Ti liu hng dn bo dng my tnh

Pht hin, thay th cc b phn h hng

Sec3

Gio trnh

QUY TRNH BO DNG MY TNH

MC LC5CHNG 1. QUY TRNH BO DNG MY TNH

51.1 GII THIU CHUNG

51.1.1. Phm vi p dng

51.1.2. Quy nh v an ton

51.1.3. Dng c cn thit cho bo dng

51.1.4. iu kin lm vic

51.1.5. S tng th qu trnh bo dng

61.2. TIP NHN NH GI TNH TRNG

71.3. MT VI IU CN LU KHI TIN HNH THO LP

81.4. TIN HNH BO DNG

81.4.1. Sao lu d liu, dit virus

211.4.2. Tin hnh bo dng phn cng

271.4.3. Tin hnh lp rp v hiu chnh

301.4.4. Dng trnh tin ch ti u ho h thng

401.4.5. Yu cu k thut cn t c sau khi bo dng.

41CHNG 2. PHT HIN, THAY TH CC B PHN H HNG TRONG KHI H THNG MY TNH

412.1. PHT HIN CC B PHN H HNG

412.1.1. Lu x l li ngun

432.1.2. Lu x l li card mn hnh

442.1.3. Lu x l li thit b IDE

462.1.4. Lu x l li a cng

472.1.5. Lu x l li a CDRom

482.1.6. Lu x l li bo mch ch, vi x l, b nh

492.1.7. Lu x l li khi vn hnh ca bo mch ch, vi x l, b nh.

512.1.8. Lu x l li card m thanh

522.1.9. Lu x l li a mm

532.1.10. Lu x l li bn phm

532.1.10. Lu x l li chut

542.1.11. Lu x l xung t

552.2. THAY TH CC B PHN H HNG

552.2.1. Thay th ngun

552.2.2.Thay th card mn hnh

552.2.3. Thay th a IDE

562.2.4. Thay th RAM

562.2.5. Thay th CPU

562.2.6. Thay th bo mch ch

562.2.7. Thay th a mm

562.2.8. Thay th bn phm, chut

57CHNG 3: KHI NGUN MY TNH

573.1. TNG QUAN NGUN MY TNH

573.1.1. Cc dng b ngun

703.1.2. Cc kiu gic cm ca b ngun

783.1.3. Ti ca b ngun

813.1.4. Cc chi tit k thut ca b ngun

833.1.5. Cc yu cu cn thit khi tin hnh sa cha ngun my tnh

85CHNG 4: SA CHA NGUN MY TNH KIU AT

854.1. S KHI KIU NGUN AT

854.1.1. Gii thch cc thnh phn mch in trn s khi b ngun kiu AT

874.1.2. S nguyn l ngun AT

894.2. TH T TM PAN TRN MCH NGUN AT

894.2.1 Kim tra mch nn v chnh lu s cp

894.2.2. Kim tra ti

904.2.3. Kim tra khi dao ng

934.2.4. Kim tra mch bo v

934.3. CC H HNG THNG GP TRN KHI NGUN AT

934.3.1. Bt in n cu ch

944.3.2. Mt dao ng khng c in p ra

1004.3.3. Ngun ra thp hn bnh thng

1014.3.4. Ngun ra cao hn bnh thng.

1024.3.5. C ngun khi mi cp, sau mt ngun

103CHNG 5: SA CHA NGUN MY TNH KIU ATX

1035.1. S KHI KIU NGUN ATX

1035.1.1. Gii thch cc thnh phn mch in trn s khi b ngun kiu ATX

1055.1.2. S nguyn l kiu ngun ATX

1135.2. CC H HNG THNG GP TRN KHI NGUN ATX

1135.2.1. Bt in n cu ch

1155.2.2. Mt dao ng khng c in p ra

1205.2.3. Ngun ra thp hn bnh thng

1215.2.4. Ngun ra cao hn bnh thng

1225.2.5. C ngun khi mi cp, sau mt ngun

1225.2.6. Ngun chp chn, lin tc khi ng li

1245.1. S NGUYN L NGUN MY TNH KIU AT V ATX

CHNG 1. QUY TRNH BO DNG MY TNH1.1 GII THIU CHUNG

1.1.1. Phm vi p dng- Ti liu ny p dng cho vic qun l v tin hnh bo dng, sa cha my tnh.

1.1.2. Quy nh v an ton- Phi ngt cc ngun in p cung cp cho my trc khi tin hnh bo dng.

- Trong qu trnh hiu chnh my trc khi lp rp cn phi ch n cc ngun in.

- V tr ng kim tra hiu chnh my phi c thm cch in, dp cch in.

1.1.3. Dng c cn thit cho bo dngKhi lm vic vi cc thnh phn my tnh, c th lm tt cng vic lau chi v sinh h thng chng ta cn phi c mt s cng c sau:

- T vt nh c t tnh

- Km nhn

- T vt dt loi nh c t tnh

- Bnh pht kh

- T vt loi va c t tnh

- Bn chi nh

- T vt dt loi va c t tnh

- My ht bi- a CD cng c

- cng lu d liu

- Vi bng mm khng c si vi hoc ming xp mm.

- Cn 900 v dung dch BUTIN, cht ty SUMO v m bi trn SILICONE.

1.1.4. iu kin lm vic- in p xoay chiu t 220 V n 240 V ((10%) 50/60 (Hz).

- Bn thao tc phi m bo thun tin (khng qu cao, khng qu thp), sng.

1.1.5. S tng th qu trnh bo dng

1.2. TIP NHN NH GI TNH TRNG- Kim tra lnh bo dng.

- Kim tra tnh trng bn ngoi, tem nim phong, tem qun l.

- Kim tra tnh trng hot ng ca my.

- So snh cu hnh thc trng vi lnh bo dng

- My vn ang hot ng, cn tin hnh bo dng theo nh k.

- D tr vt t cn thay th.

1.3. MT VI IU CN LU KHI TIN HNH THO LP

Trc khi g b h thng nn ghi li tt c cc thit b v cu hnh ca tng b phn, bao gm cc thit lp chuyn mch (jumper v switch), cc hng v sp xp cp ni, cc v tr dy thm ch c v tr sp xp ca cc card iu hp.

Vic ghi chp ny ht sc quan trng, v nu cc jumper hoc switch gp rc ri khi chng ta s bit lc u chng c thit lp nh th no trong khi ti liu hng dn khng c. Ngoi ra cng nn ghi li cc nh hng cp ni, hu ht cc h thng c nhn mc sn xut u c s dng cp v u ni c kho khng lp ngc, tuy nhin i vi mt s th khng c c tnh ny. Thm vo , cc cp ni ca cng v mm c t km vi nhau, v th chng ta nn nh du v ghi li tng u cp ni cng nh nh hng thch hp cho chng. Cp ni thng c mt dy mu (, xanh hoc en) mt u cho bit chn s 1, cng c th l mt du hiu trn u ni cp nh mt tam gic hay thm ch l mt s 1. Thit b c ni cp cng c nh du cho bit nh hng chn s 1. Thng thng bn cnh chn s 1 c nh du mt im.

Tuy nhin vic cm nhm hoc ngc cp tn hiu khng gy thit hi g ngoi vic mt thi gian cm li. Nhng khi ni cp ngun li l chuyn khc. Nu cm ngc hoc sai u ni cp ngun ca bo mch ch th mt in th 12V s c t vo v tr m l ra ch l in th 5V, trng hp ny c th dn n n bo mch ch. Hin nay vic s dng bo mch ch v ngun ATX th vic cm ngc kh c th xy ra.

Khi lm sch cc thit b in t, ta nn phng vi vn phng tnh in c bit khi thi tit hanh kh. Ta nn p dng mt s bin php chng tnh in i vi cc thit b cn lau chi gim thiu nguy c phng tnh in. Mt s thit b chng tnh in tiu biu nh cc dy ni t, mt u dy ny s c ni t bo mch ch cn lm sch, u cn li c tip t. N c tc dng loi b hin tng tnh in. Mt cch khc l chm tay bn tay cm bo mch ch xung t khi lau chi, lc tay s ng vai tr l dy tip t.

Khi tho cc mch hoc chp ta c bit khng c chng ln b mt kim loi dn in. V hin nay c nhiu bo mch ch, card v cc mch khc c ci sn cc pin liti. Nhng pin ny phn ng mnh khi chng b chp mch, pin s nhanh chng b qu nng v c th pht n.

1.4. TIN HNH BO DNG 1.4.1. Sao lu d liu, dit virusTrc khi tin hnh bo dng my tnh, k thut vin phi tin hnh vic sao lu d liu v dit virus. S d phi sao lu d liu l phng trnh tnh hung hng hc a, lm mt, hng d liu trong qu trnh bo dng v qut virus.1.4.1.1. Cc tin ch sao lu d liuHin nay c rt nhiu tin ch phc v cho vic sao lu d liu, c th k ra y mt s tin ch nh sau: Tn chng trnhTnh nng

Disk2Disk version 1.2H tr Win9x/ NT, sao lu d liu (th mc, a) vo cng.

Disk Clone ExtraStrength version 1.0Sao chp a cng

Diskeeper version 5.3.340.4Chng trnh dn a cho Windows NT/ 2000

Drive Image version 1.0y l mt chng trnh c bit dng sao chp a cng.N c th:- To bn sao ging ht ca bt k cng no, chng ging nhau t d liu cho ti cu trc v c MBR cho n Boot Record.

- C th to bn sao ca ton b a cng hay tng Partition (phn khu) ring r trong cng.

- C th to file Image (file nn dng hnh nh) cho cng hay Partition ri t file Image ny to thnh hng lot bn sao khc.

- Khng i hi 2 cng phi c cng dung lng.

- H tr FAT16 v FAT32.

NortonGhost 2003y l chng trnh sao lu d liu cng v cc Partition thnh:

- To bn sao ging ht ca bt k cng no, chng ging nhau t d liu cho ti cu trc v c MBR cho n Boot Record.

- C th to bn sao ca ton b a cng hay tng Partition (phn khu) ring r trong cng.

- File nn dng hnh nh h tr Win98/Me/2000/XP v OS/2.

Hng dn phn mm Norton Ghost 2003Chng trnh Ghost to ra mt nh, tht s l mt tp tin nn khng l cha tt c cc khi lng d liu trn cng vo thi im thc hin ghost, ri sau ta c th yn tm lm ci cng ca mnh nh: fdisk, format, ci th mt phn mm mi .... m khng h lo lng g n d liu c ca mnh, nu cn thit, ch vi vi thao tc n gin, mt cht thi gian, chng ta li c c mt h thng y nh c.

Nhng h iu hnh, phn mm, bn FAT no tng thch vi Ghost?

Ghost khng coi trng iu , chnh xc hn, Ghost khng h phn bit l h iu hnh no (95, 98, Me, 2K, XP), phn mm no (WinZip, Office, Player ...), hoc bn phn vng no (FAT, FAT32, NTFS), mi th u bnh ng trong Ghost v n coi mi th u l d liu.Chc nng chnh ca chng trnh:

To file nh cho a (Disk -> To Image)

To file nh cho Partition (Partition -> To Image) To bn sao ging ht cho a (Disk -> To Disk)

To bn sao ging ht Partition (Partition -> To Partition) Gii nn file nh ca mt a (Disk -> From Image)

Gii nn file nh ca Partition (Partition -> From Image)...To file nh cho mt PartitionChng ta c th to file nh cho c mt a hay ch cho mt partition, trong trng hp to file nh cho c a th chng ta cn phi c mt a khc lu file nh. Cn trong trng hp ch cn to nh cho partition th chng ta c th lu file nh ca partition sang partition khc hoc sang mt a khc c dung lng trng.Thc hinChy phn mm Norton Ghost 2003

Mn hnh khi ng ca Ghost, click OKGiao din chnh ca Norton Ghost 2003V d: To file nh cho mt Partition

Chn Local \ Partition \ To Image

Chn a vt l cn Ghost, nhn OK

Ch : Vic chn a vt l cn Ghost ( a gc)phi chnh xc, trnh trng hp Ghost ngc s mt ht d liu ca a hoc Partition mun Ghost.

Chn Partition m mun ghost, nhn OK

Chn ni lu file nh (image)

Chn ni mun lu file nh, thng thng ghost ly lun th mc c cha file ghost.exe lm th mc mc nh, chng ta vn c th chn ni khc lu. Nhng ch rng chng ta khng th file nh nm trong Partition mun ghost. G tn file nh vo v chn Save. Gi s t tn l Win98SENu dung lng lu d liu cn hn ch, chng trnh s cho php ta chn nn, c th chn ch High tit kim ch trng, cch nn High ch chm hn khng nn mt cht khng ng k.

Sau khi chn xong ch nn hoc khng nn, giao din sau xut hin.

Chn Yes khi gp thng bo "Proceed with partition image creation ?"

Ch n khi chng trnh chy xong cng l lc ta hon thnhCch phc hi partition t file nh

Chng ta chy phn mm Ghost

Chn Local \ Partition \ From Image

Ch : Chng ta c th chn Disk hay Partition th u c th chn "From Image" c, nhng ti sao c c 2 ty chn ny ? y l cu tr li:

- Nu chn "Disk -> From Image" trong khi Image c to t mt Partition th sau khi Un-Ghost, ch cn duy nht mt Partition mc d trc a c chia thnh nhiu Partition, S d nh vy l v ty chn ny c ngha l "To mt a t file nh" v do file nh ch l nh ca mt Partition nn sau khi Un-Ghost, Norton Ghost t ng link cc Partition li vi nhau to thnh mt Partition duy nht l C. Tt c d liu cha trn cc Partition khc u b xa.

- Nu chn "Partition from Image" sau khi Un-Ghost chng ta s c mt Partition vi d liu mi c Ghost, cn d liu trn cc Partition cn li vn c gi nguyn.

Chn file nh un-ghost

Sau khi chn "Partition from Image" hoc "Disk from Image", chng trnh s hi file nh Un-Ghost, chn Win98SE.gho, click Open

Chn partition mun un-ghost, click OK

Chn Yes khi gp thng bo "Proceed with partition image restore?"

v ch n khi chng trnh chy xong cng l lc ta hon thnh.1.4.1.2. Dit virus

Trn thc t c rt nhiu phn mm dit virus hiu qu, chng ta nn chn phn mm dit virus c ting vi phin bn cp nht mi nht v c th chy c trong mi trng DOS nh: McAfee: Chng trnh dit virus ca McAffe

F-Prot: Chng trnh dit Virus ca F-Prot

Nav: Chng trnh dit Virus ca Norton Antivirus

Bkav: Chng trnh dit virus ca Bkav

Di y ti xin hng dn s dng hai phn mm thng dng nht hin nay chy c trn mi trng DOS:

Khi ng my tnh t a CD cng c, chy phn mm dit virus c sn trn a nh:McAfee

Mn hnh di y s xut hin khi chn chng trnh McAfee:

1. Scan of all files (Qut tt c cc files): La chn ny cho php chng trnh qut tt c cc files c trn my tnh.2. Quick Scan (Qut nhanh): Ch qut nhng file c ui l *.DLL, *.EXE, *.COM.

3. Manual Scan (T thit lp ch qut): Ta c th t mnh thit lp ch qut cho chng trnh bng la chn ny.

Khi la chn xong 1 trong 3 la chn trn, nhn mt s tng ng vi cc la chn trn (1,2,3), mn hnh tip theo s hin th v cho php chn la nhng phng thc hot ng ca chng trnh trong khi qut.

1. Clean Viruses from infected files or rename files (Dit hoc i tn nhng files b nhim virus): La chn ny cho php chng trnh qut v khi tm thy virus b nhim vo mt file no , n s t ng dit hoc nu khng dit c, n s i tn file theo mc nh (khi chng trnh tm thy virus m khng dit c, chng trnh s a ra phng n) c th nhn bit d dng v c phng php x l.

2. Delete infected files: Xo ht tt c nhng file b nhim virus (lu : Chng trnh s xo tt c nhng file b nhim virus trn my tnh, hy cn thn vi la chn ny bi v c th n s xo cc file quan trng c th khi ng c HH).

3. Move infected files to c:\viruses: Chng trnh s khng lm g vi nhng file b nhim virus m n ch di chuyn chng ti mt th mc ch sn l c:\Viruses. y cng l mt la chn an ton cho my tnh.

4. Default setting only: Chy chng trnh theo mc nh ca McAffe.

Sau khi la chn xong, mn hnh tip theo s xut hin cho php chng ta chn a cn qut.

Chng ta hy chn mt trong nhng a cn qut bng cch nhn phm s tng ng vi cc la chn, chng trnh s bt u qut v dit virus.

F-Prot

Giao din chnh xut hin khi chon la chng trnh F-Prot:

1. Quick Scan (Qut nhanh): S dng la chn ny qut nhng file c phn m rng l EXE, COM, DLL

2. Dump Scan of all files (Qut tt c cc files c trn a):

Khng phi lc no virus cng ch nhim vo nhng file chng trnh (COM, EXE) m n cn c th nhim vo tt c cc file c ui m rng khc (DOC, JPG, XLS), v vy ta nn chn la chn ny nu nh nghi ng my tnh b nhim virus.

3. Scan only files with default Extensions (Qut theo mc nh):

Chng trnh s qut theo nhng thit lp mc nh ca F-Prot.

Sau khi la chn xong, mn hnh tip theo ca F-Prot xut hin, bao gm cc la chn:

1. Disinfect automaticly (Dit virus khng cn hi): T ng tiu dit virus khi tm thy nhng file b nhim.

2. Ask me before disinfected (Hi trc khi dit): Nn s dng la chn ny, bi v s c nhng file quan trng b nhim virus, c th khi dit xong, nhng file s b virus ph v khng th lm vic nh trc c na.

3. Delete Automaticly (t ng xo): Xo nhng file b nhim virus m khng cn hi li.

4. Ask me before delete (hi trc khi xo): Khi tm thy virus, chng trnh s hi li chng ta xem c nn xo hay khng nhng file b nhim.

5. Rename Automaticly (Com/ Exe to Vom/ vxe): T ng i tn nhng file b nhim c ui *.com, *.exe thnh file c ui *.vom, *.vxe .

6. Ask before rename (hi li trc khi i tn): Chng trnh s hi li chng ta trc khi i tn nhng file b nhim virus.

7. Report only: Khng lm g vi nhng file b nhim, ch tng hp v nhng file ri in ra mt bn bo co.

Sau khi la chn xong bng cch nhn mt phm s tng ng vi cc la chn, mn hnh tip theo xut hin cho php ta la chn a cn qut. Chn a tng ng v i chng trnh lm vic vi a cho n khi qut xong.

1.4.2. Tin hnh bo dng phn cng1.4.2.1. Bo dng khi ngun

- Rt cc dy ngun cung cp ti cc thit b (bo mch ch, a cng, a mm, CD, qut b x l trung tm,...). Ring i vi ngun AT th thm thao tc rt 4 dy ngun ra khi cng tc ngun (nn ghi nh li v tr mu dy tin cho vic lp li sau ny), cng c mt s loi c hn trc tip ln cng tc, khi ta phi tho c cng tc.

- Dng t vt 4 cnh tho ln lt 4 vt nh v khi ngun pha sau my. Nh nhng lch khi ngun ra khi khung my.

- Dng t vt 4 cnh tho ln lt 4 vt trn khi ngun, m v khi ngun.

- V sinh qut ngun:

Rt dy cm ngun cung cp ra khi bng mch. Dng t vt 4 cnh tho 4 vt nh vt qut trn khung ngun ra.

Dng chi lng kt hp my ht bi lm sch cc lp bi bm trn cnh qut.

Dng m bi trn tra vo trc cnh qut ngun lm tng kh nng vn hnh ca qut.

- V sinh bng mch khi ngun: Dng t vt 4 cnh tho cc vt nh v bng mch, chn phch cm trn v khi ngun ra.

Dng chi lng kt hp my ht bi lm sch cc lp bi bm trn bng mch, mch in.

S dng dung dch BUTIN pha vi nha thng qut ln b mt ca bng mch v mch in lm sch cc vt mc, cc vt g do b oxi ho gy nn, sau sy kh bng mch v mch in.

Ch : Sau khi qut dung dch BUTIN pha vi nha thng ln bng mch v mch in phi m bo tht kh mi cho ngun hot ng.

1.4.2.2. Bo dng Card mn hnh

- S dng T vt 4 cnh tho vt bt gi card mn hnh ra khi khung my.

- Card mn hnh c tho ra s dng chi lng nh nhng qut sch kt hp vi my ht bi ht sch cc bi bn bm trn b mt bng mch v mch in, k c u ra tn hiu ca card.

- S dng dung dch BUTIN pha vi nha thng qut ln b mt ca bng mch v mch in lm sch cc vt mc, cc vt g do b oxi ho gy nn, sau sy kh bng mch v mch in.

Ch : Sau khi qut dung dch BUTIN pha vi nha thng ln bng mch v mch in phi m bo tht kh mi lp vo my.

- S dng bng chm cn 900 lau chi sch cc chn cm ca card mn hnh ri kh. Trong qu trnh tho lp khng nn chm tay vo vo cc chn ni c m vng (trng) .

- i vi loi card mn hnh c cm RAM. Ta nhc b RAM ra khi card ri ly chi lng qut sch cc bi bn trong , k c chn RAM. Ri cm tr li, m bo c cm chc chn.

- i vi card manh hnh c b phn qut tn nhit (Card c dung lng ln) ta cn phi v sinh qut bng cch dng chi lng, bnh xt kh lm sch cc bi bn bm trn qut. Tra m bi trn vo trc qut.

(i vi card sound, card my in... ta u tin hnh tng t)

1.4.2.3. Bo dng qut b x l trung tm

Vi b x l cm:

tho khi tn nhit ra ta cn gt 2 kho, bt ln lt 4 ly 4 gc khung nh v khi tn nhit ra. Nhc c khi tn nhit ra khi b mt b x l.

Mt s loi bo mch v trc, khi tn nhit c nh v bi 1 ai mc vo 2 mu trn cm b x l. Dng tay, km nhn hoc t vt dt nhn ai gi khi tn nhit xung. Nhc khi tn nhit ra khi b mt b x l.

- Dng t vt 4 cnh tho ln lt 4 vt nh v qut trn khi tn nhit.

- Dng chi lng v bnh xt lau sch bi bn bm trn cnh qut.

- Dng m bi trn tra vo trc qut.

Vi b x l s dng khe cm:

- Gt 2 ai gi khi tn nhit vi b x l. Tho ri khi tn nhit ra khi b x l.

- Tho qut ra khi khi tn nhit.

- Dng chi lng v bnh xt lau sch bi bn bm trn cnh qut.

- Dng m bi trn tra vo trc qut.

1.4.2.4. Bo dng bo mch ch

- S dng T vt loi 4 cnh tho ln lt cc vt c bt trn bo mch vi sn my (g b cc cht nha nu c).

- Bo mch ch c tho ra v t trn b mt phng v mm, khng dn in, s dng chi lng nh nhng qut sch kt hp vi my ht bi ht sch cc bi bn bm trn b mt bng mch v mch in.

- S dng dung dch BUTIN pha vi nha thng qut ln b mt ca bng mch v mch in lm sch cc vt mc, cc vt g do b oxi ho gy nn, sau sy kh bng mch v mch in.

Ch : sau khi qut dung dch BUTIN pha vi nha thng ln bng mch v mch in phi m bo tht kh mi lp vo my.

1.4.2.5. Bo dng a mm, CD-ROM

a CD-ROM a mm

S dng a lau u t bo dng thng xuyn cho thit b ny. Ngoi ra ta c th tho cc b phn a ra, lm nh vy khng nhng ta c th lau c u t m cn c th bi trn mt s c ch trong a, lm sch cc u ni.

Ch : Khi thuc c th gy ra hin tng n mn trn mt s b phn ca my tnh, c bit l i vi mt s b phn nhy cm nh u c ca a mm, cc thu knh trong cc a quang. Do ta nn trnh ht thuc l gn cc thit b ny.

-Ta nn dui thng v lm sch cc u ni ca cp tn hiu mm, cng, CD-ROM...

1.4.2.6. Bo dng chut v bn phm

Bn phm:

- Khi bn phm c hin tng chp chn, kt phm th l lc bn phm cn c lm sch.

- S dng vi mm hoc bn chi nh c tm dung dch cht ty sch Sumo lau sch b mt v quanh phm.

- S dng t vt 4 cnh tho b cc vt mt sau bn phm.

- Nhc mt bn phm ln.

- Tho ri tng phm, dng bn chi lng v bnh xt kh lau chi vng tip xc gia phm v bn mch.

Chut:

- Khi chut c hin tng dch chuyn khng theo mun cng l lc chut cn c bo dng.

- Xoay ming nha hnh vnh khn y con chut theo chiu mi tn.

- Tho qu bi cao su ra, s dng vi mm lau sch bi cao su.

- S dng bng hoc vi mm lau sch b mt cc trc ln bn trong ca chut.

- S dng vi mm hoc bn chi nh c tm dung dch cht ty sch Sumo lau sch mt ngoi ca chut.

hn ch li do chut gy ra, ta nn bo dng chut thng xuyn hn v vic dng bn di chut cng l mt bin php tng kh nng chng nhim bn ca chut.

1.4.2.7. Bo dng v my

- Khi cc linh kin c tho ri ht ra khi khung my cng l lc ta tin hnh bo dng v my.

- S dng chi lng qut nh kt hp my ht bi lm sch cc lp bi bm trong khung my.

- Dng vi m lau sch li bn trong.

- S dng vi mm hoc ming xp mm c tm dung dch ty vt bn (nh Sumo, hoc kem Canna...) lau nh nhiu ln ln b mt ngoi ca v my. Sau dng vi mm sch lau sch.1.4.2.8. V sinh v mn hnh

- Ngt ngun in cp cho mn hnh.- S dng chi lng qut nh kt hp my ht bi lm sch cc lp bi bm mt trn ca mn hnh, trnh bi ri vo trong.

- Dng vi m lau sch mt knh ca mn hnh.

- S dng vi mm hoc ming xp mm c tm dung dch ty vt bn (nh Sumo, hoc kem Canna...) lau nh nhiu ln ln b mt ngoi ca v mn hnh. Sau dng vi mm sch lau sch.1.4.3. Tin hnh lp rp v hiu chnh

Sau khi bo dng cc thit b xong, cng vic by gi l phi lp rp li chng thnh mt PC hot ng.

1.4.3.1. Lp t b vi x l ln bo mch ch

- i vi CPU cm: Tm chn s 1 trn CPU; n thng nm mt gc ca CPU v c nh du bng mt chm nh. Tip theo tm chn s 1 tng ng trn cm ZIP trn bo mch ch; n cng thng c nh du ngay trn bo mch ch hoc mt gc ca cm c un cong. t CPU vo cm bng cch nng ai bo v thng ng ln, sau t tng ng cc chn ca CPU vi cc chn cm ri nh nhng nhn xung. Nu qu trnh nhn xung thy cht tay phi dng ngay v kim tra cc chn CPU xem chn no b cong th dng km nh ko thng. Khi CPU c t vo , nhn ai bo v vo ng v tr nhm nh v CPU.

Tip theo l lp b tn nhit: i vi dng my t Pentium III tr v trc th b tn nhit c c nh bi mt ai c nu hai u vo hai mu trn cm, trc tin ta phi t mt u (thng l u nh) mc vo mu trn cm, dng tay hoc km nh y u cn li mc vo mu i din.

Ring i vi dng my Pentium IV hin nay, b tn nhit kh ln, do thit k lp t cng khc, c khi tn nhit c chp bi mt b khung, ta m 2 kho trn b mt khi tn nhit ra nhm ni lng khung vi khi tn nhit. T t a c khi chp ln b vi x l. Khi no c 4 cht trn khung tn nhit khp vo khung trn bo mch ch th ta ng 2 kho nh v khi tn nhit li.

- i vi CPU s dng khe cm: Trc ht nh v hai gi vo hai bn ca khe cm. y cht qua l vt trn gi v bo mch ch cho n khi vo ng v tr (khi nghe thy ting tch). t cc chn gi cht qua l nh v v tr. Sau y b vi x l ( lp tn nhit, qut) trt trn gi cho n khi vo ng khe cm trn bo mch ch. Cht ca b vi x l s t kho khi b vi x l c t vo ng ch.

1.4.3.2. Lp RAMTu tng loi RAM m c nhng phng php lp khc nhau. Thng thng lp cc thanh RAM vo cc khe cm hoc bank nh c nh s thp nht.

- i vi SIMM ta phi lp hoc l 2 thanh hoc l 4 thanh. Vic lp 2 thanh th yu cu 2 thanh phi trong cng mt khi nh v c dung lng bng nhau. Khi tho lp phi theo th t vo trc ra sau, gi nging thanh RAM t vo khe cm ri y vo khi no thanh RAM c kho 2 u l c.

- i vi DIMM v 1 khi nh cn 1 DIMM do khng nht thit phi lp 2 thanh. Trc khi lp phi m kho hai u khe cm ra ri n nh thanh RAM xung. Khi no kho bp vo cc khc trn thanh RAM l c. Nu khng thy thanh RAM trt vo khe cm th chc chn l do ta cm sai hng. Vic n qu mnh c th lm gy thanh RAM hoc v khe cm. Nu kp gi ca khe cm b v, thanh RAM khng th nm chc chn c trong khe cm do khi hot ng d gy li do tip xc chp chn.

1.4.3.3. Lp bo mch ch vo khung my

Trc khi lp bo mch ch cn xem trn bo mch ch c nhng v tr no c th bt vt c, t ta i lp cc nha (khi trn l khng c vng m) hoc kim loi (khi trn l c vng m) ln khung my tng ng vi cc v tr xc nh.

t bo mch ch xung khung my ri y n trt i nh cc v khe cm trn khung my sao cho khp vo khung my. Tc l phi khp cc cng trn bo mch ch vi tm bo v I/O trn khung my. Khi t bo mch ch vo v tr ph hp, cc l vt trn bo mch ch s thng hng vi cc l vt trn khung my.

Dng t vt 4 cnh c t tnh ln lt bt cc vt vo ng v tr bt sau xit cht ln lt cc vt nhm nh v bo mch ch.

1.4.3.4. Lp a cng, a mm, a CD

Theo v tr c nh sn xut xc nh sn trn khung my t ta tin hnh lp t a sao cho ph hp. La theo chiu thun ta t a vo v tr, khi vo ng v tr, cc l vt trn a s thng hng vi l trn khung my. Dng t vt 4 cnh bt cc vt hai bn , m bo c xit cht vo khung my.

1.4.3.5. Lp khi ngun

a khi ngun ph hp vo v tr xc nh sn. Dng t vt 4 cnh bt 4 vt nhm nh v khi ngun vo khung my. Sau ln lt xit cht 4 vt, m bo khi ngun c c nh ln khung my.

i vi bo mch v khung my s dng ngun AT. Ta cn phi cm 4 chn vo cng tc ngun. Cn phi ch mu dy cm cho ng: Theo chiu cng tc th dy mu xanh u vi dy mu nu, dy mu en u vi dy mu trng.

Sau khi lp t xong khi ngun. Ta tin hnh ni ngun cung cp ti: bo mch ch, qut CPU, cng, mm, CD..

Ring vi dng Pentium IV, ngoi dy ngun ATX (20chn) cho bo mch ch cn c mt dy ngun ATX_12V (4chn) cng c ni xung bo mch ch.

1.4.3.6. Ni cp I/O v cc cp khc vo bo mch ch

- Ni cp gia mm v u ni iu khin mm 34 chn trn bo mch ch.

- Ni cp IDE gia cng, CD-ROM vi u ni IDE (master, slaver) 40 chn trn bo mch ch. Thng thng ta dng u ni IDE chnh cho cng v IDE ph cho CD-ROM hoc nhng thit b khc.

- Ni cc dy n LED ( cng, ngun, loa trong, nt RESET, nt Power v nt TURBO trn mt s h thng) t khung my vo v tr tng ng trn bo mch ch (nu khng th phi xem sch hng dn ni cho ng).

- i vi bo mch ch dng Pentium IV. Ta cn phi ni cc dy cho cng USB t khung my ln bo mch ch.

1.4.3.7. Lp t cc card m rng bus

Hu ht cc h thng u s dng card m rng cho cc card mn hnh, card m thanh, card mng... Nhng card ny c cm vo cc khe cm m rng trn bo mch ch.

Gi cc cnh ca card cn thn, y vo khe cm, trnh chm vo cc chip v mch. t y card vo khe cm ph hp, n nh nhng t nh card, cho n khi card vo ng v tr. Dng vt 4 cnh xit cht gi card ln khung my.

Ni dy audio t card m thanh ti CD-ROM.

1.4.4. Dng trnh tin ch ti u ho h thng1.4.4.1. Trnh tin ch Ace-Utilities

Ace Utilities l mt phn mm c tp hp hn 15 cng c bo v, ti u ho h thng, vi n, chng ta c th chy HH nhanh hn rt nhiu.Chng trnh c th thc hin vic ti u ho h thng my tnh, xo b i nhng File khng cn n v nhng file rc trong trnh duyt Internet. Ace Utilities c th tm v xo nhng dng lnh khng cn n trong Registry, nhng ng dng v Internet history, qun l cookies v hn th na, vi tin ch qun l nhng file t ng khi ng vi Windows cho php ta c th d dng Disable hay Enable chng...Tm li, vi Ace Utilities, ta c th hon ton yn tm vi HH Windows ca mnh...

Hnh 1: Giao din ca Ace Utilities

Ace Utilities c th lm vic c vi nhng phin ca nhng H iu hnh sau: Windows 98, Me, 2000, XP v Windows NT 4.0

Cu hnh ti thiu

+ Ch ho 800x600 vi 16bit mu

+ 5Mb a cng cn trng

+ B x l Intel Pentium hoc AMD K5 133Mhz

+ 32 Mb RAM

Cu hnh ngh

+ Ch ho 1024x768 vi 16,7 triu mu

+ Hn 10Mb a cng cn trng

+ B x l Intel Pentium 3/4 hoc althon 500Mhz

+ 128 Mb RAM

CC TIN CH CA ACE-UTILITIES

Ace Utilities c giao din thn thin, d s dng cho ngi s dng. Cc tin ch c thit k thnh nhng thanh Tab ngay trn mn hnh chnh ca chng trnh, ngoi ra cn c cc Icon nm trn thanh Popup Menu tin cu hnh cho chng trnh.

1. Remove Unneeded Files

Windows cng nh hu ht cc ng dng khc khi chy u to ra cc file tm thi lm vic, nhng c mt iu bt tin l nhng ng dng li khng t xo chng sau khi lm vic xong. V vy m c th h thng s chy chm hn rt nhiu do nhng file rc ny, trc y, thng phi lm cng vic xo chng bng cch tm n th mc cha chng. Chnh v vy, Ace Utilities cung cp cho chng ta tin ch ny nhm mc ch tm v xo tt c cc file .

Trn mn hnh chnh ca Ace utilities, click chut vo tab Remove Unneeded Files bn tri , sau click vo nt Scan. Ace Utilities s t ng qut trn a cng v hin th danh sch ca tt c nhng file chng tm c. Cng vic ca chng ta l ch vic nhn nt Delete all trn ca s x xung ca tab Remove Unneeded Files.

2. Clean System Registry

Registry chnh l c s d liu ca Windows, l ni c dng lu tr d liu, trong qu trnh ci dt v xo b cc chng trnh ng dng, Registry s sinh ra nhng d liu b hng, hoc khng lm g c, nhng d liu hng ny cng lm cho my tnh chy chm li, khng th xo c chng nu nh khng hiu su v Registry. Ace utilities s lm thay ta vic ny mt cch nhanh chng v c hiu qu bng tin ch Clean System Registry, n s t ng tm nhng d liu hng trn ton b Registry v hin th ton b chng ln danh sch trn ca s Ace utilities.

Cch s dng:

Hy click vo Tab Clean System Registry, sau nhn nt Scan, i mt cht trong khi Ace Utilities thc hin vic tm kim, sau nhn vo nt Remove All xo b chng.

Trc khi qut, ta c th to ra mt bn Backup (bn lu) cho Registry phng trng hp c th phi dng li dng li bng cch click vo Menu Regclean-> Backup whole registry->Run ntbackup->Backup wizard, sau lm theo hng dn ca chng trnh backup.

3. Erase Your History

Tin ch ny c th xo ht nhng file link trong history, cookies, cache, cc file tm trn Internet...

Cch s dng:

Click vo cng c Erase Your History nh du i tng bn phi mn hnh, click Start.

Sau y l cng dng ca cc la chn:

- Excute Privacy Plug-ins

Hu ht nhng ng dng nh Winzip, Windows Media Player, Paint, Acdsee...u lu li nhng ti liu c m trc (Picture, movie...)

Ace c th xo c 88 ti liu khc nhau trong History nu nh du vo la chn ny.

- Delete recently opened Document history

Bt c khi no c mt file c m th mt li tt (Shortcut) s c hnh thnh nh v n v tr ca file trn cng cho ngi s dng d dng truy cp chng ln sau, nhng lin kt ny s c lu vo mt th mc c tn l Document trong Menu Start ca Windows. Nu mun xo chng, ch vic nh du vo la chn ny.

- Delete open/save dialog history

Khi ta m hoc ghi li mt ti liu no , thng tin v ti liu s c ct gi vo trong Registry ca windows, iu ny cng lm cho h thng c th chy chm i. Hy check vo la chn ny xo nhng thng tin t registry.

- Delete all files in the Temporary Internet Files folder

Temporary Internet File l ni c lu gi nhng trang Web v cc file Internet sau khi truy cp Internet, thng l nhng file ny c kch thc nh nhng chng li c rt nhiu. V vy, hy nh du vo la chn ny nu nh khng cn s dng n chng na.

- Delete Cookies in the Temporary Internet Files folder

La chn ny cho php xo i nhng Cookies (mt vi website s lu gi thng tin v chng trong mt file vn bn (Text file) ( chng c gi l cookies) nm trn a cng ca my tnh. Trong cookies c th lu gi nhng thng tin c nhn, hoc c th l mt trang Web ving thm, tm li kookies ging nh mt li tt dn ta n thm trang web vo ln sau mt cch nhanh chng hn.

- Clear IE browser history

a ch ca nhng trang web nhp vo thnh a ch trn Internet Explorer gi l IE Browser history, nhng a ch ny s c IE lu li theo tng ngy, chng c th d dng bit c hm trc mnh thm nhng website no bng tin ch ny. Khi no khng cn n chng na, hy nh du vo la chn ny.

- Clear IE typed URLs

L ni nhng a ch website c nhp trn thanh Address Bar. Ta c th xo chng bng la chn ny.

- Delete all Auto-complete data of Internet Explorer

Mt tin ch nh cho chng ta khi lt web, khi cn tm mt trang web no , chng ta thng nhp tn ca trang web vo hp text box tm kim, nhng sau li qun mt a ch ca website , mun tm li? gim bt thi gian, IE cho php chng ta ch cn nhp 1 t u tin ln Textbox tm kim , mt danh sch nhng cm t c t u tin nhp c hin ra, cng vic ca chng ta l ch vic la chn tn website mun tm kim. Auto-complete data of Internet Explorer chnh l ni ct gi chng.

- Delete locked URL cache file (index files)

File Index.dat l ni lu gi nhng thng tin ca tt c cc Website ving thm, Cookies v cc file c download, nu cha bao gi xo file Index.dat ny th tt c nhng cuc truy cp Internet u c lu gi y. iu c bit nu nh gp n, chng ta cng khng th xo c file ny bi windows kho n. Do vy ch c cch duy nht xo n ra khi a cng ca chng ta l bng phn mm Ace Utilities.

- Empty Clipboard (paste data)

Cliboard mt tin ch ca Windows, n cho php cha cc on ti liu, hnh nh khi s dng Copy, cut trong cc ti liu. nh du vo la chn ny xo i nhng d liu c trong n.

- Erase Start > Run history

Khi chy lnh Run t Menu Start ca Windows th nhng ng dng chy trc s lu gi li tin cho vic ln sau chy li n, nu mun xo chng, ta ch cn nh du vo la chn ny.

- Erase Start > Find Files history

Cng ging nh lnh Run, khi tm mt file, folder hay mt on vn bn no , ng dng Search ca Windows cng lu gi li nhng t kho cn tm (chng hn nh *.txt, *.mp3...), ln sau mun tm li th chng ta c th truy nhp nhanh hn dng ch ta mun tm.

- Erase Start > Find Computer history

nh du vo la chn ny xo i History trong hp thoi Find Computer. Nu s dng la chn ny, chng ta s phi khi ng li my tnh.

- Erase Folder streams in the Windows Registry

Mi khi m mt File Folder th Windows s t ng to ra mt on m lnh trong Registry. nh du la chn ny xo chng.

- Erase start menu click history

Start Menu ca Windows thng nh ngy v gi mi khi c mt ng dng no c m vo trong mt c s d liu c m ho, la chn ny s gii m c s d liu v tm nhng dng lnh b li v xo chng ra khi h thng.

- Erase IE favorites menu order history

La chn ny cho php xo nhng lin kt n cc Website trn Internet c lu tr trong Favourist ca Internet Explorer.

- Erase Outlook Express's deleted mails.

Xo b nhng th in t (Email) trong outlook express.

- Empty the Windows XP Prefetch folder

Prefetch l mt tin ch mi v l mt cng ngh rt hu ch ca Windows XP. Tuy nhin, sau khi s dng Windows XP mt vi ln, th mc Prefetch s y nhng file v nhng link (lin kt) rc v chng s lm chm h iu hnh. Chng ta c th xo sch nhng file ny ly li ti nguyn cho h thng. Tt c nhng file cn thit cho Windows s c n ti to li.

4. AutoStart program

Tin ch ny cho php qun l tt c nhng ng dng t ng chy khi khi ng Windows, nhng chng trnh ny s chim mt phn ti nguyn h thng my tnh v lm cho my chy chm hn. Tin ch ny c th qun l nhng ng dng chy trong Registry, Startup Folder v trong file Win.ini.

C th loi b chng ra khi danh sch t ng chy khi khi ng Windows bng cch b du ng dng . Nhng Shortcut (li tt) ca nhng ng dng s c di chuyn ti mt v tr khc ch khi chng ta c th nh du cho chng chy t ng tr li.

Cch s dng:

Click vo Tab Autostart Program, khi mt danh sch nhng shortcut s hin th trn mn hnh chnh ca Ace Utilities, b du cc ng dng khng mun n chy khi khi ng Windows v Click vo nt Update/Apply.

5. Fix Invalid Shortcut

Nhiu khi, chng ta cn sp xp li cc th mc trn cng ca mnh. V v tnh, lm sai lch nhng shortcut trc c to. Nhng Shortcut c gi l Invalid Shortcut (li tt sai). Ace Utilities s t ng tm trn a cng nhng shortcut v sa cha li chng bng cch thay i ng dn ca nhng shortcut n ng th mc c cha file to ra shortcut .

Cch s dng:

Click vo Tab Scan bn phi ca s chnh, chng trnh s t ng qut trn ton b a cng tm nhng file shortcut b hng v hin th chng bn phi ca ca s chnh. Sau , click vo Tab Fix All sa cha li cho ng. Hoc c th click vo Tab Delete Selected xo i nhng shortcut c la chn.

6. Duplicate File Finder (Nhng File c trng tn)

iu ny thng xuyn xy ra trong khi ang Copy, ci t ng dng ln a cng. N s lm lng ph dung lng a cng v lm chm tc ca h iu hnh. Mc ch ca tin ch ny l tm v xo bt i nhng File trng tn.

Click vo Tab Scan bn tri mn hnh, chng trnh s t ng tm ton b a cng nhng File trng tn v hin th chng bn tri ca s Ace Utilities, nh du vo File cn xo v Click

7. Uninstall Plus

Tin ch ny cho php g b nhng ng dng c ci t trn my tnh nhanh chng v d s dng. N ging nh tin ch Add/remove trong Control Panel ca Windows.

i khi, c nhng ng dng khng th g b chng bng Add/remove trong Control Panel ca Windows c, bi v hoc l chng b sai ng dn, hoc b xo mt trn my tnh...Uninstall ca Ace Utilities c th lm c vic , n t d tm tt c nhng File cn thit trn a cng v t ng xo b chng.

THIT LP CC THNG S CU HNH CHO ACE UTILITIES

1. Option

Tab ny cho php chn a cng mun qut tm v xo nhng File rc, File trng tn v nhng ng dn (Shortcut) b hng...

2. Unneeded Files

Chng ta c th t set nhng ui c phn m rng mun qut v xo b khi s dng tin ch Remove Unneeded Files (chng hn mun chng trnh s qut File c phn m rng l *.inf th nhn vo nt Add v nhp vo textbox Filename Ends with l *.inf)

3. Exclude

Cng dng ca Tab ny cho php thm nhng Folder mun chng trnh s b qua n bt k c hay khng c nhng File rc v nhng File trng tn.

4. Regclean

Chng ta c th Undo li nhng file .reg xo trc bng cch s dng tab ny, click vo File *.reg hin th trn danh sch v nhn Undo.

5. Duplicates

C th thm, bt nhng phn m rng ca File mun chng trnh s qut khi s dng tin ch Duplicate bng cch nhn Add hoc b la chn trn danh sch cc ui m rng.

1.4.4.2. Chy cng c Defragmenter trong Windows

Trong qu trnh s dng, vic ghi v xo file lm a b phn mnh, c ngha cc file b phn mnh thnh cc mnh nh v ghi ri rc trn nhiu vng khc nhau thay v ghi trn mt vng lin tc. Mt trong nhng bin php bo v a cng tt nht l loi b phn mnh.

- Mt l do khi d liu mt file c lu tr lin tc s gim thiu s dch chuyn ca u t qua hn ch s bo mn v hng hc ca a. ng thi khi cc file khng b phn mnh, tc truy xut a tng ln ng k do gim s nng ln h xung ca u t.

- Hai l d liu d ng c khi phc nu chng may gp s c vi bng FAT v th mc gc. Ni cch khc, khi d liu ca file b phn thnh cc mnh nh th ta kh c th xc nh d liu thuc file no khi khng cn cc thng tin ca bng FAT v th mc gc.

- Defragmenter c cc chc nng sau:

1. Loi b phn mnh file

2. ng gi file

3. Sp xp li cc file

Trc khi chy cng c loi b phn mnh, ta nn chy chng trnh sa cha a nh Scandisk hay NDD ngay c khi khng gp mt vn g vi a. Lm nh vy m bo a vn hot ng v sn sng thc hin khi chy Defragmenter.

Chy Defragmenter nh sau:

Star/ Programs/ Accessories/ System tools/ Disk Defragmenter

La chon a cn Defragmenter (v d chn a C:\)

Sau nhn nt .

V ch i cho n khi Defragmenter chy xong l xong!

1.4.5. Yu cu k thut cn t c sau khi bo dng.1.4.5.1. Khi h thng

Ton khi sch s. Khi bt my n hin th bo ngun trn mt trc ca my tnh phi sng, qut ngun v qut lm mt vi x l phi quay m v u.. My hot ng bnh thng.1.4.5.2. H iu hnh, phn mm ng dngMy sau khi tin hnh bo dng, yu cu h iu hnh v cc phn mm ng dng chy bnh thng.CHNG 2. PHT HIN, THAY TH CC B PHN H HNG TRONG KHI H THNG MY TNH2.1. PHT HIN CC B PHN HNG HNG2.1.1. Lu x l li ngun

1- Khi ngun quay, ta c th nghe thy ting qut quay, ting motor quay, v nhn thy n trn bng n ca case, nghe thy ting bp. 2- Trong trng hp ngun khng quay, vic u tin phi ngh n l cp ngun in cho ngun cha? v phi la chn in p cho ngun cho ng (110V/220V). Nu ta thit lp in p cho ngun l 220V trong khi h thng ng in ca ta l 110V, khi my khng th hot ng c v ngc li, nu ta thit lp in p ngun 110V trong khi in cung cp l 220V th ngun s hng ngun v cc thnh phn khc.3- Tnh trng my t khi ng li, iu chng t tn hiu Power_ok qu nhanh.

4- Trong qu trnh bo dng, tho lp, c th thay i cc jump, switch, cc cp tn hiu.... Cn tm ti liu i km theo bo mch ch thit lp li cho ng.

5- Kim tra li cc gic ni ngun ti bo mch ch xem chc chn cha? dng ng h vn nng KIORISU T119 kim tra xem in p trn cc u ra ng quy nh khng.

6- C th bo mch ch b tip xc vi v my dn n tnh trng chp mt, cn kim tra li cc vt xem c lp tha khng? kim tra xem bo mch ch c lch, vnh khng? lp li card mn hnh.7- Khi thay th b ngun mi nn thay loi c cng cng sut hoc c cng sut ln hn, khng c thay loi c cng sut thp hn b ngun b hng, v nh vy b ngun c kh nng b qu ti khin cho cc in p ti u ra ca ngun khng n nh, my tnh hay b chp chn.

2.1.2. Lu x l li card mn hnh

1- Kim tra xem cm dy ngun cho mn hnh cha? in p cp c m bo tt khng?

2- Kim tra xem cc nm iu chnh trn mn hnh, hy chnh v mc bnh thng, v c th mn hnh ang c chnh qu ti.

3- Kim tra xem cp tn hiu bt cht vo mn hnh v card mn hnh cha?

4-Card mn hnh c ci cm chc chn cha? Card mn hnh bt vt c nh cha?

5- C th RAM lp cha chc chn, cn lp li RAM sao cho 2 mu khp vo v c nh c RAM. Nu khe cm khng chc chn, hy cm RAM sang khe cm khc.

6- Dng thit b kim tra tn hiu cp tn hiu xem cp c b t khng, kim tra u cp tn hiu xem c b gy khng?

7- Khi thay th card mn hnh, cn ch chng loi sao cho ph hp vi bo mch ch (c bit l chng li card cm khe AGP), bn cnh cn phi c trnh iu khin (driver) cho card mn hnh.2.1.3. Lu x l li thit b IDE

1- Thit lp ch/ t cho a bng cch thay i v tr gim trn a (xem trn b mt a bit v tr thit lp cho ng). Tuy thuc chng loi m yu cu loi cp 40 chn hay 80 chn

2- Lp cp vo khe cng cn ch sao cho lp ng, i vi loi cp c nh v (c mu nha nh gia cp) th vic lp rp la n gin. Tuy nhin mt s loi cp c thng khng c, do khi lp cn phi ch n v tr chn s 1 trn cp lp cho chnh xc.2.1.4. Lu x l li a cng

1- Khi bt my, thy mn hnh hin th qu trnh np h iu hnh khng?

2- Xem trong CMOS xem c thit lp khi ng my tnh t a cng khng? nu khng hy t li v u tin khi ng t a cng (HDD 0) trc.

3- Th dng mt a CD c cha cc file khi ng, ri thit lp trong CMOS cho my khi ng t CD xem c c khng.

4- My ang chy t nhin bt v tt theo mt chu k no .

5- Khi my nghi ng nhim virus, ta nn chun b mt b a sch cha chng trnh dit virus vi phin bn mi nht (nh McAffe, F-Prot..).

6- Qu trnh s dng v vn hnh my, yu cu ti thiu i vi Partition cha h iu hnh l dung lng trng phi t 20% tr ln. Do nguyn nhn my chy chm cng c th do thiu dung lng trng hoc cc file thi hnh b phn mnh qu nhiu.2.1.5. Lu x l li a CDRom

2.1.6. Lu x l li bo mch ch, vi x l, b nh

2.1.7. Lu x l li khi vn hnh ca bo mch ch, vi x l, b nh.

1- Kim tra xem cp ngun cha? qut ngun c quay khng?

2- C chc chn card mn hnh hot ng tt khng?

3- My treo cng khi ang kim tra thit b, thng s, cu hnh...

4- My treo khi kim tra n RAM.

5- Thay Ram sao cho ng chng loi, bus... Hy xem sch i km vi bo mch ch bit chnh xc.

6- Xem sch i km vi bo mch ch thit lp cho chnh xc.

7- S dng ng h vn nng KIORISU T119 kim tra. Tm v khc phc im tip xc gia bo mch ch vi v my (xem c lp tha bt vt khng?) 2.1.8. Lu x l li card m thanh

2.1.9. Lu x l li a mm

2.1.10. Lu x l li bn phm

2.1.10. Lu x l li chut

2.1.11. Lu x l xung t

2.2. THAY TH CC B PHN H HNG

2.2.1. Thay th ngunKhi thay th b ngun mi nn thay loi c cng cng sut hoc c cng sut ln hn, khng c thay loi c cng sut thp hn b ngun b hng, v nh vy b ngun c kh nng b qu ti khin cho cc in p ti u ra ca ngun khng n nh, my tnh hay b chp chn.

Mt l do dn n li ngun l sai kt ni cng tc ngun. Chn cm cng tc ngun thng c tn l PW hoc PW-ON, lin kt c kt ni t v my ti bo mch ch. D phi ch khi lp rp my tnh.

H thng s khng hot ng nu ngun khng c cp ti cho bo mch ch v khng cp dng 12V (gic 4 chn) i vi th h Pentium4.

2.2.2.Thay th card mn hnh

Khi thay th card mang hnh, cn ch v chng loi card sp thay th, xem bo mch ch co h tr loi card khng? c bit vi chng loi card s dng khe AGP. Do cn c ti liu i km bo mch ch xem bo mch ch h tr card AGP loi no?

Bn cnh , hot ng tt v pht huy ht hiu qu ca Card mn hnh, chng ta cn phi c trnh iu khin ring cho card mn hnh . Thng thng th khi mua card mn hnh s c km theo a CD ci t.2.2.3. Thay th a IDEKhi thay th a cng, chng ta cng cn ch n dung lng a. i vi nhng i main c, BIOS khng cho php nhn nhng a c dung lng ln qu 4,3Gb. D s dng a mi c dung lng ln hn, chng ta cn phi np li BIOS.

Sau khi lp rp xong. Bt my, vo mn hnh BIOS SETUP kim tra xem my tnh c nhn din c a IDE khng, trong mn hnh BIOS SETUP chn thuc tnh Auto detection, nu my tnh khng nhn din ra c a IDE, tt my v dng ng h vn nng KIORISU kim tra xem c cc in p cung cp cho a IDE cha, nu c tt my. Khi lp rp a IDE cng cn ch n vic thit lp gim cho ng. Trnh trng hp thit lp gim trng nhau trn 1 cp tn hiu.

Ring i vi a CD hoc DVD th ngoi cp tn hiu v dy cp ngun cho a, cn c c dy audio t a ti bo mch ch hoc ti card m thanh.2.2.4. Thay th RAM

Khi thay th RAM, chng ta cng cn ch n chng loi RAM cho ph hp vi bo mch ch. Xem ti liu i km bo mch ch bit bo mch ch h tr bus no?2.2.5. Thay th CPU

Khi thay th CPU, cn ch n loi bo mch ch ang dng. Xem c ng dng CPU khng (shocket)? h tr CPU tc ti a l bao nhiu? chng loi CPU no?.. Hay tham kho ti liu i km bo mch ch bit chnh xc.

2.2.6. Thay th bo mch ch

Khi thay th bo mch ch cn ch n loi CPU va RAM ang s dng thay th cho ph hp, trnh tnh trng khng tng thch chng loi (RAM) tc CPU, chng loi card mn hnh hin c.

2.2.7. Thay th a mm

Khi thay a mm cn ch cm cp cho ng. Khi khi ng m n a mm khng sng th kim tra li dy ngun cp cho a mm.Trong trng hp n a mm sang lin tc, iu c ngha l a mm ang cm ngc cp tn hiu.

Cng cn ch vic chn la loi a mm trong BIOS cho ng.

2.2.8. Thay th bn phm, chut

Khi phm, chut hng, vic thay th cng rt n gin. Vn quan trng l chn la chung loi sao cho ph hp. Xem bo mch ch c h tr khng? nh: s dng cng COM hay PS/2 hay USB..

CHNG 3: KHI NGUN MY TNH

3.1. TNG QUAN NGUN MY TNHChc nng ca b ngun rt quan trng bi v n cung cp nng lng in cho cc thnh phn khc trong khi h thng my tnh. Thng thng, b ngun thng l mt trong nhng ni hay sy ra nhiu h hng nht trong h thng my tnh. Mt b ngun c s c khng nhng gy trc trc cho cc thnh phn khc ca h thng m n cn lm hng cc thnh phn ny do vic cung cp cc in p khng thch hp hay khng n nh. Bi chnh tm quan trng ca b ngun lin quan ti hot ng ca khi h thng my tnh, do vy cn phi hiu r nhng tnh nng v tham s k thut ca b ngun. Chng ny s xem xt b ngun mt cch chi tit, n khng nhng ch ra cc tnh nng v in ca b ngun m cn c cc dng c kh cng nh cc thit k vt l c s dng trong cc h thng ngun my tnh t trc cho ti nay.

3.1.1. Cc dng b ngun

Hnh dng v b tr vt l ni chung ca mt thnh phn c gi l dng (form factor). Khi thit k mt my tnh, nh thit k c th chn s dng mt trong nhng chun PSU (Power Supply Unit - khi ngun cung cp) ph bin hay quyt nh t to mt dng ca ring h. Chn la cc dng c sn ng ngha vi mt ngun cung cp v hn, kh nng thay th d dng vi y cc chng loi v cht lng. Vic t ch to cc dng mi s tiu tn thi gian cng nh chi ph.

Trc y, ngnh cng nghip my tnh b thng tr bi cc cng ty nh IBM h sn xut hu ht cc thnh phn c quyn ca ring h. Vic cc nh sn xut khc bt u sn xut cc my tnh tng thch IBM vi t l ln hn dn n cc chun khc ca cc thnh phn trong my tnh v tip tc cho n ngy nay.

Intel gii thiu kin trc ATX vo nm 1995, cc dng ca b ngun trong h thng my tnh khc bit nhau ch yu kch thc v hnh dng lp trong thng my. ATX v cc chun lin quan gii thiu mt s tnh nng mi (nh tn hiu PS-ON) nhng hu ht cc b ngun trong my tnh ngy nay u tun theo cng mt thit k in t c bn. V mt k thut, PSU trong my tnh c m t nh mt in p khng i, chuyn i na cu bt, tt. in p khng i ngha l PSU t vo cc thnh phn bn trong ca my tnh cng mt in p, khng quan tm ti in p ca dng xoay chiu cung cp v cng sut hot ng ca ca b ngun. Chuyn i na cu (Half-bridge forward converting) l mt thit k tt bt ca PSU v k thut qun l in nng ca b ngun. Kiu b ngun ny i khi c gi l b ngun chuyn mch (swiching supply). So vi cc kiu b ngun khc, kiu ny cho ngun in hiu qu hn, sn sinh ra t nhit hn, kch thc nh v c gi thnh r.

Ch : Mc d hai b ngun c th c cng mt dng v thit k c bn, chng c th khc bit rt ln cht lng v hiu qu.C ba dng ngun dng ngun c bn c s dng trong cc h thng hin i ngy nay l: LPX style, ATX style, SFX style. Mi kiu b ngun trn u c nhiu cu hnh v cc mc ngun ra khc nhau. B ngun kiu LPX l chun cho hu ht cc h thng cho ti khi b ngun dng ATX ra i. T khi , b ngun dng ATX tr thnh dng thng tr vi kiu SFX b sung cho cc h thng thu gn.

Dng ca b ngun lin quan ti dng ca bng mch chnh theo mt cch khng r rng lm. V d nh hu ht cc h thng s dng bng mch chnh Baby-AT s dng b ngun kiu LPX v cc h thng s dng bng mch chnh NLX s dng b ngun ATX. Bng 3.1 di y m t cc kiu kt hp thng thy ca cc dng b ngun v bng mch chnh.

Dng bng

mch chnhCc dng b ngun

thng s dngCc dng b ngun khc

Baby - ATXLPX styleBaby - AT,AT/Tower, AT/Desk

LPXLPX styleKhng

ATXATX sytleKhng

Micro-ATXATX styleSFX style

NLXATX styleKhng

Bng 3.1. Kiu kt hp ca cc dng b ngun v bng mch chnh

Nh vy, hu ht cc h thng hin nay u s dng b ngun dng ATX cn mt s c th s dng cc kiu SFX v LPX. Ch rng, mc d tn cc dng b ngun dng nh l ging vi tn dng ca bng mch chnh nhng dng ca b ngun lin quan nhiu hn ti thng my ca h thng. Tt c cc kiu b ngun Baby - AT, LPX v AT/Tower u s dng hai u ni 6 chn cm vo bng mch chnh, v do c th lm vic vi cng mt loi bng mch chnh. b ngun c th lm vic c th chng phi va kht vo trong thng my.

3.1.1.1. Kiu PC/ XT

Cc h thng XT ca IBM s dng b ngun c bn ging nh my tnh nguyn thu ngoi tr b ngun XT mi c cng sut u ra gp i. Do b ngoi v kiu u ni ging ht nhau nn c th s dng b ngun XT mi nng cp h thng. S ph bin rng ri thit k XT v my tnh nguyn thu m ng cho cc nh sn xut bt u xy dng cc ht thng bt chc hnh dng v cch b tr ca IBM. Cc h thng ny, c gi l tng thch IBM, c th tro i vi hu ht cc thnh phn ca h thng IBM bao gm c b ngun. Mt s lng ln cc nh sn xut sau bt u xut xng cc thnh phn ny m hu ht u tun theo dng ca mt trong cc h thng ca IBM. Hnh 3.1 di y l b ngun PC/ XT v cc u ni. Dng ny cn rt t c s dng trong cc h thng ngy nay.

Hnh 3.1. B ngun PC/ XT v cc u ni

3.1.1.2. Kiu AT

- Kiu AT/ Desk: Cc h thng bn AT, c IBM gii thiu sau XT, c b ngun ln hn v dng khc so vi cc h thng PC/ XT nguyn thy. H thng ny nhanh chng c lm nhi v l c s cho cc thit k tng thch IBM. B ngun s dng trong h thng ny c gi l b ngun AT/ Desktop (xem hnh 3.2). Hng trm cc nh sn xut sn xut bng mch chnh, b ngun, thng my l cc thnh phn khc c th tro i mt cch vt l c vi h thng IBM AT nguyn thy. Dng ny rt t c dng ngy nay.

Hnh 3.2. B ngun dng AT/ Desk

- Kiu AT/ Tower: Cu hnh AT/ Tower v c bn chnh l h thng bn kiu AT c kch c thng dng. Dng ca b ngun v bng mch chnh kh ging nhau trong h thng kiu thp (Tower) v trong h thng bn. Cu hnh kiu thp khng phi l mi, trong thc t, cc h thng AT nguyn thy ca IBM c mt 1ogo c th quay c khi s dng h thng trn mt cnh trong cu hnh thp. Kiu b ngun trong h thng dng thp ging nh trong h thng bn ngoi tr v tr ca cng tc ngun. Trn hu ht cc h thng AT/ Desktop, cng tc ngun c nh v trn b ngun (thng l dng ln). Hu ht cc h thng AT/ Tower s dng cc cng tc ngoi gn vo b ngun thng qua mt dy cp ngn 4 ng dy. B ngun AT kch thc vi mt cng tc t xa c gi l dng AT/ Tower (xem hnh 3.3). Dng ny cng rt t dng hin nay.

Hnh 3.3. B ngun dng AT/ Tower

- Kiu Baby - AT: Baby - AT l mt phin bn thu gn da trn h thng AT kch thc ln. B ngun trong cc h thng ny c rt ngn theo mt chiu nhng vn tun theo cc thit k AT tt c cc chi tit khc. B ngun kiu Baby - AT c th lp va trong thng my Baby - AT v AT. Tuy nhin, b ngun dng AT/ Tower khng lp va trong thng my dng Baby - AT. Do kch thc nh hn v tnh nng y so vi b ngun kiu AT, b ngun kiu Baby - AT c a thch hn cho n khi thit k tip sau xut hin. B ngun dng ny rt t c s dng ngy nay. Hnh 3.4 miu t b ngun dng Baby AT.

Hnh 3.4. B ngun dng Baby-AT

3.1.1.3. Kiu LPX

Dng b ngun tip theo tr thnh ph bin l kiu LPX v i khi c gi l dng PS/ 2 kiu Slimline. B ngun dng LPX c cc u ni vi a v bng mch chnh ging ht nh vi dng b ngun chun trc . Khc bit ch yu nm hnh dng bn ngoi. Cc h thng LPX c thit k vi din tch nh hn v chiu cao thp hn so vi kiu AT. Cc my tnh dng ny s dng cc cu hnh bng mch chnh khc nhau c cc khe cm m rng trn mt card thng ng cm vo bng mch chnh. Cc card m rng c cm vo card thng ng ny v do nm song song vi bng mch chnh. Thng my LPX thng c kch thc nh nn do b ngun cng nh. B ngun thit k cho cc h thng LPX thng nh hn kiu Baby - AT v ch chim mt na khng gian so vi cc kiu b ngun trc . Xem hnh 3.5 miu t dng ngun kiu LPX. Cng ging nh thit k Baby - AT vo thi im , b ngun LPX cng c y tnh nng nh cc th h trc nhng vi kch thc nh hn. Do , b ngun kiu LPX nhanh chng c ch ng trong cc h thng ca cc nh sn xut v tr thnh mt chun khng chnh thc. Dng b ngun ny tr thnh chun cng nghip trong nhiu nm t cc h thng s dng bng mch chnh LPX thc s ti cc h thng dng thp s dng cc bng mch chnh Baby - AT hay thm ch l AT kch thc ln. N cn c s dng trong mt s my tnh ngy nay, tuy nhin trong khong 4 nm tr li y, LPX b thay th bi kiu ngun ATX.

Hnh 3.5. B ngun dng LPX

Ch : IBM s dng kiu b ngun ny trong mt s h thng PS/ 2 vo khong cui nhng nm 1980 nn do chng i khi c gi l b ngun kiu PS/ 2.

3.1.1.4. Kiu ATX

ATX l mt trong nhng dng b ngun mi nht hin nay (xem hnh 3.6), cc c t ca dng ATX, hin nay l phin bn 2.01, xc nh hnh dng mi cho bng mch chnh cng nh thng my v b ngun. Hnh dng ca b ngun ATX da trn thit k LPX nhng vi mt s khc bit quan trng. Mt trong nhng khc bit trong c t ATX l qut ca b ngun c gn dc theo mt trong ca b ngun, n c th thi khng kh qua bng mch chnh v ht vo qua mt sau ca thng my. Lung khng kh dng ny chuyn ng theo chiu ngc so vi cc b ngun thng thng khc thi lung kh qua mt l trn thng my m qut nh ra. Lung kh lm mt ca b ngun kiu ATX ny chuyn ng qua cc thnh phn nng nht ca bng mch chnh nh b x l, cc b nh RAM v cc khe cm m rng c thit k tn dng ti a tc dng ca lung kh. Kiu thit k ny c th lm gim bt s qut trong h thng nh qut b x l trung tm (CPU) trong cc h thng ph bin hin nay, v do gim ting n v nng lng tiu th. Mt li ch khc ca lung kh dng ny l khi h thng s c gi sch hn. Thng my v c bn s c iu p v lung khng kh s hn ch cc vt rn nt ca thng my.

Chnh v l do ny m kiu lm mt theo chiu ngc ny cn c gi l thng gi p lc tch cc. V d: Nh khi ht thuc trc a mm ca mt h thng bnh thng khi thuc s b cun vo trong a v s lm hng u t. Trong h thng ATX, khi thuc s b thi ra xa khi a do khng kh c ly vo t qut trn b ngun nm sau ca thng my. i vi cc h thng chy trong mi trng khc nghit, c th thm vo mt b lc t trc qut m bo rng khng kh a vo h thng lun sch.

Mc d v l thuyt, y l mt cch thng gi tuyt vi nhng cc h thng p lc tch cc c thit k chun yu cu phi c qut cng sut ln ht c lng khng kh cn thit qua b lc v iu p cho thng my. Hn na, b lc phi c bo dng mt cch nh k ty theo iu kin mi trng. Bn cnh , lng nhit thi ra t b ngun s i qua CPU v lm gim kh nng thot nhit ca n. Trong thc t, cc h thng tn nhit bng qut trn b ngun v qut trn b x l trung tm l mt gii php tt nht. Chnh v vy, cc c t b ngun ATX c sa i cho ph hp vi phng php tn nhit c.

c t ATX c Intel a ra u tin vo nm 1995. Nm 1996, c t ny tr nn rt ph bin trong cc my tnh Pentium, Pentium Pro v cc bng mch chnh dng ny chim ti 18 % trn th trng. Cng vi s ra i ca Pentium II vo nm 1997 v Pentium III vo nm 1999, ATX tr thnh dng bng mch chnh thng tr thay th cc bng mch chnh dng Baby - AT trc . ATX v cc kiu dn xut t n hu nh l dng ch yu trong mt vi nm tr li y.

Dang ATX (xem hnh 3.7) c mt s im khc bit so vi cc dng Baby -AT v Mini-AT. B ngun my tnh truyn thng c hai u ni cm vo bng mch chnh. Nu nh cm ngc mt th t quy nh cc u ni ny th s c th lm hng bng mch chnh. Hu ht cc nh sn xut h thng u nh du trn u ni ca b ngun khng th cm chng ngc th t. Tuy nhin, mt s nh sn xut cc h thng r tin thng b qua vn ny.

Hnh 3.6. B ngun dng ATX c dng vi h thng ATX v NLX

Hnh 3.7. B ngun dng ATX /NLX

Khc vi cc dng trc , dng ATX bao gm mt cm ngun mi cho bng mch chnh ngn chn vic cm nhm. u ni mi c 20 chn c nh du khng th cm nhm. u ni ATX mi cung cp ngun + 3.3 V v do hn ch c b iu p trn bng mch chnh cung cp ngun cho b x l trung tm v cc mch to ngun + 3.3 V khc.

Bn cnh ngun + 3.3 V, mt s tn hiu khc trong b ngun ATX khng tm thy trong cc dng b ngun khc l Power - ON (PS - ON) v 5V Standby (5 VSB) v thng c gi l Soft Power (ngun mm). Power-ON l mt tn hiu cho bng mch chnh m cc h iu hnh nh Windows 9x s dng iu khin ngun ca h thng bng phn mm. Nh tn hiu m cc tnh nng c trc nh Wake on Wing hay Wake on LAN nhn tn hiu t modem hay card mng c th thc s bt hay tt h thng. Nhiu h thng dng ny thng c cc ty chn cho php t thi gian nh thc m my tnh da vo c th t ng bt thc hin cc tc v c lp lch t trc. Cc tn hiu ny cn cho php ty chn bt h thng bng bn phm ging ht nh trong cc h thng Apple Macintosh. Tn hiu 5V Standby lun c kch hot v cung cp cho bng mch chnh mt lng in hn ch ngay c khi h thng tt v cho php bt cc tnh nng trn. Cc tnh nng ny c iu khin thng qua BIOS ca my tnh.

3.1.1.5. Kiu NLX

c t NLX cng c pht trin bi Intel l mt bn thu gn v thng my v bng mch chnh so vi ATX. tho mn c kh nng tro i, cc h thng NLX c thit k s dng b ngun ATX, d l kch thc thng my v bng mch chnh khc nhau. Ging nh cc h thng Slimline trc , bng mch chnh NLX s dng mt bo mch ng cm vo cc khe cm m rng. Bng mch chnh NLX cng c thit k qu trnh bo tr d dng vi mt cht n gin cho php trt ton b bng mch chnh ra khi thng my trong vng 30 giy. iu ny c th thc hin c bi khng c g ni vi bng mch chnh ngoi tr bng mch ng. B ngun ni vi bng mch ng, nh l vi cc a, vi cc thit b mt trc v vi cc u ni a phng tin. Khng c bng mch hay cp no phi tho ra khi di chuyn bng mch chnh v ch phi trt n mt cch n gin trn mt rnh trt vi thi gian trung bnh khong mt pht.

Cng ging nh kin trc ATX c chun ho thay th cc dng Baby - AT trong cc h thng bn kch thc v dng hnh thp, NLX c d bo s thay th cc dng LPX nng n v bn c quyn trong cc h thng bn nh hn. c th tro i c vi ATX, c t NLX khng nh ngha mt dng b ngun mi m s dng trc tip kiu b ngun ATX. Mc tiu ca NLX l nhm vo th trng my tnh tp trung cc yu cu v dch v v bo dng rt khc so vi ngi dng gia nh. S chp nhn ca chun NLX ang ko sau n l ATX nhng mt s t nh sn xut my tnh thng bo cc h thng vi li th gi thp, din tch chim ch nh v d dng bo tr vi cc dng mi.

3.1.1.6. Kiu SFX (bng mch chnh Micro ATX)

Intel gn y va cng b mt c t v bng mch chnh mi th ba gi l micro -ATX nhm vo cc h thng cp thp c thit k vi din tch thm ch nh hn NLX v yu cu v b ngun nh hn. Cc bng mch chnh v thng my Micro -ATX mi ny c th c thit k s dng mc nh b ngun ATX hay b ngun mi rt nh SFX cho dng Small (xem hnh 3.8).

Hnh 3.8. B ngun dng SFX vi qut lm mt 60 mm

B ngun SFX c thit k mt cch c bit s dng trong cc h thng nh cha mt lng gii hn phn cng. PSU c th cung cp 90 W dng 1 chiu (ti a l 135 W) vi 4 mc in p mt chiu u ra (+ 5 V,+ 12 V, m 12 V v + 3.3 V). Cc ngun ny l cho mt h thng nh vi b x l Pentium II, giao din AGP, bn khe cm m rng v ba thit b ngoi vi nh a cng hay CD-ROM.

Ch : B ngun SFX khng cung cp ngun m 5 V tng thch vi chun bus ISA. Cc h thng Micro ATX c gi nh l ch s dng bus PCI hay giao din AGP cho tt c cc card m rng trong my v khng s dng bus ISA.

Mc d Intel thit k b ngun SFX vi bng mch chnh Micro - ATX, SFX, Xt mt cch ton b cng l mt chun tng thch vi cc bng mch chnh khc. B ngun SFX s dng cng mt u ni 20 chn c nh ngha trong chun ATX bao gm c cc tn hiu Power - ON v 5 V standby. S khc bit gia hai h thng SFX v ATX ch l thit k vt l ca thng my. Trong m hnh b ngun SFX chun, mt qut ng knh 60 mm c gn trn b mt thng my v hng v pha trong. Qut s ht kh vo b ngun qua mt l hng ca h thng v thi ra qua mt cng pha sau h thng. Vic gn qut bn trong theo cch ny lm gim ting n ca h thng v t kt qu nh thit k p sut m chun. Trong nhiu trng hp, mt s qut b sung c th cn thit lm mt b x l trung tm (xem hnh 3.8).

i vi cc h thng yu cu kh nng lm mt cao hn, mt phin bn khc cho php mt qut 90 mm gn trn nc. Qut vi kch thc ln hn ny s cho kh nng lm mt ln hn v to ra cc lung kh cho cc h thng cn n (xem hnh 3.9a, 3.9b).

Hnh 3.9a. B ngun dng SFX vi qut lm mt 90mm c gn trn cng.

Hnh 3.9b. B ngun kiu SFX vi qut mt 90mm cgn trn cng.

3.1.2. Cc kiu gic cm ca b ngun

Bng 3.2 l s b tr chn ca hu ht cc h thng LPX, Baby - AT, AT tiu chun v tng thch PC/ XT. Hai u ni 6 chn (P8 v P9) ni b ngun vi bng mch chnh trong khi cc u ni 4 chn ging ht t P10 n P13 c s dng cp ngun cho cc thit b ngoi vi bn trong nh a mm hay a cng. Hnh 3.10 l cc u ni P8 v P9 (i khi c gi l P1, P2).

Hnh 3.10. Cc u ni P8 v P9 (hay P1/P2)Tt c cc b ngun my tnh tiu chun s dng cc u ni P8 v P9 u phi ci t chng st cnh nhau sao cho hai dy mu en (ni t) ca c hai u ni nm cnh nhau. Ch rng cc tn gi P8 v P9 khng c chun ho mc d c s dng trong hu ht cc h thng ca IBM. Trong mt s b ngun, cc u ni ny c gi l P1, P2 hay c th l tn khc. Do cc u ni ny thng c mt cht ngn khng cho cm ngc. Khi cm phi tun theo quy tc en - cnh - en m cn phi m bo l khng c mt chn ni ngun no ca bng mch chnh khi cm u ni ngun vo b b st. Vic c bt k mt chn no b b st c th gy ra nhng hng hc nng n cho bng mch chnh v tt c nhng g cm vo khi bt my.

Mt s h thng c th c nhiu hn hay t hn cc u ni vi a. V d nh trong h thng AT ca IBM, b ngun ch c 3 u ni ti a cn trong cc b ngun kiu AT power c ti bn u ni vic c nhiu hay t u ni l do n b ph thuc vo cng sut hot ng ca b ngun, mt s b ngun ATX c th c ti 8 u ni a.

Nu mun b sung a v cn ti cc u ni t b ngun ti a, mt cp tch ch Y c th h tr vic ny (xem hnh 3.11). Cc cp kiu ny c th to c hai u ni t mt u ni ca ngun. Phi m bo l tng u ra ca b ngun phi nm trong kh nng m cng sut ca b ngun c th cung cp c.

Hnh 3.11. Cp ch Y

u niKiu ATKiu PC/XT

P8-1Power_Good (+5V)Power_Good (+5V)

P8-2+5VKey (No connect)

P8-3+12v+12v

P8-4-12v-12v

P8-5Ground(0)Ground(0)

P8-6Ground(0)Ground(0)

P9-1Ground(0)Ground(0)

P9-2Ground(0)Ground(0)

P9-3-5V-5V

P9-4+5V+5V

P9-5+5V+5V

P9-6+5V+5V

P10-1+12v+12v

P10-2Ground(0)Ground(0)

P10-3Ground(0)Ground(0)

P10-4+5V+5V

P11-1+12v+12v

P11-2Ground(0)Ground(0)

P11-3Ground(0)Ground(0)

P11-4+5V

P12-1+12v

P12-2Ground(0)

P12-3Ground(0)

P12-4+5V

P13-1+12v

P13-2Ground(0)

P13-3Ground(0)

P13-4+5V

Bng 3.2. Cc kt ni ca b ngun AT v PC/ XT

Ch rng tt c cc b ngun t AT/ Desk ti Baby - AT v LPX u s dng cng mt cu hnh chn. Ch c mt chun cng nghip khc cho u ni t b ngun ti bng mch chnh l u ni kiu ATX 20 chn Molex 39-29-9202 (hay tng ng) (xem hnh 3.12). u ni kiu ny c s dng u tin trong b ngun kiu ATX v sau l SFX. y l b ngun 20 chn c kha v chn c cu hnh nh trong bng 3.3. Mu sc ca cc dy c khuyn ngh theo chun ATX, tuy nhin cc mu sc ny khng buc phi tun theo trong c t ATX (ni cch khc, mu sc ca cc dy ny c th khc nhau t nh sn xut ny ti nh sn xut khc).

Hnh 3.11. u ni trn bng mch chnh kiu ATX 20 chn

MuTn hiuChnChnTn hiuMu

Da cam+3,3V111+3,3VDa cam

Xanh-12v122+3,3VDa cam

enGND133GNDen

Xanh lcPS_ON144+5V

enGND155GNDen

enGND166+5V

enGND177GNDen

Trng-5V188Power_GoodXm

+5V199+5VSBTm

+5V2010+12vVng

Bng 3.3. Cc kt ni ca b ngun ATX

3.1.2.1. u ni ty chn ca b ngun ATX

B sung vo u ni 20 chn (xem hnh 3.13), c t ATX cn nh ngha mt u ni su chn ty chn (hai hng ba chn) cung cp cc tn hiu nh trong bng 3.4. My tnh c th s dng cc tn hiu ny cho mn hnh v iu khin qut, gim st in th ca tn hiu + 3.3 V ti bng mch chnh, cung cp nng lng v ni t cho cc thit b theo chun IEEE 1394 (Fire Wire). MuTn hiuChnChnTn hiuMu

XmD tr41FanMTrng

139452FanCXanh

D tr63+ 3.3 VNu

Bng 3.4. Cc kt ni ty chn ca b ngun ATX

Tn hiu FanM cho php h thng gim st tnh trng qut ca b ngun m t n c th c cc tc ng tng ng nh ng h thng nu c li qut.

H iu hnh s dng tn hiu FanC vi cc in th bin thin iu khin hot ng ca qut trong b ngun, chuyn n v trng thi nng lng thp hay tt hon ton khi h thng chuyn v ch ch. Chun ATX cng xc dinh mc in th +1 V hay thp hn ch ra l qut chm dt hot ng v mc + 10.5 V tr ln l khi qut hot ng vi tc cao nht. Cc nh sn xut h thng c th xc nh mt mc in th trung bnh iu khin tc ca qut. Nu b ngun khng c mch bin i tc qut, mi mc in th ln hn + 1 V tn hiu FanC u c dch thnh lnh chy qut tc ti a (v duy nht).

Hnh 3.12. Cc kt ni tu chn ca b ngun ATX

Ch : c t SFX cng nh ngha vic s dng u ni iu khin 6 chn nhng ch s dng n iu khin qut trn mt chn, 5 chn cn li c dng d tr. Cc cng tc ngun.

Hu ht cc b ngun ngy nay u c mt cng tc ngun t xa c th iu khin c t mt trc ca thng my. Trong cc dng trc nh AT bn hay Baby -AT u s dng mt cng tc tch hp vi v ca b ngun. Do b ngun c gn gc pha sau ca thng my, cng tc s nm mt sau ca thng my.

Cc b ngun trc ATX s dng mt cng tc t xa c ni vi b ngun thng qua mt cp bn ng dy. Cc u mt ca dy cp ny lp va vi u ni dng vu cm vo u ni ca cng tc. Cng tc thng l mt phn ca thng my nn b ngun thng c cp v khng c cng tc. Cp t b ngun ti cng tc ca thng my cha bn ng dy c mu khc nhau. C th c dy th nm ni t cho thng my.

Cnh bo: Cng tc t xa thng c ngun 110 V hoc 220 V xoay chiu ti mi thi im. C th b in git nu s vo u cc dy ny khi b ngun c cm in. Lun lun m bo l b ngun khng c cm in trc khi ni hay cm cng tc ny.

Cc mu dy c miu t nh di y:

- Cc dy mu nu v xanh lam l dy ngun v trung tnh t cm 110V hoc 220V xoay chiu ti b ngun. Cc dy ny lun c dng in xoay chiu khi b ngun c cm.

- Cc dy mu en v trng cung cp dng xoay chiu t cng tc ti b ngun. Cc dy ny ch c in khi b ngun c cm v cng tc bt.

- Dy mu xanh lc hay mu xanh lc vi sc vng l dy ni t. N c th c ni vi thng my v gip thng my c ni t thng qua b ngun.

Trn cng tc, cc u ni cho cc dy u c m ho mu. Nu khng m ho, ta vn c th cm chng mt cch d dng bng cch cm cc dy mu xanh lam v nu vo cc u song song vi nhau cn cc dy en v trng c ni vi cc u t cho gc vi nhau. Xem hnh 3.14 bit thm chi tit.

Cnh bo: Mc d vic m ho mu ca cc dy ny c s dng trong hu ht cc b ngun nhng n khng phi l chnh xc 100 %. Cng c th bt gp cc b ngun khng s dng s nh du mu nh n trn. V vy cn phi kim tra tht k cc dy ni trc khi cm n vo cng tc ngun.

Hnh 3.14. Cc u ni t xa ca hai loi cng tc b ngun

Ch cn cc dy xanh v nu nm trn cng mt pha ca u cm cn dy en v trng nm u kia th b ngun lun lm vic ng. Nu cm nhm th t cc dy, khi bt in s gy ra chp n, bi v vic cm sai ny s gy ra mt dng on mch ca ngun in li.

Tt c cc b ngun ATX v tip sau u c u ni vi bng mch chnh 20 chn v s dng tn hiu PS - On bt ngun h thng. Do , cng tc t xa khng iu khin mt cch vt l dng in t ngun 110V hoc 220V xoay chiu ti b ngun nh trong cc PSU c. Thay vo , trng thi tt hay bt ca h thng c iu khin bi tn hiu PS-ON nhn t chn 14 trn u ni ca ngun ATX.

Tn hiu PS-On c th c sinh mt cch vt l bi cng tc ngun ca my tnh hay mt cch in t bi h iu hnh. PS - On l tn hiu kch hot thp ngha l tt c cc tn hiu ngun mt chiu c sinh bi b ngun u khng c kch hot khi PS-On ang mc cao tr tn hiu + 5 VSB (standby) trn chn 9 lun c kch hot mi khi b ngun c cm vo ngun in li xoay chiu. Tn hiu + 5 VSB cp ngun hot ng cho cng tc t xa trn thng my khi my tnh tt. Do , cng tc t xa trn cc h thng kiu ATX (bao gm c cc h thng NLX v SFX) ch c dng + 5 V mt chiu ch khng phi dng 110V hoc 220 V xoay chiu nh cc dng c.

3.1.2.2. Cc b ni ngun vi a

Cc u ni vi a ca b ngun c chun ho hon ton t cu hnh chn v thm ch l c mu dy. Bng 3.5 l s b tr chn chun ca u ni vi a v mu sc ca cc dy.

ChnMu dyTn hiu

1Vng+12 V

2enNi t

3enNi t

4+ 5 V

Bng 3.5. S b tr chn ca u ni ngun a.

xc nh v tr chn 1 ca u ni ngun, hy nhn vo u ni ngun mt cch cn thn. N thng c in ni trn mt nha ca u ni tuy n thng rt nh v kh c. Tuy nhin cc u ni ny thng c nh du v rt kh c th cm sai. Hnh 3.15 cho thy cch nh du tng ng vi cc chn trn u ni ngun.

Hnh 3.15. u ni cp ngun vi a

Ch : Mt s u ni c th ch cung cp hai dy, thng l + 5 V v mt chn ni t (chn 3 hoc chn 4) do cc a mm loi mi ch s dng ngun + 5 V.

3.1.2.3. Cc kiu u ni vt l

Cc u ni vt l dng trong cc b ngun my tnh theo chun cng nghip c IBM xc nh ln u tin trong cc h thng PC/ XT/ AT nguyn thy. Cc h thng ny s dng cc kiu u ni c bit gia b ngun v bng mch chnh (cc u ni P8 v P9) v cc u ni dnh ring cho a cng. Cc u ni cho bng mch chnh s dng trong tt c cc b ngun theo chun cng nghip khng c g thay i t nm 1981 (khi IBM PC xut hin) cho n nm 1995 (khi Intel cng b chun ATX). Cc u ni ngun a 4 chn ca my tnh nguyn thu c b xung thm mt u ni ngun nh hn (cng 4 chn) khi a mm 3 1/2 inch ra i vo nm 1986. Bng 3.6 lit k cc u ni chun s dng cho a v bng mch chnh.

c t u niKiu m (trn cp ngun)Kiu dng (trn thnh phn)

ATX/ NIX/ SFX (20pin)Molex 39-29-9202Molex 39-01-2200

ATX Optional (6-pin)Molex 39-01-2906Molex 39-30-1060

PC/ AT/ LPX Motherboard P8/ P9P9 Burdy GTC6P-1Burdy GTC 6RI

Disk Drive (large style)AMP 1- 480424-0AMP 1- 480426-0

Floppy Drrive (small style)AMP 171822-4AMP 171826-4

Bng 3.6. Cc u ni ngun vt l.

3.1.3. Ti ca b ngun

B ngun my tnh thng l ngun kiu xung ngt m m khng phi l dng ngun tuyn tnh. Ngun xung ngt m s dng mt mch to dao ng chuyn in th xoay chiu thnh in th mt chiu thp hn cung cp cho cc thnh phn bn trong khi h thng ca my tnh. Cc b ngun kiu xung ngt m thng c kch thc nh, trng lng thp v nng lng cao hn so vi kiu ngun tuyn tnh. Phng php ny cho php b ngun s dng mt bin p xung tn s cao c kch thc nh v nh hn bin p trong kiu ngun tuyn tnh. Mt c tnh ca tt c cc b ngun kiu xung ngt m l chng khng chy khi khng c ti iu ny c ngha l bt buc phi ni thit b tiu th in vo b ngun n c th lm vic c, nh bng mch chnh, cc a v cc card m rng. Nu khng c thit b no c cm vo, b ngun s b chy hoc mt mch bo v s ngt mch. Hu ht cc b ngun u c bo v trong tnh trng khng ti v t ng ngt. mt s b ngun nhi khng c mch bo v ny v do s b chy sau mt vi giy chy khng ti. Mt s t b ngun c sn cc in tr lm ti v do khng b hng khi chy khng ti.

Theo c t ca IBM cho b ngun chun 192 W c s dng trong cc h thng AT nguyn thu, ti ti thiu ca dng 7.0 A phi c in p + 5 V v dng 2.5 A phi c in p + 12 V. Cc h thng khng c a cng thng hot ng khng chnh xc do cc a mm khng c ti + 12 V tr khi n ang quay. Mt s b ngun c mt ti ti thiu cho c ngun + 5 V v +12 V. b ngun s b ngt nu khng t ti c ti ti thiu ny. Chnh v c tnh ny, khi IBM thit k h thng AT nguyn thu khng c a cng, h cm cp ngun cho a cng vo mt in tr 5 (/ 50 W c gn trn mt hp kim loi nh lp v tr a cng v c gn vo thng my. Thng my AT c cc l vn vt trn np l c thit k gn hp in tr. in tr ny c ni gia chn 1 (+ 12 V) v chn 2 (ni t) trn u ni ngun ca a cng. N t dng 2.4 A vi in p + 12 V v do tiu th cng sut 28.8 W cho php b ngun hot ng chun xc. Qut lm mt trong hu ht cc h thng ch tiu th dng xp x t 0.1 A n 0.25 A. Nu khng c in tr ti, h thng s khng th khi ng v hot ng chnh xc. Bng mch chnh lun s dng in p + 5 V cn ngun + 12 V s dng cho cc m t. Hu ht cc b ngun ngy nay u khng cn ti ln nh trong h ngun AT nguyn thy. Trong hu ht cc b ngun, in p + 3.3 V c dng t 0 A n 0.3 A, in p + 5 V c dng t 2.0 A n 4.0 A, in p + 12 V c dng t 0.5 A n 1.0 A. Hu ht cc bng mch chnh u tiu th ngun + 5 V v th ngun + 12 V c th vn gy ra mt s vn trong cc h thng khng c lp cc a. Cc b ngun c cng sut ln thng yu cu ti nh v c im ny l mt trong nhng tiu ch nh gi b ngun. Cng sut ca b ngun, cc thng tin k thut ca b ngun c th tm thy t nh sn xut h thng, trn tem dn trc tip trn b ngun. Bng 3.7 v 3.8 lit k cc c im b ngun ca IBM v cc b ngun ca cc nh sn xut khc. Cc c im u vo c lit k l in th cc c im u ra l cng dng in (ampe) v cc mc in p ra. IBM thng bo mc cng sut ra di dng cng sut ra l thuyt. Nu nh sn xut b ngun khng c con s ny, c th tnh ton cng sut bng cng thc n gin sau:

S Watt = Vol ( Ampe

V d nh bng mch chnh c lit k tiu th dng 6 A in p + 5 V th n s tiu th cng sut l 30 watt.

Bng cch nhn in p v s ampe ti mi u ra v cng cc kt qu li, c th tnh ton tng cng sut c th cung cp ca b ngun.

Tham sPCPort-PCXTXT-286AT

in p u vo mc ti thiu10490909090

in p u vo mc ti a127137137137137

Chuyn in p 110 V/ 220 VKhngCKhngT ngC

Cng dng u ra (ampe)

+ 5 V7,011,215,020,019,8

- 5 V0,30,30,30,30,3

+ 12 V2,04,44,24,27,3

- 12 V0,250,250,250,250,3

Cng sut u ra thc t63,5113,3129,9154,9191,7

Cng sut u ra l thuyt63,5114,0130,0157,0192,0

Bng 3.7. Cng sut ra ca cc b ngun trong h thng IBM

Bng 3.7 l cc mc u ra ca b ngun tun theo cc chun cng nghip. Hu ht cc nh sn xut u c cc b ngun c cng sut t 100 W ti 450 W hay hn. Bng 3.8 l u ra ca cc b ngun cc mc in p khc nhau.

Cng sut ra l thuyt100W150W200W250W300W75W450W

Dng ra

+5V10.015.020.025.032.035.045.0

-5V0.30.30.30.51.00.50.5

+12v3.55.58.010.010.013.015.0

-12v0.30.30.30.51.00.51.0

Cng sut ra thc t 97.1 146.1 201.1 253.5 297.0 339.5 419.5

Bng 3.8. Cng sut ra ca mt s b ngun tng thch ph bin

Vic thm in p + 3.3 V vo b ngun s lm cc tnh ton thay i ng k. Bng 3.9 cha d liu ca cc b ngun ATX c in p + 3.3 V

Cng sut ra l thuyt235W275W300W400W

Dng ra

+ 3.3 V 14.014.014.028.0

+ 5 V 22.030.030.030.0

Max + 3.3 V/ + 5 V 125150150215

- 5 V 0.50.50.51.0

+ 12 V 8.010.012.014.0

- 12 V 1.01.01.01.0

Bng 3.9. Cng sut ra ca b ngun ATX

Nu tnh cng sut ra theo cng thc c trn th cc PSU ny dng nh cung cp u ra ln hn cng sut ca h. V d nh b ngun 300 W c tng cng sut tnh ton 1 354.7 W. Tuy nhin ch rng b ngun c u ra kt hp ti a ca cc in p + 3.3 V v + 5 V l 150 W. Nh vy tng u ra ch 1 308.5 W.

Hu ht cc b ngun my tnh u c cng sut t 150 W n 300 W. Cc b ngun c cng sut 300 W hay ln hn thng h tr tt hn i vi cc h thng bn hay dng thp c kh nng ty chn. Cc b ngun ny c th cp ngun cho mi bng mch chnh v card m rng cng nh s a ln v cc thit b ngoi vi khc.

3.1.4. Cc chi tit k thut ca b ngun

Bn cnh cng sut ra, nhiu chi tit k thut cng nh c im khc ca b ngun lm nn mt b ngun cht lng cao. B ngun cht lng cao s bo v h thng tt hn v s khng b nh hng khi mt trong nhng tnh trng sau xy ra:

- Ngng chy 100 % bt c khong thi gian lm vic no.

- Ngun yu bt c thnh phn no.

- C mt xung in ti 2.500 V t trc tip vo u vo xoay chiu (v d nh b st nh)

Cc b ngun tt c mt c mt dng r ni t nh hn 500 micro ampe. Tnh nng an ton ny rt quan trng khi cm khng c ng ni t. Bn cnh nhng tiu chun trn cn c nhng tiu chun khc nh gi mt PSU. nh gi c mt PSU cn phi bit c cc thng s k thut v b ngun v ngha ca n nh di y:

Thi gian gia cc ln hng v thi gian trc khi hng: y l khong thi gian (c tnh ton) trung bnh, tnh bng gi, m b ngun c th hot ng tt trc khi hng. Cc b ngun thng c khong thi gian gia cc ln hng hc khong 100.000 gi hay ln hn tnh theo l thuyt. Tuy nhin trn thc t s c nhng thay i rt khc.

Di in p u vo (hay di hot ng): L di in th m b ngun c th chp nhn c t ngun in li xoay chiu. i vi dng xoay chiu 110V, di u vo t 90 V n 135 V l ph bin. i vi dng 220 V, di u vo thng l t 180 V n 270 V.

Dng khi ng: L dng in tiu th ln nht ca b ngun ngay sau khi bt ngun. Thng s ny c biu din bng ampe ti mt in p nht nh.

Thi gian duy tr: L thi gian (tnh theo mi li giy) m u ra ca b ngun cn duy tr khi u vo b ngt. Thi gian ny cc b ngun hin nay thng c gi tr khong t 15 ms n 25 ms.

Thi gian p ng nhanh: L lng thi gian (tnh theo micro giy) m b ngun iu chnh in p u ra ti in p quy nh khi c mt bin i in p nhanh. Ni cch khc, l thi gian b ngun cn n nh in p ra sau khi mt thit b trong h thng bt u hay kt thc qu trnh tiu th in nng. B ngun ly mu dng ang c s dng bi my tnh ti cc khong thi gian c nh. Khi mt thit b dng tiu th in trong mt khong thi gian (v d nh a mm ngng quay), b ngun s cung cp mt in p cao khong thi gian . Lng in p vt qu ny c gi l qu p, v thi gian p ng nhanh l thi gian cn thit b ngun iu chnh in p xung mc bnh thng. Thi gian p ng nhanh thng c biu din bng cc khong thi gian hoc theo thay i ca u ra nh "cc mc u ra vn gi n nh trong khi u ra thay i ti 20 %".

Bo v khi qu p: L im ngt i vi mi u ra m b ngun s ngt khi in p u ra ln hn mc cho php. Cc gi tr ny c biu din di dng phn trm (v d nh 120 % i vi in p + 3.3 V v + 5 V) hay gi tr in p (v d nh in p + 4.6 V i vi mc + 3.3 V v + 7.0 V i vi mc + 5 V).

Dng ti cc i: L dng cc i (tnh bng ampe) c th phn phi mt cch an ton qua mt u ra c th. Gi tr ny c th biu din bng ampe cho mi in p ra. Vi cc gi tr ny, c th tnh ton tng in nng m b ngun c th cung cp v c s thit b s dng cc in p khc nhau m b ngun c th h tr.

Dng ti cc tiu: L dng cc tiu (tnh bng ampe) b tiu th bi mt u ra c th. Nu dng tiu th ca mt u ra nh hn mc cc tiu ny, b ngun c th h hng hay c th t ng ng mch.

iu chnh ti: Khi dng tiu th bi mt u ra no tng hay gim th in p cng thay i theo. iu chnh ti l lng thay i in p cho mt u ra c th mt khi n bin i t ti cc tiu ti ti cc i (v ngc li). Cc gi tr ny c biu din bng +/- phn trm v thng nm trong khong +/- 1% n +/- 5 % cho cc u ra + 3.3V, + 5 V v +12 V. iu chnh dng: L thay i in p ra khi u vo xoay chiu bin i t gi tr thp nht ti gi tr cao nht. B ngun c kh nng chp nhn ngun vo xoay chiu bin i trong di u vo v u ra ch bin i trong khong 1 %. Hiu sut: L t l cng sut u vo trn u ra ca b ngun tnh theo phn trm. Gi tr ca thng s ny t 60 % n 85 % l ph bin trong cc b ngun hin nay. T 15 % n 35 % cn li b chuyn thnh nhit trong qu trnh bin i in p xoay chiu thnh in p mt chiu. Mc d hiu sut cao c ngha l to nhit t hn v tn t in hn nhng bn cnh b ngun cn phi tho mn cc thng s nh iu chnh ti v cc thng s khc.

gn xoay chiu: L trung bnh in p ca tt c cc nh hng ca cc thnh phn xoay chiu ln u ra ca b ngun v thng c tnh bng mi li vn. Cc nh hng ny l do cc thit b in mc trn ngun in li xoay chiu gy ra.

3.1.5. Cc yu cu cn thit khi tin hnh sa cha ngun my tnh

3.1.5.1. Yu cu v an ton

Phn s cp ca ngun c th gy nguy him, v u vo ca ngun c kt ni trc tip vi dng in xoay chiu v t in lc ngun c in p ln ti 320 V khi ngun lm vic, v sau khi tt ngun nu khng x t lc ngun (v mt l do no ngun khng lm vic ng nhng cu ch khng hng dn n c in p tch trn t lc ngun) khi s tay vo s gy git. V vy cn phi tun th theo nhng nguyn tc di y trnh khi nhng ri ro trn:

Khi lm vic cn phi i giy, dp, hoc ng trn cc vt cch in v d nh thm cch in.

Cn phi ht sc cn thn, khng c ng trm tay vo nhng vng c in p cao ca b ngun.

Khng c eo trang sc hoc nhng vt dn in khc, v khi sa cha cc vt ny c th chm vo mch in v gy ra nguy him.

Tip t cc thit b in s dng kim tra v sa cha ngun.

Cn phi c s hiu bit v cc thit b in t, cn phi bit r v tr no l in p li xoay chiu, hoc mt chiu c in p cao. S dng ng h vn nng o kim tra cc gi tr in p trn u vo v nm c cc im kim tra c in p cao.

Nu cn phi tho bng mch ra khi v, hy t n ln vt c th cch in v khng c bng mch chm vo bt k vt g c th gy ra ngn mch. Thng thng ta c th t bng mch ln tm nha hoc cc vt bng g.

Ch c hn, hoc chm tay vo ngun khi tt ngun, cn phi x t in lc ngun bng mt in tr ln hn 2W (V d: i vi t c in p chu ng khong 200 V s dng mt in tr t 1 K( n 10 K(). Dng ng h vn nng ph hp kim tra chc chn rng khng cn in p d trn t.

Nu cn phi kim tra khi ngun ang c in, cn phi t thang o ca ng h vn nng v thang o c gi tr ln hn vi ngun cn o, trnh hin tng ngun b sc c th gy ra hng ng h vn nng.

3.1.5.2. Dng c kim tra

Cn phi c cc dng c cn thit trong qu trnh sa cha b ngun ca my tnh. Phn di y ch ra cc dng c cn thit dng kim tra b ngun ca my tnh:

ng h vn nng ch th s hoc kim.

My hin sng

3.1.5.3. Dng c tho lp

Dng c dng tho lp c th s dng mt cch d dng v thun tin, cc dng c dng tho lp c m t di y:

Ht thic dng tho g cc t in v in tr v cc linh kin khc gn trong bng mch ca b ngun.

T vt cc c c cn nha dng tho lp cc c, vt bt trn bng mch.

CHNG 4: SA CHA NGUN MY TNH KIU AT

4.1. S KHI KIU NGUN AT

4.1.1. Gii thch cc thnh phn mch in trn s khi b ngun kiu AT

- Mch lc u vo: Mch lc u vo dng lc bt cc xung nhn do in p li hoc cc thnh phn khc gy ra.

- Khi chnh lu v lc mt chiu: B chnh lu c nhim v bin i in p xoay chiu thnh mt chiu kt hp vi t lc ngun to ra in p mt chiu bng phng cp cho cc thnh phn bn trong ca b ngun.

- Mch to xung ngt m: Mch to xung ngt m c nhim v gy ra s thay i v dng in trong cun s cp bin p ngt m to ra in p cm ng cp cho ti. Trong b ngun my tnh mch to xung ngt m khng c thit k cch ly mt s cp vi mt th cp. Nn nu s tay vo v my thng gy ra git. V vy i vi ngun my tnh cn phi ni mt cho v my chng git.

- Bin p ngt m: Kt hp vi kho ngt m to s thay i v dng bn trong cun s cp a ra cc mc in p thch hp phn th cp. Bin p ngt m ca ngun mt tnh kiu AT c thit k a ra cc mc in p ( 5 V v ( 12 V mt chiu. i vi mt s ngun my tnh in p m 5 V mt chiu c to ra bi IC 7905.

- B chnh lu th cp: B chnh lu th cp kt hp vi t lc ngun to ra cc in p mt chiu u ra ca bin p ngt m.

- Mch lc th cp: Mch lc th cp dng to ra in p bng phng u ra ca ca ngun.

- Mch so snh v hi tip: Mch ny c nhim v so snh v n nh in p u ra ca ngun.

- Mch dao ng: To ra xung iu rng (Pulse Width Modulation) li kho ngt m. Mch ny thng s dng IC TL494.

4.1.2. S nguyn l ngun AT

Hnh 4.1. S nguyn l ngun AT 200 W

4.1.2.1. Phn tch s nguyn l mch ngun AT 200 W

Mch ny l ngun kiu xung ngt m (Switching Power Supply), mch ngun ny s dng IC TL 494. Tng t nh mch c s dng trong hu ht ngun c cng sut t 180 W n 250 W. in p 220 V xoay chiu qua cu ch 5A qua mch lc ng dy (Line Fillter), qua cc t lc nhiu u vo C1, C4 (100 nF/ 250 V) ti cu i t BD1, nn mt chiu 220 V ti t lc C5, C6 (330 (F/ 220 V ) mc ni tip. in tr R1, R2 dng san bng in p trn hai t C5, C6 (khi t chuyn mch v ch 220 V). ch 110 V t C5, C6 chuyn thnh mch nhn i in p. in p ny dng cp ngun nui cho tng cng sut ca mch dao ng phn s cp. Khi chuyn sang in p 110 V s c dng in i qua t C9 (1(F/ 250 V) qua cun 1 bin p Tr3, cun 1 bin p Tr2, cun 3, 2a bin p Tr1 cp cho mch dao ng dng Transistor T1, T2 (2SC4242), lc ny do qu trnh phng np trn hai t C5, C6 to xung in ban u kch cho tng dao ng T1, T2 lm vic. Khi hai Transistor T1, T2 lm vic s to ra xung in trn cun th cp bin p Tr2, khi trn cun 3a, 3b bin p Tr2 s c in p cm ng v c nn qua i t BD3a, BD3b, v trn u ra ca bin p Tr4 s c cc in p nhng cha n nh. in p + 12 V qua i t D14, t lc C16 (47 (F) cp ngun vo chn 12 IC 101 (TL 494). Khi IC 101 bt u lm vic, ng thi in p +12 V qua in tr R23 (1.5 K() qua i t D5 qua cun s cp 1a, 1b ca bin p Tr1 cp cho Colector Transistor T3, T4. Chn 8 v chn 11 IC 101 cp dng iu khin Transistor T3, T4 lm vic, v n nh in p u ra ca ngun. Lc ny trn cc u ra ca bin p Tr4 s c cc in p mt chiu + 5 V v + 12V, m 5 V v m - 12V. Cc cun lc t L1 n L4 (30 (H ), t lc t C24 n C27 (470 (F) dng lc v san bng in p u ra. n nh in p u ra ca ngun, mch ny s dng ngun m 12 V qua in tr R30 (1.2 K() mc ni tip vi mch phn p in tr R29 (1 K(), R28 (270 () cp cho Emiter Transisor T6 (nu trong qu trnh ngun lm vic, in p m 12 V b thay i do mt nguyn nhn no , th Transistor T6 s lm cho in p dng Transistor T5 thay i qua i t D10 vo chn 4 IC 101 iu khin rng xung ca dao ng. in p + 5 V qua phn p R34 (10 K(), R18 (4.7 K() cp vo chn 15 IC 101 v phn p R17, R16 cp vo chn 1 IC 101 so snh bo v ngun. Nu c s c u ra + 5 V th mch bo v s lm vic v ct ngun. Trong ngun ny mch so snh v hi tip s dng IC LM339 lm nhim v bo v khi c s c chp ti hoc ngun b qu p. in p + 12 V qua i t D15, t lc C18 (100 nF) in tr R35 (24 K() a ti u vo IO 2a v to ra trn u ra IO2a c mt in p ra 5V chun dng so snh. Khi c s c qu p hoc qu ti th lc in p ti chn 13 IC 101 TL 409 s b thay i dn n mch iu khin ti chn 8 v chn 11 ca IC 101 TL 494 ct, mch ngun mt dao ng.

Mch lt trng thi IO2b to ra trn u ra IO2b tn hiu Power Good. Khi n nt (Reset) trn mt trc ca my tnh, s lm cho ngun khi ng li.

4.2. TH T TM PAN TRN MCH NGUN AT

4.2.1 Kim tra mch nn v chnh lu s cp

Ngun in p cp cho mch ngun ngt m bt u t gic cm ngun in li xoay chiu a n u vo ca mch nn v chnh lu s cp nh hnh 4.2. Cp ngun in xoay chiu vo b ngun.

Hnh 4.2. Ngun in li a n mch nn v chnh lu s cp

Trc cu i t BD1 s dng ng h vn nng o in p xoay chiu ti hai u t C2, C3 xem c khng. Nu khng c, rt cp ngun ra. S dng ng h vn nng t v thang o in tr, kim tra cu ch 5A xem c hng khng. Nu cu ch hng, s dng ng h kim tra cu i t BD1 xem c hng khng. Nu c phi thay th cu i t BD1 ri mi lp cu ch mi vo. Bi v, nu mt trong bn i t ca cu i t BD1 b chp, hng hoc b nh thng th khi thay cu ch mi vo s c hin tng bt in n cu ch. Trng hp khc nu cu ch 5A v cu i t khng hng cn phi kim tra tip t lc ngun C5, C6 v in tr R1, R2 xem c hng khng, pht hin hng thay th bng linh kin khc. Nguyn nhn hai t lc ngun C5, C6 hng l do mt trong hai in tr R1 hoc R2 b t, in p phn p trn hai t s khng cn bng do mt trong hai t s phi chu ng in p ln hn t kia dn n t b nh thng, gy ra n cu ch. Ngoi ra nu Transistor ngt m T1 hoc T2 b chp CE gy ra hin tung ngn mch trn ngun, cng dn n hin tng khi thay cu ch mi bt in n cu ch.

4.2.2. Kim tra ti

i vi mch ngun dng ngun xung ngt m, khi mt trong cc ti u ra b chp s dn n trng hp mch bo v b tc ng dn n ngt dao ng, ngt ngun u ra. Do khi xc nh cc h hng ca mch ngun cn phi ch n vic kim tra phn th cp ca ngun xem c lm vic ng khng, ti cc u ra ca ngun c b chp khng. Cch thc kim tra ti ca mch ngun AT tin hnh nh sau:

Cp ngun cho b ngun, t thang o ca ng h vn nng v thang o mt chiu kim tra cc in p ti u ra ca ngun xem c khng. Nu khng c cn phi kim tra cc i t nn in trn cc u ra, trong mch ngun dng ngun xung ngt m i t nn in thng l i t xung. trong trng hp ny hy kim tra cc i t BD3a, BD3b, BD2a, BD2b. V tr ca cc i t nn in p u ra nh hnh 4.3.

Hnh 4.3. V tr ca cc i t nn in ti u ra ca ngun

4.2.3. Kim tra khi dao ng

y chnh l thnh phn mch in kh kim tra nht trong mch ngun my tnh, bi v mch ngun ny c thit k rt phc tp. i vi mch ngun dng xung ngt m kiu AT thng s dng IC dao ng loi TL 494. Ngay sau khi cp ngun cho IC hot ng, tn hiu dao ng s xut hin ngay ti u ra ca IC. Trong b dao ng ngt m. Mt linh kin hng s lm t lit hot ng ca mch dao ng. tin hnh kim tra b dao ng c thun tin, cn phi ch cc iu kin sau:

Xem k phn nguyn l lm vic ca ngun AT, y l iu kin cn thit trnh c hin tng pht hin sai h hng, dn n mt thi gian v i khi lm hng thm mch in.

Phi bit cch kim tra, o c linh kin mt cch chnh xc. y l mt vic lm rt quan trng. Nu trong qu trnh kim tra pht hin h hng, m b qua mt linh kin no , th c th dn n cng vic sa cha b b tc.

Phi khonh c vng hng hc, bit kim tra linh kin no d b hng, linh kin no t hng.

Thng thng, cc linh kin d b hng trn mch ngun kiu xung ngt m dng AT c thng k theo th t di y:

Transistor ngt m, cc i t Zener, cc i t nn in, cc i t xung, in tr cu ch, in tr bo v, cu i t, IC to dao ng

Thnh phn t h hng nht trong mch ngun l bin p xung, v cc in tr than.

Lu di y ch ra cch thc tin hnh kim tra mch dao ng ca b ngun my tnh kiu AT.

4.2.4. Kim tra mch bo v

Trong mch ngun ny mch bo v c nhim v bo v khi qu ti hoc c s c trn ti lc n s ct ngun. Mch ny s dng IC LM 339 lm nhim v so snh v bo v. Khi mch bo v c s c, s dn n mt ngun ti u ra. kim tra mch bo v, hy cp ngun in cung cp cho b ngun. S dng ng h vn nng kim tra in p + 12 V ti in tr R35 (24 K() xem c khng. Nu c, tip tc kim tra in in p + 5 V ti im (a) u ra ca IO2a (1/2 ca IC LM339) xem c khng. Nu khng c, c kh nng IC LM339 hng. Tt ngun, t thang o ca ng h vn nng v thang o in tr, kim tra cc linh kin mc xung quanh mch bo v xem c hng khng, pht hin linh kin hng thay th. Nu cc linh kin mc xung quanh mch bo v khng hng, thay th IC LM339.

4.3. CC H HNG THNG GP TRN KHI NGUN AT

4.3.1. Bt in n cu ch

- Nguyn nhn h hng: Nguyn nhn ch yu sy ra hin tng ny l do chm chp cc i t ca cu nn u vo ca mch ngun. Cc t lc ngun xoay chiu ca mch lc nhiu ng dy b thng, hoc cc t lc ngun mt chiu sau cu i t b chp, thng, hay cc in tr phn p ca t lc ngun b t, hng. Mach dao ng ngt m phn s cp b chp gy nn.- Phng php tin hnh sa cha: i vi mch ngun dng xung ngt m kiu AT, c th l mch ngun ny ta thy khi c hin tng bt in n cu ch, cn phi tin hnh kim tra t lc trn mch lc nhiu ng dy u vo ca ngun, dng ng h vn nng t thang R x 1 o kim tra hai t C1, C4 nu pht hin hng thay th bng linh kin c cng tr s, v nu t lc ngun mc trn u vo b thng dn n ngn mch u vo, cu ch s b n. Nu khng hng kim tra cu i t BD1, dng ng h vn nng thang R x 1 kim tra cc i t trn cu i t, nu pht hin i t thng, hng cn phi thay th ngay, i vi trng hp cu i t c tch hp chung trong mt v, o kim tra pht hin hng thay th. Bi v nu cu i t b hng, ngha l mt trong 4 i t mc trn mch cu b thng, dn n hin tng ngn mch. Do khi cp in li xoay chiu cho ngun, cu ch bo v s n. i khi cu ch b chp n cng c th do nguyn nhn ngun in li c s c v b dng ln qu cao, dn ti cu ch bo v n hin tng ny t khi sy ra. Nu kim tra cu i t m khng thy hng ta tip tc kim tra t lc ngun mc ngay sau cu i t. Khi t chuyn mch v mc in p 220 V xoay chiu, trong mch ny c thit k s dng 2 t lc ngun C5, C6 loi (330 (F/ 220 V), c mc ni tip vi nhau v mc vi hai in tr phn p R1, R2 loa 3 M(. Nhim v ca hai in tr ny dng chia u in p trn hai t. Gi thit t ra, khi c in p li cp cho ngun, v mt nguyn nhn no m in tr R1 hoc R2 b t (c th do ngun hot ng qu lu, cc in tr nng dn ln, tng tr s gy ra t, hng in tr, hoc do ti u ra qu ln dn n ngun hot ng b qu ti cc in tr cng c th b t...). Khi in p phn p trn hai u t b lch nhau qu ln lm hng t lc ngun C5 hoc C6, khi t lc ngun b hng dn n mch ngun b chp, n cu ch. pht hin t hng t thang o ca ng h vn nng v thang R x 10 o kim tra t nu hng cn phi thay th ngay, khi t hng ta cn phi tip tc kim tra hai in tr R1 v R2, loi tr ht cc nguyn nhn gy ra hng t. Nu khi pht hin thy t hng m khng kim tra hai in tr R1, R2 m thay ngay t mi vo, do mt trong hai in tr R1, R2 hng s tip tc lm hng t v t cu ch. V vy cn phi kim tra tht k tt c cc nguyn nhn gy ra hng cu ch trc khi cm in thng ngun. y cng chnh l mt nguyn tc bt buc trong qu trnh sa cha. Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn gy nn hin tng bt in n cu ch l do hng mt trong hai Transistor T1, T2. Trong mch ny Transistor T1, T2 c s dng l loi (2SC 4242). Khi mt trong hai Transistor ny hng, thng l chp C - E, s gy nn ngn mch u ra ca ngun, chp ngun, cu ch n. kim tra Transistor ny dng ng h vn nng t thang o R x10 o kim tra Transistor T1, T2 nu hng thay th bng mt linh kin mi. V tr Transistor T1, T2 c b tr nh hnh 4.4. Hnh 4.4. V tr Transistor T1, T24.3.2. Mt dao ng khng c in p ra

- Nguyn nhn h hng: Mt dao ng c nhiu nguyn nhn, c th do chp ti u ra dn n mch bo v lm vic v ct dao ng, cng c th do IC dao ng b hng, cc linh kin lin quan trong mch dao ng bi hng, Transistor iu khin ngt m bi chp C-E hoc dn bo ho...

- Phng php tin hnh sa cha:

+ Kim tra ti: u tin chc chn ngun in li tt, o ti xem c b chm chp hay khng, thng thng ta tin hnh kim tra i t nn u ra, y l cc i t xung. Trong mch ny cc i t nn u ra l cc i t D19, D18 cp ngun ra m 12 V, cc i t BD3a, BD3b cp ngun ra + 12 V, v cc i t BD2a, BD2b cp ngun ra + 5 V, i t D16, D17 cp ngun ra m 5 V. t thang o ca ng h vn nng v thang R x 1 kim tra cc i t trn pht hin hng thay th. V khi mt trong cc i t trn b chp, thng th lc ny gi tr in p u ra ca ngun b thay i dn n mch bo v lm vic v ct dao ng, ngun khng lm vic. Th d xt i vi in p + 5 V u ra. in p + 5 V u ra c nn bi hai i t BD2a, BD2b y l cc i t xung c nhim v nn ngun sau bin p ngt m ly ra in p + 5 V. in p ny c a qua mch lc L - C l cun cm L3 (30 (H) v t lc C26 (470 (F) ti cc u ra ca u ni ngun AT. Mt phn in p + 5 V c a v mch bo v qua phn p R34 (10 K(), R18 (4.7 K() cp vo chn 15 IC 101 v qua in tr phn p R17, R16 cp vo chn 1 IC 101 (TL 494) so snh bo v ngun. Nu c s c u ra + 5 V th mch bo v s lm vic, mt dao ng v ct ngun. V tr v im kim tra cc i t nh hnh 4.5.

Hnh 4.5. V tr v im kim tra cc i t

+ Kim tra tng dao ng s cp: Trong mch ny tng dao ng s cp s dng cp Transistor T1, T2 c mc theo kiu mch y ko. Tng ny dng to ra dng in khi ng lc ban u kch cho mch dao ng chnh ca ngun lm vic. thi im ban u khi c in p li xoay chiu cp cho mch ngun, in p xoay chiu qua mch lc ng dy ti cu i t BD1, nn mt chiu, qua t lc ngun cp in p mt chiu cho cc thnh phn trong mch ngun. Khi t chuyn mch ch 220 V xoay chiu, in p mt chiu u ra ca cu i t BD1 c mc vi mch lc ngun mt chiu bi hai t C5, C6 (330 (F/ 220 V) mc ni tip vi nhau qua in tr phn p R1, R2 cp cho Transistor T1, T2 (2SC4242) . Ti thi im ban u khi t C5, C6 c np, do qu trnh phng np ca t xut hin xung in, thng qua cun s cp 2a, 2b ca bin p Tr1 kch m cho n T1, T2, khi n