Rabinder Singh - JUSTICE Tom Sargent Lecture 2010

8/8/2019 Rabinder Singh - JUSTICE Tom Sargent Lecture 2010

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/rabinder-singh-justice-tom-sargent-lecture-2010 1/23

JW[TCKG Tel [opaomt lglepcof fgktwpg 0>?>

Tbg WH Kem{tctwtcem: Tclg iep Iwmdolgmtof Pgiepl5

Ct c{ om bemewp te boyg `ggm o{hgd te acyg tbc{ sgop–{ Tel [opaomt lglepcof fgktwpg

gygm tbewab C iggf wmqwofcicgd te ieffe cm tbg ieet{tg~{ ei tbg dc{tcmawc{bgd {~gohgp{

be boyg acygm tbg fgktwpg cm tbg ~o{t- Cm ~optckwfop ct c{ pcabt tbot g {bewfd

pglgl`gp Fepd @cmabol& be aoyg tbg fgktwpg cm 0>>?- Loms iwf{elg tpc`wtg{ boyg

`ggm ~ocd te bcl {cmkg bc{ wmtclgfs dgotb fo{t lemtb- C ewfd fchg te odd jw{t o ig

epd{ ei ls em o{ om odyekotg be bod tbg ~pcycfgag ei o~~gopcma `giepg bcl- O{ o

jwdag bg o{ wmiocfcmafs kewptgew{ omd iocp- Tbc{ kewmtps kom kewmt ct{gfi ieptwmotg

tbot& ot tbc{ tpew`fcma tclg cm tbg gopfs 0? {t kgmtwps& ct o{ o`fg te twpm te tbc{ c{g lom

iep lepof fgodgp{bc~ bgm ct o{ {e òdfs mggdgd- Cm tbg @gflop{b ko{g bg pglcmdgd

w{ ei ewp `gttgp {gfyg{: ci g bod fgit ~ge~fg fomawc{bcma cm ~pc{em ctbewt tpcof C dem–t

tbcmh g ewfd boyg `ggm ~pewd ei ewp{gfyg{- C `gfcgyg tbot iep agmgpotcem{ te kelg

Fepd @cmabol–{ e~cmcem cm tbg @gflop{b ko{g cff `g pgod `s omsemg be c{

cmtgpg{tgd cm fc`gpts omd gqwofcts-?

O{ c{ gff,hmem& cm Los tbc{ sgop tbg Wmctgd Hcmadel gfgktgd o keofctcem

aeygpmlgmt iep tbg icp{t tclg {cmkg tbg [gkemd Qepfd Qop- Em ?3 Los Mckh Kfgaa&

tbg fgodgp ei tbg Fc`gpof Dglekpot{ omd Dg~wts ^pclg Lcmc{tgp& lodg o {~ggkb cm

bckb bg ~pelc{gd tbg @pctc{b ~ge~fg tbot:

‖Tbc{ aeygpmlgmt c{ aecma te ~gp{wodg sew te ~wt sewp ioctb cm ~efctck{ emkg

oaocm- C ol met aecma te tofh oèwt o ig mg pwfg{ iep L^{& met tbg edd ag{twpg ep

acllckh bgpg ep tbgpg te lohg sew iggf o `ct lepg cmyefygd- C ol tofhcma oèwt tbg

le{t {camcickomt ~peapollg ei gl~egplgmt `s o @pctc{b aeygpmlgmt {cmkg tbg apgot? O y [gkpgtops ei [totg iep tbg Belg Dg~optlgmt X0>>7\ 0 OK 92-

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pgiepl{ ei tbg ?3tb kgmtwps- Tbg `caag{t {bohg w~ ei ewp dglekpoks {cmkg ?2;0 bgm

tbg Apgot Pgiepl Okt pgdpg tbg èwmdopcg{ ei @pctc{b dglekpoks& iep tbg icp{t tclg

grtgmdcma tbg ipomkbc{g `gsemd tbg fomdgd kfo{{g{-“

Qbcfg tbc{ pgieplcma zgof c{ gfkelg& ct c{ {fcabtfs {wp~pc{cma te bgop tbot tbg

mg keofctcem aeygpmlgmt–{ ~pe~e{gd pgiepl{ opg aecma te `g tbg le{t iwmdolgmtof

{cmkg ?2;0- Gygm offecma iep ~efctckof bs~gpèfg& tbc{ {ggl{ te acyg me kpgdct te tbg

fo{t aeygpmlgmt& bckb kolg te eiickg cm ?331 ctb om ol`ctcew{ ~peapollg ei

kem{tctwtcemof pgiepl omd cm fopag ~opt dgfcygpgd ct& oftbewab C cff {waag{t ct fgit {elg

ei tbg `caag{t qwg{tcem{ wmpg{efygd- Cm bc{ 0>>? fgktwpg Fepd @cmabol pgigppgd te

‖tbg ifeed ei kem{tctwtcemof fgac{fotcem pgfgo{gd `s tbg @focp aeygpmlgmt oitgp tbg ?331

gfgktcem-“0 ^peig{{ep Ygpmem @eadomep bo{ gygm dg{kpc`gd tbg ~okhoag ei

kem{tctwtcemof pgiepl{ gmoktgd cm tbg fo{t ?; sgop{ o{ olewmtcma te tbg ‖mg @pctc{b

kem{tctwtcem-“; Cm Ekte`gp ?331 ometbgp sewma omd gmgpagtck fgodgp bod jw{t kelg te

~egp- Ot tbot tclg Tems @focp {ocd tbc{: ‖Tbg Aeygpmlgmt c{ ~fgdagd te ledgpmc{g

@pctc{b ~efctck{- Qg opg kellcttgd te o kel~pgbgm{cyg ~peapollg ei kem{tctwtcemof

pgiepl- Qg `gfcgyg ct c{ pcabt te cmkpgo{g cmdcycdwof pcabt{& te dgkgmtpofc{g ~egp& te

e~gm w~ aeygpmlgmt omd te pgiepl ôpfcolgmt-“4

Tbg locm igotwpg{ ei tbot ~peapollg ei kem{tctwtcemof pgiepl opg gff,hmem

omd kom `g {wllopc{gd `pcgifs-7 Icp{t& tbgpg o{ dgyefwtcem te [ketfomd& Qofg{ omd&

ieffecma tbg Aeed Ipcdos Oapgglgmt ei ?332& Meptbgpm Cpgfomd- Dgyefwtcem o{ met

0 Fepd @cmabol& ‒Tbg Gyefycma Kem{ctwtcem– "JW[TCKG ommwof fgktwpg& 0>>?#& ~-0-; Ygpmem @eadomep& Tbg Mg @pctc{b Kem{tctwtcem "0>>3& Bopt ^w`fc{bcma#- [gg of{e tbg {olg owtbep–{

‒Bwlom Pcabt{ omd tbg Mg @pctc{b Kem{tctwtcem– "JW[TCKG ommwof fgktwpg& 0>>3#-4 ^pclg Lcmc{tgp–{ ~pgiokg te tbg Qbctg ô~gp ‒Pcabt{ @pewabt Belg–& KL ;120& bckb okkel~omcgd

tbg cmtpedwktcem ei tbg Bwlom Pcabt{ @cff cm Ekte`gp ?331-7 Iep lepg dgtocf {gg [cp Jokh @got{em& ‒Pgieplcma om Wmpcttgm Kem{tctwtcem– "@fokh{temg Fgktwpg&

Eriepd& ?9 Los 0>>3#-

0



cl~e{gd `s tbg WH Aeygpmlgmt `wt o{ o~~peygd `s pgigpgmdwl cm gokb ei tbg

pgfgyomt pgacem{- Tbg ~egp{ ei tbg [kettc{b ôpfcolgmt omd Grgkwtcyg cm ~optckwfop

opg {tpema omd cdg,pomacma& keygpcma le{t opgo{ ei delg{tck ~efcks-

[gkemdfs& tbg Bew{g ei Fepd{ o{ pgieplgd cm ?333 te pgleyg off `wt 30 ei

tbg bgpgdctops ~ggp{- Begygp& ct ~peygd cl~e{{c`fg iep oapgglgmt te `g pgokbgd cm

ôpfcolgmt oèwt bot dgapgg ei gfgktgd gfglgmt {bewfd `g cmkfwdgd cm o pgieplgd

w~~gp kbol`gp& omd tbot c{ wmdew`tgdfs wmicmc{bgd `w{cmg{{- Ct c{ ~gpbo~{ cpemck tbot

tbg emfs lgl`gp{ ei tbg Bew{g ei Fepd{ be kom kfocl te boyg `ggm gfgktgd `s

omsemg opg tbg 30 bgpgdctopcg{ be opg fctgpoffs gfgktgd ipel olema tbgcp em ~ggp{-

Tbgpg o{ o ~pe~e{of cm tbg @pem odlcmc{tpotcem–{ Kem{tctwtcemof Pgiepl omd

Aeygpmomkg @cff bckb ewfd boyg gmdgd tbg {s{tgl iep `s,gfgktcem{ bgm o

bgpgdctops ~ggp dcg{& `wt tbc{ bod te `g dpe~~gd cm tbg fo{t dos{ ei tbot odlcmc{tpotcem

cm epdgp te iokcfctotg oapgglgmt ctb tbg E~~e{ctcem te offe tbg @cff te `g ~o{{gd

`giepg tbg agmgpof gfgktcem tbc{ sgop- [e ct c{ tbot g {tcff boyg 30 bgpgdctops ~ggp{ cm

ewp fgac{fotwpg omd tbg emfs ~ge~fg be kom yetg iep tbgl cm `s,gfgktcem{ opg etbgp

bgpgdctops ~ggp{-

Tbcpdfs& tbg gfgktepof {s{tgl{ iep le{t tcgp{ ei aeygpmlgmt& bgtbgp cm tbg

dgyefygd o{{gl`fcg{& tbg Apgotgp Femdem O{{gl`fs ep tbg Gwpe~gom ôpfcolgmt& gpg

off ò{gd em {elg {s{tgl ei ~pe~eptcemof pg~pg{gmtotcem- Begygp& tbg ~pelc{gd

pgigpgmdwl iep gfgktepof pgiepl iep tbg Bew{g ei Kellem{ mgygp kolg: tbg pg~ept `s

Fepd Jgmhcm{& bckb pgkellgmdgd o {s{tgl ei gfgktcem hmem o{ ‖OY ^fw{“& bckb

ewfd boyg pgtocmgd kem{tctwgmks L^{ gfgktgd em tbg ò{c{ ei tbg Oftgpmotcyg Yetg `wt

;



ctb oddctcemof ‖te~ w~“ L^{ gfgktgd ipel o pgacemof fc{t& te gm{wpg o dgapgg ei

~pe~eptcemofcts& bo{ `ggm offegd te aotbgp dw{t {cmkg ct o{ ~w`fc{bgd cm ?332-9

Iewptbfs& tbgpg gpg pgiepl{ te tbg jwdckcof {s{tgl- Tbg jwdckcof iwmktcem{ ei

tbg Bew{g ei Fepd{ gpg pgleygd te kpgotg o mg [w~pglg Kewpt ei tbg WH& {e tbot

tbg @pctc{b ~ge~fg omd etbgp{ ewfd cm{tomtfs pgkeamc{g ewp bcabg{t kewpt iep bot ct c{

‛ o {w~pglg kewpt bckb c{ cmdg~gmdgmt ei tbg fgac{fotwpg- Tbg Fepd{ ei O~~gof cm

Epdcmops& ep Fo Fepd{ o{ tbgs gpg lepg kellemfs hmem& `gkolg Jw{tckg{ ei tbg

[w~pglg Kewpt omd me femagp {ct cm tbg fgac{fotwpg- Tbg Fepd Kbomkgffep o{ pg~fokgd

o{ tbg bgod ei tbg jwdckcops cm Gmafomd omd Qofg{ `s tbg Fepd Kbcgi Jw{tckg: me femagp

de g boyg o lgl`gp ei tbg Ko`cmgt of{e {cttcma o{ o jwdag cm ewp bcabg{t kewpt- Omd

tbg cl~eptomt pefg ei tbg Fepd Kbomkgffep cm lohcma jwdckcof o~~ecmtlgmt{ bo{ `ggm

tpom{igppgd cm {w`{tomkg ci met cm iepl te tbg cmdg~gmdgmt Jwdckcof O~~ecmtlgmt{

Kellc{{cem- Ct c{ cl~eptomt te o~~pgkcotg tbot tbg{g pgiepl{ te tbg jwdckcof {s{tgl

gpg lodg iep pgo{em{ ei ~pcmkc~fg& cm ~optckwfop tbg ~pcmkc~fg ei tbg {g~opotcem ei

~egp{- Cm om optckfg cm Ig`pwops tbc{ sgop tbg kbocp ei tbg JOK& @opemg{{ ^po{bop&

{ocd tbot: ‖Tbg `ofomkg `gtggm dglekpotck o{~cpotcem{ omd jwdckcof cmdg~gmdgmkg o{

{tpwkh ctb apgot dgfc`gpotcem omd tbewabt dwpcma tbg kewp{g ei tbg ~o{{oag ei tbg

Kem{tctwtcemof Pgiepl @cff cm 0>>7- … Ls gr~gpcgmkg ei ottgl~tcma te acyg giigkt te

tbg e`jgktcyg{ ei tbc{ fgac{fotcem bo{ kemicplgd te lg be cl~eptomt ct c{ met te fe{g

{cabt ei tbg iwmdolgmtof ~pcmkc~fg{ tbot wmdgp~cmmgd tbc{ kbomag cm 0>>7 ‛

cmdg~gmdgmkg& grkgffgmkg omd fgactcloks ‛ omd met te `g {osgd `s {bept,tgpl

cl~gpotcyg{& `wpgowkpotck kemygmcgmkg& cff,cmieplgd {mc~cma ep tbe{g pg{c{tomt te

kbomag-“1

9 [gg iwptbgp Pedmgs @pozcgp& Kem{tctwtcemof Pgiepl "; pd gd-& 0>>2& EW^# ~~-9>,9?-1 @opemg{{ ̂ po{bop& ‒Jwdckcof O~~ecmtlgmt{: O Qeph cm ^peapg{{– "0>?># F[ Aozgttg& ?2 Ig`& ~-2-

4



Ct c{ tbgpgiepg dc{twp`cma te pgod tbot& iep grol~fg& tbg [w~pglg Kewpt c{ em o

fc{t ei {e,koffgd ‖qwomae{“ be{g ygps grc{tgmkg c{ o~~opgmtfs `gcma pgycggd `s tbg

Aeygpmlgmt ctb o ycg te lohcma kwt{ cm ~w f̀ck {~gmdcma- Ct c{ cl~eptomt te pgkoff

bs Fepd @cmabol {w~~eptgd tbg kpgotcem ei tbg [w~pglg Kewpt bgm bg {ocd tbc{ cm

bc{ 0>>? Tel [opaomt fgktwpg: ‖tbg cm{tctwtcemof {tpwktwpg {bewfd pgifgkt tbg ~poktckof

pgofcts- Ci tbg o~~gffotg kellcttgg ei tbg Bew{g ei Fepd{ c{& o{ iep off ~poktckof

~wp~e{g{ ct c{& o kewpt ei tbg Wmctgd Hcmadel omd o{ {wkb gmtcpgfs cmdg~gmdgmt ei tbg

fgac{fotwpg& ct {bewfd `g {e g{to`fc{bgd o{ te lohg kfgop ètb ct{ ~wpgfs jwdckcof pefg

omd ct{ cmdg~gmdgmkg- … Qbgm& iep grol~fg& tbg ^cmekbgt ko{g o{ o~~gofgd te tbg

Bew{g ei Fepd{ {elg iepgcam e`{gpygp{ lc{tohgmfs tbewabt tbot tbg c{{wg bod kgo{gd

te `g o jwdckcof emg omd bod `gkelg o ~efctckof emg-“2 C ewfd ygmtwpg te {waag{t tbot

ct los met boyg `ggm emfs iepgcam e`{gpygp{ be lodg tbot lc{tohg-

Fo{t `wt kgptocmfs met fgo{t tbg Foèwp Aeygpmlgmt–{ ~peapollg ei

kem{tctwtcemof pgiepl aoyg w{ tbg Bwlom Pcabt{ Okt ?332& bckb kolg cmte iwff iepkg

cm Ekte`gp 0>>>- Tbg Keofctcem Oapgglgmt bckb o{ pgokbgd cm Los tbc{ sgop

`gtggm tbg Kem{gpyotcyg{ omd tbg Fc`gpof Dglekpot{ {totgd tbot: ‖Qg cff g{to`fc{b o

Kellc{{cem te cmyg{tcaotg tbg kpgotcem ei o @pctc{b @cff ei Pcabt{ tbot cmkep~epotg{

omd `wcfd{ em off ewp e`fcaotcem{ wmdgp tbg Gwpe~gom Kemygmtcem em Bwlom Pcabt{&

gm{wpg{ tbot tbg{g pcabt{ kemtcmwg te `g gm{bpcmgd cm @pctc{b fo& omd ~petgkt{ omd

grtgmd{ @pctc{b fc`gptcg{-“ Iep tbg tclg `gcma ot fgo{t tbg Bwlom Pcabt{ Okt o~~gop{ te

`g {oig oftbewab tbot epdcma deg{ met lohg gr~pg{{ pgigpgmkg te ct- Lwkb kewfd `g

{ocd oèwt tbg bc{teps ei tbg Bwlom Pcabt{ Okt cm ct{ icp{t ?> sgop{& omd bo{ `ggm& `wt

tclg deg{ met ~gplct lg te dgff em tbc{ me- Qbot C ewfd fchg te {os c{ tbot ct c{2 @cmabol& e~ kct & ~-;>-

7



kfgopfs met sgt tbg {w`jgkt ei wmcygp{of oiigktcem- Ct c{ o {epps {totg ei oiiocp{ bgm

gygm tbg ~bpo{g ‖bwlom pcabt{“& ctb ct{ me`fg bc{teps& c{ pgaopdgd o{ o dcpts emg cm

{elg qwoptgp{- Tbg kemkg~t ei bwlom pcabt{ bo{ o fema ~gdcapgg& ètb cm pgfcacew{

tbewabt "omd met emfs cm tbg Jwdoge,Kbpc{tcom tpodctcem# omd cm {gkwfop tbewabt aecma

òkh te tbg Gmfcabtgmlgmt omd gopfcgp- O{ tbg fotg& apgot mg Zgofomd jwdag& Fepd

Keehg& ~wt ct cm Dofs: ‖{elg pcabt{ opg cmbgpgmt omd iwmdolgmtof te dglekpotck

kcycfc{gd {ekcgts- Kemygmtcem{& kem{tctwtcem{& `cff{ ei pcabt{ omd tbg fchg pg{~emd `s

pgkeamc{cma potbgp tbom kpgotcma tbgl-“3

Emg ei tbg cmtgpg{tcma igotwpg{ ei tbg mg kem{tctwtcem bckb bo{ `ggm

glgpacma {cmkg ?331 c{ tbot ct o{ tbg ~pedwkt ei kpe{{,~opts ke,e~gpotcem- Oftbewab

tbg Foèwp ~opts {gkwpgd ct{ `caag{t gygp yckteps "cm tgpl{ ei {got{# cm tbg agmgpof

gfgktcem ei ?331 omd tbgm ofle{t groktfs pg~gotgd tbg {kofg ei tbot yckteps cm 0>>?&

omd oftbewab tbgpg o{ me ieplof keofctcem ep ~okt& mgygptbgfg{{ tbgpg o{ om

oapgglgmt ctb tbg Fc`gpof Dglekpot{ cm ?331 o{ o pg{wft ei tbg Jecmt Kem{wftotcyg

Kellcttgg em Kem{tctwtcemof Pgiepl&?> bckb cmkfwdgd tbg fotg Pe`cm Keeh& be{g

gopfs dgotb dg~pcygd tbc{ kewmtps ei emg ei tbg le{t tbewabtiwf ~efctckcom{ te apokg tbg

Bew{g ei Kellem{ cm pgkgmt tclg{- [wkb kpe{{,~opts ke,e~gpotcem c{ {wpgfs dg{cpo`fg

gygm ci met ofos{ ottocmo`fg bgm tbg iwmdolgmtof pwfg{ ei be o {ekcgts c{ te `g

aeygpmgd opg te wmdgpae kbomag- Kem{tctwtcemof pgiepl deg{ met boyg te `g tbg

{w`jgkt ei kem{gm{w{ oftbewab ct w{woffs pgqwcpg{ okkg~tomkg ei o iwmdolgmtof kbomag

o{ `gcma cppgygp{c`fg gygm ci ct o{ ygbglgmtfs e~~e{gd ot tbg tclg- [e tbg grtgm{cem

ei tbg ipomkbc{g o{ cmctcoffs pg{c{tgd `s tbg Teps ~opts cm tbg gopfs ?2;>{ `wt

gygmtwoffs okkg~tgd `s ct omd fgd te ct{ tpom{ieplotcem cmte tbg Kem{gpyotcyg ~opts

3 P y [gkpgtops ei [totg iep tbg Belg Dg~optlgmt& gr ~- Dofs X0>>?\ 0 OK 7;0& ~opo- ;>-?> [gg iwptbgp @pozcgp& e~ kct & ~~-;?,;7-

9



wmdgp tbg fgodgp{bc~ ei [cp Pe`gpt ^ggf- [clcfopfs& dgyefwtcem te [ketfomd o{ met

{w~~eptgd `s tbg Kem{gpyotcyg ~opts& bckb igopgd ct ewfd fgod te tbg `pgoh,w~ ei tbg

Wmcem "omd ~gpbo~{ ct los {tcff de {e ci [ketfomd yetg{ emg dos iep cmdg~gmdgmkg# `wt

ct c{ {wpgfs me om cppgygp{c`fg ~opt ei tbg kem{tctwtcemof {kgmg& g{~gkcoffs o{ ct o{

{w~~eptgd `s o fopag lojepcts ei [kettc{b yetgp{ cm o pgigpgmdwl-

Tbg etbgp tbcma te metg oèwt tbg @focp Aeygpmlgmt–{ ~peapollg ei

kem{tctwtcemof pgiepl{ c{ tbot tbgs gpg fopagfs tbg ~pedwkt ei ~pg{{wpg ipel kcycf

{ekcgts em tbg Foèwp ~opts cm tbg fema sgop{ ei e~~e{ctcem bgm ct o{ feehcma iep

{elgtbcma te de emkg ct pgaocmgd ~egp- Cm ~optckwfop MAE{ fchg Kboptgp 22

giigktcygfs {o tbgcp c{b,fc{t ei pgiepl{ ode~tgd `s tbg Foèwp ~opts o{ ct{

~peapollg cm tbg gopfs omd lcd,?33>{- Oftbewab tbg Aeygpmlgmt kewfd `g kpctckc{gd&

omd eitgm o{& iep met boycma om eygpoff moppotcyg iep bot ct{ dc{~opotg pgiepl{

olewmtgd te cm tetof& ct {ggl{ te lg tbot kpctckc{l kewfd gqwoffs `g lodg ei tbg apew~{

cm kcycf {ekcgts bckb bod ~gp{wodgd tbg Foèwp ~opts te ode~t tbgcp pgkellgmdotcem{

iep pgiepl cm tbg icp{t ~fokg- Ct c{ met gmtcpgfs iocp te `folg Tems @focp iep iocfcma te `g

o kem{tctwtcemof tbgepc{t bgm tbg fchg{ ei Gopf Apgs& Afod{temg omd O{qwctb bod `ggm

me lepg {wkkg{{iwf- @wt cm oms gygmt& C ol met {wpg tbot kpctckc{l c{ pgoffs oppomtgd-

Emg ei tbg odyomtoag{ ei tbg @pctc{b kem{tctwtcem c{ {ocd te `g ct{ ifgrc`cfcts omd ct{

~poalotc{l- Oftbewab ~wpc{t{ los boyg c{bgd iep o kel~pgbgm{cyg tbgeps te jecm

tbg det{ omd ~peycdg o kebgpgmt gr~fomotcem ei tbg @focp pgiepl{& tbg bc{teps ei tbc{

kewmtps–{ cmkpglgmtof o~~peokb te pgiepl {waag{t{ tbot g aet cm tbg gmd bot g

~peò`fs dg{gpygd-

1



Oaocm{t tbot òkhapewmd& ct {ggl{ te lg tbot tbgpg opg tbpgg {~gkcick opgo{ ei

wmicmc{bgd `w{cmg{{ iep tbg mg keofctcem aeygpmlgmt te oddpg{{- Icp{t c{ tbg ~pe~e{of

iep icrgd,tgpl ~opfcolgmt{& {e tohcma oos ipel tbg ^pclg Lcmc{tgp tbg ~egp cm

giigkt te kbee{g tbg dotg ei o agmgpof gfgktcem cm epdgp te {wct tbg cmtgpg{t{ ei bc{ ep bgp

~efctckof ~opts- Tbc{ o{ om cl~eptomt ~opt ei tbg cmctcof keofctcem oapgglgmt- O{ Mckh

Kfgaa {ocd em ?3 Los& tbg mg Aeygpmlgmt bo{ ofpgods icrgd tbg dotg ei tbg mgrt

agmgpof gfgktcem iep 1 Los 0>?7- ^pclops fgac{fotcem bo{ `ggm cmtpedwkgd te acyg tbg

kemkg~t ei icrgd,tgpl ~opfcolgmt{ giigkt cm fo-?? [e cm o ledcicgd iepl g opg {ggcma

cl~fglgmtgd tbg fo{t ei tbg {cr ~ecmt{ ei tbg ^ge~fg–{ Kboptgp: oftbewab ommwof

~opfcolgmt{ opg ~peò`fs te me emg–{ to{tg me& ot fgo{t tbg Kboptc{t{ ewfd `g ~fgo{gd

tbot tbg tgpl ei o ~opfcolgmt c{ te `g icrgd `s fo omd met fgit te tbg ~pgpeaotcyg ei tbg

lemopkb& cm pgofcts tbg ^pclg Lcmc{tgp ei tbg dos- Fchg loms ~ge~fg C ewfd boyg

~pgigppgd o icrgd tgpl ei iewp sgop{& met icyg& `wt tbot ~gpbo~{ c{ o lcmep qwc``fg- ?0 Cm

kewmtpcg{ {wkb o{ Ow{tpofco& Mg Zgofomd omd Komodo tbg tgpl c{ emg ei tbpgg sgop{

omd tbot ewfd ~peò`fs `g pgaopdgd o{ tee {bept iep tbc{ kewmtps& o{ ct tgmd{ te fgod te

tbgpg `gcma fcttfg tclg cm `gtggm gfgktcem{ iep bopd dgkc{cem{ te `g tohgm cm tbg

motcemof cmtgpg{t-

Tbgpg c{ emg o{~gkt ei tbg ~pe~e{gd fgac{fotcem iep icrgd,tgpl ~opfcolgmt{

bckb c{ ~optckwfopfs kemtpeygp{cof- Tbc{ c{ tbg pgqwcpglgmt tbot oms dgkc{cem te koff o

agmgpof gfgktcem `giepg tbg gmd ei tbg meplof icrgd,tgpl cff pgqwcpg o {~gkcof

lojepcts cm tbg Bew{g ei Kellem{ ei te,tbcpd{ "o{ cm tbg [kettc{b ôpfcolgmt omd

?? Icrgd,tgpl ôpfcolgmt{ @cff-?0 [gg of{e tbg {gkemd pg~ept ei tbg Bew{g ei Kellem{ êfctckof omd Kem{tctwtcemof Pgiepl Kellcttgg

iep tbg {g{{cem ei 0>?>,??& BK 4;9& 3 [g~tgl`gp 0>?>& bckb metgd tbot tbg le{t ei tbg e~cmcemoyocfo`fg te tbg Kellcttgg {waag{tgd tbot o icrgd tgpl ei iewp sgop{ ewfd `g ~pgigpo`fg te emg ei icyg

sgop{-

2



met tbg 77' lojepcts tbot o{ epcacmoffs leetgd#-?; Ct {ggl{ te lg tbot tbc{ c{

dgigm{c`fg em tbg apewmd tbot ct {bewfd ~pgygmt tbg aeygpmlgmt ct{gfi "ep tbg `caagp

~optmgp cm tbg keofctcem# koffcma om gopfs agmgpof gfgktcem bgm ct lcabt {wct ct{ em

~opts cmtgpg{t{- Ct {bewfd met ~pgygmt o yetg ei me kemicdgmkg cm tbg aeygpmlgmt `gcma

koppcgd em o meplof lojepcts cm tbg Bew{g ei Kellem{- Ct los `g tbot tbg kwppgmt

keofctcem cff met {wpycyg iep o iwff icyg sgop{: ci {elg ep off Fc`gpof Dglekpot L^{

gpg te ctbdpo tbgcp {w~~ept ipel ct omd yetg ctb tbg E~~e{ctcem cm {w~~ept ei o

letcem ei me kemicdgmkg& tbg ^pclg Lcmc{tgp ewfd boyg te pg{cam cm okkepdomkg ctb

meplof kem{tctwtcemof kemygmtcem- Ci tbot {kgmopce opc{g{ cm tbg mgrt ig sgop{ ct

ewfd met mgkg{{opcfs ieffe tbot tbgpg ewfd boyg te `g om cllgdcotg agmgpof

gfgktcem `gkow{g ct lcabt `g ~e{{c`fg iep tbg fgodgp ei tbg E~~e{ctcem te iepl o

aeygpmlgmt& gctbgp o lcmepcts odlcmc{tpotcem ep o mg keofctcem- @wt tbg le{t fchgfs

kem{gqwgmkg ewfd `g ometbgp gfgktcem- Ct {ggl{ te lg tbot metbcma cm tbg ~pe~e{gd

fgac{fotcem iep icrgd,tgpl ~opfcolgmt{ deg{ ep {bewfd ~pgygmt om gopfs gfgktcem tohcma

~fokg cm {wkb kcpkwl{tomkg{- O{ Fepd LkMoffs& tbg dg~wts fgodgp ei tbg Bew{g ei

Fepd{& bo{ ~wt ct: ‖ôpfcolgmt ewfd {tcff `g o`fg te dc{lc{{ o Aeygpmlgmt& `wt tbg

Aeygpmlgmt ewfd met `g o`fg te dc{lc{{ ôpfcolgmt-“?4

Tbg {gkemd locm opgo ei wmicmc{bgd `w{cmg{{ tbot tbg keofctcem aeygpmlgmt c{

oddpg{{cma c{ pgiepl ei tbg yetcma {s{tgl iep tbg Bew{g ei Kellem{- Tbgpg c{ te `g o

pgigpgmdwl& kwppgmtfs ~fommgd iep mgrt Los& em bgtbgp g {bewfd ode~t tbg

Oftgpmotcyg Yetg {s{tgl& {elgtclg{ koffgd tbg ~pgigpgmtcof yetcma {s{tgl& bckb

gmo`fg{ tbg yetgp te mwl`gp gokb komdcdotg {tomdcma cm o {cmafg lgl`gp kem{tctwgmks

?; Dg~wts ^pclg Lcmc{tgp–{ {totglgmt em ~efctckof omd kem{tctwtcemof pgiepl& Bew{g ei Kellem{& 7 Jwfs

0>?>-?4

Dgòtg em tbg _wggm–{ [~ggkb& qwetgd `s tbg Odyekotg Agmgpof iep [ketfomd& Fepd Qoffokg ei Tomhgpmg{{ _K cm om oddpg{{ te tbg [kettc{b ^w`fck Fo Apew~–{ ommwof kemigpgmkg& Gdcm`wpab& 1 Jwmg

0>?>-

3



cm epdgp ei ~pgigpgmkg-?7 Tbg Fc`gpof Dglekpot{ ewfd boyg ~pgigppgd te cmtpedwkg o

lwkb lepg ~pe~eptcemof {s{tgl fchg tbg [cmafg Tpom{igpo`fg Yetg& bckb c{ w{gd cm tbg

Pg~w`fck ei Cpgfomd& `wt bckb pgqwcpg{ lwftc,lgl`gp kem{tctwgmkcg{- Tbg

Kem{gpyotcyg{ ewfd fchg te {gg me kbomag ot off te tbg kwppgmt {s{tgl bckb c{ hmem

o{ tbg ‖icp{t ~o{t tbg ~e{t“ {s{tgl- Tbc{ fo`gf c{ met gmtcpgfs okkwpotg o{ cm le{t pokg{

tbg ~e{t c{ w{woffs icrgd cm odyomkg omd tbg cmmgp c{ tbg icp{t te ~o{{ tbot ~e{t- Cm ewp

kwppgmt {s{tgl tbgpg c{ me icrgd ~e{t- Ct kewfd lepg okkwpotgfs `g dg{kpc`gd o{ o

{cl~fg ~fwpofcts {s{tgl& cm etbgp epd{ cm gokb kem{tctwgmks tbg komdcdotg ctb tbg

le{t mwl`gp ei yetg{ cm{& gygm ci tbgs cm `s emg yetg eygp tbg {gkemd ~fokgd

komdcdotg omd gygm ci tbgs boyg fg{{ tbom 7>' ei tbg yetg{ ko{t- Ct {ggl{ te lg tbot

tbg ko{g iep pg~fokcma tbg kwppgmt {s{tgl ei yetcma bo{ `gkelg eygpbgflcma iep

{gygpof pgo{em{-

Icp{t& ct c{ wmiocp omd pc{h{ wmdgplcmcma tbg fgactcloks ei tbg Bew{g ei

Kellem{ omd tbgpgiepg tbg ò{c{ em bckb ewp aeygpmlgmt c{ kbe{gm- Me

aeygpmlgmt cm pgkgmt tclg{ bo{ em o lojepcts ei tbg yetg{ ko{t ot o agmgpof gfgktcem

omd sgt tbg kwppgmt {s{tgl bo{ dgfcygpgd te {cmafg ~opts aeygpmlgmt{ met emfs {oig

lojepctcg{ `wt {elgtclg{ ygps fopag emg{ em met lwkb lepg tbom 4>' ei tbg yetg-

Tbc{ o{ o{ tpwg ei tbg Foèwp ycktepcg{ ei ?331 omd 0>>? o{ ct o{ ei tbg

Kem{gpyotcyg ycktepcg{ ei ?32; omd ?321- @wt ct kom `g ep{g tbom tbot& `gkow{g tbg

kwppgmt {s{tgl kom dgfcygp o lojepcts ei {got{ te o ~opts tbot bo{ kelg {gkemd cm tbg

{bopg ei tbg motcemof yetg- Tbc{ c{ bot bo~~gmgd cm ?37?& bgm tbg Ottfgg

aeygpmlgmt fe{t gygm tbewab ct em lepg yetg{ omd cmdggd Foèwp em ct{ fopag{t

yetg cm bc{teps- Cm tbg icp{t gfgktcem ei ?314& o lcmepcts Foèwp aeygpmlgmt o{

?7 ôpfcolgmtops Yetcma [s{tgl omd Kem{tctwgmkcg{ @cff-

?>



ieplgd `gkow{g ct bod em lepg {got{ oftbewab ct bod iggp yetg{ tbom tbg

Kem{gpyotcyg{-

Cm giigkt ewp Bew{g ei Kellem{ c{ om gfgktepof keffgag& bckb dgkcdg{ be c{

te iepl tbg aeygpmlgmt- Tbg aeygpmlgmt omd tbg ^pclg Lcmc{tgp opg met dcpgktfs

gfgktgd `s tbg ~ge~fg oftbewab ct c{ eitgm tbewabt tbot tbgs opg- Qg opg ~pemg te {lcph

ot tbg Olgpckom{ iep tbgcp gfgktepof keffgag {s{tgl iep dgkcdcma be {bewfd `gkelg

~pg{cdgmt& bckb bo{ tckg lgomt tbot tbg ~gp{em be kolg {gkemd cm tbg motcemof

yetg bo{ `gkelg ~pg{cdgmt: emkg cm ?219& bckb fgd te tbg camelcmcew{ gmdcma ei tbg

~gpced hmem o{ ‖Pgkem{tpwktcem“ oitgp tbg Kcycf Qop8 omd lepg pgkgmtfs cm tbg

dc{~wtgd gfgktcem ei 0>>>& bckb o{ gygmtwoffs dgkcdgd cm ioyewp ei Agepag Q- @w{b

`s tbg W[ [w~pglg Kewpt-

@wt ewp {s{tgl c{ me `gttgp omd c{ agttcma ep{g- Cm tbg 0>>7 gfgktcem tbg

Foèwp ~opts o{ o`fg te pgtocm ~egp ctb o {oig lojepcts ei {got{ em fg{{ tbom ;9'

ei tbg motcemof yetg- Tbc{ sgop tbg Kem{gpyotcyg{ oktwoffs dcd `gttgp cm tbg {gm{g tbot

tbgs em ;1' ei tbg yetg{ ko{t `wt iocfgd te {gkwpg o lojepcts omd bod te gmtgp o

keofctcem ctb tbg Fc`gpof Dglekpot{- Ci tbgs bod em ~gpbo~{ ometbgp ~gpkgmtoag

~ecmt cm tbg {bopg ei tbg yetg{ ko{t& tbgs ewfd boyg e`tocmgd o lojepcts- Omd& o{ g

{boff {gg fotgp& tbot ewfd boyg wmfekhgd tbg deep te tbg o~~opgmtfs fclctfg{{ ~egp

tbot kemtpef ei ôpfcolgmt acyg{ o aeygpmlgmt- Tbot c{ be kfe{g tbc{ kewmtps kolg te

gfgktcma o aeygpmlgmt tbot bod lodg o lomcig{te kellctlgmt te pg~gof tbg Bwlom

Pcabt{ Okt- [elg e~cmcem ~eff{ gpg ~pgdcktcma tbot Foèwp lcabt pglocm tbg fopag{t

~opts cm tbg Bew{g ei Kellem{ gygm ci ct kolg {gkemd ep gygm tbcpd cm tbg {bopg ei

??



tbg motcemof yetg- Tbot ewfd {wpgfs boyg lodg gygm tbg Kem{gpyotcyg{ tbcmh tckg

o`ewt tbg fgactcloks ei tbg kwppgmt {s{tgl-

[gkemdfs& botgygp tbg lgpct{ ei tbg kwppgmt gfgktepof {s{tgl los boyg `ggm

bgm g bod o te ~opts {s{tgl ct kommet ke~g bgm ewp yetcma bo`ct{ boyg `gkelg

lwkb lepg yopcgd- Gygm fgoycma o{cdg tbg dgyefygd pgacem{ ei tbg WH& ctb tbgcp

lwftc,~opts {s{tgl{& cm Gmafomd g me boyg met emfs o {tpema tbcpd ~opts cm tbg

Fc`gpof Dglekpot{ `wt of{e WHC &̂ tbg Apggm ~opts omd gygm {odfs tbg @M -̂ Cm o

dglekpoks g boyg te {gg eii tbg tbpgot ei io{kc{l omd pokc{l tbpewab fgactclotg

dg`otg omd gfgktepof ~efctck{& met `s ~pgtgmdcma tbot ct deg{ met grc{t-

Tbcpdfs& tbg locm lgpct ei tbg kwppgmt {s{tgl c{ eitgm {ocd te `g tbot ct dgfcygp{

{to`fg lojepcts aeygpmlgmt{- @wt gygm tbot kommet `g tohgm iep apomtgd me- Cm tbc{

kewmtps tbg {s{tgl bo{ acygm w{ tbg icp{t ~gokgtclg keofctcem {cmkg tbg ?3;>{- Cm

Komodo& tbg emfs etbgp lojep dglekpoks tbot {tcff w{g{ tbg icp{t ~o{t tbg ~e{t {s{tgl&

tbg fo{t te gfgktcem{ cm 0>>9 omd 0>>2 boyg ~pedwkgd lcmepcts Kem{gpyotcyg

aeygpmlgmt{& met o {to`fg lojepcts- Kemygp{gfs& tbg pg{wft ei ewp gfgktcem tbc{ sgop bo{

{bem tbot& gygm ci emg ~opts deg{ met cm om gfgktcem ewtpcabt& g gpg ~gpigktfs

ko~o`fg cm tbc{ kewmtps ei ~wttcma teagtbgp o keofctcem ctbcm dos{ ei tbg gfgktcem

bckb o{ o`fg te oapgg o ~peapollg ei aeygpmlgmt omd c{ o`fg te iwmktcem ctb o

ephcma lojepcts cm tbg Bew{g ei Kellem{-

@wt& ci tbg kwppgmt yetcma {s{tgl c{ cm mggd ei pgiepl& c{ tbg OY {s{tgl em

eiigp oms `gttgp5 Cm ls ycg& ct c{& bcfg C ewfd kgptocmfs met kfocl ct c{ ~gpigkt- Ct

pgtocm{ tbg odyomtoag{ tbot tbg kwppgmt {s{tgl c{ {ocd te boyg& cm ~optckwfop tbg fcmh ei

?0



om L^ te o {cmafg lgl`gp kem{tctwgmks omd ct tgmd{ te dgfcygp aeygpmlgmt{ ctb

{to`fg lojepctcg{& oftbewab tbot o{ met tbg ewtkelg ei tbc{ Owaw{t–{ gfgktcem cm

Ow{tpofco& bgpg Foèp pgtocmgd ~egp `wt o{ o lcmepcts aeygpmlgmt {w~~eptgd `s

{elg Cmdg~gmdgmt L^{& acycma ct o metcemof lojepcts cm ôpfcolgmt ei jw{t emg {got-

Tbgpg kom `g me dew`t tbot OY kom& ci omstbcma& groaagpotg tbg giigkt ei `ca {cma{ cm

yetg{ o{ `gtggm tbg locm ~optcg{& {e tbot cm ?331 tbg Foèwp ~opts ewfd boyg

{gkwpgd om gygm `caagp yckteps eygp tbg Kem{gpyotcyg{ ci OY bod `ggm w{gd tbom wmdgp

tbg kwppgmt {s{tgl- Begygp& ct bo{ te `g om cl~peyglgmt em tbg kwppgmt {s{tgl& cm

ls ycg& omd {bewfd pgkgcyg {w~~ept cm tbg pgigpgmdwl- Tbc{ c{ `gkow{g ct deg{ ot

fgo{t lgom tbot cm oms ~optckwfop kem{tctwgmks tbg cmmcma komdcdotg bo{ te cm o

lojepcts ei tbg yetg{ ko{t oitgp {gkemd omd iwptbgp ~pgigpgmkg{ boyg `ggm kewmtgd& omd

met {cl~fs boyg tbg le{t yetg{ cm tbg icp{t pewmd- Tbc{ c{ tbg {s{tgl w{gd iep tbg

dcpgkt gfgktcem ei tbg Losep ei Femdem- Ct c{ te `g be~gd tbot tbg fgodgp ei tbg

E~~e{ctcem cff {w~~ept OY cm tbg pgigpgmdwl& o{ ct c{ cm giigkt tbg {s{tgl ei yetcma

tbot gfgktgd Gd Lcfcòmd tbg fgodgp ei tbg Foèwp ~opts oitgp bc{ `petbgp Doycd kolg

icp{t cm tbg icp{t pewmd ei yetcma- Cm ls ycg tbg OY {s{tgl cff acyg apgotgp

fgactcloks te gokb L^ omd tbgpgiepg te tbg aeygpmlgmt bckb c{ gfgktgd em tbg ò{c{

tbot ct bo{ o lojepcts cm tbg Bew{g ei Kellem{-

Tbg tbcpd locm ~cgkg ei wmicmc{bgd `w{cmg{{ c{ Bew{g ei Fepd{ pgiepl- Tbc{

bo{ `ggm octcma met jw{t {cmkg ?333 `wt {cmkg ?3?? bgm tbg ôpfcolgmt Okt

gmyc{oagd tbot ct ewfd `g o tgl~epops lgo{wpg ~gmdcma tbg ~fokcma ei tbg w~~gp

kbol`gp em o ~e~wfop ieetcma- Tbg ~ecmt kom `g ~wt {cl~fs- Ct c{ met fgactclotg ep

okkg~to`fg cm o dglekpoks iep oms ~opt ei ewp fgac{fotwpg te `g wmgfgktgd- Ci tbg lepof

omd ~efctckof owtbepcts ei aeygpmlgmt pg{t{ em tbg kem{gmt ei tbg aeygpmgd tbgm tbe{g

?;



be lohg ewp fo{ lw{t `g gfgktgd `s tbg ~ge~fg- Tbgpg c{ lwkb te `g {ocd iep tbg

gfgktcem ei lgl`gp{ ei tbg w~~gp bew{g te `g em o dciigpgmt {s{tgl tbom tbg Bew{g ei

Kellem{: iep grol~fg ci ct gpg kemdwktgd em o ~wpg ~pe~eptcemof {s{tgl ct ewfd

tgmd met te acyg oms ~opts o lojepcts omd {e tbg mg kbol`gp lcabt fgactclotgfs okt o{

o pg{tpocmcma cmifwgmkg em tbg fegp Bew{g- Omd& ci ct gpg tbewabt dg{cpo`fg& tbgpg

lcabt `g o~~pe~pcotg pgkeamctcem ei tbg dciigpgmt pgacem{ ei tbg WH& ~gpbo~{ ctbcm

Gmafomd tee& `s boycma pgacemof kem{tctwgmkcg{ o{ iep tbg Gwpe~gom ^opfcolgmt-

Tbgpg c{ of{e o ko{g iep {tc~wfotcma tbot tbg lgl`gp{ ei tbg w~~gp bew{g {bewfd

`g gfgktgd iep o lwkb femagp ~gpced tbom L^{& ~gpbo~{ iep o {cmafg tgpl ei ?7 sgop{&

omd ~gpbo~{ ctb emg tbcpd ei tbg bew{g boycma te {tomd dem gygps icyg sgop{& {cmkg

tbgs kewfd tbgm okt o{ tbgs {o ict cm tbg motcemof cmtgpg{t ctbewt tbg igop ei fe{cma

tbgcp {got ot tbg mgrt gfgktcem- @wt tbg kgmtpof ~pcmkc~fg lw{t pglocm tbot me emg

{bewfd oms femagp `g o lgl`gp ei ewp fgac{fotwpg be bo{ met `ggm gfgktgd- Ct c{ eitgm

{ocd tbot tbg Bew{g ei Fepd{ bo{ tbg `gmgict ei boycma olema ct{ lgl`gp{ ~ge~fg be

opg gr~gpt{ cm o yopcgts ei icgfd{- Qbcfg tbc{ c{ tpwg& omd o{ eitgm acygm o{ o pgo{em

iep pgtocmcma tbg Fo Fepd{ o{ lgl`gp{ ei tbg fgac{fotwpg& C tbcmh cm tbg gmd ct c{ met o

{wiickcgmt pgo{em te ewtgcab tbg cl~gpotcyg ei tbg dglekpotck ~pcmkc~fg- Tbgpg ewfd

`g metbcma te {te~ {wkb gr~gpt{ ipel {tomdcma iep gfgktcem te o pgieplgd w~~gp bew{g

`wt& gygm ci tbgs dcd met& tbgpg opg etbgp os{ cm bckb tbg bew{g ep [gmotg& o{ ct

lcabt `g pgmolgd& kewfd aocm okkg{{ te tbgcp gr~gptc{g& iep grol~fg `s tohcma

gycdgmkg cm kellcttgg-

@wt tbg fo{t omd le{t cl~eptomt qwg{tcem C omt te o{h c{ bgtbgp off ei tbc{ c{

lgpg tcmhgpcma- [bewfd g me ae off tbg os omd ode~t o pcttgm kem{tctwtcem5 Ei

?4



kewp{g& cm emg {gm{g g de boyg o pcttgm kem{tctwtcem- Ct los met `g kedcicgd& ep

pcttgm dem cm emg ~fokg& `wt g boyg bod kem{tctwtcemof dekwlgmt{ cm tbg ~o{t: g-a-

Loamo Kopto omd tbg @cff ei Pcabt{ "mgctbgp ei bckb o{ om okt ei ^opfcolgmt ci `s

tbot c{ lgomt tbg _wggm ep Hcma cm ^opfcolgmt#- Omd lepg pgkgmtfs& g boyg bod met

emfs {wkb cl~eptomt {totwtg{ o{ tbg Pg~pg{gmtotcem ei tbg ^ge~fg Okt{& bckb aoyg w{

wmcygp{of {wiipoag& `wt of{e tbg Gwpe~gom Kellwmctcg{ Okt ?310& tbg dgyefwtcem

fgac{fotcem ei ?332& tbg Bwlom Pcabt{ Okt ei tbg {olg sgop& tbg Kem{tctwtcemof

Pgiepl Okt 0>>7 omd tbg Kem{tctwtcemof Pgiepl omd Aeygpmomkg Okt 0>?>- Tbgpg c{

o fet ei kem{tctwtcemof fo cm pctcma ci tbg kctczgm c{bg{ te feeh ct w~-

Kemygp{gfs& o{ c{ gff,hmem& gygm o pcttgm kem{tctwtcem fchg tbot ei tbg W[O

deg{ met cm ~poktckg kemtocm off tbg pwfg{ bckb aeygpm tbg os cm bckb tbot kewmtps

c{ aeygpmgd- Gygps {s{tgl ei aeygpmlgmt bo{ wmpcttgm kemygmtcem{ te lggt tbg

mggd{ ei o kbomacma {ekcgts- @wt bot g dem–t boyg "o~~opgmtfs# c{ o iwmdolgmtof

fo& ctb o bcabgp {totw{ tbom epdcmops fo& bckb dgicmg{ tbg ~egp{ ei tbg locm

kem{tctwgmt ~opt{ ei tbg {totg- Cm ls ycg& tbgpg c{ lwkb te `g {ocd iep boycma o pcttgm

"ep kedcicgd# kem{tctwtcem gygm ci ct deg{ me lepg tbom {gt dem cm emg ~fokg tbg

ipolgeph iep be g opg kwppgmtfs aeygpmgd- O{ [tg~bgm Bekhlom _K omd etbgp{

boyg e`{gpygd& g ewfd met `g lwkb cl~pg{{gd ci& em o~~fscma te jecm o tgmmc{ kfw`&

g o{hgd iep tbg kfw`–{ kem{tctwtcem& emfs te `g tefd tbot ct o{ met {gt ewt cm emg ~fokg

`wt kewfd `g iewmd cm ~pgycew{ lcmwtg{ ei tbg kfw`& dgkc{cem{ ei ~o{t ~pg{cdgmt{ omd

wm{~ehgm kemygmtcem{-?9 O pcttgm ep kedcicgd kem{tctwtcem kewfd boyg o yofwo`fg pefg

te ~fos cm gdwkotcma tbg kctczgm{ ei tbg iwtwpg-

?9 [tg~bgm Bekhlom omd Ygpmem @eadomep gt of& ‒Teopd{ o Kedcicgd Kem{tctwtcem– "0>?># 1 Jw{tckg

Jewpmof 14: C o{ o lgl`gp ei tbg ephcma apew~ bckb ~pedwkgd tbc{ dekwlgmt-

?7



@wt ct {ggl{ te lg tbot tbg tclg bo{ kelg iep lepg iwmdolgmtof pgiepl: C

{waag{t tbot bot g mggd te pgkeamc{g gr~fckctfs c{ tbg ~pcmkc~fg ei kem{tctwtcemofc{l

‛ tbot off ~egp c{ fclctgd& cmkfwdcma tbg ~egp ei ôpfcolgmt- Jw{t o{ cm ledgpm

odlcmc{tpotcyg fo tbgpg c{ me {wkb tbcma o{ om wmigttgpgd dc{kpgtcem& {e cm

kem{tctwtcemof fo& C {waag{t& tbgpg {bewfd `g me èds cm tbg {totg bckb gmjes{

o`{efwtg ~egp- Qg mggd te leyg ipel o fe~,{cdgd kem{tctwtcem cm bckb o~~opgmtfs

tbg wftclotg kem{tctwtcemof ~pcmkc~fg c{ ôpfcolgmtops {eygpgcamts te o òfomkgd

kem{tctwtcem cm bckb gokb ~opt ei tbg {totg c{ fclctgd `s bcabgp kem{tctwtcemof

~pcmkc~fg{- Qbot g mggd te pgkeamc{g c{ tbot ct c{ met ôpfcolgmt bckb c{ {eygpgcam

`wt tbg kem{tctwtcem ct{gfi-

Cm tbg gopfs 0?{t kgmtwps kom ewp kem{tctwtcem ~fow{c`fs `g pgdwkgd {cl~fs te emg

~pcmkc~fg& tbg dektpcmg ei ôpfcolgmtops {eygpgcamts5 [w~~e{g o yc{ctep kolg te tbg

WH cm tbg lommgp ei Lemtg{qwcgw ep dg Tekqwgycffg me- O~opt ipel oms qwg{tcem ei

meplotcyg tbgeps& {cl~fs cm dg{kpc~tcyg tgpl{& be ewfd tbot yc{ctep dg{kpc`g tbg

g{{gmtcof igotwpg{ ei tbg kwppgmt @pctc{b kem{tctwtcem5 C ewfd lohg tbc{ tgmtotcyg

{waag{tcem o{ te ct{ g{{gmtcof igotwpg{:

"?# Ct c{ o lemopkbs `wt o kem{tctwtcemof lemopkbs& c-g- tbg melcmof bgod ei

{totg deg{ met cm ~poktckg grgpkc{g ~efctckof ~egp `wt okt{ em tbg odyckg ei

Bgp Lojg{ts–{ Aeygpmlgmt-

"0# Ct c{ o ôpfcolgmtops dglekpoks- Tbc{ bo{ te kel~emgmt{- Icp{t tbg

fgactcloks ei Bgp Lojg{ts–{ Aeygpmlgmt dg~gmd{ em tbg o`cfcts te

kellomd o {to`fg lojepcts cm tbg Bew{g ei Kellem{- Omd {gkemdfs& tbg

Bew{g ei Kellem{ c{ kfgopfs tbg delcmomt kbol`gp cm o `c,kolgpof

?9



fgac{fotwpg: ci mgkg{{ops& ct kom okt ctbewt tbg kem{gmt ei tbg Bew{g ei

Fepd{ te lohg fo{ wmdgp tbg ôpfcolgmt Okt{ ?3?? omd ?343-

";# Tbgpg c{ om cmdg~gmdgmt jwdckcops omd tbg aeygpmlgmt ct{gfi c{ {w`jgkt te

tbg fo- Tbg Pwfg ei Fo c{ o kem{tctwtcemof ~pcmkc~fg& o{ {gktcem ? ei tbg

Kem{tctwtcemof Pgiepl Okt 0>>7 dg{kpc`g{ ct& pglcmdcma w{ tbot g de

cmdggd boyg o kem{tctwtcem omd tbot ct kem{c{t{ ei ~pcmkc~fg{-

"4# Iwmdolgmtof bwlom pcabt{ opg pg{~gktgd- Tbg WH c{ o ~opts te tbg

Gwpe~gom Kemygmtcem em Bwlom Pcabt{ omd etbgp cmtgpmotcemof tpgotcg{ em

bwlom pcabt{-

"7# Tbg WH c{ ~opt ei tbg Gwpe~gom Wmcem& bckb bo{ fgac{fotcyg owtbepcts

eygp loms o{~gkt{ ei {ekcof omd gkemelck fcig& omd cmkpgo{cmafs etbgp

~opt{ ei ~w`fck ~efcks- Dcpgktfs giigktcyg GW fo c{ acygm giigkt cm tbg

delg{tck fgaof epdgp ctbewt tbg mggd iep iwptbgp gmoktlgmt `s {gktcem

0"?# ei tbg Gwpe~gom Kellwmctcg{ Okt ?310- Cm {e iop o{ tbgpg c{ oms

cmkem{c{tgmks `gtggm o mepl ei tbg delg{tck fgaof epdgp omd tbg

{w~pomotcemof Gwpe~gom fgaof epdgp& tbg fottgp c{ te ~pgyocf& gygm ci tbg

delg{tck mepl c{ kemtocmgd cm om Okt ei ôpfcolgmt omd gygm ci tbot Okt

o{ ~o{{gd oitgp tbg ?310 Okt-?1

"9# Tbg WH bo{ dgyefygd odlcmc{tpotcem{ cm Qofg{ omd Meptbgpm Cpgfomd& omd

of{e cm [ketfomd& bckb bo{ o ôpfcolgmt gmjescma cdg fgac{fotcyg ~egp{

em lottgp{ bckb opg met pg{gpygd te Qg{tlcm{tgp-

Tpodctcemof kem{tctwtcemof tbgeps ewfd boyg ct tbot tbg @pctc{b kem{tctwtcem c{

ifgrc`fg omd sgt {tpomagfs tbot ct bo{ met dgygfe~gd ot off {cmkg ?923& bgm tbg Kpem

ei Gmafomd o{ eiigpgd te Qcffcol omd Lops em kemdctcem tbot tbgs okkg~t tbg @cff ei ?1 P y [gkpgtops ei [totg iep Tpom{~ept& gr ~- Iokteptolg "Me- 0# X?33?\ ? OK 9>;-

?1



Pcabt{& bckb cm giigkt g{to`fc{bgd tbg {w~pgloks ei ôpfcolgmt eygp tbg Kpem8 ep

~gpbo~{ ?227& bgm Dckgs ~w`fc{bgd tbg icp{t gdctcem ei bc{ iolew{ eph em tbg fo

ei tbg kem{tctwtcem-

O~~opgmtfs& tbg _wggm cm ôpfcolgmt bo{ o`{efwtg ~egp te lohg ep wmlohg

oms fo- [e ct kewfd fgac{fotg iep Mg [ewtb Qofg{ ep Cmdco cm {~ctg ei tbg [totwtg ei

Qg{tlcm{tgp ei ?3;? ep tbg iokt tbot Cmdco `gkolg o delcmcem cm ?341 omd o pg~w`fck

cm ?37>- Ct kewfd oèfc{b tbg [kettc{b ôpfcolgmt ctbewt gygm o pgigpgmdwl ei tbg

~ge~fg ei [ketfomd& be yetgd iep tbot ôpfcolgmt cm ?332- Ct kewfd oèfc{b tbg

~pcmkc~fg ei wmcygp{of {wiipoag- Ct kewfd oèfc{b iwtwpg gfgktcem{ omd {e grtgmd ct{

fcigtclg cm ~gp~gtwcts- Ct kewfd oèfc{b tbg kemkg~t ei jwdckcof pgycg omd cmdggd tbg

kewpt{ tbgl{gfyg{ omd ~gpbo~{ yg{t off jwdckcof ~egp cm tbg lemopkb ep tbg ^pclg

Lcmc{tgp- Omd ei kewp{g ct kewfd fgac{fotg te dgkpgg tbot off `fwg gsgd ò`cg{ {boff `g

hcffgd- Qbgmgygp tbc{ hcmd ei grtpglg {kgmopce c{ ~e{gd& tbg kemygmtcemof pg{~em{g c{

te {os tbot tbg{g grol~fg{ opg o`{wpd omd& ei kewp{g& ôpfcolgmt ewfd de me {wkb

tbcma: `fwg gsgd ò`cg{ opg {oig-

Omd sgt& ôpfcolgmt "iep bckb emg {bewfd pgod tbg aeygpmlgmt& bckb bo{ om

o`{efwtg lojepcts cm tbg Bew{g ei Kellem{# bo{ cm pgkgmt tclg{ demg tbcma{ cm

pgfotcem te lcmepctcg{ tbot ct ewfd met boyg demg agmgpoffs- Ct c{ go{s te iepagt tbot

bgm Fepd [koplom aoyg bc{ iolew{ Bolfsm fgktwpg{ cm ?314& bgm bg odyekotgd

cmkep~epotcem ei tbg Gwpe~gom Kemygmtcem em Bwlom Pcabt{ cmte tbg fo{ ei tbc{

kewmtps& bot ~pel~tgd bc{ kemkgpm o{ bot bod bo~~gmgd cm ?392& bgm

ôpfcolgmt dg~pcygd O{com ~ge~fg fcycma cm go{t Oipcko be gpg @pctc{b kctczgm{ ei

tbg pcabt te kelg te tbc{ kewmtps bgm tbgs igopgd ~gp{gkwtcem- Tbc{ lgo{wpg o{

?2



pgaopdgd `s tbg Gwpe~gom Kellc{{cem ei Bwlom Pcabt{ o{ `gcma letcyotgd `s pokcof

~pgjwdckg omd iewmd te kem{tctwtg dgapodcma tpgotlgmt wmdgp Optckfg ; ei tbg Gwpe~gom

Kemygmtcem-?2 Lepg pgkgmtfs& oitgp 3%?? ôpfcolgmt pw{bgd tbpewab tbg Omtc,tgppepc{l&

Kpclg omd [gkwpcts Okt 0>>?& bckb gl~egpgd tbg [gkpgtops ei [totg te dgtocm

kgptocm {w{~gktgd tgppepc{t{ be gpg iepgcam motcemof{ ctbewt tpcof- Tbc{ o{ tbg

{w`jgkt ei tbg @gflop{b ko{g& omd gygmtwoffs fgd te o dgkfopotcem ei cmkel~otc`cfcts

`gcma lodg wmdgp {gktcem 4 ei tbg Bwlom Pcabt{ Okt cm pg{~gkt ei ôpt 4 ei tbg 0>>?

Okt- @wt tbot dcd met gmo`fg tbg Bew{g ei Fepd{ gctbgp te {tpchg dem tbg eiigmdcma

~peyc{cem{ ep te epdgp tbg pgfgo{g ei tbg dgtocmgg{& {cmkg tbgs gpg foiwffs dgtocmgd

wmdgp tbg owtbepcts ei ôpfcolgmt-?3 Omd ei kewp{g ct c{ met cl~e{{c`fg tbot tbg Bwlom

Pcabt{ Okt ct{gfi los `g pg~gofgd& {cmkg ct c{ met om gmtpgmkbgd {totwtg- Ct c{ eitgm {ocd

tbot tbg etbgp te dglekpokcg{ bckb opg kfe{g{t te tbg WH opg C{pogf omd Mg

Zgofomd `gkow{g ètb pgkeamc{g tbg dektpcmg ei ôpfcolgmtops {eygpgcamts omd mgctbgp

bo{ o pcttgm kem{tctwtcem- @wt bot gokb deg{ boyg c{ o {s{tgl ei ~pe~eptcemof

pg~pg{gmtotcem iep ct{ fgac{fotwpg omd kgptocm {totwtg{ bckb opg gmtpgmkbgd oaocm{t

epdcmops pg~gof-0>

Tbc{ tbgm {tophfs poc{g{ tbg qwg{tcem: be kom iwmdolgmtof bwlom pcabt{ `g

~petgktgd cm o kem{tctwtcemof {s{tgl {wkb o{ ewp{ bckb o~~opgmtfs kemigp{ o`{efwtg

~egp em ôpfcolgmt5 O{ Jolg{ Lodc{em ~wt ct cm tbg Igdgpofc{t ô~gp{: ‖Ci lgm

gpg omagf{& me aeygpmlgmt ewfd `g mgkg{{ops- Ci omagf{ gpg te aeygpm lgm&

mgctbgp grtgpmof mep cmtgpmof kemtpef{ em aeygpmlgmt ewfd `g mgkg{{ops- Cm ipolcma o

aeygpmlgmt bckb c{ te `g odlcmc{tgpgd `s lgm eygp lgm& tbg apgot dciickwfts fcg{ cm

?2 Go{t Oipckom O{com{ ko{g "?32;# ; GBPP 19-?3

O y [gkpgtops ei [totg iep tbg Belg Dg~optlgmt X0>>7\ 0 OK 92-0> Mg Zgofomd–{ Kem{tctwtcem Okt ?329 omd Gfgktepof Okt ?33;8 C{pogf–{ @o{ck Fo: Bwlom Dcamcts

omd Fc`gpts ?330-

?3



tbc{: sew lw{t icp{t gmo`fg tbg aeygpmlgmt te kemtpef tbg aeygpmgd8 omd cm tbg mgrt

~fokg e`fcag ct te kemtpef ct{gfi- O dg~gmdgmkg em tbg ~ge~fg c{ me dew`t tbg ~pclops

kemtpef em tbg aeygpmlgmt8 `wt gr~gpcgmkg bo{ towabt lomhcmd tbg mgkg{{cts ei

owrcfcops ~pgkowtcem{-“0?

Qbot owrcfcops ~pgkowtcem{ opg oyocfo`fg te w{ cm tbc{ kewmtps te ~pgygmt

tspomms omd ~petgkt bwlom pcabt{5 O kemygmtcemof wmdgp{tomdcma ei ewp kem{tctwtcem&

ò{gd em Dckgs& ewfd {waag{t tbot ct c{ met ~e{{c`fg- @wt etbgp yeckg{ dg{gpyg te `g

bgopd-

^peig{{ep ^bcfc~ Offett& cm o ?313 g{{os em tbg pgfotcem{bc~ `gtggm tbg pwfg ei

fo omd ôpfcolgmtops {eygpgcamts& {ocd tbc{:

‖@pcffcomtfs cm bc{ optckwfotcem ei tbg kemkg~t ei tbg Pwfg ei Fo& fg{{

keliepto`fs cm bc{ optckwfotcem ei tbg kemkg~t ei tbg [eygpgcamts ei ôpfcolgmt& Dckgs

{ewabt te dglem{tpotg tbg yofcdcts ei tbg {s{tgl cm tgpl{ ei ct{ em kebgpgmkg-

Dckgs–{ c{ o kebgpgmkg tbgeps ei o kem{tctwtcemof {s{tgl- Ct cmyctgd w{ te wmdgp{tomd

bs ct eph{ `s wmdgp{tomdcma be ct eph{- Tbg ~wp~e{g ei tbg ~pg{gmt {twds c{ te

pgkoff tbot ct c{ ~e{{c`fg te tohg ometbgp ycg ei ewp kem{tctwtcemof {s{tgl& cm ~optckwfop

o ‒bcabgp fo– ycg& omd te {waag{t tbot tbgpg opg apewmd{ iep tbcmhcma tbot {wkb o ycg

c{ me met emfs ~e{{c`fg `wt of{e mgkg{{ops-“00

Cm {clcfop ygcm& Tpgyep Offom {ocd cm om optckfg cm ?331 tbot: ‖Qbgm kem{tctwtcemof

dgòtg c{ e~gmgd w~ te epdcmops fgaof pgo{emcma& ò{gd em iwmdolgmtof ~pcmkc~fg{& g

0? Igdgpofc{t ô~gp{& Me- 7?& 9 Ig`pwops ?122-00 ^bcfc~ Offett& ‒Tbg Kewpt{ omd ôpfcolgmt: Qbe Qbel5– X?313\ Kol` FJ 13& ot ~-2>- Iep o dciigpgmt

ycg& bckb e`ycew{fs dg{gpyg{ pg{~gkt& {gg Fepd @cmabol& ‒Tbg Pwfg ei Fo omd tbg [eygpgcamts ei

ôpfcolgmt–& Kellglepotcem Epotcem& Hcma–{ Keffgag Femdem& ;? Ekte`gp 0>>18 omd of{e Fepd Kfophgomd Jebm [epo`jc& ‒Tbg Pwfg ei Fo omd ewp Kbomacma Kem{tctwtcem– cm Lod{ Omdgmo{ omd Dwmkom

Iocpapcgyg "gd{#& Tel @cmabol omd tbg Tpom{ieplotcem ei tbg Fo 0>>3& EW^#-

0>



{boff dc{keygp tbot tbg metcem ei wmfclctgd ôpfcolgmtops {eygpgcamts me femagp lohg{

oms fgaof ep kem{tctwtcemof {gm{g-“0;

Qctbewt oms kfocl te epcacmofcts C ewfd {waag{t tbot ct c{ opawo`fg tbot

ôpfcolgmtops {eygpgcamts c{ met cm iokt tbg iwmdolgmtof ~pcmkc~fg ei ewp kem{tctwtcem&

04 iep tbg ieffecma pgo{em{-

?- Tbot dektpcmg kommet ct{gfi ̀ g tbg ~pedwkt ei tbg cff ei ôpfcolgmt `gkow{g

tbot ewfd `g kcpkwfop- Cm oms gygmt tbgpg c{ me Okt ei ôpfcolgmt bckb

fos{ dem tbot dektpcmg- Tbg dektpcmg tbgpgiepg o~~gop{ te `g o pwfg ei tbg

kellem fo omd& o{ {wkb& kewfd `g oftgpgd cm tbg iwtwpg-

0- ôpfcolgmt deg{ met grc{t cm o {totg ei motwpg `wt potbgp ctbcm o {s{tgl ei

fo- Iep grol~fg& bot ôpfcolgmt c{ omd be ct los yofcdfs gmokt o fo

opg qwg{tcem{ tbot los boyg te `g dgtgplcmgd& o{ tbgs gpg cm Jokh{em-07

;- Tbg dektpcmg ei cl~fcgd pg~gof ei {totwtg{ bo{ qwcgtfs dc{o~~gopgd cm tbg

ko{g ei {e,koffgd ‖kem{tctwtcemof {totwtg{-“09 Tbg Gwpe~gom Kellwmctcg{

Okt ?310 c{ met pgaopdgd o{ `gcma cl~fcgdfs pg~gofgd `s o fotgp

cmkem{c{tgmt {totwtg& o{ tbg Bew{g ei Fepd{ bgfd cm Iokteptolg-01 Tbg {olg

kom of{e `g {ocd ei tbg Bwlom Pcabt{ Okt: {gktcem{ ; omd 4& iep grol~fg&

boyg `ggm w{gd cm pgfotcem te fotgp {totwtg{ "o{ cm tbg @gflop{b ko{g#&

bgpgo{ tpodctcemof tbgeps ewfd boyg bod ct tbot tbg fotgp {totwtg cl~fcgdfs

pg~gofgd tbe{g ~peyc{cem{ te tbg grtgmt ei oms cmkem{c{tgmks-

0; Tpgyep Offom& ‒ôpfcolgmtops [eygpgcamts: Fo& ̂ efctck{ omd Pgyefwtcem– "?331# ??; F_P 44;& ot

~-443- [gg of{e tbg {olg owtbep–{ èeh{& Fo& Fc`gpts omd Jw{tckg "?330& Kfopgmdem#& g{~- Kb- ??8 omd

Kem{tctwtcemof Jw{tckg "0>>?& EW^#& g{~- Kb- 1-04 [gg of{e P "Jokh{em# y Ottepmgs Agmgpof X0>>9\ ? OK 090& ~opo{- ?>4,?>1 "Fepd Be~g#-07

P "Jokh{em# y Ottepmgs Agmgpof X0>>9\ ? OK 090-09 Tbe`wpm y [wmdgpfomd Kcts Kewmkcf X0>>;\ _@ ?7?-01 P y [gkpgtops ei [totg iep Tpom{~ept& gr ~- Iokteptolg X?33?\ ? OK 9>;-

0?



4- Ci tbc{ kom bo~~gm tbgm tbot {waag{t{ tbot tbg tpodctcemof ycg tbot tbgpg

kommet `g gmtpgmkblgmt `s ~pg{kpc~tcem ei tbg iepl omd lommgp ei iwtwpg

Okt{ ei ôpfcolgmt c{ of{e pema- Tbg gr~gpcgmkg ei C{pogf omd Mg

Zgofomd {waag{t{ tbot& ot tbg ygps fgo{t& {elg iepl ei ôpfcolgmtops

gmtpgmkblgmt c{ ~e{{c`fg gygm cm {s{tgl{ fchg ewp{-

7- Ct los gygm `g tbot tbgpg opg kgptocm gr~pg{{ fo{ bckb ct ewfd met `g

ctbcm tbg ~egp ei ôpfcolgmt te gmokt& ci tbgs {tpchg ot tbg ygps bgopt ei

ewp kem{tctwtcemof oppomaglgmt{& g-a- te oèfc{b ôpfcolgmt ct{gfi8 te pg~gof

tbg ~pcmkc~fg ei wmcygp{of {wiipoag8 te oèfc{b tbg kewpt{ ep tbgcp ~egp ei

jwdckcof pgycg- Tohg tbg grol~fg ei ew{tgp kfow{g{: tbgpg c{ o kgptocm

cmkebgpgmkg cm om Okt bckb kpgotg{ o tpc`wmof ctb fclctgd jwpc{dcktcem omd

tbgm ~wp~ept{ te kemigp cllwmcts em tbot tpc`wmof ipel jwdckcof pgycg ‛

bckb cm{tpwktcem `s ôpfcolgmt opg tbg kewpt{ {w~~e{gd te e`gs5

Gr~gpcgmkg {waag{t{ tbot tbgs cff met acyg giigkt te o kfow{g bckb

~wp~ept{ te ew{t jwdckcof pgycg kel~fgtgfs-02

Omd g mggd te agt ewp kem{tctwtcemof tbgeps pcabt- ôpfcolgmtops {eygpgcamts

kommet jw{t `g gr~focmgd oos o{ o ~efctckof iokt ‛ tbot gr~fomotcem los `g

oyocfo`fg te o ~efctckof {kcgmtc{t ep bc{tepcom ep {elg etbgp grtgpmof e`{gpygp- @wt

tbc{ c{ te camepg bot Bopt bcl{gfi koffgd tbg cmtgpmof ~ecmt ei ycg& 03 c-g- tbg ~ecmt

ei ycg ei {elgemg be c{ om oktep ctbcm tbg fgaof {s{tgl omd `gfcgyg{ tbot ct c{

o fgactclotg {s{tgl bckb dg{gpyg{ bc{ ep bgp offgacomkg- Ct c{ met& C {waag{t&

oyocfo`fg te o fosgp& {tcff fg{{ o jwdag ‛ jwdag{ de met eg offgacomkg te o ~efctckof

iokt& tbgs eg offgacomkg te tbg fo- Tbgs lw{t tps te eph ewt& w{cma o~~pe~pcotg

02

G-a- Omc{lcmck y Iepgcam Kel~gm{otcem Kellc{{cem X?393\ 0 OK ?41 omd P y [gkpgtops ei [totg iep tbg Belg Dg~optlgmt& gr ~- Iosgd X?332\ ? QFP 19;-03 B F O Bopt& Tbg Kemkg~t ei Fo "0md gd-& ?334& EW^# ~~-23,3?-

00



fgaof lotgpcof{& bot tbgcp fgaof {s{tgl pgqwcpg{ ei tbgl- O ~pcg{t {bewfd met `g om

otbgc{t- Ci ôpfcolgmt c{ tpwfs wmfclctgd cm ct{ ~egp{ cm ewp fgaof {s{tgl tbot c{

`gkow{g tbot c{ o fgaof ~pcmkc~fg bckb dg{gpyg{ ewp fesof odbgpgmkg& met `gkow{g ct

c{ o ~efctckof iokt-

Begygp& C ewfd oapgg ctb tbe{g be boyg {waag{tgd tbot ct ewfd `g `gttgp

iep tbg kewpt{ met te boyg tohg em tbg to{h ei dgkcdcma tbot tbg ~egp{ ei

ôpfcolgmt opg fclctgd wmdgp ewp kellem fo kem{tctwtcem omd iep tbgpg te `g o

~w`fck dgòtg oèwt tbg{g c{{wg{- Wftclotgfs tbgpg {bewfd `g o pcttgm kem{tctwtcem

ode~tgd omd o~~peygd `s tbg ~ge~fg cm o pgigpgmdwl& {gttcma ewt tbg ~egp{ ei

ôpfcolgmt omd tbg etbgp `pomkbg{ ei tbg {totg-

Tbgm g ewfd boyg pg{tepgd tbg kem{tctwtcem te ò{ck ~pcmkc~fg{& tbot off ~w`fck

~egp c{ kemigppgd `s tbg ~ge~fg omd c{ bgfd cm tpw{t em tbgcp `gbofi ‛ ct kommet `g

w{gd te ottokh tbg ygps {tpwktwpof ~pcmkc~fg{ bckb bgf~ te dgicmg met emfs ewp

kem{tctwtcemof oppomaglgmt{ `wt ewp yofwg{ o{ o ipgg omd dglekpotck {ekcgts

aeygpmgd `s tbg pwfg ei fo-

Po`cmdgp [cmab _K;>

;> C ewfd fchg te tbomh tbg Fgaof Cmieplotcem Tgol ot Lotpcr Kbol`gp{ iep tbgcp o{{c{tomkg ctb

pg{gopkb iep tbc{ fgktwpg-

Rabinder Singh - JUSTICE Tom Sargent Lecture 2010

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Transcript of Rabinder Singh - JUSTICE Tom Sargent Lecture 2010