Qualitative and Quantitative Research Designs

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Qualitative and Quantitative Research Designs Social Research Methods 2117 & 6501 Fall, 2006 October 25-30, 2006

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Qualitative and Quantitative Research Designs. Social Research Methods 2117 & 6501 Fall, 2006 October 25-30, 2006. Overview of Research Design. Research Purposes Exploration ( 探索 ), Description ( 描述 ), Explanation ( 解釋 ) Units of Analysis ( 研究單位 ): possibly individuals ( 個人 ) - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Transcript of Qualitative and Quantitative Research Designs

Page 1: Qualitative and Quantitative Research Designs

Qualitative and Quantitative Research Designs

Social Research Methods2117 & 6501

Fall, 2006October 25-30, 2006

Page 2: Qualitative and Quantitative Research Designs

Overview of Research Design

• Research Purposes– Exploration (探索 ), Description (描述 ), Explan

ation (解釋 )

• Units of Analysis (研究單位 ): possibly individuals (個人 )

• The Time Dimension: cross-sectional design

• Design a Research Project: the research process

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The Research Process• Conceptualization: think about research qu

estions & important concepts• Choice of research method: quantitative an

d/or qualitative?• Operationalizaion: measurement• Population and sampling• Observations (data collection)• Data processing• Analysis and interpretation• Writing articles/reports• Application

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Research Design

Consider:

Your interests

Your abilities

Available Resources

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Qualitative and Quantitative Research

• Different (deductive vs. inductive approaches) & Complementary• Triangulation: observe from different viewpoints & methods

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Qualitative and Quantitative Orientations toward Research:

Qualitative Orientations

• interpretive and critical social sciences

• Non-numerical data • Logic in practice: the l

ogic of research is actually carried out (實務邏輯 : 實際上如何執行的邏輯 )

Quantitative Orientations

• related to positivism• Numerical data• Reconstructed logic: th

e logic of how to do research is highly organized (重建邏輯 : 進行研究的邏輯是高度組織化的 )

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Qualitative and Quantitative Orientations toward Research:

Qualitative Orientations

• Nonlinear Path• Objectivity and Integrity

– Avoid arbitrary personal opinion

– Open about personal involvement

– Trustworthiness, have checks on evidence

• Emergent Research Questions: more flexible

Quantitative Orientations

• Linear Path: follow a fixed sequence of steps

• Objectivity and Integrity: replication, standardized methodological procedures

• Preplanned Research Questions

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Qualitative Design Issues• The language of cases and contexts (個案與脈絡的語言)

• Grounded theory(紮根理論 ): develops theory during data collection (more inductive)

• The context is critical (社會行動或陳述的意義與其出現的脈絡有關 )

• Bricolage: ability to deal with different materials and be pragmatic

• The case and process (個案與過程 ): examine a wide variety of aspects of one/a few cases

• Interpretation (第一、二、三級的詮釋 )

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Quantitative Design Issues• The language of variables and hypothes

es (變項與假設的語言 )

• Types of variables: independent, dependent, & intervening variable (中介變項 )

• Causal Theory and Hypotheses– Five characteristics of causal hypotheses

(因果假設的特徵 , p. 162)– State causal relations (p. 163) [Avoid the w

ord of proof.]– Testing and refining hypothesis

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Ways to State Causal Relations

• Religious attendance causes reduced divorce.• Religious attendance leads to reduced divorce.• Religious attendance is related to reduced divorce.

• Religious attendance influences reduced divorce.• Religious attendance produces reduced divorce.• Religious attendance results in reduced divorce.• If people attend religious services, then the

likelihood of divorce will be reduced.• The higher religious attendance, the lower the

likelihood of divorce.• Religious attendance reduces the likelihood of

divorce.

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Quantitative Design Issues• The language of variables and hypothe

ses (變項與假設的語言 )

• Types of variables: independent, dependent, & intervening variable (中介變項 )

• Causal Theory and Hypotheses– Five characteristics of causal hypotheses

(因果假設的特徵 , p. 162)– State causal relations (p. 163) [Avoid the w

ord of proof.]– Testing and refining hypothesis

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Quantitative Design Issues

• Types of hypotheses– The idea of falsification– Null hypotheses– Double-barreled hypot

heses (雙載假設 )

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Double-Barreled Hypothesis vs. Interaction Effect (交互作用 )

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Potential Errors in Causal Explanations

– Tautology (套套邏輯 ) (circular reasoning)

– Teleology (目的論 )

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Potential Errors in Causal Explanations

Ecological fallacy (mismatching units of analysis )(生態謬誤 ) (區位謬誤 ): Drawing conclusions about individ

uals based solely on the observation of groupsReductionism (mismatching units of analysis)

(化約論,化約主義 ): Explain complex phenomena in terms of a single, narrow concept(s).

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Potential Errors in Causal Explanations

• Spuriousness

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Qualitative and Quantitative Research

Different Research Styles (see examples in your textbook)

Not a rigid dichotomy (不是二分對立 )

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The Content of Research Proposal:

• 研究題目、問題及目的• 研究對象• 變項及測量• 搜集資料的方法• 問卷或問題大綱• (資料分析 )