Qualitative and Quantitative Research Designs
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Transcript of Qualitative and Quantitative Research Designs
Qualitative and Quantitative Research Designs
Social Research Methods2117 & 6501
Fall, 2006October 25-30, 2006
Overview of Research Design
• Research Purposes– Exploration (探索 ), Description (描述 ), Explan
ation (解釋 )
• Units of Analysis (研究單位 ): possibly individuals (個人 )
• The Time Dimension: cross-sectional design
• Design a Research Project: the research process
The Research Process• Conceptualization: think about research qu
estions & important concepts• Choice of research method: quantitative an
d/or qualitative?• Operationalizaion: measurement• Population and sampling• Observations (data collection)• Data processing• Analysis and interpretation• Writing articles/reports• Application
Research Design
Consider:
Your interests
Your abilities
Available Resources
Qualitative and Quantitative Research
• Different (deductive vs. inductive approaches) & Complementary• Triangulation: observe from different viewpoints & methods
Qualitative and Quantitative Orientations toward Research:
Qualitative Orientations
• interpretive and critical social sciences
• Non-numerical data • Logic in practice: the l
ogic of research is actually carried out (實務邏輯 : 實際上如何執行的邏輯 )
Quantitative Orientations
• related to positivism• Numerical data• Reconstructed logic: th
e logic of how to do research is highly organized (重建邏輯 : 進行研究的邏輯是高度組織化的 )
Qualitative and Quantitative Orientations toward Research:
Qualitative Orientations
• Nonlinear Path• Objectivity and Integrity
– Avoid arbitrary personal opinion
– Open about personal involvement
– Trustworthiness, have checks on evidence
• Emergent Research Questions: more flexible
Quantitative Orientations
• Linear Path: follow a fixed sequence of steps
• Objectivity and Integrity: replication, standardized methodological procedures
• Preplanned Research Questions
Qualitative Design Issues• The language of cases and contexts (個案與脈絡的語言)
• Grounded theory(紮根理論 ): develops theory during data collection (more inductive)
• The context is critical (社會行動或陳述的意義與其出現的脈絡有關 )
• Bricolage: ability to deal with different materials and be pragmatic
• The case and process (個案與過程 ): examine a wide variety of aspects of one/a few cases
• Interpretation (第一、二、三級的詮釋 )
Quantitative Design Issues• The language of variables and hypothes
es (變項與假設的語言 )
• Types of variables: independent, dependent, & intervening variable (中介變項 )
• Causal Theory and Hypotheses– Five characteristics of causal hypotheses
(因果假設的特徵 , p. 162)– State causal relations (p. 163) [Avoid the w
ord of proof.]– Testing and refining hypothesis
Ways to State Causal Relations
• Religious attendance causes reduced divorce.• Religious attendance leads to reduced divorce.• Religious attendance is related to reduced divorce.
• Religious attendance influences reduced divorce.• Religious attendance produces reduced divorce.• Religious attendance results in reduced divorce.• If people attend religious services, then the
likelihood of divorce will be reduced.• The higher religious attendance, the lower the
likelihood of divorce.• Religious attendance reduces the likelihood of
divorce.
Quantitative Design Issues• The language of variables and hypothe
ses (變項與假設的語言 )
• Types of variables: independent, dependent, & intervening variable (中介變項 )
• Causal Theory and Hypotheses– Five characteristics of causal hypotheses
(因果假設的特徵 , p. 162)– State causal relations (p. 163) [Avoid the w
ord of proof.]– Testing and refining hypothesis
Quantitative Design Issues
• Types of hypotheses– The idea of falsification– Null hypotheses– Double-barreled hypot
heses (雙載假設 )
Double-Barreled Hypothesis vs. Interaction Effect (交互作用 )
Potential Errors in Causal Explanations
– Tautology (套套邏輯 ) (circular reasoning)
– Teleology (目的論 )
Potential Errors in Causal Explanations
Ecological fallacy (mismatching units of analysis )(生態謬誤 ) (區位謬誤 ): Drawing conclusions about individ
uals based solely on the observation of groupsReductionism (mismatching units of analysis)
(化約論,化約主義 ): Explain complex phenomena in terms of a single, narrow concept(s).
Potential Errors in Causal Explanations
• Spuriousness
Qualitative and Quantitative Research
Different Research Styles (see examples in your textbook)
Not a rigid dichotomy (不是二分對立 )
The Content of Research Proposal:
• 研究題目、問題及目的• 研究對象• 變項及測量• 搜集資料的方法• 問卷或問題大綱• (資料分析 )