PowerPoint

Python

Moon Yong Joon

1

Contents

Moon Yong Joon

2

1. Python 2. Python /3. Python 4.Python /

3

5. Python 6. Python 7. 8. Exception9. Python

4

1.Python

Moon Yong Joon

5

1.1

6

zen of python

7

zen of python

8

platform

9

platform module

platform

10

1.2

11

12

Python 2to3

http://www.diveintopython3.net/porting-code-to-python-3-with-2to3.html

13

__future__

14

3.X

Python 2to3

print

15

1.3 /

16

literal expression

17

literal expression

literal expression ,

18

19

20

OperatorDescription**Exponentiation (raise to the power)~ + -Ccomplement, unary plus and minus (method names for the last two are +@ and -@)* / % //Multiply, divide, modulo and floor division+ -Addition and subtraction>> =Comparison operators == !=Equality operators= %= /= //= -= += *= **=Assignment operatorsis is notIdentity operatorsin not inMembership operatorsnot or andLogical operators

21

Division :

22

, operator

2. int 3.

__future__ division import 3.

23

special method

/ __truediv__ // __floordiv__

24

25

Expression

26

Expression

generator

Generator expression

27

1.4

28

29

Expression vs. Statement

(eval) (exec)

30

=

if

for/while

try/except

with

def/class

#,

31

32

#

, : docstring ,

33

1.5

34

35

var, obj var obj class var, obj

36

( Reference Variable)

,

Variable

,

Variable = ()

( )

37

38

39

None

Variable

,

Variable = ()

40

i

41

1.6 (value & Type)

42

43

instance object class object

Class

object

Instance

object

Type

Value

new

Value/Type

44

45

(Variable) (object)

,

Variable

,

Variable = ()

46

Type

47

Type inference

l .

.

.

48

49

new

50

Int

Float int isdigit() True

51

float

int float

52

53

54

1.7 //

55

56

: , ,,,

57

( )

Private

(property, )

Private( )

, (special method)

58

59

namespace

namespace

operator

operator

60

Special

61

Special

__special__

62

1.8 Keywords

63

Keyword

64

Keyword

keyword keyword import (2.7)

65

Keyword : 2.x

2.7

Keywordandelififprintaselseimportraiseassertexceptinreturnbreakexecistryclassfinallylambdawhilecontinuefornotwithdeffromoryielddelglobalpass

66

Keyword : print(2.x)

2.x 3. __future__ import print

67

Keyword : 3.x

3.x

Keywordandelifimportraiseaselseinreturnassertexceptistrybreakfinallylambdawhileclassfor nonlocalwithcontinuefromnotyielddefglobalordelifpass

68

print

69

Print : 2.7

print

70

1.9

71

72

=

iii + 1 Unbinding (NameError: name 'iii' is not defined)

73

binding()

Scope

I + 1 I

I NameError: name 'i' is not defined

( )

.

74

75

namespace

, class, instance global

globals()

locals()

class

__dict__

instance

__dict__

76

class method :

class class namespace class.

Global

Count = 100

Class A

A.Count = 1

77

78

Reference Variable

() reference binding

dir() context

79

namespace: dict type

global . Globals context

80

namespace:

globals [], = global

81

binding

82

Variable

83

84

85

Variable

Context .

del , del()

86

1.10

87

Chained Assignments

88

.

89

Augmented Assignments

90

.

91

1.11 operator

92

Operator

93

94

95

OperatorDescriptionExample+AdditionAdds values on either side of the operator.a + b = 30- SubtractionSubtracts right hand operand from left hand operand.a b = -10* MultiplicationMultiplies values on either side of the operatora * b = 200/ DivisionDivides left hand operand by right hand operandb / a = 2% ModulusDivides left hand operand by right hand operand and returns remainderb % a = 0** ExponentPerforms exponential (power) calculation on operatorsa**b =10 to the power 20//Floor Division - The division of operands where the result is the quotient in which the digits after the decimal point are removed.9//2 = 4 and 9.0//2.0 = 4.0

96

OperatorDescriptionExample=Assigns values from right side operands to left side operandc = a + b assigns value of a + b into c+= Add ANDIt adds right operand to the left operand and assign the result to left operandc += a is equivalent to c = c + a-= Subtract ANDIt subtracts right operand from the left operand and assign the result to left operandc -= a is equivalent to c = c - a*= Multiply ANDIt multiplies right operand with the left operand and assign the result to left operandc *= a is equivalent to c = c * a/= Divide ANDIt divides left operand with the right operand and assign the result to left operandc /= a is equivalent to c = c / ac /= a is equivalent to c = c / a%= Modulus ANDIt takes modulus using two operands and assign the result to left operandc %= a is equivalent to c = c % a**= Exponent ANDPerforms exponential (power) calculation on operators and assign value to the left operandc **= a is equivalent to c = c ** a//= Floor DivisionIt performs floor division on operators and assign value to the left operandc //= a is equivalent to c = c // a

97

: and, or, xor

OperatorDescription& Binary AND | Binary OR ^ Binary XOR

98

: ~,

OperatorDescription~ Binary Ones Complement1 > Binary Right Shift .

99

100

OperatorDescriptionExampleand Logical ANDIf both the operands are true then condition becomes true.(a and b) is true.or Logical ORIf any of the two operands are non-zero then condition becomes true.(a or b) is true.not Logical NOTUsed to reverse the logical state of its operand.Not(a and b) is false.

101

102

: and/or

and : true

and : false

or : true

or : false

103

104

OperatorDescriptionExample==If the values of two operands are equal, then the condition becomes true.(a == b) is not true.!=If values of two operands are not equal, then condition becomes true.If values of two operands are not equal, then condition becomes true.(a b) is true. This is similar to != operator.>If the value of left operand is greater than the value of right operand, then condition becomes true.(a > b) is not true.=If the value of left operand is greater than or equal to the value of right operand, then condition becomes true.(a >= b) is not true. :

174

annotation : tuple

annotation

175

annotation : int

annotation

176

1.17 ( )

177

178

2 namespace

()

()

179

class

class

180

181

exec

182

class :exec

class exec

183

exec : 2.

exec

184

exec : 3.

exec

185

1.18 Lambda

186

187

lambda

lambda

188

189

lambda

python

2.X print

190

global

191

Lambda : Global

global

192

1.19

193

194

195

196

197

. ()

198

199

( x,y closure )

200

201

apply

appy

def ( , *args, **kwargs) :

apply

202

operator

203

1. 20 Namespace/

204

205

( global) ( local)

Builtin

Local > Global > Built-in

()

()

206

1

p

207

2

local/global global

208

/

209

: global

global namespace(__dict__) key/value . global

Module namespace

vvv

210

: local

local local namespace(__dict__)

func namespace

var_init, var

x runtime

211

Global immutable

212

global

Global immutable

namespace(global)

namespace(local)

213

global :

Global Mutable

result = result +

result global

214

global

Global Mutable global

namespace(global)

namespace(local)

Int, float immutable global

215

Global mutable

216

global : mutable

Global Mutable global

217

1.21 namespace

218

nonlocal(2)

219

: 2

python 2 nonlocal

220

nonlocal(3)

221

Nonlocal

immutable namespace .

Namespace

Namespace

222

:

immutable

n + = x n

223

:

immutable nonlocal

224

1.22

225

Bytecode

226

dis : bytecode

bytecode

227

source

228

Inspect : source

229

1.23

230

Callable

231

callable

(special method __call__ )

__call__

232

__call__

hasattr __call__

function class __call__

Python 2Python 3callable(anything)hasattr(anything,'__call__')

233

234

2

1

0

Built-in

Global

3

Local

scope

Non Local

235

236

237

238

Built-in function

bif

239

return

240

1.24

241

Call by sharing

242

Call by sharing

=>Immutable

=> mutable

243

/

244

/

binding mutable/immutable

local reference

245

Function Bound/unbound

binding local reference

246

1.25

247

?

248

namespace key/value

namespace

249

250

?

251

key/value

252

?

253

key() value

254

?

255

(*[tuple], **[dict]) agrs/kwargs key value

256

namespce ?

257

Runtime

local runtime locals() key .

Runtime local

258

unpack ?

259

unpack

(*), (**) unpack

260

1.26 Data type is Object

261

1 ?

262

1

1

263

Literal

264

?

Immutuable

()

Mutuable

()

.

.

265

Value

Immutuable() :

-

Mutuable() : ()

- ,

266

267

268

call by sharing

269

var, obj var obj class var, obj

270

Class pass __init__

271

Class pass __init__

exec()

272

1.27

273

/

274

Values and data types:

type()

reference

type

value

float

1.1

reference

type

value

int

17

()

275

Values and data types:

reference

type

element

reference

type

value

int

1

reference

type

element

list

reference

type

value

reference

type

value

list

276

277

copy

i j j i

278

279

is/is not :

280

281

== :

==

282

== : overriding

__eq__ overriding

283

1.28

284

285

dir()

/

286

instance.__dict__

287

Mutable & immutable

288

Mutable & immutable

mutabale

immutabale

289

Builtin type

=>

(immutable) : int, float, complex,

str/unicode/bytes, tuple, frozenset

(mutable) : list, dict, set, bytes-array

290

Mutable & immutable

Values .

variables,

291

Data(Object) Type

292

object

293

Data types

int data type type

int type

294

1.29 Python Class

295

Class (2)

296

object

2 object (3 )

297

298

__init__

__init__ Class

obj = Class()

class Class( Class) :

def __init__(self, ) :

self. =

299

Explicit is better than implicit

class __init__

__init__

300

301

Class object (, ) bind reference

302

303

Class object instance

304

305

Class public

Class runtime

306

Classmethod/statcimethod

Class object method . Staticmethod type

307

add 2 add

308

309

__init__ class

310

311

class object override

312

class object class

313

314

:

.

class object type object

(inheritance)(Delegation)Is a Has a

315

class object

316

317

Method Bound/unbound

bounding , bound

318

Method Bound

self, cls

TransformationCalled from an ObjectCalled from a ClassInstance methodf(*args)f(obj,*args)Static methodf(*args)f(*args)Class methodf(*args)f(*args)

319

320

class class

Instance.method = function method

321

322

1

Class .

323

2

Class

324

Class @staticmethod

325

1.30 Classnamespace

326

Class

327

class

class/instance namespace __dict__

class

__dict__

instance

__dict__

Base class

__dict__

328

class

class base class .

class

__dict__

instance

__dict__

Base class

__dict__

329

Class

330

class __dict__

class namespace __dict__

331

class

332

parent class/child class

class namespace __dict__

333

class

334

class

class namespace __dict__

335

class

class namespace __dict__

336

list class

list class namespace __dict__

337

dict class

dict class namespace __dict__

338

class

339

class : int

int class class instance __dict__

340

class : list

list class class instance __dict__ __getitem__

__dict__ value list

341

342

class

class

class

343

Runtime

344

class/instance

class/instace dict namespace

345

class/instance runtime

class/instace runtime

346

Global

347

class : global

class global

348

class : class ()

class class class

349

1.31 (binding)

350

/

351

context .

352

Binding method

353

Binding instance

context binding .

class Foo() :

def __init__(self,name=None) :

self.name = name

#context

Instance foo

foo = Foo(Dahl)

Foo.__init__(foo,Dahl)

{'name': 'Dahl'}

foo.__dict__

354

Binding function

355

Binding instance: function

context binding .

class Foo() :

def __init__(self,name=None) :

self.name = name

bar = external_bar

#context

Instance foo

foo = Foo(Dahl)

Foo.__init__(foo,Dahl)

{'lastname': 'Moon', 'name': 'Yong'}

foo.__dict__

def external_bar(self,lastname):

self.lastname = lastname

return self.name+ " " + self.lastname

foo.bar(Moon)

356

1.32 namespace

357

namespace

358

self.name self

359

globals local>global>builtin

360

361

local/global namespace

362

.

( )

363

1.33 instance property

364

property

365

property

class property property

366

Property

367

property

property

368

1.34 instance descriptor

369

Descriptor

370

descriptor

class desciptor

Instance instance

371

Descriptor

372

class name name Descriptor class

373

name namespace _name

374

1.35 Module

375

import/from import

376

import from imort

Import globals from import

377

from imort

from import

378

module global

379

module global

module global import global module global

add_1 add add_1 global

380

__builtin__

381

__builtin__ import

__builtins__ __builtin__ import

382

3. import

__builtins__ builtins import

383

1.36 File

384

File

385

File Object

Object File . iterable

Handle

Line

Line

Line

Line

Line

Line

method

386

File handle object

file handle

file

file

handle

387

File handle

388

File Object Method(1)

Methodfile.close()Close the filefile.flush() file.fileno()Return the integer file descriptor that is used by the underlying implementation to request I/O operations from the operating systemfile.isatty()ReturnTrueif the file is connected to a tty(-like) device, elseFalse.file.next()A file object is its own iterator, for example iter(f) returns f (unless f is closed). When a file is used as an iterator, typically in a for loop (for example, for line in f: print line.strip()), the next() method is called repeatedly. file.read([size])Read at mostsizebytes from the file (less if the read hits EOF before obtainingsizebytes).file.readline([size])Read one entire line from the file.file.readlines([sizehint]) ..

389

File Object Method(2)

Methodfile.xreadlines() , .file.seek(offset[,whence]) .(whence offset , 1 offset, 2 offset ) - seek(n) : n - seek(n, 1) : n (n , ) - seek(n, 2) : n (n )file.tell() .file.truncate([size]) . ..file.write(str)Write a string to the file. There is no return value.file.writelines(sequence) .

390

File :read

open read str

391

File :readlines

open readlines list

392

File :tell

open readline

393

File : seek

open readline seek

394

File : truncate

truncate .( write )

395

File handle

396

File Object Variable

Methodfile.closedbool indicating the current state of the file object.file.encodingThe encoding that this file uses.file.errorsThe Unicode error handler used along with the encoding.file.modeThe I/O mode for the file. If the file was created using the open() built-in function, this will be the value of the mode parameter.file.nameIf the file object was created using open(), the name of the file. Otherwise, some string that indicates the source of the file object, of the form . file.newlinesIf Python was built with universal newlines enabled (the default) this read-only attribute exists, and for files opened in universal newline read mode it keeps track of the types of newlines encountered while reading the file. file.softspaceoolean that indicates whether a space character needs to be printed before another value when using the print statement.

397

1.37 File

398

File /

399

File

open close

: = open(, )

: .close()

file

400

File

r - r+ - a - ()a+ ( )w - w+ ( )t b- rb rb+ wb+ ( )ab+ ( )

401

402

File

.write()

403

File

= open(, a) .write(), w

404

405

File -

.readline()

406

File -

.readlines(), .read()

407

408

File file

open line write

409

410

File

w+ mode write write

411

412

File

file_read.txt

413

File : for

iterable for

414

Console

415

raw_input file write

Console file

(3 input )

416

Jupyter notebook cell %load file load

417

1.38 File (with context)

418

With

419

File with

With file.close() with file close

420

2.Python /

Moon Yong Joon

421

2.1 Python class

422

class

423

object class class type class

object

class

/

class

type

class

424

__class__ __bases__

2

3

425

class

426

namespace

class class namespace

class

__dict__

namespace

427

namespace

class class class namespace

428

instance

429

instance namespace

class class instance __init__

class

__dict__

namespace

instance

__dict__

namespace

Scope()

430

namespace

class __init__

431

method

432

method namespace

class class instance __init__

class

__dict__

namespace

locals()

__dict__

namespace

Scope() (, )

433

namespace

method getPerson var_mt

434

2.2 object class

435

object class

436

object

Object object instance

Object

1 Object

437

object class:

438

object class :

(__new__), (__int__)

439

object :

object

440

441

object :

object

442

object :

object

443

object :

object ,

444

2.3 Type class

445

type class

446

type

type object (override )

447

type

Class type class , class type

448

Value and Type :

obj.__class__.__name__

obj.__class__

__name__

449

type class

450

Type: class

type

451

2.4 Iterable protocol

452

Iterator protocol

453

__iter__/next

iterator protocol __iter__/next

454

Iterable

455

Iterator : sentinel

iter sentinel callable setinel

456

Iterable class

457

Iterator

__iter__ next

458

Iterator

for next() exception

459

for next() exception

460

Iterable : list

461

list instance listiterator

list iter() listiterator next

462

for

for in iterable : iterable

463

2.5 data type

464

Namespace(__dict__)

465

: __dict__

__dict__

466

467

:

__dict__

468

: str

str class __dict__ self

469

2.6

470

__getattribute__

471

.

. . __getattribute__

472

: __getattribute__

.__getattribute__(__class__) class object

473

__getattribute__

Object class binding self self.__dict__

474

looping

475

return

476

__getattribute__

__getattribute__, getattr class recursive call

477

__getattribute__

__getattribute__ object.__getattribute__ recursive

478

2.7 number data type

479

Numeric Type

480

Numberic Types

int

float

long(2.x)

complex

1 context id

481

, operator

OperationResultNotesx+ysum ofxandyx-ydifference ofxandyx*yproduct ofxandyx/yquotient ofxandyx//y(floored) quotient ofxandyx%yremainder ofx/y-xxnegated+xxunchangedabs(x)absolute value or magnitude ofxint(x)xconverted to integerlong(x)xconverted to long integerfloat(x)xconverted to floating pointcomplex(re,im)a complex number with real partre, imaginary partim.imdefaults to zero.c.conjugate()conjugate of the complex numbercdivmod(x,y)the pair(x//y,x%y)pow(x,y)xto the poweryx**yxto the powery

482

Numeric Type(int)

483

- int

int operator

484

int

int

real : int

bit_length() : bit

denominator :

numerator :

485

long

python3

NotesPython 2Python 3x=1000000000000Lx=1000000000000x=0xFFFFFFFFFFFFLx=0xFFFFFFFFFFFFlong(x)int(x)type(x)islongtype(x)isintisinstance(x,long)isinstance(x,int)

486

Numeric Type(float)

487

- float

float operator

488

float

float

real : float

hex() : 16

fromhex() : hex() float

is_integer() : 0 true

as_integer_ratio() : denominator : , numerator :

489

Numeric Type(complex)

490

- complex

float operator

491

complex

complex

real : float

imag:

conjugate () :

492

493

fractions

fractions . Float float

494

fractions

fractions . Float float

495

2.8 sequence data type

496

Sequence Type

497

Sequence

Sequenec Types

String/unicode

Buffer/range

List/tuple

container

container

** string

Elements

498

Sequence

Sequence , operator

OperationResultNotesxins xnot ins s+t sequence s*n,n*s s[i] s[i:j] s[i:j:k] k len(s) min(s) max(s)

499

sequence

500

Sequence class

sequence len() [ ]( )

__len__

__getitem__

Sequence

len()

Sequence index slice

501

Sequence class

__len__, __getitem__ overriding sequence class

502

Sequence class

__getitem__ list / return

503

Sequence sorting

504

Sequence-revesed

Sequence (reversed)

505

Sequence-sorted

Sequence (sorted, reversed)

506

Sequence : zip

507

zip seq

Sequence (zip)

Zip unpack 2

Python 2Python 3zip(a,b,c)list(zip(a,b,c))d.join(zip(a,b,c))no change

508

zip : 3.x

Sequence (zip) zip

509

zip : 3.x : zip

Sequence (zip) zip

Python 2Python 3zip(a,b,c)list(zip(a,b,c))

510

zip : 3.x list

Zip zip

511

zip : 3.x : join

Sequence (zip) join

Python 2Python 3d.join(zip(a,b,c))no change

512

2.9 sequence(string) data type

513

Sequence : String Type

514

Sequence -str

str

515

String :

immutable +

516

String-operator

OperatorDescriptionExample+Concatenation - Adds values on either side of the operatora + b will give HelloPython*Repetition - Creates new strings, concatenating multiple copies of the same stringa*2 will give -HelloHello[]Slice - Gives the character from the given indexa[1] will give e[ : ]Range Slice - Gives the characters from the given rangea[1:4] will give ellinMembership - Returns true if a character exists in the given stringH in a will give 1 not inMembership - Returns true if a character does not exist in the given stringM not in a will give 1r/RRaw String print r'\n' prints \n and print R'\n'prints \n%Format - Performs String formattingSee at next section

517

Operator+

Sequence , operator

+ : str, list, tuple str, tuple

min(), max() : , list list

518

String-escape

Backslash notationHexadecimal characterDescription\a0x07Bell or alert\b0x08Backspace\000\cxControl-x\C-xControl-x\e0x1bEscape\f0x0cFormfeed\M-\C-xMeta-Control-x\n0x0aNewline (Line Feed) \nnnOctal notation, where n is in the range 0.7\r0x0dCarriage return \s0x20Space\t0x09Tab\v0x0bVertical tab\xCharacter x\xnnHexadecimal notation, where n is in the range 0.9, a.f, or A.F\\ "\"\' (')\" (")

519

Sequence : String method

520

Sequence-String (1)

String

Method Descriptioncapitalize()Capitalizes first letter of stringcenter(width, fillchar)Returns a space-padded string with the original string centered to a total of width columns.count(str, beg= 0,end=len(string))Counts how many times str occurs in string or in a substring of string if starting index beg and ending index end are given.decode(encoding='UTF-8',errors='strict')Decodes the string using the codec registered for encoding. encoding defaults to the default string encoding.encode(encoding='UTF-8',errors='strict')Returns encoded string version of string; on error, default is to raise a ValueError unless errors is given with 'ignore' or 'replace'.endswith(suffix, beg=0, end=len(string))Determines if string or a substring of string (if starting index beg and ending index end are given) ends with suffix; returns true if so and false otherwise.expandtabs(tabsize=8) Expands tabs in string to multiple spaces; defaults to 8 spaces per tab if tabsize not provided.

521

Sequence-String (2)

String

Method Descriptionfind(str, beg=0 end=len(string))Determine if str occurs in string or in a substring of string if starting index beg and ending index end are given returns index if found and -1 otherwise.index(str, beg=0, end=len(string))Same as find(), but raises an exception if str not found.isalnum()Returns true if string has at least 1 character and all characters are alphanumeric and false otherwise.isalpha()Returns true if string has at least 1 character and all characters are alphabetic and false otherwise.isdigit()Returns true if string contains only digits and false otherwise.islower()Returns true if string has at least 1 cased character and all cased characters are in lowercase and false otherwise. partition ()Split the string at the first occurrence ofsep, and return a 3-tuple containing the part before the separator, the separator itself, and the part after the separator.

522

Sequence-String (3)

String

Method Descriptionisspace()Returns true if string contains only whitespace characters and false otherwise.istitle()Returns true if string is properly "titlecased" and false otherwise.isupper()Returns true if string has at least one cased character and all cased characters are in uppercase and false otherwise.join(seq)Merges (concatenates) the string representations of elements in sequence seq into a string, with separator string.len(string)Returns the length of the stringljust(width[, fillchar])Returns a space-padded string with the original string left-justified to a total of width columns.lower()Converts all uppercase letters in string to lowercase.lstrip()Removes all leading whitespace in string.maketrans()Returns a translation table to be used in translate function.

523

Sequence-String (4)

String

Method Descriptionmax(str)Returns the max alphabetical character from the string str.min(str)Returns the min alphabetical character from the string str.replace(old, new [, max])Replaces all occurrences of old in string with new or at most max occurrences if max given.rfind(str, beg=0,end=len(string))Same as find(), but search backwards in string.rindex( str, beg=0, end=len(string))Same as index(), but search backwards in string.rjust(width,[, fillchar])Returns a space-padded string with the original string right-justified to a total of width columns.rstrip()Removes all trailing whitespace of string.split(str="", num=string.count(str))Splits string according to delimiter str (space if not provided) and returns list of substrings; split into at most num substrings if given.splitlines( num=string.count('\n'))Splits string at all (or num) NEWLINEs and returns a list of each line with NEWLINEs removed.

524

Sequence-String (5)

String

Method Descriptionstartswith(str, beg=0,end=len(string))Determines if string or a substring of string (if starting index beg and ending index end are given) starts with substring str; returns true if so and false otherwise.strip([chars])Performs both lstrip() and rstrip() on stringswapcase()Inverts case for all letters in string.title()Returns "titlecased" version of string, that is, all words begin with uppercase and the rest are lowercase.translate(table, deletechars="")Translates string according to translation table str(256 chars), removing those in the del string.upper()Converts lowercase letters in string to uppercase.zfill (width)Returns original string leftpadded with zeros to a total of width characters; intended for numbers, zfill() retains any sign given (less one zero).isdecimal()Returns true if a unicode string contains only decimal characters and false otherwise.

525

526

String : count

527

String : find

528

String : index

529

530

String : partition

3 tuple

531

String : join

list . dict

532

String : split

list

533

String : startswith

prefix

534

String : endswith

suffix

535

Translate:

536

String : translate

537

string.maketrans : help

538

string.maketrans ;

c k, s z table

abkdefghijklmnopqrztuvwxyz

abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz

539

String : translate : 1

540

String : translate : 2

string.maketran translate

541

Translate: 3

542

Translate : table

3 table dict

dict{ ord(key) : valeue}

/ ord(key)

543

Translate:

Translate dict key ord

544

Translate:

545

String : translate :

Translate

546

2.10 sequence(list) data type

547

Sequence : List Type

548

Sequence-List

list

list isinstance

549

Sequence - List

List

Python ExpressionResultsDescriptionl=[1,2,3] l.append(4)[1, 2, 3, 4] del l[3][1, 2, 3] len([1, 2, 3])3Length [1, 2, 3] + [4, 5, 6][1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] Concatenation['Hi!'] * 4['Hi!', 'Hi!', 'Hi!', 'Hi!'] Repetition3 in [1, 2, 3]True Membershipfor x in [1, 2, 3]: print x,1 2 3 - Iteration

550

Sequence-List : +/extend

list + list list.extend

551

Sequence-List

Function Descriptioncmp(list1, list2)Compares elements of both lists.len(list)Gives the total length of the list.max(list)Returns item from the list with max value.min(list)Returns item from the list with min value.list(seq)Converts a tuple into list.str(list)Produces a printable string representation of a listtype(list)Returns the type of the passed variable. If passed variable is list, then it would return a list type.

552

Sequence-List : compare

2 0, 1, -1

553

Sequence : List method

554

Sequence-List

Method Descriptionlist.append(obj)Appends object obj to listlist.count(obj)Returns count of how many times obj occurs in listlist.extend(seq)Appends the contents of seq to listlist.index(obj)Returns the lowest index in list that obj appearslist.insert(index,obj)Inserts object obj into list at offset indexlist.pop(obj=list[-1])Removes and returns last object or obj from listlist.remove(obj)Removes object obj from listlist.reverse()Reverses objects of list in placelist.sort([func])Sorts objects of list, use compare func if given

555

Sequence-List : append

list index

556

Sequence-List : count

list value

557

Sequence-List : pop

list index default last .

558

Sequence-List : remove

list value

559

Sequence-List : insert

list [index] index insert append

560

Sequence-List sort

list.sort(key=) ( )

561

Sequence-List stack

Stack LIFO(last in first out) List (append) (pop)

562

Sequence-List queue

queue FIFO(first in first out) List (append) (reverse,pop)

pop() 0

563

Sequence-List: reverse

list

564

565

Bisect

.

566

2.11 sequence(tuple) data type

567

Sequence : Tuple Type

568

Sequence - Tuple

tuple immutable

Slicing String

Python ExpressionResultsDescriptionT =(1,)(1,) (,) T = (1,2,3,4)(1, 2, 3, 4) len((1, 2, 3))3Length (1, 2, 3) + (4, 5, 6)(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) Concatenation('Hi!) * 4'Hi!Hi!Hi!Hi!' string 3 in (1, 2, 3)True Membershipfor x in (1, 2, 3): print x,1 2 3 - Iteration

569

Sequence- Tuple

tuple

Function Descriptioncmp(tuple1, tuple2)Compares elements of both tuples.len(tuple)Gives the total length of the tuple.max(tuple)Returns item from the tuple with max value.min(tuple)Returns item from the tuple with min value.tuple(seq)Converts a list into a tuple.str(tuple)Produces a printable string representation of a tupletype(tuple)Returns the type of the passed variable. If passed variable is tuple, then it would return a tuple type.

570

Tuple

Tuple (count), (index)

571

572

Tuple :

Tuple tuple copy

list

573

Tuple

574

Tuple mutable

tuple immutable mutable . ,

575

2.12 Sequence type(Index/slice)

576

Sequence

577

Sequence

index

slice

578

Index/slice

579

Sequence

String index slice

580

Accessing Values : index

Sequence Type(String, List, Tuple) [index]

Sequence Instance [index]

581

Index slice

Index slice

582

Index/slice

583

Updating Values : list

Sequence Instance index .

584

Updating Values: string

immutable [index]

585

enumerater

586

index

Sequence (enumerate) index

587

Slice()

588

slice()

slice() slicing

589

slice()

slice() slicing

590

Slice ()

591

slicing //

Sequence , , , list

(python 2.x )

object.__getslice__(self,i,j)

object.__setslice__(self,i,j,sequence)

object.__delslice__(self,i,j)

/

592

Slice (2)

593

Container //

List,dict , , , list index

( )

object.__getitem__(self,key)

object.__setitem__(self,key,value)

object.__delitem__(self,key)

/

594

get/set/del item

dict/list/tuple dict/list

List index

Dict key

595

get/set/del slice

2 Sequence slicing (item )

596

2.13 String format

597

Format conversion type

598

Format :

format

Conversion Type Meaningd, iSigned integer decimaloUnsigned octaluUnsigned decimalxUnsigned hexadecimal (lowercase)XUnsigned hexadecimal (uppercase)eFloating-point exponential format (lowercase)EFloating-point exponential format (uppercase) f, FFloating-point decimal formatgSame as e if exponent is greater than 4 or less than precision; f otherwiseGSame as E if exponent is greater than 4 or less than precision; F otherwisecSingle character (accepts an integer or a single character string)rString (converts any Python object using repr)wString (converts any Python object using str)

599

New

600

String-format :

{:} .format()

601

String-format :

{name:} .format()

602

String-format

s (String) d, i (Integer)f (floating-point)o8x16X16%% !r__repr__ !s__str__

603

String Format -old

604

String-format

%s(string)%d (Integer)%f (floating-point)%o8%x16

605

String-format(%) :

% ( )

% % ( )

606

String-format(%) : name

%() % (dict )

607

2.14 String format( )

608

New

609

String-format :

{:[.]} .format()

610

String-format :

{:[.]} .format()

611

String-format :

{ : width.precision } .format()

{:[.]} .format()

612

String-format

formatting

613

old

614

String-format :

%width.precision } %format()

615

old *

616

*

*

617

2.15 String format name

618

String Format new

619

String-format

% % % () { } .format()

620

name - new

621

String-format : index

{ } .format()

0

{} {]

622

String-format : name

{ } .format(=,)

{} {]

623

String-format :

{} { } .format(, =)

Key/Value

624

name - old

625

String-format :

% dict key

626

2.16 String format

627

new

628

String-format

< >^ =

629

String-format

format

.

{:[][.]} .format()

630

Sign/0- new

631

Signs, Zero-Padding

padding

{:[][padding][.]} .format()

632

Sign/0- old

633

Signs, Zero-Padding

%()(.)?[s|d|f]

+ / -

634

2.17 setdata type

635

Set Type

636

Set

, (unordered)

(&), (|), (-)

Set: mutable set

Frozenset: immutable set

637

Set

mutable

Set

Set 1

638

Set

Set() 1 . mutable

639

Set

Set index/slice for

Index

640

dict.keys()

641

dict.keys() : 3

dict.keys() dict_keys set

642

FrozenSet Type

643

FrozenSet

FrozenSet type immutable

644

Set Type /

645

Set -

OperationEquivalentResultlen(s)cardinality of setsxinstestxfor membership insxnot instestxfor non-membership ins

646

Set - 1

OperationEquivalentResults.issubset(t)s=ttest whether every element intis inss.union(t)s|tnew set with elements from bothsandts.intersection(t)s&tnew set with elements common tosandts.difference(t)s-tnew set with elements insbut not ints.symmetric_difference(t)s^tnew set with elements in eithersortbut not boths.copy()new set with a shallow copy ofs

647

Set - 2

OperationEquivalentResults.update(t)s|=tupdate sets, adding elements fromts.intersection_update(t)s&=tupdate sets, keeping only elements found in bothsandts.difference_update(t)s-=tupdate sets, removing elements found ints.symmetric_difference_update(t)s^=tupdate sets, keeping only elements found in eithersortbut not in boths.add(x)add elementxto setss.remove(x)removexfrom sets; raises KeyError if not presents.discard(x)removesxfrom setsif presents.pop()remove and return an arbitrary element froms; raisesKeyErrorif emptys.clear()remove all elements from sets

648

/

649

Set

object, type, int special method override

650

Set

Set type mutable

651

Set update

set set

652

Set :intersection_update

set set

653

Set :difference_update

set set

654

Set :symmetric_difference_update

set set

655

Set add

Set . set

656

Set remove

Set

657

Set discard

Set

658

Set pop

Set hash .

659

Set clear

Set

660

2.18 mappingdata type

661

mapping Type

662

Mapping -dictionary

Key/Value

container

Name 1

Name 2

container

:

:

Dictionary Type

663

Mapping - dict

dict

664

Mapping

dict type

665

Hash

666

key hash

mapping hash

tuple mutable hash

667

dict

668

Map -

dict . key/value

669

dict

670

Mapping - Accessing Elements

Key/Value Key index

671

Mapping - Updating Elements

key key

key :

key :

672

Mapping - Delete Elements

, , dict instance

Dict

673

dict

674

Mapping dict

Dictionary , , dictionary instance

Function Descriptioncmp(dict1, dict2)Compares elements of both dict.len(dict)Gives the total length of the dictionary. This would be equal to the number of items in the dictionary.str(dict)Produces a printable string representation of a dictionarytype(dict)Returns the type of the passed variable. If passed variable is dictionary, then it would return a dictionary type.dict(mapping)Converts a map into list.

675

Mapping -dict class

dict

676

dict

677

Mapping -dictionary

Method Descriptiondict.clear()Removes all elements of dictionarydictdict.copy()Returns a shallow copy of dictionarydictdict.fromkeys()Create a new dictionary with keys from seq and valuessettovalue.dict.get(key, default=None)Forkeykey, returns value or default if key not in dictionarydict.has_key(key)Returnstrueif key in dictionarydict,falseotherwisedict.items()Returns a list ofdict's (key, value) tuple pairsdict.keys()Returns list of dictionary dict's keysdict.setdefault(key, default=None)Similar to get(), but will set dict[key]=default ifkeyis not already in dictdict.update(dict2)Adds dictionarydict2's key-values pairs todictdict.values()Returns list of dictionarydict's values dict.iteritems()Iterable items

678

dict.get()

dict KeyError get()

Key default

679

dict.setdefault()

dict default

680

dict.get/setdefault()

dict [] get

681

dict.update()

dict dict

682

iteritems/iterkeys/itervalues

dict iterable

683

684

keys,items

NotesPython 2Python 3a_dictionary.keys()list(a_dictionary.keys())a_dictionary.items()list(a_dictionary.items())a_dictionary.iterkeys()iter(a_dictionary.keys())[iforiina_dictionary.iterkeys()][iforiina_dictionary.keys()]min(a_dictionary.keys())no change

685

keys, values, items list dict

686

dict.key/values/items()

python list dict_keys, values,items list()

687

dict.key/values/items: for

python 3. for

688

dict.key: set

python 3. set

689

viewitems/keys/values

690

dict.viewitems()

dict view 3

691

viewitems/viewkeys()

dict viewitems/viewkeys set (3 keys()/items() )

692

2.19 Boolean data type

693

Boolean type

694

Boolean

true/false

or "python"""[1, 2, 3][](){}10None

If :

pass

Else :

pass

695

Bool

bool int

696

2.20 nonedata type

697

None type

698

None

(Not Exists)

(Not Assigned, Not Defined)

(No Value)

(Initialized Value)

699

None

700

2.21 Type

701

Type Conversion

702

Type conversion

703

Type

int()

float()

str()

list()

dict()

tuple()

set()

704

immutable

705

immutable

int()

float()

str()

tuple()

706

String integer

str isdigit

707

String

string str()

708

mutable

709

mutable

mutable

list()

dict()

set()

710

2.22 Data type copy

711

Copy

712

Mutable & immutable

copy copy

copy.deepcopy

tuple/list/dict list

713

Copy : immutable

714

str copy

str copy str copy

Immutable copy

715

tuple copy

tuple copy tuple copy

Immutable copy

716

Copy : mutable

717

list copy

list copy

718

set copy

set copy

719

dict copy

dict copy

720

deepcopy

721

deepcopy

mutable mutable deepcopy

Mutable ,

Mutable

722

2.23 Comprehension

723

comprehension

724

/

#

S ={1,2,4,8,...,2}

#

M={x|xinSandxeven}

725

Comprehension

for i in sequence if

For :

If

726

Comprehension

727

2.

2 comprehension namespace comprehension

x

728

3.

3 comprehension namespace comprehension

729

list comprehension

730

List Comprehension

A = [ for i in sequence if ]

731

List Comprehension :

for

A = [ for i in sequence for j in sequence if ]

732

List

733

734

735

set comprehension

736

Set Comprehension

Set Set

A = { for i in sequence if }

737

set Comprehension :

set for

A = { for i in sequence for j in sequence if }

738

dict comprehension

739

Dict Comprehension

A = { for (k,v) in sequence if }

740

Dict Comprehension :

dict comprehension

A = { for i in sequence if }

741

dict Comprehension :

dict for

A = { for i in sequence for j in sequence if }

742

2.24 Generator

743

generator

744

Generator

tuple(immutable) comprehension syntax generator

745

Generator

generator next . StopIteration

746

generator

747

Generator : send

send None

748

2.25 __bulitins__ class

749

__builtins__/ class

750

class :

__builtins__ class

751

class :

__builtins__ class

752

Ellipsis class

753

[] Ellipsis

754

doctest

#doctest Ellipsis

755

2.26 ()

756

enumerate class

757

enumerate index value

758

iterable enumerate index

dict key value

759

reserved class

760

reversed reverse iterator

761

iterable reversed

762

2.27 (buffer)

763

buffer class

764

buffer call interface (strings,arrays, buffers ) object .

765

buffer slice

766

list buffer

767

memoryview class

768

Buffer interface .

769

view

770

2.28 (array)

771

bytearray

772

: Bytearray

Bytearray index/slice

773

array

774

: Array

Array array index slicing

775

2.29 (queue)

776

Heap queue

777

heapq

heapq

778

heappush

Heap

779

heappush:

heapq list

780

heappop

Head

781

heappush/heappop: list

list heap

782

heappush/heappop:

heapq for/while push/pop

783

heappushpop

heap push pop

784

nlargest

heap

785

nsmallest

heap

786

dict heapq

heapq dict key

787

heapify

heapify .

788

collections.deque

789

queue class

Deque object

790

Deque iterable

deque

791

queue

queue

792

Deque list

deque : list

793

2.30 (dict)

794

Key: multi- value

795

collections.defualdict

defualtdict

796

Dictionary

797

collections.OrderedDict linked list

Ordereddict

798

collections.itemgetter

799

dict key key item getter class

itemgetter

800

fname key key itg dict

Itemgetter

801

itemgetter dict list sorted

Itemgetter sorted

802

collections.attrgetter

803

class

attrgetter

804

attrgetter class

attrgetter

805

attrgetter list sorted

attrgetter sorted

806

3.Python

Moon Yong Joon

807

3.1Python

808

Building Block

809

(\) :

: intention

: (\n)

(#) :

Doc : single ('), double (") and triple (''' or """) quotes .__doc__

(;) : ;

810

docstring

811

docstring

doc

812

3.2 PythonControl flow

813

Control flow

814

if Statement

StatementDescriptionif statements true if...else statements true if false else nested if statementsIf elif true false else

815

Control

816

if only :

true

817

if else :

True/False

818

if elif else :

True/False elif

819

nested

820

if :

if if

821

(3)

822

if Statement :

if (:)

823

3.3 PythonLoop flow

824

Loop flow

825

Loop Statement

Loop TypeDescriptionwhile loop true for in loop sequence nested loops

826

For :

For iterable _ for

827

Loop

828

Break Statement

loop flow

829

Continue Statement

control flow

830

Break

831

else Statement : for/while

For/while else ( break )

832

3.4 Pythonwith

833

with

834

With Statement

with context , close

835

Context special method

836

file : __enter__/__exit__

__enter__/__exit__

837

file : __enter__/__exit__

__exit__

838

File: close

close

839

3.5 Pythonpass

840

pass

841

Pass Statement

pass

Continue pass

842

4.Python /

Moon Yong Joon

843

4.1 import

844

845

sys.modules

846

__import__

847

__import__

import

848

__import__

math import __import__ . Math.cos (__module__)

849

__import__

850

851

import: __import__

__import__ import add globals

852

4.2 Python namespace

853

Namespace

854

Namespace

, , name .

, , name , , ,

855

Namespace

Import , pythonpath .

856

Namespace

dir() : , list

__dict__ :

>>>dir()

>>>dir()

>>>.__dict__

>>>

857

Namespace :

858

Namespace :

859

Namespace :

860

function Namespace

Namespace

Namespace .

Namespace .

locals()/globals()

Dict{}

Dict{}

Dict{}

Dict{}

Dict{}

Built-in

Dict{}

861

Namespace :

local global

862

Namespace :

function class

863

Namespace : object

864

Object Namespace

Base class

class

instance

instance

instance

Dict{}

Dict{}

Dict{}

Dict{}

Dict{}

Namespace

Namespace

865

Namespace :

Class instance

866

4.3 Python/

867

Module

868

, , , (.)

869

Module

AttributeDescription__doc__documentation string__file__filename (missing for built-in modules)

870

Module

871

help() : module

help()

872

package

873

(Packages) ('.') ( )

import game.sound.echo # ..

from game.sound import echo

from game.sound.echo import echo_test # ..

import .echo # import

import ..echo # import

game/

__init__.py #

sound/ __init__.py echo.py wav.py

graphic/ __init__.py screen.py render.py

play/ __init__.py run.py test.py

874

(1)

1. Kakao pythonpath

2. account

3. account account.py

875

(2)

1. myproject pythonpath

2. add_test.py

3. account.account import

876

Python path

877

:pythonpath

pythonpath

set PYTHONPATH=c:\python20\lib;

878

: ide path

.

#path

>>> import sys

>>> sys.path

['', 'C:\\Windows\\SYSTEM32\\python34.zip', 'c:\\Python34\\DLLs', 'c:\\Python34\\lib', 'c:\

\Python34', 'c:\\Python34\\lib\\site-packages']

#

>>> sys.path.append("C:/Python/Mymodules")

>>> sys.path

['', 'C:\\Windows\\SYSTEM32\\python34.zip', 'c:\\Python34\\DLLs', 'c:\\Python34\\lib', 'c:\\Python34', 'c:\\Python34\\lib\\site-packages', 'C:/Python/Mymodules']

>>>

>>> import mod2

>>> print(mod2.sum(3,4)) # 7

879

4.4 Python /

880

Context

881

if __name__ == "__main__":

__main__

882

command line

__name__ __main__

import

if __name__ == "__main__": #

print(safe_sum('a', 1))

print(safe_sum(1, 4))

print(sum(10, 10.4))

else : # import

883

Import

884

namespace

.

Namespace : .__dict__

: .__dict__.get()

885

4.5 Command

886

Command

887

Command line

$ python h # command help

usage: python [-BdEiOQsRStuUvVWxX3?] [-c command | -m module-name | script | - ] [args]

OptionDescription-dprovide debug output-Ogenerate optimized bytecode (resulting in .pyo files)-Sdo not run import site to look for Python paths on startup-vverbose output (detailed trace on import statements)-Xdisable class-based built-in exceptions (just use strings); obsolete starting with version 1.6-c cmdrun Python script sent in as cmd stringfilerun Python script from given file

888

Command line -

$ python test.py arg1 arg2 arg3

#!/usr/bin/python import sys

print 'Number of arguments:', len(sys.argv), 'arguments.'

print 'Argument List:', str(sys.argv)

test.py

test.py

Sys argv

sys.argv[1]

#

Number of arguments: 4 arguments.

Argument List: ['test.py', 'arg1', 'arg2', 'arg3']

889

PIP command

Command

Pip [options] []

890

PIP :

C:\Python27\Lib\site-packages

891

PIP :

flask

892

Jupyter notebook cell

893

Pip list

Pip list

894

Pip

!pip install -upgrade

895

Python

!python

896

5.Python

Moon Yong Joon

897

5.1

Moon Yong Joon

898

Function

899

()

Return

900

(def)

def add (x,y) :

(return/yield) []

901

( , , )

902

/

903

Function

904

comment __doc__

905

Function Scope

906

Scoping

.

Local > global > Built-in

Global/nonlocal

global

Built-in

Scope

Namespace

local

local

907

-scope

dictionary

/

locals()

#

908

local

local dict

909

global

global

910

Return

911

-None

Return

None

912

None

913

Return

914

-return

Tuple .

915

Return

Return

def f_ex

return add(5,5)

def f_tr

return add

def add(x,y) :

return x+y

916

-return

917

Yield

918

-yield

return yield Generator

yield , ', ' .

yield , next() iteration ,

919

5.2

Moon Yong Joon

920

Function

921

class

function function type class

922

function class code class

923

def add(x,y) :

return x+y

add

def add(x,y) :

return x+y

{x : None, y:None}

924

:

function type code type

function type

code type

func_code

.

func_code : code type

.

.

925

?

function class instance, code code class

926

Function

927

function class class

def add(x,y) :

return x+y

object

function

code

'co_argcount',

'co_cellvars',

'co_code',

'co_consts',

'co_filename',

'co_firstlineno',

'co_flags',

'co_freevars',

'co_lnotab',

'co_name',

'co_names',

'co_nlocals',

'co_stacksize',

'co_varnames'

'

'__class__',

'__delattr__',

'__doc__',

'__format__',

'__getattribute__',

'func_closure',

'func_code',

'func_defaults',

'func_dict',

'func_doc',

'func_globals',

'func_name'

'__repr__',

'__setattr__',

'__sizeof__',

'__str__',

'__subclasshook__'

'__hash__',

'__init__',

'__new__',

'__reduce__',

'__reduce_ex__',

'__call__',

'__closure__',

'__code__',

'__defaults__',

'__dict__',

'__get__',

'__globals__',

'__module__',

'__name__',

928

Function

AttributeDescription__doc__ doc __name__ func_code byte code code func_defaults arguments defult func_doc __doc__ func_globals func_name __name__

929

Function :

Function type

930

: default

Function __defaults__ default

931

:

Function special method

Python 2(func)Python 2(special)a_function.func_namea_function.__name__a_function.func_doca_function.__doc__a_function.func_defaultsa_function.__defaults__a_function.func_dicta_function.__dict__a_function.func_closurea_function.__closure__a_function.func_globalsa_function.__globals__a_function.func_codea_function.__code__

932

: 1

, defaults, code

933

: 2

934

: 3

namespace , doc, global namespace

935

Function class: 3

936

: 3.x

3 function

Python 2Python 3a_function.func_name/__name__a_function.__name__a_function.func_doc/__doc__a_function.__doc__a_function.func_defaults/__defauts__a_function.__defaults__a_function.func_dict/__dict__a_function.__dict__a_function.func_closure/__closure__a_function.__closure__a_function.func_globals/__globals__a_function.__globals__a_function.func_code/__code__a_function.__code__

937

: 3.x

3 function

938

defaults

default default .

939

Inspect

940

inspect :

Inspect

functionDescriptioninspect.getdoc(object) object doc inspect.getsourcefile(object) object (0 inspect.getmodule(object) object inspect.getsource(object) object inspect.getsourcelines(object) object inspect.getargspec(func) argument inspect.getcallargs(func[, *args][, **kwds]) argument

941

inspect :

Inspect

942

inspect : argument

Inspect argument

943

inspect :signature

3 annotation signature( )

functionDescriptioninspect.signature()

944

945

( ( ) )

()

def ( ) :

(return/yield)

object

function

code

946

__call__

def add(x,y) :

return x+y

>>> add(5,5)

>>> add.__call__(5,5)

>>> add

add

947

Stack

stack

1

2

3

4

Stack

load

948

.

949

5.3 InteranAltype

Moon Yong Joon

950

Code

951

Code

code

AttributeDescriptionco_argcount number of arguments (not including * or ** args)co_codestring of raw compiled bytecodeco_consts tuple of constants used in the bytecodco_filename name of file in which this code object was createdco_firstlineno number of first line in Python source codeco_flags bitmap: 1=optimized|2=newlocals|4=*arg|8=**argco_lnotab encoded mapping of line numbers to bytecode indicesco_namename with which this code object was definedco_namestuple of names of local variablesco_nlocalsnumber of local variablesco_stacksizevirtual machine stack space requiredco_varnamestuple of names of arguments and local variables

952

:

, func_code(code )

953

Frame class

954

frame class

frame class

f_backnext outer frame object (this frames caller)f_builtinsbuiltins namespace seen by this framef_codecode object being executed in this framef_exc_tracebacktraceback if raised in this frame, orNonef_exc_typeexception type if raised in this frame, orNonef_exc_valueexception value if raised in this frame, orNonef_globalsglobal namespace seen by this framef_lastiindex of last attempted instruction in bytecodef_linenocurrent line number in Python source codef_localslocal namespace seen by this framef_restricted0 or 1 if frame is in restricted execution modef_tracetracing function for this frame, orNone

955

frame

.

956

frame

Getframeinfo, getsource frame

957

frame

Frame .

958

5.4 1

Moon Yong Joon

959

1

960

First Class Object

First Class .

(variable)

(parameter)

(return value)

function

961

First Class Object :

1 (first class object)

(runtime)

(anonymous)

962

1

963

First Class Object :

()

964

First Class Object :

965

First Class Object : return

966

5.5 Function scope

Moon Yong Joon

967

Function variable scope

968

Scoping

.

Local > global > Built-in

Global/nonlocal

global

Built-in

Scope

Namespace

local

local

969

-scope

dictionary

/

locals()

#

970

locals()

971

locals()

locals()

dict

972

global

973

globals()

global module . Import global global 2

974

global

975

global : immutable

global

976

Global : mutable

mutable()

Mutable swap()

Return

977

5.6

Moon Yong Joon

978

Parameter/argment

979

4

/

/

(x,y,z)

/

/

/

980

(position)

981

(key/value)

key/value

982

-Namespace :

Namespace dict

983

(key/value)

984

key=value

985

986

987

Inspect getcallargs

getcallargs(,,)

988

:

989

Default

default __defaults__ (tuple)

def (k= 10)

__defaults__

(10,)

990

-

add

{x: 10, y:None}

#

add

{x: 1, y: 20}

#

add

{x: 10, y: 20}

991

default

992

Default

None

def f(a, l=[]) :

l.append(a)

return l

f(1)

f(2)

f(3)

{ a:1, l :[1]}

{ a:2, l :[1,2]}

{ a:2, l :[1,2,3]}

f(1)

f(2)

f(3)

List

.

def f(a, l=None) :

l = []

l.append(a)

return l

993

Default

defaults tuple tuple

994

Default mutable

default default .

995

5.7

Moon Yong Joon

996

(tuple)

997

*args namespace args(key), (value)

998

args key tuple value

999

(dict)

1000

-

**kargs keyword

1001

5.8

Moon Yong Joon

1002

1003

, , ,

1004

/

1005

: +

1006

: +

1007

/

1008

:

*args, **kargs *args **kargs

1009

: list

*args, **kargs (python 3. list(kargs.values()) )

1010

: dict

1011

, /

1012

1013

5.9 unpack

Moon Yong Joon

1014

unpack

1015

dict *args tuple, **kargs dict

1016

Unpack

1017

unpack

tuple/list * unpack

Python3 dict list

1018

unpack

dict ** unpack

1019

tuple

1020

tuple

tuple *args

call by sharing

1021

*args

.

1022

Dict

1023

dict

dict dict dict

call by sharing

1024

**kwargs

** dict

1025

5.10

Moon Yong Joon

1026

Apply

1027

Apply

apply *args, **kwargs

apply (, )

*args, **kargs

1028

Add add apply

1029

1030

Global :

(global )

{add: function }

{x:None, y:None}

{x:5, y:5}

global

local()

local()

1031

(global)

{add: function , add_args: function}

{func:None, x:None, y:None}

{func: add, x:5, y:5}

global

local()

local()

1032

1033

Lambda

1034

1035

()

(iteration, generation)

1036

stack

1037

Iteration :

sequence iter() iterator

1038

Iteration :

sequence iter() iterator

1039

Generation : comprehension

Generator comprehension

exception

1040

Generation :function

exception

1041

5.11 generator

Moon Yong Joon

1042

Generator

1043

Generator

generator next next

1044

Generator :

Yield

1045

Generator :

Return Yield

(next())

exception

1046

Coroutine

1047

Coroutine : send

yield send

Yield send

1048

Generator :

Generator send

( )

1049

5.12 Lambda()

Moon Yong Joon

1050

1051

Lambda

Lambda (return )

Lambda :

()

1052

Lambda

Python 2Python 3lambda(x,):x+f(x)lambdax1:x1[0]+f(x1[0])lambda(x,y):x+f(y)lambdax_y:x_y[0]+f(x_y[1])lambda(x,(y,z)):x+y+zlambdax_y_z:x_y_z[0]+x_y_z[1][0]+x_y_z[1][1]lambdax,y,z:x+y+zunchanged

1053

Lambda

Lambda (return )

Lambda :

lambda __name__ lambda

1054

Lambda vs.

1055

lambda (return)

def () :

retun

lambda :

Lambda

1056

lambda lambda

Lambda

1057

Lambda namespace

1058

Namespace scope

lambda namespace

Local > global> builtin

1059

Parameter

1060

/

Lambda

1061

-

Lambda *args

1062

/

Lambda **kargs dict

**d **kargs = **d

/ kargs

1063

If

1064

Lambda if

Lambda if True if

lambda :(if True) if else (False )

1065

1066

Lambda

Lambda and/or

and :

or :

1067

Lambda :

1068

1069

Lambda

Lambda

= Lambda :

()

(Lambda : )()

1070

Lambda :

Lambda ,

1071

Lambda

lambda return tuple

1072

Lambda :

Lambda return

Print

1073

5.13 Lambda()

Moon Yong Joon

1074

List Comprehensions

1075

Comprehensions

Lambda

1076

: conprehension

Lambda comprehensions lambda

1077

lambda

1078

Lambda for

Lambda for map/reduce/filter

map

reduce

filter

filter

1079

Map : 2

Lambda sequence

1080

Map : 3

3 class list list

1081

reduce : 2

Lambda sequence

11

22

33

44

33

66

110

1082

reduce : 3

functools reduce

1083

filter : 2

Sequence lambda

1084

filter : 3

3 class list list

1085

Nested lambda

1086

lambda

Lambda

1087

:lambda

1088

Lambda lambda

1089

5.14 Builtin (__builtins__)

Moon Yong Joon

1090

__builtins__ function

1091

: 2.x

2.x class

1092

: 2.7

__builtins__ function

1093

: 3.x