Programacion Trabajo Final
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Transcript of Programacion Trabajo Final
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7/21/2019 Programacion Trabajo Final
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CH]JMJ MHI B@CGFJ B[G]GB
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Hi ctjmj mhi b`cgfj brtgbj hs hi prjbhsj `mcgfgstr`tgvj mh pi`fh`bgf, prjdr`c`bghohbubgf y bjftrji mh tjm`s i`s `btgvgm`mhs quh bjcpjfhf uf prjyhbtj, hi bu`imhs`rrjii`mj hf uf tghcpj brtgbj y ` uf bjstjjptgcj
@dustf Cjft
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@bhrb` mh ijs utjrhs..................................................................... ......................=
Qrhl`bgj................................................................................................................................................8
Qrijdj.................................................................................................................................................8
Q@[]H ]HJ[GB@[HM@BBGJF MH Q@QH[ H GFLJD[@LG@ MH Q@QH[
0.0. Dhstgf mh i` B`igm`m hf i` Bjfstrubbgf.................................................................4
0.;. Jrd`fgz`bgf y Bjftrji mh Jkr`.................................................................................0;
0.2. Ruphrvgsgf j Gfsphbbgf mh Jkr`..................................................................................05
0.= Gfljdr`l` mhi Q`phr Ruphrvgsgf j Gfsphbbgf mh Jkr`..............................................................;2
Q@[]H Q[@B]GB@
B@QG]XIJ 0? CH]JMJ MHI B@CGFJ B[G]GBJ
0.0. @fthbhmhfths ..............................................................................................................................;8
0.;. Mhlgfgbgf y b`r`bthrstgb`s - @pigb`bgf ...................................................................................; p`r` i` hi`kjr bgf mhi bjfthfgmj sh e`f tjc`mj
bjcj rhlhrhfbg` ijs thc s tr t`mj hf i` `sgdf tur` mh
Qi`fh bgf, Qrjdr`c`bgf W Bjftrji Mh Qrjyhbtjs, bjf hi
jkohtgvj mh dhfhr r hi mhs rrjiij mh uf` tbfgb p`r i`
prjdr`c`bgf mh prjyhbtj k`s`mj hf hi ctjmj mhi b`cgfj
brgtgbj (BQC-QH[]), `pigb`mj `i prjyhbtj mh bjfstrubbgf mh
uf` vgvghfm` mh C`mhr` pjr hi ctjmj tr`mgbgjf`i.
Gfgbg`bgf `i ctjmj mhi b`cgfj brgtgbj mh @dustf Cjft`j luh
hi igkrj k sh mh hsth prjyhbtj, `sg cgscj ijs `pjrths
prjpjrbgjf`mjs pjr hi @rq. Mhrky Djfz`ihs, qughf gcp`rth
mgbe` `sgdf`tur`, hi bu`i e` lufdgmj mh du` hf tjmj hi prjbhsjmh hi`kjr`bgf y brh`bgf mh hsth tr`k`oj mh du`.
Hi jkohtgvj quh sh phrsgduh hs prjpjrbgjf`r `i ihbtjr uf` du` mh
gfljrc`bgf y `pigb`bgf prbtgb mh uf ctjmj p`r i`
pi`fh`bgf, prjdr`c`bgf, mgrhbbgf y bjftrji mh prjyhbtjs
k`s`mj hf hi ctjmj mhi b`cgfj brgtgbj, p`r` `s chojr`r hi
bucpigcghftj hf hi tghcpj y ijs bjstjs ptgcjs hf i` hohbubgf
y prjdr`c`bgf mh ijs cgscjs.
Hs gcpjrt`fth mhst b`r, quh hi jkohtgvj quh sh phrsgduh hs
krgfm`r uf` bi`r` bjcprhfsgf mhi ctjmj y lufdgr bjcj du`s
hf i` `pigb`bgf mhi cgscj, gfbhftgv`fmj `i `prhfmgz`oh, i`
ksquhm` mhi bjfjbgcghftj y i ` `pigb`bgf mh mgvhrsjs ctjmjs
p`r` chojr`r i` hohbubgf mh uf prjyhbtj, chojr`fmj `sg hi fgvhibjfstrubtgvj mh fuhstr`s sjbghm`mhs.
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kusb`fmj `s, hi chfjr
bjstj hf hi chfjr tghcpj pjsgkih.
0.;.Mhlgfgbgf y b`r`bthrstgb`s (BQC)Ctjmj mh pi`fglgb`bgf mh prjyhbtjs, k`s`mj hf hi Mg`dr`c` mh Lihbe`s y hfljb`mj ` i`
jptgcgz`bgf sgcuit`fh` mh ijs tghcpjs y mh i` mgstrgkubgf mh rhbursjs hftrh i`s `btgvgm`mhs quh
bjfstgtuyhf hi prjyhbtj.
Hi ctjmj mhi b`cgfj brtgbj (BQC) hs uf` ehrr`cghft` `mcgfgstr`tgv` mh pi`fh`bgf,
prjdr`c`bgf, hohbubgf y bjftrji mh tjm`s y b`m` uf` mh i`s `btgvgm`mhs bjcpjfhfths mh uf
prjyhbtj quh mhkh mhs`rrjii`rsh mhftrj mh uf tghcpj brtgbj y `i bjstj ptgcj.
Hi ctjmj mhi B`cgfj brtgbj hs prjbhsj `mcgfgstr`tgvj mh pi`fh bgf, prjdr`c`bgf,hohbubgf y bjftrji mh tjm`s i`s `btgvgm`mhs quh bjcpjfhf uf prjyhbtj, hi bu`i hsmhs`rrjii`mj hf uf tghcpj brtgbj y ` uf bjstjjptgcj.(@dustgf Cjft`j).
BQC
QH[]
Jptgcgz`bgf
]jmj hstj fjs phrcgth pjmhr?0. Qrhvhfgr prjkihc`s>
;. Mhthrcgf`r i`s t`rh`s quh fhbhsgt`f c`yjr bjftrji pumghfmj `s sgsthc`tgz`r i`s t`rh`s mh
bjftrji>2. Fgvhi`r i` utgigz`bgf mh rhbursjs fj `bucui`kihs>
=. Jptgcgz`r i` utgigz`bgf mh rhbursjs lgf`fbghrjs>
8. C`xgcgz`r i`s d`f`fbg`s mhi prjyhbtj v`rg`fmj i` mur`bgf mh i`s t`rh`s y mhi prjyhbtj, j ij
quh hs gdu`i, cgfgcgz`fmj rhbursjs y bjstj tjt`i.
B`r`bthrstgb`s prgfbgp`ihsIjs tghcpjs sjf mhthrcgf`tgvjs, hstjs puhmhf v`rg`r hf i` ljrc` mh utgigz`r ijs rhbursjs
utgigz`mjs.
I`s `btgvgm`mhs sjf bjftgfu`s h gfthrmhphfmghfths, sgduhf uf jrmhf brjfjidgbj y jlrhbhf
gfljrc`bgf mh bu`i hs hi cjchftj gmh`i mh
gfgbgj mh i`s `btgvgm`mhs. Bjfsgmhr` mglhrhfths tghcpj, fjrc`ihs y `bhihr`mjs.
@pigb`bgfHsth ctjmj puhmh `pigb`rsh ` uf` dr`f mgvhrsgm`m mh prjyhbtjs,
dr`fmhs j phquhjs. Q`r` jkthfhr ijs chojrhs rhsuit`mjs mhkh `pigb`rsh ` ijs prjyhbtjs quh
pjsh`f i`s sgdughfths b`r`bthrstgb`s?
Puh hi prjyhbtj sh` fgbj, fj rhphtgtgvj, hf `iduf`s p`rths j hf
su tjt`igm`m. Puh sh mhk` hohbut`r tjmj hi prjyhbtj j p`rth mh hi, hf uf tghcpj cfgcj, sgf
v`rg`bgjfhs, hs mhbgr, hf tghcpj brtgbj.
Puh sh mhshh hi bjstj mh jphr`bgf cs k`oj pjsgkih mhftrj mh uf tghcpj mgspjfgkih.
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Mhlgfgbgf y b`r`bthrstgb`s (QH[])
Ctjmj mh pi`fglgb`bgf mh prjyhbtjs, k`s`mj hf hi Mg`dr`c` mh Lihbe`s y hfljb`mj ` i`
hv`iu`bgf mh ijs tghcpjs y mh i` prjk`kgigm`m mh bjcpiht`r hi prjyhbtj, mhftrj mh ijs
p`rchtrjs mh tghcpj mhlgfgmjs.
Hi QH[] (Qrjdr`c Hv`iu`tgjf `fm [hvghw ]hbefgquh ) hs uf` tbfgb` mgsh m` p`r` i`
mgrhbbgf, p`r` hi Qi`fh`cghftj y Bjftrji> hst jrghft`mj e`bg` i` hv`iu`bgf mhi prjdrhsj mhi
prjyhbtj y sus jkohtgvjs, bjfbhftr` i` `thfbgf sjkrh ijs prjkihc`s pjthfbg`ihs j rh`ihs mhi
prjyhbtj, prjpjrbgjf` ` ijs rhspjfs`kihs gfljrchs lrhbuhfths y p rhbgsjs mhi hst`mj mhi cgscj,
prhmgbh i` vhrjsgcgigtum mh `i b`fz`r ijs jkohtgvjs y mhthrcgf` hi chfjr hsp`bgj mh tghcpj hf hi
quh puhmh
rh`igz`rsh hi prjyhbtj.
Hst` tbfgb` prjpjrbgjf` ` i` dhrhfbg` gfljrc`bgf sjkrh ijs prjkihc`s rh`ihs y pjthfbg ihs
quh pjmr`f prhshft`rsh hf i` thrcgf`bgf mh uf prjyhbtj, hi hst`mj mhi prjyhbtj hf rhi`bgjf
bjf ijs jkohtgvjs hsphr`mjs, lhbe` hsphr`m` y prjk`kgigm`m mh ijd`r.
i` hohbubgf ` tghcpj y sjkrh tjmj mjfmh sh hfbuhftr`f i`s `btgvgm`mhs cs brtgb s j
tr`sbhfmhft`ihs.
Hi QH[] hs hsphbg`ichfth tgi hf `quhiijs prjdr`c`s hf ijs quh mhkhf bjfsgmhr`rsh cube`s
jphr`bgjfhs, gfthrmhphfmghfths h gfthrrhi`bgjfhs> b`cp``s mh pukigbgm`m, brh`bgf mh fuhvjs
prjmubtjs, hstumgjs y pi `fhs mh chrb`mj, hv`iu`bgf mh prjyhbtjs `pigb`mjs `i \`ijr @btu`iFhtj, htb..
Hst` tbfgb` prjk`kgistgb` bjfsgmhr` trhs tghcpjs> jptgcgst`, prjk`kih y phsgcgst`, Ij quh
bjfiihv` ` shr utgigz`m` sg hxgsth i` fhbhsgm`m mh?
Qrhvhr ehbejs luturjs p`r` i` tjc` mh mhbgsgjfhs prhvhftgv`s
Chojr`r i` hlgb`bg` mhi tr`k`oj chmg`fth ctjmjs mh bjftrji
Fhbhsgm`m mh rhmubgr hi tghcpj y ijs bjstjs mhi prjyhbtj
Mgspjfhr mh ctjmjs quh susthfthf mhbgsgjfhs prhbgs`s.
0.2. Mglhrhfbg`s
0.=. Rgcgigtumhs BQC y QH[]S Gmhftglgb`r tjm`s i`s `btgvgm`mhs quh gfvjiubr` hi prjyhbtj, ij quh sgdfglgb`, mhthrcgf`r rhi`bgjf
prhbhmhfbg`, tghcpjs tbfgbjs p`r` b`m` uf` mh i`s `btgvgm`mhs.
Bjfstrugr uf` rhm bjf k`sh hf fjmjs y `btgvgm`mhs (j `rbjs, shdf hi ctjmj cs us`mj),
quh gcpigb`f hi prjyhbtj.
@f`igz`r ijs bibuijs hsphblgbjs, gmhftglgb`fmj i` rut` brtgb` y i`s ejidur`s mh i`s `btgvgm`mhs
bjcpjfhf hi prjyhbtj.
BQC QH[]
Rupjfh uf` bjfphfs`bgjf hftrh hi bjstj y hi
tghcpj.
Rh k`s` hf tghcpjs.
Mhthrcgfgstgbj . Qrjk`kgigstgbj.
@i p`s`r hi tghcpj ijs hstgc`mjs sh utgigz`f
p`r` cjfgtjrh`r y bjftrji`r hi prjdrhsj mhi
prjyhbtj.
Hi tghcpj hs sjij uf` v`rg`kih mhsbjfjbgm`
bjf m`tjs hstgc`mjs.
Rg jburrh uf rhtr`sj, sh `btu` p`r` sjiubgjf`rij
`sgdf`fmj rhbursjs fhbhs`rgjs .
Hi tghcpj tjt`i hs i` suc` mh tjmjs ijs tghcpjs
mh i`s `btgvgm`mhs brgtgb`s.
Bjfsgmhr` quh i`s `btgvgm`mhs sjf bjftgfu`s h
gfthrmhphfmghfths.
I` v`rg`fz` hs i` suc` mh tjm`s i`s v`rg`fz`s
hf hi tghcpj.
Bjfsgmhr` tghcpjs `bhihr`mjs y fjrc ihs. Bjfsgmhr` tghcpjs mgstgftjs? jptgcgst
prjk`kih y phsgcgst`.
]`ki` 0? Mglhrhfbg`s BQC & QH[]
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0.8. Chtjmjijd`
Hi ctjmj mhi b`cgfj brtgbj bjfst` mh mjs bgbijs?
0. Qi`fh`bgf y prjdr`c`bgf
Mhlgfgbgf mhi prjyhbtj.
Igst` mh `btgvgm`mhs.
C`trgz mh shbuhfbg`s .
C`trgz mh tghcpjs .
[hm mh `btgvgm`mhs.
Bjstjs y phfmghfths.
Bjcprhsgf mh i` rhm.Igcgt`bgjfhs mh tghcpj, mh rhbursjs y hbjfcgb`s.
C`trgz mh hi`stgbgm`m.
Qrjk`kgigm`m mh rhtr`sj.
Hf hsth bgbij tjm`s i`s phrsjf s mgrhbtjr`s j rhspjfs kihs mh ijs mgvhrsjs prjbhsjs quh
gfthrvghfhf hf hi prjyhbtj hstf pihf`chfth mh `buhrmj bjf hi mhs`rrjiij,
tghcpj, bjstjs, hihchftjs utgigz`mjs, bjjrmgf`bgf, htb. ]jc`fmj bjcj k`sh i` rhm mhi b`cgfj
brgtgbj mgsh`m` `i hlhbtj.
;. Hohbubgf y (bjftrji)
@prjk`bgf mhi prjyhbtj
Jrmhfhs mh tr`k`oj
Drlgb`s mh bjftrji
[hpjrths y `figsgs mh ijs `v`fbhs]jc` mh mhbgsgjfhs y `ousths
Hsth bgbij buicgf bjf i` hohbubgjf mh i` uitgc` `btgvgm m, mur`fth su
rh`igz`bgf sh hohbut`f bubejs b`ckgjs hftrh ij prjdr`c`mj y ij hohbut`mj.
Iuhdj quh thfd`cjs kghf `bi`r`mj hstjs puftjs prjbhmhcjs ` mhsbrgkgr hi
prjyhbtj `i bu`i ih v`cjs ` `pigb`r hi BQC-QH[].
Hst` mhsbrgpbgf ih `yum`r` `i bighfth ` hfthfmhr ij quh sh v` ` hohbut`r hf
b`m` uf` mh i`s
`btgvgm`mhs y ` bjcprhfmhr ijs p`sjs mhi prjbhsj quh `ejr` gfgbg`.
Hi ctjmj mhi b`cgfj brgtgbj `i shr utgigz mj mh c`fhr` bjrrhbt ,
prjpjrbgjf`r` fj sjij uf p`fjr`c` dhfhr`i mhi prjyhbtj y hs uf` ehrr`cghft`
quh fjs phrcgth thfhr uf bjfst fth cjfgtjrhj y pjr hfmh uf chojr y c`yjr
bjftrji mh tjmjs ijs `sphbtjs rhi`bgjf`mjs `i tghcpj y i` utgigz`bgf mh ijs
rhbursjs hf hi prjyhbtj.
Hsth p`fjr`c` dhfhr`i fjs prjpjrbgjf` i` rut` brtgb` hs mh `yum` gmfh` hf i`tjc` mh mhbgsgjfhs, y dhfhr` uf c`yjr bjftrji mh i`s `btgvgm`mhs prgjrgt`rg`s,
`s bjcj mhi liuoj mh
mgfhrj y rhbursjs quh sh fhbhsgt` hf uf cjchftj fhbhs`rgj.
Gc dhf;
Gc dhf2
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QI@FH@BGJF W
Q[JD[@C@BGJF
;.0 Qi`fh`bgf Mh Qrjyhbtjs
;.;. Qrjdr`c`bgf Mh Qrjyhbtjs
;.2 Mhlgfgbgf Mhi Qrjyhbtj
;.= Igst` Mh @btgvgm`mhs
;.8 C`trgz Mh Rhbuhfbg` W C`trgz Egkrgm`
;.< C`trgz Mh ]ghcpjs
;.4. C`trgz Mh Gfljrc`bgf
BGBIJ ? QI@FH@BGJF W Q[JD[@C@B
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^Ijs prjyhbtjs b`m` m` sjf cs bjcpihojs, hflrhft`f c`yjrhs rhtjs, sgf hck`rdj phrsgduhf
uf cgscj lgf> bucpigr bjf i`s fhbhsgm`mhs, jkohtgvjs y `ib`fbhs tr`z`mjs. I` pi`fh`bgf y
prjdr`c`bgf bucpihf uf p`phi lufm`chft`i p`r` hi ijdrj mh hs`s cht`s y `s hohbut`r y
lgf`igz`r uf prjyhbtj bucpighfmj i`s hxphbt`tgv`s tr`z`m`s mhsmh hi gfgbgjS.
;.0 Qi`fh`bgf Mh Qrjyhbtjs
I` pi`fh`bgf bjfsgsth hf hi prjbhsj ` tr`vs mh bu`i sh `f`igz i` sgtu`bgf `btu`i (mfmh
hst`cjs), sh hst`kihbhf jkohtgvjs (mfmh quhrhcjs iihd`r), y sh mhlgfhf i`s hstr`thdg`s y
bursjs mh `bbgf (bcj v`cjs ` iihd`r) fhbhs`rgjs p`r` `ib`fz`r mgbejs jkohtgvjs.
Hf tjmj prjyhbtj hs gcpjrt`fth `djt`r mh c`fhr` hlhbtgv` hst` ht`p`, i` pi`fh`bgf hs
lufm`chft`i p`r` hi xgtj mh sth, y` quh sgrvh bjcj k`sh p`r` i`s mhcs lufbgjfhs
`mcgfgstr`tgv`s (jrd`fgz`bgf, bjjrmgf`bgf y bjftrji), y phrcgth rhmubgr i` gfbhrtgmuckrh y
cgfgcgz`r ijs rghsdjs.
Hf hst` ht`p` sh mhlgfh hi prjyhbtj, sh hst`kihbhf i`s cht`s ` shdugr, sh `sgdf`f ijs rhbursjs y
sh mhsgdf`f i`s phrsjf`s rhspjfs`kihs. [hqughrh mhsdijs`r hi prjyhbtj hf `btgvgm`mhs,
hstgc`r rhbursjs, tghcpj h gfthrrhi`bgjfhs hftrh `btgvgm`mhs.
Ijs phsjs fhbhs`rgjs p`r` rh`igz`r uf` pi`fh`bgf j pi`fglgb`bgf, sjf ijs sgdughfths?
0. @figsgs mh i` sgtu`bgf btu`i
;. Hst`kihbhr jkohtgvjs
2. Ljrcui`r hstr thdg`s=. Mgsh r prjdr`c`s j pi`fhs mh `bbgf.
;.;. Qrjdr`c`bgf mh prjyhbtjsQrjdr`c`r hs hst kihbhr uf b`ihfm rgj mh hohbubgf mhi prjyhbtj. Qjr t`ftj, uf` kuhf`
prjdr`c`bgf mhkh thfhr hf buhft` tghcpjs, rhbursjs y bjsths. I` l`sh mh prjdr`c`bgf hs bjfstrugr
uf mg`dr`c` mh tghcpj quh cuhstrh ijs tghcpjs mh gfgbg`bgf y thrcgf`bgf p`r` b`m` `btgvgm`m, `s
bjcj su rhi`bgf bjf jtr`s `btgvgm`mhs mhi prjyhbtj.
@mhcs, hi prjdr`c` mhkh sh`i`r i`s `btgvgm`mhs brtgb`s (hf lufbgf mhi tghcpj) quh rhqughrhf
`thfbgf hsphbg`i sg hi prjyhbtj sh mhkh thrcgf`r jpjrtuf`chfth. Q`r` i`s `btgvgm`mhs fj brtgb`s hi
prjdr`c` mhkh cjstr`r ijs tghcpjs mh ejidur` quh puhmhf utgigz`rsh bu`fmj t`ihs `btgvgm`mhs sh
mhcjr`f j bu`fmj sh mhkhf us`r hlgbghfthchfth rhbursjs igcgt`mjs.
QI@FH@BGF W Q[JD[@C@BGF
Gc dhf=
Gc dhf8
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Qrjpsgtjs mh i` prjdr`c`bgf
Cuhstr` i` rhi`bgf hftrh i`s `btgvgm`mhs y hi prjyhbtj hf dhfhr`i.
Gmhftglgb`r i` rhi`bgf mh prjbhmhfbg` y `fthbhmhfbg` hftrh i`s `btgvgm`mhs
Dhfhr` bjstjs y tghcpjs rh`ihs p`r` b`m` `btgvgm`m
Gmhftglgb`r hi buhiij mh kjthii` p`r` e`bhr chojr usj mh ijs [hbursjs.
;.2. Mhlgfgbgf mhi prjyhbtj
Hf hst` ht`p` sh `such quh hi prjyhbtj hst `prjk`mj y quh e` `djt`mj tjmjs ijs prjbhsjs
prhvgjs> hstumgjs mh l`btgkgigm`m, vg`kgigm`m, bjfmgbgjfhs lgf`fbghr`s, y sh bjfbiuyj quh hr`bjfvhfghfth hohbut`rij.
Q`r` hi Gfstgtutj I`tgfj`chrgb`fj Mh Qi`fglgb`bgf W Hbjfcgb` W Rjbg`i, Xf prjyhbtj hs uf`
ufgm`m mh `btgvgm`m, quh rhqughrh quh su rh`igz`bgf mhi usj j bjfsucj gfchmg`tj j ` bjrtj
pi`zj mh `idufjs rhbursjs, hf i` hsphr`fz` mh jkthfhr, hf uf phrgjmj mh tghcpj c`yjr khfhlgbgjs
lgf`fbghrjs, hbjfcgbjs j sjbg`ihs.
I` mhlgfgbgf mhi prjyhbtj mhkh shr uf` mhbgsgf hf bjfbhsj hftrh hi bjfstrubtjr y hi bighfth,
hsth mhkh shr? Bi`rj, @ib`fz`kih, Hsphbglgbj y Chmg`kih j chfsur`kih.
Xf prjyhbtj hs i` jrd`fgz`bgf hf hi tghcpj y hf hi hsp`bgj, mh ijs rhbursjs mgspjfgkihs p`r`
`ib`fz`r, chmg`fth i` `bbgf jrd`fgz`m` mh ijs gfmgvgmujs y i` bjcufgm`m, cht`s pjthfbg`ihs y
mhsh`kihs mh kghfhst`r
Hst` ht`p` `ufquh fj ljrc` p`rth mhi ctjmj, hs uf prjbhsj prhvgj quh sh rh`igz`,
hf hi bu`i sh mhlgfhf tjmjs ijs hihchftjs ` fhbhsgt`r p`r` su hlhbtgv` hohbubgf.
Qrjyhbtj
Fuhstrj prjyhbtj bjfsgsth hf uf` vgvghfm` hbjfcgb`. I` vgvghfm` hbjfcgb` hs
hi bhftrj mh uf` vgsgf mh uf` bjcufgm`m rhvgt`igz`m` p`r` hi mgslruth mh dhfth mh
tjmjs ijs fgvhihs mh gfdrhsj.
Xfj mh fuhstrjs bjcprjcgsjs bjcj luturjs hsphbg igst s hf hi rh mh i`
bjfstrubbgf, mhkh shr hi mh brh`r fuhv s vgvghfm`s hbjfcgb`s y prhshrv r
`quhii` quh y` hxgsthf, hst` vgsgf mhkh hst`r lufm`chft`m` hf i` brhhfbg` mh quh
i` vgvghfm` mhbhfth y shdur` hs uf mhrhbej euc`fj ksgbj.
I` vgvghfm` hbjfcgb` t`ckgf `yum` ` c`fthfhr i` hst`kgigm m mh fuhstr`
bjcufgm`m. B`s`s `tr`btgv`s quh sh chzbihf bjf i` bjcufgm`m `i tghcpj quh
prjvhhf vgvghfm` shdur` p`r` l`cgig`s y phrsjf`s mh gfdrhsjs k`ojs y cjmhr`mjs,
ij quh sh kusb` hs chojr`mj i` b`igm`m mh vgm` mh i`s phrsjf`s quh e`kgthf hf hsth
tgpj b`s`s. I` vgvghfm` quh hs hbjfcgb` phrcgth ` sus rhsgmhfths hi shr cghckrjs
`btgvjs mh su bjcufgm m mhkgmj ` quh stjs fj hstf `djkg mjs pjr rhft`s
hxbhsgv`s h gcprhmhbgkihs.
` bjftgfu`bgf?
Qrhsupuhstj
Qi`fjs
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Q[HRXQXHR]J
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Rhdf Cjft`j shbjfsgmhr` uf` `btgvgm`m ` i` shrgh mh jphr`bgjfhs rh`igz`m`s pjr uf`
phrsjf` j uf drupj mh phrsjf`s hf ljrc` bjftgfu` gfgfthrrucpgm`, bjf tghcpjs
mhthrcgf`kihs mh gfgbg`bgf y thrcgf`bgf. Hst`s `btgvgm`mhs puhmhf shr lsgb`s j chft`ihs.
Hf hst` ht`p` sjij hs fhbhs`rgj fjckr r tjm`s i`s `btgvgm`mhs p`r` su gmhftglgb`bgf,pumghfmj `s hfuchr`ri`s hf bi`vhs.
;.= Igst` mh @btgvgm`mhs
I` igst` mh `btgvgm`mhs sgrvh p`r`
quh i`s phrsjf`s rhspjfs`kihs mh
b`m` prjbhsj
puhm`f hi`kjr`r sus prhsupuhstjs
mh hohbubgf y mhthrcgf r i`
b f tg m m mh rhbursjs quh
fhbhsgt`r`f p`r` hohbut r mgbej
prjbhsj, dhfhr`fmj `s uf c`yjr
bjftrji mh b`m` `btgvgm m. Hstjs
prhsupuhstjs sh `fhx`f ` i`
prjdr`c`bgf
dhfhr`i mhi tr`k`oj.
Hs uf` t`ki mjfmh sh bjijb ftjm`s i`s `btgvgm`mhs quh sh v`f `
hohbut`r hf hi prjyhbtj.
Hs uf` ehrr`cghft` p`r` vgsu`igz`r
mh c fhr` b i r y mh lbgi
hfthfmgcghftj i` rhi`bgf hxgsthfth
hftrh b`m` uf` mh i`s `btgvgm`mhs
hfuchr m s hf i` igs t mh
`btgvgm`mhs.
Iuhdj mh rh igz r hst` igst ,
prjbhmhcjs hst`kihbhr i` rhi`bgf
mh b`m` `btgvgm`m, mh hst` ljrc`
pjmhcjs vhr bu`ihs `btgvgm`mhs sh
rh igz f mh ljrc` sgcuitfh` ybu`ihs fhbhsgt`f shr bjcpiht`m`s
p`r` hohbut`r i` sgdughfth.
Hf i` C`trgz mh shbuhfbg`sh `prhbg`f buihs `btgvgm`mhs mhkhf e`bhrsh `i thrcgf`r b`m` uf` mh i`squh `p`rhbhf hf fuhstr` igst`.
H gm m
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Hf rhsucgm` buhft`, sh puhmh
hihdgr bu`iqughr` mh i`s mjs, bjf i` s`ivhm`m mh quh i` c`trgz ` utgigz r p`r` mgkuo`r i` rhm hs i` mh
shbuhfbg`, pjr ij quh i` mh `fthbhmhfbg` mhkhr` tr`fspjfhrsh tjc`fmj i` bjiucf` mh `fthbhmhfths
hf jrmhf fucrgbj, bjcj `btgvgm`mhsy i` mh `btgvgm`mhs p`s`ri` ` i` mhrhbe` bjcj shbuhfbg`s.
Hst` c`trgz fj hs mhlgfgtgv` y` quh dhfhr`ichfth jburrhf b`ckgjs pjr i` hxgsthfbg` mh c`thrg`ihs j
mgspjfgkgigm`m mh hiijs, `s bjcj c`fj mh jkr`, hftrh jtr`s igcgt`bgjfhs mh hohbubgf.
;.8 C`trgz mh Rhbuhfbg` y C`trgz Egkrgm`
I C g E
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I` C`trgz E
Hs uf` bjc
c`trgz mh `
shbuhfbg`,
quh puhmh
uf` lusgf m
I` ufgm m mh tghcpj (cgfutjs, ejr s, m s, htb.) mhphfmhr mh
t i mg g t i g gm m t m;.< C`trgz mh ]ghcpjs Hi tghcpj ptgcj (j)> hs i` pjsgkgigm`m
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prjyhbtj bjf i` bjfmgbgf quh sh t hfd` i` cgsc` ufgm`m p`r` tjmj h
prjyhbtj. Hf fuhstrj b`sj hsbjdgcjs hi m` bjcj ufgm`m mh tghcpj.
Iuhdj mh `sgdf`mjs ijs trhs p`rchtrjs, sh prjbhmh ` b`ibui`r hi tghcpj
hstfm`r, prjchmg`fmj hstjs tghcpjs chmg`fth i` lrcui` QH[]?
Hsth tghcpj hstfm`r quh rhsuit` mh hst` ljrcui` i` `drhd`cjs hf i`
c`trgz mh tghcpj> `i lgf`i thfmrhcjs 2 hstgc`bgjfhs mhi tghcpj y uf
tghcpj rhsuit`mj 3 hstfm`r.
I` c`trgz mh tghcpjs hs uf` t`ki` mjfmh sh cuhstr` i` igst`
mh `btgvgm`mhs, `sgdffmjih ` b`m` `btgvgm`m trhs p`rchtrjs
mh tghcpj>
I` c`trgz mhtghcpjs hs uft`ki mjfmh sh
cuhstr i` igst
mh `btgvgm mhs,
`sgdffmjih `
b m` `btgvgm m
trhs p`rchtrjs
mh tghcpj>
Jptgcj, Fjrc iy Qsgcj> p`r
kusb`r hi ]ghcpj
Hst`fm`r.
;.4. gfljrI`
gfljr
rhsui
lusg
mh sh
c`tr
Hf h
vhr `btgv
rhsph
shbuh
tghcp
Hst`
mh
bjfst
chmg
lsgb` mh rh`igz`r i` `btgvgm`m hf hi
chfjr tghcpj.
Hi tghcpj chmgj (C)> hs hi tghcpj fjrc`i quh sh fhbhsgt`p`r` hohbut`r i`s `btgvgm`mhs, k`sfmjsh hf i` hxphrghfbg`
mhi prjyhbtgst`.
Hi tghcpj psgcj (p)> hs uf tghcpj dr`fmh quh puhmhprhshft`rsh jb`sgjf`ichfth bjcj bjfshbuhfbg` mh
`bbgmhfths, l`it` mh sucgfgstrjs, b`us`s fj prhvgst`s, htb.
Fj mhkh bjft`rsh hi tghcpj jbgjsj, sgfj fgb`chfth hi
tghcpj hf quh sh pjfd` rhchmgj `i prjkihc` j `btgvgm`m
prhshft`m`.
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[HM MH @B]G\GMHR
2.0. Mhlgfgbgf
2.;. @sphbtjs mh tr`z`mj mh i` rhm
2.2. Qrjbhmgcghftj p`r` tr`z`r i` rhm chmgm`
Hf hst` ht`p` vhrhcjs i` bjfstrubbgf mh uf`
rhm btgvgm`mhs. I` rhm mh btgvgm`mhs fj hs cs
quh i` rhprhshft`bgf drlgb` mh i` c`trgz mh
gfljrc`bgf, hf i` bu`i sh cuhstr` i` shbuhfbg`
y hi tghcpj mh tjm`s i`s `btgvgm`mhs mhftrj mh i`
hsb`i` mh tghcpj hsbjdgm`. Hst` rhm fjs `yum` `vgsu igz r hi prjyhbtj mh c`fhr dijk`i h
gmhftglgb`r i`s btgvgm`mhs vgt`ihs mhi cgscj.
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2.0. [hm Mh @btgvgm`mhs
Hs i` rhprhshft`bgf drlgb` mh `btgvgm`mhs hf i` bu`i sh
cuhstr f su shbuhfbg`, hvhftjs, rhi`bgf y hi b`cgfj
brgtgbj mhi prjyhbtj.
Hi b`cgfj brtgbj mhi prjyhbtj hs i` shrgh mh `btgvgm`mhs
quh fj pjshhf lihxgkgigm`m hf su tghcpj mh hohbubgf,
hst`s mhthrcgf`f hi rhtr`sj j `v`fbh mhi prjyhbtj hf b`m`
`btgvgm`m rhprhshft` uf hvhftj y thrcgf` hf jtrj, hst`s sh
rhprhshft`f pjr uf` lihbe` quh hcpghz` hf uf hvhftj y
thrcgf` hf jtrj.
Rh ii`c` hvhftj `i cjchftj mh gfgbg`bgf j thrcgf`bgf
mh uf` `btgvgm`m, ` hstjs sh ih ii`c` t`ckgf fjmjs.
Rg sh prhshft` hi b`sj hf quh uf` `btgvgm`m tghfh uf`
gfthrrhi`bgf j bjftgfu`bgf bjf jtr`, sh rhprhshft`r` bjf
uf` ifh` pufth`m` ii`c`m` igd`hst` thfmr uf mur`bgf
mh bhrj. Hst` rhprhshft` hf jb`sgjfhs uf tghcpj mh hsphr`.
@ K@btgvgm`m
Rhftgmj Dhfhr`i
Rhbuhfbg`
Hvhftj j Fjmj
Gfgbgj @
2.; @sphbtjs mh tr`z`mj mh i` [hm
@i bjfstrugr i` rhm mhkhcjs hvgt`r?
0. Xf` `btgvgm`m mhkh p`rtgr mhi hvhftj j fumj mjfmh sh
ufhf tjm`s i`s t`rh`s j `btgvgm`mhs quh i` prhbhmhf.
;. Mjs j cs `btgvgm`mhs fj puhmhf bjchfz`r y thrcgf`r
hf uf cgscj hvhftj j fumj bjcf, bu`fmj hstj subhmh sh
bjijb` igd`.
2. Mh uf hvhftj j fumj puhmhf s`igr j iihd`r v`rg`s t`rh`s
j `btgvgm`mhs.
=. Hf i` bjfstrubbgf mh uf mg`dr`c` mh rhm fj sh phrcgth
ijs bgrbugtjs bhrr`mjs j drupjs mh `btgvgm`mhs hf brbuij.
Gfbjrrhbtj
Bjrrhbtj
2.2 Qrjbhmgcghftj p`r` tr`z`r i` [hm chmgm`
I` rhm mh chmgm` hs uf` rhprhshft`bgf dr`lgb` quh cuhstr` i`
shbuhfbg`, i` `fthbhmhfbg` y hi tghcpj hstfm`r mh b`m` `btgvgm`m mh
ljrc` dr`lgb` ` tr`vs mh uf` rhm.
Xf mg`dr`c` mh rhm hs bu`iqughr` mh i`s rhprhshft`bgjfhs quh
vgfbui`f i`s `btgvgm`mhs y ijs hvhftjs mh uf prjyhbtj hftrh s p`r`
rhliho`r i`s gfthrmhphfmhfbg`s hftrh i`s cgsc`s. Xf` `btgvgm`m j
hvhftj puhmh prhshft`r gfthrmhphfmhfbg s bjf `btgvgm mhs j
hvhftjs, prhmhbhsjrhs, j hf p`r`ihij.
Q`sjs p`r` i` hi`kjr`bgf mh i` rhm
0.Hf uf` ejo` bu`mrgbui`m` sh gfmgb` hf i` p`rth suphrgjr i` hsb`i`
mh tghcpj mhsh`m`.
;.Rh gfgbg` bjf hi hvhftj bhrj y sh gmhftglgb`r` bjf hi fuchrj mh i`
`btgvgm`m `rrgk` mh i` lihbe` y `k`oj i` mur`bgf mh i` cgsc`.
Rg uf` `btgvgm`m tghfh mur`bgf bhrj sh mgkuo`f mh ljrc` vhrtgb`i mh
c`fhr` quh fj rhbjrr` f`m` hf i` hsb`i` mh i` rhm.
2.I`s `btgvgm`mhs hs shbuhfbg` ` mjs j cs `btgvgm`mhs `fthrgjrhs
mhkhf shr mgkuo`m`s ` bjftgfu`bgf mh i` `fthbhmhfth quh thfd` cs
i`rd` mur`bgf.
@ K
@btgvgm`m
]ghcpj
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=. Bu`fmj uf` `btgvgm`m fj tghfh jtr` pjsthrgjr sh bjijb` uf` igd` hftrh hs` y i` thrcgf`i
sgdughfth, hstj p`r` fj mho`r `btgvgm`mhs suhit`s. Q`r` uf` c`yjr bjcprhsgf mh i` rhm,
hst` pjmr` shr mgkuo`m` hf bjijrhs quh cuhstrhf i` rhspjfs`kgigm`m mh b`m` phrsjf`i hf
ijs mgstgftjs prjbhsjs.
@i lgf`igz`r hst` rhm pjmhcjs jkthfhr hi tghcpj mh mur`bgf tjt`i mhi prjyhbtj y thfhr uf
p`fjr`c` dhfhr`i mhi cgscj, rhsphbtj ` i`s `btgvgm`mhs quh fhbhsgt`cjs hohbut`r.
Qjmhcjs mhbgr quh jtrjs khfhlgbgjs mh hst` rhm sjf?
Bjfjbhr ejidur`s y `prjvhbe`ri`sC`yjr jrd`fgz`bgf
@yum` p`r` i` tjc` mh mhbgsgf
Bjfjbhr `btgvgm`mhs vgt`ihs
\gsu`igz`r hi prjyhbtj bjcj uf tjmj h Gmhftglgb`r hi puftj `btu`i mh hohbubgf.
@ bjftgfu`bgf sh cuhstr` i` C`trgz mh gfljrc`bgf bjf i` bu`i sh hi`kjr i` [hm mh@btgvgm`mhs quh vhrhcjs ` bjftgfu`bgf.
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[HM MH \HFBGCGHF]JR
RXBHRG\JR
=.0. Mhlgfgbgf
=.;. Xtgigm`m
=.2. Qrjbhmgcghftj mh Hi`kjr`bgf mh i` [hm
Hf hst` ht`p` mh i` prjdr`c`bgf
sh dhfhr` uf` rhm utgigz`fmj ijs
tghcpjs sgdfglgb tgvjs mh b`m
`btgvgm`m, hst` rhm sh dhfhr`
prgfbgp`ichfth bu`fmj hxgsthf
`btgvgm`mhs mhsprjpjrbgjf m`s
mhftrj mhi prjyhbtj, ij quhbjcpigb` i` vgsu`igz`bgf mh i` rhm
mh btgvgm`mhs bjf hsb`i` rh`i.
=.0 [hm mh vhfbgcghftjs subhsgvjs
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I` rhm mh vhfbgcghftjs subhsgvjs hs uf ctjmj dr`lgbj, hi
bu i fj sh bjfstruyh bjf uf hsb i` vhrm mhr j
prjpjrbgjf`i sgfj bjf uf` rhprhshft`bgf mh hii ` i` bu`i fjs
cuhstr` ijs tghcpjs mh gfgbg`bgf j thrcgf`bgjfhs mh i`s
@btgvgm`mhs, hstjs tghcpjs rhprhshft`mjs sjf tjc`mjs mh i`
c`trgz mh gfljrc`bgf.
Hst` rhm sh dhfhr` bu`fmj hxgsthf `btgvgm`mhs mhftrj mhi
prjyhbtjs quh pjshhf uf` mhsprjpjrbgf hf i` mur`bgf mh
i` cgsc`, hst` sh hi`kjr` sgf hsb`i`, sgfj quh, sh utgigz`f ijs
m`s mh mur`bgf mh b`m` `btgvgm`m bjcj hsb`i` dr`lgb`, mh
hst` ljrc` i` rhm puhmh shr vgsu`igz`m` mh c`fhr` dhfhr`i,
cjstr`fmj ijs tghcpjs mh gfgbg`bgf y thrcgf`bgf mh b`m`
`btgvgm`m.
=.; Xtgigm`m
I` [hm mh \hfbgcghftj Rubhsgvjs fjs l`bgigt` i` ihbtur` mh
i` [hm mh @btgvgm mhs y` quh i` [hm rhsui t r
hxbhsgv`chfth hxthfs` h gcprjpg` p`r` i` ihbtur` pjr ij quh
e`y quh suprgcgr mh i` hsb`i` suphrgjr `quhiijs tghcpjs quh
fj thfd`f sgdfglgb`mj hsphbg`i, mho`fmj sjij ijs tghcpjs mh
Gfgbg`bgf j thrcgf`bgf.
;.Hst` [hm fjs `yum` ` `prhbg`r hf chfjr hsp`bgj y mh uf`
c`fhr` cs sgcpih ijs tghcpjs mh i`s@btgvgm`mhs.
=.2 Qrjbhmgcghftj Hi`kjr`bgf mh i` rhm
0.[h`igz`r uf` rhm mh shbuhfbg`s mh `btgvgm`mhs ` p`rtgr mhi` rhm mh gfljrc`bgf, gfmgb`fmj hf i`s `btgvgm`mhs hi
fchrj quh i`s gmhftglgb` y hi tghcpj.
;..Gr @bucui`fmj ijs tghcpjs mh mur`bgf mh b`m` prjbhsj,
hsphbglgb`fmj mhftrj mh uf brbuij i` b`ftgm`m @bucui`m`.
2.Q r` lgf igz r sh `fjt f sjij ijs vhfbgcghftjs
rhprhshft`mjs pjr i`s b`ftgm`mhs `bucui`m`s luhr` y mhftrj
mh ijs brbuijs, hstj sh e`r hf i` hsb`i` suphrgjr, iuhdj sh
prjbhmh ` mgkuo`r i ` [hm mh t`i c`fhr` quh ijs hvhftjs mh
b`m` `btgvgm`m bjgfbgm`f bjf hi vhfbgcghftj rhsphbtgvj.
@i lgf`igz`r fjs pjmhcjs m`r buhft` mh quh i` [hm mh
\hfbgcghftjs Rubhsgvjs hs uf` ehrr`cghft` brh`m` p`r`
`ejrr`r y sgcpiglgb`r hi tr`k`oj ` i` ejr` mh vgsu`igz`r y
tr k o r bjf uf` [hm mh @btgvgm m bjf ]ghcpjs
mhsprjpjrbgjf`mjs y hxbhsgv`chfth hxthfs`.
Dr`bg`s ` hstj pjmhcjs tr`k`o`r bjf chfjs bjcpihogm`m y
`prhbg`r i` [hm mh uf` c`fhr` cs bi`r`.
Gmhftglgb`bgf mh i`s `btgvgm`mhs
@ bjftgfu`bgf sh cuhstr` i` C`trgz mh g fljrc`bgf bjfi` bu`i sh hi`kjr i` [hm mh vhfbgcghftjs subhsgvjs quhvhrhcjs ` bjftgfu`bgf.
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BJCQ[HRGJF MH I@ [HM
8.0. @sphbtjs Dhfhr`ihs
8.;. Qrjbhmgcghftj mh Bjcprhsgf mh i` [hm
8.2.@f`igsgs mh bjstjs hf i` bjcprhsgf mh i` [hm
Hst` ht`p` hs vgt`i hf i` hohbubgjf mh uf
prjyhbtj, y` quh, ` chfumj pjmhcjs vhr
quh `idufjs prjyhbtjs sh vhf hf i`
fhbhsgm`m mh `mhi ft`r su lhbe` mh
hftrhd`, ij quh e`bh fhbhs`rgj bjcprgcgr
hi tghcpj hi tghcpj tjt`i mhi prjyhbtj?
pumghfmj dhfhr`i uf `uchftj j
mgscgfubgf mhi bjstj mhi prjyhbtj.
8.0.@sphbtjs Dhfhr`ihs
8.;. Qrjbhmgcghftj mh Bjcprhsgf mh i` [hm
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I` Bjcprhsgf mh [hm hs uf Ctjmj `i quh sh sjchth i` pi`fglgb`bgf mh uf
prjyhbtj p`r` jptgcgz`r sus bjstjs mhftrj mh uf gfthrv`ij mh tghcpj
r`zjf kih. Rh rhqughrhf ijs bjstjs mh b`m` `btgvgm`m t`ftj p`r` tghcpj
hstfm`r bjcj p`r` tghcpj ptgcj. @ckjs bjstjs, sh `fjt`r`f hf i` c`trgz
mh gfljrc`bgf.
]`ckgf mhkhcjs thfhr ` c`fj ijs bjstjs fjrc`ihs ($F) p`r` i`s `btgvgm`mhs
rh`igz`m`s ` tghcpj hstfm`r y hi bjstj Igcgth ($I) p`r` i`s `btgvgm`mhs
rh`igz`m`s ` tghcpj Jptgcj.
W` bjfjbgmj ijs tghcpjs hstfm`r y ptgcjs, y ijs bjstjs fjrc`ihs y icgths>
prjbhmhcjs ` b`ibui`r i` phfmghfth (c, i` bu`i hs i` rhi`bgf quh hxgsth hftrh
hi gfbrhchftj mhi bjstj y i` bjcprhsgf mhi tghcpj.
Rh rh`igz` i` c`trgz mh phfmghfth bjf ijs m`tjs mh i` c`trgz mh gfljrc`bgf y
sh ih `drhd` i` bjiucf` mh i`s phfmghfths quh sh b`ibui`f bjf i` ljrcui`
sgdughfth?
Qhfmghfth 3]ghcpj
Bjstj
8. . jbhm h j mh Bj p hs mh hm
Ctjmj 0. Hi Igb. @dustf Cjft j, hf su igkrj Gfgbg`bgf `i Ctjmj mhi B`cgfj Brtgbj fjs sh`ibu`trj p`sjs hshfbg`ihs p`r` bjcprgcgr i` rhm.
0. Mgkuo`r i` rhm quh shrvgr mh k`sh mh bjcprhsgf y hf b`m` `btgvgm`m sh `fjt` hi fchrj mh
gmhftglgb`bgf, i` phfmghfth, hi tghcpj hstfm`r y hi tghcpj ptgcj.
;. @pigb`r hi ctjmj c`xgcf (cxgcj mh ijs cfgcjs). Hi prjyhbtj sh mgvgmh hf tjmjs ijs b`cgfj
pjsgkihs mhsmh hi hvhftj gfgbg`i e`st` hi lg f`i, y sh `bucui`f i js tghcpjs ptgcjs mh i`s `btgvgm`mh
bjcpjfhfths mh b`m` b`cgfj. I` b`ftgm`m cxgc` mh ijs tghcpjs ptgcjs rhprhshft` hi b`cgfj brtgbj
` tghcpj ptgcj. Hs hi tghcpj chfjr hf quh puhmh hohbut`rsh tjmj hi prjyhbtj.2. Rh gfgbg` i` bjfstrubbgf mh i` rhm bjf hi b`cgfj brtgbj ` tghcpj ptgcj.
0. =. Hi itgcj p`sj mh i` bjcprhsgf mhi prjyhbtj hs hi mh pi`fh`r i` bjcprhsgf mh b`m` prjbhsj> p`r
hiij?
;. `. Rh mhthrcgf` hi gfthrv`ij mgspjfgkih p`r` hohbut`r hi prjbhsj.
2. k. Rh hx`cgf` i` pjsgkgigm`m mh hohbut`r hsth prjbhsj ` tghcpj fjrc`i.
=. b. ]jm` shrgh mhkh bjcprgcgrsh hf ljrc` subhsgv`.
;mj Ctjmj
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Hf su `sgdf`tur` gcp`rtgm` pi`fh`bgf,prjdr`c`bgf y Bjftrji mh prjyhbtjsmh i` C`hstr`
@mcgfgstr`bgf mh i` Bjfstrubbgf, hi @rq. Djfzihz fjs m` uf ctjmj `ithrf`tgvj ` i` ejr`mh
bjcprgcgr i` rhm hi bu`i bjfsgsth hf b`ibui`r hf i` cgsc` rhm ijs m`s quh sh puhmhf bjcprgcgr.
Hsth ctjmj luh hi quh hihdgcjs p`r` `pigb`rij ` fuhstrj prjyhbtj. ]hfhcjs ijs sgdughfths
m`tjs?
-c`trgz mh phfmghfth
-Bjstjs gfmgrhbtjs
-phfmghfth mh tjm`s i`s `btgvgm`mhs
-Bjstjs Fjrc`ihs y Bjstjs Igcgths.
-Gmhftglgb`r `btgvgm`mhs ` bjcprgcgr.
0. Rh dhfhr`f bjcprhsgjfhs ` i`s `btgvgm`mhs quh ij phrcgt`f y mh chfjr phfmghfth. Hf i` rhm
mh `btgvgm`mhs, ijs fjmjs sh mhspighd`f mh ljrc` quh sh dhfhrhf v`rg`s vhft`f`s, `s puhs b`m`
vhft`f` rhprhshft` uf` bjcprhsgf.
8.2 @figsgs mh bjstjs hf i` bjcprhsgf mh i` [hm
Hf hsth puftj, sh prjbhmh ` b`ibui`r hi bjstj mhi prjyhbtj hf b`m` bjcprhsgf rh`igz`m` hf
ksquhm` mhi chfjs bjstj pjsgkih hf hi tg hcpj cs prjk`kih. Rh `f`igz`f hstjs l`btjrhs y sh
dhfhr` uf` gfljrc`bgf mhthrcgf`m` quh shr brubg`i p`r` i` tjc` mh mhbgsgjfhs p`r` hi
prjyhbtj hf s.
K`s`mj hf hi prgfbgpgj mh `mcgfgstr`bgf pjr hxbhpbgf, hst` gfljrc`bgf hs cuy gcpjrt`fth
p`r` hi mgrhbtjr mhi prjyhbtj, hf i` tjc` mh mhbgsgjfhs sjkrh ijs pi`fhs y prjyhbtjs mhi tr`k`oj`btu`i `s bjcj cjfgtjrh`r hi prjdrhsj mh mhthrcgf`mj prjyhbtj.
@ bjftgfu`bgf i` rhm mh Bjcprhsgf prjdrhsgv` y Bjcprhsgf mh i` rhm pjr vhfbgcghftj
subhsgvjs.
==5111
=81111
=8;111
=8=111
=8
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Bu`iqughr hihchftj quh gcpgmh
quh uf` `btgvgm`m, prjbhsj j
prjyhbtj `ib`fbh su cht` j sh
rh`igbh bjfljrch ` ij hstgpui`mj
hs uf` igcgt`bgf j rhstrgbbgf.
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=81111
=80111
=8;111
=82111
=8=111
=88111
=8
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8
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8
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Rh fhbhsgt` thfhr hi`stgbgm m hf i` rhm mh gfljrc`bgf p`r` pjmhr hv`iu r i`
prjk`kgigm`m mh rhtr`s`r y `mhi`ft`r uf prjyhbtj.
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1
8
01
08
;1
;8
21
28
=1
=8
81
0 ; 2 = 8 < 4 5 7 01
D[@LGBJ MH [H][@RJ
t (t + )
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Q[JD[@C@BGJF MH
[HBX[RJR
4.0 Qrjdr`c`bgf mh rhbursjs lgf`fbghrjs
4.; @dhfm` mh prjyhbtjs
4.2 Qrjdr`c`bgf mh rhbursjs lsgbjs y euc`fjs
BGBIJ ;? HOHBXBGJF W BJF][JI
4.0 Qrjdr`c bgf mh rhbursjslgf`fbghrjs
Hi prjdr`c` mhi B`cgfj Brtgbj
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phrcgtgr uf` lbgi y shfbgii` hi `kjr`bgf
mh ijs gfdrhsjs y hdrhsjs, y` quh puhmhf
gfmgb`rsh bjf prhbgsgf i`s lhbe`s sjkrh
i` prhshft`bgf mh ijs mgfhrjs.
B m` prjyhbtj mgspjfh mh ljrc`
mglhrhfth ijs rhbursjs, y, pjr t`ftj,
mhphfmhr mh i` pjitgb` mh gfdrhsjs y
d`stjs mhbgmgm` `fths mh i` hohbubgf.
I` prhp`r`bgf mh hst`mjs mh liuoj mhb`o` hs cuy hlhbtgv` p`r`?
Mhthrcgf`r lhbe`s y b`ftgm mhs quh
shrvgrf p`r` i`s prjvgsgjfhs, `ufquh fj
sghcprh bjrrhspjfm`f ` i`s fhbhsgm`mhs
mh p`dj.
Mhlgfgr pjitgb s mh p`d mh b`m
`btgvgm`m.
Mhthrcgf`r lhbe`s y b`ftgm`mhs mh ijs
d`stjs lgojs
]`kui`r ijs rhsuit`mjs mh ij `fthrgjr hf
hi hst`mj mh liuojs mh b`o`.
4.; @dhfm` mh ijs prjyhbtjs
@i `pigb`r hi prhsupuhstj `i prjdr`c`mh uf prjyhbtj sh mhkh gfmgb`r i` lhbe`
mh gfgbgj mhi prjyhbtj. Hs gcpjrt fth
mhlgfgr ijs m s i`kjr kihs, iuhdj i`
hsb`i` mh lhbe`s quh bjrrhspjfmh ` b`m`
ufgm`m mh tghcpj, y `s, sgdughfmj
hsth prjbhmgcghftj sh mhthrcgf` i`
lhbe` mh lgf`igz`bgf mhi prjyhbtj.
4.2 Qrjdr`c`bgf mh rhbursjs lsgbjsy euc`fjs
Xf mht`iih `i pjr chfjr mh ijs rhbursjs
hs fhbhs`rgj p`r` s`khr su
mgspjfgkgigm`m hf i` ifh` mh tghcpj.]`ckgf gfmgb`r ijs rhbursj fhbhs`rgjs
`mgbgjf`ihs p`r` chojr`r hi prjbhsj y
`s thfhr y` ehbe` i` mhbgsgf y `bhihr`r
hi tr`k`oj sgf bjftr`tghcpjs.
Hi m` 7 sh tjc`r` uf prst`cj mh [M$=,111 p`r` bukrgr ijs d`stjs quh sh dhfhr`r`f hf hsh tr`cj
mhi prjyhbtj, mgbej p`dj rh s`im`r` hi m` 08 mhi chs, hi m` 07 sh tjc`r` uf prst`cj mh [M$=1,111
p`r` bukrgr i` hohbubgf mhi prjyhbtj hf hs` ht`p` y hi p`dj sh rh`igz`r` hi m` lgf`i mhi prjyhbtj.
Rh bukrgrf ijs bjstjs lgojs b`m` bu`trj m`s, mhshckjis`fmj hi prgchr cjftj hi m` 1, y ijs mhcs
p`djs pjr bjfbhptj mh bjstjs lgojs sh e`rf hi m` =, 5, 0;,0
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p d p p o , , , ,
uf 21% hi m` hi 01, hi ;1%hi m` 08 y hi 08% rhst`fth `i Lgf`igz`r hi m` Lgf`i mhi prjyhbtj.
1%
;1%
=1%
phrj, sg i` ejidur` tjt`i phrcgth su hxthfsgf, puhmh shr khfhlgbgjsj
e`bhri` hf mjs j c`s m`s. Qjr hsj tjc`cjs fuhstrj b`sj mh
hstumgj y ih `pigb`cjs hi Ctjmj Kurduhss ` ; `btgvgm`mhs.
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hstumgj y ih `pigb`cjs hi Ctjmj Kurduhss ` ; `btgvgm`mhs.
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HOHBXBGJF W BJF][J
MHI Q[JWHB]J
5.0 @prjk`bgf mhi Qrjyhbtj
5.; Jrmhfhs mh ]r`k`oj
5.2 Drlgbjs mh Bjftrji
5.0 @prjk`bgf mhi Qrjyhbtj
Hi prjyhbtj sh `pruhk` bu`fmj i`s phrsjf`s quh gfthrvghfhf hf hi
prjyhbtj hstf bjcpiht`chfth s`tgslhbe`s bjf ijs tghcpjs shbuhfbg`s
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prjyhbtj hstf bjcpiht`chfth s`tgslhbe`s bjf ijs tghcpjs, shbuhfbg`s,
bjstjs y mgstrgkubgf mh rhbursjs euc`fjs y c`thrg`ihs. Hf hsh cjchftj
sh thrcgf` hi prjdr`c` mh tr`k`oj bjcj sgduh?
Igst` mh `btgvgm`mhs.
Qrhsupuhstj dhfhr`i.
Hsphbglgb`bgjfhs mh i` `btgvgm`m.
Mht`iih mh ijs puhstjs y rhspjfs`kgigm`mhs y jrd`fgz`bgf mh c`fmj.
[hm mh `btgvgm`mhs.
Bjfmgbgjfhs igcgt`fths mh tr`k`oj. Qrjbhmgcghftjs mh tr`k`oj.
Hqugpj fhbhs`rgj.
Qi`fhs y hsquhc`s mh gtgfhr`rgj y ejr`rgj.
C`trgbhs mh gfljrc`bgf.
5.; rmhfhs mh ]r`k`oj
I`s rmhfhs mh tr`k`oj sh prhp`r`f hf k`sh ` i`s hsphbglgb`bgjfhs mh
`btgvgm`m, bjfmgbgjfhs igcgt`fths, prjbhmgcghftjs mh tr`k`oj, hqugpj
fhbhs`rgj y hsquhc`s mh prjbhsjs, gtgfhr`rgj y ejr`rgj> `yum` mh i`s
c`trgbhs mh gfljrc`bgf. Hf mgbe`s rmhfhs sh jkshrv`f ijs m`tjs cs
gcpjrt`fths mhi prjyhbtj?
0. Hi fjckrh mhi prjyhbtj
;. Hi fjckrh mh i` `btgvgm`m hohbutfmjsh
2. Hi prjbhsj j `v`fbh.
=. Hi rhspjfs`kih mh i` `btgvgm`m.
5.2 Drlgbjs mh bjftrji
Qjmhcjs mhthrcgf`r hi `v`fbh mh b`m` uf` mh i`s `btgvgm`mhs mhi
prjyhbtj tjt`i ` tr`vs mh i` drlgb`. Hst`s dr`lgb`s fjs phrcgthf
vgsu`igz`r hi mhs`rrjiij mh i`s `btgvgm`mhs y hsh shdugcghftj sh mhfjcgf`
mh i` sgdughfth c`fhr`?
Drlgb` mh `v`fbh
Drlgb` mh rhfmgcghftj
I`s bjjrmhf`m`s quh sh hfbuhftr`f hf i`s mgvgsgjfhs mh tghcpj c`rb`f
i` prjdr`c`bgf mh b`m` `btgvgm`m, prjbhsj y tjmj hi prjyhbtj.
; 1111
;.8111
[hfmgcghftj y @v`fbh mhi Qrjbhsj K
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Q`r` b`ibui`r hi pjrbhft`oh prjdr`c`mj mh `v`fbh?
Mgvgm` hi pjrbhft`oh tjt`i mh `v`fbh (0.11) hftrh hi fchrj mh
m s- btgvgm m mhi prjyhbtj. Hi fchrj mh `btgvgm mhs mhiprjyhbtj hs i` suc` prjdrhsgv` mh i `s `btgvgm`mhs g fgbg`m`s m` `
m` (;2).
Lrcui`?
l(M-`)30/h3 0/;2 3 1.1=2=45;
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b`ibui`m`.
Rhdf Cjft`j, (0758) i`s bjiucf`s sh iihf`f bjcj sgduh? @i
cjchftj mh rhbgkgr i` gfljrc`bgf mhi `v`fbh rh`i?
0. Rh `fjt` hi m` mh i` gfljrc`bgf.
;. Rh hxprhs`f ijs fchrjs mh i`s `btgvgm`mhs gfljrc`m`s. Rh
`fjt` hi prgchr iud`r, uf` ] p`r` i`s `btgvgm`mhs thrcgf m`s bjf`fthrgjrgm`m. Mhspus, sh b`ibui`f i`s sgdughfths bjiucf`s.
2. Rh gfmgb`f ijs m`s prjdr`c`mjs mh hohbubgf mh b`m` `btgvgm`m
gfljrc`m` mh `buhrmj bjf i` bjiucf` y c`trgz mh gfljrc`bgf.
=. Rh mhthrcgf`f ijs rhbprjbjs mh ijs tghcpjs `fthrgjrhs p`r`
gfmgb`r hi vjiuchf mh tr`k`oj j b`rd` mh b`m` m`.
8. Rh gfmgb f ijs m`s tr`fsburrgmjs mh b`m` `btgvgm m mh `buhrmj
bjf hi prjdr`c`, y fj ijs m`s tr`fsburrgmjs hf hi `v fbh.
\hrglgquh quh i`s b`ftgm`mhs fj sh`f c`yjrhs quh i`s gfmgb`m`s hf
i` bjiucf` 2 mh hsh cgscj bu`mrj, puhstj quh fj hs pjsgkih
prjdr`c`r cs mhi 011% mh tr`k`oj mh uf` `btgvgm`m.
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Q[JBHMGCGHF]J MH
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H\@IX@BGJF MHI
Q[JWHB]J
7.0 @ksjrbgf
7.; Bu`mrj mh Hv`iu`bgf
7.2 Egstjdr`c`s
Mhlgfgbgf
Bu`fmj i`s `btgvgm mhs sh `mhi`ft`f hf su hohbubgf ` i`s lhbe s
prjdr`c`m`s dhfhr`ichfth fj cjmg lgb`f sus bjstjs mg rhbtjs y hf
b`ckgj s mgscgfuyhf ijs bjstjs gfmgrhbtjs. Qhrj e`ki`fmj mh ijs
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rhtr sjs ijs bjstjs sh cjmglgb`f ijs bjstjs, sh tr`stjrf`f i`s
shbuhfbg`s y sh pghrmh i`s mgspjfgkgigm`m mh tghcpjs (ejidur`s) pjr
ij quh hs fhbhs`rgj thfhr uf prjbhmgcghftj mh hv`iu`bgf quh fjs
phrcgth hv`iu`r i`s bjfshbuhfbg`s mh uf rhtr`sj hf uf `btgvgm`m
mhi prjyhbtj.
@ksjrbgf
Ijs rhtr`sjs mhkhf shr `ksjrkgmjs pjr i`s ejidur`s y hf hi b`sj mh
quh fj hxgst`f st`s, `quhiijs mhkhf fhutr`igz`rsh pjr chmgj mhbjcprhsgjfhs hf i`s `btgvgm`mhs.
@ksjrbgf pjr Ejidur`s
Cuitgpigb`r hi tghcpj prjdr`c`mj mh hohbubgf (h) pjr hi t`ftj pjr
ufj mh i` b`ftgm`m mh tr`k`oj quh l`it` pjr rh`igz`r. Hi rhsuit`mj hs
hi tghcpj quh sh rhqughrh p`r` thrcgf`r fjrc`ichfth bjf i`
`btgvgm`m.
@i tghcpj `fthrgjr sh ih rhst` hi tghcpj mgspjfgkih y i` mglhrhfbg`
rhprhshft` hi rhtr`sj, hi bu`i mhkh shr `ksjrkgmj pjr ejidur` tjt`i.
Rg hstj fj hs pjsgkih, sh mhkh prjbhmhr bjf @ksjrbgf pjr
bjcprhsgf.
@ksjrbgf pjr Bjcprhsgf
Rh cuitgpigb` hi tghcpj ptgcj (j) pjr hi t`ftj pjr ufj mhi
vjiuchf mh tr`k`oj phfmghfth ` hohbut`r. Hi prjmubtj rhprhshft` hi
tghcpj quh sh rhqughrh p`r` thrcgf`r i` `btgvgm`m hf bjfmgbgjfhsptgc`, hs mhbgr, bjf i` cxgc` `bhihr`bgf. Rg hsth tghcpj hs
chfjr quh hi tghcpj mgspjfgkih sgdfglgb` quh fj sh rhtr`s`r hi
prjyhbtj, phrj sg hs c`yjr i` mglhrhfbg` shr i` b`ftgm`m mh tghcpj
quh rhtr`s`r hi prjyhbtj ` chfjs quh hst` `btgvgm`m puhm`
bjcprgcgrsh uf` `btgvgm`m pjsthrgjr ` i` hv`iu`m`.
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Egstjdr`c`s
Q`r` pjmhr `prhbg`r chojr i` hvjiubgf mh ijs prjbhsjs quh tghfhf v`rg`bgjfhs hf su gfgbg`bgf y thrcgf`bgf sh utgigz`rf i`s drlgb`s mh mhs`rrjiij brjfjidgbj ii`c`mjs egstjdr`c`s. Hstjs egstjdr`c`s
puhmhf us`rsh p`r` vgdgi`r ijs prjbhsjs j uf` `btgvgm`m hf p`rtgbui`r.
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42
Mg`dr`c` mh K`rr`s
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d
4
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Kgkigjdr`l`
Cjft`j, @dustf. Gfgbg`bgf i ctjmj mhi B@CGFJ B[G]GBJ, Hmgtjrg`i
]rgii`s, Mbgc` rhgcprhsgf, hfhrj 0758. Rfbehz Ehf`j, Ouigj Bs`r.
C`fu`i mh prjdr`c`bgf y bjftrji mh prjdr`c`s mh jkr` Xfgvhrsgm`m
F`bgjf`i mh Bjijckg`. Chmhiif, Bjijckg`.
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Rurhz R`i`z`r, B`rijs. Bjstj y tghcpj hf hmglgb`bgf. \gdsgcj fjvhf`
rhgcprhsgf mh i` 2hr` hmgbgf. Cxgbj. Igcus`. Fjrghd` Hmgtjrhs.
Gc`dhfdr`lg`
ettp?//egstgfl
.kijds.upv.hs
/;101/01/;7
/ojef-
wgiig`c-
c`ubeiy/
ettp?//www.`r
djf`ut`.jrd/whk/duhst/cht
jmjijdg`
ettps?//mhib`rpg
jrjmrgduhz.wjrm
prhss.bjc/;10;
/12/1;/chtjmji
jdg`-y-
prjsphbtgv`-
p`r`-quh-
gfvhft`r-i`-pjivjr`/
ettp?//pjstdr`mj.upb.hmu
.ph/prjdr`c`-
hsphbg`igz`mj-hf-
pi`fglgb`bgjf-y-bjftrji-
mh-prjyhbtjs-mh-
bjfstrubbgjf
ettp?//jrgdgf`ibjcc
ufgtyc`f`dhr.bjc/t
`d/twhhts/
ettp?//www.igmhrm
hprjyhbtj.bjc/`r
tgbuijs/pcpZvsZp
cj.etci
ettp?//c`dhchft
dg`.kijdspjt.bjc/
0/tgch-c`f`dhc
rhbursjs-p`r`-d`f
ettp?//wgiig`c`r
`ij.bjc/gffjv`
f-hf-rhmhs-mh-
chrb`mhj/
ettp?//www.bgj`i.
c/;108/1;/17/ih
i-2-`sbghfmh-hf-
bu`mr`fth-d`rtfh
p`r`-shrvgbgjs-mh-
rhmhs/
ettp?//b`rchfs`
sgths/b`rchfs`ii
lgihs/p`dgf`/;10
b`ihfm`rgj2.pfd