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?)&DB@() G,- =,AG,DA)(- ?A) -(/?@>,AB+>* #?B

B@?@>B@>=?//K B>%A>G>=?A@$

45675;65?5>76 4A)>=?@,-$ C+(

*?-@>=>*?A@B #(-( %-,D*() >A@, 0 =?@(%,->(Bg @+,B(

#>@+ ',A@+/K >A=,'( ^N"5551 N"55"9T5551 ?A)

hNT5551 G,DA) @+?@ *(-B,AB >A N"55"9T555X',A@+

?A) hT555 =?@(%,-K +?) >A=-(?B() ,))B ,G CI EK

""5S ?A) U4S -(B*(=@>L(/K =,'*?-() @,

^N"555X',A@+ =?@(%,-K$ 6A ? 49K(?- =?B(9=,A@-,/

B@D)K EK b>(A+?-)@ (@ ?/$0; >A=/D)>A% =>*?A@B

H0"T =?B(B ?A) 05T =,A@-,/BJ >A e?'E>? DB>A%

+,DB(+,/) ?BB(@B B=,-( H59"1 493 and ≥4 scores (high

B=,-(B '(?AB ',-( ?GG/D(A@J1 G,DA) @+?@ @+,B( >A 490

score and ≥4 score group had increased odds of TB

>AG(=@>,A EK ""3S ?A) ""US -(B*(=@>L(/K =,'*?-()

@, @+,B( >A 59" B=,-( %-,D*$ M?-/>A% (@ ?/$ 0A@>/( @, '(?BD-( >A=,'( ?A) ?-%D() @+?@

*?-@>=>*?A@B >A @+( /,#(B@ VD>A@>/( #(-( ?@ A(?-/K

@#>=( @+( />R(/>+,,) ,G CI >AG(=@>,A #+>/( ? B>%A>G>=?A@

*-,@(=@>L( (GG(=@ ,G ?E,D@ :TS #?B A,@>=() >A @+(

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*(-B,AB >A '>))/( VD>A@>/($

>)*@$?%:; 

M>// (@ ?/$0T  ?A) Y-?'*>A (@ ?/$0:  -(*,-@() @+?@

*?-@>=>*?A@B #+, ?-( DA()D=?@() +?) >A=-(?B()

/>R(/>+,,) ,G CI @-?AB'>BB>,A EK /(L(/ ?A?/KB>B -(*,-@() @+?@

E(>A% ('*/,K() >A @+( *?B@ " K(?- B>%A>G>=?A@/K

decreased a person’s likelihood of TB infection by?/',B@ 4TS =,'*?-() #>@+ @+,B( DA('*/,K() >A @+(

*?B@ " K(?-$ PA @+( =,A@-?-K1 M?A-?+?A (@ ?/$ 0U 

?-%D() @+?@ @+(-( #?B A, B@?@>B@>=?//K B>%A>G>=?A@

-(/?@>,AB+>* >A @+( ->BR ,G CI >AG(=@>,A E(@#((A

('*/,K() ?A) DA('*/,K()$ C+>B BD%%(B@B @+?@ E,@+

@+( ('*/,K() ?A) DA('*/,K() +?) (VD?/ />R(/>+,,)

,G CI >AG(=@>,A$

D@@*C$?%:; 

7@D=R/(- (@ ?/$35 -(=(A@/K >A ? *,*D/?@>,A9E?B() BD-L(K

DB() @+( OMP e/,E?/ CDE(-=D/,B>B Z?@?E?B( H455;])>@>,AJ G,- CI ',-E>)>@K ?A) ',-@?/>@K '(?BD-(B ?A)

@+( (=,/,%>=?/ )?@? ,A CI ?A) '>A>A% G,- 33 ,G 3<

countries in the WHO’s African region. The result of

@+>B B@D)K BD%%(B@() @+?@ G,- (?=+ "5S ->B( >A '>A>A%

*-,)D=@>,A #?B =,--(/?@() #>@+ B>%A>G>=?A@ 5$;S

>A=-(?B( >A CI >A=>)(A=($

k(+>A)( (@ ?/$3"  >A ? +,B*>@?/9E?B() =-,BB9B(=@>,A?/

study involving 271 participants aged ≥20 years in a

B>A%/( B(@@>A% >A 2>%(->?1 -(*,-@() @+?@ DABR>//()

+(?/@+ =?-( #,-R(-B HMYOBJ +?) +>%+(- ->BR ,G CI EK

"5TS =,'*?-() @, BR>//() MYOB$ k?K?A&? (@ ?/$34 >A ?

B>'>/?- B@D)K >AL,/L>A% 0;< MYOB G-,' 0 )>GG(-(A@

B(@@>A%B >A \%?A)?1 G,DA) @+?@ AD-B(B ?A) BD**,-@

B@?GG +?) >A=-(?B() />R(/>+,,) EK ?E,D@ 49G,/)B ?A)

@(=+A>=>?AB +?) B>%A>G>=?A@ -()D=@>,A >A />R(/>+,,) ,G

CI EK 34S #+(A E,@+ =,'*?-() #>@+

=/(->=?/X?)'>A>B@-?@>L( B@?GG$ Y,AB>B@(A@/K1 ]K,E (@

?/$30  >A ? +,B*>@?/9E?B() -(@-,B*(=@>L( =,+,-@ B@D)K

#>@+ "5 K(?-B H";U;9";;UJ G,//,#9D* >AL,/L>A% ":T

MYOB #>@+ '()>?A ?%( ,G 03 K(?-B >A ]@+>,*>?

,EB(-L() @+?@ @+( >A=>)(A=( -?@(B ,G CIX"551555

*(-B,A9K(?- ,G G,//,#9D*1 -?A%(B G-,' /,#(B@ @,

+>%+(B@ ?',A% MYOB1 #(-( l9-?K @(=+A>=>?A H5J1

AD-B(B HU00J1 ),=@,-B H"TU:J1 /?E,-?@,-K @(=+A>=>?A

H3T3TJ ?A) :534 G,- )->L(-B$ Y,A@-?->/K1 e?/%?/, (@ ?/$33 

=,A)D=@() ? +,B*>@?/9E?B() =?B(9=,A@-,/ B@D)K

>AL,/L>A% 0U" MYOB HB@(A@/K1 b>(A+?-)@ (@ ?/$001 Y-?'*>A (@ ?/$0:  ?A)

k?K?A&? (@ ?/$34 ?-%D( @+?@ *?-@>=>*?A@B #+, =,ABD'(?/=,+,/ +?) B>%A>G>=?A@ >A=-(?B() ->BR ,G CI )>B(?B( EK

?/',B@ 49G,/) #+(A =,'*?-() #>@+ @+,B( @+?@ ), A,@

=,ABD'( ?/=,+,/$

+#:E%;= 

M>// (@ ?/$0T1 Y-?'*>A (@ ?/$0:  ?A) )(A I,,A (@ ?/$0" 

G,DA) @+?@ B',R(-B ?-( ?/',B@ 49G,/)B ',-( />R(/K ,G

CI @-?AB'>BB>,A =,'*?-() #>@+ A,A9B',R(-B ?G@(-

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B>%A>G>=?A@/K >A=-(?B() />R(/>+,,) ,G CI >AG(=@>,A EK

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C?AQ?A>?1 aG>A?A%? (@ ?/$ 3,A?/ B@D)K >A=/D)>A% 34< *?-@>=>*?A@B ?',A%

/>L(B@,=R R((*(- ?A) @+( %(A(-?/ *,*D/?@>,A -(*,-@()

@+?@ =D/@D-?/ *-?=@>=( ,G (?@>A% DA=,,R() '(?@ ?A)

)->AR>A% G-(B+ -?# =,# E/,,) >A=-(?B() @+( />R(/>+,,)

,G CI )>B(?B( EK -,D%+/K 49G,/)B =,'*?-() @, @+,B(

#+, ), (A%?%() >A BD=+ *-?=@>=($ C+(K ?/B, ?-%D()

@+?@ >A@?R( ,G DA*?B@(D->Q() =,# '>/R #?B

B@?@>B@>=?//K B>%A>G>=?A@ >A >A=-(?B() />R(/>+,,) ,G CI

>AG(=@>,A =,'*?-() @, @+,B( #+, =,ABD'() E,>/ =,#

'>/R ?A) %,?@ '>/R$

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05E5=< 4AG(=@>,A YlNXB*D@D'

B'(?- @(B@m

F%(1 B([1 7]71 Ia6 6A=-(?B>A% ?%(1 '?/( B([1

(@+A>=>@K1 ?)D/@ =-,#)>A%1 G?'>/K

B@-D=@D-(1 ?A) *,,- +,DB>A%

=,A)>@>,AB #(-( >A)(*(A)(A@->BR G?=@,-B G,- CI$

R  ]K,E (@ ?/

H4554J i03j

]@+>,*>? ":T CI >AG(=@>,A YlNXB*D@D'

B'(?-

@(B@mXE>,*BKm

Z>) A,@ ?)&DB@ G,- ?AK

=,AG,DA)(-

MYO H2D-B(B1 ),=@,-B1

/?E,-?@,-K @(=+A>=>?A ?A)

)->L(-BJ #(-( ?BB,=>?@() #>@+

>A=-(?B() CI >A=>)(A=($

08@;D65?= *,B>@>,A1

-?@+(- @+?A /,#(-1 #?B

?BB,=>?@() #>@+ B>%A>G>=?A@/K

+>%+(- ->BR ,G CI >AG(=@>,A$

`  e?/%?/, (@ ?/

H455UJ i0AG(=@>,A YlNXB*D@D'

B'(?- @(B@m

M6.1 #,-R>A% =,A)>@>,A Y/>A>=?/ B@?GG HAD-B(B1 BD**,-@

B@?GG1 ),=@,-B1 /?E,-?@,-K

B=>(A@>B@J #(-( ?BB,=>?@() #>@+

>A=-(?B() ->BR ,G CI >AG(=@>,A

=,'*?-() ?)'>A>B@-?@>L( B@?GG

]  M>// (@ ?/ H455@?/ B@?@DB1 (@+A>=>@K1 ?)D/@=-,#)>A%1 B',R>A%1 ,==D*?@>,A

?A) *,,- +,DB>A% =,A)>@>,AB

#(-( >A)(*(A)(A@ ->BR G?=@,-B

G,- CI

a  b>(A+?-)@ (@ ?/

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e?'E>?1

eD>Af(

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I>BB?D

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@(B@m XB*D@D'

=D/@D-( @(B@m

F%(1 B([1 7]71 M6. CI #?B ?BB,=>?@() #>@+ '?/(

B([1 B',R>A%1 '?->@?/ B@?@DB1

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B',R>A%1 ?A) *,,- />L>A%

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=,A=(A@-?@>,AB

7*D@D' B'(?-

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M6.1 />L(- GDA=@>,A 6A=-(?B() )>(@?-K >-,A #?B

?BB,=>?@() #>@+ +>%+ ->BR ,G CI

0=5@@D@;6BJ

CI>AG(=@>,AX'>A>

A%

CI @(B@ #?B E?B(),A OMP )>?%A,B>B M6.1 7]71 ([*,-@)(*(A)(A=(1

D-E?A>Q?@>,A -?@(B1

*,*D/?@>,A B>Q(

a>A>A% >B ? B>%A>G>=?A@)(@(-'>A?A@ ,G =,DA@-K#>)(

L?->?@>,A >A CI ?',A% BDE9

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@+ =?-(

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7*D@D' B'(?-

@(B@m XB*D@D'

=D/@D-( @(B@m

IYe L?==>A?@>,A +>B@,-K 7DE&(=@B ?%ed ≥20 years, female

%(A)(- ?A) DABR>//()

*-,G(BB>,A?/ +?) +>%+(- ->BR ,G

,==D*?@>,A?//K9?=VD>-() CI

MR  Y,-E(@@ (@ ?/

H455;J i33j

d>'E?E#( "434< CI >AG(=@>,A 7*D@D' B'(?-

@(B@m ?A) B*D@D'

=D/@D-( @(B@m

F%(1 B([1 M6. PL(-=-,#)>A%1 '?/( B([1 #(-(

@+( '?&,- ->BR G?=@,-B G,- CI

MN  7(R?A)> (@ ?/

H455;J i3Tj

\%?A)? "555 CI >AG(=@>,A 7*D@D' B'(?-

@(B@m

Z>) A,@ ?)&DB@ G,-

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,G CI >AG(=@>,A E(@#((A '?/(B

?A) G('?/( *?-@>=>*?A@B

M`  M?-/>A% (@ ?/

H455UJ i3=? "0530 CI >AG(=@>,A 7*D@D' B'(?-

@(B@m XYlNXC7C

≥10 mm 

F%(1 B([1 7]71 Ia6

B',R>A%1 ?/=,+,/1

(@+A>=>@K

CI #?B ?BB,=>?@() #>@+

=>%?-(@@( B',R>A%1 ?/=,+,/

>A@?R(1 /,# ()D=?@>,A1DA('*/,K'(A@ ?A) /,#(-

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B',R>A%

TST ≥10 mm (n=

"1U04

F%(1 B([1 7]71 7',R>A% ?BB,=>?@() #>@+

C7Cm1 ),B( -(B*,AB( ,EB(-L()

E?B() ,A *?=R K(?-B

Ma  k?K?A&? (@ ?/

H455TJ i3Uj

\%?A)? 0;< CI >AG(=@>,A CXR/TST ≥10 mm  F%(1 M6.1 IYe B=?-1

)(*?-@'(A@ ,G #,-R

2D-B(B1 BD**,-@ B@?GG ?A)

@(=+A>=>?A +?) >A=-(?B()

/>R(/>+,,) ,G CI =,'*?-() #>@+

=/(->=?/X?)'>A>B@-?@>L( B@?GG

Mb  aG>A?A%? (@ ?/

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≥10 mm 

Z>) A,@ ?)&DB@ G,-

=,AG,DA)(-

Y,ABD'*@>,A ,G DA*?B@(D->Q()

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?BB,=>?@() #>@+ CI

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/>G(@>'( CI >AG(=@>,A ?',A% *?-@>=>*?A@B EK ;=>*?A@B #>@+

'>))/( ?A) +>%+(- B=,-( ,G =-,#)>A% >A)([ +?)

>A=-(?B() ,))B ,G CI >AG(=@>,A EK -,D%+/K 49G,/)B ?A)

09G,/)B -(B*(=@>L(/K =,'*?-() @, @+,B( #>@+ /,#(-

B=,-($ F))>@>,A?//K1 b>(A+?-)@ (@ ?/$00  ?/B, ,EB(-L()

@+?@ )#(//>A% h"5 ?A) L(/K =,'*?-() #>@+ @+,B( "9T

?)D/@B *(- +,DB(+,/) )#(//(-B$

F:*"%;= G2"%=;

M>// (@ ?/$0T  ,EB(-L() @+?@ @+,B( *(-B,AB #>@+ 493#>A),#BX-,,' +?) ""S )(=-(?B() >A />R(/>+,,) ,G CI

>AG(=@>,A =,'*?-() @, @+,B( #>@+ 59" #>A),#X-,,'$

b>(A+?-)@ (@ ?/$00  ?/B, ?-%D() @+?@ *?-@>=>*?A@B #+,

+?) " ?A) h4 #>A),#B +?) A(?-/K 05S B>%A>G>=?A@

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#>@+,D@ #>A),#$

F:*"2 DH;23"1%C

b>(A+?-)@ (@ ?/$00  ?A) b>(A+?-)@ (@ ?/$0;  >A ? =?B(9

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,G +,DB( B>%A>G>=?A@/K >A=-(?B() @+( ,))B ,G CI>AG(=@>,A EK "34S ?A) "00S -(B*(=@>L(/K =,'*?-()

#>@+ @+,B( #+, ,#A() *(-B,A?/ +,DB($

I&$@2 :J K2"%)2;@2 

I,==>? (@ ?/$4;  ?A) M?-/>A% (@ ?/$ 0%A>G>=?A@ >A=-(?B() ->BR ,G CI

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?A) "5L(/K$

+:*3@2 :J 8$?23 +*CC&A

b>(A+?-)@ (@ ?/$00 ,EB(-L() @+?@ *?-@>=>*?A@B #+, DB()

‘well’ and ‘others’ (stream, river, and lake) had

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 &,E ?A) BR>// ?=VD>B>@>,A B=+('(B1 >A=-(?B( %>-/9=+>/)

()D=?@>,A1 ?A) (A=,D-?%( >'*-,L('(A@ >A G?'>/K

=,+(B>,A ?',A% @+( BDE97?+?-?A FG->=? *,*D/?@>,A?A) @+>B #>// -()D=( @+( B,=>?/ >A(VD?/>@>(B @+(-(EK

*-(L(A@>A% @+( CI @-?AB'>BB>,A$ C+(-( B+,D/) E(

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