PROMOTING LEGALITY IN TIMBER TRADE:Update from Ghana木材贸易合法性在加纳的推广

ByBen N. Donkor

(Executive Director –TIDD)木业发展部执行主任

Outline 要点• Pre/post VPA situational analysis

VPA 进程前后的比较分析– Supply issues 供应链问题

• Raw material sources 原材料来源• Quantities 数量• Species 种类• Milling approach 加工工艺

– Policies/laws 政策／法律• 1998• LI 2184• Domestic market policy 国内市场政策

– Artisinal Milling/ Domestic Timber Traders Network 小企业加工 /(DoTTNet) 国内木材贸易商网络

– Public Wood Procurement Policy (PPP) 公共采购政策– Livelihood/Governance Initiatives 民生／政府倡议

– Law Enforcement 执法• National Task Force 国家执法力量层面• Rapid Response Team 快速反应部门• Prosecution Team 检控部门• Wood Tracking System 木材追溯系统

• Challenges/conclusion 挑战／结论– Raw material situation 原材料状况– Cabinet approval for PPP 公共采购政策通过内阁批准

Pre/post VPA situational analysisVPA 进程进行之前与之后的比较分析

Supply issues: 供应链问题Raw material sources 原材料来源Pre ／开始以前 Post ／开始之后

Supplies from mainly off-reserve: 1990 – 2000 。

1990-2000 年间木材主要来源于非保护区•Supplied over 50% of the annual timber industry requirement 行业年需求量超过 50% 来源于此• No felling prescription was applied for monitoring•采伐无需许可，无法监管-Resulted in over creaming 导致过度采伐-Drew attention to the on-reserve resource -开始关注保护区资源

Mainly on-reserve/ salvage permits 主要是在保护区 / 采伐许可• Harvest of resources is strictly monitored

木材来源被严格监控• Felling is done within prescribed limits

采伐受到许可限制• Strict regime of systems are followed

系统中严格的制度-Harvest is tracked electronically, under wood tracking system, as required by the VPA

-木材追溯电子监控系统时刻掌握采伐信息-Data stored electronically.

-所有数据都有电子存档

Supply issues: 供应链问题Quantities 数量

Pre ／ VPA 进程开始以前 Post ／ VPA 进程开始之后 800,000 trees annually (Hansen

et al 2007; TIDD/FORIG 2009) available for milling

每年可加工木材 80 万棵• 84% illegal (Marfo and Azu 2009) • 84% 为非法采伐 Deforestation rate is alarming:

65,000 hectares per year (Hansen Damnyag Obiri and Carlsen 2012)

毁林率令人堪忧：每年 65,000公顷

Currently 342,797m³ (38%) of legally sourced and sawn timber is supplied to the domestic market (TIDD 2014)

目前 342,797 立方米合法原料和锯材供应国内市场（占 38% ）

Supply issues: 供应链问题Species utilised 使用种类的问题

- Over 700 Indigenous tree species are found in the High Forest Zone of Ghana ／超过 700 种本地树种在加纳高山林区被发现

- Starting from 16 in the 50s and 60s, currently JUST 114 of predominantly high density timbers, more of LUS and red woods are commercially used.用于商业用途的主要高密度树种从 1950-1960 年代的 16 种增加到目前的

114 种

1950's/60's 1970's 1980's 2000's 2010's0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Growth in No. of Commercial Species 商业树种数量的增长

Supply issues: 供应链问题Sawing approach 锯木工艺

Pre ／ VPA 进程之前 Post ／ VPA 进程之后 Predominantly chain-sawn

material. 主要使用链锯工艺• Formal mills were reluctant

to supply the domestic market due to price distortions 受国内市场价格波动不规律，正规加工厂不愿供应国内市场

A mix of portable and formal mill 便携式加工和正规加工相结合• Currently over 340,000m³ (38%) of

legally sourced and sawn material go to domestic market (TIDD 2014)

• 目前有超过 340,000 立方米 ( 占38%) 的来源合法木材和锯材被供应至国内市场

• Pricing has significantly gone up due to increase in demand for legal wood arising from awareness creation

• 意识提升后，国内市场对于合法来源木材的需求大大增加，从而也大幅提升了价格水平

Policies and laws: 政策和法律Laws 法律

Pre ／ VPA 进程之前 Post ／ VPA 进程之后 Timber Resource Management Act,

1998 (Act 547) and subsequent LI 1649 outlawed the use of chainsaw for processing timber for commercial purpose木材来源管理法案及之后的 LI1649 法案宣布了使用链锯加工木材用于商业用途为非法

The extent of weak enforcement of the Act resulted in proliferation of illegal timber on the domestic market 执法不严导致了国内市场上充斥着非法来源的木材

Timber Resource (Legality Licensing) Regulation, 2012 (LI 2184) is developed to: 2012 年推出的木材来源 ( 合法证书系统 ) 法案 (LI 2184) ：

- provide for a licensing scheme to regulate trade of illegality of all forms 使用合法证书系统来调控和规范各种类型的非法贸易

- provide for registration of all vendors in timber trade and criteria for this also require meeting stringent demands. 建立了符合严苛标准的木材从业商登记注册系统，并要求所有木材从业商进行登记注册，

- regulate both domestic and export trade 进一步规范国内贸易以及出口贸易

Policies and laws: 政策与法规Domestic market policy 国内市场政策 OBJECTIVE : To ensure supply of legal timber on a sustainable basis to

meet the domestic market demand, promote good governance and provide incentives that facilitate the production and trade in legal lumber目标：在可持续的基础上确保国内市场合法木材的需求，提高森林施政能力和提供激励机制，促进合发木材的生产和贸易

SUPPLY CHAIN供应链

PUBLIC PROCUREMENT

POLICY ON TIMBER &

TIMBER PRODUCTS 木材和木材产品公共采购政策

LIVELIHOOD & GOVERNANCE

INITIATIVES居民生计和管理计划

Domestic market policy: 国内市场政策Fixing the supply chain 固定供应链

• Artisanal milling conceptThe concept seeks to bring together identified actors in illegal operations to form a team, to operate within legal means.Members in the group are trained, supported with wood processing equipment to supply legal timber to the domestic market only

• 小企业加工理念该理念寻求使从事非法生产的小企业整合起来，形成一个团队，从事合法木材生产。为团队中的成员提供培训，并为他们提供木材加工设备，为国内市场供应合法木材。

Domestic market policy: 国内市场政策Fixing the supply chain 固定供应链

• Domestic Timber Trading Network (DoTTNet)

The DoTTNet process seeks to organize stakeholders on the domestic timber supply chain into trade networks to facilitate supply and sale of legal timber on the market.The DoTTNet process is governed by MoU signed by the Associations (DoLMAG – Domestic Lumber Millers’ Association; and DoLTA – Domestic Lumber Traders Association) and endorsed by TIDD.The MoU contains the terms and conditions for compliance by parties operating on the domestic market

• 国内木材贸易网络（ DoTTNet ）DoTTNet 进程旨在组织国内木材供应链的相关利益方共同促进合法木材的供应和贸易。DoTTNet 进程是在由协会间签署的备忘录框架下开展工作。（协会包括DoLMAG- 国内木材加工协会和DoLTA- 国内木材贸易商协会）。并得到 TIDD 的支持。备忘录中包括国内市场各方需要遵守的条款与条件。

Domestic market policy: 国内市场政策Public Procurement Policy (PPP) 公共采购政策

• The policy aims at using the purchasing power of government procurement to signal the market in favour of legally and sustainably produced timber and timber products.

• 该政策的目的是通过政府采购的影响，向市场传递公共采购更加青睐合法的和可持续生产的木材和木材产品的信号。• The policy is part of the VPA process and has cross sectoral

endorsement for its roll-out• 该政策是 VPA 进程的一部分，已经得到各个部门的认可• The PPP has been sent to Cabinet for approval and

implementation• 公共采购政策（ PPP ）已经提交内阁，请求批准和实施。

Domestic market policy: 国内市场政策Livelihood & governance initiatives 生计和管理计划

• Strategies for the domestic market policy propose alternative livelihood programmes, including re-afforestation and charcoal production as livelihood options available for those chainsaw operators displaced from illegal forest activities.

• In terms of governance:– benefit sharing of timber revenue from off

reserve is reviewed to include farmers.– Community and CSO participation in

forest management and monitoring,– Guidelines on sharing of timber revenues

for District Assemblies is developed

国内市场政策提出更多改善居民生计的计划，包括：为那些放弃非法森林活动的链锯工人提供造林和木炭生产等改善生计的选择。 管理方面：- 将农民也纳入非保护区的木材收入分配范围- 社区和民间团体参与森林管理和监督- 地区议会木材收入分配指南已经完成。

Challenges/ conclusion挑战 / 结论1. Raw material scarcity 原材料匮乏 Imports??? 进口Wood import as a policy is confronted with木材进口政策面临以下挑战- import duty, 进口税- profitability of imports, 进口的利润- funding 资金 Removal of residual yield??? 林地剩余木材的清除Implementation options 实施措施- FC to grant access to remove unwanted yield from TUCs FC颁发从 TUC清除不需要木材的许可- jointly working with a main contractor 与主要的承包商合作- main contractor extracts all species and auctions those that are not needed 承包商将所有树种清除，对不需要的树种进行拍卖。

The law enforcement architecture林业生产执法框架WOOD TRACKING SYSTEM 木材追溯系统

SOURCE MONITORING资源监督

TRANSIT MONITORING运输监督

MILL YARD & MARKET

MONITORING加工厂 & 市场监管• Rapid Response Teams•快速反应部门• LMCC Issuance Points•LMCC 许可颁发部门

• TIDD Checkpoints TIDD 检查站• National Timber Task Force 国家木材专案部门

• TIDD Timber Inspectors TIDD木材监察员

Legality Documentation: 合法文件1. Source: - LMCC 来源： LMCC2. Mill: - DoTIC; Input/Output Forms; Waybill 加工厂： DoTIC; 进厂 / 出厂表 ; 运单

Challenges/ conclusion挑战 / 结论2. Cabinet approval of PPP• Delayed by further work that needed

to be done to align pertinent issues in the PPP to the National Procurement Law (ACT 663, 2003). These issues including thresholds, imported timber documentation, Domestic Timber Standards and Contracts Award Procedure are now resolved through the development of Implementation Guidelines for the PPP.

3. ConclusionSince the signing of the VPA, some sanity

is prevailing regarding legality in the trade.

2. 内阁对公共采购政策的审批• 由于需要将公共采供政策中的相关问题写入国家采购法（ 2003 年 663号法案），审批过程受到耽搁。这些问题包括：阈值、进口木材文件、国内木材标准以及合同奖励的程序。随着公共采购政策指南的实施和发展，这些问题目前已经得到解决。3. 结论自从签署 VPA协议后，健全的合法木材贸易已经开始盛行。