnwj cu tk;sxkAcM+s&cM+s QkeZ cusaxs rks tehu NksVs fdlkuksa ls [kjhnh tk;sxhA bl rjgtehu dk ekfyd /khjs&/khsjs bu dEifu;ksa dh dik ls tehu ij dkedjus okyk etnwj cu tk;sxk( fQj og fdlku ugh jgsxkA

cht dk /ka/kk

if”pe ds ns”kksa us fodkl dh viuh vo/kkj.k dks nqfu;k dsdetksj ns”kksa ij yknk gSA fodkl ,d u;s izdkj dh xqykeh dk eU= cux;k gSA gfjr ØkfUr bl izdkj ds fodkl dk ,d cs”keZ mnkgj.k gSAbl rFkkdfFkr ØkfUr dh “kq:vkr jklk;fud izfØ;kvksa }kjk ,sls chtrS;kj djus ds lkFk gqbZ ftuls mit c<+ tkrh gSA vr% ,sls ladj chtksadk mRiknu bu fons”kh dEifu;ksa us djuk “kq: fd;kA bl cht dh nksizeq[k fo”ks’krk;sa gksrh gSa tks fons”kh dEifu;ksa ds fy;s vR;Ur ykHknk;d

fl) gq;haA igyh fo”ks’krk ;g gS fd bl ladj cht ls vf/kd mitizkIr djus ds fy;s Hkkjh ek=k esa jklk;fud [kkn o dhVuk”kd nokvksadh vko”;drk gksrh gSA bu chtksa ls iSnk gksus okyh Qlyksa ij dhM+kHkh cgqr tYnh vkSj vf/kd yxrk gSA tc vf/kd jklk;fud [kknksa vkSjdhVuk”kd nokvksa dh vko”;drk gq;h rks bu daifu;ksa us [kkn o nokvksadks cukdj cspuk “kq: fd;k vkSj gfjr ØkfUr ds nkSjku vdwr equkQk cVksjkA

bl ladj cht dh nwljh fo”ks’krk ;g gS fd flQZ ,d ckj ghQyrk gSA bl cht ls tks nkus idrs gSa] os iqu% cht dk dke ugha nsrsgS] blfy;s fdlku dks gj lky u;k cht [kjhnuk iM+rk gSA vr%tSls&tSls ladj cht dk pyu c<+rk x;k oSls&oSls cht dk cktkjfons”kh dEifu;ksa ds fy;s iSnk gksrk x;kA Hkkjr esas ,d o’kZ esa ¼lu~ 1987esa½ bu dEifu;ksa us tks cht fcØh fd, gS mldk vkadM+k uhps fn;k tkjgk gS %&

fons”kh dEiuh dk uke cht dh fcØhik;ksfu;j (Pioneer) 169-26 djksM+ #i;s'ksy (Shell) 66-50 djksM+ #i;lSUMkst (Soondoz) 54-91 djksM+ #i;Qkbtj (Pfizer) 28-19 djksM+ #i;vitksu (Upjohn) 38-00 djksM+ #i;vkbZ- lh- vkbZ- (I.C.I) 30-40 djksM+ #i;yhekxzsu (Lim agr ain) 32-49 djksM+ #i;lhck&xk;xh (Cib a Geig a) 28-88 djksM+ #i;ykQktZ (Lof arge) 28-50 djksM+ #i;oksYoks (Volvo) 26-60 djksM+ #i;

cht ds cktj esa bu fons”kh dEifu;ksa dh lgk;d dEifu;k¡ Hkhfdlkuksa dks ywV jgh gSA fdl fons”kh dEiuh ds ikl cht cspus okyhviuh vkSj fdruh dEifu;k¡ gS] bldk vkadM+k uhps izLrqr gS %&dEiuh dk uke fu;U=.k esa vU; cht

dEifu;ksa dh la[;k'ksy (Shell) 68lSUMkst (S andoz) 37

57 58

Qkbtj (Pfizer) 34lhck&xk;xh (Cib a Geig a) 26vitksu (Upjohn) 15dsekukscsy (K am anobel) 11vkDlhMsaaVy isVªksfy;e (Occidently Petrolium) 10

blds vfrfjDr 16 flr~Ecj 1988 dks ljdkj }kjk ?kksf’kr *u;hcht&uhfr* ds rgr dqN vkSj fo”kkydk; fons”kh dEifu;ksa us cht dkO;kikj “kq: dj fn;k gSA os dEifu;k¡ fuEu gS %&

1- dkjfxy lhM dkiksZjs”ku (C argil Seeds Corpor ation)

2- ih- ,p- vkbZ- ck;ksthu fyfeVsM (P. H. I. Biogene ltd.)

3- us”kuy vkxsZfud fy- (Beio Sheet al Seeds Comp any)

4- cstks “khry lhM dEiuh (Beio Sheet al Seed Comp any)

5- vkbZ- Vh- lh- (Indi an Tob aco Comp any)

6- fgUnqLrku yhoj (Hindust an Lever)

dhVuk”kdksa dk dgj

mRrj izns”k ds cLrh ftys ds jk;iqjk&taxyk xkao esa 15 vizSy1990 dh jkr dks ,d lekjksg esa fo’kkDr Hkkstu [kkus ls 200 ls vf/kdyksx ekjs x;sA bl nnZukd gknls ds dkj.kksa dk lgh&lgh irk pyk(tc iwjh tkap dh x;hA tkap ds ckn ik;k x;k fd yksxksas dh eksrvR;Urd ?kkrd dhVuk”kd iSjfFk;ku vkSj bZ-,u-ih- ds dkj.k gq;hAftl xsgwa dh cuh iwfM;k¡ bl Hkkst esa [kk;h x;h ml xsgwa esa ;s nksuksadhVuk”kd feys gq;s FksA mYys[kuh; gS fd bu nksuksa dhVuk”kdksa ij lHkhif”peh ns”kksa esa jksd yxh gq;h gSA ;s nksuksa dhVuk”kd la;qDr jk’Vª la?k}kjk Hkh izfrcfU/kr gSA exj gekjs ns”k esa ;s nksuksa gh dhVuk”kd bufons”kh dEifu;ksa }kjk cuk;s tk jgs gS vkSj /kM+Yys ls fc jgs gSA

cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa ds tky esa Qaldj ;g ekuk x;k fd [ksrhdh mit c<+kus ds fy;s ;fn <sjksa rjg ds tgjhys dhVuk”kh jlk;uksa dkHkjiwj bLrseky tkjh ugha jgk rks dhVk.kq lkjh Qly dks pV dj tk;saxsvkSj lkjh ekuork Hkq[kejh dh pisV esa vk tk;sxhA bu dEifu;ksa }kjkizpkfjr fodkl( fdlh vU; fodYi dks izdfr izsfe;ksa o i;kZoj.kokfn;ksadk lqgkuk liuk le>dj mldh f[kYyh mM+krk gSA feV~Vh dh fgQktr

dk ijEijkxr ns”kh rkSjrjhdk] [kjirokj] ?kjsyw o d’kh; dwM+k&dpjkvkSj tkuojksa ds ey&ew= ls cuh [kkn] ijLij enn igq¡pkus okyhQlyksa dk ckjh&ckjh ls cks;k tkuk ;kuh Qly&pØ] ;g lc fons”khdEifu;ksa] }kjk fodflr rduhd us yhy fy;k gSA feV~Vh] gok] ikuhvkSj Qly ds chp tks izk.koku] lefUor vkSj fujkin ukrk Fkk] ogcsekuh gks x;k gSA mld LFkku ys fy;s csdl feV~Vh vkSj tgjhysjklk;fud nzO;ksa usA

*gfjr ØkfUr* ds ckn [ksrh jklk;fud moZjdksa vkSj dhVuk”kdksaij iwjh rjg fuHkZj gksdj jg x;h gSA bldk urhtk ;g gS fd tksvukt thounk;h ekuk tkrk gS] ogh moZjdksa o dhVuk”kdksa ds dkj.kxq.koRrk esa fuEu Lrj dk gksdj vLokLF;dj vkSj tkuysok rd gksusyxk gSA *gfjr ØkfUr* ds nkSjku vukt mRiknu esa peRdkfjd of)vly esa ,d feFkd gS] miyC/k vk¡dM+ksa ds vuqlkj lu~ 1947 ds ckn dsigys n”kd esa tgk¡ vUu mRiknu esa 3-5% izfro’kZ dh nj ls of) gq;hAogha vxys n”kd esa vFkkZr~ 60 ds n”kd esa ;g nj ek= 2-25% izfr”krjghA ;g nj nks n”kdksa rd tkjh jghA ,dek= xsgwa gh ,slk vukt gSftldk mRiknu 4-5% okf’kZd nj ls c<+dj 7-62% gks x;h ysfdu nwljhvksj dk lp ;g gS fd ckdh vU; lHkh vuktksa dh of) nj yxkrkj?kVrh x;hA bu vk¡dM+ksa ls gfjr ØkfUr ds Hkkstu ij iM+us okys izHkkoLi’V ns[ks tk ldrs gSA gfjr ØkfUr ds nkSjku xsgwa dk mRiknu {ks=c<+rk x;k vkSj eksVs vuktksa] nkyksa] frygu vkfn dk mRiknu {ks= ?kVrkx;kA bl dkj.k Hkkstu esa izksVhu dh ek=k ?kVrh x;hA u;s vuktksa dkvlj i”kqvksa dks Hkh >syuk iM+ jgk gS D;ksafd T;knk mit nsus okyhQlyksa dk Hkwlk iks’kd rRoksa ds ekeys esa detksj gksrk gSA

vkt vukt] Qy] lfCt;k¡] nygu] frygu] nw/k vkSj ekal&eNyhrd lHkh esa fo’kkDr rRoksa dh Hkjekj gS tks ,d /kheh ekSr dh vksj gesa/kdsy jgh gSA blds ckotwn jklk;fud moZjdksa vkSj dhVuk”kdksa dkbLrseky u dsoy tkjh gS cfYd rsth ls c<+ Hkh jgk gSA vk¡dMksa ij utjMkysa rks fo”ks’kKksa dk dguk gS fd lu~ 1960 ls 1980 ds nksjku Hkkjr esadhVuk”kdksa dh [kir esa 20 xquk btkQk gqvk gSA bl nkSjku dhVuk”kdksads mRiknu esa 14% dh c<+ksRrjh gq;h gS vkSj budk vk;kr Hkh bl chp 7 xquk c<+kA

lu~ 1989 ls 1990 ds chp esa dhVuk”kdksa dh [kir 1 yk[k 20

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gtkj Vu gq;hA blek=k dk nks frgkbZ Hkkx [ksrh esa bLrseky gqvkA ,dvuqeku ds vuqlkj fiNys 20 o’kksZ esa dhVuk”kdksa ds bLrseky ls 10%

Qly dks cpk fy;k x;kA ysfdu ftl vuqikr esa bu dhVuk”kdksa dktgj Hkkstu ds tfj;s ns”kokfl;ksa ds “kjhj esa igq¡pk gS vkSj mlls tksgkfu gq;h o gks jgh gS] mls ns[krs gq;s 10% Qly dks cjckn gksus lscpkus dh miyfC/k cgqr egaxh gSA tu vkSj /ku dh bl O;kid gkfu dslkeus 10% Qly dh cjcknh dk tksf[ke lLrk gh BgjsxkA

bu dhVuk”kdksa ds dkj.k ns”k esa fdrus yksx dky&dofyr gq;sgS] blds lgh&lgh vk¡dM+s vHkh rd miyC/k ugha gSA dhVuk”kd feysHkkstu o vlko/kkuho”k dhVuk”kdksa ds lEidZ esa vkus ds dkj.k tgk¡gtkjksa yksx ekSr ds eqag esa lek;s gSa ogha bu dhVuk”kdksa ls iSnk gksusokyh chekfj;k¡ Hkh vke gksrh tk jgh gSaA fo”o LokLF; laxBu dh fjiksVZds vuqlkj fo”o esa Hkkjr rhljs uacj ij gS tgk¡ dhVuk”kd gknls T;knkvkSj gj lky gksrs gSA bu dhVuk”kdksa ls tksM+dj mudh f”kuk[r djukcgqr yach izfØ;k gSA

dhVuk”kdksa ls tqM+k ,d igyw ;g Hkh gS fd Hkkjr tSlsfodkl”khy ns”k esa bLrseky gksus okys 70% dhVuk”kd ,sls gSa ftu ijfodflr ns”kksa esa izfrca/k yxk;k tk pqdk gSA Mh-Mh-Vh- gekjs ns”K esa ,dvke dhVuk”kd gS ij vU; vusd ns”kksa esa ;g izfrcaf/kr gSA fo”oLokLF; laxBu ds vuqlkj tehu] ouLifr vkSj “kjhj ij bldk cgqryacs le; rd ?kkrd vlj cuk jgrk gSa exj vius ns”k esa df’k {ks=ksa esabldh [kir 3500 Vu izfro’kZ rFkk eysfj;k mUewyu vkfn dk;ZØeksa esa4000 Vu izfro’kZ gSA ch-,p-lh- ¼csathu gsDlkDyksjkbM½] feFkkby iSjkfFk;ku]gSIVkDyksj] MkbZ czkseksDyksjks izksisu] ,tsaV vkjsat] QkLosy] MsfYMªu] DyksjsMsu]cwVkDyksj tSls dhVuk”kd tks if”peh ns”kksa lfgr nqfu;k ds dbZ vU;ns”kksa esa izfrcfU/kr gSa] ftudk cspuk mu ns”kksa esa xaHkhj vijk/k ?kksf’kr gkspqdk gS] mUgha dhVuk”kdksa ds ?kkrd vlj dk vglkl djus ds fy;s bu*gfjr ØkfUr* ds >aMkcjnkjksa dks fdruh Hkksiky =klfn;ksa dk bartkj gSA

vk/kqfud fodkl ;k izd`fr fouk”k

cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa dh dkjxqtkfj;ksa vkSj mlds QyLo:ifodflr fodkl&izfØ;k dk lcls Hk;kog urhtk izdfr ds fouk”k ds:i esa gqvk gSA i;kZoj.k dh cjcknh dk eq[; dkj.k gSA] cgqjk’Vªh;dEifu;ksa dh mRiknu “kSyh] ftlds pyrs if”pe ds ns”k vehj gq;s gSaAysfdu vc ;g ladV mu ns”kksa ij lcls vf/kd eaMjk jgk gS tgka lsvk/kqfud fodkl izfØ;k dh “kq:vkr gq;h FkhA if”pe ds ns”kksa esas ftruhmiHkksx dh oLrq;sa cu jgh gSa] mruh gh vf/kd miHkksDrkvksa dh gol c<+jgh gSA urhtk ml dpjs ds :i esa lkeus gS tks gekjh iFoh dksfnu&nwuh jkr&pkSxquh xfr ls iznwf’kr djrk tk jgk gS tks vius vkusokys fnuksa esa dbZ rVh; “kgjksa dks fo”o ds uD”ks ls lekIr dj nsxkA

orZeku esa dkcZu MkbZvkDlkbM i;koj.k ds iznw’k.k dk lclscM+k dkj.k gSA m|ksxksa ds bl va/ks ;qx ds vkjaHk gksus ls igys dkcZuMkBZvkDlkbM okrkoj.k esa ,d fuf”pr vuqikr esa jgrh fkhA ,dlosZ{k.kds vuqlkj vkS|ksfxd ØkfUr ls igys ok;qeaMy esa dkcZu MkbZvkDlkbMizfr 10 yk[k va”kksa esa 280 va”k FkhA vkt blesa 25 izfr”kr c<ksRrjh gkspqdh gS vkSj lu~ 2075 rd xSl dh ek=k nqxquh gks tk;sxhA vxj blckr dks nqfu;k Hkj ds ns”kksa ds taxyksa ds fouk”k ls tksM+ fn;k tk,] rks;g vankt lkeus vkrk gS fd dkcZu MkbvkDlkbM dh ek=k ok;qeaMyesa vkt ls ek= 40 o’kZ ckn nqxquh gks tk;sxhA blds ladsr vHkh lsfeyus “kq: gks x;s gSaA iFoh dk rkieku c<+ x;k gSA fiNys 110 lkydh rqyuk esa bl n”kd ds igys 8 lkyksa esa gh 4 lky lcls xeZ lkyFksA 1988 ds igys 7 efguksa us rks ,d “krkCnh dk fjdkMZ rksM+ fn;k] ;s7 efgus brus vf/kd xeZ FksA 23 twu 1988 nksigj esa tc vejhdh “kgjksaesa 38 fMxzh lsfY;l ls T;knk xehZ Fkh] gtkjksa fdyksehVj mitkÅ Hkwfeij igyh ckj Hk;adj lw[kk iM+k Fkk vkSj tks va/kM+ py jgs Fks oSls bl“krkCnh esa dHkh ns[kus dks ughsa feysA

lu~ 1950 ls ysdj 1986 ds chp fdl ns”k us okrkoj.k esafdruh dkcZu MkbZvkDlkbM xSl NksM+h bldk vk¡dM+k uhps fn;k tk jgk gSA

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ns”k dk uke dkcZu MkbZvkDlkbM dh ek=kmRrjh vesfjdk 40-2 vjc VuiwohZ ;wjksi ds ns”k 31-9 vjc Vuif”peh ;wjksi ds ns”k 25-1 vjc Vu,f”k;k egk}hi ds lHkh ns”k 9-3 vjc Vuiz”kkar {ks= ds lHkh ns”k 7-2 vjc VuvÝhdk ds ns”k 14-43 vjc Vu

oSKkfud vk”kadk O;Dr dj jgs gSa fd xzhu gkml izHkko ls iFohdh tyok;q dks cnyuk “kq: dj fn;k gSA *xzhu gkml* ,sls fo”kkydejs gksrs gSa tgk¡ [kkl fdLe ds ikS/ks mxk;s tkrs gSa] fodkl dsrFkkdfFkr <k¡ps ds vUrxZr pyus okys m|ksxksa ls dkcZu MkbZvkDlkbM]dkcZu eksuks vkDlkbM] ehFksu] ukbVªl vkDlkbM] vksktsu] Dyksjks ¶yksjksdkcZu rFkk dbZ vU; xSlsa ok;q eaMy ds fupys fgLls esa tek gks tkrhgSaA ftlds dkj.k iFoh dh xjeh dks ;s xSls Åij tkus ls jksdrh gSaftlls okrkoj.k dk rkieku c<+ tkrk gSA rkfd ikS/kksa ij cnyrs gq;sekSle dk vlj u iM+sA bu dejksa esa vuqdwy ekSle cuk;k tkrk gSA“kh”ks dh Nrsa bu dejksa esa yxh jgrh gSa ftuls /kwi rks feyrh gh gSysfdu vUnj xehZ ,d fuf”pe uki ls T;knk ugha gksrh gSA bu xzhugkÅl dk lcls cM+k vlj ;g gksrk gS fd tks dkcZu MkbZvkDlkbM xSlcurh gS og dejs ls ckgj ugha tkrh ftlls rkieku c<+ tkrk gS D;ksafddkcZu MkbZvkDlkbM esa xehZ lks[kus dh foy{k.k {kerk gS] blh otg lsxzhu gkÅl BaMs ekSle esa Hkh xeZ jgrk gSA vr% iFoh ij Hkh ;gh izfØ;knksgjk;h tkrh gS fd dkcZu MkbZvkDlkbM ;k ,slh gh vU; xSlsa xehZ dksiFoh ls ckgj tkus ls jksdrh gSa rks bls oSKkfudksa us *xzhu gkml izHkko*dk Hkksyk lk uke fn;k gSA

*xzhu gkml izHkko* ds dkj.k iFoh dh tyok;q dk rki LFkk;h:i ls dqN fMxzh c<+ tkus ls izy; dk dgj <k ldrk gSA blds dkj.kekSle cny ldrk gS] mitkÅ {ks=ksa esa lw[kk iM+ ldrk gS] jsfxLrku esaewlyk/kkj ckfj”k gks ldrh gS] ioZrksa ij fi?kyrs gq;s fgeun leqnz dhlrg dks nks ehVj rd Å¡ph dj ldrs gSaA ftlds dkj.k leqnz rVh; “kgjcEcbZ] dydRrk] y{k}hi vkfn tyIykfor gksdj foyqIr gks tk;saxsA

dkcZu MkbZvkDlkbM ds vykok ,d [krjukd xSl gksrh gSDyksjks&¶yksjks dkcZu bl xSl dk mi;ksx ;s dEifu;k¡ eq[;r% fjgk;”khphtksa ds mRiknu tSls jsÝhtjsVj] QksVksdkfi;j] okrkuqdwfyr ;U=],;jkslksy Lizs vkfn esa djrh gSA

vkt iznw’k.k lEcU/kh rduhd ds f[kykQ f”kdk;r dh tk jghgS] og bUgha cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa us xjhc ns”kksa dks csph gSA vc ;sdEifu;k¡ nk”kZfud nyhysa nsdj fodYi&rduhd dks bu ns”kksa dks nsusls bUdkj dj jgh gSaA rkfd ;s ns”k i;kZoj.k ds ladV dks >syrs jgsaAysfdu mUgsa ;g ugha ekywe fd i;kZoj.k ds ladV HkkSxksfyd lhekvksa dkvknj ugha djrs gSaA HkLeklqj dh rjg os Hkh bu ladVksa dh pisV esa vktk;saxsA

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laLd`fr ij geyk

D;k d:¡ \ ßbudh lk¡l esa cncw gSAß dgdj ,d u;h uosyhiRuh mnkl gks tkrh gSA fQj mldh ,d lgsyh mls MkDVj ds ikl ystkrh gSA MkDVj lykg nsrk gS fd ß;fn lk¡l dh cncw ls NqVdkjk ikukgS rks *dkWyxsV dk lqj{kk pØ* viukb;sAß

blh rjg ls *Dykst vi Qkj Dykstst vl*A vFkkZr~ Dykst&vids bLrseky ls gh ifr&iRuh utnhd vk ldrs gSaA loky ;g mBrk gSfd ßD;k ifr&ifRu dk fj”rk ,d pkj&ik¡p :iYyh okyh dksyxsV ;kDykst vi ds isLV dh V~;wc ij fVdk gqvk gS\ß vxj vki ßekYVksokekeß ugha gSa rks irk ugha vki vius cPps dks I;kj djrh Hkh gSa ;k ughaA

ßvkbZ ,e , dkEIyku ckW;AßßvkbZ ,e , dkEIyku xyZAß ;kfu yM+ds ;k yM+dh dks iSnk

djus ds fy;s ek¡&cki dh dksbZ t:jr ugha gS D;ksafd os ;k rks dkEIykuds yM+ds gSa ;k fQj dEIyku dh yM+dhA

blh rjg ckyksa dks dkyk cukus rFkk fxjus ls cpkus ds fy;sdbZ rjg ds gs;j MkbZ] rsy rFkk nokvksa ds foKkiu vkrs gSaA tcfd lp;g gS fd vHkh rd ckyksa dks fxjus ;k lQsn gksus ls jksdus dk dksbZmipkj ugha fudyk gSA ysfdu gj jkst ,sls foKkiu Vh-oh- ij vkrs jgrsgSa tks yksxksa ds eu esa flok; Hkze ds vkSj dqN ugha iSnk djrsA ;gh ckrnar eatu ij Hkh ykxw gksrh gSA vHkh rd nqfu;k esa ,slk dksbZ Hkh eatuugha gS tks nkrksa dh chekfj;ksa dks nwj dj lds ;k fQj nkarksa dks jksxyxus ls cpk;sA fQj Hkh Vh-oh- ij ;k i&if=dkvksa esa ftl rjg dspedrs gq;s nkarksa dks fn[kk;k tkrk gS] og fdlh [kkl dEiuh ds eatuds peRdkj ds :i esa gksrk gSA ,d ds ckn ,d lHkh nkarksa ds [kjkc gkstkus ij Hkh yksx mipkj dh nf’V ls eatuksa dh fujFkZdrk dks ns[k ugha ikrsA

fdlh fo”ks’k dEiuh dh lkM+h esa lth gq;h lqUnj vkSjr] lwV esaltk gqvk lqUnj ukStoku] dksdk ;k isIlh dh cksry fy;s leqnz rV dsje.khd ekgkSy esa [kM+s lqUnj L=h&iq:’k] fo”ks’k dEiuh ds Lohfeax lwV

esa leqnz rV ij ØhM+k djrh gq;h ckyk;sa & ;s lc pVdhys&HkM+dhysfoKkiu ,slk ekufld ekgkSy rS;kj djrs gS fd yksx foKkiu ekWMyksadh lqUnjrk dk jkt fofHkUu ifj/kkuksa vkSj dksdk&isIlh esa ns[kus yxrsgSaA cM+h rksan okys ykykth vkSj nks fDoaVy otu okyh lsBkuh Hkh budEifu;ksa dk lwV ;k ckfFkax lwV igudj vius dks ghjks&ghjksbu le>usyxrs gSaA bl rjg lqUnjrk dk vFkZ [kkl dEiuh ds ifj/kkuksa vkSjltkoV esa fufgr gksus yxrk gSA tcfd lqUnjrk fdlh O;fDr dsLokLF; vkSj LoHkko ls vkrh gSA

cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa dh lQyrk muds }kjk dh tkus okyh/kqvka/kkj foKkiu ckth esa fufgr gSA izfro’kZ djksM+ksa :i;s ;s dEifu;k¡foKkiuksa ij [kpZ djrh gSA o’kZ 1993&94 esa dqN cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa}kjk foKkiu ckth ij fd;s x;s [kpZ ds vk¡dMs+ uhps fn;s tk jgs gSA

cgqjk’Vªh; dEiuh dk uke foKkiu ij [kpZ

1 fgUnqLrku yhoj 90-00 djksM+ :i;s2 vkbZ-Vh-lh 47-85 djksM+ :i;s3 czqd ck.M bf.M;k 47-57 djksM+ :i;4 dkyxsV&ikeksfyo 43-05 djksM+ :i;s5 usLys 32-35 djksM+ :i;s6 xkMÝs fQfyIl 32-45 djksM+ :i;s7 xksnjst&tujy bySfDVªd 31-60 djksM+ :i;s8 izkWDVj ,.M xSfEcy 29-54 djksM+ :i;s9 fQfyIl 22-31 djksM+ :i;s10 gjcVZ lUl 21-88 djksM+ :i;s11 Okh- ,l- Vh- bUMLVªht 17-51 djksM+ :i;s12 XySDlks 15-05 djksM+ :i;s13 dSMcjh bf.M;k 14-53 djksM+ :i;s14 fczVkfu;k b.MLVªht 14-23 djksM+ :i;s15 jsfdV ,.M dksyeSu 12-52 djksM+ :i;s16 ch- ih- ,y 14-47 djksM+ :i;s

bu cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa ds foKkiuksa us ,d [kkl fdLe dh*LVsVl izkCye* dks tUe fn;k gSA vc jksVh] diM+k vkSj edku okyh

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fopkj/kkjk rks lekIr gks pqdh gSA mldh txg ys yh gS u;s&u;s fpIl]dqdht] jSaxyj thUl] okWy isij] vk/kqfud VkbYl vkfn usA Hkys ghJherh th fnu Hkj iM+h lksrh jgsa] ij oSD;we Dyhuj u gksus dh otgls mUgsa oDr gh ugha feyrk [kkuk cukus dkA ;k QwV izkslslj tc ughagksxk rks [kkuk cukus esa nsj rks yxsxh gh] blesa mudh D;k xyrh gSAbulcdk ifj.kke gksrk gS vrkfdZd ,oa vuko”;d O;;] tks fd /khjs&/khsj vkidks rkfdZd ,oa vko”;d yxus yxrk gSA *LVsVl flacy* igysls Å¡pk gksuk jgrk gS ysfdu osru ml vuqikr esa c<+rk ugha] urhtkgksrk gS O;fDr ds vanj ,d }U} izkjEHk gksrk gS] ftlesa vf/kdka”kr%iyM+k fiKkiuksa dk Hkkjh jgrk gSA bl rjg ,d bZekunkj O;fDr dsHkz”Vkpkjh cuus dh dgkuh “kq: gksrh gS ;kfu foKkiuksa dk fj”rkHkz’Vkpkj ls Hkh gSA

foKkiuksa es dHkh Hkh oLrq dks xq.koRrk ds vk/kkj ij cspus dhdksf”k”k ugha dh tkrh gSA ;s foKkiu rks e/;e oxZ ds XySej dks Hkqukusdh dksf”k”k djrs gSaA ;s foKkiu O;fDr esa ,d ghu Hkkouk iSnk djrs gSaAvf/kdka”kr% gksrk ;g gS fd foKkfir oLrq gksrh e/;eoxZ ds bLrseky dhgS ij foKkiu esa fn[kk;k tkrk gS] fo”kq) jbZlkuk ikap flrkjksa okyhthou “kSyhA e/;e oxZ dh ,d detksjh gksrh gS fd mlesa mPp oxhZ;thou ds izfr ,d fo”ks’k fdLe dh ftKklk rFkk oSlk thou thus dhnfer bPNk gksrh gSA foKkiu Hk;adj fl) gksrs gSaA ,d vke vkneh pkgsftruh Hkh foykflrk dh oLrq;sa ,df=r dj ys ij og dHkh Hkh mlfdLe dh thou “kSyh dks ogu ugha dj ldrk tSlh fd mls foKkiuesa fn[kk;h tkrh gSA bldk ifj.kke gksrk gS ,d Hkh’k.k ghu Hkkouk dktUe] tks c<+rh tkrh gS rFkk ,d lhek ds vkxs tkus ij oS;fDrdfo?kVu dk dj.k cu tkrh gSA

foKkiu ds bl LoIu lalkj ls tks folaxfr;k¡ vYi vk; vkSJe/;e vk; oxZ ds fijokjksa esa iui jgh gSa mudk lh/kk ifj.kke gS dqaBkdk tUeA ik”pkR; “kSyh ds miHkksDrkokn dk ;g geyk gekjs lkjsuSfrd ewY;ksa dks u’V djrk tk jgk gSA foKkiu dk ;g tknqbZ lalkjgesa :ekuh nqfu;k esa ys tkrk gSA ckj&ckj dk nksgjko gekjs eu esa mloLrq fo”ks’k dks ikus dh ykylk iSnk dj nsrk gSA fQj gekjk dksey euuSfrdrk ls ijs /ku laxzg dh vksj eqM+ tkrk gSA vkSj izkjEHk gks tkrh gS

,d vuojr r’.kk dh nkSM+ ftldk dgh var ugha gSA blh dk Qk;nkvc ;s dEifu;k¡ mBk jgh gSa miHkksDrkvksa dks _.k eqgS;k djkdsA ;sizyksHku nsdj miHkksDrkvksa dks viuh vksj [khap jgh gSA budk fu”kkuk gSlEiUu e/;eoxZ ftldh la[;k yxHkx 20 djksM+ gS] ;g vefjdk dhdqy vkcknh ds cjkcj cSbrk gSA vUrjkZ’Vªh; thou “kSyh dks thus dhykylk ikyus okyk ;g oxZ laosnughu gks tkrk gS] tks fdlh cnykods dke djus dh ckr lius esaa Hkh ugha lksp ldrkA vk/kqfud izpkj ek/;eksa vkSj lekt ds fof”k’V lqfo/kkHkksxh yksxksa dks viuh fxj¶r esas ysdj;s cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;k¡ gekjs Åij fodr miHkksDrkoknh *Qsadw laLdfr*ykn jgh gSaA mudh foKkiu ckth ls gekjk ekufld fnokfy;kiu c<+jgk gSA lkjk dk lkjk mRiknu ek= 20 djksM+ yksxksa ds fy;s gks jgk gSA

vc rks cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa us euksjatu ijkslus ds uke ijvius Vsyhfotu usVodZ dks “kq: dj fn;k gSA lh-,u-,u-] LVkj] ,-Vh-,u] ,e-Vh-oh-] ,y-Vh-oh-] ;w-Vh-oh- vkfn vusdksa cgqjk’Vªh; VsyhfotudEifu;ksa dk tky iwjs ns”k esa QSy x;k gSA euksjatu ds uke ij chfl;ksapSuy ns”k esa py jgs gSaA bu pSuyksa ij fn[kk;s tkus okys lhfj;y]fQYesa rFkk vU; dk;ZØe gekjs lekt dks lkaLdfrd :i ls [kks[kykcuk jgs gSaA nks ntZu ls vf/kd cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa us bu fons”kh Vh-oh-pSuyksa ds izeq[k le; dks [kjhn fy;k gSA lhfj;y rFkk dk;ZØeksa esa D;klaLdfr fn[kk;h tk;sxh] bldk QSlyk cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa dk iSlk r;djrk gSA ;g bl ns”k esa igyh ckj gks jgk gS tc lhfj;y rFkk vU;dk;ZØe dykdfeZ;ksa vkSj jpukdkjksa dh dYiuk ;k Hkkouk ls ugha cujgs gSa cfYd nqfu;k ds lcls cM+s yqVsjksa ds funsZ”kksa ij cu jgs gSaA bl u;slkaLdfrd m|ksx dk lp ;gh gSA vkt gekjh laldfr ,d >Vds esa ghcgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa ds gkFkksa esa pyh x;h gSA fons”kh pSuyksa ds dk;ZØeksaesa ,d lewph ubZ fdLe dh mRrstd vkSj HkkSaMh thou “kSyh fn[kk;h tkjgh gSA bls ns[kdj nhughu] Fkds&gkjs vkSj fuU;kcs ckj vlQy jgusokys yksxksa ds eu esa Hkh dkeokluk tkxr gks tkrh gSA bu pSuyksaijfn[kk;s tk jgs dk;ZØeksa ;k fQYeksa }kjk ,d ?kksf’kr lSDl vkSj fgalkdk ;q) pyk;k tkr jgk gSA bldk mn~ns”; O;fHkpkj] ;kSfud fyIlkvkSj fgalk dks c<+kok nsuk gSA fgalk vkSj lSDl dh dqaBkvksa ds iuius ij,d vke O;fDr ,slh dYiuk dk rkuk&ckuk cqu ysrk gS tks Vsyhfotu

67 68

ij fn[kk;s tkus okys n”; tSlh gh gksrh gSA tc ckj&ckj ;g dqafBrdYiuk nksgjk;h tkrh gS rks fQj O;fDr ds fnekx esa ;g iz;ksx ds :iesa nksgjkus ds vglkl dks thuk pkgrk gS vkSj ;fn og mlesa vlQyjgrk gS rks fQj mlesa [kkyhiu vkSj ghurk iuius yxrh gSA blh[kkyhiu dks Hkjus ds fy;s O;fDr dks tc Hkh ekSdk yxrk gS rks ogpwduk ugha pkgrkA dqaBk vkSj ghurk ls Hkjk gqvk O;fDr viuk foosdNksM+ nsrk gS vkSj fQj lSDl vkSj fgalk ds ogh [ksy [ksyus yxrk gS tksVsyhfotu ij mlus ns[kk FkkA vc fodflr lektksa dh Hkksxoknhlaldfr dh fodfr;k¡ gekjs ;gk¡ QSy jgh gSaA buls ekufld vksjvkfFkZd xqykeh dk iwjk <k¡pk gekjs Åij yn jgk gSA vkt ge viuhtehu ls dV jgs gSaA lkaLdfrd foyxu vkSj vkRefuokZlu dk ladVc<+ jgk gSA ftlls gekjh vfLerk dks gh xaHkhj [krjk iSnk gks x;k gSAvkfFkZd nksgu ls vf/kd cM+k [krjk gS & ekufld rkSj ij ijkoyach gksrstkuk] blh dkj.k gekjk vkRefo”okl vkSj vfHkØe {kh.k gks jgk gSA

jktuSfrd gLr{ksi

;fn fdlh ns”k dh vFkZO;oLFkk dks fu;af=r dj fy;k tk; rksml ns”k dh jktuhfr vius vki gh fu;a=.k esa vk tkrh gSA cgqjk’Vªh;dEifu;ksa us nqfu;k ds reke ns”kksa esaa blh fl)kUr ij O;kikj fd;k gSAbu cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa dh c<+rh gq;h ?kqliSB us jkT;ksa dh lEizHkqrk dsfy;s xaHkhj [krjk iSnk dj fn;k gSA bu dEifu;kas ds O;kikj djus dsrjhdksa ds dkj.k vc jkT; dh ladYiuk gh csdkj gks x;h gSA *jkT; dhlEizHkqrk*] *jkT; dh uhfr*] *jkT; dh “kfDr*] *jkt; dh v[kaMrk* vkfn“kCn vc vFkZghu gks x;s gSaA jkT; dh uhfr;k¡ vc cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksads funsZ”kksa ij r; gksrh gSaA nqfu;k ds lcls cM+s yksdrkfU=r ns”kksa esa ls,d ekus tkus okys vejhdk dh D;k gkyr gS \ ;g vejhdh flusVjflyosLVj DykdZ ls 18 ekpZ 1989 dks *U;w;kZd VkbEl* esa izdkf”kr ,dc;ku ls fn[krh gS ßgekjs ;gk¡ fons”K uhfr lEcU/kh fu.kZ; bu Lo;aHkwizfr’Bkuksa ¼cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;kas½ }{jk fy;s tkrs gSa] vc vejhdh ljdkjdh viuh igy] Hkwfedk vkSj mlds yphysiu esa deh vk;h gSAß bldFku ls ;g ckr lkQ gS fd vejhdh ljdkj ds QSlyksa dk vc dksbZegRo ugha jg x;k gSA ;gh v[kckj ¼U;w;kdZ VkbEl½ vkxs fy[krk gS fdßfuth cSad] fdlh lkoZtfud cgl ;k fuokZfpr izfrfuf/k;ksa dh ns[kjs[ds fcuk gh vejhdk dh fons”kh vkfFkZd uhfr;ksa dk fuekZ.k izHkkoh rjhdsls dj jgs gSaAß ,d mnkgj.k ls ;g ckr vkSj Li”V gks tkrh gS &QksVksdkih ds midj.kksa dk fuekZ.k djus okyh dEiuh *tsjkWDl* dh izca/k lfefr bl gn rd vkxs c<+ pqdh gS fd blus dbZ ckj vejhdk ds*QsMjy C;wjks vkWQ buosLVhxs”ku* ds vf/kdkfj;ksa ls feyus rd ls badkjdj fn;kA ;s vf/kdkjh dEiuh ls dqN lwpuk;sa izkIr djuk pkgrs FksA*tsjkWDl* dh izca/k lfefr dk ekuuk gS fd vejhdk dk *la?kh; O;kikjvk;ksx* cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa dh leL;kvksa dk lek/kku djus ds fy;smi;qDr ugha gSA

vejhdh flusVj eSjh xksYMokVj us gky gh esa lhusV esa Hkk’k.kdjrs gq;s dgk fd ßvkt gekjs fy;s cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;k¡ ogh dke djjgh gS] tks dqN le; iwoZ rd lh-vkbZ-,- dj jgk FkkAß vejhdk ds fy;sreke rjg dh xqIr lwpuk;sa ,df=r djus dk dke vejhdh dEifu;k¡

69 70

cgqr vPns ls djrh gSaA lh-vkbZ-,- ds vfrfjDr vejhdk dh fdlh HkhlaLFkk ;k izfr’Bku us brus lansg vkSj vkykspuk dks tUe ugha fn;kftruk fd vejhdh dEifu;ksa usA bu cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;kas dh cnukehds eq[; dkj.k gSa os vijk/k vkSj xqIr dk;Zokb;k¡ ftuds ihNs budEifu;ksa dk gkFk jgrk gSA lp rks ;g gS fd vkt ,sls fdlh Hkh cM+sjk’Vªh; ;k vUrjkZ’Vªh; fookn dks <w¡< ikuk dfBu gS ftuds ihNs dgha udgha cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa ds LokFkZ ugha tqMs+ gksaA vkt ;s dEifu;k¡ ghfu/kkZfjr djrh gSa fd reke ns”kksa ds jk’Vªifr;ksa] iz/kkueaf=;ksa ,oa vU;usrkvksa dks fdl izdkj ds lqj fudkyus pkfg, \ ;s dEifu;k¡ mu“kkluk/;{kksa@usrkvksa ds izfr cgqr gh fueZe gksrh gSa tks bu dEifu;ksa dhckr ugha ekursA ,sls yksxksa dks lh/ks&lh/ks muds inksa ls gvk fn;k tkrkgS ;k mudh gR;k rd djok nh tkrh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy;s & 1972 esafpyh dh turk }kjk pquh x;h ;wfuVh ljdkj ds fo:) tks fgald‘kM~;a= jpk x;k] og isIlhdksyk rFkk vkbZ-Vh-Vh- }kjk lapkfyr FkkA bl‘kM~;a= esa fpyh ds jk’Vªifr Mk- lYoknksj vysans lfgr 14 izeq[k eaf=;ksadh gR;k dj nh x;hA bl gR;kdkaM esa fo[;kr dfo ,oa lkfgR;dkjikCyks us:nk Hkh ekjs x;sA bl ‘kM~;a= dks blfy;s djk;k x;k D;ksafdMkW- lYoknksj vyasns cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa ds fojks/kh Fks vkSj vius ns”k dkscgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa dh xqykeh ls eqDr djkuk pkgrs FksA viuh gR;k lsdqN ?kaVs iwoZ MkW- vkysans us la;qDr jk’Vª la?k ds vf/kos”ku esa xqgkj yxk;hFkh fd ßesjs ns”k dks cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa ds “kks’k.k ls cpk;k tk;Aßla;qDr jk’V la?k ds vf/kos”ku esa Hkk’k.k nsdj tSls gh MkW- vysans fpyhykSVs mudh ljdkj dk r[rk iyV fn;k x;k vkSj mudh gR;k gksx;hA MkW- vysans ds ckn tks ljdkj fpyh es cuh] mlds fy;s eq[;fpUrk cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa dks okil cqykus dh Fkh] u fd ns”k ds fodkl dkA

blh rjg czkthy] cksyhfo;k vkSj XokVsekyk esa ljdkjksa dkr[rk iyVus dh lkft”kksa esa vejhdh cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa dh izeq[k gkFkjgk gSA fudkjkxqvk dh fiNys pkj n”kdksa ls pyh vk jgh =klnh dsfy;s Hkh vejhdh dEifu;k¡ ftEesnkj gSaA vy lYokMksj esa ujlagkjksa dktks flyflyk ,d ckj bu vejhdh dEifu;ksa ds b”kkjksa ij “kq: gqvkFkk] og vkt Hkh cnLrwj tkjh gSA bZjku esa vgen jtk “kkg igyoh ds“kkludky esa vejhdh dEifu;ksa dk izos”k gqvk vkSj rHkh ls bZjku esaeqlhcrksa dk flyflyk “kq: gks x;kA ckn esa ;gh gkykr bZjku&bZjku;q) dh ifj.kfr cusA bZjku&bZjkd ;q) dh lekfIr ij lcls vf/kd

lnek *ykdghM* dEiuh dks igq¡pk] D;ksafd ;q) ds nkSjku ;g dEiuhbZjku vkSj bZjkd nksuksa dks gh gfFk;kj csp jgh FkhA ;q) dh lekfIr dsckn bl *ykdghM* dEiuh us bZjku esa vkarfjd ;q) iSnk dj fn;kA blhds pyrs bZjku ds eqtkfgnhuksa dks fu%”kqYd gfFk;kj fn;s x;sA bZjku dhljdkj ds f[kykQ eqtkfgnhuksa dks HkM+dk;k x;kA ckn esa ;gh eqtkfgnhuHkkxdj vQxkfuLrku dh ljgn ij ,df=r gksrs jgsA gfFk;kjksa dkt[khjk c<+rk jgkA ;gh eqtkfgnhu vQxkfuLrku ds fy;s Hkh fljnnZcusA bUgha eqtkfgnhuksa us vQxkfuLrku dh ljdkj dk r[rk iyVkAfQj vQxkfuLrku esa :lh gLr{ksi gqvkA Hk;adj [kwu&[kjkck gqvk tksvkt rd tkjh gSA gkykafd :l us vQxkfuLrku ls viuh QkStksa dkokil cqyk fy;k gS ysfdu vQxkfulrku esa dRysvkr tkjh gSA vktgkyr ;g gS fd eqtkfgnhuksa ds ?kj esa jksVh dk VqdM+k ugha feysxk ysfdugfFk;kjksa dk t[khjk Hkjiwj fey tk;sxkA vQxkfuLrku ls lkjs vkfFkZdlalk/ku ;q) dh Tokyk esa u’V gks pqds gSaA jksVh ds ,d&,d VqdM+s dsfy;s yksx iM+kslh dks ekjus esa ugha pwdrs gSaA iwjh vFkZO;oLFkk /oLr gkspqdh gS vkSj ,d vPNk [kklk ns”k cjckn gks x;k gSA eqtkfgnhuksa ds dbZlaxBuksa dks vejhdh dEifu;ksa ds gfFk;kj fey jgs gSaA ;s gfFk;kj gh bulaxBuksa dks ckrphr dh est rd ugha igq¡pus nsrs gSaA vejhdh ljdkjeqtkfgnhuksa ds dbZ laxBuksa dks ljdkj cukus dk liuk fn[kykrh gSAblfy;s ;s laxBu ,d nwljs ds f[kykQ cUnwdsa rkus [kMs+ gS vkSj bllsvejhdh dEifu;ksa ds fgr l/ks gq;s gSA

jktuhfrKksa ls fj”rs26 Qjojh] 1976 dks vkfFkZd lgk;ksx vkSj fodkl laxBu dh

,d cSBd esa ,slh lafgrk cukus dh ekax dh x;h tk sfj”or o Hkz’Vkpkjdks xSj dkuwuh djkj ns ldsaA vejhdk ds rRdkyhu jk’Vªifr us bldk[kqyk fojks/k fd;kA vejhdh jk’Vªifr dk vkxzg Fkk fd vUrjkZ’Vªh; Lrjij Hkz’Vªkpkj fojks/kh reke mik;ksa dks LoSfPNd gksuk pkfg, vksjuSfrdvfHkizsj.kk ij vk/kkfjr gksuk pkfg,A blds ihNs mudh fo”ks’k fparkFkh fd bl izdkj ds dkuwu cu tkus ls vejhdh dEifu;k¡ ?kkVs esa iM+ldrh gSa] vr% bl fu;e dks cuus gh ugha fn;k tk;A bl ckr ds fy;svejhdh jk’Vªifr ij cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa }kjk ncko Mkyk x;kA rRdkfyuvejhdh jk’Vªifr us 24 vU; ns”kksa dk leFkZu tqVkdj Hkz’Vªkpkj fojks/khbl fu;e dks ikfjr ugha gksus fn;kA ets dh ckr ;g gS fd mlh nksjku

71 72

vejhdh dEiuh *ykdghM* ij Hkz’Vkpkj ds fy;s 2 lky 6 eghus rdeqdnek pykA eqdnesa ds QSlys Lo:i ykdghM dks 6 yk[k 47 gtkjMkyj dk tqekZuk nsuk iM+kA tcfd ykdghM us ml nkSj dk lcls cM+k*Hkz’Vkpkj dkaM* djrs gq;s 224 yk[k Mkyj dh jde fj”or ds :i esa 19ns”kksa ds “kkluk/;{kksa rFkk vU; yksxksa dks nh FkhA

os dkSu ls fj”rs gSa ftuds pyrs vejhdh jk’Vªifr rd cgqjk’Vªh;dEifu;ksa dh odkyr djrs gSa vkSj flQZ odkyr gh ugha cfYd budEifu;ksa dks cpkus dk dke Hkh djrs gSaA dEifu;ksa dks ?kkVk ugha gksusik;s ;g vejhdh jk’Vªifr dh fpark esa eq[; :i ls “kkfey jgrk gSA bufj”rksa dks le>us dss fy;s vejhdh “kklu rU= esa mPp inksa ij cSBs gq;syksxksa dh [kkst&[kcj ysus dh t:jr gSA lkekU;r% ;g ns[kk x;k gS fdcgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa ds vf/kdkfj;ksa dh vejhdh “kklu rU= esa fu;qfDrgksrh jgrh gSA ;g ckr uhps fn;s x;s dqN mnkgj.kksa ls Li’V gksrh gS& mnkgj.k ¼1½ iwoZ vejhdh jk’Vªifr fyaMu ch- tkWulu] jk’Vªifr cuusds igys jsfM;ksa vkSj Vsyhfotu dh dbZ dEifu;ksa ds ekfyd FksA dqNle; rd os vkbZ-Vh-Vh- ds izeq[k Hkh jgsA tkWulu ,.M tkWulu uke dhcgqjk’Vªh; dEiuh ds tud Hkh fyUMu ch- tkWulu gh FksA ¼2½ vejhdhljdkjh [ktkus ds iwoZ lfpo fofy;e bZ- fleksu] lfpo cuus ls igysdbZ vejhdh chek dEifu;ksa vkSj cSdksa ds izeq[k jg pqds FksA ¼3½ vejhdkds iwoZ okf.kT; lfpo ÝsMfjd ch- MsUV] th-bZ-lh- ds funs”kd jg pqds Fks]vius okf.kT; lfpo cuus ls igysA ¼4½ isaVkxu ds iwoZ izeq[k jkcVZ ,l-eSduekjk] iSaVkxu esa vkus ls iwoZ gfFk;kj cukus okyh dEiuh vkbZ-ch-,e-ds v/;{k FksA ckn esa os fo”o cSaD ds Hkh v/;{k jgsA ¼5½ iwoZ vejhdhfons”k lfpo tku ch- dksusyh] VsDlkl bULVwesUV~l dEiuh ds v/;{kjgsA ¼6½ vejhdk ds ,VkWuhZ tujy ds :i esa dk;Z djus okys ,u-dV~tsu[kko] ch-,Q-dkiksZjs”ku ds v/;{k Fks] ,VkWuhZ tujy cuus lsigysA ¼7½ vejhdh dkuwu foHkkx ds izeq[k DykdZ fDyQksMZ] ;wfu;udkckZbM ds izcU/k funs”kd jg pqds FksA ¼8½ baXyS.M ds izfrj{kk foHkkx dsiwoZ izeq[k ,Mfejy Mh- ,”keksj] gfFk;kj cukus okyh vaxzsth dEiuh dsv/;{k jg pqds FksA ¼9½ baXyS.M ds xg&ukxfjd lsok ds izeq[k MCyw-vkeZLVªkax] vaxzsth cSd *feMySM* ds v/;{k jgs pqds FksA ¼10½ baXyS.M ds[ktkuk foHkkx ds izeq[k ,- yksMZ] Muyi dEiuh ds funs”kd jg pqds FksA

cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;k¡ vkSj Hkz’Vkpkjvius equkQksa dks vf/kdrd cukus ds fy;s ;s cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;k¡

fj”or dk lgkjk ysrh gSa vkSj [kwc Hkz’Vkpkj djrh gSaA ;s dEifu;k¡ muns”kksa ds “kkluk/;{kksa vkSj jktusrkvksa dks ?kwl nsrh gSa] ftu ns”kksaa esa budEifu;ksa dk O;kikj gksrk gSA ?kwl ;k fj”or nsus dh dkjxqtkfj;ksa esa oslHkh dEifu;k¡ “kkfey ik;h tkrh gSa] ftuds uke vdlj gh “kkunkjdkjksa] lSfud lktks lkeku ;k gokbZ tgktksa ij fn[kk;h nsrs gS nqfu;kdh izFke Js.kh dh lHkh cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;k¡] cM+s&cM+s izkstsDV gkflydjus ds fy;s fj”or nsrh gSaA vDlj ftu iz/kkueaf=;ksa] eaf=;ksa] ikVhZusrkvksa ;k jk’Vªifr;ksa ds fp= vkSj uke QS”kuscqy if=dkvksa vkSj lekpkji=ksa esa izdkf”kr gksrs gSa] os fj”or ysus ds vijk/kh ik;s tkrs gSA fj”orysus ds lkSnksa esa “kkfey “kkluk/;{kksa us dbZ ckj fj”or nsus okyhcgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa dks fnokfy;k gksus ls cpk;k gSA mnkgj.k ds fy;s(vejhdh ljdkj us *ykdghM* dEiuh dks foRrh; dfBukbZ;ksa ls mcjusds fy;s viuh xkjaVh ij 25 djksM+ Mkyj ds dtsZ futh cSdksa ls fnyok;sa*ykdghM* LdSMy nqfu;k ds lcls pfpZr LdSaMyksa esa ls ,d jgk gSA*ykdghM* rFkk ,slh gh dqN vU; dEifu;ksa ds fj”or nsus ds tks ekeysfl) gq;s gS] muesa ls dqN dks uhps fn;s tk jgk gS &

c uhnjySaM esa jkuh twfy;kuk ds ifr jktdqekj cuZgkMZ us dbZckj cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa ls ?kql yhA cuZgkMZ Qksdkj ,vjØk¶V vkSjjk;y Mp ,;j dEiuh ¼ds-,y-,e-½ ds funs”kd FksA blh dkj.k ykdghMdEiuh dks muesa fnypLih FkhA lu~ 1961 ls 1971 rd ykdghM dEiuhus jktdqekj cuZgkMZ dks fj”or ds :i esa 11 yk[k Mkyj fn;sAc bVyh ds rRdkyhu jk’Vªifr fyvksus dks Hkh *ykdghM* dEiuhus fj”or nhA bl dkaM ds [kqyus ds ckn jk’Vªifr fyvksus dks vius inls R;kxi= nsuk iM+kA bVyh ds rRdkyhu xgea=h Y;wxh xqbZ dks Hkh*ykdghM* LdSaMy esa Qals gksus ds dkj.k R;kxi= nsuk iM+kA xgea=h us*ykdghM* dEiuh ds 14 lh & 130 ifjogu foekuksa dh [kjhn dks c<+kokfn;k FkkA gkykafd bVyh dh turk vkSj fo”ks’kK bldk fojks/k dj jgsFksA fo”ks’kKksa dk dguk Fkk fd bVyh ds LOkns”kh foeku] *ykdghM* dsfoekuksa dh rqyuk esa vPNs vkSj lLrs gSaA ykdghM ds lkFk gq;h le>kSrkokrkZ esa brkyoh i{k us ykdghM dks lwfpr dj fn;k Fkk fd tc rdmudh dik nf’V dk cnyk ugha feysxk] lkSnk ugha gks ldrkA *ykdghM*us bl b”kkjs dks le> fy;k vkSj 22 yk[k Mkyj ls jk’Vªifr] xgea=hvkSj j{kkea=h dh tscsa xeZ dj nhAc tkiku ds iwoZ iz/kkuea=h rukdk] fd”kh vkSj QqdqMk us Hkh fj”or

73 74

ysdj ?kksVkys fd;sA iz/kkuea=h rukdk us ykdghM ls fj”or [kk;h]ftldk vkjksi fl) gks tkus ij rukdk dks tsy dh ltk gq;hA iz/kkuea=h fd”kh vkSj QqdqMk us vejhdh dEiuh xzqEeu ls 70 yk[k Mkyjfj”or ds :i esa fy;sA tkiku dh fycjy MseksØsfVd ikVhZ ds usrkvksa usHkh *ykdghM* ls 92 yk[k Mkyj fy;sAc if”peh teZuh ds iwoZ j{kkea=h Ýsat tkslsQ LVªl us QkbVjfoekuksa ds vkMZj nsrs le; *ykdghM* dEiuh ls 12 yk[k Mkyj fj”ords :i esa Lohdkj fd;sA ykdghM ds bu foekuksa dh vfo”oluh;rk dsdkj.k budk uke *mM+rs gq;s dQu* j[kk x;kA if”peh teZuh dsjktusrk bl foeku dks fL=;ksa dks fo/kok cukus okys foeku dgk djrsFksAc 80 ds n”kd esa cksfyfo;k ds jk’Vªifr osfj;saVksl us xYQ vk;ydEiuh ls ,d gsyhdkWIVj izkIr fd;k Fkk] ftldh dher 1 yk[k 10gtkj Mkyj FkhA cksfyfo;k ds jk’Vªifr dks bl dEiuh us viuh “kk[kk[kksyus ds fy;s 3 yk[k 50 gtkj Mkyj fj”or ds :i esa fn;sAc bZjku esa vgen jtk “kkg igyoh us vius “kklu ds nkSjku dbZcgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa ls fj”or [kk;hA ckn esa tc bldk Hk.MkQksM+ gqvkrc irk pyk fd “kkg ds ifjokj ds lnL;ksa us Hkh fj”or [kk;h bldk.M esa bZjku ds dbZ mPp usrk Hkh “kkfey FksAc gky gh es vejhdh dEiuh eSdMksusy&Mxyl us] ,Q&16foekuksa dk vkMZj izkIr djus ds fy;s 15 yk[k Mkyj] ikfdLrku dsjktusrkvksa rFkk vf/kdkfj;ksa dks fn;sA bl ckr ij dbZ ckj ikfdLrkudh laln esa Hkh gaxkek gqvk gSAc felz ds btjk;y vf/kdr {ks= esa if”pe dh dbZ cM+h dEiuhrsy dh laHkkouk dk irk yxkus esa tqVh gq;h gSA gky gh esa ogka ,djgL;iw.kZ nq?kZVuk ?kVhA irk pyk fd leqnz rV ij dke djus ds fy;st:jh midj.k ikl gh esa fLFkr vkseku esa ekStwn gSA vr% vkseku ds vf/kdkfj;ksa dks 10 yk[k Mkyj dh fj”or] bl ckr dks lqfuf”pr djus dsfy;s nh x;h fd tc vkseku dk Msfjd ¼rsy dh laHkkouk irk djus esadke vkus okyk ;U=½ pksjh fd;k tk jgk gks] rc os bl ij /;ku ughansaA bl izdkj vkseku dk og Msfjd pqjk;k x;k vkSj btjk;y vf/kdrfelz ds {ks= esa igqapk fn;k x;kAc bZjku ds “kkg igyoh ls vejhdh dEiuh VkVs ,.M yk;ys us,d phuh vk;kr ds le>kSrs ij gLrk{kj djk fy;sA ckn esa irk pykfd bZjku dks bl phuh ds vk;kr dh dksbZ t:jr ugha Fkh( D;ksafd bZjku

esa igys ls gh miyC/k phuh dh ek=k dkQh FkhA bl dkj.k bZjku dks4 djksM+ 50 yk[k Mkyj dk uqdlku gqvk vkSj bl dEiuh us fo”ocktkj esa phuh dh dherksa ls vf/kd nke olwydj vfrfjDr equkQkdek;kAc vejhdk ds pfpZr *okVjxsV dkaM* dh tkap ds le; ;g irkyxk fd jk’Vªifr fuDlu ds fuokZpu dks’k esa 17 vejhdh dEifu;ksa usfo”kky /kujkf”k nhA uksjFzkksi dEiuh us 1]50]000 Mkyj] xYQ vk;ydEiuh us 1]00]000 Myj] fQfyIl us 1]00]000 Mkyj] ,s”kySaM us1]00]000 Mkyj] vejhdh ,;jykabl us 55]000 Mkyj vkSj czkfuQ ,;jdEiuh us 40]000 Mkyj fn;sA pwafd la?kh; izR;kf”k;ksa ds pquko vfHk;kuesa cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa }kjk /ku nsuk xSj dkuwuh Fkk] blfy;s okVjxsVdkaM fuDlu ds fy;s vR;Ur gh nq%[knk;h fl) gqvkA bl dkaM ds[kqyus ij fuDlu dks jk’Vªifr in ls bLrhQk nsuk iM+kAc nf{k.k dksfj;k esa ikdZ pqax ds “kkludky esa xYQ vk;ydEiuh us moZjdksa o vU; jlk;uksa dk mRiknu djus ds fy;s 35 djksM+Mkyj dh iwath yxk;hA ;g dEiuh ikdZ pqax ds dks’k esa 10 yk[k Mkyjfj”or ds :i esa fn;sA FkksM+s le; ckn tc ikdZ pwax ds ,d izfrfuf/kus] fdlh jktuSfrd dk;Z ds fy;s xYQ vk;y dEiuh ls 1 djksM+ Mkyjdh ekax dh rks dEiuh us bl ekeys dks izsl esa yhd dj fn;kA v[kckjksaesa ;g lkjk ekeyk Nik vkSj nf{k.k dksfj;kesa dkQh gaxkek gqvkA ikdZpqax dks vius in ls bLrhQk nsuk iM+k vkSj muds “kklu dh NqV~Vh gksx;hAc gky gh essa cnuke ykdghM dEiuh us dksyafc;k esa vius foekucspus ds fy;s ogka ds lsukfuoRr tujy dks 2 yk[k Mkyj nykyh ds:i esa fn;sA Lisu esa bl dEiuh us vf/kdkfj;ksa dks 13 yk[k Mkyj nsdj]2 djksM+ Mkyj ds foekuksa dk vkMZj izkIr fd;kA nf{k.k vÝhdk ds iwoZjk’Vªifr DykdZ dks bl ykdghM dEiuh us 90 yk[k Mkyj ?kwl ds :iesa fn;sA bl fj”or ls ykdghM dEiuh dks nf{k.k vÝhd esa 10 djksM+17 yk[k Mkyj ds foeku cspus dk ekSdk feykA ykdghM us lu~ 1970esa bVyh ds j{kkea=h dks 6 djksM+ Mkyj ewY; ds foeku cspus ds fy;s 16yk[k Mkyj dh fj”or nhAc 1986 esa gqvk cksQkslZ ?kksVkyk rks vc tx tkfgj gks pqdk gSA1986 esa Hkkjr ljdkj us LohMu dh dEiuh ls 1700 djksM+ :i;s dh*,Q-,p-&77 ch- gksfoRtj* rksisa [kjhnhA bu rksiksa dh [kjhn ds cknLohMu ds jsfM;ksa us inkZQk”k fd;k fd cksQkslZ dEiuh us bl lkSns esa

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Hkkjrh; vf/kdkfj;ksa rFkk dqN jktusrkvksa dks yxHkx 67 djksM+ :i;s dhfj”or nh gSA cksQkslZ dEiuh us Hkkjrh; dkuwu dh /kfTt;ka mM+krs gq;slRrk ds “kh’kZ ij cSBs gq;s yksxksa dks fj”or ds ne ij vius i{k eSa rS;kjdj fy;kA bl ?kksVkys dh tkap lalnh; lfefr }kjk dh x;h vkSj vktrd tkjh gSA vkysQ ikYes bl cksQkslZ ?kksVkys ds dqN ,sls jgL;ksa dkstkurs Fks] ftuds [kqyus ij cksQkslZ dEiuh dks dkQh uqdlku gks ldrkFkkA vr% cksQkslZ dEiuh us LohMu ds iz/kkuea=h dks gh ekSr dh uhan esalqyk fn;k rkfd os jgL; mUgha ds lkFk nQu gks tk;saAc 1981 esa Hkkjr ljdkj us if”peh teZuh dh ,d dEiuh ls 430djksM+ :- dh iuMqfCc;k¡ [kjhnh FkhA bl 430 djksM+ :- ds lkSns esayxHkx 30 djksM+ :- dk ?kksVkyk gqvk A teZuh dh dEiuh us 30 djksM+:- nykyh ds :i esa Hkkjrh; vf/kdkfj;ksa vkSj usrkvksa dks fn;sAc 60 ds n”kd esa psdksLyksokfd;k ls Hkkjr ljdkj us fiLVy[kjhnh FkhaA bu fiLVyksa dh [kjhn Qjks[r esa djksM+ksa :- dh fj”or psddEiuh us Hkkjrh; vf/kdkfj;ksa dks nhA laln dks bldh tkudkjh gksusij rRdkyhu j{kkea=h dks bLrhQk nsuk iM+kAc vejhdh dEiuh uksjFkzksi us gky gh esa lÅnh vjc ljdkj dslkFk ,Q&16 yM+kdw foekuksa dk lkSnk fd;kA bl lkSns esa lÅnh vjcds “ks[k] ogka ds ok;qlsuk/;{k rFkk ,d vU; vf/kdkjh ds 10 djskM+ 60yk[k Mkyj dh fj”or nh x;hAc vejhdh dEiuh uksjFkzksi] bVyh dh dEiuh VsyhQksu ,.MbySDVªksfuDl] teZu dEiuh lhesUl rFkk tkikuh dEiuh fuIiu us 1975esa bZjku esa VsyhQksu dk tky fcNkus dk Bsdk izkIr djus ds fy;s]rRdkyhu bZjku ljdkj dks 20 yk[k Mkyj fj”or ds :i esa fn;sAc ;wukbZVsM czk.Ml dEiuh us gks.Mqjkl ns”k esa vius fo”kky QkeksZaesa iSnk gksus okys dsyksa ij fu;kZr “kqYd esa deh djkus ds fy;s jk’VªifrvkslokWYMks ykWist dks 10 yk[k Mkyj fj”or :i fn;A bl dkaM dkinkZQk”k gksus ij gks.Mqjkl ds jk’Vªifr us Nr ls dwndj vkRegR;k djyhAc teZuh dh gSdyj ,aM dkW[k dEiuh us dksyafc;k dh ljdj dslkFk gq;s ,d lSfud jkbQyksa dh [kjhn ds lkSns esa dksyafc;k ds lSfudvf/kdkfj;ksa dks 2 yk[k Mkyj dh fj”or nhAc ,”kyS.M vk;y dEiuh us gky esa gh xscu ns”k ds jk’VªifrvycVZ cukZMZ cksaxksa rFkk vU; nks ljdkjh vf/kdkfj;ksa dks 2 yk[k Mkyjdh fj”or nsdj] xscu esa HkwxHkZ rsy dh [kqnkbZ ,oa lQkbZ dk vf/kdkj

i= izkIr fd;kA bl jde dk Hkqxrku dEiuh us vius lkekftddY;k.k dks’k ls fd;kAc o’kZ 1993 esa Hkjr esa tks izfrHkwfe ?kksVkyk gqvk og nqfu;k dsvkfFkZd bfrgkl esa lcls cM+k ekuk tkrk gSA bl ?kksVkys esa ns”K dsyksxksa ds gtkjksa djksM+ :i;s Mwc x;s vkSj Qk;nk gqvk fons”kh cSadksa vkSjcgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa dksA ljdkj }kjk tkap ds fy;s cuk;h x;h la;qDrlalnh; lfefr us Li’V :i ls fons”kh cSadksa dks bl ?kksVkys ds fy;sftEesnkj Bgjk;kA flVh cSad] cSad vkWQ vejhdk] ,-,u-tsM- fxUMystvkSj LVSUMMZ pkVZMZ cSadksa usiwjs ?kksVkys esa vge Hkwfedk fuhkk;h bu cSadksaus bl ?kksVkys ds ek/;e ls Hkkjr ds [kwu ilhus dh dekbZ dk fons”kheqnzk Hk.Mkj [kkyh dj fn;kA D;ksafd bl ?kksVkys ds ek/;e ls gtkjksadjksM+ :- dh lEifRr ns”k ls ckgj pyh x;hA la;qDr lalnh; lfefrdh fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj bl ?kksVkys esa 60]000 djksM+ :i;s ls Hkh vf/kddh jde “kkfey gSAc 1994 esa Hkkjr esa phuh dh dqN deh gks x;hA bl ij dsUnzljdkj us vUrjkZ’Vªh; cktkj esa cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa us phuh ds nke c<+kfn;A vr% dsUnz ljdkj dsk c<+s gq;s nkeksa ij phuh vk;kr djuh iM+hAblls ns”k dks 360 djksM+ :i;s ls Hkh vf/kd dk uqdlku gqvkA nwljhvkSj ns”k dh vke turk dks vR;Ur gh egaxh phuh [kjhnuh iM+hA 12:- fdyks okyh phuh ns”k ds xjhc yksxksa dks 18 ls 20 :- fdyks esa[kjhnuh iM+h

vÝhdk esa gLr{ksinf{k.k vÝhdk jktuSfrd :i ls rks usYlu eaMsyk ds usrRo esa

yEcs la?k’kZ ds ckn vktkn gks x;k gS ysfdu vkfFkZd vkSj lkaLdfrdnf’V ls vHkh Hkh xqyke gSA jaxHksn vkSj uLyokn dh leL;k vkt Hkhnf{k.k vÝhdh lekt esa cuh gq;h gSA uLyokn dh bl leL;k dh tM+sogka ds lekt esa vR;Ur gh xgjh gSaA uLyokn ds tgj dks nf{k.khvÝhdh lekt esa QSykus dk dke vejhdk] fczVsu rFkk dqN vU;;wjksih; ns”kksa dh cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa us cgqr gh csg;kbZ ds lkfk fd;kgSA ;s cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;k¡ nf{k.kh vÝhdh uLyoknh ljdkj dk “kq: lsgh leFkZu djrh jgh gSA MCYkw-ih- cksFkk vkSj ,Q-Mh- DykdZ ds “kkludkyesa bu cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa us ogka dh turk ds jk’Vªoknh vkUnksyu dksdqpyus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk;hA bu dEifu;ksa us cksFkk vkSj DykdZ

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ljdkj dks tksjnkj leFkZu fd;k] tcfd iwjh nqfu;k esa bu ljdkjksa dsf[kykQ izfrcU/k yxs jgsA

;g lkjk [ksy vejhdk] baXyS.M] if”peh teZuh o Ýkal dsfuxeksa ds b”kkjs ij gqvkA nf{k.k vÝdh x.kjkT; esa 1600 ls vf/kdfuxe dk;Z dj jgs gSa ftuds ogka ij eksVs rkSj ij 1700 djksM+ Mkyjds izR;{k fuos”k o 2300 djksM+ Mkyj ds i=k/kku fuos”k gSaA buesa 600ls vf/kd baXyS.M ds] 400 ls vf/kd vejhdk ds] 130 ls vf/kd i-teZuh ds fuxe ekstwn gS ftudh vkfFkZd /kefu;ksa esa nf{k.k vÝhdhuLyoknh “kklu dk lqugjk thou jDr cgrk jgk gSA nf{k.k vÝhdhvFkZrU= esa vejhdk ds izR;{k fuos”k 2000 djksM+ Mkyj ds gSA nf{k.kvÝhdk ds leLr m|ksxksa dk 72 izfr”kr fgLlk fons”kh iwath ds fu;a=.kesa gSaA cgqjk’Vªh; fuxesa nf{k.k vÝhdh izkdfrd lalk/kuksa dk tcnZLr“kks’k.k djds Hkkjh equkQk cVksj jgs gSA nf{k.k vÝhdk dk *fQukaf”k;yesy* crkrk gS fd baXyS.M dh dEifu;k¡ 31 izfr”kr equkQs dek jgh gSAvejhdk dh dEifu;ka 27 izfr”kr equkQs dek jgh gSA tks nqfu;k dsvU; fgLlksa esa mlds equkQksa dh rqyuk esa dgha T;knk gSA fuos”kdksa dhutj esa nf{k.k vÝhdk ges”kk gh lksus dh [kku jgk gSA ,d ,slhLQwfrZnk;d txg ogka equkQs rxM+s gS vkSj leL;k;sa deA

[kku m|ksx esa dke djus okys 90 izfr”kr dkys yksx gS vksjmudh vkenuh lQsn Ykksxksa dh rqyuk esa ek= 5 izfr”kr gSA fuekZ.km|ksx esa dke djus okyksa esa vk/ks vÝhdh gSA ogk¡ mudh vk; xksjs yksxksadh rqyuk esa 17 izfr”kr gSA ,d losZ{k.k ds vuqlkj nf{k.k vÝhdk esabaXyS.M] vejhdk] LohMu o i- teZuh dh fuxesa tks iSlk vÝhfd;ksa dksvnk djrs gS og xjhch dh js[kk ls Hkh cgqr uhps gS vFkkZr~ mls iSls lsvko”;drk Hkj Hkkstu] diM+s Hkh ugha [kjhns tk ldrs gSA fpfdRlklsokvksa vkSj f”k{kk dh rks ckr gh NksM+ nhft;sA

if”peh ns”kksa dh ljdkjsa uLyokn vkSj iFkdrk dh HkRlZuk rkscM+s tksjnkj “kCnksa esa djrh gSa ij tc dqN Bksl dke djus dh ckrlkeus vkrh gS rks os fcYdqy foifjr <ax ls is”k vkrh gSaA os nf{k.kvÝhdk esa ;FkkfLFkfr dks cuk;s j[kus esa viuh ekStwnk fo”kky vkenuhdh xkajVh vkSj jk’Vªh; eqfDr vkanksyu ds fo:) la?k’kZ djus dk ,dvk/kkj ns[krh jgh gSA bl izdkj ;s lkjh turk dh Li’V mis{kk gh ughadjrs cfYd os okLro esa gj izdkj dk vijk/k djus ds fy;s Hkh rS;kj gSA

tc nqfu;k Hkj esa nf{k.k vÝhdk ds uLyoknh vR;kpkjksa ds

f[kykQ yxkrkj fojks/k iznf”kZr fd;k tkrk jgk vkSj fofHkUu ns”kksa esajaxHksnokn dh gqdwer ds fo:) vusd tu&vfHk;ku NsM+s x;s] la;qDrjk’Vª la?k us bldh fuUnk djrs gq;s vusd izLrko ikfjr fd;s vkSj lqj{kkifj’kn us blds fo:) vkfFkZd izfrca/k yxkus ds fu.kZ; fy;s] ysfdu bucgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa ij dksbz vlj ugha gqvkA fuDlu ds le; esavejhdh jk’Vªh; lqj{kk ifj’kn us uhfr laca/kh ,d xqIr nLrkost ,u-,l-,e-&39 Lohdr fd;k Fkk ftlesa nf{k.k vÝhdk dh xksjh ljdkjksa dslkFk le>&cw> dj laidZ vkSj lapkj dk foLrkj djus dk vkOgkufd;k FkkA nf{k.k vÝhdk ds izfr if”peh ns”kksa dh uhfr nks izdkj dhjgh & ,d ljdkjh ftlesa uLyokn vkSj iFkdrkokn ds fo:) “kkfCnd/kedh vkrh Fkh] vkSj nwljh dk;Zokgh laca/kh ftlesa tu&vkØks”k dsfo:) uLyokfn;ksa dk cpko djus dh dk;ZokbZ;k¡ “kkfey FkhaA vkt ;sfuxesa vaxksyk] ekstkEchd] vQxkfuLrku vksj gky esa bZjku ds mnkgj.kksals Hk;Hkkhr gSaA ljdkjksa dk eq[; dke fons”k uhfr dks ml okLrfodrkds vuqdwy cukuk gS ftls bu cgqjk’Vªh; fuxeksa us dkQh igys iSnkfd;k FkkA ;s dgrs gSa fd nf{k.k vÝhdk esa iw¡th yxkus dk okrkoj.kcgqr vuqdwy gS vkSj bl dkj.k bls u;h fo”o vFkZO;oLFkk esa ,dmi;ksxh Hkwfedk vnk djuh gS cs”kd mldh Hkwfedk gksxh ij dsoy bucgqjk’Vªh; fuxeksa ds fy;sA fuxeksa ds lkFk laca/kksa dk etcwr djus dsfy;s ftu lalk/kuksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS ;g ljdkj mlesa dksrkghugha cjrrh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy;s] blus flMuh ,l- cSju ,aM dEiuh dksizfro’kZ 3]65]000 Mkyj ds LFkku ij 6]50]000 Mkyj nsuk “kq: dj fn;kgS] ;g daiuh vejhdk esa nf{k.k vÝhdk esas fgrksa dks iwjk djus ds fy;sdke djrh gSA vejhdh O;olkf;;ksa ds lkFk laidksZa dk c<+krh gS(vkd’kZd lkSnksa ds le>kSrs djus esa enn djrh gS ftlesa gfFk;kjksa lslacaf/kr lkSns Hkh “kkfey gSaA tks vUrjkZ’Vªh; fuxe vÝhdh yksxksa dhgR;k djds iSlk cuk jgs gSa muds VsªMekdZ ml gj xksyh ij fn[kk;h nsldrs gSa tks v”osr izn”kZudkfj;ksa ij NksM+h tkrh gSA nf{k.k vÝhdk dhljdkj dks Hksts tkus okys gfFk;kj vR;Ur pDdjnkj jkLrksa ls ikuhtgkt }kjk yk;s tkrs gSa tks lh-vkbZ-,] i- teZuh vkSj nf{k.k vÝhdk dhxqIrpj lsokvksa }kjk fu/kkZfjr fd;s tkrs gSA mnkgj.k ds fy;s vejhdkfufeZr yM+kdw foekuksa dks ys yhft;s] muds fgLlksa dks bVyh esa tksM+ktkrk gS] fQj btjk;y dks cspk tkrk gS vkSj nf{k.k vÝhdk rd mUgsai- teZuh ds tgktksa }kjk flaxkiqj gksdj igq¡pk;k tkrk gSA ;gh yM+kdw

79 80

foeku jksMsf”k;k esa eqfDr vkanksyu dks dqpyus ds fy;s ogk¡ dh ljdkjdks lkSais x;s FksA

nf{k.k vÝhdk x.kjkT; mu FkksMs+ ls ns”kksa esa ls ,d gS ftlusukfHkdh; gfFk;kjksa ds c<+ko dks jksdus dh laf/k ij gLrk{kj djus lsbadkj dj fn;k gS] gkykafd 100 ls vf/kd ns”kksa us bls Lohdkj fd;k gSAblh otg ls mu if”peh rkdrksa dh ftEesnkjh vkSj vf/kd gks tkrh gSafd tks gfFk;kjksa ds {ks= esa nf{k.k vÝhdk dks enn u nsus ds la;qDr jk’Vªla?k ds lqfofnr fu.kZ;ksa dk mYya?ku djds Lo;a viuh ukfHkdh; {kerkdk fodkl djus esa uLyokfn;ksa dh lgk;rk dj jgs gSaA btjk;y blesafo”ks’k :i ls lfØ; gSA ukfHkdh; gfFk;kjksa ds c<+ko dks jksdus lslacaf/kr laf/k ij gLrk{kj u djus okyksa esa og Hkh ,d gSA if”pehcgqjk’Vªh; fuxeksa dks nf{k.k vÝhdk esa ufHkdh; mRiknu djrs gq;s vc25 o’kZ ls vf/kd gks pqds gSaAmUgksaus uLyokfn;ksa dks ukfHkdh; bZ/ku ovU; vko”;d lkexzh miyC/k djk;h gSA tksgkalcxZ esa ;wjsfu;e dksle) cukus dk ,d fo”kky leqPp; [kM+k fd;k tk pqdk gSA IywVksfu;eds jsfM;ksa lfØ; vkblksVksiksa ds mRiknu dk dke tkjh gSA bu lHkhdk;ksZ esa eq[; Hkwfedk i- teZuh dh lhesUl] yqxhZ vkSj ysdksYM rFkk ,-th-] vejhdk dh QksDlcksjks vkSj QsMjy izksMDV~l daifu;k¡ vnk djjgh gsA ;g ckr dkfcys xkSj gS fd ;wjsfu;e dks le) cukus ds tksmidj.k Hksts tk jgs gSa mlesa ukVks dh Hkkxhnkjh gSA baXyS.M dhfj;ks&fVVks&ftad] Ýkal dh VksVy feusjs,V U;wfDy;kjs] bZ-,y-,Q-,D;wVsvkbu uked daifu;ksa us ukfHkdh; dPps eky dh nkSM+ esa viusiz;klksa dks ,dtqV dj fy;k gSA mUgksaus 5]000 Vu ;wjsfu;e vkDlkbMfudkyus ds fy;s ukehfc;k esa ,d fo”kky [kku *”kkSflax* dk fuekZ.k djfy;k gSA bl vk”k; ds lekpkj feys gSa fd nf{k.k vÝhdk btjk;y dks;wjfu;e dh vkiwfrZ djsxk vkSj btjk;y nf{k.kh vÝhdk dks ukfHkdh;izkS|ksfxdh miyC/k djk;sxkA xr o’kZ flracj esa nf{k.k vÝhdh rVksa ijftl jgL;iw.kZ dkSa/k dks ns[kk x;k Fkk og btjk;y }kjk fd;k x;kukfHkdh; foLQksV Fkk] ftls nf{k.k vÝhdk ds lg;ksx ls fd;k x;k FkkA

ebZ 1985 es cgqjk’Vªh; fuxeksa ls lacaf/kr la;qDr jk’Vª vk;ksxds vf/kos”ku esa vÝhdh ns”kksa ds izfrfuf/k;ksa us ;g ekax djrs gq;s ,dizLrko izLrqr fd;k Fkk fd bu uLyokn dks leFkZu nsus okyh fuxeksas dsfo:) dM+s dne mBk;s tk;sa vkSj mu lkjs fuos”kksa dks okil dj fy;ktk; tks uLyokfn;ksa dh lgk;rk dj jgs gSaA izLrko dks izLrqr djrs gq;sukbZthfj;k ds jktnwr ,y-vks- gsjhesu us ?kks’k.kk dh Fkh fd ßfuxeksa us

uLyoknh ljdkjksa ds vR;kpkjksa dh lgk;rk blfy;s dh gS fd os HKhvius vikj equkQksa dks cuk;s j[kus ds f;s ogka ;FkkfLFkfr dk;e j[kukpkgrh gSaA ;s dEifu;k¡ vÝhdh yksxksa esa vkRe lEeku ds fo:) gksusokyh fgalk esa rFkk ml vR;kpkj esa uLyoknh ljdkjksa dh Hkkxhnkjh ,oalg;ksxh gSaA ftuds dkj.k turk dks vikj eqlhcrsa >syuh iM+h gSaAßlektoknh ns”kksa] ,f”k;k o ySfVu vejhdk ds ns”kksa us izLrko dk leFkZufd;k vkSj ;g Lohdkj dj fy;k] ysfdu baXyS.M] vejhdk] Ýkal oteZuh us bldk fojks/k fd;kA igys Hkh 1997 esa] 198 esa rFkk 1979 esavusd Bksl izLrko j[ks x;s Fks vkSj muesa fizVksfj;k ds lkFk cgqjk’Vªh;fuxekssa ds lSfud lg;ksx dks mtkxj djus dh vko”;drk ij /;ku[khapk x;k FkkA

nf{k.k vÝhdk esa LFkkfir dqN egRoiw.kZ fuxeksa ds v/;{kksa dhfVIi.kh tks fd yanu ds nSfud *eksfuZx LVkj* esa Nih gS &

tujy eksVlZ % ßgesa ogk¡ 50 o’kZ ls Åij gks x;s gS vkSj gekjh;kstuk ogk¡ yacs le; rd jgus dh gS--------------ß

dkyVsDl isVªksfy;e % 3ge u;k iwath fuos”k blfy;s dj jgs gSafd cktkj QSyrk tk jgk gS----------------ß

esugsV~Vu cSad % ßge igys dh Hkk¡fr dke dj jgs gS “kh?kz gh gevkSj cM+s {ks=ksa esa izos”k djsaxs--------ß

xqMbZ;j % ßgesas ,slk dqN Hkh utj ugha vkrk gS ftlds dkj.kgesa ;gk¡ ls ckgj tkuk iM+s-----------ß

,d vejhdh izoDrk % ßvf/kdka”k vejhdh dEifu;k¡ igys dhrjg py jgh gSa--------------ß

bu fuxeksa dks fo”oO;kih HkRlZuk ds lEeq[k fu”p; gh cpkodjuk iM+rk gSA uLyxr vlekurk dks lekIr djus ds fy;s bu dsaik[kaMiw.kZ pfj= dk tc *eksfuZx LVkj* }kjk HkaMkQksM+ fd;k x;k rkslkeus vk;k fd %&

ßvÝhdh ;wfu;u ds usrkvksa us ekax dh fd tujy eksVlZ dsiksVZ ,fytkcsFk fLFkr dkj[kkus ds is”kkc?kjksa ds njokts ls jaxHksn lwpdcksMZ gVk fy;s tk;sA tujy eksVlZ us lkoZtfud :i ls ?kks’k.kk dh fdos gVk ysaxsA ysfdu vc itk pyk gS fd mUgksaus os cksMZ rks gVk fy;s gSaij muds LFkku ij jaxhu pkfHk;ksa okys njokts yxk fn;s gS% ßxksjksa dsfy;s uhys rFkk dkyksa ds fy;s ukjaxhßA

;g joS;k izR;sd {ks= esaik;k tkr gSA fizVksfj;k ljdkj vf/kdls vf/kd cksMZ cnyus dk dk;Z djrh gS ysfdu HksnHkko dk;e gSA

81 82

vejhdh if=dk *lkbal eksuhVj* esa Nis ,d baVjO;w esa ogk¡ dh dkj QesZbl ckr ij ,der gks x;h gSa fd os mu laxBuksa dks pqnk ugha nsaxh tksdkys yksxksa ds fgrksa dh ns[kHkky djrs gSaA

baXyS.M] vejhdk o vU; ns”kksa dh daifu;k¡ vc cM+s Lrj dhO;kikfjd dk;ZokbZ;ksa ij vf/kd Hkjkslk ugha djrh gSa] og uLyoknh uhfresa vc e/;eoxhZ; O;olkf;;ksa vkSj NksVh eNyh Qalkus ij vkeknk gSAmudh lykg ;g gS fd vPNh vk; dks lqfuf”pr djus ds fy;s mudEifu;ka ds “ks;j [kjhnus pkfg,s tks nf{k.k vÝhdk esa dke dj jgh gSaAlh/kk lk rdZ ;g gS fd fuxeksa dh vekuoh; uhfr;ksa esa ;FkklEHkovf/kd ls vf/kd yksxksa dks Qalk;k tk; vkSj bl izdkj dsoy 5 ;k 10Mkyj Qsad dj dh mudks bPNk ;k vfuPNk iwoZd uLyoknh vijk/k esaHkkxhnkj cuk fy;k tk;A

nf{k.k vÝhdk dh vusd daifu;k¡ ftuesa vusd rks if”pehfuxeksa dh lg;ksxh daifu;k¡ gSa] ySfVu vejhdk esa fo”ks’k fnypLih fn[kkjgh gSA nf{k.k vÝhdk fpyh ds lkFk feydj O;kikj djrk gSA nf{k.kvÝhdk esa fLFkr vkaXy vejhdh dEiuh us] tks nf{k.k vÝhdk fLFkrnqfu;k dh lokZf/kd “kfDr”kkyh dEiuh gS] czkthy esa lksus ds [kuu dhfo”kky QeZ esa 65 izfr”kr “ks;j [kjhn fy;s gSA ihfdax Hkh vc izfrfØ;koknhrkdrksa ds lkFk gkFk feyk jgk gSA fpyh dh rkuk”kkgh ljdkj dksihfdax ls lgk;rk fey jgh gSA

cgqjk’Vªh; fuxeksa dh lgk;rk ls ySfVu vejhdh *xqfjYys* vkSjnf{k.k vÝhdh uLyoknh] nf{k.k vVykafVd esa ,d lSfud] jktuhfrdvkSj vkfFkZd la?k dk ifo= xBca/ku cukus dh dksf”k”k dj jgs gSa rkfdØkafrdkjh vkSj eqfDr vkanksyuksa dks jksdk tk ldsA bl izdkj ds fopkjksadks ukVks ds lsuk/;{kksa us vkSj fuxeksa ds vkdkvksa us ,d yacs le; lsikyk ikslk gS vkSj leFkZu fn;k gSA nf{k.k vÝhdk ds x.kjkT; vkSjvtsZVhuk dh ljdkj us ;q) lkexzh cukus okys fuxeksa ds cph lwpukvksavkSj fo”ks’kKrk dk vknku&iznku djus dh O;oLFkk Hkh gSA vtsZVhuk }kjki- teZuh ds fuxeksa ls ukfHkdh; izkS|ksfxdh [kjhns tkus dks ns[krs gq;s;g vknku&iznku fo”ks’k egRo dk gks tkrk gSA ij ;g ckr fuf”pr gSfd cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;k¡ fons”kksa esa fdruh gh iw¡th D;ksa u yxk;sa] ;guLyokn vkSj iFkdrkokn cpus okyk ugha gS] mldk vUr rks fuf”pr gS]mnkgj.k ftEckCos esa ns”k HkDrksa dh fot; esa yf{kr gSA

fo”o cSad] vUrjkZ’Vªh;eqnzkdks’k vkSj Hkkjr

tks /ku nsrk gS] og viuh /kqu Hkh ctokrk gSA ;s fons”khcgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;k¡ nqfu;k ds ftl ns”k esa dke dj jgh gSa] ogk¡ viuh/kqus ctok jgh gSA gekjk ns”k Hkh dksbZ viokn ugha gSA

twu] 1990 esa Hkkjr ljdkj us u;h vkS|ksfxd uhfr dh ?kks’k.kkdh FkhA ;g uhfr iwjh rjg ls fo”o cSad ds izHkko esa cuh gS tks fdcgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa dh iqjksfgrkbZ djrk gSA

fo”o cSad us *Hkkjr ds O;kikj lq/kkj ds fy;s uhfr* fo’k;dfjiksVZ la- 8995&vkbZ- ,u- 30 uoEcj 1990 dks rS;kj dj Hkkjr ljdkjdks lkSaih FkhA 21 twu 1991 dks “kiFk xzg.k djus ds ckn gh ujflag jkoljdkj us fo”o cSad dh bl fjiksVZ esa fn;s x;s funsZ”kksa dks ykxw djuk“kq: dj fn;kA izLrqr rkfydk esa fo”o cSad dh “krksZa ds lkFk dsUnz ljdkj}kjk Lohdkj dh x;h dh eq[; ckrksa dk mYys[k fd;k tk jgk gS %&

vkfFkZd uhfr ds iquZxBu ds

fy;s fo”o cSad dh “krsZ

1- jktdks’kh; ?kkVs esa deh djus

ds lkFk&lkFk eqnzk nj dks

la”kkf/kr fd;k tk;s

eqnzk fofue; nj dk de ls

de 21 izfr”kr voewY;u fd;k

tk;sA

fo”o cSad fjiksVZ dk iSjk

lUnHkZ

2-19] 4-50] 8-62] 9-13] 9-

51] 9-45

1991&92] 92&93] 93&94 ds

ctV esa dsUnz ljdkj }kjk ekuh

x;h “krsZ

c 1990&91 jktdks’kh;

ldy ?kjsyw mRikn dk 8-4 izfr”k

FkkA 1991&92 esa bls 6-2 izfr”kr

rFkk 1992&93 esa 5 izfr”kr ds

Lrj ij yk;k x;kA 1993&94

essa bls 4-7 izfr”kr ij yk fn;k

x;k gSA

c 1 tqykbZ 1991 dks

Mkyj ds eqdkcys :i;s dk 9-5

izfr”kr voewY;u fd;k x;kA

3 tqykbZ 1991 dks iqu% :i;s

dk 12-82 izfr”kr voewwY;u dj

fn;k x;kA 92&93 esa :i;s dks83 84

60%40 ds vuqikr es a vkaf”kd

ifjorZuh; cuk;k x;kA ftlds

pyrs 60 izfr”kr ifjorZuh; fgLls

dk 19-8 izfr”kr voewY;u gks x;kA

93&94 ds ctV esa :i;s dh iw.kZ

ifjorZuh;rk dk QSlyk dj

ljdkj us fo”o cSad ds funsZ”kksa dk

rdjhcu iwjs rkSj ij ikyu dj

fn;kA

c 4 tqykbZ 91 dks ?kksf’kr

u;h O;kij uhfr esa vk;kr dks

ljy cuk;k x;kA ,fDte fLØi

ds ek/;e ls vk;kr lqfo/kk ,oa

lHkh iwjd ykblsal lekIr fd,

x;sA

c 1992&97 dh vk;kr

fu;kZr uhfr esa vk;kr O;oLFkk dks

ljy cukr gq, ykblsal iz.kkyh

,oa izfrca/k lekIr dj O;kikj eqDr

fd;k x;kA

c dqN ekeyksa dks NksM+dj

okLrfod miHkksDrk uhfr lekIrA

c vk;kr “kqYd fu/kkZj.k

ds fy;s Lor% dj fu/kkZj.k ;kstuk

ykxw dh x;hA

c vk;kr&fu;kZr uhfr esa

dsoy oLrq,a fuf’k) ,oa 68 oLrq,a

izfrcaf/krA

c Lon s” k vku s oky s

Hkkjrh;ksa dks 5 fdyks lksuk vius

lkFkykus dh vuqefr] lhek

“kqYd220 :i;s izfr nl xzke dh

nj ls ns;A blls iwoZ lksuk fuf’k)

lwph esa FkkA

2- O;kikj uhfr esa la”kks/ku ds

funsZ”k

¼d½ Hkkjrh; m|ksxksa dks vk;kr

ds izfr laj{k.k lekIr dj]

vk;kr fu;a=.k lekIr fd,

tk;sA

¼[k½ vk;kr dh udkjkRed lwph

,d cuk;s tk;s ,oa laf{kIr fd;k

tk;sA

9-16

4-50] 4-55] 9-24

c 1992&93 esa iwathxr

oLrqvksa dks udkjkRed lwph ls

gVkdj budk vk;kr mnkj fd;k

x;kA

c 6 vDVwcj 1991 dks

jkT; O;kikj fuxe ,oa /kkrq O;kikj

fuxe dk pSusykbftax ,tsalh ds

:i esa ,dkf/kdkj lekIr dj bUgsa

futh VsªfMax gkÅl ds led{k cuk;k

x;kA dqN vko”;d cuk;k x;kA

dqN vko”;d oLrqvksa ¼isVªkfy;e]

[kk|kUu] [kk| rsy] moZjd vkfn½

dks NksM+dj “k s’k lHkh oLrq,a

folj.khdr

c u;h vk;kr&fu;kZr uhfr

esa dsoy 8 oLrq,a lkj.khc) 17

flrEcj 92 dks Mh-,-ih- moZjd vkSj

21 flrEcj dks foekfVu , o mldk

iSjkfeDl folj.khdr fd;k x;kA

c “kh’kZ VSfjQ Lrj 300

izfr”kr ls de dj 150 izfr”kr

fd;k x;kA 91&92 esa lhek “kqYd

esa 744-5 djksM+ :i;s dh NwV nh

x;hA 16 tuojh 92 dks bLikr dh

oLrqvksa ij vk;kr “kqYd ?kVk fn;k

x;kA

c 31 fnlEcj 92 dks usIFkk

folj.khdr fd;k x;kA “kqYd [kaM+ksa

dh la[;k] pkj dj “kh’kZ VSfjQ Lrj

110 izfr”kr fd;k x;kA lhek “kqYd

esa 2035 djksM+ :i;s dh NwV nh

x;hA

c 93&94 ds ctV esa “kh’kZ

VSfjQ Lrj 85 izfr”kr fd;k x;kA

lhek “kqYd esa 3273 djksM+ :i;s

¼x½ iw athxr oLrqvk s a ,oa

e/;ofrZ;k s a ds vk;kr ij

ykblsal lekIr fd;k tk;sA

¼z?k½ lj.khc) oLrqvks a dk

vk;kr djus okyh ljdkjh

,tsfUl;ksa dk ,dkf/kdkj lekIr

fd;k tk;s rFkk bUgsa y?kq {ks=

ds fy;s vk;kr dh Hkwfedk

fuekus gsrq dgk tk;sA

¼M½ lhek “kqYd de dj

U;wure Lrj ;k “kwU; Lrj ij

yk;k tk;s vU;Fkk leku lhek

“kqYd nj 20 izfr”kr dh tk;sA

“kqYd ds [kaMksa dh la[;k rhu

dh tk;sA

9-45

9-20

5-36] 6-47]

9-19] 9-29]

9-27] 9-32

85 86

dh NwV nh x;hA

c 92&93 e s a dk s;yk

[kuu] isVªksfy;e “kks/ku] ÅtkZ

ifj;kstuk ds fy, iwathxr oLrqvksa

ij lhek “kqYd 30 izfr”kr fd;k

x;kA

c 92&93 esa ifj;kstuk

vk;krksa vkSj lkekU; e”khujh ij

lhek “kqYd 85 izfr”kr ls ?kVkdj

55 izfr”kr vkSj bysDVªkfud ij

50 izfr”kr dj fn;k x;kA vU;

iwathxr lkekuksa ij lhek “kqYd

?kVkdj 10 izfr”kr rd dj fn;k

x;kA e/;ofrZ;ksa ij fj;k;rh lhek

“kqYd dk izko/kku j[kk x;kA

c 1993&94 ctV es a

dks;yk [kuu] isVªksfy;e ij lhek

“ k q Yd 25 i z fr” kr ] fo| qr

ifj;kstukvksa ij 20 rFkk ifj;kstuk

vkSj lkekU; e”khujh ij 35 izfr”kr

j[kus dk QSlyk fy;k x;kA

c 9 Qjojh 1992 dks

;k=h lkeku ds lkFk 35 ?kjsyw

bySDVªksfud midj.k ykus dh

vuqefr nh x;hA 1 ;k=h 1-50

yk[k :i;s ewY; ds miHkksDrk

midj.k 150 izfr”kr “kqYd nsdj

yk ldrk gSA blls iwoZ lhek “kqYd

225 izfr”kr FkkA

c 93&94 ds ctV esa

;k=h lkeku ds lkFk 1-50 yk[k

:i;s ewY; dh lHkh oLrq,a ykus

dh NwV ns nh x;hA

¼p½ iawthxr lkeku o e/;ofr;ksa

ij vkSlr 30 izfr”kr rd lhek

“kqYd yxkus dk funsZ”k

¼N½ miHkksDrk oLrqvksa dks vk;kr

dh udkjkRed dh udkjkRed lwph

ls fudkydj vk;kr dh vuqefr

nh tk;s rFkk lhek “kqYd de fd;k

tk;A lhek “kqYd de u djus dh

fLFkfr esa miHkksDrk oLrqvksa ij

mRiknu “kqYd c<+k;k tk;sA

9-45

9-23] 9-24] 9-32

c 91&92 e s a fu;k Zr

ykblsalks dh tfVy izfØ;k lekIr

dj ljy O;oLFkk viuk;h x;hA

c fu;kZfrr oLrqvksa dh

fofHkUu lwfp;k¡ lekIr dj ,d

udkjkRed lwph cuk;h x;hA

c 91&92 esa jSi ykblsal

dh ,fDte fLØi esa cnyk x;kA

c lHkh izdkj ds fu;kZr

ij 30 izfr”kr ,fDte fLØi nsus

dh ?kks’k.kk dh x;hA

c 4 tqykbZ 91 dks fu;kZr

d s fy,] udn e qvkotk

lgk;rklekIr dj] lHkh vk;kr

¼isVªksfy;e] [kk| rsy] [kk|kUu ,oa

moZjd dks NksM+dj½ ,fDte fLØi

ls djus dh vuqefr nh x;hA

c 92&93 esa :i;s dks

vkaf”kd ifjorZuh; cukus ds ckn

,fDte fLØi lekIr dj fn;k

x;kA

c fu;kZr lao/kZd iwwathxr

lkeku ds vk;kr esa lhek “kqYd esa

NwV nh x;hA

c 91&92 e s a fo” k s ’ k

mRiknu “kqYd nks xquk fd;k x;kA

mRiknu “kqYd esa dqy 1799 djksM+

:i;s vkSj vk;dj esa 2139 djksM+

:i;s dh of) dh x;hA

c 92&93 esa mRikn “kqYd

esa dqy 2515 djksM+ :i;s rFkk

3- fu;kZr uhfr esa la”kks/ku ds

funsZ”k

¼d½ fu;kZr] O;oLFkk esa iz”kklfud

lq/kkj fd, tk;sa rFkk fu;kZr uhfr

dks ljy cuk;k tk;sA

¼[k½ jSi ykblsal O;oLFkk dks

ljy cuk;k tk;s rFkk bls

laØe.kdkyhu O;oLFkk ds :i

esa viuk;k tk;sA

¼x½ jktdks’k ij Hkkj iM+s fcuk

fu;kZrdksa dks izksRlkgu fn;k

tk;sA

¼?k½ fu;kZrksUeq[kh m|ksxksa dks

e”khu vk;kr ij “kqYd esa NwV

nh tk;sA ;g NwV rhu ls ikap

o’kZ esa nh tk ldrh gS

4- lhek “kqYd de djus ls gksus

okys ?kkVs dks iwjk djus ds fy,

mRiknu “kqYd] vk;dj ,oa ?kjsyw

dj esa of) dh tk;sA

6-55] 6-56]

6-57] 6-58]

4-54] 6-50

4-56

6-49] 9-38

9-34] 9-35

87 88

izR;{k djksa esa 795 djksM+ :i;s

dh of) dh x;hA psyS;k lfefr

us vfr y?kq vkSj dqVhj m|ksxksa

ij Hkh mRikn “kqYd yxkus dk

lq>ko fn;k gSA

c psyS;k lfefr us

moZjdksa ij 10 izfr”kr mRikn

“kqYd yxkus dk lq>ko nsrs gq,]

dbZ oLrqvksa ij mRikn “kqYd

yxkus dk lq>ko fn;k gSA

c psyS;k lfefr us

eksMosV o osV iz.kkyh viukus

dk lq>ko fn;k gSA

c tqykbZ 91 esa ?kksf’kr

u;h vkS|ksfxd uhfr esa ykblsals

iz.kkyh ifjofrZr dj flQZ 18

m|ksxksa ds fy, gh ykblsals dh

t:jr j[kh x;hA m|ksxksa esa

vc fon s ” k h dEifu;k ¡

“kr&izfr”kr fuos”k Hkh dj

ldrh gSA

c lkoZtfud {ks= ds

fy, vkjf{kr 17 m|ksxksa dh

la[;k ?kVkdj 8 dj nh x;hA

c 5 ekp Z 93 dk s

?kksf’kr u;h jk’Vªh; [kfut uhfr

esa lkoZtfud {ks= ds fy,

vkjf{kr dbZ m|ksxksa dks futh

{ks= esa nsus dk QSlyk fd;k

tk;A

c 16 tuojh 92 dks

bLikr fu;a=.k eqDr fd;k x;k

vkSj [kjhn esa ?kjsyw m|ksxksa dks

5- tks oLrq,a mRikn “kqYd ds

nk;js esa ugha gSa] mu ij mRiknu

“kqYd yxk;k tk;sA ¼fo”o cSad

us moZjd] dhVuk”kd] df’k vkSj

vkS’kf/k;ksa ij mRikn “kqYd yxkus

dk lq>ko fn;k FkkA½

6- mRiknu dj iz.kkyh esa

ifjorZu dj eksMosVl osV

iz.kkyh viuk;h tk;sA

7- vkS|ksfxd uhfr esa ifjorZu

dj m|ksxksa ij yxs izfrca/k dks

lekIr fd;k tk;sA

8- m|ksxksa dks izkIr laj{k.k

lekIr fd;k tk;sA vkiwfrZ vkSj

fuiVku egkfuns”kky; }kjk

5-31] 5-34]

9-34] 5-32]

5-41

5-36] 5-39]

9-34

1-1] 9-64

v/;k; & 7] 4-25

nh tk jgh izkFkfedrk Hkh lekIr

dj nh x;hA

c 92&93 esa QksLQsfVd

moZjd vkSj dsjkslhu o jlksbZ xSl

forj.k dks fu;a=.k eqDr dj fn;k

x;kA

c u;h vkS|ksfxd uhfr esa

lkoZtfud {ks= ds iquxZBu dh

?kks’k.kk dh x;h vkSj :X.k m|ksxksa

dks vkS|ksfxd ,oa foRr iqufuZekZ.k

cksMZ ds le{k Hkstus dk QSlyk

fy;k x;kA

c 91&92 esa Lof.kZe fonkbZ

;kstuk ,oa LoSfPNd lsokfuofRr

;kstuk ds rgr deZpkfj;ksa dks

lsokeqDr djus dk QSlyk fy;k

x;kA

c 91&92 es a cfgxZeu

uhfr ls izHkkfor gksus okys deZpkfj;ksa

ds iquizZf”k{k.k ,oa iquokZl ds fy,

iqufuZekZ.k dks’k cukus dh ?kks’k.kk

djrs gq, 200 djksM+ :i;s dkdks’k

cukus dk fu.kZ; fy;k x;kA

c 92&93 esa bl dks’k ds

fy, 1000 djksM+ :i;s dh /kujkf”k

vkoafVr dh x;hA

c 91&92 esa 31 miØeksa

ds 3038 djksM+ :i;s ds “ks;j csps

x;sA

c 92&93 esa 3500 djksM+

:i;s ds “ks;j cspus dk y{; j[kk

x;k Fkk] buesa ls 13 miØeksa ds

1866 djksM+ :i;s ds “ks;j csps

x;sA bl izdkj nks o’kksZa esa dqy

4904 djksM+ :i;s ds “ks;j csp

fn;s x;sA

[kjhn esa ?kjsyw m|ksxksa dks nh

tk jgh izkFkfedrk can dh

tk;sA

9- lkoZtfud {ks= dk iquxZBu

djrs gq, ?kkVs esa pyus okyh

bdkb;ksa dks can fd;k tk;sA

10- m|ksxk s a es a vfrfjDr

deZpkfj;ksa dh NVuh dh tk;s]

blds fy, cfgxZeu uhfr

viuk;h tk;s vkSj mlls

izHkkfor deZpkfj;ksa ds laj{k.k

gsrq dks’k fufeZr fd;k tk;sA

11- lkoZtfud miØeksa ds “ks;j

csps tk;sA

8-67] 9-13] 9-63

8-66] 9-64] 9-67

9-62

89 90

cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa dk vlyh psgjk

ejs gq;s yksxksa dks tykdj dekbZ djus oyh nqfu;k dh lclscM+h cgqjk’Vªh; dEiuh *bUVjus”kuy lfoZl dkiksZjs”ku* (I.S.C.) gSAblds ikl fo”o Hkj esa 502 “konkg xg gSaA ;g dEiuh “koksa dks tykdj,d o’kZ esa vkSlru 69 djksM+ 28 yk[k 17 gtkj Mkyj ¼13 vjc 16djksM+ 35 yk[k 23 gtkj :i;s½ dekrh gSaA ;g dEiuh vesfjdk dh gSA

;q) esa dke vkus okyh felkbysa dks cukus okyh nqfu;k dh lclscM+h cgqjk’Vªh; dEiuh lsL= ,;j Øk¶V (Cesn aAircr aft) gSA vius LFkkfirgksus ls lu~ 1994 rd ;g dEiuh 17 yk[k 81 gtkj feykbysa cukdj nqfu;kds fofHkUu ns”kksa dks csp pqdh gSaA ;g dEiuh lu~ 1911 esa LFkkfir gq;h FkhAlkekU; :i ls ;g dEiuh izfr o’kZ yxHkx 2]300 felkbysa dk mRiknudjrh gSA ;q) ds fnuksa esa dEiuh dk mRiknu c<+ tkrk gS D;ksafd felkbyksadk mRiknu c<+ tkrk gS D;ksafd felkbyksa dh [kir c<+ tkrh gSA mnkgj.kds fy;s bZjku&bZjkd ;q) ds le; esa dEiuh us 3000 felkbyksa dk mRiknuizfro’kZ fd;k FkkA ;g vesfjdh dEiuh gSA

fo”o Hkj esa ftruh Hkh cgqjk’Vªh; dEiuh;k¡ gSa muesa lcls cM+hgS & gfFk;kjksa dk mRiknu djus okyh vesfjdk cgqjk’Vªh; dEiuh*tujy eksVlZ* (Gener al Motors) A bl dEiuh us lu~ 1994 esa 154vjc Mkyj ¼4928 vjc :i;s½ dh fcØh dh vius mRiknksa dks cspdjA

nqfu;k esa lcls vf/kd fo’kSyh xSlksa dk mRiknu djus okyh dEiuhvesfjdh dh gS ftldk uke gS *M~;wikUV* (Dupont) nqfu;k ds lHkh fodkl”khyns”kksa esa mRiknu ds rkSj rjhdksa ds dkj.k ftruh fo’kSyh xSlsa mRiUu gksrh gSa]ml ek=k dk 10 xquk vf/kd] fo’kSyh xSlsa vdsys M~;wikUV mRikfnr djrh gSA/;ku jgs fd] ;s fo’kSyh xSlsa vkstksu dh ijr dks yxkrkj detksj djus dsfy;s ftEesnkj gSaA vUrjkZ’Vªh; i;kZoj.k ds fouk”k ds fy;s vxj lcls vf/kdftEesnkj dksbZ gS] rks og gS&vefjdh cgqjk’Vªh; dEiuh *M~;wikUV* (Dupont)nwljs LFkku ij vkrh gS fczVsu dh *bEihfj;y dsehdy bUMLVªh* (I.C.I.) nksuksadEifu;ksa ds nqfu;k Hkj esa fLFkr dkj[kkus] 500 Vu ds cjkcj izfrfnu

tgjhyh xSlsa NksM+rs gSaAlcls vf/kd yMkdw foekuksa dk mRiknu djus okyh dEiuh gSa

& *cksbax*A bl dEiuh us lu~ 1994 esa yxHkx 21 vjx Mkyj ¼672vjc :i;s½ ds yM+kdw foeku cuk;sA ;g vefjdh dEiuh vU; ekyokgdo ;k=h okgd gokbZ tgkt Hkh cukrh gSA

nqfu;k esa lcls vf/kd equkQk dekus okyh dEiuh *bUVjus”kuyfctusl e”khu* (I.B.M.) vesfjdk dh gSA bl dEiuh dk lu~ 1994 dkfo”kq) equkQk yxHkx 58 vjc Mkyj ¼1856 vjc :i;s½ FkkA ;g dEiuhbySDVªkfudh dh phtsa cukus ds vykok gfFk;kj Hkh cukrh gSA

nqfu;k esa lcls vf/kd “kjkc dk mRiknu djus okyh cgqjk’Vªh;dEiuh *,uáwlj&cq”k budkiksZjs”ku (Anheuser-Bush Incorpor ation) vesfjdkdh gSA ;g dEiuh fo”o ds 54 ns”kksa esa cspus ds fy;s 92 vjc 13 djksM+ yhVj“kjkc izfr o’kZ cukrh gSA

nqfu;k esa lcls vf/kd flxjsVksa dk mRiknu djds cspus okyhdEiuh vesfjdk dh *vkj-ts-jsukYM VkscSdks dEiuh* gSA ;g dEiuh izfr o’kZ110 fcfy;u ¼110 vjc½ flxjsVksa dk mRiknu djrh gSA ;kn jgs fd 500flxjsVksa ds cukus esa ,d cM+k isM+ lekIr gks tkrk gSA iwjs fo”o esa yxkrkjisM+ksa dh la[;k vR;Ur rsth ls de gksrh tk jgh gSA

fo”o dh lcls cM+h foKkiu cukus okyh dEiuh *lkRph ,.MlkRph* (S atchi And S atchi) fczVsu dh gSA dEiuh us nqfu;k dh rekecgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa ds fy;s lu~ 1988 esa 135 vjc 29 djksM+ Mkyj ¼257vjc 5 djksM+ :i;s½ ds foKkiu rS;kj fd;s FksA

izfro’kZ foKkiu ij lcls vf/kd [kpkZ djus okyh dEiuh*lh;lZ jksC;wd ,.M dEiuh* (Se ars Roebuk And Comp any)vesfjdk dh gSA lu~ 1988 esa bl dEiuh us 1 vjc 18 djksM+ 68 yk[kMkyj 822 vjc 54 djksM+ 92 yk[k :i;s½ foKkiu ij [kpZ fd;sA ;gdEiuh jsMhesM oL= rFkk tqrksa dk mRiknu djrh gSA

fo”o dh 570 ,slh cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;k¡ gSa ftuesa izR;sd dkokf’kZd dkjksckj 20 vjc Mkyj ¼640 vjc :i;s½ ls Hkh vf/kd gSA buesalcls fo”kkydk; 100 cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa dk iwjs fo”o dh vkfFkZdO;oLFkk ij dCtk gSA

nqfu;k esa cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa dk lcls cM+k lewg ßtSlij xzqiß

91 92

[krjs dh ?kaVh ct pqdh gS

tc vf/kdrj yksxksa dh ftUnxh dfBu vkSj vFkZghu curh tkjgh gS] rc bu fons”kh dEifu;ksa dh nqfu;k esa g’kZ vkSj mYykl dk rkarkyxk gqvk gSA pkjksas vkSj oSHko dk Øwj vkSj v”yhy izn”kZu gks jgk gSArqPNrk] cM+Iiu ij gkoh gSA /kekZU/krk] /keZ&fujis{krk dks Bsaxk fn[kk jghgSA foykflrk ifjJe dh iSjksa rys jkSan jgh gSA budks Hkze gks x;k gS fdlkjh nqfu;k buds iSjksa esa iM+h gSA u;s cktkj dh lsa/k yxkus esa ;sdke;kc gq;h gSa ysfdu fodkl vkSj lH;rk dh ifjHkk’kkvksa ds <sj dsckotwn vxj ekStwnk rduhdh izxfr vkSj rFkkdfFkr vkfFkZd fodkl dks,d ckj fQj ls le>us dh dksf”k”k ugha gqbZ rks vkus okys fnuksa esa gedpjkdky ds fo’kSys okrkoj.k esa /oLr QsaQM+ksa vkSj dadky ds <sj cudjjg tk;saxsA dkSu tkus dfy;qx dk le; pØ ;gha ne rksM+ nsA/khjs&/khjs ge ,d u;s egkHkkjr dh vksj c<+ jgs gSA ;fn le; jgrs deZugha gqvk rks nwf’kr Qy ds tgj ls cp ikuk eqf”dy gksxkA ;g ljkljlR; gS fd reke lqfo/kkvksa vkSj lkt&flaxkj esa fyiVk ekStwnk vkS|ksfxdfodkl ewyr% [krjukd dpjksa vkSj dwM+k&djdVksa ds Qyus&Qwyus dkys[kk&tks[kk gSA [krjs dh ?kaVh cp pqdh gS] ge pkgs rks bl pqukSrh dksLohdkj dj ldrs gSaA

vkadM+ksa ds lzksr %&1- bUVjus'kuy tsusfVd fjlkslZ izksxzke % tsusfVd fjO;w ¼1987½2- ljdkjh izsl uksV~l ¼1988½3- dEiuh U;wt ,.M uksV~l ¼1985] 1986] 1987] 1988] 1993] 1994½4- QkWjsu bUosLVesaV fjO;w ¼1989] 1992] 1993] 1994½5- fjtoZ cSad vkWQ bf.M;k cqysfVu ¼1988] 1989] 1990] 1991] 1992½6- bfUM;u bUosLVes.V lsUVj fjiksVZ ¼1981] 1982] 1983] 1984]

1985] 1986] 1987] 1988] 1989] 1990] 1991] 1992] 1993½7- Qkjpwu ¼5 twu 1989] 4 twu 1990] 31 tqykbZ 1989] tqykbZ 1995½8- bdkWukfed VkbEl ¼7 twu 1990] 28 twu 1990] 21 tqykbZ

1989] 16 tqykbZ 1995½9- fo'o cSad fjiksVZ ¼1989] 1992] 1993½10- fo'o LokLF; laxBu % fjiksVZ vkWu isLVhlkbM~l ¼1989½11- fejj ¼vDVwcj 1989] uoEcj 1989½12- tuZy vkWQ vkbZ- vkbzZ- ih- ,- ¼1989½13- fjiksVZ vkWu ekdsZfVax fjlpZ ¼,u-lh-,-bZ-vkj- 1989½14- uo Hkkjr VkbEl ¼17 ebZ 1990½15- fxuht cqd vkWQ fjdkM~lZ ¼1989½16- ;kstuk Hkou cqysfVu ¼1989½17- MªXl ,.M QkekZL;wfVdYl ¼uoEcj] fnlEcj 1989½

fdrkcsa1- n eYVhus'kuy % ys[kd & fØLVksQj Vq tsU/kj2- eYVhus'kuy dkiksZjs'ku ,.M Moyfiax us'kUl % ys[kd&jse.M ouksZu3- lksojSfuVh ,Vos ¼jse.M ouksZu½4- lhM vkWQ fMisUMsUl ¼Mh-,l-,Q- 1988½5- ,uhfFkax QkWj , Mkyj ¼Å"kk esuu½6- Vsfeax n tk;UV~l ¼oh- xkSjh 'kadj½7- dkVsZYl bu ,D'ku ¼LVkfdax o esfju½8- eksuksiksyh dsihVy ¼ikWy cjku o Lohth½9- n vesfjdu bUosMlZ ¼,Q- ,- esdsUth½

93 94

(Jesp ar Group) gS] ftlds ikl vdsys viuh 451 cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;k¡ gSaAtqykbZ 1995 rd izkIr vkadM+ksa ds vuqlkj iwjs fo”o esa 12]32]951

dEifu;k¡ gSaA buesa 102664 ljdkjh rFkk ckdh futh dEifu;k¡ gSAif”peh teZuh o ;wjksi ds dbZ vU; ns”kksa esa py jgs *xzhu ihl

ewoesaV* dh vDVwcj 1994 dh fjiksVZ esa cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa dks bl izdkjifjHkkf’kr fd;k x;k gS & ß,slh dksbZ Hkh dEiuh tks ,d lkFk nqfu;k ds,d ls vf/kd ns”kksa esa dke djrh gks] cgqjk’Vªh; dEiuh ekuh tkuh pkfg,Aß