q.uq.tll · 2017. 12. 11. · hwJ Li2w4mJr>D hwuwztuwrhwJru uzw~nLJJ:lr hblll mubgwo hwrwpbpmJ:lJWG...

119

Transcript of q.uq.tll · 2017. 12. 11. · hwJ Li2w4mJr>D hwuwztuwrhwJru uzw~nLJJ:lr hblll mubgwo hwrwpbpmJ:lJWG...

  • q.uq.t"ll UbU~ntUSUu

    lntumtJliwqwli dbnliwf141

    «-tUu ursuu» t;rt;-tlfu

    2001

  • 'lS"l 008(07) QU'l71g73

    U-539

    U-539

    =lpw..nwrw4m~Jw!i t !ibp4WJWQPDL blfl1 !fl~L~Unlf1WJnLf)JWU wllp~nun

    ·•mil t blfl=i !fl~L~un!flwJnLf)JWU, ung~ntnqtJWJ~ SL4WCW-t L. hnqbpwumf)JWU ~W~nLLI11DI11~

    qp111w~wu tunflh(l!'\tl n(ln2Llwllp

    l'f\WU1WUtuWGWUlnL tullpwq.tl!1, (J I/JfJLfJUn1/1W}Wqwli qfunnt(Jjntlilib{l/1 (Jnqum{1 U ,U. flwpW(1JW

    ~bnGwp~n jullpwq.pnLpJwGG bG bpw2tuwlln!1bL U.luW1Wll1£lJWG[!, U.'T\bUl(1nUJWG[l

    4401000000 u 2001

    854(01)-2001

    ISBN 999 30-57-70-3

    Clli'l71g73

    urlU!:iUPUu

    UwuGwqt11.nw4wG qrw4wGmpJwG ub2 uzw4mJpj1 LilbumpJWG L. L4WLilumpJwG hwrgbrr 04wlfluwup qnJmpJmG mt:ibG pwquwprt.l unl!lbgmu-Gbp , nrnGp ubr4wJwgLtmu bG j1GlL4bu « '1wuwz~wphwJru QW'l.WQw4ppm-pJmGGbrr L4WLilumpJmG» (UVu-mu) . «VzwumawJru uwr~wpwGmpJmG» (bt.lrnL4WJmu) , «Vzw4mpwpwGmpJmG» (f1muwulilwGmu) wut.tu.:umuGbrnt.l. nrmGg pnt.twGr'lw4mpJmG(I qrbpb GnLJGG t:

    ubfl4WJnLUU , 0wtu4r0 4muw4gw4w0wgt.lw6 L. qwfl.wlj1Wi1WJUWQ-4_w6 hwuwrw4w4wG-QWfl.WJ2w4wG qj1LI1w4wrqbrr lj1nt-uwrb0 pmhw4wG 4rpmpJWU hwuw4wrq b(j Ulflglj_mu unr wnwr4wGb[l. WJil pt.lmu L. «'1wl.lw-zwtuwrhwjj1G uzw4mJpr UlbumpJmO L. L4WLI1LlmpJmu » («Vzw4mpwpwGm-pJm0») flWUQGpwgo: rGll4bU b[1L.w0j1 L4blilw4wG hwUWLUW[lwGp hmLlwGpl!lWfl ~W4nLLLilbl!lGb[lnLLl , WJUL4bu tL wLlbGWLilWflpb[l L4bLI1w4w0 G. n~ L4bLI1w4w0 pmhbrmLl,nrnGg Llb6 Llwuo t.lbrwGLtwGL(bL t hwuwluwrwuubrr . r'lWUWt.lUJ[Ir'lt.lmLl t «Vzw4mpwpw0mpJnLU» wnwr4w0 : rpnQ, hwLlwLuwrwGw4wG 4f1PnLJ3JnLGIJ huwrwt.tnrlt L4WLI14brwg0bL wnwGg GLlwu flWU(IUJ:}wgp, QWUjl nr hwLlWLUW[lUJUQ , t.lbfll}pG hwzt.lnt.l, qpUlmpJWU m uzw4nLJJ3P JnLf1WLilbuw4 tunrhpflwujlz t : UJO , uj1wdwuwGw4 , nl LlpwjG uwuuwqbl!lubpjl L4WLI1[1WULI1UWU , WJLL. ulflwt.lnr QUflnLUW4nLpjmGubpj1 qwrqwguwG flWppGng t : '1wLlWLUW[lWOw4w0 4f1PnLPJWU ql~wt.lnr Wfldbf'(l wGhWLilU t, ru4 UL4WLI1W4[! OW[lr'lnL wqwlfl m pwqLlw4nfl.UWUj1 qwrqwgml.l(l

    tJGpWflflt.lmLl t , np Llzw4mpwGmpJWU r'lWU[!Gpwgnt.l u4ut.lmLl t hmLlwuplilW[l qtHnw4wrqbpj1 r'lWUWt.lWGflUWU 9P4L[l , QWGjl np WJU L4WLI14bpwgmu t LI1WLPU 4'1rLrunlj1wjmpJWU, f?W'l.Wflw4w0mpjw0, pwrnJwqplilmpJwG, qjllilmpJwG, 4rnur L. wnur LlwujlG : 1wuwrw4mpJwu hnqL.nr W[ldbj2Gbpj1 ruwgmpjmGG oqumu t n~ LlpWJU nrnzbLnL U[lW qwrqwguwu t.lj16w40 nL uw4Wflr'lW4[l , WJLL. hwu4WUWLnL , pb pu~m LilLI.JWL

    3

  • hwuwrw~nLJ:lJnLGO WIJ.Ii1nu.'i t lllt.IJWL ~brlJ.I. L. n~ 13b WJL: '1WUWQi1fJnlll lllb'l. b(J qlllbL flO~lJ.jbU uzwljnLf>WpW0nLf'JW0

    lllbuw~wG hwrgbro. wJOIJ.Ibu tt hwuwzruwrhwJru m wqqwJru hfluGw~wG lJ.!Wlllliwuzw~nLflWJflO l)lntLbi1Q Gb[l~WJWQUn'l. pwdflGGb[lQ nrnGQ muwGnll.Gbrru IJ.!Wlll~brwgmu ~lllwG hwuwrw~w~wG qwrqwguwG wt.lbGwlllwppbp ~n'l.t.lbpj'l t.lwuflG:

    lJwJrbur Lbqt.lnt.l mumuuw~wG obnuwr~r pwgw~wJnLflJnLUQ nrn-2w411 !lcTLl.Wi1nLJ3JnLGGbfl t Ulllb'l.OnLLi: ub[liJ.WJWgll,n'l. wzruwlllWUflQ WJ'l pwgQ LilWQUbLnL l)lnpobrflg LibljG t:

    nLumuGw~w(j obnGw[l~Q Gb[l~WJWQL[mu t bp~m uwunl[' lllbuwljwG L. lJ.!WlllUW~w[i: SbuwljwG uwumu 6wGnpnLJ3JnLU t lll[ll[ntu uzw~nLJJ:lfl lllbum-f:JJWU hflLlmGQUbilfl LlwuflG: flGGwp~l[mu b[i Lizw~nLJ:lWpwGntf)JWU wnwp~WJfl. hflliGwljwG hwu~wgmf:JJnLGGbrfl. 4wnmgt.{w6Qfl. lllbuwljubpfl. qnrownnLJflU-Gbrr L. WJLUfl hblll ~WIJ.Il[W6 hwpgb[l. npnGf) wulif12w~w(j ~WIJ.I mGbG U[lW lJ.!WlllUnLflJWG hblll:

    'llWlllUW~WU UlUUnLU Qliliwr~L[mu bli uzw~nLJf:lr owquwli m qwr-qwguwG hfluliw~wG l)lmLbil[C QG!f nrmu, hwuwztuwrhwJrlirG qmqoGr>wg wnwuofl[l pwctunLj 0b!1~WJWQLjnLU t hWj uzw~nLJflU flp IJ.!Wlllt.'iw~w(j WILW2QU-f:JW9fl Lib2, flliW hliwrwl[n[lnLJ:ljnLG t lllWlflU hwubliwlllbLnt L. wrctbf)wl[nrbLnt hwJ Li2w4mJr>D hwuwztuwrhwJru uzw~nLJJ:lr hblll mubgwo hwrwpbpmJ:lJWG Lib2:

    Uzw~mflwpwlimr>JwG Ljbpwpb[lJWL qnJnLJ:lJnLG mlir hwrmulll L. hb-lllWflPPflflil Q[lw~wGntf)jnLO: l"l[lWfifl hw2n'l.nLflJWUp JnL[lwgGbtm hwt.'iw[l wu-h[lwctbzlll bG nrnzw~r· r>b~mq Gwtuliw~wli qfllllbtflflGbr. nrnGfl hfllifl ~6wnwJbG uzw~mJJ:lr uwu!11i pwrlf m pwquw~n11Liwlir qfllllnLflJmGG oupnGbLm hwuwr:

    ~bnuwp~[l ~r hwl[w~limu [lUflqp~bLm pntnr hflliliwhwrgbro: 1rw UlJ.!WlllWLjG t 6wGnf)wg0bL uzw~mJ:lwpwGmf)JWU hfluGw~w[i hwu~wQnLJ:lJnLUGbrflli L. lJ.!Wllluwuzw~nLJ:lWJflli wnwuorli tunznr l)lmLbrflli. qliwhwlllbL hWJ uzw~nLJf:lfl lfbpQ hwuwztuwrhwjflO uzw~nLJflfl m flW'l.WflW~PflnLf:lJWU hwuw-ljwpqmu:

    '1b'1flliW~[l hnlju mur. nr Grw pnt.{WUflW~nLflJWU JnLPWQnLUQ muw-lin'1rli hw'l.nr!fw~rg ~'lwrolir hwuwz~c:c;:::h~JhG u. wqqw1hli u?w~nLJJ')fl lil[w-6muGbpflG, flnLJL ~lllw !Sflzlll ~n'l.LiGnrnzl[bLm uzw4mf:J~pwGntf:JJWG pwrll hfluGwhwrgbpfl Lib2. pwrorwgGbLnL rr QU!lhwumr UW~Wi11fW~Q L. ~'lwrour pwrb~rrr> uwr11:

    "'wr~ bGQ hwuwrmu GzbL nr obnuwr~D lJ.!Wlll!1WUlllbLflU oqllll[bL bGQ t.{bp2flli 2P2WUnLU hpWlllW!1~l[w6 nmuw~w[i L. OlllW!1Wlbqm uzw~nLf)Wpw(iw~w(i qrw4wGnLJ3JmGrJg:

    4

    Q.Lmtu 1.

    Pwct~G1.

    U2w4nLJP~ tnbunLpJWG h~llGwhwpgbp[J

    ~wllwztuwphwJ~(j llzw~mJp~ LllbumpJw(j u UIWLllllmpJw(j fl.WU[!(ipwg~ O(jfl.q.p~llw(j zppw(iw~(ibpo u tu(jll~Jl(jbpo:

    Q.Lmtu 2. Uzw~mJp~ llw~wpfl.w~(ibpo

    Q.Lmtu 3. ~nq.unp q.np6m(ibmpJw(j llzw~mpwJ~(j dubpo:

    Q.Lmtu 4. Uzw~mJp-p(inLpJm[j-hwuwpw~mpJnL(j:

  • Q.OJallr'l"'l tSUSll (1689·1747) ccQ.~annL~JnLfi(il;;p~ I;;L q.l;;ql;;gl111 WpqtUUlCitp~ W~WI}ttlf'IWO>> llln!'IWCIIIntpJntli [!UU\ UbpwumJ!wli ltiiUbPidt li~wpJ!

    Qtn~tu 1. UCU4n~laUPUun~laSUu t'}UUCulaUSr CVlQP4Ullu

    crsuuU4ubrc

    §1.UCU~nt~UPUunt~8Uu ntuntl.Jl.Juurarnt~auu unur~uu bt.l. tuVlrarubrl:!

    «U zwljmpwpWUillF!JnL(I» qpl11nLf3jnLU[.1 Ol..WL[Luljn[ll\uL t 20-f1J1 J1W-rnu.'i UzwljnLf3WflLUUnLP!•lLU[l q[1l1111~f3JI1Ll.l t LizwWnLJr~l· uwupG: LWJU PLlWU-lJ1nlt llzwljnLfi'WpwGmpJni G[) qtJmntfi'JnlU t U2WI.JnLJI3P tmpJU.IU. 6wquw0. qll:jl· qwgllwG Of111UWzWL[lnLpj~L00t[lp. hwUWflWljnL)::!JWU llt2 1\WUlWfllL:O J1b;Jr, lt qnru)wnmJI3GtrtJ uuwpu:

    vb11 puwummJ. t1zwl.jmpwpwGmf'JnLU[l LizwynqptJ t.nbun~f}JntGG t UzwljmJf:ll: J1Wr:l0nu) t qpL11wljwu hbLnwqmnnLf:lJLUU wrn.urljuL n[lLUtu rlwflrfnL umtrt6w6 hwu[lOJ1hwGmr LL pOpGwmru; trL.mJp ~yw tlll d"nr)nljnLpfl.. npG UU1Gil.OW6 atJGtJ Jwzwljntjfjp tJp UlW[lWUlbuwljo nllllllll U2W4ntpwpwGm· F'JWG (uGflhfl[l WJfl. pwquwptJLj ln4wl uzwltmwul:irtJ t.'lb2 [l0f1hwGm[lG m mp-tljWljWCi[l pu;gwhwjl110[ G t. npnOg oGwLtnrnu'i tO llzwljmpw-u;t•Jll1ULUljw(J mp-lLjGfl[l. LJ.JUjUJhmfnu.l hwu:..tJ2JuW[lhwJtJU uzwltmJptJ iJpwuOu:LtwOmpJn:_(j(j nL pwqllwqwGmpJmG~::

    U zwLtntfilwpwGmpJmOO nwmliG,uutJfllllLI t owri14LU0g uzwljmpwJpO zwhbfiP m u;whwO~n'lmGgObflll 6wqllwG. auwljnruwG m qwpqwguwG t:iUJ-JuW!fflJWLGbpG m qnp6n0Gbp[L hbmwqmnnu:i t urwGg m0bgw6 LiLuuOwLtgm-PJnLU[l li2w4ntf:lWJf10 wpdbpGb[ljl pwquwguwG u;whll.JwullwO nt ttJn(uwOg-uwG qnr6nul

    lf2WltnLf1Wpw0r.LflJWU Ljwrunp fuUI1Pfl[l OwL Wf1J11lwljw0mf'JWG un-gf1wt-ll2wljmpwjpG qn[lOQOf:lwgObrtJ nt t.ltJtnmt.lGbfltJ l{bf1Lnt6mflJntGO t:

    U2wltmpwJtJO bpLnLJplibpG muntliuwutJpmu bO pwqLlWf'PLl qpmnL-pJmGGbp hGwqtJU1nLf'JnLUQ. wqqwqrntf'JnLU[l. u:wtnLlnLf'JnLUQ. ungtJnLnqpwO. LPtlLtJunttJwJntf'JnLU[l, Wfll{bull1Q. 4f1nG[!. Qbrtwqpmmf'lJnLGQ. pwrnJwqptnm-

    7

  • PUdPlJ 1. liCU~n~Siaf' St;Un~fa9U1J ~t-lllJU~UI'St;I'C!

    pJnLflQ L. WJLG : UJ11 qtunmpJmflubrllg JnLflW!)WU!JnLflQ nrnzw4fl UJWLnljbpw-gmli t 1.11wLru lizwl!mJpr liwuru: UJulllbu, huwqrLnmpJwu hwliwr lizwl!mJpQ ljwll!L[wo t wugJwLr9 libq hwuw6 wnwpljwubrr mumliuwurrliwu hb111 . nrnug lib2 EiJmpw4wEiwgl[w6 bu wEigJWLf1WflW2f12WEiubrr liwrf14wEig qnr-6mubmpJwEi WflflJnLUJ?Eibr[!: UqqwqrmpJmuu mumliuwurrmli t WJU ljwli WJU ctnfl_nl[[ll)r lizwljmpwJrEi l)[luL.nrmliubru rr nf12 pwqliwqwEintpjwlip nL wlipnf12W4wEintf"JWlip: Ungflnlnqpwu lizwl!mJJ"Q euuwrljmli t urw wnwu6pEi l{lwu1.11bf1p L[brhwuliwu , hwliwflrliwu L. hwLnljwUjbU flrwug ungflwLw4wEi EizwuwljmpJwG LnbuwEiljJmGrg:

    UzwljmpwpwGmpJnLUQ 1.11buwljwu Qfll)hwurwgliwu bupwr4bLnl[ L[bp[! pl[wrljl[w6 qrLnmpJmEiubrr Eil[w!SmliubrQ. lizwljnLJpQ J?EiEiwr4mli t UflW 6wqliw[i m UJWI.11liwljwu qwrqwgliw[i OflbUI?Ubflr L. orrGwzWtPnLPJnLU-ubrll LnbuwGl!JmGrg :

    Uzwljmf"wpwumpJmEi[! n! lirwJEi mumliuwurrmli t li zwljnLJpEi wli-pnf12nLPJwlip . WJLL. lizwljmpwJrEi l!JWUJ?!l wnwu611Ei nlnf11.11Ubf1Q . l{lnruwql)b-gmpJmEiEibflQ liwrflwpwumpJwfl. hnqbpwumpJwl:i. ungnlnqrwJr . wqqwqrm-pJwG. 111Ei111buwqr1.11mpJwEi 1.11bui?nl[ L. hwEil)bu t qwLru nrUJbu hwliwLrr hm-liwurLnwr qrLnmJ"Jmu:

    20-[11) I).JnLf1WhWI.J1ljntpjnLUUb[lpg liblj[i WJU t, nr liW[ll)ljmpjwG li111wl[nr qnr6mGbmpJWU lib2 111bfl.r bG mubumli rEiLnbqf1WL qn[16EipwgGbr , n[lnUJ? Wf11.11WhWj1.11l[ntd b(i 1.11Wf1pbf1 , UnLJEirulj t"if1W[l hwljWflt"ifl qt"ll11nLJ'}jnLGGI:irr hwliwljgliwu L. WJI) h!lliJ?r L[rw unr uwhliWUWJilG qpLnmpJmEiGbrll wnw2wgliwu lil::i2. ljbGuw!lfllirw. Lnbtuuflljwljwu ~llqrl!w . Lnl:ituurljwljwG liwuljwl[wrctmpJmEi, ljbuuwungrnLnq!lw , ungrwLwljwu hnqbpwGmpJmu, 111UI.11buwljwG w2tuwrhwqrmpJmEi l.t wnu: UJfl 4wrqr q!lLnmpJmGGbrr pl[ru t UJWLnljwumli EiwL. lizwljmpwpwGmpJmEiQ : UJEi flGtnbqrwLnpl[ qrLnmpJmfl t, nrQ 6GL[bL t lizwljmpw-l{lrLrunl{lwJnLPJWEi , lizwljmpw-hnqbpwGmpJwG, lizwljmpwJrEi t.· ungrwLw4wG liWJ11)WpwGmpjwG, lizwljmJPr ungrnlnqrwJr, lizwljnLJPr UjWI11lintpjwG, lizwljmJpll wuLnl[w6wpwGmpJwG lirwljgliwG ljb1.11mli:

    Uzw4nLJ"WpwumpjWU mumliGwuflrliwEi wnwr4wG ljwrnll t I)WrlGWL gwflljwgw6 WflW[lljW, bJ1L.nLJp. l::ipb UflWUnLli pwgwhWJ111l[r nrnzwljr t"ili WUI.J1 , liwrfll!WJ!lu u1.11h11.6wqnr6wljwG nqm llfluL.nrmli :

    UzwljmpwpwumpJwG tuu11rrn lizwl!mJJ"P qbGbtnr4wG ljwnmgbLG t. nr£! n! lipwjG pwgw111pmli t UjWLnliwlizwljmpwjpEi bpL.mjpGhp[! (hwliwztuwr-hwjpG L. wqqwJrG [)UI)qpljliwlip) , WJLL. qmzwljmli urw qwrqwgliwG hbowu-ljwpGbr[!:

    UJ'1 tuGflppG rrwljwGwgflbLm hwliwr lizwljmpwpwumpJmG[! 4rrw-omli t up 2Wfl!l libpn11GI::ip.

    8

    Qlnth.J 1. liCU~n~raUPUuntfa9UlJ 'lUUC!lJIOUSt- C!lJ'NI'~liUL Cl'!iUlJU~lJtii'C!

    w) 'llw1.11liwljwu ('lrwrurnuplj) . l::irp Llzi..:.!~nLJJ:l!:! m umliuwu~rL!mli t rr 6wq-liwG m LrGbLflmpJwu lllrngbufl libQ, !lwrwzr2wGul:irr hw2nr11wl!wflmpJwG LnLJUP Eibpi?n: Uju libpn'lQ hw!Swru wul[wGmli bu uwl.t lizwljntJPP mumliuwup-flnLPJWG nlflfl.WhWJW9 lj1.11[1l[W6I? :

    p) 1wliwdwliwuwljJw libpnfl (ufluturnuplj) , bflp lipwdwliwGwlj mumliuw-urrl[mli bG 111Wflpbf1 lizwljmJpGbr : UJu libpni)Q hw!Swru wul[wumli bG GwL. lizw4nLJpp mumliGwurrmpJwEi hnrrqnGwljwG ljLnrl[w6I?:

    q) '1wliwljwrqwJrG qnr6wnmpwJru (uLnrmljLnmrwL-~muljgpnGwL) libpnfl. n[lQ lizwljnLJf"Q flfl1.11mli t n[lUjbU hwliwljw[lq L. mumliuwuppmli WjG Pfl 111W[l-[lbf11l m ljwnmgl[w6gubrr ~Pntuwql)bgmpJwG L. l{lntuqnr6nf1ntpJwG 1.11buwu-L1Jmflpg :

    11) S!lUJwpwuwljwu libpnJ'l, bpp lizwljmJpEi mumliuwuflrl[nLli t urw Lnt"IUJw-4wEi [)GJ'lhWEipwljwu L. punpnz q6bpp LnbuwGljjmGrg :

    b) ~wgwhWJLnliwu L. ~Ei4wLliwG lipwuGmpJWU libpnl). bpp lizwljnLJPQ flPI11-L[mli t pwuwljwur (nwgrnflwLr). q!lLnbLP!lr L. nz pwGwljwur. wfipwgwLnpb-Lrr (rnwgflnEiwLr) lipwuumpJmEi:

    § 2. «UCUI..tntarcJ» =tuu~..tuentraauu ouqntuc t:;~ P04.UVlUI..tntraauu 'llUSliUI..tUu flUPQUSOtllr:::!

    «Uzwljntjp» pwn[i mfir LWI11t"IEiwljw[i owqmli , Wr2W2W9bL t «Culture» pwnpg, npn uzwuwljmli t hn11r lizwljmli , «4ntLUlrl[wgpw»: Uw tunumli t WJG liwurG. nr llzwljnLJpu llr 6wqliwlip ljwUjl[w6 t llwrflm Wfli11WflflW4wEi. 1.11G-1.11buwljwu qnromubmpJwG hb111f '1wuljwgmpJwfl uljqpGwljwu pnl[wu'1w4m-PJWG llb2 pwgwhWJ111l[mli t ur Q'wpL.np &mnwhwl.11ljntpJmu. uzwljmJp!l . liwp-J'lnL L. urw qnr6mubmpJwG llrwuumpJmuQ: S!lgbrnGQ L. '1nrwg!lnuo wnw2r-Eiu bu runumli «cultura animi-r liwuru. nrQ Eizwuwljmli t hnqm lizw4mli . 4w-1.11WJ1blwqnr6mll: «Smu4mLnLGJwG qrmJgGbr » (ll.p.w. 45 p.) wztuw111wGpmll 8pgbpnfJQ qrw4wEi m qr111w4wG 2f12WfiwnmpJwG llb2 t I)Eimll «uzw4nLJp» hwu4wgmpjnLGQ n[lUjl::iU «llLngr 4ntl111nlf1W» . nrrg tL u4!1qp t wnGmll WJU hwuljwgmpJwEi br4wrwLnL. UJWLnllmpJntGQ: SrgbrnGQ «liLni?Il 4mL111nLf1WG» hwliwrmli t l{lflLflunl{lwJmpJmG[!: urJ'lb[lllwuG rr «Lfzw4mJp. Grw 6wqmliQ L. WJfl hwu4wgmpJwfl m urwG l{lnruwrf1Gn'1 hwu4wgmf"JmGubrr l{ln!Pnrum-PJndiQ Srgbpnurg li/JG!L. 1bpJ'lbf1» wztuwLnnLPJWG llb2 (1941 p.) gnl}g t 1.11W-Lru WJfl hwuljwgmpJWU pm1wfll)wljmpJwEi UjWLnliwljwu qwrqwgmll[! , urw Lbql[wrliwuLnwJilEi ~Pntuw4brll!mliubr£! : Qui.J1 hbflpuwljp, «LfzwljnLJp» Lnbr-ll!lEiQ bpljwr ctwllwuwlj oqtnwqnp6l[bL t nrUJbu /1Eiz-nJ1 pwfip qnr6wnnLJp. Lrwgmu (hnfl_p. hnqm. ll111J?Il uzwljmu L. WJLU) : «Uzw4mJpll » gpgbpnUJWU [)U-

    9

  • Puen-t. 1. ucu~ntarar stumraaut. ~rUt.u~urstr~

    pnumliQ qpwljwGmpjwG Lib2 qnJWl11l.tb[ t upGLL. 1684 pl{wl(wUQ. bpp qbpuw-uwgp [nLUWl{nrr~ LflrLrunLflw 'llm:Pbur)nfl:PQ Pfl «PGwljwG rrwl{mupp uw-upu » qrpmu hbnwGmu t WJ'f unl.l1bgmupg l.t lizwltnLJf:'Q pGnrnznul nrUJbu wJG wubGQ , ru~G UU1bf10l{b[ t UW[lr)nL Ltnrturg hwuw6 pGwl(wGQ:

    «UzwljnLJf:'» hwul(wgnL[:}JnLGQ Gnr pnl{wGr)wl(nL[:}JnLU t obnp pb[lmli qbrllwGwgp Liblt WJL tmuwl{nrr~-Ltlrtrum[lwJr =lbflflbrr LinlJl: uw uzwltnLJf:'Q Gb[ll(WjWgGmu t n[lUJbU Lip hwuwl(w[lq. nrp L(wnmgl{WOf>WjpG l11Wflllbi1P9 bG [bqmG, [!UUlwGbl(wG hwrwpb[lnL[:}JnLUUb[lQ. wrl[bUUl[! . qrwLtwGmpjnLU[! . W[l-hbuUlGbrQ. UJbUlwl(wG L(wnwl{wrmllQ. LtrnGQ :

    4br211GGbppu Lip2L.. Lflntuwq'lbgmf:}Jmuubfl[! lizwljnLJf:'P qwrqwguwG Wf1PJnL[l b(i hwGr)puwGmu rr wlipntWnLf:'jWG Lib2 UpUlf>(!, hwuwpwljnL[:}JnLGQ 1... [bqmu hWUr)bU bG qw[pu n[lUJbU L(JWUflp hwl11mlj UWflflljWjpu ol.tb[l l..t hw-l{wuwrwqn[l bG lizwljnLJppG: =lbrflbflQ wnwGoGwhwl11mlj flbfl t hwl.I1LjwgGmu [bql{pG. ql11Gb[nl{. nr urw ur2ngnl{ t l.l1bf1p mGbGmu LizwLtmJ[:}UbflP ctwnwG-qnrfln LLiQ :

    =lbplfbrr qwrtwLflwrGbrG nu:tbn wqnbQnLf:'JnLG [:}nrtbgpG n~ upwJG qbruwGwljwG. WJLI.t n112 bl{rnUJwLtwu UlbuwljwG lil11f>P l{ru;: UzwltmJpp UJWl11linLf:'JWG hbfl'lbflJWG Qlipnumuo l.Jwrt...nr f>WJL tr lizwltnLJf:'Q hbl11wqnl11-uwG wnwGopG wnwrl(w flwroGb[m l5wGWUJWflhpG:

    «UzwltnLJf:'» hwul(wgmpJwG pnl[wGflwLtmf:1JnLUQ Gnr l11Wflflbrnl[ hwflul11wgrbg qbruwGwljwG flwuwl(wG Lfli1LrunLflwJnLf:1JnLGQ: urw ul(qpliw-l{nrnrt r . l!wGUl[! wnwGoGwgGmu tr b[lljm wztuwrh pGm[:}JWG l.t wqwl11m-PJWU: PGmpJwu wztuwrhQ uwrflmu tunrp. Wfll11Wf>pG wztuwrhu t. nf1U1bf1 qnromu bu L(bG'lwGwl(wG opbGgGbflQ .1... nrl11bf1 ql11Gl{mu t ~ wrrflubrr wrt-PJnLflQ : JwrrflQ hwrtpwhwrl{mu t uzw4nLJf:'P ljnrtlipg , nrmu l{l5nwl(wG flbfl t tuwrtmll PIUflnJwLtwGmf:'JnLGQ: PGmpJwu wztuwrhr ( ~wrrfl . r)WctwlimpJmG) L. wqwl11nLf}JWU wztuwphp (lizwljmJ[:} . PWflnJwl(wGm[:}JnLG) Lip21.t brtw6 hwl(wr)-flnLf:'JnLU(! l{brwgumu t qbrtbgljmf:'JnLUQ (wrl{buUlp mctQ):

    UzwltnLJf:'p, pwGwl(wGmpJWU m UWflr)nL uwupG hpuuwrwr hwjwgp-Gb[l t Lizwljmu qbruwGwl(wG r)wuwljwG LflrtrunLflwJmpJwG tunznrwqnl)u lfbliflQ =lbqbw: urw LtlrtrunLflwJmpJwG ltbGUlflnGwljwG hwuljwgmpJnLUQ hw-uwztuwrhwJpG Ljwu pwgwrowlj nqpG t : tipzU1 t. uzwLtmpwJru ul.l1bf16wqnr-6mpJnLGQ UWflr)ljwGg wuhwl11wljw(i 6ql11mliGbpp WflflJnLUflU t. uwljwJG WJU . pG~ wGmu bG wnwGopG liWflflPlt hwuwzwtuwrhwJrG nqm GUJWU1wljGbflp pflwljwGwgmuG t :

    =lwuwztuwrhwJrG lizwLtmJpp qwrqwgmuG mGp orpGw~wLfl pGnLJp m pGJ?UWU1PUJ l11[1wuwpwGmpJmG . nrpG bGf:'Wflljl{mu t wnwGopG uwrfl4wGg L. linLJGruLt ctnrtnl{mrr)Gbrr qnromGbnLpJnLU(! : =JbqbLQ wnw2ru wliqwu lizw-ltnLJf'P qwrqwgmuG rr pnLnr flruL.nrmuGbrnl{ (LPrLrum[lwJmpJmG . 4rnli .

    10

    wrl{bUU1 , Ujbl11wljwG oL.b[l L. WJ[U) Gb[1LjWJWQUnLL1 t nrUJbu wupnrwwl(wG orpGwj_wLfl qn[lOQGpwg: Uw. phwrl.tb . ~p GzwGwl.tmli . pb =lbqb[(! ubrctmu t LizwljmpwJpG ol.tbrr pwqllwqwGmpjmGQ 4wli ~p U1buGmu wqqwjpG uzw-4nLJpGbrp Lip21.t brtw6 lflwrpbflmpJmGGbp[! : urw hwuwr JmrwgwG(JnLfl LtnG-lt!lblil-UJWl11LiwLtwG LizwLtnLJp hwGr)puwGmu t upWJU hwuwztuwrhwjpG nqm pGpGwpwgwhwjl11llwG WUU1pl5wG : UzwljnL[:}WjpG WJfl U1pUJbflQ ljwUjl{w6 bG liwfl'lnL wqwlilnLf:'JWG wul11pl5wur hbl11 : uJu ~wlj.wGpzG c;Ci~ :..:..:6 t hu;uwztuwr-hwJpG UJWlfllinLf:'JWG hbqbuwu UJwrpbrwguwG hpugmu: Url..btf? P ctnrtn-l[mrlfubrQ r)bnt...u ~bG qpLnwljgnul , nr nqpG 4wu uwrflG wqwl11 t: Cul11 urwug, wqwlfl t UpWJU ublj[! pnGwLtwur =lmGw-hnnllbwl(wG wztuwrhmll UWilfl4WGg llp llwuG t qpl!lwl(gmu rr WQWU1nLf}JnLG[! , rult W[lflbU qb[lllwGw4wG ctnrtn-l{nlfl'lUbllQ hwuGmll bli wqwlilmpJwli qplilw4gliwGQ. gwur nr !211PUU1nubm-PJWU zunrhpl{ hwul(wgwG. nr wqwlfl t JmrwJ?wG.s.JmrQ: =lbqbLQ ql11Gmll tr . nr JnLilWf>WULJnLfl ctnrtnl{nl.Jl'l PfiUJ4wGwgGmu t Pfl uwtunrflGb[lp uzwLt nLJpp r)pw[bl(lilpljwljwG pwgwumuQ: unrwgmll[! 1... ctwnwliqn[lr)nLU[! UJWl!luwl(wG qwpqwgllwG wuhrwctbzl11 q6brG bG:

    u zwltnLJf:'P ctwllwGwLtw4rg Lnbumf:1JnL!iGGbrr l{rw ub6 wqr)bgm-pJmG t [:}nrtbL «Lqwupp LPPLrunLflWJnL[:}JnLU[!» , hwl!lltWUJbU urw wljwGwl{np libr4wJwgmgp~ upgzbp llzwl.JnLJpr pGpGwl11pUJ LflrLrunLflwJnLpJmGo: upgzbG ql11Gmll tr. nr unLtrwLnbuJwG LPPLrum[lwJnLf:'JWG. f>llPULnnGbmpJWG l.t qpl11m-PJWG pwqliW'lWilJWU l11PilWUJbl11mpjnLUQ bl{rnUJwl(wG Lizwl(nLJpp llb 2 6quw-ctwllp UJWU16wn r)W!lOwG : nrUJbU l11PilWUJbl11nrt wpctbpubpp hw4nl11UJW, 6w-qbg «bl{rnUJwljwG Gphp[pqllQ>>. nrQ «Uul116m llwhl{wG» . «Pntnr wrctbpGbrr l{b[lw[lctbpwl{nruwG», > qWfJ.WlPWflUbflp hbUl urwup[i liz wl(m-f:'WpwGmpjwG ub2 2fi2WUWilnLJ:)JWU ub2 fl[lbg upgzbG upgzbG qbfiUWflr)nL Ljn~muo Ulbulimll tp WJU wllbGp n~G(wguwG llb2. pG~ 4brt6 t. hpl{wGr)wqpG . ltJWUf>pG f:' zGwllp :

    upgzbr uzwljnLJf:'P L/lrtrum[lwJnLf:'JWG lib2 LtwrL.nr Ulb'l. t qrwl{mu WUjn[nUJWU l.t r)pnGpupnuJWU llzwljmjpGbrp l11Wflpbf1WltnLUQ: UUJntnGp L. 'lp-nupupnup ljbflUJW!lUbflQ pGmpwqrmll bG l11pbqbrw4wG LjbgnLpjwG lilW!lPbfl pl..bnlibrQ. nrUJbu tunrhrflwl11pUJbll wrl11whWJl11mu bG hwl[brct 4JwGpp Lrw-L(wl11wrmpJmGQ: =lmGwl(wG UJWGpbnGmu UUJnlnGQ hwii'lruw G:l ~ Li t 2L.up nrr)pG : uw br4GwJpG t, hwGifpuwGmu t LnLJur wfJ.pJnLflQ L.. wul11l{6wJrG pwgwhwJUlllwG LtrnrtQ : 'lpnururnuQ llwrllGwl{npmu t brlJrw1ruo. hwGr)tlUwGmu t Ujl!lfJ.WPb[lnLf}JWU WUU1l{W6Q , qpGbqn[lOnLf:'JWU hnl{wGwl{nrQ: uw mrwtumpJwli, turwtut5wGpp tunrhfl'lWGpzG t brl.Jm wul.l1l{w6GbrQ tunrhf1r)WG 2mu bG bpljplif>Q L.. bfi4PI1Q , hwGifpuwGmu bli hwljwflrfl ljnrtlibr : UUJntnli[! hwGqulilp l.t Ljwrqp tunrhpflwlipzli t, 'lpnGpupnuQ (WL[lp tuwtul11uwG, UJWJpnfJ. 411J2bpp: CuUl ul1gzbp UUjn[nUQ l.t

    11

  • PUdt'u 1. UGU4nt31ar St;Untra3Uu ,rUUU,UPBt;PI:!

    'fpnupunuu bpl.o.w4WJ11LJ:}JWU WflfljntGp lbG. 4brll1JWf1Ubfl ~bG . WJL upwu[JwljwG LjbgnLJ:}JWG ppwljwG LjbGl!lpnGwgmliGbp: UJU bpljm hpliflbflQ Lit"lliJwGg LflWQ· GbL11L[ uUlbflObL bG hmGwljwG wGLjpljGbLP uzw4mwo: :Jl.o.Q Lo. wGhwl!lwljwGm-flJnLUQ, OflU4bU hnqm Ol..bfl, '1f1uL.npL!nu.l bG Wll.lllLOUJWU L. '1POUt1UpOUJWU pL.b-flWQUWU ub2. 11f1U pGnrnz t 11~ upwjG wCu-·P4 1ni.Gwu~:L!.!G~ . !llJLl.. :1rH? bL!rn-l.l4W4wG qplilwljgntJ:}JWGQ: U111 b[li.jnt pL.bnGbpp zGn[lhp4 t lilb'l.P mGbgbL Wfl· t.\bulllp WOW2QUflWQ QWfl

  • ,:!UctN .. 1. ucu~ntsral"' sbuntrasut. =ti"'UUu=tursbP[!

    U1W[lhnt.J.: UrtublflPU1[1 rr LiwpmrllL.amJ. hnqb4wG WllW2Gwpliwul!l t. nr[l 4wq-Llw4blll.l1nll.l La nLfl.fl.nLJ3JnLG t lllWLPU Lib[l hnqmG:

    =lnqb4wG L)1nrllr wlibGwhrG. bLw4blflwJrG llL.[I. [IUlfl 3mGqp, wnwu-ll1bLG t. WJflU1Wlfll'iwnnlj_ pnLnll wrtublllpll1bll[l WJU 4wli WJU 4bllll1 4WU1Lj_WO bG flPQWpwGw4wG 4bf1U1W!1Gbrr hblll: Uhw f"b pG~m 3mGq[l 4WlllW!lnLLi t rr QLtuwt.J.nr bqrwhwGqnLLiGbrpg Lib4[1. [IUlfl nrr WllWUU1bLU [IU4w6 t UW!lfl4W-JPU hnqm. WJfl pt.J.mli La ctwliwGw4w4rg Liwrflm hnqm pnLG hplipmli: lJwrflm

    111 wlfllimpJmG[I hbGLj_mli t wGqpLnw4gw4wGr t.J.rw: tirpbliG Liwrflr4 w111rmu bG nrnzw4r wlj_wUflnLJpGbrr 2112wGw4Gbrmli. 4nrgGmli bG 4WU1[1 rrbGg wr-tublllPU1WJrG tunrhrll-wGrzubrr hbl!l: '1w oumli t Lizw4mJJ3r oqGwctwli:

    3mGqr Lizw4mpwpwGw4wG hwJbgw4blllp Lib2 4wrL.anr l!lbfl. t qrw-Lj_mli uwr11-m La Lizw4mJJ3r L)1ntuhwrwpbrmpJwG hw[lg[l: tipb 3:1rbJfl[l qlflGmli tr. nr Liwrfl4wJrG nqpG qlllGLj_mli t pGmpJwG m Lizw4mpwJrG wrqbLpGbrr hw4wliw!llflnLJ3JwG qnlflmli, w111w 3mGqG wJG 4wrorprG tr. nr nqm hrlip[l (wGqplllw4gw4wGrJ) 4wrnf1. t qnJwl!lL.bL Lizw4nLJJ3P hblfl: lJwrfl[l ~U1bl!lp t wrhwliwrhr wGqplllw4gw4wG mctbrrG. WJL GrwGg hwliwr 111blflp t qlllGp hwliwrctbp Lizw4mpwJrG wrlflwhwJlflnLJ3JmG. pwur nr wGqplllw4gw4wG[1 4bGuw4wG mctbrr ru4w4wG WI'J.PJnLilU t. wnwGg nrr La wnwGg Grw wrtub-lllPU1brr hGwrwt.J.nr ~t U1Wlfl4brwgGbL ul!lbfl.Owqnrow4wG tGbrqrwG: 3mG-qr 4wrorpnt.J. Lizw4nLJf}G wGqplllw4gw4wGr hblfl n~ f}b U1WJJ?Wflr. WJL br4-tunumpJwG Lib2 t: UJfl br4tunumpJmU[I wul!lpDwGwpwr t.J.brwGmli t flWI'J.W-J?W411J3nLJ3JWU qwrqwgliwG [IGpwgpmli:

    3mGqp OWilWJnLJ3JnLU[I Lizw4mpwpwGmpJWU Wll2l.a WjG t. nr pwgw-hwjlflbg Lizw4mJJ3r La Liwrfl4wJrG wGqpLnw4gw4wGr orqwGw4wG 4Wll1[1. Lizw4nLJpp U1Wlfllint.pjwG La Grw tunrhlli').WUzwGGb[lp wztuwrhr 4Wll1[1 Gbr4w-JWQ!lbg nr111bu hnqm wGqpLnw4pg hplipbrr rrw4wGwgmli: upzlll t. Gw Lizw-4nt.JJ3r pnLnr hwrgb[l[l WUflQI14bg 1111 mulimGpmli. uw4wJG wnwGg Grw 4nf1.-Lirg wnw2pwzt.J.wo qwfl.wl,.,wrubrr. hGwrwt.J.nr ~t ll1Wlfl4brwgGbL ctwliwuw-4w4rg Lizw4mpwpwGmpJnLU[I:

    nmuw4wG pwllWU1WZWilnLLi «Lizw4nLJJ3» hwu4wgmpjnt.U[I «4nLL-lflnL!lW». hWUI').bu t b4bL wt.J.bLr mz (1846- 1848 pp.) 41111PLLnt.J.p

  • PUdN .. 1. liCU~nt3rar SbUntra3UU =tNJUU'IUr>Sbr>C!

    L. wG~wt.PbLt'lnLflJnLU[!: UJGpwGntJ.. nppwGntJ. wGu1.11wn m pwquwynf1u t uwpl)[! . WJf1QwGmt pwquwynrp.l m pwquwu1.11bym t Gwt.. t.l zwymJfl[! :

    UntJ.npwpwp wnwGoGwgtJ.mu t ')2W~nLJfl!1 [!upnGuwG bpl.jm uwljwp-11wl.j. 1) UnopJw-qrmwljgwljwG. 2) SbuwljwG-tJ.bpwgwljwG:

    UnO[lJW qrmwljgnLfljWG Ub2 uzwl.jnLJfl[! GbpljwjwGnu.'i t wubGWU1W[l-pb[l ruwumGbpntJ.: Ut'l flbl.liQnLU , WJU hwuljwgtJ.mu t np1.11bu pG~-np Gnpuw-mrtJ.. hwtJ.wpwl.jwu l.jbpu.jwp (oppGwlj) . nppO 1.110LI1Q t GuwGtJ.bL : UJG hwuljwg-tJ.mu t Gwl.. npu.jbu tJ.wppp t"~GpGwmt'll.ll ~wt.f1wGumz: 1w6wtu uzwljntJf')[! GnLJ-GwgtJ.nu.l t 4flf3U.w6mf3JWU hbm : qpwljwG-hflWIJ1W[lwyw[unuwl.jwG puwumnU. uzwymJfl[! bppbuG oqmwqnpotJ.nu.'i t np1.11bu WJU ywu WJU bpl..ntJflP npwljw-l.jwG tJ.tnSwlj . oppGwlj , «qpw~nr [unupp 4ntLLI1nLflW ». «qqwgl.'imGpGbpp 4ml-mmpw » t.. wnC1 : bppbt.lli WJU oqmwqnpotJ.mu t pwf1wpwJpG Wl.llflbLwl.Jbfll.ll[! qJmfl.wlju ,r,rg mwppbflbLm hwuwr: UJu zwppQ ywrbLil t bpywrzwpmGwl.Jbl: '11wmwhwl.jw[J ~t . nr uzwl.jmf)wpwGGbp[! fldtJ.wpwGmu bu LI1W L WJUI.liPUP uwhuwGmt.l . npG [!UI)ntGbLt'l [jlGjl pnlnfljl ljnf1t.lpg: Ul.'ibpjlyJwG l.'izw4ntf3wpwu-Gbp UL~flbl)4pbpbpp t.. 4LWJf14Lw4tunGr hwztJ.wpyGbpntJ. 1817-1919 flfl. mr-tJ.bL t uzwl.tnLJfl/1 Jnfl uwht.lwGnu.'i . npmb11 wnw2ruubppg l.'iby[! b'1bL t wGqLrw-gjl uzwl.JntJf3t'l u.jwmuwpwG tl)ntW[ll) l='bnGbl!l rawnnrr uwhl\wGmu[! ( «Lwr,;-UWT)WflJWG uzwljntjf3[! » qp£>ntt.l}: Lpw 4wpOp£>ntJ. , uzwynt)fl(! 4wll QW'1W£>WYflflnLf')JnLU[! wupnf1.2WUnLu b[i qt'lmb[t'IQ/1g , hwtJ.WLI1WLt'II?libppg, wptJ.bumpg , pwpnJw4wlintf3JnLlijlg , opbGpubpjlg , untJ.npmJflGbpt'lg , np(l

    1mrwgtJ.nu.l t uwr 11m l.Jnfl.t.lrg : UJL l.JbflllJ wuwo , rawn nro uzw4ntJf3[! uwhuwGml.'i t n~ flb npu.jbU ujlwuliwl.jwG hwuwywpq. WJL np1.11bu uzwym]f3(1 Ljwqt.lnfl. wnwGojlG mwppbflt'l qmuwp : 1920-1950 f3f3 t'l hWJLI1 bywG l..u 157 uwhuwGmt.lubp: u1uor qrw4wGmpJwG ub2 qnJnLf3JnLCi mGjl wtJ.bL/1 QwG 500, jlul.j nuwGg hwztJ.wpyGbrnU. GnLJGru4 1000 uwhuwlimu:

    tunubLmt uzwl.JntJflll uwhuwGt.lwG llwupG ubGQ qnpo blip mliblimu Grw [!t.lpnliuwG br4rnr11 l!lbuwljwG-~t;:cugw~wu t.lwl-lw[lnwuh hbt.n : UJdli 6wGnpwGwG£> t.lzwl.JntJflll ujl £>Wli uwhllwGmuGbpjl hblil :

    nrnz hbl'}pGw4libf1 ('-ljlzul..uljp . 4nqwG) uzwljm)f3Q l')pmmli bG np1.11bu «t.l zwljnLJf311 LJ.bg hjll.'iGwljwG WUIJ1bl.JmGbpt'J » upwuGntfljnLU: UJ11 WUI.llbljU1GbrG bu .

    1 5wqmt.l0wpwGwljw0. npmu t.'izwljntjl}[! Gbpl.jWJWUntt.l t nr1.11bu hwuwpw-YnLflJWU oL.wLJ.npt.'iwG Wflf1Jn LUQ: 2. Uztu wphwJW9£>WJt'JG . nrmu w1G Gbpl.JwJwlimu t nr1.11bu wztuwphjl wpli1w-

    gnlnu.'i liwpl)ljwGg qwf1.wl{lwplibpmt.l L. qqwgumupGbpmu : 3. Upctb£>WJjlU, npLI1b'1 uzwljnljfl[! hWUI'lbU t QWLt'IU nrl.llbU UW[ll)nl 4n'1ut'Jg

    Uli1b'16tJ.u;(; hnql..np l.. UJnLflWljWG wpctb£>Gbllt'l wupnf1.2nLf3JnLU : 4. 1mt.'iwupuU1WljU.IU. npli1b'1 uzwljnLJfl[! GbpljwjwGmu t npl.llbU wuhwlilt'l

    16

    Cllnttu 1. UCU~ntlaUPUuntla3Uu '"IUUC!ulaUSt" C!VlQf'WUU Cr'~UuU~ubPI:!

    qwpqwgl.'iwli t.. wljli1jltJ.wgllwO qnpon[i : 5. '-lwppwGzwCJwJt'JU (Gnpuwli1rtJ.w1ru ). npmu llzwymJf3[l uwhuwGLJ.mll t nr-

    l.llbu unpt.lbpt'J hwuw[ut.lpmf3JnLO, npnOp ljwpqwtJ.npmu bG lit'J2UWflll4WJI10 hw-rwpbpnq:~JmGGbpQ:

    6. UngllnlnqjlwljwG, npmt.l WJO llllmLJ.mu t np1J1bu IJ1WmuwljwGnpbO ljnGlj-flbli1 umpJb4li1t'l (hwuwpwljmf3JWG. 11wuw4wrqr, uwpl)m) qnpomGbmflJntG:

    nrnz hbU1wqnli1n'1Gbp (Unljn[ntJ.) uzwljnLJf3(1 hwuwpmu bG WJU wllb-U[! . rG~G UU1bflOll.bL t UW[ll')nL pwGwl.jwGmflJWU t.. obnpr urs.mgntJ.:

    ctwt.'iwGwljwl.Jrg uzw4mf3wpwumflJWU l.'ib2 l.JwrbLil t wnwG~GwgGbL uzw4mJflt'l mumuuwurruwu up pwGr [!GI')qotJ.wo unmbgmuGbp, nrnGg hpu-emu [!Gljw6 bG hbli1l..JWL hwjbgwljbl.llbfl[l .

    1) UnwrywJwljwG-wpctbQwJrG. 2) qnpomGbwljwli. 3) rG~npuwgtJnG-G zwGwJjlG . 4) bGpwhwl.'iwljw[lqWJt'IG t.. wnG :

    - Unwr4wJwljwG-wrctbpwJrG hwJbgwljbl1111 hrupmu uG4w6 t WJG [!upnGm---Q_[!. (!Uli1 nrr uzwljnLJfl[! UbfllJWJWUnul t nrl.l1bU UJnLf3WljwG nl hnql..nr wrctbQ-. tJbr/1 wupnf1.2nLJ:tJmG:

    - qnpomObw4wG hwjbgwljbl.ll[! mzwl')flnLflJnLU t T)WflOUnLU wubGt'lg WOW\? «UWfll)lJWJt'IG qnronGr»' nr1.11bu uzwljnLJJ:tt'l qwpqwguwG , uljqpGWfl.PJnLflt'l U.rw:

    - rG~nruwgpnG-GzwGwJjlG hwJbgwljbmQ mumuGwurrmu t uzwljnLJf3[! nr-IJ1bu GzwGGbpp L uzwGwjpG hwl.'iwljwrqbpp wupnfl.l?nLfo!JntG.

    ,.. - UzwljnLJJ:t[! nr1.11bu hwuwrwljntf}jwG bGf')whwuwljwpq GbrljwjwgGnfl. hw-JbgwljbUJjl 2fl2WUwljGbpntl.'i WJU T)jll.lllJ.nu.'i t npl.l1bU hwuwpwljmpjWU WJUI.llt'l-utJ pGwqwtJ.wn. np[! ywmwrmu t hwuwpwljwywG qnroQGpwgGbrr :4wnw-tJ.wrt.'iwG qnpownmw:

    '-lbfl2t'1G 2f12WGmu llzwljmf3wpwGntf3JWU llbl? qbrt'lztunfl. bG htlliGwljw-Gml.'i qnromGbwljwG m wrctbpwJjlG unmbgmuGbro: bl}b 60-w4wG f3fl. qbpjlz-tunrt t I')WnGnuJ uzw4ntJf3P wpdbQWJt'IG t.lnmbgmli[! , [!ULI1 npjl uzwljm)f3[! uwh-uwGtJ.mu t nrl.J1bU UW[ll')nL ljnfl.t.lt'lg Ul.llbrt6tJ.w6 UJnL.flW4wG nL hnqt..nr wrctbg-Gbrr wt.lpnf1.2nlf3JnLU , Wl.liW WJUnLhbl.llL LWJU li1WflW6mu t Uli1WGmt.l uzwljnLJ-f3t'l qnpomGbwljwG llnli1bgmu[l . np[! 4nG4rbmwgtJ.mu t bpljm nLI'J.'1nL.f3JWup. wnw2t'IG[! uzwljmJJ}[! QUUWf14mli t wGoGwJt'IU hWUli1WLiluwG hwuwmbpu-Ulntll . bpyflnf1'1Q. lizwl.JmJf3[! pGmflwqrmu t nr1.11bu hwuwrwywljwu YJWGpr hwll[!G'1hwumr hwl!lljmpJmG: UJu mrtf1.nLf3JwG t.lbl? uwr11m l.llbuwljwJru ctL-tuw lJ.nll mwrpbrt'l~ hwmljwlit'lz t [!GI')mOtJ.mt.l qnpomGbnLflJnLGb :

    «Uzw4mJf3>> hwuljWQnLf')JnLU[! WJU 4wli WJU ljbfll.ll W[lli1WhWjli1nLU t UWflf14WJPU qnpomGbnLf}JWU mbuu.lljWJtJU hwmywGjlz[! : Ujl) ruwul!lntJ. uzw-ljnLJflQ ljwpbljl t hwuljwUWL t.lt'lwJu llwpl)ljwjpG qnp6mGbnLf}JnLU[! pwgwUJpb-lnL 6wGw1.11wrhnU.: qnpomGbmJ:tJnLU[l wnw2ru hbppt'IG t.lwpl')m L. wztuwrht'l

    17

  • PUdttu 1. LJCU~msrat- StUmlaSUu =Jt-UUU=JUI"'Stl"'l:!

    hwrwpbflnLJ:lJWu Ul~UJ t: Cul)mutj_wo t wubL. nr llzwljnLJJ:lu uUlbfl.Oml.l t uwr-l)mu: UJnLU ljnflll~g tL uzwljnLJJ:l[l hwu11~uwuml.l t UWfl'llJWJ~U UUlbfl.Owqnr-OnLJ:lJWU Wfli)JnLup[l: UzwljnLJJ:l~ ll~2ngntj_ UWfl'l[l pwgwhWJUlnLU L. Lflnlflntumu t ~u~UJbu ~flbu. wJuUJbu tL wztuwrhl!: Uwrrw llzwljmJJ:l~ uUlbfl.Onflu t L. wJu hwuqwllwuwp~ zunrh~tl.· llzwljntJ~~ uUlbfl.Owqnromf)JnLu[!: fi~zlll t. wnorJw ljJwupmll ljwrobu J:lb wt.J.bL~ zwlll brL.mll t llwr11m ljwtut.J.wOmf)JnLU[! llzw-ljmJJ:l~9- uwljwJu ~UJbUlp t llnnwuwL. nr ~~ l~u~ llzwljnLJJ:l wnwug llWfl'lnL UUlbfl.OWqnrowljwu qnromubnLJ:l)Wu: UG'lflW'lWI'lUWLnt.J. hwrg~ WJU ljnfl.ll~u. nrnz llzwljmJ:lwpwuubr qlllumll bu. nr llzw4mJJ:l[l hwuwrw4mJ:lJwu qnrom-ubmJ:lJWU Wfl'lJnLUQU t. ~ulj hwuwrwljnLJ:ljnLU[l' WJ'l qnromGbntf})WU umpblj-Ul[!: tLubLntl. wJu uljqpmupwJ~u 'l~rpnrr:zmurg q.nromubwuwu llnlllbgllwu ljnl"]_l.luwlj~gubfl[l qUlumll bu, nr «tlzwljnLJJ:l» hwuljwgmJ:lJnLu[l pumf}wqrmu t hwuwrwljwljwu wllpn'1_2~- WJU ljwll WJU umpJbljlll~, qnromubmf)JWU bl"]_w-uwlj[!. hwu11bu t qWL~U nrUJbU untpjbljUl~ qnromubnLJ:lJWU Ulbtuunlnq~w: Cui) nrmu, hwuwrwljmJ:lJnLu[! UJbUlp t 'l~lllbL n~ J:lb nrt11bu uwr'llJwug UJWflq pwqllmf)Jmu. WJL nrnzwlj~ hwllwljwrq. nrmu uwr'l~4 ll~wt.J.nrt.J.wo bu ljw-UJbfl~ m hwrwpbflnLJ:lJnLuubr~ pwqlimf)Jwlip:

    ltWflbL~ t WUbL. nr «lizwljnLJJ:l» hwuljwgnLf)JnLuu WJUUjbU f)b WJUUjbU WfllllWhWJUlnLU t UWfl'l4WJ~u qn[lOmubnLJ:lJWU JnLflWhWUlljnLJ:ljnLU[l: Uzw-ljnLJJ:l[l ljwflbL~ t hwuljwuWL li~WJU UWfl'llJWJ~u qnromubntf})WU [llipnuliwu li~2ngntj_: Uhw f}b ~u~m. wnwt.J.bL [lU'lnLUbL~ t hwJ lizwljmf)wpwu t. Uwrqw-f1JWu~ uwhuwuntli[l. [!Ulll nr~ «lizwljnLJJ:ll! uwr'l4WJ~u qnromubmJ:lJWu Jm-rwhwlllmlj bfl.WUWlj t»:

    UJUOf1 zwUl hblllwqnlllnl"]_ubp uwpl)m UlbuwljwJ~U h~uuwljwu hwlll-ljwu~z[l hwuwpmu bu qnpomubnLJ:lJnLU[l. np[l 'l~Ultj_mu t npUJbu uwr11m qn-JnLJ:lJWu bl"]_wuwlj: Uwpl)[! uwhuwutj_mu t nrt11bu «qnp6nf1 twlj»: tpb ljwp6. u~wpwn uwhliwumu lllptl.~ uwr11mu. uznul t nmu Lfl~L~unlflw ltwqwu[!. WUJW wY,wul)wljwu «~nunuwUJ~buu» (pwuwljwu twlj), «~nun~wpbp» (uUlbi"]_Onl"]_ twlj). «~nlinLmljbuu» (tununl"]_ twlj). «~nlinLnL'lbuu» (tuwl"]_wgn'1 twlj), «~nunung~nlnq~ljnu» (ung~WLWljwu twlj). «~nlinUJu~tunLnq~ljnu» (hnqbpwuwljwu ljwlj), pumf}wqpmuubp~ Lflntuwpbu ljwpbL~ t oqlllwqnrobL «~nunwqbuu» (qnron11 twlj) ljwp6 uwhliwumli[l:

    tu~uUl UlWflWOmu t qlllbL uwL. llzwljnLJJ:l~ WUUltj_wowpwuwljwu lin-Ulbgmli[l, np~ ubljuwpwuuwu zr2wuwljubpnul uzwljnLJJ:l Ulbpu~u[! hwuqmu t «UJWzlllwlimup~u», «hwY,wlll~u», «WY,wu'lnLJpubp~u»: rpnp, l)bnL.u ~p uw-tuwuljqpGwljwu ~uwuUlntj_ lizw4mJJ:l[l l4nLLi.Iln•rwu) Gz~u~~bi t n£ u~wJu «lizwlJbL». WJLL. «UJWzU1bL». «tunuwpht1_bL»: UzwljnLJJ:l (lJnLLUlnLpw) L. UJWzlllw-umup (4nLLUl) pwnbp[l mubu unlju h~lip[!: 'TJWUlUnLJ:lJWU lib2 ~ljw u~ WjUUjp-u~ hwuwpwljnLJ:lJnLG. np~ ub2 pwgwljwjbu 4rnuwljwu hwjwgpubp[l:

    . 18

    UzwljmJ~l! pWfl'l m pwquwljnl"]_liwu~ ljwnmgtj_wop mubgnl"]_ hwuw-pwljwljwu bpL.mJJ:l t: UJu [lU'lqpljmll t ljpJ:lnLJ:lJWG hwuwljwpq[l, q~UlnLJ:lJnLU[!, wptj_bUUl[l, qpwljwGnLJ:ljnLU[!, 'l~QwpwunLf}jnLu[!, pwpnjwljwGmf)jnLU[!, gwl"]_w-pwljwunLf)JnLU[l, ~pwtj_mup[l, ljpnu[l L. WJLu: Pwqllwuwljwr'lw4 ljwnmgtj_wo-pnY, t UJWJliwuwt.J.nrY.wo qnownnLJJ:lubp~ pwqllwqwumJ:lJnLLt[l: VzwljnLJJ:l[l pwqllwqnpownnLJJ:l hwuwljwpq t. np~ llb2 qLtuwt.J.np[l uwpl)wuUlbflO ljwu hm-uwG~ulllwljwu qnpownnLJJ:lu t. np~ hblll wJu ljwu WJu ljbpUJ ljwUJtj_wo bu lijntuubp[l ljwu ptumu bu l)pwu~g: UzwljnLJJ:lP qnpownmJJ:lubr~g untj_npwpwp wnwueluwgumu bu hbUlL.JWLubp[l.

    1. 6wliwJ,nqwqwli: UzwljnLJJ:l[l ll~zlll hwul)~uwumu t punLJ:lJWU m hwuwpwljnLJ:lJWU UlWf1bflWJ~u mdbp~ tj_pw UWfll)nL ~ztuwunLJ:lJWu, hbug pmu UWf11)nL llb2 «UWfl'l4WJ~Up» qwpqwgliwu WUUlplSwu~ ~wlflwu~z: npnzwlj~ ~uwulllntj_ lizwljnLJJ:l[l Ultl.JWL hwuwpwljnLJ:lJWU ~upuw6wuw~liwu wulll~6wuu t: ruwuwJnt.J. WJu ljwu WJu 'lwrwzr2wu~ uzwljnLJJ:l[!. ubug ljwpnl"]_ bug 'lWlllbL WJ'l2f12Wu~ llWfl'lnL ~llwgwljwu wuUl~lSwu~. hblllL.wpwr uwL. upw wqwlllm-J:lJ wu WUUl~lSwu~ uwu~u: ~uwq~Ulwljwu hmzwpelwuubpnY, ubup 'lWUlnLU bup n~ li~wJu wugwo hwuwpwljmf}Jmuubr~ Ulbtuu~ljWJ~. qnpO~pubr~ UJWUl-pwulllliwG UlbtuunLnq~wJ~. WJLL. WJ'l dwuwuwljwzr2wuubp~ uwr'l4wug uUlbfl.Owqnpowljwu mdbfl~. urwug q~UlbL~Qubp~. hwY,wlllwL~gubp~. qbflbg-ljnLJ:lJWU [!lipnGmuubp~. pwpnjwljwu uljqpmupubp~. punLJ:lJWU tj_pw upwug ~ztuwunLJ:lJWU WUUl~lSwu~ liwu~u:ilt.UwppU[l WJU ljWUjWljgmf}JWUp uzmli t, nr. 6~zlll unLJG ljbfll.lj, ~u~ ljbpl.lj nuljnrubp~ uGwgnpl)ubpp oqunLJ:lJWlip UJWUlljbpwgmu bug ljwqumll wuhblllwgwo ljbul)wuwljwu wztuwrh~ tt.J.numg~wu hwuljwuwlm hwuwp, unLJu ljbpUJ tL wztuwlllwup~ qnpo~pubp~ uuwgnpl)ubp~ oqumf}Jwlip UJWUlljbpwgmu bug ljwqumu uwr'lm L. hwuwrwljnLJ:lJWu wugwo ml"]_m uwu~u: Ltwr6 wuwo, 'lf!Wup pwgwhWJUlml.l bu UWfl'lnLU upw ung~WLWljwu hwpwpbpmj::~Jmuubp~ wupnf12nLJ:l)Wu lib2: 4.uUlwhnpbu ljwrbL~ t LllU'lbL. np hwuwpwljnLJ:lJnLU[! pwGwljwu t WJu ~wlflnY.. ~u~ ~wlflnt.J. urw ljnl"]_u~g oqlllwqnpotj_nn' bu llwp'lUnL~Jwu lizwljntf)WJ!"Ju qb-un~nul)~ lib2 UjWpmuwljt1_nl"]_ hwrmLUUl q~Ulbl~gubp[!:l~wuwpwljntf})WU pn-lnfl UlpUJbfl[l twUJbU lllwppbpY,mu bu ~pwp~g upwunt1_, f}b ~u~ ~wlflntj_ bu JnL-pwgumu wugJWL~ lizwljmJ:lWJ~u wpdbpubp[l: nrnz hwuwpwljmJ:lJnLuubp ljw-rn'l.wumu bu uzwljmJJ:l~ oqumJ:lJWlip Y,bpgubL WJu wubu[l, ~u~u ulllbrtoY.bL L. ljmUlwljbL t liWfll)ljwug ljnl"]_li~g L. ownwJbgubL ~rbug (op~uwlj fiwUJnu~wu): upwup ubo 6ljmunLf)JnLU bu l)puL.npmu q~U1nLJ:ljWU, Ulbtuu~ljWj~. WflUlWI)flnL-f})WU zwlll puwqwY,wnubrmu. oqlllwqnpObLmt uwpl)ljnLJ:lJWu ljn'l.li~g ljm-lllwljtj_wo q~UlbL~gubf1[!: nrnz hwuwpwljnLJ:lJnLGubp tL ~ 4.~6wlj~ a~ublntl. oq-lllwqnrobLllzwljnLJJ:lP 6wuw~nrtwljwu qnpownmJJ:lubp[!. l)bnL.u «hbowu~Y. bu huwpmu" UUWLmt hblllwliGwgntf}JWU lib2:

    19

  • PUdt'u 1. lJCU'-IOtSfat> StUnt!aSUU ~t>lfumUf'St:;f'C

    2. ctwnw{jqnf1f1UWli qwll «ungflw£wl.lwu 1/rnf!d/1» 1/lntuwugllwCi Qn(l-awnmJp: Pwgr uzwljnqppg hwuwpwljmf)JnLU[l inLGp UWflflljnL~JWU 4nl'llillg ljnLlJ1Wljtlw6 hWJ1nLUlJ1 ljlnflO[! ljln)"uwGgbLnL mrpz up LUJl llb)"uwGpqli: UJI'\ UJWl!16wnm{ pqmp>_bG tlzwljnLJPC! hwuwpmli Llwrfl4mpJwG ungrwlwlJwG hp-znf'\nLf:!JmG: 3m[lw{lwG>_jntp Gnp ubrmGfl Gwt1.JnflflP9 dwnwGqmli t t'JUilJ.1bu uzwljmf)wJrG wrdl:ii?Gbrr nrnzw4r QwGwljmpJmG. wJGlJ.1bu tL Gpw ungpwLw-ljwG Lt1np

  • PUctN .. 1. ucu'-4nt·aral"t scun~aauu =tl"tliUU=tUPsorl:!

    LlWf1fl4nL~JnLU(! hGwrw4.nr zt UjWlll4trwgGbL wnwGg qwGql(wOwjpG hWfl.Of'lflWl.jguwG WJUlljpup tlp2ngGb[1p , pG lLLj~U~{! OU OWI"}~nu , hbrlnLUU1Wlf10UnLf3JOdi[! , hwtlwl.jW[1q2_Wj~U gwOg[!

    8. NiU7bcwwurful. qnpt}wnnLJ{il: Uzw4mJ~P wnwG6Gw-hwl114mpJmGGbppg t Gwl.t W)U, nr 4wrnfl t uj'lw4_npbL dnf1n4.nLflf}Ubj1pG, )uupbrpG , l4Dll1m~JmGGtrru: UJGI11bf1 , nrlilbfl ljw hwJwggGtr~ . hwt.lnqumugGb[lp, WfldbgGbpp, pqbWLUbf1p upwuGntpjnLU, oltw4.nr4.nu~ t upl.tGnLJG uzwl.jmpwjpG )uuppG lljWLill.jwfibLnL qqwgmu:- flpw 4_[1w t 4wnmg4_mu wqqjl UjWI.Iluwl.jwG upwuGntpJnLU(! Lt pGgGwqjllilwl.jgmpJnLU(! : Cwl!l uzw4mf3wJpG wrdbputr mGbG upw4_nrnrJ. GzwGwljmpJmG: UJUUjbu, ujlwuGwljwG hw4_wli1[! pwqllwpr4. dnfln4_mpf1Gbrr [1Gflqr4mu t lipwuGwljwG uzwl.jmpwjpG '1W2ll111 ut2' «erpuLnnGbwl.jwG wztuwrh» , «I"ULWllwljwG wztuwrh» u WJLu : Urw4.nrrl qotr mGr GwL. qpl11nLf3JnLG[! , nf1G w1uop w4.bLI1 zmi.I1 Ltnl bljU1p4_ Ul!lgp Wfll"lJnLUfl t Lt [!Uf}Qf14ntu t UlW[lpb[l tr4f1Gbpp Qplllwl!wG 4wqliwl.jbplljnL,BJmGGbp m lipmpJmGGbr : ~ Uzwl.jnqpp pGI.I1bqpwlilp4_ qnrownnl)pG nLGj'l PWf1'1 L. hwl.jwuwljwG pGnqp: Gflpbt.lG unLJG lljwunl wl.jw[i I)WflWZf12WGntli qlilG4_nf1 uzwl.jnLJpGbp(! lllW[lpbp bG , npG tL '1d'4.wrwgGnLu t UWf1fl4wOg z4"!muObr(! . tuwuqwpmu l!lWflpbp wqqbpjl l{rn)uQLlpnGliwG[! : 'TiwLnlimpJwG lib2 flP2. 2_bO l)bLl.Jgbp[!, bpp uzw4mJpGtrr lip2L. LilWflpb[lnL,BJnLGGb[l[! '1Wf10bL b[i hwl.jWI)flnLf'JWU m pzGwump1wG lljWI.I16wn (opj1Gw4 hjlG hnLJObp~ m hnnubwgj1Gbf1p pwjunulObfl[l pwf1pwrnu gbf1bf1p hbll1 , )uwzw4rwg wpzw4_wOgGbp[! (., WJLG) : uwjul.jpGmll, pflnp, «WJL» uzw4nLJpGbpj1 hbll1 pwtumuG mGbp Pfl Wfli'}WflWQnLU[I , bpp l'}bnltu LilW[1ptr t.lzwl.jnLJf'Ubflp Llp21.t zl{rmtlGbfl[! ljWJmG m wl}mp ltpG: UJUOfl , I"GU1b[1Gbli1P l}p2WGQWJpU gwGg(l lip LlpwuGmf3JWU l}b2 t tuupwt.[npmu l11Wf1pb[l dnf1nt.[nt[li)Ubpp 4nf"llipg Ull1bf"l04.w6 tlzwl.jmpwjpG wrdtgGbrG nL l.jmll1w4t..lwo lflnp6u:

    9. UngftwtflqwgflwJfr qn,uwnnLJ~: Ungrwwqwgr~ wubLn4. hwuljwg4_mu t wGhwLnGtrr GbrwnnulQ hwuwrw4w4wu 4JwGpp ub2, GrwGg 4n'lli~g ungrwLw4wG l{rnpojl, qpLnbLtJ!tGbpp. 4.wrpr Gnrlltflr JnLflwgnu.iQ: flpw WflflJnLGgmu wGhwLn(! 11wnGmtl t hwuwpwljmpJwG Lrrrw4. wGflwun : lizwljnLJPC! hwiil)puwGmu t ungrwLtJqwgpwJp l.jwpl.tnr qnponG: U1'1 qnp6uGpwgu u4ut.lmu t uwGl.jmg, w4_wG'lnLJ,eGbpp m unt.[nrnLJf3Gbpp [!G4wLmlipg l.t zwrmGwlj4_mll "'12 4JwUpj1 oG13wgpmu :

    § 4. ucu~ntsJat- Ltflntu PGg.l!bU Llzw4nLJpG ~r wupnr121llf}JWO llb2. WJUUjbU tL UflW

    li1WflJ1bJ1pg JmpwgwfilJnLf1G nLGp Pfl JnLpwhwll1m4 LbqmG: LwJG pllwul!lnt.[ .

    22-

    uzw4nLJJ'IP Lbqm wubtnt..l. hwu4wGmll bug WJU llrl!ngGbflQ, GzwuGtro. utJlit..lnLGbp[] . lllbpuLnbflQ, npnGp hGwpwl(npnLf3JnLG bG LnWLilU uwrl)ljwGg hWf10f11lW4gllwG llbl! ulflfibLnL Lit"lllJWGg hbll1 , 4n'l.Ll0npnzt.[bLnL lizwl.jnL,BWJpG ll1Wf1WOnLpJwG ub2: Pwgr f"lW , uzwljnLJf'lP Lbql(p oqGmf:lJWLlp puwumw~~rt..lml} t pf1wl.jwGnL,9JnLU[I, LnbrJ.p t mGbGmLl zttJnu.i[! [lUzLLfbu U1WppbJ1 f}WJ1W2f12UJGGb[1p Llzw4nLJ!)Ubpp, WJG~bu tL lilLUWL I'}Wf1WZf12WGp wnwG6pG uzw4nLJr:>UI:if1p tlp21.t : Uzw4nLJf:lP Lbqt.[p ungtJwLw4wG nLf1f14.WOnL,9JnLUU WJU t, nr hwGI'}puwGmll t uzwljmj!)p LLfWhUjWUUWU t.. Ub[lG'fb-ubpmG!f WJU l{rntuwGgbLnL 4wrt..nr UP2ng: PG~gwG ub6 t uzw4nqpp LbqmGbrr pliwgnL!)JwG wuLnp6wGo. WJGpwG litO t wz)uwphG [!G4wLbtm hGwrwt.J.npnL,9JWU zWl{r[! : nrnzwljp puwuLnn4_ l!wpbtp t tflwuLnbt. np tbqmG Llzwl.jnq,ep WflllJnLOQ t , llzw4nLJpj'l 4wnmgt.lw6pwJpG lilWflfl Lt, u~wdwl}wuw4 , uzwl.jnLJ,9P lllWJllwG: Uzw4nLJ,9P LbqmG l.jwrtLP t I)WUW4Wf1Qbt.

    U) PGwljwG Lbqmubp , nrnGp hwurfpuwGmll bG CiwGwznf1nL,9JwG m hwf11lfl'1W4gllwG hpllGw4wG, lljWtnliwl.jwG ur2ngGtp: flrwGg wnwGopG wqqbpp LbqmGtrG tG (hwJbrtG, wGqLbf1bG, ~pwGutrtG 1.t wJLG) : Ltqt..lr WJu altO wG(!GilhWlil qwrqwGmll, LtJnl{rntut..lmll. l.jwlilWflbLWQn[164_mtl t: 1WjlilGp t . Ofl llWf1'1nL pwnwrwGwjpG UjWhnLUU1[! 10-15 hwqwp pwn t , nrnGg up CiWU[! Gw oq1.11wqnp6mli t, llp uwuG tL hwu4 wGr. ;_ C: , c.~ lj~ ; u ~~ oqtr.: . .:Jqnpomu: Uz)uwrhmll qnJnL,9JnLU mGbG llp pwGp hwqwr pGwl.jwG lbqmGbp, npnGg GzwGwjpG pwg hwuwljwflqbp bG l.t qlf104_nLI} bG wG[!GI'}hwm qwrqwgllwG l}b2 l.jWUjlJ.W6 qplllw4wG hWJlilGWqnp6nLf)JmGGtpp . Llzwljmf3WjpG 4"!ntuwq'lbQnL,9JntGGbpt"l, ungtJwtw4wG, lflUl!ll:iuwl.jwO, pwf1wpwljwG l11bll.wzwpdbrr htlil: PGwljwG tbqmGbpp 6wl.jwmwqf1bfl(! lilWflpbp bG: l...rwGgpg nuwGp t.J.brwGmll bG WJil LbqmG 4rn'1 ctnllnt.lfl'1P hbl!l ujlwupG (of1pGw4, hpG bQPLlJLnwl.jwG LbqmG), nrnzubrG tt qnJwlllL.mu tG hwqwrwt.J.nr lllWflpGbr : npnz LbqmGtp '1Wf10bt bG llzw4nLJ'IWJpG pG~nrl}wgpWJP hwf"lOfli"}UWG lt ungtJwLW4WU z4"!nLI}Gbflr Lbqm (wGqLbpbG, 4>rwGubrb0. t"IUUjWGbpbG t.. WJLU), Of102 LbqmGbp tL uGwgbL bG l.jbGgWflnLU OQlilWQnp64_nf1 hWf"lOflflWl.jguwG Cip2ngp llwl.jw[lf}Wl.jp t.irw: UJUOJ1 l.jwG Gwl.t gbflWJPU tunuwl.jgwl.jwG tbqmGbr. npnGp znLGbG qjlr (., [!Uf}nLUwlj lb(j WLLfwhn4.bLnL dwuwGwljwl.jpg {!WflWPW4flf30Lf3JWU G4_wl5ml}ObpQ (Ut.ll:iLr uwupwuwuG lJll:iU . 5) :

    P) UphbuLnw4wG LbqmGbp, npnGg OQli1WQnf16t.!mli tG lllWf'lpbfl qpll1mpJmGGbpp 4n'1lltJg , wn4w bG wpt.J.bummu. 4f1nGmu 1.t wJLG : OrrGwlj , wp4_bulilp JnLflWQWUlJnLfl l!ll:iuw4 ndip rr nLf10LJU LbqmG, llJ1(l UjWJLlwGw4wGm!)JnLGGbpp hwuwl.jwpq t: ~''trwup 4wrnf1. bG LtJGbL pwf1'l L. Ujwf1q: UubGp, ctn'ln4.p'fw4wG brwdzl!lnL!)JwG Llt2

    23

  • PUctl'>l.J 1. ucu~ma~al' Stiumrasul.J =!I'UUU:ursbrr::!

    lljWJllwGw~wGmpJmGGI:ip[l l4Wflq bG. hblilL.wpwp L. hwu~wGwL~ pnlnr~G . tw~. wubGfl, l)wuw~wu bpwdzl!lmpJwG llb2 l)pwGp pwpl) bG L. n~ pnlnr~G hwu~wGwLr: Q~lllmpJwG Lbqmu hutnw~ t, LW~nG~~ (oppuw~ uwpbllwlilp~wJmO pwGw6L.bp[!) : Uphbulilw4wG lbqmGbfl bG uwL. l4WJllwGw~wG GzwGGbp~ (Unpqb~ wJpmpbG~. CiwGwlljwphwj[lG GzwGGbp[! L. wJLG) :

    § 5. UCU4n~Stal"t 4UM~S~UO~C Uzwl.JnLJpG muf'l qnJnLpJwG m j1Gpuwl)puL.npllwu pwquwpf'llJ. oL.bp m

    U1buw4Gbp : Uzw4mJpr U1buwl.JGbpt'l pwdwGliwG h~uQbflQ U1Wf1WpGnLJJ'l bG: 'lrwGgrg ub~[! L4WJllwGwl[npl[w6 t UWf1'14WJf'\G q.npomGbmpJWU l.JnG~pbU1 U1buw4Gbpn4_: UJJ'llllbuwl.jubrG bG.

    w) l.JJmpw~wG l(l:ipwtJlnrur~ qnp6mubmpJmG. p) ~nq.L.nr tlbrwLf1nfllr~ qnpomGbmpJmG:

    UJf1 1..4wtn6wrml[ tL wllbGw(lGI)hwumr C\L.nt{ tlzw4ntJI'l[! pwdwGmu bu GJmpwl.JwGr L. hnqt..nrf'l:

    ujmpwl.JwG uzw~nLWQ UlJlb11.6tlmO t Gjntpwl.JwG wpl!lWI)flnLpjWO [!Uj:}wgpmll (Grw wprumGeGbpG bG wzruwtnwGQp qnp6r.QGbf1Q. hwul!lngOb-p(l, uwrewL(npmuGbfl .Q zbGpbp[! L. WJLU): Ljntf:)WljwG WflU1WI)pntpjnLUQ, 4b0-9Wfl(!, lilbruGntnqrwGtrr ~wquw4brl4mll[! L. wnG ~bnp bG pbpmo qnJmpJwO llzw4mpwJrG l)fluL.nruwG wnwGoGwhwllll.Jmf)JmOGbp: uJmf'lw~wG uzwlJnLJ-I'liJ pGnrn2nLll t Ujntpw~wG Wf1lllUJI)flnLJ')JWU WJU l./nf1llQ, now U1..4WUU1ntll t uwpl)m :Pilqpl.Jwl.JwG m hnqL.nr qwpqwgt.lwGQ. Gpw f'\GQGwpwgwhwJlllUWG!J : LjmpwljwG uzwl.JmJp)1 4wpl..np wnwGOGwhwU1~nLf:)jnLGG WjG t . np WJU unlj-Gw~wG !t n~ hwuwpw~OLJ')JwG GjmpwljwG 4JwGpj1G, nz GjnLf'lW4wG WJ1U1Wf1· pmpjwG[! , n~ Gjmpwl.JwG t.lbflwl{lnruf'l! q.nr6mubm!'}JWU(l: UJmpwljwG dzw-~nLJP[! pGnpnzmll t WJI) qnpomGbmpJntGQ uwr11m qwrqwguwG l[pw Gpw wqr)bgmpJwG lilbuw~blilpg: UGq.Lt"lwg[l llzwljmj:}wpwG P.UwLrGnL(ul.Jpu QU1Gmu t, np uzw4nLJJ'}~ lllbum~JnLUQ L4blll!? t ul.Jul(r liwpl)m L4UJhwG2umG{;)Gbpp (uGul'lf'l, hwqmuU1~. l.JwgwrwG~ L. WJLG) tlbflLnLOnLJ')jnLGrg: ~bug LYWhWU2UmGeGtrG l:iG IJU4w6 llzwl.jntjj:})1 owquwG , qnp6wnGmpJwG l.. qwpqwguwG h~upmu: LJnLJ'lwl.JwG uzwl.JmJj:}U mG~ pwpl) Ljwnmgl[w6p , l.Jwqul[w6 t l!lbtuGnl.Jw-lllbtuGntnq~wl.JwG L. wnwr~wJw~wG q.nr6nGGbp~g :

    1nqL.nr uzw~nLJf:)U rr Ub2 t Gbrwnmu hnqL.np UU1bfl6wqnr6mpjwG l4flngbuQ L. l)flw hblJlliwGQnl[ Ulllb11.6tlw6 hnq.L.np wpdbQGtro wpl(bulll)1 ul!lbfl6wqnp6mpJmGGbpp, qplilwljwG hwJlllGwqnp6mpjmGGbf1p. ljpnGwljwG muumGQGbp)1l.. WJLUf'l1.11bupntt: UJG hw[o'lbu t qwlru pwquwzbfll!l ljwr.m]gp

    24

    ~L.m! . nn~ llb2 UtnGmo l:iG qbflwpt.lbul!lw~wG . tSwGw~nflw~wG L. pGlilbLbl..J-tnmwL llzw~nlJpGbp~ · wrl(butn[! . tflP L~UntflWJWI.jwu, pwpnjw~wG . ~pnuw~wu, ~pwt{w~wu llzwlJnLJpf.lbpQ L. LUJLG : Uw~wJO L4bl.l1fl t hpzbL. np ppwljwGmpJwG Ob2 Owpmf1 oL.m{ qnJOLf)JnLG ~mO~ «GJmpwl.jwu llzwlJmJJ:)» L. «hnq.L.np llzw-~nLJp» : LJmpwl.jwG L. hnq.L.nr uzw~mwp pn1nr tnwpf1bf1[! wGt1JqbLtmrtG l.jwlljt{w6 bG ll[lllJwGg hbm: LJm~wt.jwG llzw~nLJPQ hGwrwl[np ~t lljUJlilljbpwg-Gbl wnwGg uwpl)m qj'llilwl.jgm~JwG wljm~t.l llwuGwljgmpJwG, ~ul.j hnq.L.np llzwl.jnqpG mGp [lp UJnq3wl.jwG l.jpnrm: OppGwl.j, ubp q.l'!lilbl~t>GbflO tLbl./1.11(1n-GwJrG mtruur4wJr llwu~G l[bpwpbpLtmc to hnqL.nruzwlmqe~G . uwljw1G hw-uwljwpq.~~Gbp[!, hbnmutnwgnLJgGbpQ. npnGfl ulllb'16l[bL bG WJI) q[llilt.lrPGbr/1 h[lllp[l l[pw, l[bpwpbpl{mo bG GJmpwljwG uzwl.jntJI'li'!G: 4wo, wubGQ, q.b'iwfl· l[bulJlwljwG UlJlbflOwqnp6ntpjnLGQ, npG w0zmzU1, hnq.L.nr ozw4mJ~ t. uwl.jWJU rr UJm~wljwG wnwpl.jwjwgmllG t utnwGmll Qfl!?P llb2:

    -4. ~nq.L.np llzwl.jnqpG l'lfl llb2 Gbrwnmo t ~G~Ujbu hnq.L.np qnromGbm-PJWO Wfli)JntG.QGbp[l wtlpnrumLJ:)JntGQ . w]OL4bu tL pmG qnp6mubmf'lJmGo: =jn-q.L.nn qnromGtmLI'}JWU w,rumGpGbp[! r)['lUL.npl[mu bG tnwppbp 6L.trnt1,: 'lpwGp unl[npmJpGtrG bG, Uwfll)nL l[wpp~ OnpllwGbpG m l.jbflLYWPGbp[l , npnG.Q ~L.wttnrttnul bG l.jnGl.jpbl!l ll.jwlllllwljwG lljWJllwGGbpmtl: flpwGfl GwL. pwpnJw4wG, qbll.wQpl!lwljwG, 4rnGw4wG. pwflwpwljwG pl)bwLGbpG m wp-dbpGbrG bG . wobGwl!lwppbfl qw'iwtJlwrGbpG m q.j1lilw4wG qplilbLI1QGbp[!. npnGQ ljwlljl[w6 bG uwprym UU1wl{np. hnqL.nr qnp6mGbnt):)JWG hblll: UJnLj:lw-~wG Wpl!lWr)flnLJ')JWG Ul(lflJnLUQUbp[l hl:ilJl upwuj'lG l)!lWU£? OQU1Wqnp6L(mu bG llwrl)m npnzw4f'll4whwG2umGQubp pwl[wrwpblm hwuwp:

    Uwr111m hnqL.nr l4WlllUnL!"JWG llb2 wubGwhrO brL.nLJ~Gbpt"lg t un~nflnLJI'l[r UJG hf'lG hwuwpwl.Jwpqbrmu l.jwpqwl(npp~ flbp t mGbgbL!lU~Ujbu llj1-2Wu6uwjj1G, WJG1.4bu tL uwrl)-hwuwpwl.JmpJnLU hwpwpbflnLJ'lJmGObpnul: dw-uwGwl.Jwl.Jrg UJWJUwGGbpmu l)pwGp hwuwpwljwl.JwG 4JwGpmu qbrwljznnll. ~bG, uwljwJG wnljw bG gwGI.jwgw6 qwrqwgw6 uzwl.JnLJpt"i ut2: Unl[nrmJpQ t.lwrflr umtnrw4wG, wopnrwwl.JwG lilwprG t. npG rr ub2 [!GI)qp~mll t hwuw-pwl.Jm"'JwG llb2 lljwU1uwl.JwGnpbO 6L.wl[nrl[w6 L. oqU1wqnp6ttn'1 Wt./WGf1nLJJ'l-Gbf1(!: UJG rGz np lWLflnt.l hwuwpwl.jwl.jwG h[lzn'lm~JmGG t. nro tJlnruwGgl{mu t ubpGI)b UbflnLGI)' t)wnGwtn~ Ltwrp~ oL.:

    1wuwpw4nLj:}JWU uzw4ntj:}WJrG ~JWOpr n! Ujwl.jwu ~L.bpt"lg t l{wp-pwGpz[!: UJG wl[bLil zwU1 llzwlj~mli t ~.h.upl)nt liwuGw'+~:r::..:..:~:..:.Ju llwrQP hw-uwr: 'lrwGp ~wf1n'i bG LrGbl U1UU1buwljwu. QUJil.UJflWl.JwG, l11btuGnlnqf'lwl.JwG, pwpnJw4wCi , tlrwt./wljwG t.. WJLG: Unl[npmJPI'l GuwG ~wrewGf'\z[l L.u hwuwpw-l.Jmf'lJWU ub2 l.jwpqwl{np[l~ l)bp t tuwflnLU L. UlljWUl!lnLU t wGhwl!l~ hnq.L.np hwpu1.11wguwGu m ung/lwtw4wu l.JwJmCim~1 wG[]:

    1nqt..nr llzwl.JmJp/l wnwttbL ljwl!lWflJWL wpi)JntUQQ wpdbpG t: OG-

    25

  • PUctl'u 1.lJCUI.!ntSial' SbUntlaSUU =!I'LJUU=!UPSI:ii"C!

    llWO 01'\.{UJGpg llW[11)[! qnr6 t mGbGnul. uzwltntJ:')WjpG WfldbQGbrh nrnzwltr hwllwltwrqp hblll : UJG Ltwrnrt t qnJwllll..bL LlpJ?wGfl hwflJnLflWUJwl.f Ltwrqw-l.{nf'l bLnt~ up pwG ubflntGI)GbrtJ ltJWOJ?[! : Urctbp(! M .. wttnrttmu t n~ LlpwjG umtn-pnLJf)P m l.{wrQwGflzp qnp6wnnLJpGbrfl hwliw'lrliwG lifl2ngnl.{, WJLL. flr ub2 Obrwnnul t WJGL411ut'l bpunLJpGbfl , pG~l4fluflJ? bG zwho. L4WhwG2LlmGpo. UjWfllllf)[!. pl)bWL[! L. WJLG :

    «Urctbp» hwuLtwgmpJwG uwhliwGLlwG hwpgmli 4wG lllWflpbfl unlllbgnulGbp: unpl.jwGlllwl.jwGntpjwG GbflltWJwgmgfl~ 11fll.jbplll[! WfldbpGbp[! hwuwrmu tr «4bfll4Wlllllw4wG», hwl.{brct L. mGfll.{bpuwL uLtqpmOQGbr: QbpllwGwgp ublt WJL lilllw6nrf U.4bpbf1[!, 0[1[! ungpnLnqpwjjl Ub2 WllW2pG[! Gbptlnt6bg WJU hwuLtwgmpjntli[!, qlllGntli tp, nr wpdbp[! qfllllw4gl[w6 zwhG t: LfWfll)nL hwllwp hblllwllrS?rmpJmG Gbp4wJwgGnfJ. gwG4wgw6 wnwrLtw Ltwrnrt t wpctbpwl.{nr4bL pwpm L. !wpfl, tSzlllfl u 4brt6PQP, qbrtbgflltll u wOhwlSbLflll lllbuwGLtJmGflg: ,..u4 nrG t l[bf12flGGbrflu ~wlf'lwGflzo: '-l.bpbro qllllimtl tp, Ofl l)flWUQ nrnztfmll bO I)WflW2f12W0flflG!-Ofl zwhb[1nl{, WjuflGQO, oLlibG LtnG4pblll UJWlllllwl.jwO pGmJp L. lllw(lw61.{mll bG nrnzwltfl dwuwGw4tJ l{pw, oppg hbllln LtnpgOmu bG ppbGg GzwGwl.jmpJmGn:

    UpctbQUbfl[! O! uflwJG wq11nul bG brL.nLJpGbflp tSwGw~ol'lntPJWG L. qOwhwlllllwG l.{pw, wnL. nrnzmo bG owrlll!wGg l.{wrell Onpt'ibp[!, OUJWlllwl.jGbpo: UJU hwOqwllwliQO U.'-lbpbp[! pwgwhwJlllbL t 4noOp ungtJnlnqpwLtwO 4hPLnt6mpJwG ctwuwGwlr «PnrtnQwLtwG pwpnJwqfllllntpJntO[! L. LtwUJplllWLflqufl nqpG» qpQmll Gw QGGwpLtnul t pn'lnpwltwGmpJwCi pwpnJwl.twOmpJwu wpctbeubpfl wq!lbQnLJ:lJmCiCi wprumOwpbpwl.jwO hwuwpwLtmpJwG · hwulllwllltlwG tl.r•w: «ltWUJfllllWLPUlllwltwG nqm» LWL{wqmJG WfllllWhWJllln~pJnLGG, [!Ulll Gpw, Ltwrnn bQ 6wnwJbl P.~flw04Lfl0p J.twGnGGbp[!. «=!flzflfl, np ctwllwGw4o L/'loll. t», «=ipzflp, np lflnrtO pp pGnLJpnl{ wpqwuwpbp t u 4wrnn t 60bL Gnp lj'lnflbp» L. WJLO: '"' lllwppbpmpjnLCi lljnLU 4rmGGbpp, pnrtnJ?Wl!wGmpjnLG[! zwnctmGw4, llbnGbrbg llwrll4w0g wqwlllmll tp UJWLflwutuwGwllll.{ntpJmOpg, llbnGbpbgmpJmGn llPlllntll t11 "! llpw1Ci OJ1pGw4wG, WJLil wullll.{wowhwtSn qpwqllmGp:

    UJUUjpuntt, wnL.IllllJWU 2Wlll lllllw6nqGbpp LtwJ16flenll., WJ1dbJ;?GbJ1[) L. wpctbpwJpO 'lPI"QnpnzmuGbp[! zwlll pwOnl[ npnznul bG tlwpllnt 4bOuw(ll.tQ, wq11mil bG ilfl2w000wjp0 hwpwpbpm~JmGObpp pGmJ~P l{pw:

    U[lctbQli mOp bpltw4fl pGnLJ~: =iwzl{fl wnObLnl{ llflL.OmJG wrctbpfl ptlWUlll(l, WJO ltwpbtfl t QOI)ntGbL Ltwu cttulllbL, GpwG lllWL 'l!lW4wG Ltwll pw• gwuwJ.twG qGwhwlllwJ.twG: UpctbQ[! pGmpwqpnfJ. pWfJ.WilflWtlwubfl[! l.jwpn11 b(i 2Wlll LflGbl: UJUUjbU. hwjpbGwuflflntpjntG[! nJlUjbU wpctbQ llbl.jOwpwGbtnL ctwliw0w4 ilfll)bUJQnLU ltwpnrt t WllW2flG UJLWG UfJ.I.{bL UJWfllllQ[), tlbl.j WJl l)bUj·

    26

    Qln~tu 2. UCUI.4msrar UUI.4UP'll.NLI:ir'C!

    gmu· pflbWLil · flult llbl.j mppz flbUjgnur Lljwhw02llntGQQ lt WJL G: UpdbgGbpQ lllWflWpGnlJp bG' ungflWLWltwG, QW'l.WQWl.jWO, pwpnjwl.jwO, 4rmGwl.jwG. qw-ll.W\.flwpwl.jwG, qbll.WQfllllwltwG, wztuwlllwGQWJflG. ltbGQWf'\Wjp0-[!UlllWGb-4w0 L. WJLG:

    U11ctbgubpfl G4wllltlwtlp ownllm l{bpwpbpumGQ[! tlflwGzwGw4 1t: nimzllbUJpmtl wJG 4wpn11 t wGl{bpwUJwhnpbG QOJ1mGI.{bL. npnz l)bUjQbpmu tL· tlbJ1dl(bt: f"IG!QwG pwpOJ1 t hnqL.np tlzw4mJpfl qwpqwgtlwG tlw4Wf1'1W4[!. WJGgwG lllwpwpGmJp bG wpctbJ?Obp[!: Uw4WJO UJWLnllw4wG qwpqwgllwG [!G-pwgQmtlllzwJ.tl{mll bG npnzw4fl wpctbpObJ1, npnGe 4wqunul bG hnqL.npllzw-4nLJpp lifl2nt4D:

    f"IGtUJbU UJnLPW4wG, WJiiUjbU tL hnqunpllzwl.jntjpp wpdbQGb[1(! tlwp-'lnl Ltnquflg oqlllwqnrottnul bG Ltwpl.tnr GUJwlllw4Gbpfl hwuCibtm hwllwp: Um UJWllltSwnnl( J.twpl.tnp GzwGwJ.tnLpjntO t ~bnQ pbpmu lllt!JWL llzw4nLJJ:=)p Gl{w-tSmtlGbflfl m wpctbgGbpfl fltlwgmpJnLG[!:

    f"IO!QWO pwfl(lp t ilWflllOl ilzw4mJ:lWjfl0 llw4Wf1J1WltQ. WJUQWG Wfl-llJntGwl{blll t Gw qn[lOOLil npUjbU WJldbQGbpfl Ulllb110n11, 4Wll1Wfln1J. u UUjWilnrt u. ilpL.GnLJCi ctwtlwGw4. pGwwG hwpmulll m 4wlllWflJWL t Lizw4ntJJ:=)[! , WJGQwG WJG hWGflbU t qwlflu OfiUjbU UWfll)nL qwpqwgtlwG Wf'\J!JnLfl nt nbUnt[lU:

    Um~npmJp(l, wttwGflnLJP!l L. wrctbp(! pfinpnzmli bG 4nGltflblll Lizw4m-pwJflG lllpum L. hwGilfluwGmtl bG llwr'lnt t!wrpfl Wnll.LiGnrmzfl~Gbr: Pwttw4w0 t UWfl'lnLU 4lllflbL ubl/'lw4wG uzw4mpwjflG tlfl2WtlWJJlfl9 L. Gw flpbG tlflwGqw-ilwjG zl/'lnpttwo 4qqw:

    UzwltoLJpp LtnGltpblll lllfll4P llb2 l{wppwOumzGbpfl, wrctbQGbpfl UJWh~wGuwCi L. \.flntuwGgllwG qnronul L4bll1Q t Lfllifl npnzw4tJ LtwJmGmpJmG: Uzw4nLJPP qnJnlpJWU m qwJlqwgllwG llb2 WJI14WJntGmpjntG[! l)flUl.tnplj_mll t wl{wOilntJpfl llL.mt: UttwGilnLJp[!, npUJbu tlzw4mJpfl UJWhUjwGtlwG b11w0w4. QnLJQ t LnWLflU, np tlzw4mJp[! n! llpwjG L. n~ WjGpwG llWfiJl4WJflG qnp6mGbm-pjwG wrllJnLUQ t. npewCi WJil qnromObmpJwG b'lwGwLt: Ul[wGI)nLJPI:! LtnGLtpb-lllwgGmtl t qwrqwgtlwG ungflwlw4wG l.flnJ10[! u tlw4wrllwlt[!. npflG hwubl t tlwrrm pf!rtLpJwG hblll nLGbgwo lflntuhwpwpbflntpJwO [!Gpwggmtl:

    =!wuwpwJ.tw4wG l!JWGQp pwqllwzbfllllntpjntG[! bGpwl)pnttl t ozw-ltnLJf'lll WJUUjpUp Oubp, j1G~Ujpuj1g bG lllGlllbUW4wG, 4wqtlw4bpUjwl!wG. QW-fJ.WQW4wG, ppwttw4wG; pwJ1nJw4wG, qflLnw4wG, 4pnGw4wO, t4nlnqflw4w0, tlwG4wl(wrctwJ.twG L. WJl tlzw4mJp0bp[!:

    UJU l!L.bfl!l 4WUJ~w6 bG tlWflll4WJflG qnpOmObnlpJwG WJU 4wli WJG pGwqwttwoGbflp hblll, nJlnOe lj'lntuwqllmtl bO llfltlJwOg hblll :

    UJUUJbu. Qwqwgw4wG dzwLtnLJpG flp tlb2 Obflwnmll t QWIJ.Wf1w4wG. [!GlllpntpjwG u qn[lOOI'lnLPJWG LWLI.wqnqG Uf12ngGbfl[) (brtwGwltGbfl[!) , hwuw-flWltntPJWO QW'l.WQWl.jwG t.lbflw4wnmgtlw0 WfldbpGbpO nt flr)bWtGbp[!,

    27

  • PUdt'u 1. UCUlln~Sial' SbUn~raSUu ~I'UUU~UPSbPC!

    UWfl'llJwug ungrwLwlJwu 4lntuhwrwpbflnLJ3JntuubptJ OUJLiltJliwL oL.bp[) GrwGg zwhbrr l.flntuhwuwOwJGnLpJwG uupwgpmu L. wJLG:

    PwrnJwljwG LizwlJmJpr lib2 4lwuU1l(ntli t pwrm. ~wrr. UJWLilt.\r. wr-'1WflnLJ3JWG, UJWflUlJ?r L. wJLGr uwuro hwuwrwLJm"Jwu ~nfllirg obnp pbr4w6 UJwlJbrwgmuGbrr wuUltJISwGu: '-lbr2rGubru LJwrqwt.lnrmu bG uwrrtlJwGg l(W[lJ?IJ. punLj3Wq[lnLU b[i ungrwLW~WG b[1l...ntjf)Ub[1IJ:

    qt;TJ.wr4buU1wljwu lizwljntjpG Pfl lib2 Gbpwnmli t qbflWQpUlwljwG wpctbpGI:ip[! (qbrtbgr4Q. l(bh[!, nrwhpqwljwu[! L. WJLU), 'l(lWUQ ULilbrtMwG nL UlljWnliwG bflWGwljGb[lQ:

    UJdli ~wrL.nr U2WUWljntp]mu t 6bnp pb[lntli t~nlnqrw~wu li2wlJnLJ-i)Q. np[! pn4WG'lwljmli t W[1LilW'l[1WljwG, QWrtWQWLjWG I... WJL qnromGbnti)JWU Gnp wrctbpubr nt b'1wGwljGbp, npnGp mrt'1t.lw6 bG llbplinLnrwlJr UJWhUJwG-LlwG[I:

    U 2W4ntJPr oL.brr pwquwqwGmpJmuu UJWJLiwuwt.\nrt.\w6 t GpwGnl(. nr WJU qnJnLI)JnLU ~ntGr rr ljbGI)wur 4rn'l.r9' UW(lflnLQ rtmru:

    28

    QtOttu 2. UCU'-IOtSrai"' UU'-IUP'lU'-IubPQ

    .§. 1. UCUI.tntara~ UflQUS~u. ~UUUUUr'flltUS~u Puntarae (dwllwuw~wljrg w2tuwrhmu hw2t.1L!ml'i t unm 200 UJblilmpJmu. hw-

    qwrwt.\nr dnrtnt.\mrf1Gbr: Uwrf1~wJrG ut.nr qnJnLPJWG c:Opwgpmu 4lnrut.\bL t unlll 1000 Ub[lnLUf1 (tpb f1[1Wugrg JnL[lWQWU~JnLflr ljjWuJ?p Ull...nflnLJ3JnLUQ hwzt.\bGf' 60 Lilwrrr Uwrf14wGg wJu hu4wJw6wt.lwL qwGqt.\wor ub2 zllw ub-lJ[I. nr GLiwG LrGr ujmurG(OW[lf1ljwGg or2L. qnJnLJ3JntG ntubu n( lipWJU wGhw-LilwljwG. WJLL. tuupwJrG UlW[lpb[lnLJ3JnLGGb[l QUUlWGbljwG, ubflWJtJG. UlWflr· pwJpG. liwuGwqpUlwl.jwG. wqqwJrG L. wJLG: LnLJGQ l(brwpbrt.\mli t GwL. tlwpl)ljwug hwurmpJwG wL!bLr libo WU(JnLfl tpunutJG pGnpnz t hWUlntlj Lb-qm. ztlb'lGbptJG zl[bl)b[lbG, hwJbptJG hwJb[lbG: Pwjg. wubGQ. qbpliwuwgf!Gb-llU L. wtluUlflpwgtJGbp[) mGbu ubLj Lbqm· qbruwubpbG. liblj Lbqm mubG GwL. ubrpbpG m tunrtlw13Gbrr:L uwljwJG WJ'l wqqbru UlWflpbp bG: Uw GzwGwljmtl t. nr LbqmG Lill[JWL tpunur LizwLJmwr 4wrL.npwqnLJG. uwljwJG nz tltJw~ m nrnzr~ lllW[l(lG t: tpunuGbpG rrwrrg LI1Wflpb[ll[mtl bG LizwljmJ'}wJru qobrr wlipn'12nLJ3JWUp: UzwljnLJpG Pll lib2 ubrwnmu t tpGnur nrt2 Gl[wt5mliubp[! urw qnJnLflJWG brtwGwlju. WJG puw-wzruwrhwqrwljwu m hwuwrw4w4wG-UJWLilliwljwG UlpflnLJPP 2fl2WGw~ubpmli. n[1Lilbrt pGf'G WUj[lnLLl t: r'lw Lbqmli t. qrw4wGmf)JnLUQ. brwctzmmpJmuu. Ulwpwq(l, uGGflr UlbuwljGbpQ. mnubpQ. obubflQ· unl[nrnLJpubro. hrllGwljwli wpdbpwJrG UJWlllljbpwgmliGbfl[!. lJJwG-J?mli uwr'llJwug hrlluwLjwu 4nf1liunrnzr~Gbf1[! L. wnu: '1bug wqqr LJbGuwpw-Gwljwu. hnqbpwGwl.jwG. pwpnJw~wu. Lbqtlw-LiLilw6nf1wljwG. UJWUlliw-wz-

    29

  • PUdt>t. 1. ucu~ntsrat- SbUntrasuu ~NIUU~ursorc

    tuwflhWqflwl.JwG l.t WJ[ l.Jwflqp hwl11l.JmpJmGGbpG m UJWJLiwGGbf!G jlpbCig wCi-Lij12wl.JwO LJOppO bO pnf10mli uzwl.JnLJpp pOmJpp l{pu.(UzlJ.!l.JnLJPil '1WnGmli t wqqp elL.wl{nfJOWG m UjWhUJwOuwli w0hflwdbzl11 liJl\?ng: · Uqqp hnqbl.JwG tuwnGL{w6Q[! l.Jwu pGwl{nflnLPJnLU[! JnLf1WQWULJnLfl dnrtmfilr1r qplllwljgmpjwO ub2 Opw l.JjwOpp JnLflOflpOwl.J UJWJOwGObf1p WfllllWQntmliO t: Uqqp hnqbl.JwG tuwnCit.lw6p[! OL.wl{nf!l[mu m l}[lul.tnfll[mu t dnll.nl[fl'lP pwquwl.JbflUJ hwuwflw-l.Jwl.JwO qnf100L0bnLpjWG Lib21ti,,!JO wnwt.lbt Wfll11WhWjl11l[mu t wqqwjpG uzw-l.JnLJpp wnwGelOwhwl11l.JnLpJmOOI:ipmu, hwllll.Jwu.jtiU qbll.wflt.lbul11wl.Jw0 qpw-l.JwGmpJwG ub2: Uju wubOQ u.jWJOWOwl[npmu bG uzwl.Jnqpp jtlnfJWu.jbU wq-qwjpO pOmJpQ:'/1-w t L[l.JwJnLu hwuwzt"tJwphwjpO Lizwl.JnLJpp n112 qwpqwguwO [!Opwgp(!, nrD'~wl11liwl.JwO L11wflpbfl dwuwGw4W2f12wGGbpmu l11wflpbp dn-rtnt.lmflflUbflp nL wqqbpp Ulllbll.OW6 t.lzwl.JnqpObpp wupnr")2nLJ}jnLGO t: (bppbp ~fl l.Jwflbtjl zlJlripbt hwJl.Jwl.JwG ilzwl.JmJpiJ ~pwGupwl.JwGp. l.Jwt.l tiwlljnGwl.JwO uzwl.Jmjp(J bqpUJL11Wl.JwGp hbl11~:

    !Uwl.JwJG, ttJObtnt.l wqqwJpG bfll.tnqp. t.lzw4nqp(! upwdwuwGwl.J Gwl.t hwt.lwUWflf14WJ!lG t: nplljbU WJ'1L4PUPU ~l.Jw hwuwuwr'14WJj1Ci uzwl.Jmjp, WJU qnJnLPJnLU mOp iipwJG wqqwJpGp Lib2 lt wqqwJpCip lip2ngnl[: UqqwJpCiiJ ~p WflClbtmli pwlJlLvGgbt WJL dnrtnl[nLflllGI:ipp hnqbl.JwG nL q.l:ill.wq.jll11wl.Jw0 wz-tuwf1h(J. JnLflWgObt hwuwztuwphwjpCi uzwl.Jnqpp tWLJ.wqnqCi wl[w0'1nLJpGbp(J:' UqqwJpGp hpuwG L[rw uzwl.JnLJpp Lib2 ulllbi")6L[mu bO OwL.. hwt.lwuwfl'14wmo. nrw UWf1'1llnL!}jUJ0[! hmqnrt w[ldbpGbp: UJ'1 JnL[1Whwllll.JnLpjWG zGnflhpl[ t. np lllwflpbfl wqqbfl QG11mOnu.l m hwuljwGmli bli LlpiJJwOg llzw4mpwjp0 wrdl:ip-Obfl[!: 1wt.lwllwf1'1l.JwJp0[! al.twl[nf!l[mu t wqqwjpOp ht"tlipp L[flw, tw4 hw!lw-UlUf1'1l.JWJt'lG WfldbpGbfl[!, llJmu l.Jnrtllpg, JnLflWQWULJnLfl wqqwJpO t.lzwl.Jnqpp Lib2 pbl.Jl{mli m ruwul11wl[npl[nu.'i bO lllt.lJWl t!}On-u.jWlllliwuzwl.JmpwjpO hw-llwlJWfl

  • Llflt.ntH! t.j"lnp~bg hwuljwGwL. J'fb (lG~j;?WGnt.[ t hwi.J.wutnp bi.J.pnlljwljwG nqnt m Lizw~nLJPP hwLl[!UI)~p4nrJ.wljwuntpjwu QWrJ.Wlj!Wf"ID;I

    UwljwJG l.:i4.pnlljwljbGtnpnGnq:•JwG unbuntfj'mG[! WJUOf"l tLzP 4npgpbL PP GzwGwljmpJmuD: U '-!bpbp[! tl(pnUjwljwG !?W'1W2W4flf3nLJ'}JWG hpi.1Gw4wG q(l6[! hwuwrmtli t Gnw pGwljwG LflGbw: nnnz Lill1w6nrJ.Gbp tL hwl.lwrzfl.Jwphw-JflG UjwunLlmpJnLU[! hwllwpml.l bG bl(rnlljw4wGmpJwG lljWtnLlntJ'fJmG: ctwl.lw-Gw4w4flg LizwympwpwGntl'fJWU ul.:i~ bL1_pnlljw4bGU1pnGntpjntG[! wwgl(bL t «wzfl.Jwphp unflbnGpqwgpwJp» hwJbgwybunnL1_: '-!bp2f1Gpu hwuwOwjG LlJmu LizwljmJJ'fUbJl[! UjbtnQ t [!UI)ntCibG dwliwGwljwljj1g wpl.linu.npj1 ~JwGpp ljwgm-f3WOI..bpQ:

    Uubrf14w4tiGunpnGmpJmu: tl(pnlllw4bGmrnGnq:tJWG mwpwunbuw-4mpJmGGbppg lib4G t hwGI)puwGnLu wLlbflf14wljbGt.npnGnq:tJnLU[!. nrfl hwuw-OwJCI Gnr uzwljnlJpfl up~Gwpbfll)[! ULlbpf14wG t: QG'l nrmu WJI) QW'1Wlj!Wf1[! 6Gi.J.bL t wllbf"lf14JWG wqq(l nL Uubpfl4wJp lljwtntlmpJwG JmpwhwtnljmpjmGGI.:i-Jl(l GW'1Wljlwpj1 h(lup(l 4.rw: UJu unbumpJwG ljnrJ.oGw4ttgGbf1[! UjGflnul bG. pb hbGg Uubp(lljwG t hpG t:ii.J.pnlljWJil «lj!Jl4PzQ» L. Gnp m UUjWUL(bLf112 uzw4nLJ'fW-JrG Wf1dbp0bf1p t!L.Lui.J.nf1n'1[!:

    Uobrf14JwG Ujbll1nLJ'fJwG JnLJlwhwt.nm4 qobppg Llb4G wJG t. np zP m-Gbgbl nz lljWI.nUnLJ'fJnLU. n~ tL WllW2Wll1Wfl pGw4~ntpjmG: UJU hwGqwuwGfl[! h(lup t tn4.bt zwl11 Llunw6nf1Ubf"lp UjUI)bLnL. np ttpr Ulibpf14wJm.t t u4ui.J.nul !Jwpl)ljmf}JWU Gnr u~wunlinLJ'fJOLG[! : UY.bLflG. G[lwGp qGwhwU1mLl bG flrbGg bp-4PJl[! nJlUjbU WJltnWUjWt.nuwljwG wqq. nfl(l 6L.w4_nplj_bl t UJlW hpl.l(iw!fppGbJlp wqwlll 4wliflp zunrhfl4: UJ!f Gnr wqqfl uzw4ntJ'fWJPG pGpGwtnplljmf}JntG[! qGwhwunlj_bg npUJbu (luQCiwl11(lllj Ujwmliw4wu qwr~wgLlwG trwzfl.Jpp: Uubrr4JwG ll1buwpwGGbJlQ L(lnpOnu~ bG GwL. hw4w'1rbl Ul.flJ-Q bi.J.JlnlljwJpG. lllGrtbln4. nr Uubrfl4wJnul uunb'164.bL t lij1uzw~mpwJf1G unwrw6nLJ"JnLG. uljq-pmGgnrbG WJL wzfl.Jwrh. OJl(! unwppbri.J.nuJ t bi.J.rmlljwljwG(lg : UjU QWrJ.Wljlwr-(ibf1G mGbG PflbGg lljwunuwljwG Wf"lf1Wf1Lugml.l[1: L!nlnulpnu(l 4n'1tlflg Utlbpp-ljwG hwjunGwqnpobLnLg hbunn WJUtnb'l b4wo UWf1'14wGg wzepG wpnrpqbGGb-[1[! (ll1brJ.wpGpljGbp(l) hwuwpL(mu tru n~ QW'1UJQw4rrf3. (lulj pflbuf!· wqwun m Gnp dnf1m.jmpry npG UlibflpljwG Ujb111e t I)Wpoubr l)pwfl.Jun:

    U:jlf1nljbGt.npnGmpJmG - tpljwfl dwuwGw4 wztuwphnul qbpw4wJnrJ. '1PP!? tp QJlwl(mu uUJtllnwy nwuuwG: '1w lljWL!lOwn flWJlOWL( Gbqpw4wG ow-upqlip WI1W\)wgliwG hwliwp OJlP uljpqp[l ljWUj4_w6 t 19-pf1 '1· 50-w4wG f)p. hbt.n : UJI') 2WfldLlwG 4nrJ.uGw~rgGbp(l UJUI)nLli trG. nr GbqpbpG ppbGg zUjbtnQ t hwuwf1bU wobpp~wJfl .QW'1WQwgpGbp. np (lpbGQ wlj_blfl hpli wqq bG U. brJ.bL bG Er(lut.nnup GwtuGpGbppg: LbqpwljwG 11WUWJj1 tunznpwqmJG Gbf14WJwgmgj1~Gbnfl2Wf1Qpu trG l')wunul 'TlLWlllnGpG LtbuwppG 1.. WJLng: Qp4_nul tpG qpunw-ljwG hbunwqnt.nntf}JnLGGbfl' Gt.IJ1rt.lw6 Gbqpw4wG nwuwJfl tlpwuGnLJ'fJWG liw-

    32

    upG:

    QlOI'tu 2. UCU4ni'S9t> lflJ'-!Ur''llJ\.tt.b('G ./

    l U:jlpn- u wuflw4bGlllf1nlinq:iJWG ol...wi.J.npowG qnponul Libo l)bp bG fl.JW'1WQbL qbpliwGwgp hblllwqnt.nn'1 Lbn :bpnpbupmup hwJwggGbp(}: uw UpubLQ~ m Upl.ununep uzw4nqpGbJlr:! pGnq:~wqrbg npUjbu pL.bnwg4.w6 lllP-Ujbp: Upl.buwO uzwljnlj~GbppG. [!U\Jl UflW. GbrhwlllnL4 t «pwrn.uG~wl(wjpG qqwgntli[!». «wGzwpctnq:tjntG[!. 6wljwunwqpwUjwzt.nmpJmG[!»: tlj_pnUjwljwG Lizw~nLJJ'fUbf1pG pGnpnz t «hbnwi.J.nf1nLf3JWG qqwgntUQ». 2WfldntGntJ'fJnLU(} . wqwt.nnLJ3JWU QW'l.Wlj!Wf1Q: l>pnpbGpmu[! ljlnp6mu tr hpliGwi.J.nJlbl nz blj_rn-

    '· UjwljwG lizwljnLJPh qbpwljwjntpjntGG m UjWunliw4wG wnwQbLnLPJntG((l ___ :../ U:jlppljwJfl 02wljnqpfi t'lpnQ pGpGwunpUJ t: LbQf1[! pGntflJWG qwi.J.wljG

    t. mGp qqwglimGgwJflG pGwL1_npnq3JOLG: Uzfl.Jwphp G~wlllliwlip qqwgumGew-JflG i.J.brwpbrlimug(! JnLpwhwt.nmlj t f1Wp6Gmu w:Prf14JwG Gbqpp Lizwljmpw-JflG wpctbgGbpp hwliw4wrqo 4rnGQ. ungflwLwljwu ljwnmg4_w6m:!. wplj_bulll[!. qnw4wumpJnLU[! U. WJLG

    "'r"il.S."JnLPJntG ntGbG u~qpmGpwJhG unwflpbpmpjmGGbp bi.J.pnlljw-ljw(i U. w:Prf14JwG dnrtntlmrl'fGbpp wzfl.JwnhDG4wlmuGbpp t.lt~ : tt./rnlljwgpG w~pmli t pwGw4wGmpJwt.'ip. mnwuwpwGnLJ'fJWOp . hwzY.wr4mt. w~ppljwgt'JG q~wglintGflnl( . npplinlj_ L. WJl G:\4br2f1GGbf1u tlnun bG llwpl')nt Gwtuwu4qp-Gw~wG. pGwljwG 4_p6w4f1G: Cu111·W'ju unbuntpJWU . blj_pnUjwljbG\.llJlnGntpjnLG[! . t4_pnUjWJP pwqliwr~WflJWG flztl-JwGmJ"JnLU[! Ujbunp t ljln('uwppGi.J.p w:jlpf14JWU Llzw4ntJJ'fP qbpj1ztuwGntpjwtlp: UJU unbumpJwG ljnf'J.liGw4flgGbp(l [!UflQObLnY. w:jlppljwljwG tlzw4nLJpr Jmpwhwt.nyntf}JmGGbp[! gnqg bu unwlflu. np Gbqf1p hwl.lwp WI1W2PU lljLWUnLli upzll1 oL.O t. QnLJU[!. nppli[!. zljlnLU(} . hnunQ. np[! hw-ljwl')plj_mu t bi.J.pnUjwljwG nwgpnGwLf1qliru: ubqnG ppbG tfl qwl!lmli opJb41.11flg (pGntpjnLG. hwuwrwljmpjntG. UUJf11), own . J?Wfl u. WJLG): Lw oppuf14 t. pulj n(lpli(l tGbpq(lwJp tnq:::~JmGG t :

    UJu :jlnGp i.J.flw, tlzwljmf)wpwUmJ'fJWii lib~ w4t.nflt./nrbu eGuwpljL(mu t «tf}Gntlzw4mpwjpG umbpbnunpllj» hwu4wgmpJWG pnt./wGI)w4mpJntG[! (Ui.J.bLfl LiwGrwuwuG mbu 9.nrr GJmpbf1G oqlllwqnrotlbL bG pG~Ujbu wJu , WJGUjbu tL £Wf1W£lW4flJ'fnLJ'fJnLGGbf1p tlwupO Wl"l'1P l!lbuntpJmGGbpp pwdumu) tpGnuzwljmpwJflG ut.nbpbnt.nflUj wublnY. hwuljwGmtl bGp WJU 4wu WJG d'n'l.n4.f1'1f1G pGmpwQrD.'1 lll(lUjw4wG qObf1p tlwupG (}UI)hwGpwg4_wo lljwll1ljbpwgmuGbp[! : t.. UubG up d'nf1n4.r'111 ulllb'16w6 lizw4nLJJ'fP p0J?GWt.n~14nLJ"JntU(l lljwjuwGw4_np4_wo t n~ LipWJU pGw~LPOWJL.UljwG . ung~WLW4wG, unGmtuw4wG U. WJL ljwpqp qnp6nGGbpn4_. WJLl.. wqqwjpG pGwL(npntpJWLlp m tuwnGlj_w6Qnt./: 'TJwllluwljwOnpbG wqqwJpG Lll~UjwljwG qotrr m UjwunljbpwgmliGbpp 4r4GbLflnLJ3JnLUQ hwGqbgflbl t wJu ljwu wJG dnrtnY.rllr liwupG npnzwljp umbpbnunpUjp uzwljuwG(l: u1uUJbu. plllWLW9f1Gbpp limn wnwOilGwgGntli bG tf1WfJWf7JntUntpjntU[! , wG

  • umn uwnuwuf1LllnLFJJnLU[!, 1J~uGbfl~ unUl hwtJwnmpJnLU(!, hwJbfl~ unUl hjnL[1WU/lf1nLf}jnLU[! L. WJL G:

    Um[npwpwfl wnwGaGwgGmu bG UUlb[lbmn~Uj~ 2 Lllbuwlj . 1) t>UIZUUUStrtnSt-'1'1· pb ~G! bG ulllwonu.l UWflll~4 ubtf1wljwG dn'l.m.lflll~

    uwu~G. 2) ~tstrt-nustrtnst-'1'1· pb ~G! bG Lllllwonu.l uwrll~4 WJL dn'l.nl.[mr11utr~

    liwu~G : rGeuwulllbflbnlll~Uj[! ljwqlimli t wqqwJ~G ~GflGwq~LllwljgmpJwG

    4wrL.np LllWflfl[! : UjULllb'l. ~ztumu t WJU OUlWJUnL!)JlllU[! , pb ewG~ llfl «wqq[! WJUUj~U~U t, WUjW bu L.u UjbUlQ t L~Gbu WJ'lllj~Upu» : UjUUlb'l. llflWljwuG WJU t, llfl WJU OWUWUjW[lhm.[ pWfl~[lWGmLi t dn'l.nL.[[lll~ wqqwj~U nq~G . ~G{lGwq~UlwljgmpJllLG[! : UwljWJU WJU ljWflll'l. t mGbGwl GwL. Ill llflWljWG hblllL.wGpGbfl, ubtf1wljwG WUjflbLw4bflUj~ pbflmpJmGGbfl~ ~UflUWWflllW[lWgLiwG UjWUlOwn llWI'lUWL:

    tpGnhnqbpwGmpjwG ub2 LllW[lWOL.[w6 t WJU Ulbuwljblll[!, llfl WJU wqqb[l[! , nrnGe qUlGL.[mLi bG UlG.Lllbuwljwu qwrqwgLiwG wnwL.[bL pwfl~fl uwljWflllW4~ L.[rw . ~flbGg hwliwfl ljwrL.npmLi bu WJUUj~U~ wrdwG~gGbp , ~G!Uj~U~fl bG

    -ObnGbrbgmpJmGo, -qn[lOWflWflnLPJnLU[! , -~GUlbL bljUl[! L. WJLU :

    rulj LllGUlbuw~bu hblllwuuwg wqql::iro -pwrmpJmG~ .

    -h Jll l flWU~flllL PJ nLU[!. -pWflJWgljwLimpJllLU[! L. WJLU :

    =iblllbfl~llUUlb[lblllll~UjbpG mGbG flUUWilWLllWljwG lll'l.'l.L.[w6mpJnLU '1lblllfl t hwzL.[~ wnGbL. llfl ULllb[lbnUl~Ujbfl[) hwu11~uwGmLi bG gwGLjwgw6 Lizw4nLJp~ wGpwdwG Liwuo. wq11mli bG wqqwJ~G q~LllwljgmpJwG L. wqqwJ~G zl/lmLiGbp~ L.[rw:

    tL.[rn~WJ~ wLibGwlllwflpbfl dn'l.nL.[m[lllUbfl~ tpGnLizwljmpwJ~G wnwG~GwhwlllljmpJmGGbfl[! pGmpwqrbLm L/ln[l~bfl uljubg~G wpL.[bL 18-flll 'lWflmu 1bLL.[bg~mu~ (:brwuu~w) . 1Jmu~ (UGqL~w) L. 4wGUl~ (QbruwG~w) 4n'l.ll~g : 1blllWflflfl~fl bG 4wGLll~ ll~UlWflljmliGbro : OuLll GJ1w, 1JrwGujlwgjl ctn'l.nL.[mrllO UlW[lpbpL{mt.l t ztf1LiwG 6wzwljm.[, pw[lJWgljwt.lmpJwt.lp: UwljWJU Gpw ljbGumGwljmpJmG[! hwGqbgGmt.l t pbpL.wt.lUlmpJWU L. nqm wqwlllmpjwG : UGqLjlwgjlG Wllj[lmli t ~ulll jlfl pwGwljwGmpJwG: ru~wGwgjlG h~Wfllll t. mGp ubl/lwljwG wrdwGw~wlllL{mpjwG pwfl~fl qjllllwljgmli: 'Low LnLfl2 t, orjlGWUjW2Ul L. 4flnGw~wzLI1: qplllbLilflll Gljwlllliwlip ubfl ell! mGjl, ~WhUjwGn'l.w4wG t : '1lwlllwhwljwG !t . nr qjllllmpJWG qwrqwgt.lwG

    34

    mbliUjbpnL.[ hblll t L:Gmli LiJmu wqqb[l~g : QbrLiwGwg~G wqGjlL{ t . pwuwljwG , hwLibuUl: UW wL{bLjl 2Wlll wzttJw[lhWf'WI'[Wf'Wgjl t (4nulinlljl1Ljllll), hbzlllmpjwt.lp t L.[bpwpGwljL.[mt.l WJL t./WJflb[lmLi : flmuGbfl~ Liwu~G t-unubLjlu . ltwGLllG nu11q6mu t, n[l C!flWGg Linlll 11bnL.u !~ oL.wL{nrL/bL wqqwj~u puwL.[npmpJmu :

    4wGUl~ WJU ll~lJlWflljlllLiGbpu WfllllWhWJUllllU bu ~[l dwliwuwlj~ bl.[[ln~wljwu u z wljmjp~ ub2 b'l.WO tf'unuzwljmpwj~u Ulllbflblllll~~bfl[! :

    20-fl'l 11wrmu WJU h~uuwhwflg~G wGflflWilWflObL t ~u~wuwg~ t.lUlw6nrt L. 'l~·L.[wGwqbUl Uwi'}Wfl~wqwu : uw WJU ljwli WJU dn rtm.lflllP uzwljmjpjl 002 WflUlWhLUJUll.[W6 wqqwj~U pGwL{n[llllf3JWU h~liuwljwu PW'l.W'lflwliwubfl[! hwliwrmu t ~uli1bLb4LllQ , ljwlipQ, 4~flQ[!: uw qlllGnu.l t. nr ~ulllbLb4LllO punrn2 t 1JrwGu~wgjlGbr~u . ljwlipo wGqL~wg~ubfl~u . 4~flPO ~u~wuwg~Gbfl~u :

    ('Oucn~wg~Gbflo mdb'l. bu n! wJGewu llrbug pwuw4wumpJwup . nrewu· qll[lOULUljwGmpjwlip: UflWUQ UjWLllflWULll~ hn'l.wqn[lOUbfl bu . qll[lOWflW[lUbfl, lSWUWUjW[lh~flllUb[l, puwtumJqub[l : UflWUfl wL.[bLr 2Wlll qn[l6mu bu, pwu· Lilllw6mli: 'llwlllwhwljwu !t. n[l «q~LllmpJmGo md t » W[llllWhWJLlllllPJnLG~ hO!WlJl.[l':iL t wuql~Wg~ PbljnG~ LJnrtt.l~g. WJU dwliwuwlj , bflp 1Jrwuu~wg~ 'lbljWflUl[! wnw2 tr gwznL l1 «t.llllw6mli bli . hblflL.w pwfl qnJmpJmG mubt.l» l.[brwgwljwu uljqpnLupo : UuqL~wgjlu !fl l.[ulllwhmt.l LllflwliwpwGmpJWU orbGeGbfl~G L. pwgwrowlj 6zliw[lllllllf3Jllluubf1[lu : 'Lo w wl.[bL~ zwlll hwljL.[w6 t 11b~~ tu~jlfl~QLiQ , ~G11m4g~wG: UGqL~wgm hwliwfl tuw'l.bflo L. u~nflLllO wt./bL~ qbflwllwubl~ bu . pwG wrL.[bulllo: UGql~wg[lu qqWJlllU !t , UjWhUjWUll'l.WlJwG t W~flbLwlJb[lUjmli, q~Llllll!)JWU Ill tfl~L~Unl/llLIJlllPJWU libp: 'lw t UjWUltSwn[J . 1lfl UGqL~WJlllU li~G!L. O[lu ~wh~wul.[mt.l bG h[lG unL.[nrnqpGbfl[! L. o~uwljwlllWfllllpJmGGbfl[!, nrnuQ l.[W'l.lllQ ljn[lg[lbl bG ~[lbGg ~LiWULll[J: (O[l~Gwlj, ~WrlLWubGLll~ UULI1W2fl2WUU uljubL~u. Li~puwllWflJWG hwqmulllGbrnL.[ liWflll4wGg Li~ tumup 2f12mli t zbGe~ GLJm'l.Gbr!"L.[ , n[l~g hbllln Grw qbljwL.[wro tunuuwlj~G qbljmgnu.l t «hb'l.W2fl2mli ljwUlWflll'l.Ub[l hwJUlUwpbf1L.[w6 !bU» : UJ'l unL{nrnqp[! qnjmpjmG mu~ 1605 pL.[wljwG~g . bflp Gnjbt.lpbfl~ 5-~G pwgwhWJUll.[bg Qwjnu :bnlju~ whwpblJ!nLPJnLU[! ~WOLWlibGUl[l ~WJpbgGbLm G~wlllwljnL.[ : UJ'l O[ll.[WG~g. UGql~WJllll.l wubG UlWfl~ Gnjblipbfl~ 5-o Gzl.[mli t ll[lUjbU «:bnljujl Ofl» hW(j_I}~UWUWLnl.[ wLibGwwrtulJW l~ LllnUb[l~g ublj[J):

    flwGu~wgm hwliwfl owGW!ll'l.nLPJlllGG wL.[bL~ ljw[lL.n[l t, QWG qn[l6n'l.lllPJ1lLU[J: :b[lwGu~wJmli pwfl~fl t ~GUlbLblJUllllWLUbfl~ hbrt~GwljmpJllLU[J : tpb UuqL~WJmli ub6 hb'l.~GwljmpjmG mGbG LllnhliwljwG Wfl~ULllnljflWLlljlwJ~ Gbfl4WJwgmg~~Gb[l[! ,

    35

  • PU . :J.jWUlt.lp I.J.IW[lli1{lQ: UJO I.J.IWhWGQmli t wGQG!fhWUl Ul11WObL ublj'lwljwG hbl')pOwl.jmpJWO uwupG , hbrmL OGWL WJU:J.jrur rrwt.lrCiwl.jub[lpg, npUlbfl l.jw «llbliE[! l.jnrgGbLnU> 4l11WU(t: Uw[lr'}nl Gl.jwl11liwlip hwrqwG!)G m hwnqwLI19 L(bpwpbpumu!10 L.u 6wi.J.InGwgm pGnrnz qobrpg t :

    Ulib[ljll.jwgpub[ljl tpunllzwljnq)WJ!lu UUlb[lbnl11pUjQ Lizw44bL t hU!UDUWlilWPWfl wL/bLil mz: LJp[i~l.. 19-[111 fl .t.llifl2Q Uutrr4wG WUQUr'}hWL11 L/ln tLJwnmu tp b4flnt4 wljuJULi i' w4mj~Q ~~Clt.L. dibgwt.l ubl[lwi.JwG ctlllf1wl.jwu nL Llzwl.jnLflWJPU l.jbGL11flnGGb[l[!: Uulllj16wCiwpwr oLLw4nrl[mu t Owl.

  • PUctt'lJ 1. UCU~ntarat- SbUntla3UlJ =lt'LJUU=mi'Bbi'Q

    U) ::lwuql{wOwjtJG U2W~nLJP~' GwtuWI)f1JWLUGf1Q 61.,wl{nr4..bL bG UW[11)~nL~JWU wnw2wguwG LLjwhpg. ~wu wnGL{wqG grflumnGbw~wG gwfl.wgw~r~m~JWG wr2wLnLJurG. bflp lLUJu LLIWflWC!/1 hwt.!urfl Wwcttlt.tnt.tl tru Umrp t.+flQOflP hbz-mwgwo U1W[1pb[1wljGb[1Qo .

    P) 2wuq~~w6wJrG u2w~mwr qwrqwguwG qnromu 4wrt..nr 11tr bG ~uwfl.wgbL 17-18-[11) rn bl{rnL4w~wG qrw~wGm~)wG ub2 OL.wl{nrt{wo wr~wJmGrg L. ~rmu trG dnrJ.n4.rllw4wG u z wljnLJ~r wl{wGI)mJ~Gbru m wrdbgGb-fl[l. QGI)mGwlj ~tpG 2Ljll{bLnL QWfl.WQWjpG uzw~nLJJ::lP hbl!1. n[l(l LLjWhWU2nLU t[l wtJ.bLfl ubo 4r~mr:>JmG. dwuwGwlj. GJmr:>wljwG hGwrwl{n[lmpJmGGbfl '1rw hbl!1L.wGgnl{ 20-rll l)wflr u~qppG qqwLrnrbG r2w4. wrl{bumr nrw4r G~wll1-uwup LLjWhWG24nll1nL~JnLU(l: Pw[lO[l uzw~nq~G nL W[ll{GUU1[1 I)WnGmu t;[j wnwl{bL gp~ hwuljwGwLr: 1nr !JWI"JWQWjpG qwGql{wopG L4Gll1Q t[l wl{bLr LIWll1~tLr uzwljnqp:

    «:2wuql{w6wjpu U2WYnLJP(l » 6L.wl{n[1L{bg UWUUWJW~wu W[1U1WI)[lnL-~JWU m ULLjWr.uwG hWUWflWYnLJ::JJWU hbll1 upwdwtlwGw~: flwl)pnG, hbnmu-LJ1WLJ1bUnL~)nLU[l. ljwLLjp dwtlwGw~wljpg lif12ngGb[1[1 . pulj hbmwqWJnLU mbuw

    38

    L. hwuwL:•"rqzwjpG ll1btuGtJ~wG Gu~wull1bgpG u[lw WflWQ ll1WflWOUWG[] : UpG-~L. 2-rll hwuwztuwrhwJrG L4wmbrwquo L. hbll1Lljwll1bf1wquJwG wnw2ru ll1w-r/1GbrrG «qwGql{w6wJ/1G Ll2w~m)~[l» qbrwqwGgwLLjbu wlib[lp~JWU hpuGw-hwrg t[l . pu~ WJOU Grw Gljwlllliwt.'ip hbmwpf1pf1nLJ::JJnLUQ utowgbL t OwL. t.'iJnLU tr~rutrmu

    «Uwuuw)w~wG t.'izwljmJ~» (mass culture) mtrt'i/1G(l hwGI)bu t b~bL 1944 ~ .. brp LnLJu mbuwl{ wt.'ihrr~JwG ungrnLnq '1. Uwljl)nGwLI)P «::lwGql{w-OwJrG t.'izwljmJ~r LJ1bUnLpjnLU(l>> hnl)l{WO(J: rulj wl{bLr L{WI'J. (1939) LnLU mb-uwo s. tLrnmr «~rrull1nGbwljwG hwuwrw4mr:>Jwu qwrJ.wLjlwrGbfl(!» qrpmu Gbf14WJwgl{w6 «qwuql{wowJrG hwuwrwljm~JwG t.'izwljmJ~» l!1bf1upG[1 WJUOfl tL oqmwqnrol{mu t:

    «2wGql{w6wjpG uzwljmjpp » mbumpJWU hbf1.puwljubf1(! Grw hpt.lg(l L. qnromGbmpJwG nLnfllil[l hwuwrmt.'i bG uwuuwJwljwG hwuwrwljmpJmG[I:

    Uzw~mpwpwGGbrll t.'ir uwu(l qwuql{wowJrG t.'izwljnLJ~r hwu11bu QWL[l LjwLLjnLli bG W[li)JmGwpb[1nL~JWU qw[lqwguwG L. lib[l ljjwGpp n11.2 1)[1-L{wogp f>WflWQWJOwguwG . pG ~LLjbU uLL:.. ~~•,:..:.:;::~c:~~(! '~: ' ''r'r'~' ~bt.l..,!.:nwmwguwG m Lntuwl{nrwljwGnt.pJWU mwrwouwG hbm: •

    Ornz uzwljm~wpwGGb[l «qwGql{w6wJ/1G uzwljmJ~» wubLmt hwu-Ljwunu.l tG wJG tlzwljmJf:>(!. nrQ ULLjwnl{nul t LWJG qwuql{woubrll 4nrtlirg. nuwGg tL Grw qnJnLPJnLU[I ljwLLjmli bG dwuwuw~wljpg PWI"JWQWyf1PnLJ::lJWU hbl!1. WJG [IUI)mumu bu nrL4tu t.'iwrll4WJpG t.'izw4mJpp qwrqwgt.'iwG htrpw-LjwG Ljlml:

    Utr I)WflP 80-wywu ~l{wljwGGtrrg «qwuql{wowJrG t.'izwljmJ~r» 4nrw/1G oqll1wqnrol{mu t «dnrtn4.J111WJpG (hwuwrw4) t.'izwljmJf:>>) hwuljwgm-PJnLG[I : PGnrnzbLnl{ WJU. wlibf1/14JW0 pwGwub[l U PbL[I qrmu t. «UJI) t.'izwljmJ-p(ll)blinlj1 ... umw~wG t : UJu hwugbwqrl{w6 t otq. uwrll4wGg, wnwGg I)Wuw-ljwflQWJ/1G. wqqwjpG ll1W[1pb[1nL~JnLUUb[1p . hW[1UlilnLpjWU m WI1QWll1nLf:>JWU liwljWJli)Wljp» l.JnLJG LjwroflgG t L4W2111L4WGmu Gwl., P flnqbGpb[1q(! . «dwt.'iw-Gwljwljpg ll1bfuGnLnqrwG qwGql{wow,pG li2w~nLJp/1 qnJnLPJWG wGhrwdbzt.n L. pwl{wrowr L4WL116wn t. n~ wqqwJrG pGmJJ::JQ, n~ mGmtuwljwG ljwnmgl{wo-PQ n~ gwrtwgwljwG hwuwljwrq(l nrn2r~ GzwGwljmf}JmG ~mGbG»: Qp-ll1WL11bfuGpljwljwG Gl{womuGbrr oqGmr:>Jwlip wrwqnrtG mwrwol{mu bG t.'izw4mJpr GnrnLJpGtrG m ull1bi"J6wqnrom~JmGGbf1(l: :2wGql{w6wJrG hwrtnr-l)wljguwG dwt.'iwGw4w4r9 t.'ir2nguhrr zunrhr4. t.'iwrll4wGg hwuwGtLr tG I)WflObL pwror qbrtwrl{bumwljwG wrdtg mGbgnrt Wfll{bull1p pwqliwJ::Jf14. u ll1brJ. owqn[lOnLJ::JJ n LGGbfl :

    Ujmu hwGqwt.'iwGQ(l. nrnl{ pwgwm[lmt.'i bG «qwGql{wOWJpG uzwljmJ-pp>> wGhrwdbzmmpJmG[l, wqwll1 dwuwGw4Q LflWQGbLm hwr.gG t: Ur11r gw-rJ.wpw~rJ::JmpJnt.G[I hwGqtgrbL t wqwm dwuwGw~r wuuwhuwG t.'ibowguwG[I.

    39

  • PUdru 1. VCU4nt3far St:;Untfa3Uu =trVUU'mPBt:;PQ

    «nro L4blllfl t uL4wGbL. npUJbuqr Gw l u~wur tJwrJlmG» : Uhw WJ '1 wGuwhtJwG wqwl!l dwtJwGW~Q LrwgGbLnL hu.IOU.:fl t. nr Ulllbr[crl[bL t «qwGql[WOWJtlG llzw-~nLJ~[! »: ~wGql[wowjrG ll zw~nLJf'r llb2 lllllgl[nul t WJU wllbG[! . rGl lflWI'lU.JO-L[nu} t qwGqLjw6wJrG hwrtnflflW~gtJwG tJr2ngG br r oqGm~Jwllp : UJu l!lbuw~b · :.:1 0 :PrwGu r wgr uzw~mf'wpwu d . jjpt'lflllwG(l cL,w~bflL4nLIJ t wJuL4bu. «!JwfJ-ql[wowJrG llzw~mjp wubLntl. h wu~wGmL' bGp llzui~nLf'WJt'lG w[ldbf)Gbpt'l wd-pnrtQnq3JntGQ. nro '1rl[nu.l t LWJG hwuwrw~mpjwG l!lflU.JtlWflflnLPJWG UlU ~ qwGql[w6wJrG hwrtnrflw~gtJwG 1Jt'12ngubrr zGnrht'lll,» : UJu L\br2rGGbfo(1U zGnrh~4. JmrwewGlJmr tJwrfl mGr nrt2 llzw~mpwJrG Gll,womtJGbrrg oqllll[b-LnL hwll,wuw r hGwrwll,nrmpJmG : «DwGqll,w6wJrG llzw~nLJpt'l>> ul!l brtcrwqnr-ompJmGG brmtJ dnrtn4.ntflf)Q UU1 WGnu'i t hbGg WJU. ~(j l (j rrbG wuhr wctbzl!l t. L4WflU1Wflt'lllLt Grw qbrtwq~lllw~wG ~nrtllo : "

    «DwGql[w6uJJt'lG llzw~nLJpt'l >' l!lbumpJntULWflfl ub2 i!rl£ .:.':G uwl., WJG-Ult'lurGGbflQ. nrnGfl lllflWI.lwqonrbG hw~wnw~ ~wrore bG L4W2lllL4wGnul: Cwt11 L12 w ~ mpwpwGGbl'l hwGflbu bG qwlru ctwtJwGw~w~~g hwuwrw~mpJwG fl GGwflWlllmf'J LJ.J G '1~flpbrrg . nro hwGqbgGmtJ t buwurrmpJwG 1., buw~bGl!lnnGmpJwG UJu l!lbuw~bl!lt'l hwllwOWJG. «qwGqLjw6wJrG hwuwrw ~ mpJnLGQ>> u--4wnnrtGb rt'l hwuwrw~nLf'J nLU t 1., nl pb ul!l brt6nrtGbrr WJG hwL!W'1f1l[mtJ t ru~wljWG llzw~mjp)lG . hnqL,nr wrctbf)Gbl'lQ flWflOQGmtl t UUjwnnrtw~wG wr-dbp: UJulllbrt wn~w t tJr hwGqwtJwGQ. «Pwror llzw~mJp(l » llt'l 2Ln hwmwJrG LUfll!lWflflnL f' jnLG t: I">Gf)mUU1 flt'1W l QWf'[WflW~flpnLpjnLGQ bG(3Wfl~Ljw6 t hW[lW-hnur zm~wJ r orbGprG: UJ u qnronGGtro GL4wulflmll bG llzui~mf'wJrG wr-ctbpG bp~ (w[1~wtu ~rbGg pm[wGflwl.jmpJmGpg 1., npwl.jpg) wpwq m wGuwh-tJwG lllWflwOIJwGo: 'l:..u bppbtJG pwgwuwpwr t wqJlmll wqqwJrG llzw~mJPr L[flW nlGlwgumu t pwGwhjmumpjwG ru~w~w G ht'lllflbro: 'fJb l!l fl t lllt'lflWL4b-l!lbL 2Wlfl pwror tSwzw4r L, Llzw~mJpr tunro qqwgtJwG. nrl4buqr Llwf1'1[1 ~wrnllwGw h w~wqflbl WJfl 6Gzllwuo pwGr nr C1 w qwGqll,w6wJrG tJzw~mJpfl hblll 2lPLimli t wtJbGmrbp > punrn 2. bG.

    - owzw~Gbrr . hwJwgpGbrr ulllwG'}wfllllwgmllo (lwljlnrnzmllQ) . - PWflnJW~wG nL rGlllbLb~l!lnLWL hwtlwhwrpbgm!JQ. - UUjwnnl'\w4wG L4W2li1WIJm upQ:

    ~wtJ

  • Qtn~tu 3. =mqb'-l.nr qnron~ubn~rasuu

    ucuLtn~rausru ::.>b'-lbPr! 1nqL.nr Lizw~nLJ13[l. [lG~Ujbu mbuwGp. t'Jrbut'Jg Gbr~wjwgumt.l t pwq-

    uwzbrm ljwnmg4_w6p m0bgn'1 hwt.'iw~wrq. nr[l PWf1~WQWC t t.ljl 2Wi1Q UlW!l-rtrrg: urw Llb2 Uli1UnLU bG 6wGw~fl'1Lli~WU nL jlGLnbLb~mnll.:JL. LPhLrunt.PwJW-~wG. pwrnJw~wG. qbflwqtllilw~wG (wrlj_buw). rrwlj_w~wG. LlwG~wl(wrdw~wG_ ~rnuw~wG mwrrb!lQ

    § 1. 4rnu t~ ucu4n~ara YflnOjl Wl'lW2WQliWG dwt.lwuwlj[l nL UjWL!16wnubrr hwrgQ. nrn'-1.

    qpwfl4_nu.'i bG ~rnuwq[llilnLf3JnLUQ. Llwr'lwpwGmf}JnLU[l. Lizw~mpwpwOnLf3JnLOQ. Ljlf1Lf1unLjlwjnLI3JnLUQ L. WJLU. rJbnL.u ~~ UlilWQbL flll UlljWnfl~ nL u[lwuzwuwlj LljWl!lwutuwGQ: Swrw64_w6 bG wuw4_wowpwGw~wG. hnqbpwGw~wG (4 .. %-liu). ungrnlnq[lw~wG (Y. Uwrpu. t. 'l-Jmr~hbJLl. U 4bpbr. U. fClnJOp[l). ~bGuwpwGw~wG (~. llrnJ'l Y 3muq) L. WJL mbuw~bwubr:

    YflflUQ (LWLI1. relig1o - urpnL13JnLO. wuw4_wOmi3JnLG. L4W2lilWOmGp~ wnwr~w) wztuwrhwjWQQ m wztuwrhwqqwgmli t. rG~UjbU OwL. hWUWLljW-UlWUt'LJWO Lj_wrp nL JnL!lWhWLilnL~ 4_Wi1f?Wq[l6. nilQ hb04_mt.l t liblj ~Wll llp pw-Ufl WULI1Lj_w60bflp. «Uflpbr[l))_ WJU[lGpO qbrpuwljwO[l WJU ~wLl WJU li1WflWli1b-uwljmpjw0 qnJnLpJwO hw4_wmr L(rw (Sb u 17, t2 576):

    %rpuw~wo mdbrr qnJnL13JWO hwl(wmQ WJO ou11hwumr hwm~wGrzG t. nro punrnz t pnLnr ~rnGGbrrG I" •uwnl!1WI')hn t pnLnr ~rnuwLJw!.J hw-JWQQGbrr hwliwr: YflnOQ n~ li[lwJG ou'lmumli t qbrpuw~wo moorr qnJm-f3JnLOQ. WJLL. rrwljwG wztuwrhQ hwt.lwrmli t WJ'l mdbrr wrmwgnLnLllQ: Y!ln-U[l Lizw~mJf'lr wl.'ibuwhru oL.brrg Llb~G t. nr wnw2wgbL t Ltw'1 huwflwrmli

    Y[lnGr W11W2LLIQnLUQ UWfl'lnL m l.'izw~nLJpr UJWLI10fll13JWU llb2 hbf1W2f12n'1 rJbfl tuwf1WQ: YflnO[l Ll[l2ngnlj_ UWflllQ OqUlbL t [lliwuww4_nrbL flll qnJnLf3JnLUQ. pwgwmrbL rru;ljwGnL13JWU PW!l'l m wGhwu~wUWLfl brl...mj~Gb-11[1: UJO li[lwcrwt.lwuw~ UL.LjWUU1bL t LlwrrJnL. OWflfl~WJflU hwuwrwljw~wG hw-rwpbrmi3JnL0Gbrr ~wqt.lwl(nrl.'iwGG nL qwrqwgliwOQ. hwuwrw~mi3JWU Lib2

    42

    ~wUlwrbL t ~wrqwlj_nrr~ m wlj_wOrfmJsGbrr uJwhUjwGLiwG qnrownmw Yrnur ~wnmglj_wopwJrG UlwrrbnG bG hwG'lruwumli ~rnuw4wC ::;r;.nw~gm-13JnLUQ. L4WZU1WGLlmGpQ. ~rnGwljw(i ~wqliw~bfllljntf:lJnLGGbrQ:

    Yrnur qwrqwgtlwG nrnzw~[l lJlnLLnLli Wf1W2W0mli t bljbf1bg[l0. nr[l OUjWUU1mli t li[lwuGw~wG hwlj_wL.1fl U1W!lwMwGQ. Lizwljmli t Lj_wrpr li[lwu-GwljwG Gnrt.lbr hwlj_wU1wgnf1Gbrr t.lmr. Uzruwrhr owuro ~rnGw~wG L4LLIU1-~brwgmliubrQ UjWmliwljwG qwrqwgt.lwu QOJ:}wgpmli wOQOrJhwm 41nlJlnru-4bL bO: Sbuw~wG li[lU1flQ wnwGoGwgrbL t hbU1L.JWLlinmbgmliubro

    1. fClbtJqli (hmG 13bnu-wuml(w6) UJG ~rnuwlJlrLrunljlwJw~wG muLlmGp t, nru QUl)nt.Omli t w(JOUWLj_nrlj_w6 WULI10f1L qnJnLI3JnLU[i. nrlljt..u qbrpuw~wG twljr. nru tL wq11mli t n112 OJml3w~wo m hnqL.nr qr.rooGJ:>wgubrr Ltrw:

    2. 'TfWUf3b[lqt.l (hnLO. «LljWU» L. «13bnu)) pwnbr[l LltJw4gmLl[lg. fl!lQ f3Wflqllw0-4_nul t nrlljbu hwliwum4_w6mpJmO) UJO tPPLt'JUmjlwjwljwG mulimuj) t. nrQ dql11mli t C•mJOwgGbL pGm13JnLUQ uwmOnL hbU1: «'l)w0f3btJUml> mbrlitJG[l lilfl-grbL t wOqL[lwg[l LjltJL[lumjlw ~- fClnLWUr\[l (1705): 'l)wOJ:jbflUUlW~WU linlilb-gnu.'iQ ptumli t «Uum4_w6 l)W pUnLI3JnLGG t» bLw~bL.r:wJrG u~qpmOprg:

    3_ 'l-b[lqli (LWLil. l)bn- wulfllj_w6): UJO LnLuw4_nrw~wG 'lwrwzr.2wO[lG punrnz ~rnuwLjlf1Lf1unljlWJWI.jW0 wzruwrhwjWQfl t. nrtJ hwt.'iwOWJU wum4_w6 ULilbf'lObL t wztuwrh[L UW~WJU 'lflWUflQ hbmn l_fl tuwnGL(mt.l UflW qwrqwgt.lwG orruw~ wljln LI3Jfl LUObrru. 4. U13b!lqli (pwnwgr «wuwum4_w6mi3JnLO»): UJG LjltJLrunljlwJw~wo hWJWQp-

    Gbrr hwi.'iui~Wflq t. nrQ dtuwnu_l t WUIIlOn qnJnL13JnLGQ. ~rnGG QUilhWUflWUjbu: Uzruwrhnu.'i qnJnLI3JmG mGbG pwql.'iw13r'-1. L. pwqliwL4rur hwlj_wmw-

    Lrf?Gbr Wf1WUI1Ubi1 b~bf'lbgw~wG ~wqliw~bilUjnLpJmOGbr: YW pwqliwuw-L(w6mf3JnLU (lllnLf113btJqli). Ll[lwuw4_w6mf:lJnLU (L.lnOnJ:>b[lqt.l):

    Pwqliwum4_w6nLf3JnLU[I. nrr ,__. .. _~'1! GpGJ:;nr:' 'lWI_hU b(i l')bl'l UWtuUWrJW-rrg. qbrpuwljw(i i.'i[l 2Lll[lQ brL.mj13Ubi1tJ WUlil4_w6ubr[l u~wdwuwUWI.jJW qn-JnL13JWU QOrJmGmuG t: U[lwuml(w6mi3JnLUG QOflmumli t li~w~ wumcm qbrrz-ruwumpJmGo: 1LuzLj_tJ WllUbLnL/ WrlW2WQliw(i dwliwuw~W2fl2LLIUQ L. LI1Wi1WO-L(w6mi3JWU wztuwrhwqrw~wG m t13Gnlizw~nLI3WJ[lCJ litJ2w4wJrQ. LlwuGw-qblilGbn[l wnwGoGwgGmli bG ~rnGGbrtJ hblilL.JWL oL.bilQ-

    1. Snhl.'iwgbl'jwJrG 4rnuubp ljwo ~rnuw~wo hwlj_wmwLrPGbrr L1.w11 lJlmLbr. nrnup Wf1Lli2WQbL bG GwruGwflUl[lJLLIU hwUW[lW~W[lq[l ~wqliw4_nrliwG 2!12W-Gmt.l: UJf'\ hwl(wmwLtJQGbrr ub2 hwmljwlljbu wnwGoGwg4_mli bG mnU1blipq-i.'i(l. ~blilrzrqu(l. linqnLI3JntGQ. hnqbLqwzwm13JnLGQ (wurlirqo):

    2. Ub~ tl?-Gr~w~wo ~wqliwl(nrowuo 4brwpbrn'1 ~rnGGbr (wqqwJrG ~rnuGbr). nrnup hwGrJbu bG qu•Lru pwqliwum4_w6wJru (L4nLrf3bpqli) ~rnuubrr wbupnlj_:

    3. 1wliwzruwrhwjp0 ~rnuubr. nrnup [lUUl fl[lbOg Wl'lW2WQliw(i dwliwOw~w-

    43

  • PUdf"lu 1. UCiU~ntSidt> SbUntraSUU ~N.fuU~Ufl8tP~

    44

    ~nttv 3. ~nqt..mr qnrontutntrasi.JU ucu~ntrausN.~ ~to..ttrt:!

    1.11pl.jwGpG). pn11npwljwG l.. 151lGpGmpnLJG nL'1'1wl.jlwn b4b'1bgt"lutp: UJUOfl J?rllu1.11nGbmpJmG~ QGpwGnu~ t 4rnuwljwG Wfl'lllw4wGwg-

    uwG 6wGWU1Wf1hm.[, WJG t. hflwdwpl[nu.l t wnwl.[bL hGwgw6 qwfl_w4'wrGbrll9 L.. Ul.l1bf]OnLU t Gnp awuwGwl.jwljrg UW[\flnL UjWhWU2UbpllG hwrllr U1WI.I1ljb-

    rwgmuGbr: i"ULLULi~ (hbqmpjntG. hGwqwGflnLPJntG) 6wqbL t 7-(111 'lWflll uljqpllG

    (awuwGw4rruwumnL[ wubGwmz 6Gl{w6 ljpnGG t): UJdli ljw Lin1.11 1 lillLPWilll hb1.11l..n(l'l hjntupuwjtJG U~ppljWJnLU, "1wpwl{-Upl..u1.11JWU l.. ~wpwt.J.wjpG Uupw-jntli: Cu1.11 ruLwlill umpp qrJ?Il rtmpwup. uwfl'lQ pnLJL wpwpw6 t. hwljl{w6 t librwru. Gw 11 t.J.p6w4r2t pGJ?GmrnLJG hwuGbL jlu[-np pwur: ruLwLiw4wG 4rn-Gp wnwGlluwhwm4mpJmGubppg ub4G LUJG t. nr WJG wlJL11pt.l.npbG ~wnut.J.mu t uWflflljwGg 4JWUJ?P pnLnfl pGwqwl{wnGbppG: 1wl.[Wli1W9JWL umumluwGGb-llP wGoGwl.jwG. ~GmwGbljwG. hwuwrwLJwljwG 4JLUUJ?~. flLULilWflWUQ, ppwt.J.w-LJwG hwpwpbflntpJmuGb(l~. f?WilWf?LUljwGmpJnLU[! U1blilp t bGpwpl.jt.J.wo LlllibG l.jpnGwLJwG opbueGbprG:

    i"uLWU(! mGp bpl.jm pL..· umGpGbp (90 LJ1nljnu) L.. zjlpubp (1 0 1.11n'-1nu): ~GwJWO hwuwz~wphwJilG l.jpnuGbfl~ L11WflpbpnL~JwGQ CJrwug 4nrt-

    Lillg uzwljl{w6 m ewpnqt.J.nrJ hnqt...n(l. pwpnjwljwG wpdbQGbpp lib2 QU'lhwumfl zw1.11 pwG LJw flw hGwpwt.J.npntpjnLG t Ul.l1brt6mu n[ urwJG uzw4nLJpGbpp. LUJ-LU 4rnGubrll bn~~numpJwu hwliwr

    ~rnu£! LP 4nrgrbL Jlfl uzwGwLJmpJmGQ Gwt... wJdli: qt:;u wt111l wubrJl· 4JwG puuVJpVlmll111 1.11l{jwLGbpnl{ (1985 p.) wu1.116nu hwljw1.11mu tpu Uubrl14w-JP pGw4LnLPJWG 94%. U~pt"llJWJt"l 95%. Lwll1t"lUwl.jwG Uubfljll.jWJil 96%. Uurw-JP 89%. UrL..liL11JWG bl{pnUjWJntli 78 1.11n~nur:r

    dwuwGwLJwl.jpg 4rnGGbp[! lbG atu1.11mu puwqpmmpJWU mbunLpJmG-Gbrt"l ul{w6muGb(l[!, tJGzutbu GwL.. q!lVlntPJWU qn(16!iwl.jwG lJ!'lpwnmpJwG flb· (1[!: Pwjg !ipwGp lillz1.11 ~Gflqomu bu n(l qpll1ntpjwG GU1wl.Ilwl.jG m tuG'lllfl£! up-WJU ~llqr4w4wG wz~wrhll mumliGwuflrmu!i t. lii1G[flbr1 uw(lfw. Grw 4JwG-2P ruwumu nL qnJntpJWU UU1WV1W4£! bfl.bL t... uGmu t l.j(lnup mumuGwuflpm-PJWU tuGflp(l[!:

    Y(lnGp U1WI.I1umpJwG munuJGwuflpmpJmG~ zwm pwGnt.l. hbut./mu t 4rnuw4wG hmzwrowGGbrt"l mumuGwuflruwG Ltrw. nrn!iR mGbG Lizwl.jmpw-JilG ub6 W(lObf?: Y(lnGwl.jwG hmzwpowGGbfl wubLnLt WrlW21lG hbppflG hwuLJw-Gmu bGf? U1WZI.I1WLimGewJJ1G hmzwrowGGbp[!. 4rnuwljwli wpl{twVljl (qbl1w!i-4wrzntf'JnL!i. brwdzVlnLPJm!i). l.jpnGwl.jw!i qpwl.jw!impJwG. 4rnGwl.jw!i 6wr-L11Wf1WU1b1.11mpJWG ul.l1b'10Wqn(lOntpjmGGbfl~ · npnGf? U1WZVlWUnLUf?WJflG UU1Wll1Wl.jubf1 b(j hbl.IlWU1U'lnLLi: llzwljmjpp U1WI.I1LintpjnLG~ UjWhU1WUbL t ubO ewGwljmpJwup 4rnGwljw!i qpwt.J.nr hmzwrowuGbp. npnGg pl{pu bu U1WVlljw-Gmu. wnw2f1G hbf1p)1G. o4b1fwubf1~. Uu1.11l.[w6wzmulr!· rtmpwu~:

    45

  • PUr:fi'I'L 1. ucultn~aa~ sbunt~aauu ~~uuu=mrsbrC!

    '-tbl)wGbrQ (uwGu4flhll1bJ1bli pwnwgr «umrp Q!lll1bLhJ?») hGf14w4wG 4rnGwl.jwG hGwqnLJG hmzwrowliG t (Li . ~ - w. 2-r'l hwqwrliJw4r l{bJ12 - 1-hG hwqW[lWUJW4h ul.jrqp). n[lQ l.jwqli4_w6 t ~nru ruoprg Uwlihh!'}Gbp , P[lwhuwGbJ1, U[lwG)wl.jGb[l L. 0LU.jWGhzwll0br: UwuhrpubflQ pwf14wgwo bG ~npu ctn'lnt.twomrg.

    1. llt"lqt.lbllw. nrG UUilQI14ntli t rtt"lgwpwGwl.jwG L ll1t"lbqbrwpwGwl.jwG pn-t.twul)wl.jnt!'}JWlip ht"lliutr .

    2. Uwliwt{bf1W. nru wnw2rGtJ pnLlWUf1WI.jnL!'})nLU(! L[lwgumli t oruwl.jw(i wpwpnrJ.nLPJnLGubpnt.t. 3. 3w2nLJ1Llbrtw. n11o 4hf1WJWI.jwu obubrr . WllWilnrJ.nL!'}JmGGb!l~. qnhwpbllm-

    !'}JntuGbpt"l l.jwll1wpuwG ljwpqp GljwpwqpnL!'}JmliG t. 4 Ull1hwp4bflW. npG Pfl lib2 pnt{wGf}wljmli t linqwl.jw(i UjWll14brwgnu.lGbp L.

    pwuwaL.bfl : l"'uLwlir hrliGwl.jwG qpwl{np hmzwrowlio Grw umrp qf'•reu t flm-

    pwGn. npll1brJ. 2Wf1W'li14WO bG wzruwrhh 6wquwG nt l.jwnmgt.twogr. UWflflnL WllWflOWG uwupG L WJl U.jWl!lUnl!'}jnLGGbp:

    £rrull1nlibw(.jwG QJ1w(.jwGm~Jwli qtluw4_np hmzwrowGQ Uull14w6w-znLG~(i t . OJ1Q l.jwqli4wo t trLtm uwurg =!rG L. unr l.jll1wltwrwGGtrrg: Uull1-t.twowzu~r wnwuorG UWUG[l[i qrLI.bt bG ll1WJ1PGJ1 ctwliwGwlj(ibllnul:

    l.frnlJUI.fUu Ufl4.t;US.-lJzw4mJ!'}h wztuwrh~ hGwrwt.tnr ~t U.jwl!l(.jb!lwgubt wnwGg 4rnur : £wrJ.wJ?w4r~m~JwG uljqpGwt.lnruwG Ujwhpg GpwGQ hwG11bu bG b4bt lipwuGwpwp: Vwr11m 6LtwL[n11LtnrJ. qt"lll1w(.jgmpjntGG rr oltnt.t nL pmtwlirtW4nL!'}JWUp llrgwpwGwl.jw(i tp : Vzw4ntJ!'}t"l qWilQLUQULUU ll1W!lpbp L!'lnttbpmu ll1wppbll t bf1bt411nGr UjWll1liwljwG l)bf1(!: Cuf}hntUj urG~L. mz UP2UWf1Wf1, bl.jbl)bgrG (!Uf}qpl.jnuj tr lizwl.jnLJ!'}P pnlnfl pGwqwt.twnGbpQ: l:il.jbf1bgpu upwctwuwGw4 I)U.jpng t[l L hwliWtUWpWG, wljnu.lp L QflWI)Wf1WG, lUWflWG L. bpwctzll1WUJ1Wh: Ll[lnU[J lnlfl2 Wql"lbgmpjnLU t mGbgbl wqqwJrG tJGJ?Gwqrll1wljgmpJWu, wqqr lizwlJmJ!'}t"l 6Ltwt.tn11uwG m qw11qwguwG t.trw: uwtuwuljqpGw4wu hw4wll1wJrQubru tlllUjtw wqflbt tG wqqwJrG lill1wOnf1nL!'}Jwu ljwnmgl[wogp, Lbq4h. 4bugw11r m wt.lwuf1nLJ~ubrf1 aLwt.tnruwG l{pw : t4b'lbgpG GzwGw4wLh9 llhfl t tuWI'J.WQbL pG~UjbU G1m~w4wG , WJGU.jbu tt hnqL.nr uzwLJntJ!'}P wrctbgGbrr UjWhUjwGuwG m hwpull1wguwG qnpomu:

  • PUdN, 1. UCUI.fnt·SIC!t- SbUnt·la9UL ~t-ULU~Ufl8bfll:!

    oql11wqnp6nul t wpLj_bulJlr huwrwL.J.npntf:~Jntuubp[!: UJul11bfl. 4wrl..nrL.J.mtl t WJU hwpg[!, f:)b t"lu~ t.lbpwpbptlntuQ t tlzwl{bt t"lUfl(! wpLj_bUl11[1, WUl110n L{b[ll.J.jWflt"l ul{Wl11tlwup: flpt"lul11nubnLf:lJWU qnjnL~JWU wnw2t"lG flW[lb[lmO qnJnLf:)JnLU mubr bpl{m Llt"ll11mtl: Uljqpnul «bljbfl.bgm hWjflb[l(!» , l4WJflWflbtn4. «hbf:~wunuwl{wu» wul11t"l4 uzw4mJ~r flbll, hwuflbu tru qwtru QUflhwuflwLJ.jbu wpLj_bul11p 1.. upwumtl WUl11Lj_WOnL~JnLUUb[1p LJ.jWlJll{bptlw[i flDO :_ UjunthblJlu, hWfl.f}bg WJU l11buwl{bl11(! n[l W[ll(bUl11nLU ~nLJL W111f1lj_p LJ.jW11140(!CJiL WUI110nt 4bflLJ.jWf1[1: S2ppuumGbwl{wG 4rnu[1 wul116m 1.. uwr11m llt"l2!.. hwljw~m~JWU hWfl.f}WhW[lOWU ULJ.jWl11WL{nLj_ Ul11bfl.OnLtl t WUU10m «WflWflJWtGbflt"l» np~bu wu1116m 1.. uwr11m t.lp2!.. tlr2DnrflGbpp , 4bf1LJ.jwf1ubp[! : 'l-w S2ppul11nuu t, nro «WUl11Lj_WOWUW[lf"}>l t, t"lfl llb2 upwg(imt.l t UWf1'14WJflG 1.. WUl11t./WOWJt"lU pumf}Jmu[l:

    '-lpnuwl{wu Wflt.lbul11t"l t.lb2 zbZlll[l '1flt.lnLtl t n~ pb qbf1.wqt"ll11wl{w[i ul{qpmGpGbpp, WJL b4bf1.bgm LJ.jwhwG2umGpubrt"l t./rw : '1-pwGnt.( t LJ.jWjuwGwLj_npt./_wO qbfl.WflLj_bulllwl{w(i L4Wllll{b[1Ubflt"l uruL.J.ntfl4 pGnLJp[! : Ut"lt.lt.!nl[l uzwGt"l l11Wf1Wlllbuwl{G t: UJfl wnu~ntf}Jwt.lp 1bqbl[l

  • PUdtt-L 1. ucu4nrsrat- stunrrasut. =lruuu::mrstrl:!

    bpp zmbuubLm t mpljmu uzwljnLJF!P uwupu ljpnGwljwG muumGpp hwljwuw-ljwGntJOtJnLGQ. 4rnGp ljwmwrwo hwljwuwljwG. pulj nrnz flbllJflbf1mu. ntl1/lW-ljj'l wrqbLw4rz flbf1Q uzw4mwr qwrqwguwG qnromu:

    § 2. Qrsntrasntu t'-l utu4ntsra inql.np qnp6mObmpJwG uJmu ljwrL..np U1Wf1f1Q qpmmpjmGG t: upw

    qwrqwgmliQ Lj6nnrnz t t.lwr£1m ljbOuwqnp6mlibmpJwG pnlnf1 QLtuwtlnr puwqwtjwnGbflp Gnrwguw[l hwuwr: tunupQ LJ.brwpbpmu t GJmpwljwG wr-LnWf1f1nLpJWOQ. ungrwL·LnOmbuwljwO hwf1wpbf1nLpJmGGbf1pG u hnqunr ljjWOflpO:

    rOz t qpmmpJmGQ: QpmmpJmGQ ljwf1bLf1 t 11rmwrLJbL bflbfl mbuw-GljJmGpg. 1. nfllljbU qpLnbLtJQGbpp hwmmlj hwuwljWflQ. 2. nf1lljbu Jmpwhw-mmlj ljwquwljbf1llJnLPJmGObf1)1 m obnuwrljmpJmOGbr)1 hwuwljwrq' OrwO-gmu wztuwmnfl. UWf1£14wGg hbm (or. qpmmpJmliObflp wljw£1blipw. qpmwhb-mwqnmwljwli pliumpmmm0bf1). 3. nrllJbU qn[16m0bmpjwG hwmmlj au:

    QpmmpjnLUQ UWJ1£14WJflU qnromGbmf')JWU pGwqwtjwn t. nrr hpu-Gwljwli qnp6wnmJpQ pf1wljwGmpjw0 t.lwupli opjbljmj'ltj qpmbLPfllibpp uzw-ljmuQ u mbuwljwli hwuwljwrqmt.lO t:

    QpmmpJmliu mumuGwu)'lrmu t 2f12WllJWU1nf1 tJrwljwGmf')JnLUIJ, nrG QOljwLLjmu t qqwjwljwG orqwli0bf1p Ltnrtlif!g u pt.lwumwLJ.nrl{mu pwliwljwlimpjWO ljnf1t.lpg: QpmmpjnLUQ 2f12WllJWU1nfl uwupli opJbljmpLJ. qpmbLPflP umwguwG hwuwljwrq m t.lbtuwGpqu t: UJO pf1wljw0wgLJ.mt.l t up ZWflQ uljqpmGQGbrnLJ., nrnGg ptjpli bli llJWLnljwGmu opJbljmpLjmpJmOQ, nwgpnGwLnLPJnLUQ, lljwm6wnwljwGmpJnLG[I, mbuwljwlinLpJ!iLUIJ. hwuwljWflQWJUnLJ'}JnLUIJ, p00W£1WLnwljwGnLpjnLGQ:

    1.0pjbljmpLJ.mpJwO uljqpmOQQ OzwOwljmL'i t uwr£1mg u Opw qpmwljgmpJmlipg wOLtwtu wrmwflpG wztuwrhf! qnJmpJwli u 6wliwznf1nLPJWU QG£1mGmu:

    2.l'fpmwljwli 6wliwznf1mpJwG hpupnui QGljw6 UJmu uljqpmOp[l llJLULn6wnwljwlimpJmGQ, hwumwmmu t, nr wztuwrhmL'i pnlnfl Pf1W£1Wf10nLJ}JmliGbf1[1 ltwllJ4W6 bli )1f1Wf1 hbm u:wm6wnwljwG ljwlljntj:

    3.8wuljwgw6 flflnLJP hwuwrtjmu t qpmwljwG. bpb wJG wlljwgmgLJ.w6 t ~nronLJ. 1.. ~wumwrljtjwo t:

    4.SbuwljwGnLpJwG uljqpmGpp tmpJmOG wJG t, nr qpmmpJmGQ nz pb LUJU ljwu WJli qwfl.w~wpp mwrwGpwmLjwo m ubljmup IJ.IWU1ljbrwgmu t, WJL PWf1f1, mrwuwpwGnrbG wL[wrmnLG mbuwljwG umwljwnmgmuGbrr wupnrwmpjmG, nrG mGr mbuwljwG WlljWf1WLn:

    5. =!wuwljwrqwJGmpJwG uljqpmGpQ bGpw£1rmu t nrnzwljp orbGpGbrn4 m

    50

    uljqpmGpubpmt Pf1Wf1 hbm ljwUjtJ.wo U1Wf1f1bpp WUPnL12nlF!JnLGQ: CG£1 nrmu, WjflljWlljU WJUlljpUpG t, n[l hwuwljwpq(J zr hwlifltlUwlimu Pfl U1Wf1f1bf1p lljW[lq ubtuwGp~:.uljwli qmuwf1Q: 6.~liGWflWU1WljW0nLJ}JWU uljqpmOpQ bliJ}WflflnLU t, !ifl qpmnLJ}JWU ubp lljw

    1.. zp ljwpnfl. LtJObL LjbppOwljwO, pwgwrowlj 6zuwpmnLJ}Jm0: QpmnLJ}JWO ubp hbf1pOwljmJ01JmOlibf1Q brljwpzbO qnJwml.mu:

    20-p£1 f1Wf1P qpmnLJ})nLUQ 1.. mbtuGpljwG flWf10bL bO Ujwmunq:J)WG pu-ljwljwG 2Wf1dpz0bp: UflWUfl WJflllJWU1U!iLJ01JW0Q mLjbL bO w0Gwtuwf1bllj flpliw-upqu. UWf1f1nL rztuwGmJ}JWO mwlj bG flflbl pnlnf1 mdbf11J. npnGp ub6wgf1bL bG liWflflljwGg Ljbpw~nturl qnromObmpJwG zrpwGwljObpQ: dwuwGwljwljpg qpmmJ}jnLUQ hwGqbgrbL t pG~lljbU ubr nr12 '--IJWUflp, WJUlljbU tL dwt.lwGwljw-ljpg flWfl.WflW4f1JOtnLJOtJWG flruwqor uzwOwlju.ILP9 ~n~ntut.lwliQ: nrllJbu bflunLJJOt. dwt.lwGwljwljpg q)1mmpJmOG wutjwumt.l bli «Ub6 qpmmJ}JnLU». nrtJG pGnf1112 bO hbml.JWL q6bpQ.

    1 Ymrm4 wtlbLWQbL t qpmGwljwOObrr pwOwljQ: 18-19 flwrbrr uwht.lwGw-q6mt.l wztuwrhmt.l qpmOwljwGlibpp pwGwljQ hwztjtjmt.l tr unm 1000. WUQJWL flWflP ljbubrtJO 10000. 1900 J}LjwljwG~ uljqppli 100.000, pulj 20-pflljwpp Ljbf1-2Pli ublj LltJLrnOpg wLjbLr:

    2. QpmwljwG pG~npuwgpwjp (mbrtbLJwmLjmJ}jWO) w6 20-f1£111Wf1mt.l hwt.l-wztuwphwjpO qpmwljwO pG~nruwgpwG ljpljGWllJWml.jLjnu.l t 10-15 mwpnuJ: tpb 1900 pLjwljwGpO ljwp t.lnm 10000 qpmwljwG wt.luwqpf1. WllJW WJGU flrwug PPtlQ Wf1£lb0 up flWGp hWf1JnLf1 hwqwr t: Ut.lpnflp qpmwmbtuupljwljwG liLjw6muGbf1p 90% wtlbL)'lG QGljGmt.l t 20-[111 £1Wf1P tlrw:

    3. Qpmmf}JWU wzjuwphp l{ln~ntunLPJnLG QpmmpjmOG WJUOfl IJUflQ[lljmt.l t qpmbLrflr huljwJwljwG pGwqwtjwnGbp: UJli Qli£1qpljmt.l t unm 15 hwqwr qp-mwljwpq: QpmmpJmuG WJUOfl munuJGwuppmu t wubG )1u~. unLJlipulj pOpG rrbO. WJG, pb pGzllJbu t wnwpwgbL. qwrqwgbL. t'JlizllJbu t ~ntutlbL uzwljmwr L'iJmu oubpjl hbm. pOziJ.II'1UP wq£1bgmpJmO t qnrobL hwuwpwljmpJwO GJmpw-ljwu m hnqunf1 LuwOQp Ljrw: '1f1w hbm upwupli qpmliwljwOGbpQ pnLnrntjpG tL lbO qmGmu. np pnlnf1 qwfl.mOpQObflQ pwgwhwjmbL bli:

    4. Q)1mwljw0 qnr6mObmpJmGQ £1Wf10bL t hwmmlj uwuGwqpmmpJmli: QpmmpJwG flbpp uwupG qnJmpJmG mG)1 bpljm unmbgmu ugpbG-

    mrumwljwu u hwljwugpbumtwmwljwO UgpbGmpquQ (Lwm- scientia- qpmbLPfl· qpmmpJmli) wztuwrhu,t.JCJ·

    PWJpli £1Pf1Qnpnzmt.l t. QULn nrr qpmwljwG qpmbLPflQ mOj'l wnwtlbLwqn, rL uzwljmpwjpG W[ldbp u Wlljwhntjmu t UWf1rfm ljnfl.uOnrnzmuG wztuwrhm~: UgpbGmpqt.lp hwuw[l n[llljbu pflbWL hwli£fbu t QWLPU nz pb wubli t.lp qpmbLtJJ?. WJL wL'ibupg wnw2 pOwqpmwljwG qpmbLrPr Wf1£1JmGpGbf1Q 1.. ubpn£1GbpQ: np-llJbu qpmwljgtjw6 11Pf1Qnpnzmu, ugpbGmpqt.lQ bLjrnllJwljwO t.lzwljnLJpmu

    51

  • pUdt'u 1.llCU~n~Stal' StUnttaSUV =tl"lJUU=IUI"Sbf'C

    hwGr')bU t.QUJL~u 19-r'l flUJ(lnul : Culll ugpbGlllpulllw~wG tlnlllbguwG, qplllm-PJnLGQ hwGI)bU t qwtru nr~bu nr1Q tl2w~nqp~ iwlflwGtlmt

    =Jw~wug~bGlllpqtlG [)U'lQ~mul t Q~lllntpJUIU hGwpw~n(1ntf3JntGGbpp uwhtlwGwl/'lw4mf:1JnLGIJ: U~ttrG. QUlll Grw owJpwhbll JtLr GbpltwJwgmgr!Gb-r/1. qplllnL~JnLU[) hwGflbU t QWL~U np~bu UW[lflnL tnLJ:)JWU[l J:)2UWUP met:

    qplllntPJnLGQ. nr~bu Qt'llllbLPi2Gbpp qw[lqwgnl) hwtlw~wpq, llzw-~mJf)/'1 UJnLU U'lW[lflb[lpg lllWflpbp4mtl t GrwGn4. np Gpw pmtwGflwljmp]ntGQ opJb~lll~4 tSztlw[llflntPJntGG t : qpl!mLpJmGG ppwljwGwgGmtl t 15wGwtnl)w4wG qnrownmJp: PwJ9 qrLnnLpJmGo qwrqwgGmll tG nrnzw~r llzw~nLJJ:JP lllbfl uwpfll14. npnzwlt~ llzwLtnqpp hbGQll 4pw: l"p hwJlllGwqnr6mpJntGGbpmt qp-ll1ntPJnLUQ oqGntU t uzwltnLJPllG UIJlbf\ObL wztuwrhfl wrnu41:iL wupnrwwljwG ~wlll4bllo : q~lflOLf)JntGG Pll mumtlGwuppmpJwG OpJb~lll ljwpnfl t r')wf1Mbt p(i~U1bu uzw4


warwick.ac.uk · 2007-02-02 · Í Î Ï(ÐiÑ-ÒÔÓªÕ Ö)Ði×|ÒØÏ Ù¡Ú h¿kmt h@fÁecÛ]Efcq·ÜWp hwj|^oj|fcl Ý*kml ]Áj|km^ Ý ·p ec__hwj|k h@^{Ü* +_ Ú h@k j hyÞ*gih@xy_h@tª\

warwick.ac.uk · 2007-02-02 · Í Î Ï(ÐiÑ-ÒÔÓªÕ Ö)Ði×|ÒØÏ Ù¡Ú h¿kmt h@fÁecÛ]Efcq·ÜWp hwj|^oj|fcl Ý*kml ]Áj|km^ Ý ·p ec__hwj|k h@^{Ü* +_ Ú h@k j hyÞ*gih@xy_h@tª\

:WdTef^[UZW` 7`fW`WeeW`5xpsvµv %lvwur olgw hlq ]xp :wdtef^[uzw` 7`fw`weew` dp yrq elv 8ku xqg yrq elv 8ku:doeh rihqiulvfkh (qwh plw $sihourwnrko xqg .duwriihonq|gho

:WdTef^[UZW` 7`fW`WeeW`5xpsvµv %lvwur olgw hlq ]xp :wdtef^[uzw` 7`fw`weew` dp yrq elv 8ku xqg yrq elv 8ku:doeh rihqiulvfkh (qwh plw $sihourwnrko xqg .duwriihonq|gho

IBM Cognos Dynamic Query Analyzer 1021 Gn Upublic.dhe.ibm.com/software/data/cognos/... · ]to IBM Cognos Dynamic Query Analyzer sWS MμCªi≤UzW M {íípªñAH ∩ ÷V DC p ÷ΩTA

IBM Cognos Dynamic Query Analyzer 1021 Gn Upublic.dhe.ibm.com/software/data/cognos/... · ]to IBM Cognos Dynamic Query Analyzer sWS MμCªi≤UzW M {íípªñAH ∩ ÷V DC p ÷ΩTA

COPIONE FROZEN+SIRENETTA CRE MOZZANICA · 1duudwruh 7uh dqql grsr qho uhjqr gl $uhqghooh 3dvvdqwh /d uhjlqd kd udjjlxqwr od pdjjlruh hwj 3dvvdqwh rjjl dsuludqqr oh sruwh gho fdvwhoor

COPIONE FROZEN+SIRENETTA CRE MOZZANICA · 1duudwruh 7uh dqql grsr qho uhjqr gl $uhqghooh 3dvvdqwh /d uhjlqd kd udjjlxqwr od pdjjlruh hwj 3dvvdqwh rjjl dsuludqqr oh sruwh gho fdvwhoor

Hidrofori Marina - serija CAM - · PDF fileV odovod Hidrofori - serije HWJ i centrifugalne pumpe - serije WJ i FWJ 5 Model Snaga motora (W) 1,25 1,40 HWJ 202 EM 50 L HWJ 203 EM 50

Hidrofori Marina - serija CAM - · PDF fileV odovod Hidrofori - serije HWJ i centrifugalne pumpe - serije WJ i FWJ 5 Model Snaga motora (W) 1,25 1,40 HWJ 202 EM 50 L HWJ 203 EM 50

Mitteilungsblatt Dezember 2014 · 2016. 1. 2. · B_ iWef^[UZW‘ ES‘V]dW[e ;S_TWdY [ef G\LMPW]OZ\Q VSe ‘wdV^[UZW Lad lg_ KfW[YWdiS^V* =Wd HdfefW[^ VWd @W_W[‘) VW E[eTWdY eUZ_[WYf

Mitteilungsblatt Dezember 2014 · 2016. 1. 2. · B_ iWef^[UZW‘ ES‘V]dW[e ;S_TWdY [ef G\LMPW]OZ\Q VSe ‘wdV^[UZW Lad lg_ KfW[YWdiS^V* =Wd HdfefW[^ VWd @W_W[‘) VW E[eTWdY eUZ_[WYf

Wilo-HiMulti 3 H Wilo-HMHI Wilo-Jet HWJ · 10b HiMulti3, esquema de ligação para um interruptor de bóia opcional (comutador de desligamento de falta de água) 7: Interruptor de

Wilo-HiMulti 3 H Wilo-HMHI Wilo-Jet HWJ · 10b HiMulti3, esquema de ligação para um interruptor de bóia opcional (comutador de desligamento de falta de água) 7: Interruptor de

@TEIJKAMG … · ^S`YWcdWZ`eW#Ka_hS^^XSZce#deS`V#TWgac(#hW^UZW#S^^W#g[Wc#DSZcW# deSee"`VWe*

@TEIJKAMG … · ^S`YWcdWZ`eW#Ka_hS^^XSZce#deS`V#TWgac(#hW^UZW#S^^W#g[Wc#DSZcW# deSee"`VWe*

ú g%wU [ C rO C H° æú g%wU [ C rO C H æ y N UZw C æx C H æz C H Ë æz C H~ æz T R ï¿M ü úz wZ C èao N º ¤z ' À `oM b{ sx ?> ? zz ; z«;w ú g%U [ rO C H æw Ê ] ºp`

ú g%wU [ C rO C H° æú g%wU [ C rO C H æ y N UZw C æx C H æz C H Ë æz C H~ æz T R ï¿M ü úz wZ C èao N º ¤z ' À `oM b{ sx ?> ? zz ; z«;w ú g%U [ rO C H æw Ê ] ºp`

Wilo-HiMulti 3 H Wilo-HMHI Wilo-Jet HWJ · 2019. 3. 7. · 17 Motora spai ļu kārba WJ…/ vienf āzes modelim EM 18 Motora spaiļu kārba MHI…/ vienfāzes modelim EM 19 Papildu

Wilo-HiMulti 3 H Wilo-HMHI Wilo-Jet HWJ · 2019. 3. 7. · 17 Motora spai ļu kārba WJ…/ vienf āzes modelim EM 18 Motora spaiļu kārba MHI…/ vienfāzes modelim EM 19 Papildu

FNA REVISTA 2020 dezembrofna-escuteiros.org/doc/edicoes/compasso/COMPASSO50.pdf · Ze j[cfe [ ZW \eh W Ze _Z[Wb [iYkj_ijW" gk[ \e_ YWfWp Z[ b_]Wh ikY[ii_lWi ][hW [i Z[ Ç\hWj[hdeiÈ

FNA REVISTA 2020 dezembrofna-escuteiros.org/doc/edicoes/compasso/COMPASSO50.pdf · Ze j[cfe [ ZW \eh W Ze _Z[Wb [iYkj_ijW" gk[ \e_ YWfWp Z[ b_]Wh ikY[ii_lWi ][hW [i Z[ Ç\hWj[hdeiÈ

s]lGb|o k|j]z k/LIff tyf ljBfyL{ egf{ ;DaGwL sfo{ljwL, @)&^ · 2 5_ æk'g k|j]z k/LIffÆ eGgfn] klxnf] k6s k|j]z k/LIff eO ;s]kl5 klg l;6vfnL /x]sf] cj:yfdf km]l/ csf]{ k6s x'g] k|j]z

s]lGb|o k|j]z k/LIff tyf ljBfyL{ egf{ ;DaGwL sfo{ljwL, @)&^ · 2 5_ æk'g k|j]z k/LIffÆ eGgfn] klxnf] k6s k|j]z k/LIff eO ;s]kl5 klg l;6vfnL /x]sf] cj:yfdf km]l/ csf]{ k6s x'g] k|j]z

Wilo-HiMulti 3 H Wilo-HMHI Wilo-Jet HWJ · 2019. 3. 7. · e Topraklama (PE), bağlantılar jBağlantı şeması, motor DM (3~400 V) kBağlantı şeması, motor DM (3~230 V) Kablo

Wilo-HiMulti 3 H Wilo-HMHI Wilo-Jet HWJ · 2019. 3. 7. · e Topraklama (PE), bağlantılar jBağlantı şeması, motor DM (3~400 V) kBağlantı şeması, motor DM (3~230 V) Kablo

7/17 Ut/ duo £6 a/ W øauzmxw 4 Lt./ K/UZW e9ø/(/uzzu 75 e ... · 7/17 Ut/ duo £6 a/ W øauzmxw 4 Lt./ K/UZW e9ø/(/uzzu 75 e/ U v;c/u U . øc;õccuc b øzuuzucv /Y - huøUzZ

7/17 Ut/ duo £6 a/ W øauzmxw 4 Lt./ K/UZW e9ø/(/uzzu 75 e ... · 7/17 Ut/ duo £6 a/ W øauzmxw 4 Lt./ K/UZW e9ø/(/uzzu 75 e/ U v;c/u U . øc;õccuc b øzuuzucv /Y - huøUzZ

NQSJ 02 HT: ~:~:~:~ Now Tafseer: ~:~ Para 18 ~:~ Surah ... bhi kiya sab aik ke baad aik - taqdeer; kitni ho, kaise ho - har uzw wahi jaha behtareen kaam kare, jaha hona chahiye tha,

NQSJ 02 HT: ~:~:~:~ Now Tafseer: ~:~ Para 18 ~:~ Surah ... bhi kiya sab aik ke baad aik - taqdeer; kitni ho, kaise ho - har uzw wahi jaha behtareen kaam kare, jaha hona chahiye tha,

Ú : - :rF²8&G%VG²G;R3s - Samsung9 VG'G8&G,: WG²G,:?ò> âG;gG/J 6 Z:Û+"9ÒGHZ: G," VG.N& )îG²G# 8C9 G%:9¢ RG o 5 % %:U ÂGGGGGG/Ú ^GG7·O. ,"9&P 7ç& :Æ Ê YWW`U`UZW YWW_UXYUZX

Ú : - :rF²8&G%VG²G;R3s - Samsung9 VG'G8&G,: WG²G,:?ò> âG;gG/J 6 Z:Û+"9ÒGHZ: G," VG.N& )îG²G# 8C9 G%:9¢ RG o 5 % %:U ÂGGGGGG/Ú ^GG7·O. ,"9&P 7ç& :Æ Ê YWW`U`UZW YWW_UXYUZX

hf · k'tnLahf/ gu/kflnsf :ofª\hf cfly{s sfo{ljwL lgoldt ug{ ag]sf] P]g, @)&% :yfgLo /fhkq v08M!÷;+VofM@÷ ldltM @)&%÷)#÷)# efu–! | |

hf · k'tnLahf/ gu/kflnsf :ofª\hf cfly{s sfo{ljwL lgoldt ug{ ag]sf] P]g, @)&% :yfgLo /fhkq v08M!÷;+VofM@÷ ldltM @)&%÷)#÷)# efu–! | |

0%))1%(%’-0,22%) - Ghent University Librarylib.ugent.be/fulltxt/RUG01/001/393/126/RUG01-001393126_2010_0001... · 0ew@dxdey! -! b@cdjx@iv!fjexdad@i!@e!g@cif\dww@ex@!ia^xd@x@idye!\hex@wa#!&jf\!di!@c!@@e!hwj]!_@[@ex!

0%))1%(%’-0,22%) - Ghent University Librarylib.ugent.be/fulltxt/RUG01/001/393/126/RUG01-001393126_2010_0001... · 0ew@dxdey! -! b@cdjx@iv!fjexdad@i!@e!g@cif\dww@ex@!ia^xd@x@idye!\hex@wa#!&jf\!di!@c!@@e!hwj]!_@[@ex!

KOS LIS NTHOS TSAB IB Kos Lis Nthos Tsab Ib , Zaj 1 thiab 2 . 791 txwm tshwj zias rau peb txij lub hauv paus los, kom peb muaj hwj chim. 8 Yog txoj kev Thoob Tsib uas tsis muaj ib

KOS LIS NTHOS TSAB IB Kos Lis Nthos Tsab Ib , Zaj 1 thiab 2 . 791 txwm tshwj zias rau peb txij lub hauv paus los, kom peb muaj hwj chim. 8 Yog txoj kev Thoob Tsib uas tsis muaj ib

Wilo-HiMulti 3 H Wilo-HMHI Wilo-Jet HWJ · Wilo-Jet HWJ Pioneering for You 2 544 452-Ed.01 / 2016-01-Wilo uk Iнструкція з монтажу та ...

Wilo-HiMulti 3 H Wilo-HMHI Wilo-Jet HWJ · Wilo-Jet HWJ Pioneering for You 2 544 452-Ed.01 / 2016-01-Wilo uk Iнструкція з монтажу та ...