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Authors

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Copyright © Advanced Nuclear Technology International Europe AB, ANT International, 2008.

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Disclaimer

qÜÉ=áåÑçêã~íáçå=éêÉëÉåíÉÇ=áå=íÜáë=êÉéçêí=Ü~ë=ÄÉÉå=ÅçãéáäÉÇ=~åÇ=~å~äóëÉÇ=Äó=

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Äìí=ÇçÉë=åçí=ï~êê~åí=íÜÉ=~ÅÅìê~Åó=çê=ÅçãéäÉíÉåÉëë=çÑ=íÜÉ=áåÑçêã~íáçåK=

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Acronyms and expressions

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Unit conversion

TEMPERATURE MASS

°C + 273.15 = K °C*1.8 +32 = °F kg lbs

T(K) T(°C) T(°F) 0.454 1 273 0 32 1 2.20

289 16 61

298 25 77 DISTANCE

373 100 212 x (µm) x (mils)

473 200 392 0.6 0.02

573 300 572 1 0.04

633 360 680 5 0.20

673 400 752 10 0.39

773 500 932 20 0.79

783 510 950 25 0.98

793 520 968 25.4 1.00 823 550 1022 100 3.94

833 560 1040

873 600 1112 PRESSURE

878 605 1121 bar MPa psi

893 620 1148 1 0.1 14

923 650 1202 10 1 142

973 700 1292 70 7 995

1023 750 1382 70.4 7.04 1000 1053 780 1436 100 10 1421

1073 800 1472 130 13 1847

1136 863 1585 155 15.5 2203

1143 870 1598 704 70.4 10000 1173 900 1652 1000 100 14211

1273 1000 1832

1343 1070 1958 STRESS INTENSITY FACTOR

1478 1204 2200 MPa√m ksi√inch

0.91 1

Radioactivity 1 1.10

1 Sv 1 Ci

1 Bq

= 100 Rem = 3.7 x 1010 Bq = 37 GBq = 1 s-1

=



sEsffF=

Contents

Acronyms and expressions II Unit conversion IV 1 Introduction 1-1 2 Normal operation 2-1 OKN fåíêçÇìÅíáçå= OJN OKO píÉ~Çó=ëí~íÉ=çéÉê~íáçå= OJO OKOKN `ä~ÇÇáåÖ= OJO OKOKO píêìÅíìê~ä=ã~íÉêá~äë= OJP OKOKP `çåÅäìëáçåë= OJP OKP mçïÉê=ê~ãéë= OJP OKPKN fåíêçÇìÅíáçå= OJP OKPKO PWRë= OJQ OKPKP BWRë= OJR OKQ aÉÖê~Ç~íáçå=çÑ=Ñ~áäÉÇ=ÑìÉä= OJT OKQKN fåíêçÇìÅíáçå= OJT OKQKO BWR=ëÉÅçåÇ~êó=ÇÉÖê~Ç~íáçå= OJV OKQKOKN qê~åëîÉêë~ä=ÄêÉ~â=Ñçêã~íáçå= OJNN OKQKOKO BWR=~ñá~ä=ëéäáí=Ñçêã~íáçå= OJNP OKQKP PWR=ëÉÅçåÇ~êó=ÇÉÖê~Ç~íáçå= OJNR OKQKPKN qê~åëîÉêë~ä=ÄêÉ~â=Ñçêã~íáçå= OJNR OKQKPKO ^ñá~ä=Åê~Åâ=Ñçêã~íáçå= OJNR OKR lìíëáÇÉJáå=Åê~ÅâáåÖ=EPCMIF= OJNS OKRKN o~ãéáåÖ=çÑ=Åä~ÇÇáåÖë=ïáíÜ=íÜáÅâ=çñáÇÉë= OJNT OKRKO o~ãéáåÖ=çÑ=Åä~ÇÇáåÖë=ïáíÜ=íÜáå=çñáÇÉë= OJOM 3 Delayed Hydride Cracking, DHC 3-1 4 LOCA 4-1 QKN fåíêçÇìÅíáçå= QJN QKO _~ääççåáåÖ= QJO QKP lñáÇ~íáçå=~åÇ=çñóÖÉå=ÇáÑÑìëáçå= QJV QKQ bãÄêáííäÉãÉåí= QJNT QKQKN fåíêçÇìÅíáçå= QJNT QKQKO qÜÉêã~ä=ëÜçÅâ=íÉëíë= QJNV QKQKP oáåÖ=ÅçãéêÉëëáçå=íÉëíëI=ERCTF= QJOV QKQKPKN qÉëí=ãÉíÜçÇ= QJOV QKQKPKO wáêÅ~äçóJQ=~åÇ=jR=J=ìåáêê~Çá~íÉÇ= QJPM QKQKPKP bÑÑÉÅí=çÑ=ÅççäáåÖ=ê~íÉ= QJPR QKQKPKQ bÑÑÉÅí=çÑ=ëìêÑ~ÅÉ=ÅçåÇáíáçå= QJQM QKQKPKR fêê~Çá~íÉÇ=eK_K=oçÄáåëçå=EHBRF=wáêÅ~äçóJQ=Åä~ÇÇáåÖ=Ç~í~= QJQM QKQKQ fãé~Åí=íÉëíë= QJQQ QKQKR qÜêÉÉ=éçáåí=ÄÉåÇ=íÉëíë= QJQS QKR `çåÅäìëáçåë= QJQU



sfEsffF=

5 RIA 5-1 RKN fåíêçÇìÅíáçå= RJN RKO bÑÑÉÅí=çÑ=RIA=ÅçåÇáíáçåë=çå=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=ÉãÄêáííäÉãÉåí=çÑ=Åä~ÇÇáåÖ= RJQ RKP PWR=ÑìÉäë= RJV RKPKN fåíêçÇìÅíáçå= RJV RKPKO NSRR=íÉëíë= RJV RKPKP `^_of=íÉëíë= RJNP RKPKQ bÑÑÉÅí=çÑ=ÜóÇêáÇÉ=êáãë=~åÇ=ÄäáëíÉêë= RJNT RKQ BWR=ÑìÉäë= RJPN RKQKN fåíêçÇìÅíáçå= RJPN RKQKO NSRR=íÉëíë= RJPO RKQKP bñJêÉ~Åíçê=ãÉÅÜ~åáÅ~ä=íÉëíë= RJPU RKR `çåÅäìëáçåë= RJQS 6 Dry cask storage 6-1 SKN aêó=Å~ëâ=ëíçê~ÖÉ=ÅçåÇáíáçåë= SJN SKO kçêã~ä=ëíçê~ÖÉ=ÅçåÇáíáçåë= SJR SKP e~åÇäáåÖ=~åÇ=íê~åëéçêí=~ÅÅáÇÉåí=ÅçåÇáíáçåë= SJS SKPKN aÉëáÖå=Ä~ëÉ=~ÅÅáÇÉåíë= SJS SKPKO cìÉä=ÄÉÜ~îáçê=áå=~ÅÅáÇÉåí=ÅçåÇáíáçåë= SJT SKPKOKN ^å~äóíáÅ~ä=~ééêç~ÅÜ= SJT SKPKOKO bÑÑÉÅí=çÑ=ê~Çá~ä=ÜóÇêáÇÉë= SJV 7 References 7-1 Appendix A – Parameters impacting secondary degradation tendency of failed BWR and

PWR fuel A-1 ^KN m~ê~ãÉíÉêë=áãé~ÅíáåÖ=ëÉÅçåÇ~êó=ÜóÇêáÇáåÖ=Ñçêã~íáçå=íÉåÇÉåÅó= ^JN ^KNKN pÉÅçåÇ~êó=ÜóÇêáÇÉ=Ñçêã~íáçå= ^JN ^KNKO `ä~ÇÇáåÖ=áååÉê=ëìêÑ~ÅÉ=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=éêçÇìÅíáçå=ê~íÉ= ^JP ^KNKOKN `ä~Ç=ID=ãáÅêçëíêìÅíìêÉ= ^JP ^KNKP eÉ~í=Ñäìñ=EÅä~Ç=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉF= ^JQ ^KNKQ qáãÉ= ^JS ^KNKR mêáã~êó=ÇÉÑÉÅí=ëáòÉ= ^JS ^KNKS aáëí~åÅÉ=Ñêçã=éêáã~êó=ÇÉÑÉÅí= ^JS ^KNKT mêçíÉÅíáîÉåÉëë=çÑ=íÜÉ=çñáÇÉ=~í=Åä~ÇÇáåÖ=áååÉê=ëìêÑ~ÅÉ= ^JT ^KNKU mÉääÉíLÅä~ÇÇáåÖ=Ö~é=ëáòÉ= ^JT ^KNKV cáëëáçå=éêçÇìÅíë= ^JU ^KNKNM fãé~Åí=çÑ=éçïÉê=ÅÜ~åÖÉë=çå=íê~åëîÉêë~ä=ÄêÉ~â=Ñçêã~íáçå= ^JU ^KO m~ê~ãÉíÉêë=áãé~ÅíáåÖ=~ñá~ä=ëéäáí=íÉåÇÉåÅó= ^JV ^KOKN `ä~Ç=ëíêÉëëÉë= ^JV ^KOKO mÉääÉíJÅä~ÇÇáåÖ=Ö~é=ëáòÉ=éêáçê=íç=ê~ãé= ^JV ^KOKP mçïÉê=ê~ãé=áåÅêÉ~ëÉ=~åÇ=ê~ãé=ê~íÉ= ^JNM ^KOKQ `ê~Åâ=ÖÉçãÉíêó= ^JNM ^KOKR `ä~Ç=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=ÅçåíÉåí= ^JNM ^KOKS fåáíá~ä=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=ÅçåíÉåí= ^JNN ^KOKT `ä~ÇÇáåÖ=áååÉê=ëìêÑ~ÅÉ=Åçêêçëáçå=ê~íÉ= ^JNN ^KOKU `çêêçëáçå=ê~íÉ=çÑ=Åê~Åâ=ëìêÑ~ÅÉë= ^JNN



sffEsffF=

Appendix B – Assessment of axial cracking mechanism B-1 _KN ^ëëÉëëãÉåí=çÑ=~ñá~ä=Åê~Åâ=ãÉÅÜ~åáëã=Ä~ëÉÇ=ìéçå=ä~Äçê~íçêó=íÉëíë= _JN _KNKN fåëí~åí~åÉçìë=Åê~Åâ=éêçé~Ö~íáçå= _JP _KNKNKN s~ääÉÅáíçë=ÉãÄÉÇÇÉÇ=ÅÜ~êéó= _JP _KNKNKO PLJíÉëíáåÖ= _JS _KNKO päçïÉê=Åê~Åâ=éêçé~Ö~íáçå=ê~íÉ= _JT _KNKOKN eóÇêçÖÉå=Ö~ë=Åê~ÅâáåÖ=EHGCF= _JT _KNKOKO `çêêçëáçå=~ëëáëíÉÇ=Åê~ÅâáåÖ= _JNM _KNKOKP DHC=íóéÉ=íÉëíáåÖ=Äó=m™ä=bÑëáåÖ= _JNT _KNKOKPKN j~íÉêá~äë= _JNT _KNKOKPKO bñéÉêáãÉåí~ä=éêçÅÉÇìêÉ= _JNT _KNKOKPKP oÉëìäíë=~åÇ=ÇáëÅìëëáçåë= _JNV _KNKOKPKPKN råáêê~Çá~íÉÇ=ã~íÉêá~äë= _JOM _KNKOKPKPKO fêê~Çá~íÉÇ=ã~íÉêá~äë= _JOP _KNKP aáëÅìëëáçå=çÑ=éêÉëÉåíÉÇ=Ç~í~= _JOS _KNKPKN fåëí~åí~åÉçìë=Åê~Åâ=éêçé~Ö~íáçå= _JOT _KNKPKO päçï=Åê~Åâ=éêçé~Ö~íáçå= _JOT _KNKQ aáëÅìëëáçå= _JOV _KNKQKN pÉÅçåÇ~êó=ÇÉÖê~Ç~íáçå=ÅÜ~ê~ÅíÉêáëíáÅë= _JOV _KNKQKNKN ^ñá~ä=ëéäáííáåÖ= _JOV _KNKR mêçéçëÉÇ=~ñá~ä=Åê~Åâ=éêçé~Ö~íáçå=ÇÉÖê~Ç~íáçå=ãÉÅÜ~åáëãë=çÑ=Ñ~áäÉÇ=ÑìÉä= _JPN _KNKRKN ^ñá~ä=ëéäáííáåÖ=ãÉÅÜ~åáëã= _JPO _KNKRKNKN mêÉîÉåíáçå=çÑ=ëÉÅçåÇ~êó=ÇÉÖê~Ç~íáçå= _JPT Appendix C – References C-1

=



NJNENJNF=

1 Introduction

qÜÉ=çÄàÉÅíáîÉ=çÑ=íÜáë=êÉéçêí=áë=íç=ëìãã~êáòÉ=íÜÉ=ÉÑÑÉÅí=çÑ=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=çå=òáêÅçåáìã=~ääçóë=ìëÉÇ=Ñçê=

ÅçãéçåÉåíë=áå=åìÅäÉ~ê=ÑìÉä=~ëëÉãÄäáÉëK=sçäìãÉ=N=çÑ=íÜÉ=êÉéçêí=ÇÉëÅêáÄÉÇ=íÜÉ=ÅÜ~ê~ÅíÉêáò~íáçå=çÑ=

íÜÉ=ÜóÇêáÇÉëI=íÜÉ=~ÅÅçããçÇ~íáçå=~åÇ=ÇáëíêáÄìíáçå=çÑ=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=áå=íÜÉ=òáêÅçåáìã=~ääçóëI=íÜÉ=éáÅâJ

ìé=çÑ=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=Äó=íÜÉ=~ääçóë=ÇìêáåÖ=íÜÉ=ï~íÉê=Åçêêçëáçå=éêçÅÉëëI=íÜÉ=ÉÑÑÉÅí=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=çå=íÜÉ=

ãÉÅÜ~åáÅ~ä=~åÇ=éÜóëáÅ~ä=éêçéÉêíáÉë=çÑ=íÜÉ=~ääçóëK==

sçäìãÉ=O=çÑ=íÜÉ=êÉéçêí=ÇÉëÅêáÄÉë=íÜÉ=ÉÑÑÉÅí=çÑ=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=çå=íÜÉ=åçêã~ä=~åÇ=ÜóéçíÜÉíáÅ~ä=

~ÅÅáÇÉåí=éÉêÑçêã~åÅÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=òáêÅçåáìã=~ääçó=ÅçãéçåÉåíë=ÇìêáåÖ=êÉ~Åíçê=çéÉê~íáçåëK=qÜáë=îçäìãÉ=

~äëç=ÅçîÉêë=íÜÉ=áåîçäîÉãÉåí=çÑ=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=áå=ëÉÅçåÇ~êó=ÇÉÖê~Ç~íáçå=çÑ=Ñ~áäÉÇ=mêÉëëìêáëÉÇ=t~íÉê=

oÉ~Åíçê=EPWRFL=_çáäáåÖ=t~íÉê=oÉ~Åíçê=EBWRF=ÑìÉä=~åÇ=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=áãé~Åí=çå=ÑìÉä=éÉêÑçêã~åÅÉ=

ÇìêáåÖ=Çêó=ëíçê~ÖÉK=

qÜÉ=äáãáíÉÇ=ëçäìÄáäáíó=çÑ=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=áå=òáêÅçåáìã=áë=ÉñÅÉÉÇÉÇ=ïáíÜáå=íÜÉ=äáÑÉíáãÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=

òáêÅçåáìã=~ääçó=ÅçãéçåÉåíë=~åÇ=~ë=~=êÉëìäí=òáêÅçåáìã=ÜóÇêáÇÉë=çÑ=î~êáçìë=ÅçãéçëáíáçåëI=

èì~åíáíáÉëI=ÇáëíêáÄìíáçåë=~åÇ=çêáÉåí~íáçåë=~êÉ=ÑçêãÉÇ=íÜ~í=Ü~îÉ=~å=Éèìáî~äÉåí=î~êáÉíó=çÑ=ÉÑÑÉÅíë=çå=

íÜÉ=~ääçó=éêçéÉêíáÉëK=qÜÉ=éêáã~êó=ÉÑÑÉÅí=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÜóÇêáÇÉë=áë=íÜÉ=ÇÉÅêÉ~ëÉ=áå=íÜÉ=~ääçóëÛ=ÇìÅíáäáíó=

ÅçåÅìêêÉåí=ïáíÜ=~å=áåÅêÉ~ëÉ=áå=ãÉÅÜ~åáÅ~ä=ëíêÉåÖíÜK=qÜÉ=ÜóÇêáÇÉë=~äëç=ÅçåíêáÄìíÉ=íç=ÇáãÉåëáçå~ä=

ÅÜ~åÖÉë=çÑ=íÜÉ=~ääçó=ÅçãéçåÉåíë=~åÇ=ÜóÇêáÇÉ=ä~óÉêë=çå=íÜÉ=ëìêÑ~ÅÉ=çÑ=ÅçãéçåÉåíë=~ÅÅÉäÉê~íÉ=íÜÉ=

Åçêêçëáçå=ê~íÉëK=eóÇêáÇÉë=~êÉ=~äëç=áåîçäîÉÇ=áå=ëÉÅçåÇ~êó=ÇÉÖê~Ç~íáçå=çÑ=Ñ~áäÉÇ=BWR=~åÇ=PWR=ÑìÉäK=qÜÉëÉ=éêçéÉêíáÉë=~êÉ=~ÑÑÉÅíÉÇ=ÇìêáåÖ=íÜÉáê=ëÉêîáÅÉ=äáÑÉ=Äó=çíÜÉê=Ñ~Åíçêë=~ë=ïÉääI=ëìÅÜ=~ë=

íÉãéÉê~íìêÉI=ëíêÉëëI=áêê~Çá~íáçå=~åÇ=ÑÉ~íìêÉë=çÑ=íÜÉ=~ääçó=ãáÅêçëíêìÅíìêÉK=páåÅÉ=íÜÉëÉ=Ñ~Åíçêë=~êÉ=

áåíÉê~ÅíáîÉ=ïáíÜ=íÜçëÉ=ÇìÉ=íç=ÜóÇêçÖÉåI=áí=áë=çÑíÉå=ÇáÑÑáÅìäí=íç=ëÉé~ê~íÉ=~åÇ=èì~åíáÑó=íÜÉ=ÉÑÑÉÅíë=çÑ=

ÜóÇêçÖÉå=~äçåÉ=~åÇ=íÜÉëÉ=Å~ëÉë=~êÉ=ÇáëÅìëëÉÇ=ïÜÉêÉîÉê=~ééäáÅ~ÄäÉK=

qÜÉ=êÉîáÉï=áåÅäìÇÉë=ëìãã~êáÉë=çÑ=ëçãÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ãçëí=éÉêíáåÉåí=êÉÅÉåí=~åÇ=çäÇÉê=Ç~í~=éìÄäáëÜÉÇI=

Äìí=áë=åçí=ãÉ~åí=íç=ÄÉ=~=ÅçãéäÉíÉ=Å~í~äçÖìÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=éìÄäáëÜÉÇ=Ç~í~K=bãéÜ~ëáë=áë=çå=íÜÉ=êÉëìäíë=

çÄí~áåÉÇ=Äó=íÜÉ=î~êáçìë=áåîÉëíáÖ~íçêë=~åÇ=íÜÉ=î~êá~ÄäÉë=íÜ~í=~ÑÑÉÅí=íÜÉ=êÉëìäíáåÖ=Ç~í~K=bÇáíçêá~ä=

ÅçããÉåíë=Äó=íÜÉ=~ìíÜçêë=~êÉ=áåÅäìÇÉÇ=ïÜÉêÉ=íÜÉó=ëÉÉã=ï~êê~åíÉÇK=



OJNEOJOTF

2 Normal operation

2.1 Introduction

kçêã~ä=çéÉê~íáçå=áë=ÅçåëáÇÉêÉÇ=íç=ÄÉI=Ñçê=íÜÉ=éìêéçëÉë=çÑ=íÜáë=êÉéçêíI=íÜÉ=çéÉê~íáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=êÉ~Åíçê=

ïáíÜáå=íÜÉ=íÉÅÜåáÅ~ä=ëéÉÅáÑáÅ~íáçåë=~åÇ=ÖìáÇÉäáåÉë=~ééêçîÉÇ=Äó=íÜÉ=êÉÖìä~íçêó=~ÖÉåÅáÉëK=qÜáë=

áåÅäìÇÉë=ÅÜ~åÖÉë=áå=éçïÉêI=ëí~êíìé=~åÇ=ëÜìíÇçïå=éêçÅÉÇìêÉëK=

qÜÉ=ãçëí=ëáÖåáÑáÅ~åí=ÉÑÑÉÅí=çÑ=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=çå=íÜÉ=éÉêÑçêã~åÅÉ=çÑ=òáêÅçåáìã=~ääçóë=áë=íÜÉ=

êÉÇìÅíáçå=çÑ=íÜÉáê=ÇìÅíáäáíó=~ë=~=ÑìåÅíáçå=çÑ=áåÅêÉ~ëáåÖ=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=ÅçåíÉåíI=~ë=éêÉëÉåíÉÇ=áå=pÉÅíáçå=

UKP=çÑ=sçäìãÉ=N=çÑ=íÜáë=êÉéçêíK=qÜÉ=éÉêÑçêã~åÅÉ=êÉä~íÉÇ=é~ê~ãÉíÉêë=íÜ~í=ÇÉíÉêãáåÉ=íÜÉ=ÉÑÑÉÅí=çÑ=

íÜÉ=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=çå=íÜÉ=òáêÅçåáìã=~ääçó=~êÉ=éêáã~êáäó=íÜÉ=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉI=íÜÉ=ëíêÉëëI=ëíêÉëë=ëí~íÉ=~åÇ=íÜÉ=

ëíê~áå=ê~íÉK=qÜÉëÉ=~êÉ=áå=~ÇÇáíáçå=çÑ=ÅçìêëÉ=íç=íÜÉ=áãéçêí~åí=ã~íÉêá~ä=êÉä~íÉÇ=ÅÜ~ê~ÅíÉêáëíáÅë=çÑ=íÜÉ=

~ääçó=ÇáëÅìëëÉÇ=áå=sçäìãÉ=NK==

qÜÉ=Åä~ÇÇáåÖ=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉë=áå=PWRë=Å~å=ê~åÖÉ=Ñêçã=OVMø`=íç=PQRø`=~í=íÜÉ=ëìêÑ~ÅÉ=~åÇ=áå=

BWRë=Ñêçã=OTRø`=íç=OVMø`K=qÜÉ=~îÉê~ÖÉ=Åä~ÇÇáåÖ=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=ïáää=ÄÉ=ÜáÖÜÉê=~åÇ=ÇÉéÉåÇ=çå=íÜÉ=

éçïÉê=äÉîÉäX=íÜÉ=~îÉê~ÖÉ=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=ÅçìäÇ=ÄÉ=NMø=íç=OMø`=ÜáÖÜÉêK=låÉ=Å~å=~ëëìãÉ=íÜÉå=íÜ~í=ãçëí=

çÑ=íÜÉ=Åä~ÇÇáåÖ=ïáää=çéÉê~íÉ=[PMMø`K=páåÅÉ=íÜÉ=ëíêìÅíìê~ä=ãÉãÄÉêë=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÑìÉä=~ëëÉãÄäó=ÖÉåÉê~íÉ=

çåäó=ãáåáã~ä=Ö~ãã~=ÜÉ~íI=íÜÉáê=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=ïáää=ÄÉ=áå=íÜÉ=ê~åÖÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=Åä~ÇÇáåÖ=ëìêÑ~ÅÉ=

íÉãéÉê~íìêÉëK=^í=íÜÉëÉ=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉë=íÜÉ=ÅçãéçåÉåíë=ïáää=ÄÉ=íçäÉê~åí=íç=~=ëáÖåáÑáÅ~åí=~ãçìåí=çÑ=

ìåáÑçêãäó=ÇáëíêáÄìíÉÇ=ÜóÇêáÇÉëI=Äìí=åçí=åÉÅÉëë~êáäó=ÜóÇêáÇÉ=ÅçåÅÉåíê~íáçåëK=

qÜÉ=ÜóÇêáÇÉÇ=~ääçóë=ïáää=ÄÉ=ãçëí=ëÉåëáíáîÉ=íç=ÄêáííäÉ=Ñê~ÅíìêÉ=~í=äçï=çê=oççã=qÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=

ERTFI=ïÜÉå=ÑìÉä=~ëëÉãÄäáÉë=~êÉ=Ü~åÇäÉÇ=çê=íê~åëéçêíÉÇK=

qÜÉ=ëíêÉëëÉë=~åÇ=ëíê~áå=ê~íÉë=~êÉ=êÉä~íáîÉäó=äçï=ÇìêáåÖ=ëíÉ~Çó=ëí~íÉ=çéÉê~íáçå=~åÇ=êÉëìäí=áå=ÅêÉÉé=

çÑ=íÜÉ=Åä~ÇÇáåÖ=~åÇ=ãáåáã~ä=ÉÑÑÉÅí=çÑ=ÜóÇêçÖÉåK=eáÖÜÉê=ëíêÉëëÉë=~åÇ=ëíê~áåë=~êÉ=éêçÇìÅÉÇ=Äó=ê~éáÇ=

ÅÜ~åÖÉë=áå=éçïÉê=~åÇ=êÉëìäí=áå=éÉääÉíJÅä~Ç=áåíÉê~Åíáçåë=ÉáíÜÉê=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=~ëëáëí~åÅÉ=çÑ=Ñáëëáçå=

éêçÇìÅíë=mÉääÉí=`ä~ÇÇáåÖ=fåíÉê~Åíáçå=EPCIF=çê=ïáíÜ=éìêÉäó=ãÉÅÜ~åáÅ~ä=ÑçêÅÉë=mÉääÉí=`ä~ÇÇáåÖ=

jÉÅÜ~åáÅ~ä=fåíÉê~Åíáçå=EPCMIFK=qÜÉ=Åä~ÇÇáåÖ=ÇìÅíáäáíó=éä~óë=~=ëáÖåáÑáÅ~åí=êçäÉ=áå=~ÅÅçããçÇ~íáåÖ=

íÜÉëÉ=ëíêÉëëÉë=ïáíÜçìí=êìéíìêÉK=

fåÅêÉ~ëáåÖ=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=äÉîÉäë=ïáää=~äëç=êÉëìäí=áå=ÇáãÉåëáçå~ä=ÅÜ~åÖÉë=çÑ=ÅçãéçåÉåíëI=ëáåÅÉ=íÜÉ=

îçäìãÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÜóÇêáÇÉë=áë=ÖêÉ~íÉê=íÜ~å=íÜ~í=çÑ=íÜÉ=òáêÅçåáìã=~ääçó=~ë=ÇáëÅìëëÉÇ=áå=pÉÅíáçå=T=çÑ=

sçäìãÉ=NK=aáãÉåëáçå~ä=ÅÜ~åÖÉë=çÑ=ÅçãéçåÉåíë=Å~å=áåíÉêÑÉêÉ=ïáíÜ=Åçåíêçä=êçÇ=ãçîÉãÉåí=~åÇ=Å~å=

~äëç=áåíÉêÑÉêÉ=ïáíÜ=çíÜÉê=~ëëÉãÄäáÉë=çê=~ëëÉãÄäó=ÅçãéçåÉåíëK=qÜÉëÉ=~êÉ=ÇáëÅìëëÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ=

ëìÄëÉèìÉåí=ëÉÅíáçåëK=

eóÇêáÇÉ=ÅçåÅÉåíê~íáçåë=çå=íÜÉ=Åä~ÇÇáåÖ=ëìêÑ~ÅÉ=áåÅêÉ~ëÉë=íÜÉ=Åçêêçëáçå=ê~íÉ=~ÄçîÉ=íÜÉ=ê~íÉ=çÑ=~=

òáêÅçåáìã=~ääçó=ëìêÑ~ÅÉ=ïáíÜçìí=ÜóÇêáÇÉë=~ë=ÇáëÅìëëÉÇ=áå=pÉÅíáçå=S=çÑ=sçäìãÉ=NK=qÜáë=ÉÑÑÉÅí=çÅÅìêë=

Öê~Çì~ääó=~åÇ=Å~å=ÄÉ=ãçåáíçêÉÇI=ãçÇÉäÉÇ=~åÇ=~ééäáÉÇ=íç=íÜÉ=ÇÉëáÖå=éêçÅÉëë=íç=ãáíáÖ~íÉ=áíë=ÉÑÑÉÅíK=

kç=~ÇÇáíáçå~ä=ÇáëÅìëëáçå=çÑ=íÜáë=áíÉã=ïáää=ÄÉ=ã~ÇÉ=áå=sçäìãÉ=O=çÑ=íÜáë=êÉéçêíK=

aÉä~óÉÇ=eóÇêáÇÉ=`ê~ÅâáåÖI=DHCI=áë=~=Ñ~áäìêÉ=ãÉÅÜ~åáëã=íÜ~í=ã~ó=Ñ~áä=`~å~Çá~å=aÉìíÉêáìã=

rê~åáìã=ECANDUF=éêÉëëìêÉ=íìÄÉë=éêçîáÇÉÇ=íÜ~í=íÜÉ=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=ÅçåíÉåí=áå=íÜÉ=éêÉëëìêÉ=íìÄÉ=áë=

ä~êÖÉê=íÜ~å=íÜÉ=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=ëçäìÄáäáíó=äáãáíK=DHC=áë=ÅçîÉêÉÇ=áå=pÉÅíáçå=P=çÑ=íÜáë=sçäìãÉK==

oÉÅÉåí=êÉëìäíë=áåÇáÅ~íÉ=íÜ~í=ÑìÉä=Åä~ÇÇáåÖë=ïáíÜ=ëáÖåáÑáÅ~åí=ÜóÇêáÇÉ=êáãë=ã~ó=Ñ~áä=ÇìêáåÖ=~=

éçïÉê=ê~ãé=Äó=~=DHC=äáâÉ=Ñ~áäìêÉ=ãÉÅÜ~åáëã=EçìíëáÇÉJáå=Åä~ÇÇáåÖ=Ñ~áäìêÉëFI=ëÉÉ=pÉÅíáçå=OKR=çÑ=

íÜáë=sçäìãÉK==

c~áäÉÇ=ÑìÉäI=ÉKÖK=ÇìÉ=íç=ÇÉÄêáë=ÑêÉííáåÖI=ã~ó=ÇÉÖê~ÇÉ=Äó=ÑçêãáåÖ=äçåÖ=~ñá~ä=Åê~Åâë=~äëç=Äó=~=

DHC=äáâÉ=ãÉÅÜ~åáëã=áÑ=íÜÉ=Ñ~áäÉÇ=êçÇ=áë=ëìÄàÉÅíÉÇ=íç=~=ä~êÖÉ=ÉåçìÖÜ=éçïÉê=ê~ãéI=ëÉÉ=pÉÅíáçå=OKQ=

~åÇ=pÉÅíáçå=OKQKOKO=áå=íÜáë=sçäìãÉK=jçêÉ=ÇÉí~áäë=çÑ=íÜÉ=é~ê~ãÉíÉêë=áãé~ÅíáåÖ=íÜÉ=íÉåÇÉåÅó=íç=

Ñçêã=äçåÖ=~ñá~ä=Åê~Åâë=~êÉ=ÅçîÉêÉÇ=áå=^ééÉåÇáñ=^K=^ééÉåÇáñ=_K=aìêáåÖ=Åçåëí~åí=éçïÉê=~=Ñ~áäÉÇ=

BWR=~åÇ=PWR=ÑìÉä=êçÇ=ã~ó=ÇÉÖê~ÇÉ=Äó=Ñçêã~íáçå=çÑ=~=íê~åëîÉêë~ä=ÄêÉ~â=íÜêçìÖÜ=~=ã~ëëáîÉ=

ÜóÇêáÇÉÇ=òçåÉ=áå=íÜÉ=Åä~ÇÇáåÖI=ëÉÉ=pÉÅíáçåë=OKQI=OKQKOKNI=~åÇI=OKQKPKNK=



OJOEOJOTF

2.2 Steady state operation

léÉê~íáçå=~í=êÉä~íáîÉäó=Åçåëí~åí=éçïÉê=ïáää=êÉëìäí=áå=ëáãáä~êäó=Åçåëí~åí=ëíêÉëëÉë=çå=íÜÉ=~ëëÉãÄäó=

ÅçãéçåÉåíëK=píêÉëëÉë=çå=íÜÉ=ÑìÉä=Åä~ÇÇáåÖI=ÇìÉ=íç=íÜÉ=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåíá~ä=éêÉëëìêÉ=~Åêçëë=íÜÉ=Åä~ÇÇáåÖ=ï~ääI=

ïáää=êÉëìäí=áå=ÅêÉÉéJÇçïå=çÑ=íÜÉ=Åä~ÇÇáåÖ=É~êäó=áå=äáÑÉI=ïÜÉå=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=äÉîÉäë=~êÉ=äçïI=~åÇ=ÅêÉÉéJçìí=

ä~íÉê=áå=äáÑÉ=~ë=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=äÉîÉäë=~êÉ=áåÅêÉ~ëáåÖK=få=çêÇÉê=íç=Éî~äì~íÉ=íÜÉ=ÉÑÑÉÅíë=çÑ=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=çå=

éÉêÑçêã~åÅÉI=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=áå=ëçäìíáçå=~åÇ=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=~ë=ÜóÇêáÇÉë=Ü~îÉ=íç=ÄÉ=ÅçåëáÇÉêÉÇ=ëÉé~ê~íÉäóK=

2.2.1 Cladding

`êÉÉé=çÑ=íÜÉ=Åä~ÇÇáåÖ=ÇìÉ=íç=íÜÉ=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåíá~ä=éêÉëëìêÉ=~Åêçëë=áíë=ï~ää=ïáää=ÄÉ=íÜÉ=ã~àçê=ãÉÅÜ~åáÅ~ä=

éêçéÉêíó=~ÑÑÉÅíÉÇ=Äó=ÜóÇêçÖÉåK=qÜÉ=ÉÑÑÉÅí=çÑ=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=áå=ëçäìíáçå=~åÇ=~ë=ÜóÇêáÇÉë=çå=wáêÅçåáìã=

~ääçó=ÅêÉÉé=éêçéÉêíáÉë=ïÉêÉ=ÇáëÅìëëÉÇ=áå=pÉÅíáçå=UKQI=sçäìãÉ=N=çÑ=íÜáë=êÉéçêíK=eçïÉîÉêI=ãçëí=çÑ=

íÜÉ=Ç~í~=ÇáëÅìëëÉÇ=êÉä~íÉë=íç=ÉáíÜÉêW=

• råáêê~Çá~íÉÇ=ã~íÉêá~ä=çìíJçÑJÑäìñ=çêI=

• áêê~Çá~íÉÇ=ã~íÉêá~ä=áåJÑäìñK=

qÜÉ=äáãáíÉÇ=~ãçìåí=çÑ=ÅêÉÉé=Ç~í~=íÜ~í=Éñáëáíë=ëìÖÖÉëí=íÜ~í=áåJÑäìñ=~åÇ=çìíJçÑ=Ñäìñ=ÅêÉÉé=

ãÉÅÜ~åáëãë=~êÉ=íçí~ääó=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåí=ïÜáÅÜ=ãÉ~åë=íÜ~í=çåÉ=Å~ååçí=éêÉÇáÅí=ïáíÜ=ÅÉêí~áåíó=íÜÉ=áãé~Åí=çÑ=

ÜóÇêçÖÉåLÜóÇêáÇÉë=çå=áåJêÉ~Åíçê=EáåJÑäìñF=ÅêÉÉé=éÉêÑçêã~åÅÉ=Ä~ëÉÇ=ìéçå=çìíJçÑJÑäìñ=Ç~í~K=

qÜÉ=ÑáêëíJçÑJ~JâáåÇ=êÉëìäíë=êÉä~íÉÇ=íç=íÜÉ=ÉÑÑÉÅíë=çÑ=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=~åÇ=ÜóÇêáÇÉë=çå=áêê~Çá~íáçå=ÅêÉÉé=

~êÉ=ëÜçïå=áå=cáÖìêÉ=OJN=ïÜáÅÜ=ëÜçïë=íÜ~í=ÜóÇêçÖÉåLÜóÇêáÇÉë=éêÉJÅÜ~êÖÉÇ=ÄÉÑçêÉ=áêê~Çá~íáçå=Ü~îÉ=

åç=ÉÑÑÉÅí=çå=áåJêÉ~Åíçê=ÅçãéêÉëëáîÉ=ÅêÉÉéK=It is noteworthy though that the hydrogen in the materials were artifically added through pre-hydriding the sampes before irradiation. In reality, the hydrogen is picked-up from the corrosion reaction during the in-reactor operation and it may be that such hydrogen will have another impact on in-pile creep than that from the pre-hydriding treatment. More work is needed to assess whether the effect of pre-hydriding on in-reactor creep is representative or not.

Figure 2-1: In-reactor compressive creep of Stress Relieved Annealed (SRA) Standard ZIRconium Low Oxidation (ZIRLO) as a function of hydrogen at 385°C. At 317°C (590K) (hydrogen solubility about 80 ppm) Foster et al., 2007.



OJPEOJOTF

2.2.2 Structural materials

qÜÉ=ÇìÅíáäáíóI=íÜÉ=~Äáäáíó=íç=~ÅÅçããçÇ~íÉ=ÇÉÑçêã~íáçå=ïáää=ÄÉ=íÜÉ=ã~àçê=ãÉÅÜ~åáÅ~ä=éêçéÉêíó=

~ÑÑÉÅíÉÇ=Äó=ÜóÇêçÖÉåK=tÜáäÉ=íÉåëáäÉ=~åÇ=óáÉäÇ=ëíêÉåÖíÜ=~êÉ=áãéçêí~åí=~ë=ïÉääI=íÜÉëÉ=~êÉ=åçí=ÅÜ~åÖÉÇ=

ëáÖåáÑáÅ~åíäó=Äó=íÜÉ=áåÅêÉ~ëáåÖ=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=ÅçåíÉåíK=qÜÉ=ÉÑÑÉÅíë=çÑ=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=çå=ÇìÅíáäáíó=~åÇ=çíÜÉê=

ãÉÅÜ~åáÅ~ä=éêçéÉêíáÉë=~êÉ=ÖáîÉå=áå=pÉÅíáçå=UKPI=sçäìãÉ=N=çÑ=íÜáë=êÉéçêíK=páåÅÉ=~ãçåÖ=íÜÉ=ã~åó=

~ëëÉãÄäó=ÇÉëáÖåë=çÑ=íÜÉ=îÉåÇçêë=É~ÅÜ=ëíêìÅíìê~ä=ÅçãéçåÉåí=áë=~=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåí=ÇÉëáÖå=~åÇ=ÉñéçëÉÇ=íç=

ÇáÑÑÉêÉåí=ëíêÉëë=ÅçåÑáÖìê~íáçåëI=~=ÇÉëáÖå=êÉîáÉï=ëÜçìäÇ=ÄÉ=ã~ÇÉ=çÑ=É~ÅÜ=ÅçãéçåÉåí=íç=ÇÉíÉêãáåÉ=

íÜÉ=ÉñíÉåí=íÜÉ=ã~êÖáå=íç=Ñ~áäìêÉ=ã~ó=ÄÉ=êÉÇìÅÉÇ=Äó=áåÅêÉ~ëáåÖ=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=ÅçåíÉåíëK=

2.2.3 Conclusions

• jçêÉ=ïçêâ=áë=åÉÉÇÉÇ=íç=~ëëÉëë=íÜÉ=áãé~Åí=çÑ=ÜóÇêçÖÉåLÜóÇêáÇÉë=çå=áåJêÉ~Åíçê=ÅêÉÉé=çÑ=

òáêÅçåáìã=~ääçóëK=

• qÜÉ=éçíÉåíá~ä=ÉÑÑÉÅí=çÑ=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=çå=íÜÉ=áåíÉÖêáíó=çÑ=ëíêìÅíìê~ä=ÅçãéçåÉåíë=ëÜçìäÇ=ÄÉ=ã~ÇÉ=

îá~=~=ãÉÅÜ~åáÅ~ä=ÇÉëáÖå=êÉîáÉï=çÑ=É~ÅÜ=ÅçãéçåÉåíK=

2.3 Power ramps

2.3.1 Introduction

_çíÜ=PCI=~åÇ=PCMIIëíê~áå=íÜÉ=Åä~ÇÇáåÖ=ÇìêáåÖ=éçïÉê=ã~åÉìîÉêë=~åÇ=íÜÉ=~Äáäáíó=çÑ=íÜÉ=Åä~ÇÇáåÖ=

íç=~ÅÅçããçÇ~íÉ=íÜÉ=ëíê~áå=ÇÉíÉêãáåÉë=ïÜÉíÜÉê=íÜÉ=Åä~ÇÇáåÖ=ïáää=Ñ~áä=çê=åçíK=PCI=Åê~Åâë=áåáíá~íÉë=~í=íÜÉ=Åä~Ç=fååÉê=aá~ãÉíÉê=EIDF=~åÇ=éêçé~Ö~íÉ=çìíï~êÇë=ïÜáäÉ=PCMI=Åê~Åâë=áåáíá~íÉë=~í=íÜÉ=Åä~Ç=lìíÉê=aá~ãÉíÉê=EODF=~åÇ=éêçé~Ö~íÉ=áåï~êÇëK=píê~áå=áë=åçí=~å=ÉëëÉåíá~ä=ÅçãéçåÉåí=çÑ=íÜÉ=PCI=ãÉÅÜ~åáëãI=Äìí=áë=~=Åçããçå=Åçêêçä~êó=çÑ=íÜÉ=PCI=íÉëíáåÖ=ãÉíÜçÇë=ìëÉÇK=PCMI=íóéÉ=Ñ~áäìêÉë=ElìíëáÇÉJfå=`ê~ÅâáåÖF=~êÉ=ÇáëÅìëëÉÇ=áå=pÉÅíáçå=OKR=áå=íÜáë=sçäìãÉK=fåÅêÉ~ëáåÖ=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=ÅçåíÉåíë=

êÉÇìÅÉ=íÜÉ=ÇìÅíáäáíó=çÑ=íÜÉ=Åä~ÇÇáåÖ=~åÇ=íÜÉ=ã~êÖáå=íç=Ñ~áäìêÉK=tÜáäÉ=íÜÉ=äÉîÉä=çÑ=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=~åÇ=áíë=

ÇáëíêáÄìíáçå=~êÉ=áãéçêí~åí=Ñ~Åíçêë=Ñçê=ÇÉíÉêãáåáåÖ=íÜÉ=Ñ~áäìêÉ=íÜêÉëÜçäÇI=íÜÉó=~êÉ=åçí=íÜÉ=çåäó=

é~ê~ãÉíÉêëI=ëç=íÜ~í=~=ÇáêÉÅí=ÅçêêÉä~íáçå=ÄÉíïÉÉå=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=ÅçåíÉåí=~åÇ=Ñ~áäìêÉ=äáãáíë=Å~å=åçí=ÄÉ=

Éëí~ÄäáëÜÉÇK=qÜÉëÉ=é~ê~ãÉíÉêë=áåÅäìÇÉW=

• qÜÉ=~ë=Ñ~ÄêáÅ~íÉÇ=ãÉÅÜ~åáÅ~ä=éêçéÉêíáÉë=çÑ=íÜÉ=Åä~ÇÇáåÖ=~ääçó=~ë=~ÑÑÉÅíÉÇ=Äó=áêê~Çá~íáçå=~åÇ=

Åçêêçëáçå=EáåÅäìÇáåÖ=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=éáÅâÉÇ=ìéFK=

• `ä~ÇÇáåÖ=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=ÇáëíêáÄìíáçåK=

• qÜÉ=ÑìÉä=éÉääÉí=ãÉÅÜ~åáÅ~ä=éêçéÉêíáÉë=~ë=~=ÑìåÅíáçå=çÑ=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=ÇáëíêáÄìíáçåK=

• qÜÉ=ãçêéÜçäçÖó=çÑ=íÜÉ=éÉääÉíëI=áKÉK=Åê~ÅâëI=ÅÜáéëI=ÉíÅK=~åÇ=íÜÉ=ëáòÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÑìÉäJÅä~Ç=Ö~é=

E~=ÑìåÅíáçå=çÑ=Äìêåìé=~åÇ=éçïÉê=ÜáëíçêóFK=

• cìÉä=êçÇ=áåíÉêå~ä=Ö~ë=éêÉëëìêÉK=

• cáëëáçå=éêçÇìÅí=êÉäÉ~ëÉ=EÑçê=PCI=çåäóFK=• qÜÉ=ÅÜ~åÖÉ=áå=éçïÉê=äÉîÉä=~åÇ=íÜÉ=ê~íÉ=çÑ=ÅÜ~åÖÉK=

qÜÉëÉ=é~ê~ãÉíÉêë=ïáää=ÇÉíÉêãáåÉ=íÜÉ=ëíêÉëë=äÉîÉä=~åÇ=íÜÉ=ëíê~áå=ê~íÉ=áå=íÜÉ=Åä~ÇÇáåÖ=~åÇ=íÜÉ=~Äáäáíó=

çÑ=íÜÉ=~ééäáÅ~ÄäÉ=ãÉÅÜ~åáÅ~ä=éêçéÉêíáÉë=íç=~ÅÅçããçÇ~íÉ=íÜÉãK=

qÜÉ=áåíÉê~Åíáçåë=ÇìêáåÖ=åçêã~ä=çéÉê~íáçå=~êÉ=ÖÉåÉê~ääó=~í=~=ëìÑÑáÅáÉåíäó=ëäçï=ê~íÉI=ëç=íÜ~í=

Ñáëëáçå=éêçÇìÅíëI=éêáã~êáäó=áçÇáåÉI=ÅÉëáìã=~åÇ=Å~ÇãáìãI=ïáää=~ëëáëí=áå=íÜÉ=píêÉëë=`çêêçëáçå=

`ê~ÅâáåÖ=ESCCF=çÑ=íÜÉ=Åä~ÇÇáåÖ=áå=~=PCIK=råÇÉê=íÜÉëÉ=ÅçåÇáíáçåëI=PCMI=Ñ~áäìêÉë=ElìíëáÇÉJfå=

`ê~ÅâáåÖF=ã~ó=~äëç=çÅÅìê=íÜêçìÖÜ=íÜÉ=~ëëáëí~åÅÉ=çÑ=~=ëìÑÑáÅáÉåíäó=íÜáÅâ=ÜóÇêáÇÉ=êáã=~í=íÜÉ=ÑìÉä=Åä~Ç=

ODK=qÜÉ=áåíÉê~Åíáçåë=ÇìêáåÖ=ÜóéçíÜÉíáÅ~ä=~ÅÅáÇÉåíë=ëìÅÜ=~ë=oÉ~Åíáîáíó=fåáíá~íÉÇ=^ÅÅáÇÉåí=ERIAëF=~åÇ=ëéÉåí=ÑìÉä=íê~åëéçêí=~ÅÅáÇÉåíë=ïçìäÇ=ÄÉ=íçç=ê~éáÇ=íç=áåîçäîÉ=SCC=~åÇ=ÄÉ=éìêÉäó=ãÉÅÜ~åáÅ~ä=

áåíÉê~ÅíáçåëI=çê=PCMIK=



OJQEOJOTF

qÜÉ=áåíÉêÉëíÉÇ=êÉ~ÇÉê=áë=êÉÑÉêêÉÇ=íç=íÜÉ=wfoÅçåáìã=^ääçó=qÉÅÜåçäçÖó=EZIRATNNFL=fåÑçêã~íáçå=çå=

wáêÅçåáìã=^ääçóë=EIZNASF=péÉÅá~ä=qçéáÅ=çå=PCI=~åÇ=PCMII=Äó=oÉéçêí=Äó=^Ç~ãëçå=Éí=~äKI=OMMSK=

qÜÉ=ÑçääçïáåÖ=ÇáëÅìëëáçå=ïáää=éêçîáÇÉ=Éñ~ãéäÉë=çÑ=PCI=ÉñéÉêáÉåÅÉ=áå=PWRë=~åÇ=BWRë=ÑçÅìëáåÖ=çå=íÜÉ=éçíÉåíá~ä=ÉÑÑÉÅíë=çÑ=ÜóÇêçÖÉåX=ÜçïÉîÉêI=íÜÉ=áåíÉê~ÅíáîÉ=ÉÑÑÉÅíë=çÑ=~ää=íÜÉ=é~ê~ãÉíÉêë=

äáëíÉÇ=åÉÉÇ=íç=ÄÉ=ÅçåëáÇÉêÉÇ=áå=Éî~äì~íáåÖ=íÜÉ=áåÑäìÉåÅÉ=çÑ=ÜóÇêçÖÉåK=

2.3.2 PWRs

PCI=Ñ~áäìêÉë=~êÉ=ê~êÉ=áå=PWRë=Åçãé~êÉÇ=íç=íÜÉáê=çÅÅìêêÉåÅÉ=áå=BWRëK=qÜáë=áë=ÇìÉ=éêáã~êáäó=íç=íÜÉ=

ãáåáã~ä=Åçåíêçä=êçÇ=ãçîÉãÉåíë=~åÇ=íÜÉ=ëäáÖÜíäó=ÜáÖÜÉê=Åä~ÇÇáåÖ=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉë=áå=PWRëK=mçïÉê=ÅÜ~åÖÉë=çÅÅìê=ÇìêáåÖ=ëí~êíìé=~åÇ=ëÜìíÇçïå=~åÇ=íÜÉ=ëí~êíìé=ê~íÉë=~êÉ=äáãáíÉÇ=íç=íÜÉ=ê~åÖÉ=çÑ=

~ééêçñáã~íÉäó=R=íç=S=ïLÅãLÜê=áå=çêÇÉê=íç=~ääçï=Åä~ÇÇáåÖ=ÅêÉÉé=íç=~ÅÅçããçÇ~íÉ=íÜÉ=ëíêÉëëÉëK=

iç~Ç=ÑçääçïáåÖ=êÉëìäíë=áå=éçïÉê=ÅÜ~åÖÉë=~ë=ïÉääX=ÜçïÉîÉêI=íÜÉëÉ=~êÉ=ëäçïÉê=íÜ~å=íÜÉ=ëí~êíìé=

ê~íÉë=ëáåÅÉ=íÜÉó=~êÉ=ìëì~ääó=ã~ÇÉ=Äó=Ñäçï=Åçåíêçä=ê~íÜÉê=íÜ~å=Åçåíêçä=êçÇ=ãçîÉãÉåíëK==

^å=Éñ~ãéäÉ=çÑ=PCI=Ñ~áäìêÉë=áå=~=PWR=áë=ëÜçïå=áå=cáÖìêÉ=OJOK=pÉîÉê~ä=PCI=Ñ~áäìêÉë=çÅÅìêêÉÇ=ÇìÉ=íç=éçïÉê=ê~ãéë=É~êäó=áå=íÜÉ=ÅóÅäÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=hê~ÑítÉêâråáçå=EKWUF=ÇÉëáÖåÉÇ=lÄêáÖÜÉáã=PWR=éä~åíK=qÜÉ=PCI=Ñ~áäìêÉë=çÅÅìêêÉÇ=~í=íÜÉ=äçïÉê=êçÇ=ÉäÉî~íáçå=íÜ~í=ÉñéÉêáÉåÅÉÇ=íÜÉ=ä~êÖÉëí=éçïÉê=áåÅêÉ~ëÉ=ïÜáäÉ=ëÉÅçåÇ~êó=ÇÉÑÉÅí=ïÉêÉ=ÑçêãÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ=ìééÉê=é~êí=çÑ=íÜÉ=êçÇëK==

Figure 2-2: Correlation between power ramp and the location of defects (KernKraftwek Obrigheim (KWO) cycle 6), modified figure according to Garzarolli et al., 1978.



OJREOJOTF

^ñá~ä=éçïÉê=ëÜ~éáåÖ=êçÇë=~êÉ=ìëÉÇ=~åÇ=ãçîÉÇ=áå=ëçãÉ=kìÅäÉ~ê=píÉ~ã=pìééäó=póëíÉã=ENSSSF=ÇÉëáÖåë=E_~ÄÅçÅâ=C=táääÅçñ=EB&WF=Ñçê=Éñ~ãéäÉF=~åÇ=íÜÉëÉ=~êÉ=ÄÉäáÉîÉÇ=íç=Ü~îÉ=ÄÉÉå=íÜÉ=Å~ìëÉ=çÑ=

PCI=Ñ~áäìêÉë=ëçãÉ=óÉ~êë=~ÖçK=

qÜÉêÉ=Ü~ë=~äëç=ÄÉÉå=ëçãÉ=êÉÅÉåí=tÉëíáåÖÜçìëÉ=PWR=PCI=Ñ~áäìêÉë=ïáíÜ=òáêÅçåáìã=~ääçó=

Åä~ÇÇáåÖ=íÜ~í=ïÉêÉ=ÄÉäáÉîÉÇ=íç=ÄÉ=ÇìÉ=íç=ãáëëáåÖ=éÉääÉí=ëìêÑ~ÅÉëK=qÜáë=Ñ~áäìêÉ=ãÉÅÜ~åáëã=ï~ë=Ñáêëí=

áÇÉåíáÑáÉÇ=áå=BWRëK=qÜÉ=ìåëìééçêíÉÇ=Åä~ÇÇáåÖ=ïáää=ÄÉ=ëìÄàÉÅí=íç=ÜáÖÜÉê=äçÅ~ä=ëíêÉëëÉë=~åÇ=íÜáë=ÅççäÉê=ëÉÅíáçå=çÑ=Åä~ÇÇáåÖ=ïáää=ÅçåÅÉåíê~íÉ=ãçêÉ=Ñáëëáçå=éêçÇìÅíë=ÇÉéçëáíáåÖ=çå=íÜÉ=ID=íç=ëìééçêí=

íÜÉ=SCC=ãÉÅÜ~åáëã=~ë=ïÉää=~ë=ÇáÑÑìëÉ=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=ÜçííÉê=íç=íÜáë=ÅççäÉê=ëéçí=áå=íÜÉ=Åä~ÇÇáåÖ=

êÉÇìÅáåÖ=áíë=ÇìÅíáäáíóK==

o~ãé=íÉëíë=çÑ=wáêÅ~äçóJQI=ZIRLO=~åÇ=íÜÉ=~Çî~åÅÉÇ=jáíëìÄáëÜá=aÉîÉäçéÉÇ=^ääçó=EMDAF=áå=íÜÉ=g~é~åÉëÉ=íÉëí=êÉ~Åíçê=ÉñéçëÉÇ=ìé=íç=SM=dtaLjq=ëÜçï=åç=ÇÉÅêÉ~ëÉ=áå=íÜÉ=PCI=Ñ~áäìêÉ=äáãáí=áå=íÜÉ=

Äìêåìé=ê~åÖÉ=çÑ=PMJSM=jtÇLâÖrI=áå=Ñ~Åí=íÜÉêÉ=áë=~=ëäáÖÜí=áåÅêÉ~ëÉ=áå=íÜÉ=äáãáíI=hçåçI=OMMOK=få=íÜÉ=

Äìêåìé=ê~åÖÉ=çÑ=~Äçìí=MJPMLQM=jtÇLâÖrI=íÜÉêÉ=áë=çÑ=ÅçìêëÉ=~=ÇÉÅêÉ~ëÉ=áå=PCI=íÜêÉëÜçäÇ=ïáíÜ=Äìêåìé=ÇìÉ=íç=íÜÉ=êÉÇìÅíáçå=áå=éÉääÉíJÅä~Ç=Ö~é=ïáíÜ=Äìêåìé=EÇìÉ=íç=Åä~Ç=ÅêÉÉé=Ççïå=~åÇ=éÉääÉí=

ëïÉääáåÖFK=^í=~=Äìêåìé=çÑ=~Äçìí=PMJQM=jtÇLâÖrI=íÜÉ=éÉääÉíJÅä~Ç=Ö~é=Ü~ë=ÄÉÉå=ÅäçëÉÇK=qÜáë=ïçìäÇ=

áåÇáÅ~íÉ=íÜ~í=íÜÉ=áåÅêÉ~ëáåÖ=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=ÅçåíÉåí=ïáíÜ=Äìêåìé=ÇçÉë=åçí=Ü~îÉ=~=ãÉ~ëìê~ÄäÉ=ÉÑÑÉÅí=çå=

íÜÉ=PCI=íÜêÉëÜçäÇ=Ó=one should however keep in mind that the hydrogen tends to concentrate at the clad OD while the PCI cracks initiates at the clad IDK=wáêÅ~äçóJQ=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=ÜáÖÜÉëí=Åçêêçëáçå=

~åÇ=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=éáÅâJìé=ê~íÉ=áë=íÜÉ=ÄÉëí=Éñ~ãéäÉ=Ñçê=íÜáëK=^Åíì~ä=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=~å~äóëÉë=Ñçê=íÜÉëÉ=

ã~íÉêá~äë=~êÉ=åçí=~î~áä~ÄäÉK=

o~ãé=íÉëíë=çÑ=jR=ëÜçïÉÇ=~=ëáãáä~ê=íêÉåÇ=~åÇ=ÉîÉå=~=ëäáÖÜíäó=ÜáÖÜÉê=PCI=íÜêÉëÜçäÇ=íÜ~å=Ñçê=íÜÉ=~ääçóë=åçíÉÇ=~ÄçîÉI=gìäáÉå=Éí=~äKI=OMMQK=qÜÉ=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=äÉîÉä=çÑ=íÜáë=~ääçó=ïáää=çÑ=ÅçìêëÉ=ÄÉ=

ëáÖåáÑáÅ~åíäó=ÄÉäçï=íÜ~í=çÑ=wáêÅ~äçó=ÇìÉ=íç=áíë=ÄÉííÉê=Åçêêçëáçå=êÉëáëí~åÅÉ=~åÇ=ëÜçìäÇ=Ü~îÉ=äÉëë=çÑ=

~å=ÉÑÑÉÅí=çå=íÜÉ=PCI=íÜêÉëÜçäÇ=Ó=áÑ=íÜÉêÉ=áë=~åó=ÉÑÑÉÅí=çå=PCII=q~ÄäÉ=OJNK=

Table 2-1: PCI threshold levels as a function of burnup (hydrogen level) for PWRs.

Material PWR PCI threshold, kW/m Reference Burnup (MdW/kgU) 30 40 53 60

Zry-4 >40 40 >40 No data available

IAEA, no. 388, 1998

Zr-4 44 >42 No data available

>45 Kono, 2002

ZIRLO (Zr1Nb1Sn0.1Fe 45 No data available

>45 >45 Kono, 2002

M5 >45 >48 Julien et al., 2004 =

2.3.3 BWRs

PCI=Ñ~áäìêÉë=~êÉ=êÉä~íáîÉäó=Åçããçå=áå=BWRë=ëáåÅÉ=íÜÉáê=éçïÉê=ÅÜ~åÖÉë=~åÇ=ëÉèìÉåÅÉ=ÉñÅÜ~åÖÉë=~êÉ=ã~ÇÉ=Äó=Åçåíêçä=êçÇ=ãçîÉãÉåíë=íÜ~íI=áå=íìêåI=Å~ìëÉ=ê~éáÇ=äçÅ~ä=éçïÉê=ÅÜ~åÖÉëK=qÜáë=áë=

é~êíáÅìä~êäó=íêìÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ëíÉéïáëÉ=Åçåíêçä=êçÇ=ãçîÉãÉåíë=çÑ=íÜÉ=dÉåÉê~ä=bäÉÅíêáÅ=EGEF=NSSS=íÜêçìÖÜ=íÜÉáê=BWRSX=íÜÉ=ÉÑÑÉÅí=áë=ëçãÉïÜ~í=äÉëë=ëÉîÉêÉ=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=Åçåíáåìçìë=Åçåíêçä=êçÇ=

ãçîÉãÉåíë=çÑ=íÜÉ=^pb^=_êçïå=_çîÉêá=EABBF=~åÇ=páÉãÉåë=NSSS=~ë=ïÉää=~ë=íÜÉ=GE=^BWRK=léÉê~íáåÖ=êÉëíêáÅíáçåë=íÜ~í=äáãáíÉÇ=éçïÉê=áåÅêÉ~ëÉ=ê~íÉë=ïÉêÉ=é~êíá~ääó=ëìÅÅÉëëÑìä=áå=ãáíáÖ~íáåÖ=PCI=Ñ~áäìêÉë=~åÇ=íÜÉ=ëìÄëÉèìÉåí=ëçÑí=äáåÉê=~ééäáÉÇ=íç=íÜÉ=Åä~ÇÇáåÖ=ID=ÜÉäéÉÇ=íç=áåÅêÉ~ëÉ=íÜÉ=PCI=íÜêÉëÜçäÇ=ëáÖåáÑáÅ~åíäóK=qÜÉ=ã~åó=é~ê~ãÉíÉêë=íÜ~í=~ÑÑÉÅí=PCII=äáëíÉÇ=áå=pÉÅíáçå=NKPKN=~ééäó=íç=BWRë=~ë=ïÉääI=íÜÉ=Éî~äì~íáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉÑÑÉÅíë=çÑ=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=ïÉêÉ=ÑìêíÜÉê=ÅçãéäáÅ~íÉÇ=Äó=íÜÉ=~ÇÇáíáçå=

çÑ=íÜÉ=äáåÉêI=ïÜáÅÜ=Ü~ë=~=ëäáÖÜíäó=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåí=ëçäìÄáäáíó=Ñçê=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=íÜ~å=íÜÉ=Åä~ÇÇáåÖ=~ääçóK=



OJSEOJOTF

^=ëìãã~êó=çÑ=ê~ãé=íÉëí=Ç~í~=çÑ=î~êáçìë=wáêÅ~äçóJO=íóéÉ=~ääçóë=ÖÉåÉê~íÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ=oOI=e~äÇÉå=~åÇ=

íÜÉ=g~é~åÉëÉ=qÉÅÜåáÅ~ä=oÉèìáêÉãÉåíë=ETRF=íÉëí=êÉ~Åíçêë=áë=ÖáîÉå=áå=q~ÄäÉ=OJOK=qÜÉ=Ç~í~=áåÇáÅ~íÉ=íÜ~í=íÜÉ=ã~êÖáå=íç=PCI=Ñ~áäìêÉ=ÇÉÅêÉ~ëÉë=ïáíÜ=Äìêåìé=áå=íÜÉ=ê~åÖÉ=çÑ=PMJQM=jtÇLâÖr=áå=íÉêãë=çÑ=

íÜÉ=áåÅêÉ~ëÉ=áå=iáåÉ~ê=eÉ~í=dÉåÉê~íáçå=o~íÉ=ELHGRFK=tÜáäÉ=ÖçáåÖ=íç=ÜáÖÜÉê=ÄìêåìéëI=~å=ëäáÖÜí=

áåÅêÉ~ëÉ=áå=PCI=íÜêÉëÜçäÇ=ã~ó=ÄÉ=ÇÉíÉÅíÉÇK=^äëç=áå=~=BWR=íÜÉêÉ=áë=~=ÇÉÅêÉ~ëÉ=áå=éÉääÉíJÅä~Ç=Ö~é=ïáíÜ=Äìêåìé=~ë=áå=íÜÉ=PWR=Å~ëÉK=eçïÉîÉêI=íÜÉ=äçïÉê=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=~åÇ=ëã~ääÉê=Ñ~ëí=åÉìíêçå=Ñäìñ=áå=

~=BWR=Åçãé~êÉÇ=íç=~=PWR=êÉëìäíë=áå=~=ëäçïÉê=éÉääÉíJÅä~Ç=Ö~é=ÇÉÅêÉ~ëÉ=ïáíÜ=Äìêåìé=áå=íÜÉ=BWRK=qÜÉ=éÉääÉíJÖ~é=ÅäçëìêÉ=áå=~=BWR=çÅÅìêë=~í=~Äçìí=RMJSM=jtÇLâÖrI=áKÉKI=~=ëáÖåáÑáÅ~åíäó=ÜáÖÜÉê=

Äìêåìé=íÜ~å=íÜ~í=áå=~=PWRK=

Table 2-2: PCI threshold levels as a function of burnup (hydrogen level) for BWRs.

Material BWR PCI threshold, kW/m Reference Burnup (MdW/kgU) 30 40 50 60

GE monotubes 37 No data availabe Davies, 1984

LK1 and 2, monotubes 40 36 42 No data availabe Sihver, 2001

GE Zr-sponge liner 48 No data availabe Armijo, 1994

LK1 and 2 with Zr-sponge liner (barrier) 58 >60 >60 No data availabe Sihver, 2001

ZrSn liner (0.25-0.52%Sn, 115-400 ppm Fe) 50 42 No data availabe Limbäck et al., 2003

ZrFe liner (4000 ppm Fe) 50 42 No data availabe Manzel & Schumann, 2000Hoffmann & Dewes, 2004

^=êÉÅÉåí=ëìãã~êó=çÑ=äáåÉê=ÑìÉä=ê~ãé=íÉëí=êÉëìäíë=~ë=~=ÑìåÅíáçå=çÑ=Äìêåìé=áë=ëÜçïå=áå=cáÖìêÉ=OJORI=

e~ó~ëÜá=Éí=~äKI=OMMRK=qÜÉ=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=ÅçåíÉåí=çÑ=íÜÉ=ëÉÖãÉåíë=íÉëíÉÇ=ï~ë=YQM=ééã=ìé=íÜêçìÖÜ=P=

~ååì~ä=ÅóÅäÉ=áêê~Çá~íáçå=EQR=dtaLjqF=~åÇ=~=ëÜ~êé=áåÅêÉ~ëÉ=íç=~Äçìí=OMM=ééã=~ÑíÉê=R=ÅóÅäÉë=

ESM=dtaLjqFK=^í=íÜÉëÉ=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=äÉîÉäë=~åÇ=~í=çéÉê~íáåÖ=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉë=~ää=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÜóÇêáÇÉë=~í=íÜÉ=

äçïÉê=äÉîÉä=~åÇ=ãçëí=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÜóÇêáÇÉë=~í=íÜÉ=ìééÉê=äÉîÉä=ïçìäÇ=ÄÉ=áå=ëçäìíáçåK=tÜáäÉ=íÜÉ=áåÅêÉ~ëáåÖ=

ìåáÑçêãäó=ÇáëíêáÄìíÉÇ=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=äÉîÉä=ïáíÜ=Äìêåìé=ã~ó=éä~ó=~=êçäÉ=áå=íÜáë=éêçÅÉëëI=~ää=çÑ=íÜÉ=çíÜÉê=

é~ê~ãÉíÉêë=äáëíÉÇ=ïáää=éêçÄ~Ääó=Ü~îÉ=~å=çîÉêêáÇáåÖ=ÉÑÑÉÅíK=qÜÉ=PCMI=Ñ~áäìêÉ=ãÉÅÜ~åáëãë=ElìíëáÇÉJ

få=`ê~ÅâáåÖF=~êÉ=ÇÉëÅêáÄÉÇ=ãçêÉ=áå=pÉÅíáçå=OKRK=

Conclusions

• PCI=Ñ~áäìêÉë=Ü~îÉ=ÄÉÉå=ê~êÉ=áå=PWRë=~åÇ=íÜÉ=ãçëí=êÉÅÉåí=Ñ~áäìêÉë=ïÉêÉ=ÄÉäáÉîÉÇ=íç=ÄÉ=

~ëëçÅá~íÉÇ=éêáã~êáäó=ïáíÜ=ãáëëáåÖ=éÉääÉí=ÅÜáéëK=

• o~ãé=íÉëíë=ã~ÇÉ=áå=íÉëí=êÉ~Åíçêë=ëÜçï=åç=ÇÉÅêÉ~ëÉ=áå=PCI=Ñ~áäìêÉ=íÜêÉëÜçäÇ=Ñçê=PWR=ÑìÉäë=áå=íÜÉ=Äìêåìé=ê~åÖÉ=çÑ=PMJSM=dtaLjq=~åÇ=éêÉëìã~Ääó=áåÅêÉ~ëáåÖ=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=ÅçåíÉåí=ïáíÜ=ÄìêåìéK=

• páãáä~ê=ê~ãé=íÉëíë=çÑ=ÄçíÜ=äáåÉê=~åÇ=åçåJäáåÉê=BWR=ÑìÉäë=ëÜçï=~=ÇÉÅêÉ~ëÉ=áå=PCI=Ñ~áäìêÉ=íÜêÉëÜçäÇ=áå=íÜÉ=Äìêåìé=ê~åÖÉ=çÑ=PM=J=QM=dtaLjqK=

• qÜÉ=ÅçåÅÉåíê~íáçå=çÑ=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=áåíç=ÜóÇêáÇÉ=êáãë=çê=ÄäáëíÉêë=çå=íÜÉ=Åä~ÇÇáåÖ=OD=çÑ=ÉáíÜÉê=

PWR=çê=BWR=ÑìÉäë=Å~å=êÉÇìÅÉ=íÜÉ=ã~êÖáå=íç=íÜÉ=PCMI=Ñ~áäìêÉ=íÜêÉëÜçäÇ=ElìíëáÇÉJfå=`ê~ÅâáåÖFK=



OJTEOJOTF

2.4 Degradation of failed fuel

2.4.1 Introduction

aÉÖê~Ç~íáçå=çÑ=Ñ~áäÉÇ=ÑìÉä=áë=~=ëáíì~íáçå=ïÜÉå=ÑìÉä=áë=ÇáëéÉêëÉÇI=cáÖìêÉ=OJPK=qÜáë=ã~ó=çÅÅìê=áÑ=íÜÉ=

êçÇë=Åê~Åâë=íç=ëìÅÜ=~=éçáåí=íÜ~í=íÜÉ=ï~íÉê=ÖÉíë=áå=Åçåí~Åí=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=ÑìÉä=éÉääÉíK=píÉ~ã=ïáää=åçí=êÉëìäí=

áå=ÑìÉä=ÇáëéÉêëáçå=ïÜáäÉ=íÜÉ=ï~íÉê=éÜ~ëÉ=Å~åK=kçêã~ääóI=ìíáäáíáÉë=~êÉ=ãìÅÜ=ãçêÉ=ÅçåÅÉêåÉÇ=~Äçìí=

ÑìÉä=ï~ëÜçìí=íÜ~å=ÜáÖÜ=áçÇáåÉ=~åÇ=åçÄäÉ=Ö~ë=êÉäÉ~ëÉK=qÜáëI=ëáåÅÉ=áí=ã~ó=í~âÉ=ìé=íç=NM=óÉ~êë=íç=

ÅäÉ~å=íÜÉ=ÅçêÉ=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=íê~ãé=ìê~åáìã=êÉëìäíáåÖ=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=ÑìÉä=ÇáëëçäìíáçåK=lå=íÜÉ=çíÜÉê=Ü~åÇI=íÜÉ=

ÜáÖÜ=áçÇáåÉ=~åÇ=åçÄäÉ=Ö~ë=~ÅíáîáíáÉë=êÉäÉ~ëÉÇ=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=Ñ~áäÉÇ=êçÇ=ïáää=ÄÉ=Éäáãáå~íÉÇ=ïÜÉå=íÜÉ=Ñ~áäÉÇ=

êçÇ=áë=Éñíê~ÅíÉÇ=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=ÅçêÉK==

aÉÖê~Ç~íáçå=Ü~ë=ÜáëíçêáÅ~ääó=ÄÉÉå=ãçêÉ=çÑ=~å=áëëìÉ=áå=BWRë=íÜ~å=áå=PWRëK=c~áäÉÇ=êçÇë=áå=PWRë=ã~ó=ÇÉÖê~ÇÉI=Äìí=íÜÉ=~ãçìåí=çÑ=ÇáëéÉêëÉÇ=ÑìÉä=áë=äçïÉê=íÜ~å=íÜ~í=áå=~=BWRK=qÜÉ=ê~íáçå~äÉ=Ñçê=íÜÉ=äÉëë=ëÉîÉêÉ=ÄÉÜ~îáçê=áå=PWRë=ã~ó=ÄÉ=ÇìÉ=íç=íÜÉ=Ñ~Åí=íÜ~í=íÜÉ=Åççä~åí=ÅÜÉãáëíêó=áå=~=PWR=áë=ãçêÉ=êÉÇìÅáåÖ=íÜ~å=áå=BWRëK=aìêáåÖ=íÜÉ=éÉêáçÇ=NVVOJNVVP=ëáñ=éä~åíë=áå=rp=~åÇ=áå=bìêçéÉ=ïÉêÉ=ÑçêÅÉÇ=áåíç=ìåëÅÜÉÇìäÉÇ=çìí~ÖÉë=ÄÉÅ~ìëÉ=çÑ=ÅçåÅÉêåë=~Äçìí=Ñ~áäÉÇ=Zr-sponge liner fuel1

I=

fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=^íçãáÅ=båÉêÖó=^ÖÉåÅó=EIAEAFI=åçK=PUUI=NVVUK=få=~ää=íÜÉëÉ=Å~ëÉëI=íÜÉ=îÉêó=ÜáÖÜ=çÑÑJÖ~ë=~ÅíáîáíáÉë=~åÇ=ëáÖåáÑáÅ~åí=äçëë=çÑ=ÑìÉä=éÉääÉí=ã~íÉêá~ä=êÉëìäíÉÇ=Ñêçã=çåäó=çåÉ=çê=íïç=Ñ~áäÉÇ=êçÇëK==

qïç=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåí=íóéÉë=çÑ=ÇÉÖê~Ç~íáçå=ëÅÉå~êáçë=Ü~îÉ=ÄÉÉå=áÇÉåíáÑáÉÇI=å~ãÉäó=ÇÉîÉäçéãÉåí=çÑW=

• qê~åëîÉêë~ä=ÄêÉ~âë=E~äëç=Å~ääÉÇ=ÖìáääçíáåÉ=Åìíë=çê=ÅáêÅìãÑÉêÉåíá~ä=ÄêÉ~âF=çÅÅìêáåÖ=áå=ÄçíÜ=

BWRë=~åÇ=PWRëL=sçÇ~=sçÇ~=båÉêÖç=oÉ~Åíçê=EVVERëFI=cáÖìêÉ=OJQ=~åÇI=• äçåÖ=~ñá~ä=Åê~ÅâëI=áKÉK=~ñá~ä=ëéäáíë

O

=çåäó=çÅÅìêêáåÖ=áå=BWRë=EÄìí=ã~ó=~äëç=çÅÅìê=áå=PWRë=ëìÄàÉÅíÉÇ=íç=ëáÖåáÑáÅ~åí=Åçåíêçä=êçÇ=ãçîÉãÉåíë=ÇìêáåÖ=çéÉê~íáçåFI=cáÖìêÉ=OJRK==

N

=Zr sponge liner fuel Åçåëáëíë=çÑ=~=äáåÉê=éêçÇìÅÉÇ=Ñêçã=wê=ëéçåÖÉ=ã~íÉêá~äK=kç=~ääçóáåÖ=ÉäÉãÉåíë=Ü~îÉ=ÄÉÉå=

~ÇÇÉÇ=íç=íÜáë=ã~íÉêá~ä=~åÇ=áíë=ã~àçê=áãéìêáíáÉë=~êÉ=çñóÖÉå=E~Äçìí=SMMJVMM=ïíééãF=~åÇ=áêçå=

E~Äçìí=NRMJRMM=ïíééãFK==O

=^ñá~ä=ëéäáí=áë=~=íÉêã=áåíêçÇìÅÉÇ=Äó=GE=~åÇ=êÉéêÉëÉåíë=~=Ñ~áäÉÇ=êçÇ=íÜ~í=ÉáíÜÉê=Ü~ë=~å=çÑÑ=Ö~ë=äÉîÉä=ä~êÖÉê=íÜ~å=RMMM=μ`áLë=ENUR=j_èLëF=çê=~=íçí~ä=Åê~Åâ=äÉåÖíÜ=íÜ~í=áë=ä~êÖÉê=íÜ~å=NRO=ãã=ES=áåÅÜÉëFK=



OJUEOJOTF

Figure 2-3: 239Np activity (a measure of the UO2 dissolution rate) measured in the coolant before and after formation of: 1) a long split (1 rod with sponge Zr liner-orange data points) and 2) a transversal break (blue data points). A long split cause a significantly larger UO2 dissolution than a transversal break. The violet data points refer to a rod that only had a primary failure and did not degrade. The mass of one fuel pellet is about 7 g. It is also apparent that primary failures normally do not result in fuel dissolution, Sihver et al., 1997.

Figure 2-4: Visual inspection of failed rod. Left picture shows the debris fretting failure at spacer no.6, the right picture shows the transversal break between spacer no. 1 and 2.



OJVEOJOTF

Figure 2-5: Visual inspection of a failed rod showing a long axial crack at the 591-626 mm elevation above the bottom end plug.

2.4.2 BWR secondary degradation

iáíÉê~íìêÉ=Ç~í~I=ÉKÖKI=^êãáàçI=NVVQ=~åÇ=eΩííã~å=Éí=~äKI=NVVTI=ëÜçïë=íÜ~í=~ñá~ä=ëéäáíë=çåäó=çÅÅìê=áå=

ÅçåàìåÅíáçå=ïáíÜ=~=éçïÉê=ê~ãé=çÑ=éêÉÑÉêÉåíá~ääó=áåíÉêãÉÇá~íÉ=íç=ÜáÖÜ=Äìêåìé=êçÇëK=qÜìëI=áÑ=~=

Ñ~áäÉÇ=êçÇ=áë=åçí=ëìÄàÉÅíÉÇ=íç=~=éçïÉê=ê~ãéI=åç=~ñá~ä=ëéäáí=ïáää=ÑçêãK=fí=ëÜçìäÇ=ÄÉ=éçáåíÉÇ=çìí=

ÜçïÉîÉêI=íÜ~í=éçïÉê=ê~ãéë=ãìëí=ÄÉ=éÉêÑçêãÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ=êÉ~Åíçê=Ñçê=çíÜÉê=êÉ~ëçåë=~åÇ=ÅçåëÉèìÉåíäóI=

áí=ïáää=ÄÉ=áãéçëëáÄäÉ=íç=êìå=~=éä~åí=ïáíÜçìí=~åó=éçïÉê=ê~ãéëK==

lå=íÜÉ=çíÜÉê=Ü~åÇ=íê~åëîÉêë~ä=ÄêÉ~â=Ñçêã~íáçå=áë=åçí=ÅçêêÉä~íÉÇ=íç=éçïÉê=ê~ãéáåÖ=Äìí=Å~å=

êÉëìäí=ÇìêáåÖ=çéÉê~íáçå=çÑ=~=Ñ~áäÉÇ=êçÇ=ÇìêáåÖ=Åçåëí~åí=éçïÉêI=ÉKÖKI=páÜîÉê=Éí=~äKI=NVVTK=pçãÉíáãÉëI=

áí=ëÉÉãë=íÜ~í=äçïÉêáåÖ=çÑ=íÜÉ=êÉ~Åíçê=éçïÉê=íç=ëìÅÜ=~å=ÉñíÉåí=íÜ~í=íÜÉ=äçïÉê=é~êí=çÑ=íÜÉ=êçÇ=ã~ó=

ÄÉ=ÑáääÉÇ=ïáíÜ=ï~íÉêI=waterloggingI=ëìÅÜ=~ë=ÉKÖK=ÇìêáåÖ=~=ÅçäÇ=ëÜìíJÇçïåI=ã~ó=ÉåÜ~åÅÉ=íÜÉ=êáëâ=çÑ=

ÖÉííáåÖ=~=íê~åëîÉêë~ä=ÄêÉ~â=ìéçå=êÉíìêå=íç=Ñìää=éçïÉêK=qÜÉ=íê~åëîÉêë~ä=ÄêÉ~â=íÉåÇÉåÅó=áë=ëáãáä~ê=Ñçê=

UñU=~åÇ=NMñNM=ÑìÉä=ÇÉëáÖåëK=fí=áë=~äëç=åçíÉïçêíÜó=íÜ~í=íÜÉ=íê~åëîÉêë~ä=ÄêÉ~â=íÉåÇÉåÅó=ÇÉÅêÉ~ëÉë=

ïáíÜ=Äìêåìé=äÉîÉäK=

lÄîáçìëäóI=~ñá~ä=Åê~Åâë=ã~ó=çÅÅìê=~äçåÖ=íÜÉ=ïÜçäÉ=äÉåÖíÜ=çÑ=íÜÉ=êçÇ=ïÜáäÉ=íê~åëîÉêë~ä=ÄêÉ~âë=

ãçëíäó=Ñçêãë=áå=íÜÉ=Äçííçã=é~êí=çÑ=íÜÉ=Ñ~áäÉÇ=êçÇ=~í=ëçãÉ=ãáåáãìã=Çáëí~åÅÉ=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=éêáã~êó=

ÇÉÑÉÅíI=e~êÄçííäÉ=Éí=~äKI=NVVQI=cáÖìêÉ=OJS=~åÇ=cáÖìêÉ=OJTK=eçïÉîÉêI=íÜÉêÉ=~êÉ=ëçãÉ=ê~êÉ=Å~ëÉë=ïÜÉå=

~=íê~åëîÉêë~ä=ÄêÉ~â=Ü~ë=ÑçêãÉÇ=~í=íÜÉ=Äçííçã=~åÇ=íçé=é~êí=çÑ=~=êçÇ=ïáíÜ=~=éêáã~êó=Ñ~áäìêÉ=áå=íÜÉ=

ãáÇÇäÉ=é~êí=çÑ=íÜÉ=êçÇK=

_~ëÉÇ=ìéçå=íÜÉ=áåJéáäÉ=ÉñéÉêáÉåÅÉ=çÑ=éÉêÑçêã~åÅÉ=çÑ=Ñ~áäÉÇ=êçÇëI=íÜÉ=ÅêáíÉêá~=íÜ~í=Ü~îÉ=íç=ÄÉ=

ÑìäÑáääÉÇ=íç=ÖÉí=ÉáíÜÉê=íê~åëîÉêë~ä=ÄêÉ~âë=çê=~ñá~ä=ëéäáíë=Å~å=ÄÉ=áÇÉåíáÑáÉÇI=ëÉÉ=cáÖìêÉ=OJUK=



OJNMEOJOTF

Figure 2-6: Location and dimension of secondary damage in failed GE (now Global Nuclear Fuel (GNF)) and ANF (now AREVA) rods. UEP = Upper End Plug, LEP = Lower End Plug, Harbottle et al., 1994.

cáÖìêÉ=JoÉÇê~ïå=~åÇ=ã

çÇáÑáÉÇ=Ñêçã=çêáÖáå~ä=Äó=^Kk

KqK=fk

qbok^qfl

k^i=OMMT

S96/L8x

8

8x8

8x8

S96/L S6

4

S64

S64

S64

S96

S96

S96

Dista

nce f

rom

the bo

ttomp

late (

mm)

Figure 2-7: Locations of primary failures and transversal breaks, on the fuel rods, for all cases where the exact location of the primary failure has been identified, Sihver et al., 1997.



OJNNEOJOTF

Figure 2-8: Criteria which have to be fulfilled to develop either transversal break or axial splits.

2.4.2.1 qê~åëîÉêë~ä=ÄêÉ~â=Ñçêã~íáçå=

fÑ=íÜÉ=Ñ~áäÉÇ=êçÇ=Ü~ë=äçï=íç=áåíÉêãÉÇá~íÉ=ÄìêåìéI=çåÉ=ã~ó=ÉñéÉÅí=ÑáêëíI=íÜ~í=íÜÉ=çîÉê~ää=éÉääÉíJ

Åä~ÇÇáåÖ=Ö~é=áë=ä~êÖÉ=~åÇ=ëÉÅçåÇI=íÜ~í=íÜáë=Ö~é=áë=ãìÅÜ=ëã~ääÉê=~í=íÜÉ=äçïÉê=é~êí=çÑ=íÜÉ=êçÇ=ÇìÉ=íç=

íÜÉ=ÇçïåëÜáÑí=áå=éçïÉê=éêçÑáäÉ=Ñçê=íÜÉëÉ=êçÇëK=kçï=éêçîáÇÉÇ=íÜ~íI=~í=~=ëéÉÅáÑáÅ=~ñá~ä=êçÇ=ÉäÉî~íáçåW=

• qÜÉ=ê~íáç=çÑ=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=íç=ëíÉ~ã=é~êíá~ä=éêÉëëìêÉ=áë=ä~êÖÉ=ÉåçìÖÜ=~åÇI=

• íÜÉ=éêçíÉÅíáåÖ=Åä~Ç=áååÉê=ëìêÑ~ÅÉ=çñáÇÉ=áë=íÜáå=ÉåçìÖÜI=ã~ëëáîÉ=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=áåÖêÉëë=áåíç=íÜÉ=

Åä~ÇÇáåÖ=ã~ó=çÅÅìê=~í=íÜáë=äçÅ~íáçåK=

tÜÉå=íÜÉ=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=ëçäáÇ=ëçäìíáçå=ëçäìÄáäáíó=Ü~ë=ÄÉÉå=ÉñÅÉÉÇÉÇI=éêÉÅáéáí~íáçå=çÑ=ÜóÇêáÇÉë=ïáää=ëí~êí=

ïáíÜ=ÑçêãáåÖ=hydride blisters=íÜ~í=ëìÄëÉèìÉåíäó=ïáää=Öêçï=áåíç=ã~ëëáîÉ=ÜóÇêáÇÉë=íÜêçìÖÜçìí=íÜÉ=

Åä~ÇÇáåÖ=íÜáÅâåÉëë=~äçåÖ=áíë=ïÜçäÉ=ÅáêÅìãÑÉêÉåÅÉ. páåÅÉ=òáêÅçåáìã=ÜóÇêáÇÉë=~êÉ=îÉêó=ÄêáííäÉI=íÜÉ=

Åä~ÇÇáåÖ=òçåÉ=íÜ~í=áë=ÅçãéäÉíÉäó=íê~åëÑçêãÉÇ=áåíç=òáêÅçåáìã=ÜóÇêáÇÉ=ïáää=ÄÉ=îÉêó=ÄêáííäÉ=~åÇ=ã~ó=

É~ëáäó=Ñê~ÅíìêÉ=ÉîÉå=ÇìêáåÖ=çéÉê~íáçå=~í=Åçåëí~åí=éçïÉêK==

qÜÉ=ÉîÉåíë=êÉëìäíáåÖ=áå=~=íê~åëîÉêë~ä=ÄêÉ~â=áë=ëÅÜÉã~íáÅ~ääó=ëÜçïå=áå=cáÖìêÉ=OJVI=~åÇ=íÜÉ=

é~ê~ãÉíÉêë=áãé~ÅíáåÖ=íÜÉ=íê~åëîÉêë~ä=ÄêÉ~â=íÉåÇÉåÅó=áë=ëÜçïå=áå=cáÖìêÉ=OJNM=~åÇ=áë=ÇÉëÅêáÄÉÇ=

ãçêÉ=áå=^ééÉåÇáñ=^K=



OJNOEOJOTF

Figure 2-9: Schematics showing the events resulting in transversal break formation. The numbers in the figure relate to the sequence of the different events that may lead to a transversal break.

Figure 2-10: Schematics showing the parameters that may impact the transversal break tendency. The centre of the circle represents low probability, while the periphery of the circle represents large risk of getting transversal breaks. Thus, the arrow representing “cladding inner surface corrosion resistance” indicate that increased corrosion resistance will reduce the risk of getting transversal breaks.



OJNPEOJOTF

2.4.2.2 BWR=~ñá~ä=ëéäáí=Ñçêã~íáçå=

qÜÉ=ÑìÉä=êçÇ=ã~ó=áå=éêáåÅáé~ä=ÇÉîÉäçé=íïç=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåí=íóéÉë=çÑ=éêáã~êó=íÜêçìÖÜJï~ää=ÇÉÑÉÅíëK==

qÜÉ=Ñáêëí=íóéÉ=^=ÇÉÑÉÅíë=Åçåëáëíë=çÑ=ëÜ~êé=íÜêçìÖÜJ=ï~ää=Åê~Åâë=ÑçêãÉÇ=ÇìêáåÖ=~=éçïÉê=ê~ãé=

ÉáíÜÉê=ÄóW=

• mêçé~Ö~íáçå=çÑ=~å=ÉñáëíáåÖ=åçåJíÜêçìÖÜJ=ï~ää=ã~åìÑ~ÅíìêáåÖ=ÇÉÑÉÅí=éêáçê=íç=íÜÉ=ê~ãéK=

• fçÇáåÉ=áåÇìÅÉÇ=SCC=ãÉÅÜ~åáëãë=êÉëìäíáåÖ=áå=PCI=Åê~ÅâëK=

qÜÉ=ëÉÅçåÇ=íóéÉ=_=ÇÉÑÉÅíë=Åçåëáëí=çÑ=ÇÉÑÉÅíë=íÜ~í=ã~ó=ÄÉ=êÉÖ~êÇÉÇ=~ë=Ääìåí=Åê~Åâë=ÑçêãÉÇ=ÇìÉ=íç=

ÅçêêçëáçåI=ÑêÉííáåÖI=ÉíÅK=

qÜÉ=íóéÉ=^=ÇÉÑÉÅíë=~êÉ=ëÜ~êé=ÉåçìÖÜ=íç=êÉëìäí=áå=~=ëíêÉëë=áåíÉåëáíó=Ñ~ÅíçêI=KI=ïÜáÅÜ=ÇìêáåÖ=~=ëÉÅçåÇ=ê~ãé=ã~ó=ÄÉ=ä~êÖÉê=íÜ~å=íÜÉ=ÅêáíáÅ~ä=î~äìÉ=Ñçê=Åê~Åâ=éêçé~Ö~íáçå=éêçîáÇÉÇ=íÜ~í=íÜÉ=

ÜóÇêçÖÉå=ëçäìÄáäáíó=áå=íÜÉ=ã~íÉêá~ä=áë=ÉñÅÉÉÇÉÇK=qÜáë=ëáíì~íáçå=ã~ó=íÜìë=êÉëìäí=áå=~å=~ñá~ä=ëéäáí=

ïáíÜçìí=ÑçêãáåÖ=~åó=ëÉÅçåÇ~êó=ÜóÇêáÇáåÖK=fí=áë=éêçéçëÉÇ=íÜ~í=íÜÉ=ãÉÅÜ~åáëã=Ñçê=Åê~Åâ=

éêçé~Ö~íáçå=ÑçêãáåÖ=~å=~ñá~ä=ëéäáí=áë=~=DHC íóéÉ=Ñ~áäìêÉ=éêçÅÉëëI=ëÉÉ=^ééÉåÇáñ=_=Ñçê=ãçêÉ=ÇÉí~áäëK=

qÜÉ=äçïÉê=ÄçìåÇë=çÑ=íÜÉ=Åê~Åâ=îÉäçÅáíáÉë=~êÉ=áå=íÜÉ=ê~åÖÉ=QˇNMJU

=íç=RˇNMJT

=ãK

ëJN

Ä~ëÉÇ=çå=~ëëìãáåÖ=

Åçåëí~åí=ÖêçïíÜ=ê~íÉë=áå=íÜÉ=íáãÉ=ÄÉíïÉÉå=Ñáêëí=ÇÉíÉÅíáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÇÉÑÉÅí=~åÇ=êÉãçî~ä=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÑìÉäK==

qÜÉ=íóéÉ=_=ÇÉÑÉÅíë=~êÉ=åçí=ëÜ~êé=ÉåçìÖÜ=íç=ÄÉ=~ÄäÉ=íç=éêçé~Ö~íÉ=Äó=áíëÉäÑ=ÇìêáåÖ=~=ê~ãéK=

eçïÉîÉêI=áÑ=ÅçåÇáíáçåë=~êÉ=ëìÅÜ=íÜ~í=íÜÉ=ê~íáç=çÑ=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=íç=ëíÉ~ã=é~êíá~ä=éêÉëëìêÉë=áë=ä~êÖÉê=íÜ~å=

~=ÅêáíáÅ~ä=î~äìÉ ~åÇ=íÜÉ=Åä~Ç=áååÉê=ëìêÑ~ÅÉ=çñáÇÉ=íÜáÅâåÉëë=áë=ëã~ää=ÉåçìÖÜ=~í=~=ÅÉêí~áå=êçÇ=

ÉäÉî~íáçåI=ëÉÅçåÇ~êó=ÜóÇêáÇáåÖ=ã~ó=çÅÅìê=~í=íÜáë=ÉäÉî~íáçåK=páåÅÉ=íÜÉ=ëéÉÅáÑáÅ=îçäìãÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=

ÜóÇêáÇÉ=áë=ä~êÖÉê=íÜ~å=íÜ~í=çÑ=íÜÉ=òáêÅçåáìã=~ääçó=~=ä~êÖÉ=äçÅ~ä=ëíêÉëë=ÑáÉäÇ=ïáää=ÄìáäÇ=ìé=áå=~åÇ=àìëí=

çìíëáÇÉ=íÜÉ=hydride blister ~åÇ=ÇìÉ=íç=íÜ~í=íÜÉ=ÜóÇêáÇÉ=áë=ÄêáííäÉI=ã~åó=ëÜ~êé=Åê~Åâë=ïáää=Ñçêã=

ïáíÜáå=íÜÉ=hydride blister Figure 2-11K=kçï=~ë=áå=íÜÉ=Å~ëÉ=çÑ=ëÜ~êé=íóéÉ=^=Åê~Åâë=éêÉîáçìëäó=

ÇáëÅìëëÉÇI=íÜÉ=ÜóÇêáÇÉ=Åê~Åâë=áå=íÜÉ=hydride blister ã~ó=éêçé~Ö~íÉ=ÇìêáåÖ=~=éçïÉê=ê~ãé=Äó=íÜÉ=

DHC íóéÉ ãÉÅÜ~åáëãK=

Figure 2-11: Stresses in hydride blisters during power ramping, Ozer, 1995.



OJNQEOJOTF

qÜÉ=~ñá~ä=ëéäáí=Ñçêã~íáçå=áë=ëÅÜÉã~íáÅ~ääó=ëÜçïå=áå=cáÖìêÉ=OJNOK=

Figure 2-12: Schematic showing the events resulting in axial split formation. The numbers in the figure relate to the sequence of the different events that may lead to an axial crack.

qÜÉ=ÉîÉåíë=êÉëìäíáåÖ=áå=íÜÉ=Ñçêã~íáçå=çÑ=~=äçåÖ=~ñá~ä=Åê~ÅâI=~ñá~ä=ëéáíI=áë=ëÅÜÉã~íáÅ~ääó=ëÜçïå=áå=

cáÖìêÉ=OJNPK=

Figure 2-13: Schematics showing the parameters impacting axial split formation tendency. The centre of the circle represents low probability, while the periphery of the circle represents large risk of getting transversal breaks. Thus, the arrow representing “Burnup” indicate that increased burnup will increase the risk of getting axial cracks.



OJNREOJOTF

2.4.3 PWR secondary degradation

2.4.3.1 qê~åëîÉêë~ä=ÄêÉ~â=Ñçêã~íáçå=

pÉÅçåÇ~êó=ÜóÇêáÇÉ=ÇÉÑÉÅíë=íÉåÇë=íç=Ñçêã=~í=íÜÉ=éçëáíáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=ã~ñáãìã=Åä~Ç=ëìêÑ~ÅÉ=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉI=

ïÜáÅÜ=áë=áå=íÜÉ=ìééÉê=é~êí=çÑ=~=PWR=êçÇK=fÑ=íÜÉ=éêáã~êó=ÇÉÑÉÅí=äçÅ~íáçå=áë=Ñ~ê=ÉåçìÖÜ=Ñêçã=íÜáë=

é~êí=çÑ=íÜÉ=êçÇ=ïáíÜ=ÜáÖÜÉëí=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉI=íÜÉ=ëíÉ~ã=éÉåÉíê~íáåÖ=íÜÉ=éêáã~êó=ÇÉÑÉÅí=ïáää=ÄÉÅçãÉ=

“ÇêóÒ=ÉåçìÖÜ=íç=Å~ìëÉ=ã~ëëáîÉ=ëÉÅçåÇ~êó=ÜóÇêáÇáåÖ=áå=íÜáë=äçÅ~íáçåK=fÑ=íÜÉ=ÜóÇêáÇÉ=ïáää=éÉåÉíê~íÉ=

íÜÉ=ïÜçäÉ=Åä~ÇÇáåÖ=íÜáÅâåÉëë=~êçìåÇ=íÜÉ=ïÜçäÉ=Åä~Ç=ÅáêÅìãÑÉêÉåÅÉI=íê~åëîÉêë~ä=ÄêÉ~â=çÑ=íÜÉ=êçÇ=

ã~ó=çÅÅìêI=äÉ~ÇáåÖ=íç=ÑìÉä=ï~ëÜçìíK=

qÜÉ=éêçÅÉëëÉë=áåîçäîÉÇ=áå=ÇÉîÉäçéáåÖ=~=íê~åëîÉêë~ä=ÄêÉ~â=áå=~=PWR=êçÇ=áë=ëÜçïå=áå=cáÖìêÉ=OJNQ=~åÇ=ÇáëÅìëëÉÇ=ãçêÉ=áå=íÜÉ=ÑçääçïáåÖK==

1.66criticalH20H2H20H2 ZrH)/p(p/pp >∞>−H20H2/pp

22 ZrOZrOH >−+

Figure 2-14: Schematics showing the events resulting in transversal break formation. The numbers in the figure relate to the sequence of the different events that may lead to a transversal break.

2.4.3.2 ^ñá~ä=Åê~Åâ=Ñçêã~íáçå=

içåÖ=~ñá~ä=Åê~Åâ=Ñçêã~íáçå=Çç=åçí=åçêã~ääó=Ñçêã=áå=PWRë=~ë=áë=íÜÉ=Å~ëÉ=áå=BWRëK=qÜÉ=êÉ~ëçå=Ñçê=íÜÉ=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåÅÉ=áë=íÜ~í=áå=PWRëI=íÜÉ=éçïÉê=êÉÖìä~íáçå=áë=ÇçåÉ=áå=~=ãìÅÜ=ëãççíÜÉê=ï~ó=Äó=

ÇÉÅêÉ~ëáåÖ=íÜÉ=Äçêçå=Åççä~åí=ÅçåÅÉåíê~íáçå=ïÜáäÉ=éçïÉê=êÉÖìä~íáçå=áå=BWRë=áë=é~êíäó=ÇçåÉ=Äó=Åçåíêçä=êçÇ=ãçîÉãÉåíëK=

PWRë=~êÉ=ÜçïÉîÉêI=åçí=áããìåÉ=íçï~êÇë=~ñá~ä=Åê~Åâ=Ñçêã~íáçåK=^ñá~ä=Åê~Åâë=ã~ó=Ñçêã=áå=

PWRë=Äó=ÉëëÉåíá~ääó=íÜÉ=ë~ãÉ=ãÉÅÜ~åáëã=~ë=íÜ~í=ÑçêãáåÖ=äçåÖ=~ñá~ä=Åê~Åâë=áå=BWRëK=eçïÉîÉêI=

~ñá~ä=Åê~ÅâáåÖ=áå=PWRë=ã~ó=çåäó=çÅÅìê=Ñçê=~=ÜáÖÜ=Äìêåìé=EïáíÜ=åç=éÉääÉíJÅä~ÇÇáåÖ=Ö~éF=ÇÉÑÉÅíÉÇ=

êçÇW=

• pìÄàÉÅíÉÇ=íç=~=Åä~ëë=ff=íê~åëáÉåí=~åÇLçê=

• áå=äç~ÇJÑçääçïáåÖ=éä~åíëK=



OJNSEOJOTF

2.5 Outside-in cracking (PCMI)

mÉääÉíJÅä~ÇÇáåÖ=áåíÉê~Åíáçå=Äó=Åä~ëëáÅ~ä=ÇÉÑáåáíáçå=áåîçäîÉë=Åê~ÅâáåÖ=íÜ~í=áåáíá~íÉë=çå=íÜÉ=áåëáÇÉ=

Åä~ÇÇáåÖ=ëìêÑ~ÅÉ=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=ÜÉäé=çÑ=ÑáëëáçåJéêçÇìÅí=áçÇáåÉ=çê=Å~ÇãáìãK=mÉääÉíJÅä~ÇÇáåÖ=ãÉÅÜ~åáÅ~ä=

áåíÉê~ÅíáçåI=çå=íÜÉ=çíÜÉê=Ü~åÇI=éêçÇìÅÉë=Åê~ÅâáåÖ=íÜ~í=Å~å=áåáíá~íÉ=çå=íÜÉ=çìíëáÇÉ=ëìêÑ~ÅÉ=áå=~=

éìêÉäó=ãÉÅÜ~åáÅ~ä=ï~óI=ÜÉäéÉÇ=Äó=ÜóÇêáÇÉëK=fÑ=ëìÅÜ=~=ÑìÉä=êçÇ=ïáíÜ=~=íÜáÅâ=ÉåçìÖÜ=ÜóÇêáÇÉ=êáã=~í=

íÜÉ=Åä~Ç=çìíÉê=ëìêÑ~ÅÉ=áë=ëìÄàÉÅíÉÇ=íç=~=ä~êÖÉ=ÉåçìÖÜ=éçïÉê=ê~ãéI=íÜÉ=Åê~Åâ=~í=íÜÉ=Åä~Ç=OD=ã~ó=

éêçé~Ö~íÉ=íÜêçìÖÜ=íÜÉ=ïÜçäÉ=Åä~Ç=íÜáÅâÉëë=Äó=~=PCMI=ãÉÅÜ~åáëã=ElìíëáÇÉJáå=Åê~ÅâáåÖFK==

qÜÉêÉ=Ü~îÉ=åçí=ÄÉÉå=~åó=êÉÅÉåí=ÑìÉä=Ñ~áäìêÉë=áå=BWRë=çê=PWRë=ÅçåÑáêãÉÇ=íç=ÄÉ=ÇìÉ=íç=PCMIK=eçïÉîÉêI=mçïÉêë=Éí=~äKI=OMMR=ÇáëÅìëë=ëçãÉ=“åçåJÅä~ëëáÅ~ä=PCI=Ñ~áäìêÉ=áå=i~=p~ääÉÒK=qÜÉ=ãáÅêçÖê~éÜ=éêÉëÉåíÉÇ=EcáÖìêÉ=OJNRF=ëÜçïë=ÅäÉ~êäó=íÜ~í=íÜÉ=ÇÉÑÉÅí=ÇáÇ=klq=êÉëìäí=Ñêçã=PCI=ëáåÅÉ=íÜÉó=áåáíá~íÉÇ=~í=íÜÉ=lrqbo=ëìêÑ~ÅÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=Åä~ÇÇáåÖ=EïÜÉêÉ=íÜÉêÉ=ïçìäÇ=ÄÉ=åç=~ÖÖêÉëëáîÉ=Ñáëëáçå=

éêçÇìÅí=ëéÉÅáÉëF=~åÇ=íÜÉ=Åä~ÇÇáåÖ=Ñáå~ääó=Ñ~áäÉÇ=Äó=~=ÅçãéäÉíÉäó=ãÉÅÜ~åáÅ~ä=ëÜÉ~ê=éêçÅÉëëI=íÜìë=~=

çìíëáÇÉJáåJÅê~ÅâáåÖ=ãÉÅÜ~åáëãK=páåÅÉ=~ää=Ñ~áäìêÉë=ïÉêÉ=~ëëçÅá~íÉÇ=ïáíÜ=“ãáëëáåÖ=éÉääÉí=ëìêÑ~ÅÉÒ=íÜÉ=

ãçëí=éêçÄ~ÄäÉ=Åê~Åâ=áåáíá~íáçå=éêçÅÉëë=áë=íÜÉ=Åê~ÅâáåÖ=çÑ=~=ëÜçêí=ê~Çá~ä=ÜóÇêáÇÉ=éêÉÅáéáí~íÉÇ=~í=íÜÉ=

çìíÉê=Åä~ÇÇáåÖ=ëìêÑ~ÅÉK=pìÅÜ=~=ê~Çá~ä=ÜóÇêáÇÉ=Ü~ë=~=ÜáÖÜ=éêçÄ~Äáäáíó=çÑ=ÑçêãáåÖ=~í=~=ëáíÉ=ïÜÉêÉ=

íÜÉêÉ=áë=“ãáëëáåÖ=éÉääÉí=ëìêÑ~ÅÉÒ=ÄÉÅ~ìëÉ=ÜÉ~íJíê~åëéçêí=áå=íÜáë=êÉÖáçå=ïáää=ÄÉ=êÉÇìÅÉÇI=íÜìë=

êÉëìäíáåÖ=áå=~=äçÅ~ä=“ÅçäÇJëéçíÒ=~í=íÜÉ=çìíÉê=Åä~ÇÇáåÖ=ëìêÑ~ÅÉK=eóÇêçÖÉå=ïáää=ãáÖê~íÉ=áåíç=ëìÅÜ=~å=

~êÉ~=~åÇ=ÅçìäÇ=éêÉÅáéáí~íÉ=ê~Çá~ääó=ÄÉÅ~ìëÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÄÉåÇáåÖ=ãçãÉåí=ÅêÉ~íÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ=Åä~ÇÇáåÖ=~í=íÜáë=

éçáåíK=få=ëÉîÉêÉ=ÅçåÇáíáçåë=áí=áë=ÉîÉå=éçëëáÄäÉ=íÜ~í=ëìÑÑáÅáÉåí=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=ÅçìäÇ=ãáÖê~íÉ=áåíç=íÜáë=

êÉÖáçå=íç=Ñçêã=~=ëçäáÇ=ÜóÇêáÇÉ=ÄäáëíÉêK=eçïÉîÉê=íÜÉêÉ=áë=åç=ãÉí~ääçÖê~éÜó=íç=Åä~êáÑó=íÜáë=éçáåíI=~åÇ=

åç=ÉíÅÜáåÖ=Ñçê=ÜóÇêáÇÉë=~ééÉ~êë=íç=Ü~îÉ=ÄÉÉå=ÇçåÉK=

Figure 2-15: OM-7 Optimal Metallography of Rod F1 at 2925 mm, Powers et al., 2005.

eçïÉîÉêI=íïç=íóéÉë=çÑ=lìíëáÇÉJfåJ`ê~ÅâáåÖ=EOICF=ÄçíÜ=çÄí~áåÉÇ=áå=íÉëí=êÉ~Åíçêë=~êÉ=ÇÉëÅêáÄÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ=ÑçääçïáåÖ=ëìÄëÉÅíáçåëK=



OJNTEOJOTF

2.5.1 Ramping of claddings with thick oxides

oìÇäáåÖ=C=mÉííÉêëëçåI=NVVUI=éêÉëÉåíÉÇ=ê~ãé=Ç~í~=çå=ÜÉ~îáäó=ëé~ääÉÇ=PWR=wêóJQ=ÑìÉä=Åä~ÇÇáåÖ=áêê~Çá~íÉÇ=íç=~=Äìêåìé=çÑ=PR=jtÇLâÖrI=cáÖìêÉ=OJNSKqÜÉ=ã~ñáãìã=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=ÅçåíÉåí=áå=íÜÉ=ÑìÉä=

Åä~ÇÇáåÖ=ï~ë=~Äçìí=NNMM=ïíééãI=ãÉ~ëìêÉÇ=~ë=~å=~îÉê~ÖÉ=î~äìÉ=~Åêçëë=íÜÉ=Åä~ÇÇáåÖ=íÜáÅâåÉëëK=

cáîÉ=ÑìÉäJÅä~ÇÇáåÖ=ëÉÖãÉåíë=ïÉêÉ=ê~ãéÉÇ=íç=~=ã~ñáãìã=êçÇ=éçïÉê=çÑ=QRJRM=âtLã=ïáíÜçìí=

Ñ~áäáåÖI=cáÖìêÉ=OJNTK=qÜÉ=ê~ãéÉÇ=êçÇë=áå=íÜáë=ëíìÇó=ëìêîáîÉÇ=ê~ãéë=ìé=íç=QR=~åÇ=RM=âtLã=íÜ~í=~êÉ=

ÜáÖÜÉê=íÜ~å=íÜÉ=wêóJQ=PWR=PCI=Ñ~áäìêÉ=íÜêÉëÜçäÇ=çÑ=PS=âtLãI=cáÖìêÉ=OJNUK=qÜÉ=ê~ãéÇ~í~=áå=íÜáë=

ëíìÇó=íÜìë=áåÇáÅ~íÉ=íÜ~í=~å=~îÉê~ÖÉ=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=ÅçåÅÉåíê~íáçå=çÑ=~Äçìí=NMMMJNOMM=ïíééã=áå=íÜÉ=

Åä~ÇÇáåÖ=íÜáÅâåÉëë=ÇçÉë=åçí=áãé~Åí=íÜÉ=PCI=éÉêÑçêã~åÅÉ=~åÇ=ÇáÇ=åçí=Å~ìëÉ=~åó=PCMI=Ñ~áäìêÉë=~ëëáëíÉÇ=Äó=ÜóÇêáÇÉëK==

Figure 2-16: Example of a fuel rod with oxide spallation that were subjected to a power ramp, Rudling & Pettersson, 1998.

Figure 2-17: Ramp data, Rudling & Pettersson, 1998.



OJNUEOJOTF

Figure 2-18: Comparision o/ramp data from this study with that obtained in the international PWR rampprojets Super-Ramp and Trans-Ramp II, Rudling & Pettersson, 1998.

eçïÉîÉêI=ëìÄëÉèìÉåí=ÜçíJÅÉää=Éñ~ãáå~íáçåë=ëÜçïÉÇ=Åê~Åâë=ÑçêãÉÇ=ÇìêáåÖ=íÜÉ=ê~ãéáåÖ=~í=íÜÉ=

Åä~ÇÇáåÖ=ODI=cáÖìêÉ=OJNVK=qÜÉ=Åê~Åâë=Ü~Ç=éêçÄ~Ääó=ÑçêãÉÇ=áå=íÜáë=äçÅ~íáçå=ëáåÅÉ=íÜÉ=OD=çñáÇÉ=

~åÇ=íÜÉ=ÜÉ~îáäó=ÜóÇêáÇÉ=~êÉ~=~êÉ=ãìÅÜ=ãçêÉ=ÄêáííäÉ=íÜ~å=íÜÉ=êÉëí=çÑ=íÜÉ=Åä~ÇÇáåÖK=o~ãé=ëíêÉëëÉë=~êÉ=

ëíêçåÖäó=íÉåëáäÉ=~í=íÜÉ=çìíÉê=ëìêÑ~ÅÉ=êÉëìäíáåÖ=áå=Åê~Åâ=áåáíá~íáçå=íÜÉêÉK=^äëçI=íÜÉ=ãáÅêçÖê~éÜë=ëÜçï=

íÜ~í=åç=PCI=Åê~Åâ=ï~ë=ëÉÉå=~í=íÜÉ=Åä~Ç=IDI=ëìééçêíáåÖ=íÜáë=ÅçåÅäìëáçåK=

Figure 2-19: Typical cross section of a fuel-rod segment that was ramped to 50 kW/m, inducing a non-propagating crack in the hydride rim, Rudling & Pettersson, 1998.



OJNVEOJOTF

qÜÉ=êÉ~ëçå=Ñçê=íÜÉ=ä~êÖÉ=ÇìÅíáäáíó=çÑ=íÜÉ=ê~ãéÉÇ=êçÇë=áå=íÜÉ=ëíìÇó=Äó=oìÇäáåÖ=C=mÉííÉêëëçåI=NVVU=

ÇÉëéáíÉ=íÜÉ=ÜáÖÜ=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=ÅçåíÉåíë=ã~ó=ÄÉ=êÉä~íÉÇ=íç=íÜÉ=ÜáÖÜÉê=ÑìÉä=Åä~Ç=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=ÇìêáåÖ=íÜÉ=

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áåÅäìÇáåÖ=~Çî~åÅÉÇ=ã~íÉêá~äë=ïÉêÉ=ÇÉëáÖåÉÇ=~åÇ=Ñ~ÄêáÅ~íÉÇ=Äó=ENUSA=~åÇ=áêê~Çá~íÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ=pé~åáëÜ=PWR=s~åÇÉääçë=ff=Ñçê=Ñçìê=ÅóÅäÉëK=lå=ëáíÉ=Éñ~ãáå~íáçåë=~ÑíÉê=É~ÅÜ=ÅóÅäÉ=~åÇ=ÜçíJÅÉää=mçëíJ

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áääìëíê~íÉë=Åê~ÅâáåÖ=çÑ=íÜÉ=çñáÇÉ=~åÇ=ÜóÇêáÇÉJêáã=ä~óÉêëI=ïáíÜ=åç=éêçé~Ö~íáçå=áåíç=íÜÉ=wáêÅ~äçó=

ã~íêáñK=^ë=áå=íÜÉ=Å~ëÉ=~ÄçîÉI=åÉáíÜÉê=PCI=åçê=PCMI=Ñ~áäìêÉë=ÇáÇ=çÅÅìêI=éêçÄ~Ääó=ÇìÉ=íç=íÜÉ=ÜáÖÜ=ÑìÉä=Åä~Ç=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=ÇìêáåÖ=ê~ãéáåÖ=Å~ìëÉÇ=Äó=íÜÉ=íÜáÅâ=çñáÇÉ=íÜáÅâåÉëëK=

Figure 2-20: Non-propagating cracks in power-ramped Zircaloy-4 cladding, Tsukuda et al., 2003.



OJOMEOJOTF

2.5.2 Ramping of claddings with thin oxides

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g~é~åÉëÉ=áåîÉëíáÖ~íçêëK=pÉÖãÉåíÉÇ=êçÇë=çÑ=píÉé=ff=UuU=ÇÉëáÖå=Ü~îáåÖ=wáêÅ~äçóJO=äáåÉê=Åä~ÇÇáåÖ=

áêê~Çá~íÉÇ=Ñçê=PI=Q=çê=R=ÅóÅäÉë=áå=~=g~é~åÉëÉ=ÅçããÉêÅá~ä=BWR=íç=Äìêåìéë=ÄÉíïÉÉå=QPJSN=dtÇLír=

ïÉêÉ=íÉëíÉÇK=o~ãéáåÖ=ï~ë=ÅçåÇìÅíÉÇ=ìëáåÖ=íÜÉ=_çáäáåÖ=`~éëìäÉ=Ñ~Åáäáíó=áå=íÜÉ=g~é~å=j~íÉêá~äë=qÉëí=

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cáÖìêÉ=OJONK=lîÉê~ää=~îÉê~ÖÉ=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=ÅçåíÉåí=ï~ë=äçïI=YOMM=ééãX=ÜçïÉîÉêI=íÜÉ=ê~íÉ=çÑ=

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ÜóÇêáÇÉë=íÉåÇ=íç=ÅçåÅÉåíê~íÉ=áå=íÜÉ=wê=äáåÉê=EïÜáÅÜ=Ü~ë=äçïÉê=e=ëçäìÄáäáíó=íÜ~å=wáêÅ~äçóF=~åÇ=íÜÉ=

çìíÉê=ëìêÑ~ÅÉI=cáÖìêÉ=OJOPK=jçëí=ÜóÇêáÇÉ=éä~íÉäÉíë=~êÉ=áå=íÜÉ=ÅáêÅìãÑÉêÉåíá~ä=çêáÉåí~íáçåI=~äíÜçìÖÜ=

ê~Çá~ä=ÅçãéçåÉåíë=~êÉ=éêÉëÉåí=~í=~ää=ÄìêåìéëK=kçíÉ=íÜ~í=íÜÉ=ãáÅêçÖê~éÜë=~êÉ=í~âÉå=~í=RT=ïÜÉêÉ=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=ëçäìÄáäáíó=áë=åÉÖäáÖáÄäÉK=aìêáåÖ=Ä~ëÉäáåÉ=çéÉê~íáçå=EPMMø`=ERTR=hFF=íÜÉ=ëçäìÄáäáíó=áë=çå=

íÜÉ=çêÇÉê=çÑ=TM=ééãI=ëç=ìåíáä=Äìêåìé=ÉñÅÉÉÇë=~Äçìí=RM=dtÇLírI=~ää=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=áë=áå=ëçäìíáçåK=

aìêáåÖ=~=éçïÉê=ê~ãéI=ïÜÉêÉ=~=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=Öê~ÇáÉåí=~Åêçëë=íÜÉ=Åä~ÇÇáåÖ=ï~ää=áë=Éëí~ÄäáëÜÉÇI=íÜÉ=

ëçäìÄáäáíó=î~êáÉë=~Åêçëë=íÜÉ=ï~ääI=~ë=áääìëíê~íÉÇ=áå=cáÖìêÉ=OJOQP

K=

Figure 2-21: Burnup dependence of maximum oxide thickness, Hayashi et al., 2002.

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=kç=~ÅÅçìåí=ÜÉêÉ=áë=í~âÉå=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉÑÑÉÅí=çÑ=áêê~Çá~íáçå=çå=e=ëçäìÄáäáíóK=qÜÉêÉ=~êÉ=áåÇáÅ~íáçåë=áå=íÜÉ=äáíÉê~íìêÉ=

íÜ~í=ëçäìÄáäáíó=ã~ó=ÄÉ=áåÅêÉ~ëÉÇ=Äó=ORJOMM=ééã=Äó=áêê~Çá~íáçåI=jÅjáåå=Éí=~äKI=OMMM=~åÇ=sáòÅ~áåç=Éí=~äKI=OMMOK=



OJONEOJOTF

Figure 2-22: Burnup dependence of average hydrogen content in cladding, Hayashi et al., 2002.

Figure 2-23: Hydride morphology of Step II fuel cladding as a function of burnup, Hayashi et al., 2003.



PJNEPJNNF

3 Delayed Hydride Cracking, DHC

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ÜóÇêçÖÉå=ÅçåíÉåí=çÑ=íÜÉ=~ääçó=áë=éêÉÅáéáí~íÉÇ=~ë=ÄêáííäÉ=ÜóÇêáÇÉëK=DHC=áë=~=ãÉÅÜ~åáëã=Äó=ïÜáÅÜ=

íÜÉ=ëäçï=ÖêçïíÜ=çÑ=~=Åê~Åâ=Å~å=çÅÅìê=ìåÇÉê=ÅçåÇáíáçåë=ïÜÉêÉ=çåäó=~=ÑÉï=éêÉÅáéáí~íÉÇ=ÜóÇêáÇÉë=~êÉ=

éêÉëÉåíK=qÜÉ=ÜáÖÜ=íêá~ñá~ä=ëíêÉëëÉë=~í=~=éêÉJÉñáëíáåÖ=åçíÅÜ=Å~ìëÉ=íÜÉ=ëäçï=Çáëëçäìíáçå=çÑ=~Çà~ÅÉåí=

ã~íêáñ=ÜóÇêáÇÉëI=ïáíÜ=êÉéêÉÅáéáí~íáçå=çÑ=~=ÜóÇêáÇÉ=~í=íÜÉ=åçíÅÜ=íáé=íÜ~í=áë=~äáÖåÉÇ=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=

éêáåÅáé~ä=íÉåëáäÉ=ëíêÉëëI=~åÇ=Åê~Åâë=ïÜÉå=áí=êÉ~ÅÜÉë=~=ÅêáíáÅ~ä=ëáòÉK=qÜÉ=Åê~Åâ=ëíçéë=~åÇ=Ääìåíë=ïÜÉå=

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Figure 3-1: Fractography of a DHC crack, showing striations (×10.000), Cox in ZIRAT8/IZNA3 Annual Report, 2003.

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PJOEPJNNF

Figure 3-2: Collected crack velocities for SCC and hydrogen induced cracking.



PJPEPJNNF

Figure 3-3: DHC velocities for Zircaloy-2 and Zr-2.5% Nb, Cox in ZIRAT8/IZNA3 Annual Report, 2003.

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4 LOCA

4.1 Introduction

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Figure 4-1: Typical LOCA in a PWR. Rupture



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The response to a LOCA can vary from alloy to alloy, among the different varieties of a single alloy and the different power histories the fuel rods had been exposed to at the time of the LOCA. Similarly, the different mechanical property tests that simulate LOCA conditions can give different results for the same material condition. Awareness of these potential differences is important. This section will focus on the effects of hydrogen in the cladding on the fuel performance during a LOCA and point out effects of different materials and testing methods wherever practicable.

4.2 Ballooning

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5 RIA

5.1 Introduction

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ê~íÉ=ëíêÉëëI=ïÜáÅÜ=áå=íìêå=ÇÉéÉåÇë=çå=áíë=ÇìÅíáäáíóK=páåÅÉ=íÜÉ=áåÅêÉ~ëÉÇ=áêê~Çá~íáçå=Ç~ã~ÖÉ=~åÇ=

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pçéÜáëíáÅ~íÉÇ=ãçÇÉäáåÖ=ÅçÇÉë=Ü~îÉ=ÄÉÉå=ÇÉîÉäçéÉÇ=Ñçê=Éî~äì~íáåÖ=íÜÉëÉ=ÉîÉåíëI=ëìÅÜ=~ë=

c^i`lkI=p`^k^foI=~åÇ=co^mqo^kK=bî~äì~íáçå=~åÇ=ÇÉÑáåáíáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÇÉëáÖå=Ä~ëÉ=~ÅÅáÇÉåí=áë=

çåJÖçáåÖI=~ë=íÜáë=Å~å=î~êó=Ñêçã=çåÉ=êÉ~Åíçê=íç=~åçíÜÉêK=qÜÉ=~ÅÅáÇÉåí=áåáíá~íáçå=Ñçê=PWRë=áë=ÅçåëáÇÉêÉÇ=íç=çÅÅìê=~í=eçí=wÉêç=mçïÉê=EHZPF=~åÇ=Ñçê=BWRë=~í=ÄçíÜ=HZP=~åÇ=`çäÇ=wÉêç=mçïÉê=ECZPFK=

qÜÉ=ãçëí=êÉäá~ÄäÉ=ëáãìä~íáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=RIA=Ü~ë=ÄÉÉå=áå=íÉëí=êÉ~Åíçêë=íÜ~í=éêçîáÇÉ=~=éçïÉê=éìäëÉ=íç=ë~ãéäÉë=çÑ=áêê~Çá~íÉÇ=ÑìÉä=êçÇëK=qÜÉ=íÉëí=êÉ~Åíçêë=áå=cê~åÅÉ=E`^_ofFI=g~é~å=EkìÅäÉ~ê=p~ÑÉíó=

oÉëÉ~êÅÜ=oÉ~Åíçê=ENSRRFFI=oìëëá~=EfdoI=_fdoF=~åÇ=ÑçêãÉêäó=áå=íÜÉ=rp=EpmboqI=m_cF=Ü~îÉ=

éêçÇìÅÉÇ=~=ëáÖåáÑáÅ~åí=Ç~í~=Ä~ëÉ=íÜ~í=Ü~ë=ÜÉäéÉÇ=íç=Éëí~ÄäáëÜ=íÜÉ=äáãáíë=Ñçê=~å=RIAK=qÜÉ=íÉëí=êÉ~Åíçêë=Å~å=åçí=éêçîáÇÉ=ÅçåÇáíáçåë=íÜ~í=Éñ~Åíäó=ëáãìä~íÉ=íÜÉ=êÉ~Åíáîáíó=áåëÉêíáçå=ÇìÉ=íç=~=Åçåíêçä=

ÉàÉÅíáçå=çê=Åçåíêçä=êçÇ=ÇêçéX=ÜçïÉîÉêI=ãçÇáÑáÅ~íáçåë=íç=íÜÉ=êÉ~Åíçêë=~ë=ïÉää=~ë=íÜÉ=ãçÇÉäáåÖ=

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qÜÉ=RIA=íÉëíë=~êÉ=Éî~äì~íÉÇ=çå=íÜÉ=Ä~ëáë=çÑ=íÜÉ=ã~ñáãìã=ê~Çá~ä=~îÉê~ÖÉ=ÑìÉä=ÉåíÜ~äéó=áå=

Å~äçêáÉëLÖê~ã=rlO=Eçê=jáñÉÇ=luáÇÉ=EMOXFF=ÉåÉêÖó=áåéìí=~ë=~=ÑìåÅíáçå=çÑ=ÄìêåìéK=páåÅÉ=Äìêåìé=

ï~ë=Å~äáÄê~íÉÇ=~ë=~=ÑìåÅíáçå=çÑ=çñáÇÉ=íÜáÅâåÉëë=~åÇ=íÜìë=~ääçó=ëéÉÅáÑáÅI=íÜÉ=åÉïÉê=ÅçêêÉä~íáçåë=~êÉ=

proposed=~ë=~=ÑìåÅíáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=çñáÇÉLï~ää=íÜáÅâåÉëë=ê~íáç=Ñçê=PWRë=~åÇ=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=ÅçåíÉåí=Ñçê=BWRëK=pìÅÜ=ÅçêêÉä~íáçåë=~êÉ=ÖÉåÉêáÅ=Ñçê=~ää=ã~íÉêá~äë=Äó=êÉä~íáåÖ=íÜÉã=íç=íÜÉ=ã~íÉêá~ä=éêçéÉêíáÉë=

íÜ~í=~êÉ=Äìêåìé=ÇÉéÉåÇ~åí=áåëíÉ~Ç=çÑ=íç=íÜÉ=~Åíì~ä=ÄìêåìéK=

RIA limits

qÜÉ=ãçëí=êÉÅÉåí=USNRC=fåíÉêáã=^ÅÅÉéí~åÅÉ=`êáíÉêá~=~åÇ=dìáÇ~åÅÉ=Ñçê=RIA=ÉîÉåíë=~êÉ=éêçéçëÉÇ=~ë=Ñçääçïë=Ei~åÇêóI=OMMTFI=Ñçê=ÑìÉä=Åä~ÇÇáåÖ=Ñ~áäìêÉëW=

• qÜÉ=ÜáÖÜ=Åä~ÇÇáåÖ=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=Ñ~áäìêÉ=ÅêáíÉêá~=Ñçê=òÉêç=éçïÉê=ÅçåÇáíáçå=≥NTM=Å~äLÖ=Ñçê=ÑìÉä=êçÇë=ïáíÜ=áåíÉêå~ä=éêÉëëìêÉ=~í=çê=ÄÉäçï=ëóëíÉã=éêÉëëìêÉ=~åÇ=NRM=Å~äLÖ=Ñçê=ÑìÉä=êçÇë=ïáíÜ=

áåíÉêå~ä=éêÉëëìêÉ=ÉñÅÉÉÇáåÖ=ëóëíÉã=éêÉëëìêÉK=

• cçê=áåíÉêãÉÇá~íÉ=~åÇ=Ñìää=éçïÉê=ÅçåÇáíáçåë=ÑìÉä=Åä~ÇÇáåÖ=áë=éêÉëìãÉÇ=áÑ=äçÅ~ä=ÜÉ~í=Ñäìñ=

ÉñÅÉÉÇë=aÉé~êíìêÉ=Ñêçã=kìÅäÉ~íÉ=_çáäáåÖ=o~íáç=EDNBRF=~åÇ=`êáíá~ä=mçïÉê=o~íáç=ECPRF=äáãáíëK=• qÜÉ=PCMI=Ñ~áäìêÉ=ÅêáíÉêáçå=áë=~=ÅÜ~åÖÉ=áå=ÉåíÜ~äéó=ÖêÉ~íÉê=íÜ~å=íÜÉ=Åçêêçëáçå=ÇÉéÉåÇ~åí=

äáãáí=áå=cáÖìêÉ=RJN=Ñçê=PWRë=~åÇ=cáÖìêÉ=RJO=Ñçê=BWRëK=



RJOERJQUF=

Figure 5-1: PCMI fuel cladding failure criteria proposed by USNRC – PWR, Landry, 2007.

Figure 5-2: PCMI fuel cladding failure criteria proposed by USNRC – BWR, Landry, 2007.

cçê=Åççä~Äáäáíó=ÅêáíÉêá~W=

• båíÜ~äéó=ãìëí=êÉã~áå=ÄÉäçï=OPM=Å~äLÖK=

• mÉ~â=ÑìÉä=íÉãéÉê~íìêÉ=ãìëí=êÉã~áå=ÄÉäçï=áåÅáéáÉåí=ãÉäíáåÖK=

• jÉÅÜ~åáÅ~ä=ÉåÉêÖó=ÖÉåÉê~íÉÇ=~ë=~=êÉëìäí=çÑ=ENF=åçåJãçäíÉå=ÑìÉäJíçJÅççä~åí=áåíÉê~Åíáçå=~åÇ=EOF=

ÑìÉä=êçÇ=Äìêëí=ãìëí=ÄÉ=~ÇÇêÉëëÉÇ=ïáíÜ=êÉëéÉÅí=íç=êÉ~Åíçê=éêÉëëìêÉ=ÄçìåÇ~êóI=êÉ~Åíçê=áåíÉêå~äëI=

~åÇ=ÑìÉä=ëíêìÅíìê~ä=áåíÉÖêáíóK=

• kç=äçëë=çÑ=Åççä~ÄäÉ=ÖÉçãÉíêó=ÇìÉ=íç=ENF=ÑìÉä=éÉääÉí=~åÇ=Åä~ÇÇáåÖ=Ñê~ÖãÉåí~íáçå=~åÇ=ÇáëéÉêë~ä=

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Figure 5-3: Comparison of various RIA failure thresholds proposed for a PWR HZP case with relatively large oxidation. The assumed oxidation vs. burn-up is shown in the upper right figure, OECD/(NEA/CSNI, 2006).

qÜÉ=USNRC=ofi=MQMN=ÅìêîÉ=êÉéêÉëÉåíë=íÜÉ=NRCÛë=ÄçìåÇáåÖ=ÅìêîÉ=Ä~ëÉÇ=çå=êÉëÉ~êÅÜ=êÉëìäíë=íç=ëÜçï=íÜ~í=íÜÉêÉ=~êÉ=åç=ÅçåÅÉêåë=êÉä~íÉÇ=íç=çéÉê~íáåÖ=êÉ~ÅíçêëK=qÜÉ=ÅìêêÉåíäó=éêçéçëÉÇ=äáÅÉåëáåÖ=

äáãáíë=~êÉ=êÉéêÉëÉåíÉÇ=Äó=íÜÉ=fåíÉêáã=`êáíÉêá~=ÇÉëÅêáÄÉÇ=~ÄçîÉK=^ää=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÅçêêÉä~íáçåë=~ééäó=íç=

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~Äçìí=PM=dtaLjqK=qÜÉ=ÖÉåÉê~äáòÉÇ=íêÉåÇë=~êÉ=ëÜçïå=~åÇ=Åçãé~êÉÇ=íç=~Åíì~ä=PWR=ÅçêÉ=Å~äÅìä~íáçåë=áå=cáÖìêÉ=RJQ=~åÇ=áåÇáÅ~íÉ=íÜ~í=çéÉê~íáåÖ=ÅçåÇáíáçåë=~êÉ=ÅçåëÉêî~íáîÉ=ÉñÅÉéí=Ñçê=ÜáÖÜäó=

çñáÇáòÉÇ=Åä~ÇÇáåÖ=ïáíÜ=ÜáÖÜ=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=ÅçåíÉåíë=~í=ÜáÖÜ=ÄìêåìéëK=

Figure 5-4: Range of proposed RIA fuel failure thresholds. (Most thresholds are within the upper shaded area. The two lower shaded zones represent the envelope of conservative calculation for actual PWR cores. The core enthalpy can exceed the lower failure thresholds – i.e. for cases with large oxidation and brittle cladding), OECD/(NEA/CSNI, 2006).



SJNESJNQF=

6 Dry cask storage

6.1 Dry cask storage conditions

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íÜÉ=ÉÑÑÉÅíë=çÑ=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=çå=ÑìÉä=~ëëÉãÄäáÉë=ÇìêáåÖ=Çêó=ëíçê~ÖÉ=ïáää=ÄÉ=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåí=Ñêçã=íÜçëÉ=ÇìêáåÖ=

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áë=áåëáÖåáÑáÅ~åíK Creep-rupture is the most likely cladding failure mode during dry storage and there is general

consensus on this mechanism among the industry and the regulators. The parameters that determine the potential for creep-rupture are the cladding stress level, the cladding temperature and the rate of decay heat decrease, all parameters that are burnup dependent.

The cladding temperature, currently one of the primary regulatory licensing criteria, is determined by the decay heat generated in the fuel, the heat transfer capability of the cask and the surface temperature of the cask in its storage environment. The decay heat is generated primarily by absorption of the alpha decay either directly or indirectly from the plutonium (Pu) isotopes. Increasing burnup will increase the level of Pu isotopes formed by transformation of the 238U, and increase the cladding temperature under dry storage conditions. In comparison, MOX fuel will have significantly higher temperatures under the same conditions. The isotopic composition of the fuel will be determined by:

• fåáíá~ä=ÉåêáÅÜãÉåí=çÑ=r=çê=mìK=

• _ìêåìé=

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Figure 6-1: Decay heat per fuel assembly vs. cooling time, Goll et al., 2003.

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Figure 6-2: 40-year temperature history of spent fuel cladding in dry-storage cask, Rashid & Machiels, 2007.

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7 References

^Ç~ãëçå=oKI=`çñ=_KI=a~îáÉë=gKI=d~êò~êçääá=cKI=oìÇäáåÖ=oKI=s~áÇó~å~íÜ~å=pKI=“ZIRAT11/IZNA6 Special Topic on PCI and PCMIÒI=^kq=fåíÉêå~íáçå~äI=pâìäíìå~I=pïÉÇÉåI=OMMSK==

^êãáàç=gK=pKI=Performance of Failed BWR FuelI=mêçÅÉÉÇáåÖ=Ñêçã=iáÖÜíJt~íÉêJoÉ~ÅíçêJcìÉäJ

mÉêÑçêã~åÅÉI=tÉëí=m~äã=_É~ÅÜI=cäKI=ééK=QNMJQOOI=^éêáä=NTJONI=NVVQK=

_~Éâ=gK=~åÇ=gÉçåÖ=vKI=“Breakaway Phenomenon of Zr-Base Alloys During a High Temperature OxidationÒI=gçìêå~ä=çÑ=kìÅäÉ~ê=j~íÉêá~äëI=éK=NROJNRVI=îK=PTOI=OMMUK=

_áääçåÉ=jKI=v~å=vKI=~åÇ=_ìêíëÉÉî~=vKI=“ANL Research Results Relevant to LOCA Embrittlement Criteria, Part 1: As-Fabricated and Prehydrided Alloys, Part 2: High-Burnup Zry-4 & Zry-2, Part 3: Emprirical Embrittlement CriteriaÒI=^òp=oÉ~Åíçê=cìÉäë=pìÄÅçããáííÉÉ=jÉÉíáåÖI=

oçÅâîáääÉI=j~êóä~åÇI=g~åì~êóI=OMMTK=

_áääçåÉ=jKI=v~å=vK=~åÇ=_ìêíëÉÉî~=qKI=“LOCA Embrittlement Test Results for High-Burnup CladdingÒ, USNRC=oÉÖìä~íçêó=fåÑçêã~íáçå=`çåÑÉêÉåÅÉI=oçÅâîáääÉI=j~êóä~åÇI=j~êÅÜI=OMMUK=

_ê~ÅÜÉí=gKI=mçêíáÉê=iKI=cçêÖÉêçå=qK=Éí=~äKI=“Influence of Hydrogen Content on the α/β Phase Transformation Temperatures and on the Thermal-Mechanical Behavior of Zr-4, M4, and M5 (ZrNbO) Alloys During the First Phase of the LOCA TransientÒINPíÜ

=fåíK=póãéçëáìã=çå=

wáêÅçåáìã=áå=íÜÉ=kìÅäÉ~ê=fåÇìëíêóI=^ååÉÅóI=cê~åÅÉI=^pqj=pqm=NQOPI=OMMOK=

_ê~ÅÜÉí=gKI=j~áääçí=sK=mçêíáÉê=iKI=dáäÄçå=aKI=iÉëÄêçë=^KI=t~ÉÅâÉä=kK=~åÇ=j~êÇçå=gJmKI=“Hydrogen Content, Pre-Oxidation and Cooling Scenario Influences on Post-Quench Mechanical Properties of Zy-4 and M5 Alloys in LOCA Conditions – Relationship with the Post-Quench MicrostructureÒI=NRíÜ

=fåíK=`çåÑK=çå=wáêÅçåáìã=áå=íÜÉ=kìÅäÉ~ê=fåÇìëíêóI=^pqjI=pìå=oáîÉêI=

lêÉÖçåI=gìåÉI=OMMTK=

`~ò~äáë=_KI=aÉëèìáåÉë=`KI=mçìëë~êÇ=`KI=mÉíáí=jKI=jçåÉêáÉ=vKI=_Éêå~ìÇ~í=`KI=vîçå=mK=~åÇ=^îÉêíó=

uKI=“The PROMETRA Program: Fuel Cladding Mechanical Behavior Under High Strain Rate”, kìÅäÉ~ê=qÉÅÜåçäçÖóI=éK=ONRJOOVI=îçK=NRTI=j~êÅÜI=OMMTK=

`ÜìåÖ=eK=~åÇ=h~ëëåÉê=qKI=“Embrittlement Criteria for Zircaloy Fuel Cladding Applicable to Accident Situations in LWRsÒI=krobdLòJNPQQI=g~åì~êóI=NVUMK=

`çäÉã~å=`K=bK=~åÇ=^ãÄäÉê=gK=cK=oI=“Susceptibility of Zirconium Alloys to Delayed Hydride CrackingÒI=mêçÅK=PêÇ

=fåíK=póãéK=çå=wê=áå=íÜÉ=kìÅäÉ~ê=fåÇKI=nìÉÄÉÅ=`áíóI=mnI=^ìÖKNMJNOI=

^pqjJpqmJSPPI=ééK=RUVJSMTI=NVTSK=

`çäÉã~å=`K=bK=~åÇ=`çñ=_KI=“Cracking Zirconium Alloys in HydrogenÒI=wáêÅçåáìã=áå=íÜÉ=kìÅäÉ~ê=

fåÇìëíêóW=páñíÜ=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=póãéçëáìãI=^pqj=pqm=UOQI=aK=dK=cê~åâäáå=~åÇ=oK=_K=^Ç~ãëçåI=

bÇëK=^ãÉêáÅ~å=pçÅáÉíó=Ñçê=qÉëíáåÖ=~åÇ=j~íÉêá~äëI=ééK=STRJSVMI=NVUQK=

`çñ=_KI=gK=^ääçóë=~åÇ=`çãéKI=sçäK=ORSI=ééKiQJiTI=NVVTK=

`çñ=_KI=pìêÉííÉ=_K=^K=~åÇ=tççÇ=gK=`KI=“Pellet – clad Interaction Failures: Stress Corrosion Cracking in Iodine or Metal Vapour Embrittlement by Cesium / Cadmium Vapours?ÒI=mêçÅK=O

åÇ

=fåíK=`çåÑK=çå=aÉÖê~Ç~íáçå=çÑ=båÖK=j~íÉêKI=sáêÖáåá~=mçäóK=fåëíKI=_ä~ÅâëÄìêÖI=sÎ=sçäKOI=

ééKOVPJPMOI=NVUNK=

`çñ=_K=~åÇ=oìÇäáåÖ=mKI=“Hydriding Mechanisms and Impact on Fuel PerformanceÒI=ZIRAT=péÉÅá~ä=qçéáÅ~ä=oÉéçêíI=^kqfI=rééë~ä~I=pbI=OMMMK=

a~îáÉë=gK=eKI=oçëáÅâó=bKI=bëÅÜ=bK=iKI=~åÇ=oçïä~åÇ=qK=`KI=“Fuel Ramp Tests in Support of a Barrier Fuel DemonstrationÒI=db^mJOOMTSI=r`TUI=sçäìãÉ=NI=NVUQK=

aÉëèìáåÉë=gKI=`~ò~äáë=_KI=_Éêå~ìÇ~í=`KI=mçìëë~êÇ=`KI=^îÉêíó=uK=~åÇ=vîçå=mKI=“Mechanical Properties of Zircaloy-4 PWR Fuel Cladding with Burnup of 54-64- GWD/MT and Implications for RIA Behavior”,=NQíÜ

=fåíK=póãéçëáìã=çå=wáêÅçåáìã=áå=íÜÉ=kìÅäÉ~ê=fåÇìëíêóI=

píçÅâÜçäãI=pïÉÇÉåI=^pqj=pqm=NQSTI=gìåÉI=OMMQK=

b~ÇáÉ=oK=iKI=jçâ=aKI=pÅ~êíÜ=aK=~åÇ=i¨ÖÉêI=jKI=pÅêáéí~=jÉíK=~åÇ=j~íÉêKI=sçäKORI=ééKQVTJRMOI=NVVNK=

bÇëáåÖÉê=hKI=“A Review of Fuel Degradation in BWRsÒI=mêçÅK=fåíK=qçéáÅ~ä=jÉÉíK=çå=iáÖÜí=t~íÉê=

oÉ~Åíçê=cìÉä=mÉêÑçêã~åÅÉI=m~êâ=`áíóI=rqI=^éêáä=NMJNPI=sçä=NI=ééKROPJRQMI=OMMMK=

bÑëáåÖ=mK=~åÇ=mÉííÉêëëçå=hKI=“Delayed Hydride Cracking in Irradiated Zircaloy CladdingÒI=mêçÅK=NO

íÜ

=fåíK=póãéK=çå=wê=áå=íÜÉ=kìÅäÉ~ê=fåÇKI=qçêçåíçI=lkI=gìåÉ=NRJNUI=^pqjJpqmJNPRQI=

ééKPQMJPRRI=NVVUK=

cìâÉí~=qKI=k~â~ãìê~=qKI=hìë~Ö~ó~=hKI=p~ë~àáã~=eK=~åÇ=rÉíëìâ~=eKI=“High Burnup BWR Fuel Response to Reactivity Transients and a Comparison with PWR Fuel Response”, mêçÅÉÉÇáåÖë=çÑ=íÜÉ=OU

íÜ

=t~íÉê=oÉ~Åíçê=p~ÑÉíó=jÉÉíáåÖI=_ÉíÜÉëÇ~I=j~êóä~åÇI=krobdLCPJMNTOI=lÅíçÄÉêI=OMMMK=



TJOETJRF=

cìâÉí~=qKI=pìÖáó~ã~=qKI=k~Ö~ëÉ=cK=~åÇ=pìòìâá=jKI=“JAEA Studies on High Burnup Fuel Behaviors During Reactivity-Initiated Accident and Loss-of-Coolant Accident”, fåíK=ito=cìÉä=

mÉêÑçêã~åÅÉ=jÉÉíáåÖI=p~å=cê~åÅáëÅçI=`~äáÑçêåá~I=lÅíçÄÉêI=OMMTK=

cìâÉí~=qK=~åÇ=k~Ö~ëÉ=cKI=“LOCA Criteria in Japan and Recent Test ResultsÒI=USNRC=oÉÖìä~íçêó=fåÑçêã~íáçå=`çåÑÉêÉåÅÉI=_ÉÜíÉëÇ~I=j~êóä~åÇI=j~êÅÜI=OMMUK=

cìêìí~=qKI=rÉíëìâ~=eK=~åÇ=h~ï~ë~âá=pKI=“Estimation of Conservatism of Present Embrittlement Criteria for Zircaloy Fuel Cladding under LOCA”, SíÜ

=fåíK=póãéçëáìã=çå=wáêÅçåáìã=áå=íÜÉ=

kìÅäÉ~ê=fåÇìëíêóI=éK=TPQI=^pqj=pqm=UOQI=NVUQK=

d~êò~êçääá=cK=Éí=~äKI=“Corrosion Phenomena In Zr Alloy Fuel Claddings at High Burnups”I=NMíÜ

=

`çåÑK=çå=qÜÉ=båîáêçåãÉåí~ä=aÉÖê~Ç~íáçå=çÑ=j~íÉêá~äë=áå=kìÅäÉ~ê=oÉ~Åíçê=póëíÉãëI=i~âÉ=

q~ÜçÉI=`~äáÑçêåá~I=OMMNK=

dçää=tKI=iÉÖÉê=^K=~åÇ=jÅ`çó=hKI=“Spent Fuel Behavior Under Dry Cask Storage ConditionsÒI=^kpLbkp=qçécìÉä=`çåÑÉêÉåÅÉI=tΩêòÄìêÖI=dÉêã~åóI=j~êÅÜI=OMMPK=

dêáÖçêáÉî=sKI=g~âçÄëëçå=oK=~åÇ=pÅÜêáêÉ=aKI=“Experimental Evaluation of Critical Strain Energy Density for Irradiated Cladding Under Simulated RIA Conditions”, qçécìÉäI=OMMNI=píçÅâÜçäãI=pïÉÇÉåI=j~óI=OMMNK=

dêáÖçêáÉî=sKI=g~âçÄëëçå=oK=~åÇ=pÅÜêáêÉ=aKI=“Temperature Effect on BWR Cladding Failure under Mechanically Simulated RIA Conditions at Two Burnup Levels”, cìÉä=p~ÑÉíó=péÉÅá~äáëíë=jÉÉíáåÖI=qçâ~áI=g~é~åI=j~êÅÜI=OMMQK=

e~ÅÜÉ=dK=~åÇ=`ÜìåÖ=eKI=“The History of LOCA Embrittlement Criteria”, mêçÅÉÉÇáåÖë=çÑ=íÜÉ=OUíÜ

=

t~íÉê=oÉ~Åíçê=p~ÑÉíó=fåÑçêã~íáçå=jÉÉíáåÖI=_ÉíÜÉëÇ~I=j~êóä~åÇI=krobdLCPJMNTOI==lÅíçÄÉêI=OMMMK=

e~êÄçííäÉ=gK=bKI=hÉåå~êÇ=jK=tKI=pìåÇÉêä~åÇ=aK=lK=~åÇ=píê~ëëÉê=^K=cKI=The behaviour of defective BWR barrier and non-barrier fuel, iáÖÜí=t~íÉê=oÉ~Åíçê=cìÉä=mÉêÑçêã~åÅÉ=EmêçÅK=fåíK=qçéK=jíÖ=

tÉëí=m~äã=_É~ÅÜI=ciI=NVVQFI=PVNI=^ãÉêáÅ~å=kìÅäÉ~ê=pçÅáÉíóI=i~dê~åÖÉ=m~êâI=fiI=NVVQK=

e~ó~ëÜá=eKI=bíçÜ=vKI=qëìâìÇ~=vKI=pÜáã~Ç~=pK=~åÇ=p~âìê~á=eKI=“Axial Crack on High Burnup BWR Fuel Cladding Caused by Power Ramp TestÒI=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=^íçãáÅ=båÉêÖó=^ÖÉåÅóI=

qÉÅÜåáÅ~ä=jÉÉíáåÖ=çå=cìÉä=c~áäìêÉ=áå=t~íÉê=oÉ~ÅíçêëW=`~ìëÉë=~åÇ=jáíáÖ~íáçåI=_ê~íáëä~î~I=

päçî~âá~I=gìåÉ=NTJONI=OMMOK=

e~ó~ëÜá=eKI=pÜáã~Ç~=pK=~åÇ=p~âìê~á=eKI=“Outside-in Failulre of High Burnup BWR Segment Rods Caused by Power Ramp TestÒI=mêçÅK=bkp=qçé=cìÉäI=tΩêòÄìêÖI=dÉêã~åóI=OMMPK=

e~ó~ëÜá=eKI=lÖ~í~=hK=~åÇ=h~ãáãìê~=hKI=“Outside-in Failure of High Burnup Fuel Cladding and Evaluation Tests of the Mechanism”, t~íÉê=oÉ~Åíçê=cìÉä=mÉêÑçêã~åÅÉ=jÉÉíáåÖI=hóçíçI=g~é~åI=

lÅíçÄÉêI=OMMRK=

eÉÅâ=`KI=“BWR Control Drop Accident (CRDA)”, fåÇìëíêó=Ó=NRCLkoo=RIA=jÉÉíáåÖI=

kçîÉãÄÉê=VI=OMMSK=

eÉêã~åå=^KI=v~ÖåáÅâ=pK=~åÇ=d~îáääÉí=aKI=“Effect of Local Hydride Accumulations on Zircaloy Cladding Mechanical Properties”, NRíÜ

=fåíK=póãéçëáìã=çå=wáêÅçåáìã=áå=íÜÉ=kìÅäÉ~ê=fåÇìëíêóI=

^pqjI=pìå=oáîÉêI=lêÉÖçåI=gìåÉI=OMMTK=

eçÄëçå=aK=~åÇ=oáííÉåÜçìëÉ=mKI=“Embrittlement of Zirconium Clad Fuel Rods by Steam During LOCA Transients”, lokiJQTRUI=g~åì~êóI=NVTOK=

eçÑÑã~åå=mK=_K=~åÇ=aÉïÉë=mKI=“Post-Irradiation Examination and Ramp Testing of Fuel Rods with Fe-Enhanced Zr Liner Cladding at High BurnupÒI=mêçÅÉÉÇáåÖë=çÑ=íÜÉ=OMMQ=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=jÉÉíáåÖ=çå=LWR=cìÉä=mÉêÑçêã~åÅÉ=lêä~åÇçI=cäçêáÇ~I=pÉéíÉãÄÉê=NVJOOI=OMMQK=

eçòÉê=wK=Éí=~äKI=“Ballooning Experiments with VVER CladdingÒI=kìÅäÉ~ê=qÉÅÜåçäçÖóI=éK=OTPJ

OURK=îK=NROK=OMMRK=

eì~åÖ=cK=eK=~åÇ=jáääë=tK=gKI=jÉíK=qê~åëK=Î=sçäK=OOÎ=ééKOMQVJOMSMI=NVVNK=

eΩííã~å=^KI=hÉííäÉê=jKI=pâìë~=gKI=eÉÅâÉêã~åå=eKI=oìÇÜçäòÉê=dK=~åÇ=j~åòÉä=oKI=Post-Irradiation Examination of Failed KKK-Barrier Fuel Rods, mêçÅK=^kp=qçéáÅ~ä=jÉÉíáåÖ=çå=ito=cìÉä=

mÉêÑçêã~åÅÉI=mçêíä~åÇI=lêÉÖçåI=NVVTK=

IAEAI=Review of Fuel Failures in Water Cooled ReactorsI=qÉÅÜåáÅ~ä=êÉéçêí=ëÉêáÉë=åçK=PUUI=IAEAI=sáÉåå~I=NVVUK=

IAEAI=“Iodine Induced Stress Corrosion Cracking of Zircaloy Fuel Cladding MaterialsÒI=IAEAJqbàl`JNNURI=OMMMK=

g~ãÉë=oKI=o~ëÜáÇ=gKI=aìåÜ~ã=oK=~åÇ=wÜ~åÖ=iKI=“Spent Fuel Transportation Applications: Fuel rod Failure Evaluation Under Simulated Side Drop ConditionsÒI=bmof=@NMMVVOVI=gìåÉI=OMMRK=



TJPETJRF=

gìäáÉå=_KI=aÉä~Ñçó=`KI=oÉÄÉóêçääÉ=sKI=_ÉÖìáå=pK=~åÇ=i~åëá~êí=pKI=“Performance of Advanced Fuel Product Under PCI ConditionsÒI=mêçÅÉÉÇáåÖë=çÑ=íÜÉ=OMMQ=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=jÉÉíáåÖ=çå=LWR=cìÉä=mÉêÑçêã~åÅÉ=lêä~åÇçI=cäçêáÇ~I=pÉéíÉãÄÉê=NVJOOI=OMMQK=

h~ãáãìê~=hKI=hçÜåç=kKI=fíç=hKI=qëìâìÇ~=vKI=v~ëìÇ~=qKI=^çãá=jKI=jìê~á=hKI=cìàá=eK=~åÇ=pÉåÇ~I=

vKI=“Thermal Creep Tests of BWR and PWR SSpent Fuel CladdingÒI=`çåÑÉêÉåÅÉ=çå=píçê~ÖÉ=çÑ=péÉåí=cìÉä=áå=mçïÉê=oÉ~ÅíçêëI=IAEAJ`pmJOMLàI=sáÉåå~I=lÅíçÄÉêI=OMMPK=

hÜ~í~ãá~å=aKI=gK=^ääçóë=~åÇ=`çãéKI=sçäKPRSLPRTI=ééKOOJOSI=OMMPK=

håçêê=aK=~åÇ=mÉääçìñ=oK=jKI=jÉíK=qê~åëKI=sçäK=^NPI=ééKTPJUPI=NVUOK=

hçåç=kKI=“NUPEC PWR Fuel Irradiation Performance on Advanced Materials for High BurnupÒI=båä~êÖÉÇ=e~äÇÉå=mêçÖê~ã=jÉÉíáåÖI=píçêÑàÉääI=kçêï~óI=emoJPRVLNMI=OMMOK=

i~åÇêó=oKI=“Technical and Regulatory Basis for the Reactivity Initiated Accident Interim Acceptance Criteria and GuidanceÒI=USNRC=jÉãçI=kooLappLpkm_I=g~åì~êó=NVI=OMMTK=

iáãÄ®Åâ=jKI=hÉëíÉêëçå=oK=iK=~åÇ=e~ääëí~Çáìë=iKI=“Development of Alloys for High Duty LWR OperationsÒI=g~ÜêÉëí~ÖìåÖ=hÉêåíÉÅÜåáâI=ééK=OVTJPMPI=_ÉêäáåI=OMMPK=

ióëÉää=dKI=éêáî~íÉ=ÅçããìåáÅ~íáçåI=NVVUK=

ióëÉää=dKI=dêáÖçêáÉî=sK=~åÇ=bÑëáåÖ=mKI=“Axial Splits in Failed BWR RodsÒI=mêçÅK=fåíK=qçéáÅ~ä=jÉÉíK=

çå=iáÖÜí=t~íÉê=oÉ~Åíçê=cìÉä=mÉêÑçêã~åÅÉI=m~êâ=`áíóI=rqI=^éêáä=NMJNPI=sçäKNI=ééKRQNJRRRI=OMMMK=

j~ÅbïÉå=pK=oKI=`çäÉã~å=`K=bKI=bääë=`K=bK=~åÇ=c~ÄÉê=gKI=^Åí~=jÉíKI=sçäKPPI=ééKTRPJTRTI=NVURK=

j~åòÉä=oK=~åÇ=pÅÜìã~åå=oKI=“Zum rampen- und defektverhalten von SWR-brennstäben mit Fe-legeierten Zr-liner HüllrohenÒ, mêçÅK=hqd=ÅçåÑÉêÉåÅÉI=h~êäëêìÜÉI=j~êÅÜ=OMMMK=

j~êÇçå=gJmKI=“Recent Data on M5 Alloy under RIA and LOCA Conditions”I=fåíK=ito=cìÉä=

mÉêÑçêã~åÅÉ=jÉÉíáåÖI=lêä~åÇçI=cäçêáÇ~I=pÉéíÉãÄÉêI=OMMQK=

j~êÇçå=gJmKI=_ê~ÅÜÉí=gKI=mçêíáÉê=iKI=j~áääçí=sKI=cçêÖÉêçå=qKI=iÉëÄêçë=^K=~åÇ=t~ÉÅâÉä=kKI=

“Influence of Hydrogen Simulating Burn-Up Effects on the Metallurgical and Thermal-Mechanical Behavior of M5 and Zircaloy-4 Alloys under LOCA ConditionsÒI=NPíÜ

=f`lkbI=

_ÉáàáåÖI=`Üáå~I=j~óI=OMMRK=

j~êÇçå=gJmK=~åÇ=aìåå=_KI=“Overview of the M5 Alloy Behavior under RIA and LOCA Conditions”, fåíK=ito=cìÉä=mÉêÑçêã~ëåÅÉ=jÉÉíáåÖI=p~å=cê~åÅáëÅçI=`~äáÑçêåá~I=lÅíçÄÉêI=OMMT.=

jÉóÉê=oKI=“LOCA Ductility Tests”,=mêçÅK=PMíÜ

=kìÅäÉ~ê=p~ÑÉíó=`çåÑÉêÉåÅÉIt~ëÜáåÖíçåI=aÌ=

lÅíçÄÉêI=OMMOK=

jÉóÉê=oKI=“LOCA Ductility Tests” and “Analysis of RIA and ATWS Events”I=jfq=`çääçèìáìã=

çå=eáÖÜ=_ìêåìé=cìÉäë=Ñçê=itoëI=`~ãÄêáÇÖÉI=j~ëëK=OMMPK=

jÉóÉê=oKI=“The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission’s Research on Fuel Behaviour Under Accident Conditions”, qçécìÉä=OMMSI=p~ä~ã~åÅ~I=pé~áåI=lÅíçÄÉêI=OMMSK=

jÉóÉê=oKI=“An Assessment of Fuel Damage in Postulated Reactivity-Initiated AccidentsÒI=kìÅäÉ~ê=

qÉÅÜåçäçÖóI=éK=OVPJPNNI=sçäK=NRPI=pÉéíÉãÄÉêI=OMMSEÄFK=

jçåíÖçãÉêó=oKI=t~ÉÅâÉä=kK=~åÇ=v~åÖ=oKI=“Bases for RIA Fuel Failure and Core Coolability -Acceptance Criteria”, ^òp=oÉ~Åíçê=cìÉäë=pìÄÅçããáííÉÉ=jÉÉíáåÖI=NRCI=t~ëÜáåÖíçåI=aÌ=

lÅíçÄÉêI=OMMOK=

jçåíÖçãÉêó=oKI=o~ëÜáÇ=vKI=aìåÜ~ã=oKI=lòÉê=lKI=v~ÖåáÅâ=pK=~åÇ=v~åÖ=oKI=“The Mechanical Response of Cladding with a Hydride Lens under PCMI Loading Conditions”I=fåíK=pÉãáå~ê=çå=

PCI=áå=itoëI=`~Ç~ê~ÅÜÉI=cê~åÅÉI=j~êÅÜI=OMMQK=

jçåíÖçãÉêó=oKI=“Summary of Industry Proposal for RIA Acceptance Criteria”, ^òp=oÉ~Åíçê=cìÉäë=pìÄÅçããáííÉÉ=jÉÉíáåÖI=NRCI=t~ëÜáåÖíçåI=aÌ=gìäóI=OMMRK=

jçåíÖçãÉêó=oKI=“Industry Information to Support Interim RIA Criteria”, mìÄäáÅ=tçêâëÜçé=çå=

fåíÉêáã=RIA=`êáíÉêá~I=USNRCI=_ÉíÜÉëÇ~I=j~êóä~åÇI=kçîÉãÄÉêI=OMMSK=

k~Ö~ëÉ=cK=~åÇ=rÉíëìâ~=eKI=“Hydride Morphology and Hydride Embrittlement of Zircaloy Fuel Cladding Used in NSRR/HBO Experiment”, mêçÅK=çÑ fåíK=jÉÉíáåÖ=çå=ito=cìÉä=mÉêÑçêã~åÅÉI=

mçêíä~åÇI=lêÉÖçåI=^kpI=j~êÅÜ=NVVTK=

k~Ö~ëÉ=cKI=líçãç=qKI=q~åáãçíç=jK=~åÇ=rÉíëìâ~=eKI=“Experiments on High Burnup Fuel BehaviorUnder LOCA Conditions at JAERI”, ito=cìÉä=mÉêÑçêã~åÅÉ=jÉÉíáåÖI=m~êâ=`áíóI=

rí~ÜI=`çåÑK=mêçÅÉÉÇáåÖëI=é~ÖÉ=NMSRK=^éêáäI=OMMMK=

k~Ö~ëÉ=cK=~åÇ=cìâÉí~=qKI=“Study of High Burnup Fuel Behavior Under LOCA Conditions at JAERI: Hydrogen Effects on the Failure-Bearing Capability of Cladding Tubes”, OVíÜ

=kìÅäÉ~ê=

p~ÑÉíó=oÉëÉ~êÅÜ=`çåÑÉêÉåÅÉI=joÌ=t~ëÜáåÖíçåI=aÌ=OMMNK=



^JNE^JNQF=

Appendix A – Parameters impacting secondary degradation tendency of failed BWR and PWR fuel

A.1 Parameters impacting secondary hydriding formation tendency

få=íÜÉ=ÑçääçïáåÖ=íÜÉ=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåí=é~ê~ãÉíÉêë=íÜ~í=ïáää=áãé~Åí=íÜÉ=íÉåÇÉåÅó=íç=Ñçêã=~=ëÉÅçåÇ~êó=

ÜóÇêáÇÉ=~í=~å=~êÄáíê~êó=ÉäÉî~íáçå=x=áå=~=Ñ~áäÉÇ=BWR=~åÇ=PWR=êçÇ=~êÉ=ÇáëÅìëëÉÇK=cçêã~íáçå=çÑ=~=

ëÉÅçåÇ~êó=ã~ëëáîÉ=ÜóÇêáÇÉë=~êÉ=~=éêÉêÉèìáëáíÉ=Ñçê=íê~åëîÉêë~ä=ÄêÉ~âë=~åÇ=~äëç=Ñçê=~ñá~ä=Åê~Åâ=

éêçé~Ö~íáçåK=qÜìëI=~=ÇÉÅêÉ~ëÉÇ=íÉåÇÉåÅó=Ñçê=ã~ëëáîÉ=ÜóÇêáÇÉ=Ñçêã~íáçå=ã~ó=êÉÇìÅÉ=íÜÉ=êáëâ=çÑ=

ÖÉííáåÖ=íê~åëîÉêë~ä=ÄêÉ~âë=EÇìêáåÖ=Åçåëí~åí=éçïÉê=çéÉê~íáçå=çÑ=Ñ~áäÉÇ=ÑìÉäF=çê=~ñá~ä=Åê~Åâë=EÇìêáåÖ=

~=éçïÉê=ê~ãé=çÑ=~=Ñ~áäÉÇ=ÑìÉä=êçÇF=ëÉÉ=pÉÅíáçå=^KOK==

^KNKN Secondary hydride formation

tÜÉå=íÜÉ=ëíÉ~ã=éÉåÉíê~íÉë=íÜÉ=Ñ~áäÉÇ=êçÇ=íÜêçìÖÜ=íÜÉ=éêáã~êó=ÇÉÑÉÅíI=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=ã~ó=éçíÉåíá~ääó=ÄÉ=

éêçÇìÅÉÇ=Äó=íÜêÉÉ=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåí=éêçÅÉëëÉëI=ëÜçïå=áå=cáÖìêÉ=^JNK=

• `ä~ÇÇáåÖ=áååÉê=ëìêÑ~ÅÉ=çñáÇ~íáçåK=

• píÉ~ã=ê~Çáçäóëáë=çÑ=ï~íÉê=ãçäÉÅìäÉë=áå=íÜÉ=Ö~é=ã~ó=éêçÇìÅÉ=eO=ÇáêÉÅíäó=Äìí=~äëç=Ñçêã=~=

î~êáÉíó=çÑ=çñáÇáòáåÖ=ëéÉÅáÉë=ëìÅÜ=~ë=eOl

O=~åÇ=l

OI=íÜ~í=áå=íìêå=ã~ó=çñáÇáòÉ=íÜÉ=ÑìÉäI=ëÉÉ=åÉñí=éçáåíK=

• lñáÇ~íáçå=çÑ=rlO=ÑìÉä=Äó=ëíÉ~ã=~åÇ=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=éÉêçñáÇÉ=ã~ó=~äëç=êÉäÉ~ëÉ=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=áåíç=íÜÉ=Ö~éK=

lä~åÇÉê=Éí=~äKI=NVVV=~ëëÉëëÉÇ=íÜ~í=íÜÉ=ã~áå=ÅçåíêáÄìíçê=íç=íÜÉ=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=éêçÇìÅíáçå=áå=íÜÉ=éÉääÉíJ

Åä~ÇÇáåÖ=Ö~é=áë=íÜÉ=çñáÇ~íáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=Åä~ÇÇáåÖ=áååÉê=ëìêÑ~ÅÉK=qÜÉ=~ìíÜçêë=Åä~áã=íÜ~í=åÉáíÜÉê=rlO=

çñáÇ~íáçå=åçê=ëíÉ~ã=ê~Çáçäóëáë=Å~å=ÇêáîÉ=íÜÉ=lLr=ê~íáç=çÑ=íÜÉ=çñáÇÉ=~ÄçîÉ=~ééêçñáã~íÉäó=OMMUK=

qÜÉ=ã~áå=ëçìêÅÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÅÜÉãáÅ~ä=ëí~Äáäáíó=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÑìÉä=áå=áêê~Çá~íÉÇ=ëíÉ~ã=~ééÉ~êë=íç=ÄÉ=íÜÉ=éêÉëÉåÅÉ=

áå=íÜÉ=Ö~ë=çÑ=ãçÇÉëí=EYNM=ãçäBF=ÅçåÅÉåíê~íáçå=çÑ=ÜóÇêçÖÉåK=qÜÉ=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=áë=éêçÇìÅÉÇ=Äó=ëíÉ~ã=

Åçêêçëáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=Åä~ÇÇáåÖ=áååÉê=ëìêÑ~ÅÉ=~åÇ=ëíêçåÖäó=áåÜáÄáíë=íÜÉ=~Äáäáíó=çÑ=eOl=íç=çñáÇáëÉ=rl

OK=

qÜÉ=áåÜáÄáíáåÖ=ÉÑÑÉÅí=çÑ=eO=áë=ÇìÉ=ÄçíÜ=íç=áíë=íÜÉêãçÅÜÉãáÅ~ä=áåÑäìÉåÅÉ=çå=ÑìÉä=ëíçáÅÜáçãÉíêó=~åÇ=

íç=íÜÉ=êÉëáëí~åÅÉ=áí=éêçîáÇÉë=Ñçê=ëíÉ~ã=íê~åëéçêí=áå=~=ÇÉÑÉÅíáîÉ=êçÇK=qÜÉ=ëáÖåáÑáÅ~åí=ÑìÉä=çñáÇ~íáçå=

íÜ~í=çÑíÉå=~êÉ=êÉéçêíÉÇ=Ñêçã=Üçí=ÅÉää=Éñ~ãáå~íáçåë=çÑ=ÇÉÑÉÅíáîÉ=ÑìÉä=áë=~ÅÅçêÇáåÖ=íç=íÜÉ=~ìíÜçêë=

éêçÄ~Ääó=ÇìÉ=íç=ÑìÉä=çñáÇ~íáçå=ÇìêáåÖ=éççä=ëíçê~ÖÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=Ñ~áäÉÇ=êçÇ=ÄÉÑçêÉ=áí=áë=ëÜáééÉÇ=íç=íÜÉ=ÜçíJ

ÅÉää=Ñ~ÅáäáíóK=lä~åÇÉê=Éí=~äKI=NVVV=ãÉåíáçåë=íÜ~í=~ää=íÜÉçêÉíáÅ~ä=~êÖìãÉåíëI=ä~Äçê~íçêó=ÉñéÉêáãÉåíëI=

~åÇ=~å=áåJêÉ~Åíçê=íÉëí=áåÇáÅ~íÉ=íÜ~í=rlO=áë=êÉëáëí~åí=íç=çñáÇ~íáçå=Äó=áêê~Çá~íÉÇ=ëíÉ~ã=~ë=äçåÖ=~ë=

ÉîÉå=~=ãáåçê=éÉêÅÉåí~ÖÉ=çÑ=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=áë=éêÉëÉåíK==



^JOE^JNQF=

Plenum

Gap

Fuel

Cladding

Coolant

Fuel Oxidation

Cladding Corrosion

H2

H2

H2Steam Radiolysis

H2

Degradation of oxide;Absorption of hydrogen

Steam in

Hydrogen and Xe out

Steam/hydrogen diffusion

cáÖìêÉ=JoÉÇê~ïå=~åÇ=ãçÇáÑáÉÇ=Ñêçã=çêáÖáå~ä=Äó=^Kk

KqK=fk

qbok^qfl

k^i=OMMT

Figure A-1: Sources of hydrogen in defective fuel rod, Olander et al., 1997.

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éêÉëëìêÉI=peOI=íÜ~í=ïáää=áåÅêÉ~ëÉ=íÜÉ=Çáëí~åÅÉ=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=éêáã~êó=ÇÉÑÉÅíK=páãìäí~åÉçìëäó=ïáíÜ=íÜáë=

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äçåÖÉëí=áåÅìÄ~íáçå=íáãÉëK=eçïÉîÉêI=íçç=ä~êÖÉ=éêÉÑáäã=íÜáÅâåÉëë=ÇáÇ=çÑÑÉê=éççê=ÜóÇêáÇáåÖ=êÉëáëí~åÅÉK==

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êÉëìäíáåÖ=áå=òáêÅçåáìãJÜóÇêáÇÉI=wêeNKSS=Ñçêã~íáçåK=qÜÉ=òáêÅçåáìãJÜóÇêáÇÉ=éÜ~ëÉ=áë=îÉêó=ÄêáííäÉ=~åÇ=

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ï~íÉêLëíÉ~ã=~åÇ=òáêÅçåáìã=~ääçó=íÜ~í=áë=éáÅâÉÇ=ìé=Äó=íÜÉ=òáêÅçåáìã=~ääçó=ã~íÉêá~äK=



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Figure A-2: Metallographic cross-section at a sunburst. Cracks can be observed in the centre of the hydride blister, Garzarolli et al., 1979.

^KNKO Cladding inner surface hydrogen production rate

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Appendix B – Assessment of axial cracking mechanism

B.1 Assessment of axial crack mechanism based upon laboratory tests

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qÜÉëÉ=~ñá~ä=ëéäáí=íÉëíë=Å~å=ÄÉ=Å~íÉÖçêáëÉÇ=áåíç=íïç=ã~àçê=ÖêçìéëI=íÜÉ=Ñáêëí=çåÉ=Åçåëáëíë=çÑ=ã~íÉêá~ä=

íÉëíë=çÑ=áåí~Åí=ëéÉÅáãÉåë=ïÜáäÉ=íÜÉ=ëÉÅçåÇ=çåÉ=ÅçåëíáíìíÉë=çÑ=íÉëíë=ïÉêÉ=~=ëã~ää=ÇÉÑÉÅí=Ü~ë=ÄÉÉå=

áåíêçÇìÅÉÇI=Ñê~ÅíìêÉ=ãÉÅÜ~åáÅ=íÉëíëK=qÜÉ=Ñê~ÅíìêÉ=ãÉÅÜ~åáÅ=íÉëíë=Å~å=ÑìêíÜÉê=ÄÉ=ÇáîáÇÉÇ=áåíç=íïç=

ëìÄJÖêçìéë=ÇÉéÉåÇ~åí=ìéçå=íÜÉ=Åê~Åâ=éêçé~Ö~íáçå=ê~íÉK=få=ÄçíÜ=Öêçìéë=áí=áë=ëìÖÖÉëíÉÇ=íÜ~í=íÜÉ=

òáêÅçåáìã=~ääçó=áë=ÉãÄêáííäÉÇ=Äìí=Äó=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåí=ãÉÅÜ~åáëãë=~åÇ=íÜ~í=íÜáë=ÉãÄêáííäÉãÉåí=áë=

êÉëéçåëáÄäÉ=Ñçê=íÜÉ=Åê~Åâ=éêçé~Ö~íáçå=çÑ=~å=Éñáëí~åí=Åê~Åâ=ÇìêáåÖ=~=êÉ~Åíçê=éçïÉê=ê~ãéK=qÜÉ=íïç=

ëìÄÖêçìéë=~êÉ=íÉëíë=ïáíÜW=

• fåëí~åí~åÉçìë=Åê~Åâ=éêçé~Ö~íáçå=ïÜÉå=íÜÉ=ëíêÉëë=áåíÉåëáíó=Ñ~ÅíçêI=K8I=êÉ~ÅÜÉë=~=ÅêáíáÅ~ä=î~äìÉI=

KÅ

V

I=cáÖìêÉ=_JNK=aáÑÑÉêÉåí=êÉ~ëçåë=Ñçê=ã~íÉêá~ä=ÉãÄêáííäÉãÉåíI=íÜìë=äçïÉêáåÖ=íÜÉ=K

Å=î~äìÉ=çÑ=

íÜÉ=ã~íÉêá~äI=Ü~îÉ=ÄÉÉå=éêçéçëÉÇK=låÉ=ãÉÅÜ~åáëã=ëìÖÖÉëíÉÇ=íÜ~í=íÜÉ=Åê~Åâ=éêçé~Ö~íáçå=ï~ë=

~=êÉëìäí=çÑ=íÜÉ=ã~íÉêá~ä=ÉãÄêáííäÉãÉåí=ÇìÉ=íç=òáêÅçåáìã=ÜóÇêáÇÉëK=^åçíÜÉê=ãÉÅÜ~åáëã=

ëìÖÖÉëíÉÇ=íÜ~í=íÜÉ=Åê~Åâ=éêçé~Ö~íáçå=ï~ë=ÇìÉ=íç=ã~íÉêá~ä=ÉãÄêáííäÉãÉåí=êÉä~íÉÇ=íç=íÜÉ=

Çáëëçäìíáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=ëÉÅçåÇ=éÜ~ëÉ=é~êíáÅäÉë=~åÇ=ï~ë=É~êäáÉê=éêçéçëÉÇ=Äó=GEK=• päçïÉê=ÉåîáêçåãÉåí~ääó=~ëëáëíÉÇ=Åê~Åâ=éêçé~Ö~íáçå=ïÜÉå=íÜÉ=ëíêÉëë=áåíÉåëáíó=Ñ~ÅíçêI=K,=

êÉ~ÅÜÉë=~=íÜêÉëÜçäÇ=î~äìÉI=KIEAC

10,=ÅçåëáÇÉê~Ääó=äçïÉê=íÜ~åI=KICI=cáÖìêÉ=_JNK=qÜáë=äçïÉêáåÖ=çÑ=

íÜÉ=ÅêáíáÅ~ä=ëíêÉëë=áåíÉåëáíó=Ñ~Åíçê=áë=êÉä~íÉÇ=íç=ÉåîáêçåãÉåí~ä=ÉÑÑÉÅíëI=ãçêÉ=ëéÉÅáÑáÅ~ääó=íç=íÜÉ=

ÉãÄêáííäÉãÉåí=çÑ=íÜÉ=ã~íÉêá~ä=Äó=éêÉÅáéáí~íáçå=çÑ=ÜóÇêáÇÉë=~ÜÉ~Ç=çÑ=íÜÉ=Åê~Åâ=íáé=ÇìêáåÖ=íÜÉ=

~Åíì~ä=Åê~Åâ=éêçé~Ö~íáçåK==

U

=qÜÉ=ëíêÉëë=áåíÉåëáíó=Ñ~Åíçê=áë=~=ëÅ~äáåÖ=Ñ~Åíçê=ïÜáÅÜ=ÇÉíÉêãáåÉë=Üçï=Ñ~ëí=íÜÉ=íÉåëáäÉ=ëíêÉëëÉë=ÖçÉë=íç=áåÑáåáíó=

çå=íÜÉ=~ééêç~ÅÜ=íç=~=ëÜ~êé=Åê~Åâ=íáéK=fí=áåÅêÉ~ëÉë=ïáíÜ=ã~ÅêçëÅçéáÅ~ääó=~ééäáÉÇ=ëíêÉëë=~åÇ=Åê~Åâ=äÉåÖíÜK=

váÉäÇáåÖ=~åÇ=ÄäìåíáåÖ=íÜ~í=í~âÉ=éä~ÅÉ=~í=íÜÉ=Åê~Åâ=íáéI=çêI=áå=íÜÉ=Å~ëÉ=çÑ=ÄêáííäÉ=ã~íÉêá~äëI=åçåJäáåÉ~ê=Éä~ëíáÅ=

ÄÉÜ~îáçìê=ïáää=çÑ=ÅçìêëÉ=áå=éê~ÅíáÅÉ=êÉÇìÅÉ=íÜÉ=Åê~Åâ=íáé=ëíêÉëëÉë=íç=ÑáåáíÉ=î~äìÉëK=V

=qÜÉ=î~äìÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÅêáíáÅ~ä=ëíêÉëë=áåíÉåëáíó=Ñ~ÅíçêI=KcI=ÇÉéÉåÇë=çå=ëéÉÅáãÉå=ÖÉçãÉíêó=~åÇ=ã~íÉêá~ä=éêçéÉêíáÉëK=

qÜÉ=KIC=î~äìÉ=áë=~=ã~íÉêá~ä=éêçéÉêíó=áåÇÉéÉåÇÉåí=çå=ëéÉÅáãÉå=ÖÉçãÉíêóK=NM

=KIEACI=áë=íÜÉ=ÅêáíáÅ~ä=ëíêÉëë=áåíÉåëáíó=Ñ~Åíçê KcI=~í=ïÜáÅÜ=båîáêçåãÉåí~ä=^ëëáëíÉÇ=`ê~ÅâáåÖI=ëìÅÜ=~ë=ÉKÖK=DHCI=ëí~êíëK=



_JOE_JPVF=

Figure B-1: Diagram showing the crack propagation rate versus the stress intensity factor. The instantaneous crack propagation will occur when K reaches Kc. Kc depends on material properties and specimen configuration, and the value of Kc is KIC. under plane strain conditions.

qç=ÉåëìêÉ=íÜ~í=íÜÉ=Åê~Åâ=éêçé~Ö~íáçå=ãÉÅÜ~åáëã=íÜ~í=áë=ëíìÇáÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ=ä~Äçê~íçêó=áë=íÜÉ=ë~ãÉ=

ãÉÅÜ~åáëã=êÉëéçåëáÄäÉ=Ñçê=íÜÉ=~ñá~ä=ëéäáííáåÖ=áå=êÉ~ÅíçêëI=íÜÉ=ÑçääçïáåÖ=ÅêáíÉêá~=ãìëí=ÄÉ=~ÅÜáÉîÉÇW=

• qÜÉ=ë~ãÉ=íóéÉ=çÑ=Ñê~ÅíìêÉ=ÅÜ~ê~ÅíÉêáëíáÅëI=ÄçíÜ=ã~ÅêçëÅçéáÅ~ääó=~åÇ=ãáÅêçëÅçéáÅ~ääóI=Ü~ë=íç=

ÄÉ=éêçÇìÅÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ=ä~Äçê~íçêó=íÉëí=~ë=íÜ~í=çÑ=Éñ~ãáåÉÇ=Ñ~áäÉÇ=êçÇë=íÜ~í=ëÜçï=~ñá~ä=ëéäáíëK=

jçëí=çÑ=íÜÉ=~ñá~ä=ëéäáí=Ñ~áäìêÉë=áå=ÓêÉ~Åíçê=~êÉ=ÅÜ~ê~ÅíÉêáëÉÇ=Äó=ÄêáííäÉ=Ñê~ÅíìêÉI=áKÉKI==

− ~=Ñê~ÅíìêÉ=ëìêÑ~ÅÉ=éÉêéÉåÇáÅìä~ê=íç=íÜÉ=ÅáêÅìãÑÉêÉåíá~ä=ÇáêÉÅíáçåI=

− åç=çê=îÉêó=äáííäÉ=Åä~ÇÇáåÖ=ï~ää=íÜáååáåÖK=

• cê~ÅíìêÉ=ëìêÑ~ÅÉ=íÜ~í=ëÜçïë=ÅÜÉîêçå=é~ííÉêå=ã~ÅêçëÅçéáÅ~ääóI=~åÇ=ãáÅêçëÅçéáÅ~ääó=~=åçåJ

ÇáãéäÉÇ=Ñê~ÅíìêÉ=çÑ=ëáãáä~ê=~ééÉ~ê~åÅÉ=~ë=íÜ~í=áåJêÉ~ÅíçêK=

• qÜÉ=Åê~Åâ=éêçé~Ö~íáçå=ê~íÉë=éêçÇìÅÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ=ä~Äçê~íçêó=íÉëíë=ëÜçìäÇ=éêÉÑÉê~Ääó=ÄÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=

ë~ãÉ=çêÇÉê=~ë=íÜÉ=~ñá~ä=Åê~Åâ=éêçé~Ö~íáçå=ê~íÉ=áåJêÉ~ÅíçêI=[MKNS=ããLÜK=

få=íÜÉ=ÑçääçïáåÖI=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåí=ä~Äçê~íçêó=íÉëíë=íç=ëíìÇó=íÜÉ=~ñá~ä=ëéäáííáåÖ=ãÉÅÜ~åáëãë=ïáää=ÄÉ=

êÉîáÉïÉÇK=_~ëÉÇ=ìéçå=íÜáë=êÉîáÉï=~=éêçéçëÉÇ=~ñá~ä=Åê~Åâ=éêçé~Ö~íáçå=ãÉÅÜ~åáëã=áë=éêçîáÇÉÇK=



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_KNKN Instantaneous crack propagation

_KNKNKN s~ääÉÅáíçë=ÉãÄÉÇÇÉÇ=ÅÜ~êéó==

eçí=ÅÉää=Éñ~ãáå~íáçå=ï~ë=ÇçåÉ=çå=íïç=Ñ~áäÉÇ=åçåäáåÉê=GE=êçÇë=íÜ~í=ÄÉÜ~îÉÇ=îÉêó=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåíäó=áåJêÉ~ÅíçêK=qÜÉ=ÑìÉä=Åä~ÇÇáåÖë=ïÉêÉ=ã~åìÑ~ÅíìêÉÇ=~í=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåí=íáãÉëK=qÜÉ=ÑìÉä=Åä~ÇÇáåÖ=çÑ=~=ãçêÉ=

êÉÅÉåí=ã~åìÑ~ÅíìêáåÖ=Ç~íÉ=Ü~Ç=~=ÇÉÑÉÅí=íÜ~í=Ü~Ç=ÇÉîÉäçéÉÇ=áåíç=~å=~ñá~ä=ëéäáí=PN=Åã=áå=äÉåÖíÜ=

ïÜáäÉ=íÜÉ=ÑìÉä=Åä~ÇÇáåÖ=ïáíÜ=~=çäÇÉê=ã~åìÑ~ÅíìêáåÖ=Ç~íÉ=ÇáÇ=åçí=ÇÉÖê~ÇÉI=IAEAI=åçK=PUUI=NVVUK=qbj=Éñ~ãáå~íáçå=çÑ=åçåJáêê~Çá~íÉÇ=~êÅÜáîÉ=ã~íÉêá~ä=çÑ=íÜÉ=íïç=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåí=Åä~ÇÇáåÖ=äçíë=ëÜçïÉÇ=~=

Çê~ã~íáÅ=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåÅÉ=áå=ëÉÅçåÇ=éÜ~ëÉ=é~êíáÅäÉ=ëáòÉ=ÇáëíêáÄìíáçåI=êÉä~íÉÇ=íç=íÜÉ=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåí=

ã~åìÑ~ÅíìêáåÖ=éêçÅÉëëÉëI=cáÖìêÉ=_JOK=

Figure B-2: Comparison of the precipitate particle size of Zry-2 from the mid-1980s and 1993: (a) pre-1986; (b) 1993, IAEA, no. 388, 1998.

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