Protozoan Parasites: Flagellates, Amoebae, Ciliates...
Transcript of Protozoan Parasites: Flagellates, Amoebae, Ciliates...
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Protozoan Parasites: Lecture 19 - Amoebae, Ciliates & Apicomplexans 1
Pages 19-27
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Intestinal Amoebiasis
• Pathogenic obligate intestinal parasites – Entamoeba histolytica
• Mammals (Zoonosis)
– Entamoeba invadens • Captive reptiles
• Non-pathogenic – Many e.g. Entamoeba coli
• Cattle, horses, pigs, humans...
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Morphology Entamoeba histolytica/dispar
• Two life stages: Trophozoite & Cyst
• Trophozoite
– Amoeboid shape
– 12-60 µm (~20 µm)
– Nucleus
• with central nucleolus
• Chromatin ring
– Ingested RBC’s uncommon but considered Dx for E. histolytica
http://www.sfda.gov.sa/Ar/Food/Topics/food_quality_awareness/food+news+3-12- 2006.htm
Trichrome stain
RBC
RBC
RBC
RBC
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Morphology Entamoeba histolytica/dispar
• Cyst
– Round
– 10-20 µm
– 1-4 nuclei
– Blunt-ended chromatoid bodies (ribosomes)
chromatoid bodies
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Epidemiology
• Worldwide distribution
– Tropical countries
– Primarily a pathogen of primates
– Humans
• Reservoir for domestic animals
• Zoonosis
– Infections in animals reported but prevalence is unknown...
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Epidemiology
• Transmission: – Fecal-oral & waterborne
• Cysts: – Viable for ~ 2 weeks
– Killed at temperature >55oC
– Super chlorination
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Pathogenesis
• Trophozoites hydrolyze tissues of large intestine
• Intestinal lesions – Flask shaped
ulcers -penetrate m.m. & s.m.
– Enter general circulation & spread systemically
http://www.pathology.vcu.edu/education/microbiologyhtml
Flask shaped ulcer
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Pathogenesis
• Extra-intestinal lesions – Necrotic abscesses in lung,
liver, brain & other organs
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Clinical signs
• Variable – Subclinical to severe
• Common signs – Colitis, diarrhea, dysentery & vomiting
– Additionally may see
• Anorexia & weight loss
• Hepatomegaly & fever with liver infections
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Diagnosis
• Fecal smears - Trophozoites & cysts – Fresh (wet-mount) or stained
• Centrifugal Fecal Flotation – cysts – Cysts shed intermittently
– Check multiple (3) samples in 5-7 days
• Specialty lab required for Dx – re: confounder E. dispar
• Non pathogenic
– Enzyme Immunoassays (EIA)
– PCR
• Fresh or frozen stool only
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Control & Treatment
• Good hygiene & proper sanitation
• Metronidazole is recommended drug of choice for humans
• BUT little is known about treatment of amoebiasis in domestic animals
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Intestinal Amoebiasis in Reptiles
• Entamoeba invadens – “Commensal” in turtles & crocodiles
– Highly pathogenic in lizards, snakes & tortoises
• Don’t mix snakes, lizards or tortoises with turtles!
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Intestinal Amoebiasis in Reptiles Entamoeba invadens
• Direct life cycle – Fecal-oral & waterborne
• Clinical signs – Anorexia, weight loss, vomiting
– Blood or mucus in the feces
– Green coloured urates
– Mid to caudal swellings of the body
– Death
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gekkoninae_Rhacodactylus_ciliatus_tete.png
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Pathogenesis
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Intestinal Amoebiasis in Reptiles Entamoeba invadens
• Diagnosis – History, P.E. & overview of husbandry
– Fecal exam for cysts - as before
– PCR test being developed...
• Treatment & Control – Metronidazole
– Don’t mix turtles with snakes, lizards & tortoises...
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Amoebic Meningoencephalitis
• Pathogenic Free-living – Naegleria fowleri
– Acanthamoeba spp.
• Important causes of disease in humans & animals
• Worldwide distribution
• Infrequent cases in both humans & animals
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Amoebic Meningoencephalitis
• Naegleria fowleri – Soil & thermally polluted water
– Swimming pools, hot-tubs, tap water, sewage, aquariums...
• Acanthamoeba spp. – Soil, fresh-water...
– Heating & air-conditioner units
– Swimming pools, hot-tubs, tap water
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Balantidosis Balantidium coli
• Normal ‘non-pathogenic’ flora of G.I. tract of pigs – B. caviae also in Guinea Pigs
• Pathogenic – Humans (Zoonosis) & other primates
– Dogs (rare)
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Morphology Balantidium coli - 2 life stages
• Trophozoite – Variable sizes
• 40-60 µm & 90-120 µm
– Ovoid
– Ciliated
– Funnel shaped cytostome (gullet)
– Micronucleus – genetic
• Small sphere
– Macronucleus – somatic
• Central & bean shaped
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Morphology Balantidium coli - 2 life stages
• Cyst
– Round to ellipsoid
• 50-75 µm
• Thick refractile wall
Refractile cyst wall
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Life Cycle Balantidium coli
• Direct
• Fecal-oral
• Waterborne or food
• Reproduction – Asexual
• Transverse binary fission
– Sexual
• Conjugation
• Cyst = infective stage
Source: CDC
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Epidemiology Balantidium coli
• Prevalence in pigs – Warmer climates 20-100%
– Temperate climates disease is rare
• Prevalence in other animals – Unknown?
• Transmission – Fecal-oral, waterborne
– Infections more common in areas of high swine: human ratio
– BUT disease is still considered uncommon
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Pathogenesis
• Most infections - subclinical
• B. coli invades tissue of large intestine
– Hyaluronidase enzyme
– Rare
• But may invade other tissue
• Similar to intestinal amoebiasis
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Clinical signs
• Pigs
– Most are subclinical
– But may be mild colitis & diarrhea (rare)
• Sloppy grey feces
• Humans & other primates
– Diarrhea
– Occasionally severe
• “Amoebic dysentery-like symptoms”
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Diagnosis
• Fecal smears – Trophozoites & cysts
– Fresh - wet-mount
– Fixed / stained
• Centrifugal Fecal Flotation – Cysts
• Cysts shed intermittently – Check multiple samples
• 3 fecals in 5-7 days...
Unstained trophozoite & cyst
Stained cyst
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Treatment & Control
• Hygiene & proper sanitation – Especially on swine farms & primate
colonies
• Pigs – No treatment necessary (subclinical)
– If clinical cases (rare) • Tetracyclines & metronidazole
• Dogs, cats, humans & other primates – Tetracyclines & metronidazole
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Enteric Coccidiosis General Taxonomy- Apicomplexa
• 2 Genera – Eimeria
– Isospora (Cystoisospora)
• Obligate intracellular parasites
• Hundreds of species infect all animals – Host specific
• Infecting only a single host species or closely related species
– Mixed infections
• Hosts simultaneously infected with more than one coccidial species
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Morphology
• Zoite = functional unit of all Apicomplexans
– Motile, banana-shaped
– 2-8 µm long
– Specialized structures
– Apical complex, rhoptries & conoid
• Function in cell invasion
• Visible only by EM
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Morphology Zoite = sporozoite & merozoite
• Sporozoites
– Infective stage is the sporulated oocysts
• Merozoites
– Produced in host cells
– Asexual reproduction called merogony
• synonym = schizogony
Sporozoite
sporulated oocysts
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Morphology Oocyst
• Oocyst
– Result of sexual reproduction
– Round - ovoid
– Size variable
– Species dependent
– Environmentally resistant stage
• May survive up to 1 year
• Oocysts don’t survive
– < -30oC or >40oC
– Require sporulation to become infective (24-48 hours)
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Morphology Oocyst
• Unsporulated oocysts – Contain a diploid single cell called a
sporoblast or sproront = zygote
– Not infectious
• Sporulated oocysts – Contain haploid sporozoites which
may or may not be enclosed in a sporocyst(s)
– Infectious stage
• # sporozoites / sporocyst depends on the Genus
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Morphology Sporulated Oocyst
• Eimeria – 4 sporocysts each containing 2 sporozoites
– = 8 sporozoites
• Isospora (Cystoisospora) – 2 sporocysts each containing 4 sporozoites
– = 8 sporozoites
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General Coccidian Life Cycle Monoxenous - direct or one host
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General Coccidian Life Cycle Monoxenous - direct or one host
Asexual replication (merogony) produces merozoites
Sporozoite infects intestinal cells
sporulated oocyst (mature & infective) unsporulated oocyst
(immature & not infective)
Sexual replication (gamogony) produces micro & macrogametes (fertilization produces unsporulated oocysts)
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Epidemiology
• Prevalence – High - especially in crowded conditions
– Poultry operations, feedlots, catteries...
– All animals will have a mixed infection
– Highly pathogenic & non- pathogenic
• Transmission – Fecal-oral route
– contaminated food & water
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Epidemiology
• Often subclinical
• Associated with raising young animals in confinement
• Associated with young animals & stress – Weaning, adverse weather,
shipping...poor husbandry
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Epidemiology
• Adult animals – Developed immunity
– Can be re-infected
• Typically subclinical
• Carriers
– Immunity is species specific
• e.g. cattle immunity to Eimeria bovis does not offer any protection to Eimeria zuernii
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Pathogenesis
• Severity of disease
– Proportional to the number of infective oocysts ingested & location of infection
• Crypts & colon = more severe disease
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Pathogenesis
• Destruction of epithelial cells
– Villous atrophy & intestinal lesions
– Crypt hyperplasia
• Results in immature epithelial cells along the villi
– Denuding of epithelium
• Results from infections of crypts
– Hemorrhage in severe disease
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Pathogenesis
• Majority of pathology caused by the asexual replicating stages versus the sexual stages.
• Therefore, you see the clinical signs of disease prior to the presence of oocysts in the feces
Asexual stages
Sexual stages
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Clinical signs
• Diarrheal enteritis & malabsorption
– Blood may or may not be observed in feces
• Depends on species & severity of infection
• Usually self-limiting in the absence of re-infection
• Systemic signs of blood loss if the infection has caused hemorrhage
• Poor weight gain, emaciation & death
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Diagnosis
• Oocysts present on fecal flotation – Clinical signs usually appear before oocysts
passed in feces
• History & clinical signs are important – Finding oocysts is not proof of coccidiosis
• Infection with non-pathogenic species of coccidia is common
– Gross intestinal lesions at necropsy & coccidia observed in lesion scrapings or histopathology
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Diagnosis
• Dependent on the age of susceptibility & finding oocysts in the feces of animals suffering clinical signs of coccidiosis
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Treatment & Control
• Prophylactic drugs are used to control the infections (often mixed with feed or water)
• Treatment with drugs after clinical signs develop is rarely effective
• Supportive treatment & control of secondary infections
• Good management - reduce exposure to oocysts & reduce stress in young animals can prevent or decrease severity of disease
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Coccidia: Life cycle & treatment effectiveness?
Sanitation : within 24-48 hours i.e. before oocysts are mature & become infective (sporulated oocyst)
Asexual stages
Sexual stages
Supportive therapy - No current drugs kill/target sexual stages in cells
Prophylactic drugs Current drugs only work on asexual stages outside of host cells