Program & Abstracts - 19th ICC International Corrosion Congress November 2- 6, 2014 International...
Transcript of Program & Abstracts - 19th ICC International Corrosion Congress November 2- 6, 2014 International...
19th International Corrosion Congress
November 2- 6, 2014 International Convention Center Jeju, Korea
Program & Abstracts
"This work was supported by the Korean Federation of Science and Technology Societies Grant funded by
the Korean Government."
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Table of Contents
□ Invitation ……………………...……………………………….…... 3
□ Committee………………………………………………………..… 4
□ Program …..………...…..………………………………...………... 6
□ Floor Map ……………….………………………………................. 10
□ General Information ………………………………………...…….. 12
□ Guidelines for Presentation ………………………………...…….. 12
□ Social Program …………………………………………........…….. 13
□ Exhibition …………………………………………........…….......... 14
□ Plenary Lecture …..….....……..……………………………...…..... 16
□ Oral Session
Monday, November 3, 2014 ……………………………………... 23
Tuesday, November 4, 2014 …………………………….………... 47
Wednesday, November 5, 2014 …..…………………….………... 60
Thursday, November 6, 2014 …..…………………….………... 83
□ Poster Session ………….....……..…………………………...…..... 96
□ Author Index ………..….....……..…………………………...…..... 123
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Invitation
I am pleased to invite you to the 19th International Corrosion Congress (ICC)
organized and hosted by the Corrosion Science Society of Korea (CSSK) on behalf of
the International Corrosion Council.
The conference will offer exciting opportunities for sharing and exploring new ideas,
research and issues on the science and technology of corrosion and corrosion
protection. The technical program will include plenary and keynote lectures, oral
presentations and poster presentations organized by distinguished experts.
A large exhibition will also be organized in parallel with the technical program and will feature the latest in
corrosion control products and services. Added to the conference program are plenty of social opportunities. A
welcome reception, a banquet, a farewell function, tours and sports programs will be offered for all attendees and
their spouses.
CSSK will do its best to make the 19th ICC one of the best conferences you have ever attended, and I hope this
event enables you to contribute much more than any other to the reduction of corrosion costs which currently range
from 2 to 5 percent of GDP in most industrialized nations. On behalf of the CSSK and the organizing committee of
the 19th ICC, I would like to thank you in advance for your active participation in the congress.
I am looking forward to seeing you on the beautiful island of Jeju, Korea!
Sincerely Yours,
Jong Jip Kim President, Organizing Committee of the 19th ICC
President, CSSK
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Committee
19th ICC Organizing Committee
Honorary President: Yong Soo PARK (Yonsei University, Korea)
President: Jong Jip KIM (KRISS, Korea)
Vice Presidents: Manuel MORCILLO (President, International Corrosion Council)
Carlos ARROYAVE (First Vice President, International Corrosion Council)
Jae Bong LEE (Kookmin University, Korea)
Young Sik KIM (Andong National University, Korea)
Seong Min LEE (KOGAS, Korea)
Joo Youl HUH (Korea University, Korea)
Secretary General: Deok Soo WON (KOGAS, Korea)
Honorary Committee
Kyoo Young KIM (GIFT, POSTECH, Korea)
Nelson A. AGUILA (AGC Devt. Corp., Philippines)
Gerald S. FRANKEL (The Ohio State University, USA)
Ronald M. LATANISION (Exponent, Inc., USA)
Philippe MARCUS (CNRS-ENSCO, France)
Zehbour PANOSSIAN (IPT, Brazil)
V. S. RAJA (Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India)
Günther SCHMITT (IFINKOR, Germany)
Wen-Ta TSAI (National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan)
Tooru TSURU (Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan)
David J. YOUNG (University of New South Wales, Australia)
Yu ZUO (Beijing University of Chemical Technology, China)
International Advisory Committee
Iba F. AL-ADEL (Saudi Aramco, Saudi Arabia)
Andrej ATRENS (The University of Queensland, Australia)
Alison DAVENPORT (University of Birmingham, UK)
Amir ELIEZER (World Corrosion Organization)
En-Hou HAN (Chinese Academy of Science, China)
Woon Suk HWANG (Inha University, Korea)
Joung Soo KIM (KAERI, Korea)
Hyuk Sang KWON (KAIST, Korea)
Christofer LEYGRAF (Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden)
Digby D. MACDONALD (Pennsylvania State University, USA)
Roger NEWMAN (University of Toronto, Canada)
Toshiaki OHTSUKA (Hokkaido University, Japan)
Toshio SHIBATA (Osaka University, Japan)
Kwang Seon SHIN (Seoul National University, Korea)
Martin STRATMAN (Max Planck Institute, Germany)
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Committee (cont.)
Domestic Advisory Committee
Jong Kwon LEE (Soonchunhyang University, Korea)
Young Tai KHO (Soongsil University, Korea)
Ki Chul KANG (Hansu Ltd., Korea)
Youn-Ho JUNG (Korean Nuclear Society, Korea)
Byung Sun KIM (The Korean Society for Composite Materials, Korea)
Chang Hee LEE (The Korean Welding and Joining, Korea)
Yong-Shin LEE (The Korean Society for Technology of Plasticity, Korea)
Byung-Joon YE (Korea Foundry Society, Korea)
Local Organizing Committee
Hyun Young CHANG (KEPCO E&C, Korea)
Seon-Yeob LI (GS E&C, Korea)
Han Cheol CHOE (Chosun University, Korea)
Dong Jin CHOI (Hansu Ltd., Korea)
Young Min CHOI (POSCO, Korea)
Jong Man HAN (Hyundai-Steel, Korea)
Kyeong Mo HWANG (KEPCO E&C, Korea)
Seong Sik HWANG (KAERI, Korea)
Chang Heui JANG (KAIST, Korea)
Bum Sung KIM (KCC, Korea)
Hee San KIM (Hongik University, Korea)
In KIM (Wangdo Corrosion Eng Co. Ltd., Korea)
Jong Sang KIM (POSCO, Korea)
Jung Gu KIM (Sungkyunkwan University, Korea)
Seong Jong KIM (Mokpo Maritime University, Korea)
Yeong Ho KIM (POSCO, Korea)
Young Geun KIM (KOGAS, Korea)
Jin Hee LEE (SK E&C, Korea)
Yong Heon LEE (POSCO, Korea)
Man Been MOON (Hyundai Steel, Korea)
Chan Jin PARK (Chonnam National University, Korea)
Jin Hwan PARK (Pukyong National University, Korea)
Young Bog PARK (Seoul Metropolitan Government, Korea)
Hong Kyun SOHN (POMIA, Korea)
Sunday, November 2, 2014 15:00-18:00 Registration (Main Lobby, 3F)
15:30-17:00 ICC General Council Meeting (Room 301, 3F)
18:00-20:00 Welcome Reception (Delizia, 3F)
Monday, November 3, 2014
08:00-17:30 Registration (Main Lobby, 3F)
09:00-17:30 Exhibition (Main Lobby, 3F)
08:30-09:00 Opening Ceremony (Tamna Hall A, 5F)
09:00-09:45 Plenary 1 (Tamna Hall A, 5F)
Degradation of Coatings and Coating Interfaces on Steel
Gerald S. Frankel (The Ohio State University, USA)
09:45-10:30 Plenary 2 (Tamna Hall A, 5F)
Role of Minor Alloying Elements and Cu in a Hyper- Duplex Stainless Steel
Yong Soo Park (Yonsei University, Korea)
10:30-11:00 Morning Break (Main Lobby, 3F)
Room Samda Hall A Samda Hall B 301 302 303 401 402A 402B
11:00-12:30
MA1 MB1 MC1 MD1 ME1 MF1 MG1 MH1
Coatings 1 Electrochemistry &
Electrochemical
Test Methods 1
Corrosion in
Oil/Gas/Pipelines 1
Corrosion in
Stainless Steels 1
Corrosion in Light
Metals 1
Corrosion in
Concrete 1
Corrosion
Monitoring and
Modeling 1
Atmospheric
Corrosion 1
12:30-14:00 Lunch (Ocean View, 5F)
14:00-15:30
MA2 MB2 MC2 MD2 ME2 MF2 MG2 MH2
Coatings 2 Electrochemistry &
Electrochemical
Test Methods 2
Corrosion in
Oil/Gas/Pipelines 2
Corrosion in
Stainless Steels 2
Corrosion in Light
Metals 2
Corrosion in
Concrete 2
Corrosion
Monitoring and
Modeling 2
Atmospheric
Corrosion 2
15:30-16:00 Afternoon Break (Main Lobby, 3F)
16:00-17:30
MA3 MB3 MC3 MD3 ME3 MF3 MG3 MH3
Coatings 3 Surface Protection
and Analytical
Techniques
Corrosion in
Oil/Gas/Pipelines 3
Corrosion in
Stainless Steels 3
Corrosion in Light
Metals 3
Corrosion in
Concrete 3
Corrosion
Monitoring and
Modeling 3
Atmospheric
Corrosion 3
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Tuesday, November 4, 2014
08:00-17:30 Registration (Main Lobby, 3F)
09:00-17:30 Exhibition (Main Lobby, 3F)
09:00-09:45 Plenary 3 (Tamna Hall A, 5F)
Electrochemical Noise: Real and Imaginary
Bob Cottis (The University of Manchester, UK)
09:45-10:30 Plenary 4 (Tamna Hall A, 5F)
Innovative Alloy Design with Weak Carbide Formers for IGC Prevention
Kyoo Young Kim (POSTECH, Korea)
10:30-11:00 Morning Break (Main Lobby, 3F)
Room Samda Hall A Samda Hall B 301 302 303 401 402A 402B
11:00-12:30
TA1 TB1 TC1 TD1 TE1 TF1 TG1 TH1
Coatings 4 Corrosion Problems
and Protection
Methods in Nuclear
Industry 1
Corrosion in
Oil/Gas/Pipelines 4
Corrosion in
Stainless Steels 4
Corrosion in Light
Metals 4
Corrosion in
Concrete 4
Corrosion
Monitoring and
Modeling 4
Atmospheric
Corrosion 4
12:30-14:00 Lunch (Ocean View, 5F)
14:00-15:30
TA2 TB2 TC2 TD2 TE2 TF2
Coatings 5 Corrosion Problems
and Protection
Methods in Nuclear
Industry 2
Corrosion in
Oil/Gas/Pipelines 5
Corrosion in
Stainless Steels 5
Corrosion in
Advanced
Materials (Nano &
Composite
Materials)
WCO Session
(14:00-17:30)
15:30-17:30 Poster Session
& Afternoon Break (Main Lobby, 3F)
17:30-19:30 ICC General Council Meeting (Room 301, 3F)
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Wednesday, November 5, 2014
08:00-18:30 Registration (Main Lobby, 3F)
09:00-17:30 Exhibition (Main Lobby, 3F)
09:00-09:45 Plenary 5 (Tamna Hall A, 5F)
Corrosion Modelling of Carbon Steel
Toshio Shibata (Osaka University, Japan)
09:45-10:30 Plenary 6 (Tamna Hall A, 5F)
Reverse Developing of New Anti-corrosive Alloys
Carlos Arroyave (Antonio Nariño University, Colombia)
10:30-11:00 Morning Break (Main Lobby, 3F)
Room Samda Hall A Samda Hall B 301 302 303 401 402A 402B
11:00-12:30
WA1 WB1 WC1 WD1 WF1 WG1 WH1
Coatings 6 Corrosion Problems
and Protection
Methods in Nuclear
Industry 3
Corrosion
Inhibitors 1
Corrosion in
Energy Systems 1
Integrity and
Lifetime Prediction
Localized
Corrosion (Pitting
& Crevice) 1
Marine Corrosion 1
12:30-14:00 Lunch (Ocean View, 5F)
14:00-15:30
WA2 WB2 WC2 WD2 WE2 WF2 WG2 WH2
Coatings 7 Corrosion Problems
and Protection
Methods in Nuclear
Industry 4
Corrosion
Inhibitors 2
Corrosion in
Energy Systems 2
Stress Corrosion
Cracking &
Hydrogen
Embrittlement 1
Corrosion in Bio
Materials 1
Localized
Corrosion (Pitting
& Crevice) 2
Marine Corrosion 2
15:30-16:00 Afternoon Break (Main Lobby, 3F)
16:00-17:30
WA3 WB3 WC3 WD3 WE3 WF3 WG3 WH3
Coatings 8 Corrosion Problems
and Protection
Methods in Nuclear
Industry 5
Corrosion
Inhibitors 3
Corrosion in
Energy Systems 3
Stress Corrosion
Cracking &
Hydrogen
Embrittlement 2
Corrosion in Bio
Materials 2
Localized
Corrosion (Pitting
& Crevice) 3
Marine Corrosion 3
18:00~ Banquet (Tamna Hall B, 5F)
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Thursday, November 6, 2014
08:00-16:00 Registration (Main Lobby, 3F)
09:00-16:00 Exhibition (Main Lobby, 3F)
09:30-10:15 Plenary 7 (Tamna Hall A, 5F)
Recent Progress and Development of Corrosion Resistant Steels
Sung-ho Park (POSCO, Korea)
10:15-11:00 Morning Break (Main Lobby, 3F)
Room Samda Hall A Samda Hall B 301 302 303 401 402A 402B
11:00-12:30
THA1 THB1 THC1 THD1 THE1 THF1 THG1 THH1
Coatings 9 (Special Session)
Asian Forum for
Materials Aging in
Nuclear Systems 1
Passive Films 1 Erosion Corrosion
& FAC 1
Failure Analysis
and Industrial
Services
Corrosion in
Cultural Heritage
Corrosion in
Industrial
Environments
Cathodic Protection
12:30-14:00 Lunch (Ocean View, 5F)
14:00-15:30
THA2 THB2 THC2 THD2
Coatings 10 (Special Session)
Asian Forum for
Materials Aging in
Nuclear Systems 2
Passive Films 2 Erosion Corrosion
& FAC 2
16:00~ Farewell Function (Delizia, 3F)
Floor Map
3F
Room Use
Samda A
Oral Session
Samda B
301
302
303
304 Secretariat
300 Preview Room
Delizia Welcome Reception /
Farewell Function
Delizia
Main Entrance
Main Lobby Registration Desk
Poster
Session
Exhibition
Samda A B
302 303 304 300 301
Escalator to 5F
Escalator to 4, 5F
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Floor Map (cont.)
4F
5F
Room Use
401
Oral Session 402 A
402 B
Room Use
Tamna Hall A Opening Ceremony /
Plenary Lecture
Tamna Hall B Banquet
Ocean View Lunch
402 A / B 401
Tamna Hall B Tamna Hall A Ocean View
Escalator to 3, 5F
Escalator to 3F
Escalator to 3, 4F
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General Information
Official Language The official language of the conference is English.
Registration Desk The registration desk on the main lobby (3F) in the venue will be open as follow:
Sunday, November 2, 2014 15:00pm-18:00pm
Monday, November 3, 2014 08:00am-17:30pm
Tuesday, November 4, 2014 08:00am-17:30pm
Wednesday, November 5, 2014 08:00am-18:30pm
Thursday, November 6, 2014 08:00am-16:00pm
Wireless Internet Access Wireless internet access will be available for all attendees during Conference dates, and this access is free of charge.
Those wishing to use this wireless network are required to use their own laptops equipped with wireless LAN card.
Guidelines for Presentation
Oral Presentation Every room is equipped with LCD projector and Windows Laptop, with PowerPoint and Acrobat PDF reader.
Please make your best to use the room laptop and upload your PPT file on it before the beginning of the session. If
you really need to use your laptop (only in the case you need special software for your presentation or in case of
major compatibility problems), check the connection with the projector before the session starts. Notice: time lost
in setting up your laptop during the session cannot be recovered: this will end up in a shorter time available for
yours presentation. Greet/meet the session chair before the session starts. Please arrive early enough, to find out the
session chair and to tell him/her your name, affiliation and the title of your paper. The presentation time is 20
minutes. This includes speaker transition, the setting of your computer (if needed), and question & answers. So
each speaker should finish his/her talk within 15 or 16 minutes to have a time for question & answers.
Time assignment including discussion is as follow:
Keynote Speech: 30 minutes
Oral Presentation: 20 minutes
Poster Display Time: 15:30~17:30pm,
Date: Tuesday, November 4, 2014
Location: Main Lobby (3F) Presenters are also responsible for mounting their own poster to the poster board prior to the opening of the poster
session. All presenters must remain by their poster during the poster session.
A. Poster Specification
Posters must be designed to fit a 120cm wide x 180cm tall board. Posters may be prepared as a single poster or as
several smaller sections (using A4 or letter sized papers) mounted together. The heading of the poster should list the
paper title, author(s) name(s), and affiliation(s). The content of the poster should include introduction, related work,
proposal, development/experimental results, and conclusion.
B. Poster Setup and Removal
Posters may be attached to the boards by push pins, which will be provided on site. Posters can be set up by
presenters from Monday, November 3. Posters must be taken down by presenters right after the session is over.
Posters not removed after the session is over will be removed by staff.
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Social Program
* All registration fees except day registration include welcome reception, banquet, farewell function and lunches.
* If needed, additional ticket(s) can be purchased.
* Required to show a ticket at the door when you attend each social program.
Welcome Reception Time: 18:00pm ~
Date: Sunday, November 2, 2014
Place: Delizia (3F)
Banquet Time: 18:00pm ~
Date: Wednesday, November 5, 2014
Place: Tamna Hall (5F)
The banquet will offer you a good opportunity to promote friendship with participants. Delicious food, and Korean
traditional performance will be offered at the banquet.
Farewell Function Time: 16:00pm ~
Date: Thursday, November 6, 2014
Place: Delizia (3F)
Lunches Time: 12:30pm ~14:00pm
Date: Monday, November 3 ~ Thursday, November 6, 2014
Place: Ocean View (5F)
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Exhibition
Time: 90:00am ~ 17:30pm
Dates: November 3 ~ 6, 2014
Location: Main Lobby (3F)
SUNG IL CO., LTD (SIM) http://www.sungilsim.com
DYCE Global http://www.dyce.co.kr
Seal For Life Industries http://www.sealforlife.com
Thermo-Calc Software AB
http://www.thermocalc.com/start
K-COTECH Co., Ltd. http://www.kcotech.com
Samwon Instruments Co. http://www.samwoninst.com
Gamry Instruments http://www.gamry.com
CD-adapco http://www.cd-adapco.co.kr
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Exhibition (cont.)
WOOJIN INC. http://www.woojininc.com
TRENTON CORPORATION http://www.trentoncorp.com
TAE JUNG INDUSTRY http://www.arccoating.co.kr
ILSHIN AUTOCLAVE http://www.suflux.com
AT Frontier Co., LTD http://www.ATFrontier.com
F&H International http://www.funnhobby.co.kr
NeoScience Co.,Ltd http://www.neoscience.co.kr
CorRel Technology Co., Ltd. http:// www.correltech.com
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Plenary 1
09:00am - 09:45am, Monday, November 3, 2014
Room: Tamna Hall A (5F)
Moderator: Jae Bong Lee (Kookmin University, Korea)
Degradation of Coatings and Coating Interfaces on Steel
Gerald S. Frankel
The Ohio State University, USA
The degradation of poly(vinyl butyral) (PVB) coated steel during exposure to various
outdoor and accelerated laboratory environments was studied using a Scanning Kelvin
Probe (SKP), Fourier-Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy, and Electrochemical
Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). Cathodic delamination (CD) of the PVB-coated steel in
the SKP provided an assessment of the interface stability, EIS indicated the strength of
the barrier properties, and FT-IR evaluated chemical changes in the coating. Both
degradation and improvement in the interface stability were observed for different
exposure conditions, and the influences of various factors are discussed.
Biography Gerald S. Frankel is the DNV Designated Chair in Corrosion, Professor of Materials Science and Engineering, and
Director of the Fontana Corrosion Center at the Ohio State University. He earned the Sc.B. degree in Materials
Science Engineering from Brown University and the Sc.D. degree in Materials Science and Engineering from MIT.
Prior to joining OSU in 1995, he was a post-doctoral researcher at the Swiss Federal Technical Institute in Zurich
and then a Research Staff Member at the IBM Watson Research Center in Yorktown Heights, NY. His primary
research interests are in the passivation and localized corrosion of metals and alloys, corrosion inhibition,
protective coatings and atmospheric corrosion. He is a member of the editorial board of The Journal of the
Electrochemical Society, Corrosion, Materials and Corrosion, and Corrosion Reviews. Frankel is a fellow of NACE
International, The Electrochemical Society, and ASM International. He received the UR Evans Award from the
Institute of Corrosion in 2011, OSU Distinguished Scholar Award in 2010, the 2010 ECS Corrosion Division H.H.
Uhlig Award, the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation Research Award for Senior US Scientists in 2004, and the
2007 TP Hoar Prize from the UK Institute of Corrosion. In 2012, he was appointed by President Barak Obama as a
member of the Nuclear Waste Technical Review Board.
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Plenary 2
09:45am - 10:30am, Monday, November 3, 2014
Room: Tamna Hall A (5F)
Moderator: Jae Bong Lee (Kookmin University, Korea)
Role of Minor Alloying Elements and Cu in a Hyper- Duplex Stainless Steel
Yong Soo Park
Yonsei University, Korea
Effects of rare earth metals, Ba (REM-Ba) and Cu additions on corrosion resistance,
mechanical properties and welding characteristics of hyper-duplex stainless steels
were investigated. The performance of the experimental alloys were compared with
conventional super duplex stainless steels such as SAF 2507 and UR52N+ when they
were exposed to solution annealing heat treatment and aging treatment. The corrosion
resistance in Cl- environments and mechanical properties of the experimental alloy
were found superior to those of the commercial super duplex stainless steel. The
addition of Ba and Cu to the base alloy retarded the formation of the brittle secondary
phases that were formed in heat-affected zone during the process of gas tungsten arc
welding compared with that of the commercial UR52N+ alloy, thereby enhancing the
resistance to pitting corrosion. The REM and Ba with larger atomic radii than those of
Cr, Mo and W may fill vacancies inside the matrix and around the grain boundaries,
retarding formation of harmful intermetallic σ and χ phases. In addition, fine REM-Ba
oxides/oxy-sulfides (1~3 μm) seemed to enhance the retardation effects. With these additions, strength and ductility
increased due to the phase and grain refinement caused by fine oxides and oxy-sulfides.
Biography Yong Soo Park is 'Professor Emeritus' of Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea, where he has spent 33 and half years
since 1981. He is also current 'Honorary President of Corrosion Science Society of Korea'. Before he joined Yonsei
University, he worked as an Assistant Metallurgist at Brookhaven National Laboratory, New York, U.S.A. from
1977 to 1980, and then returned to Korea for position of Quality Control Manager at Korea Integrated Specialty
Steel Company. He was educated at Seoul National University with B. S. of Metallurgical Engineering in 1971.
One year later, he went to the Ohio State University for graduate study, and was awarded M. S. and Ph. D. under
the guidance of Professor R. W. Staehle. He is a recipient of many Technical Awards including Government's medal
for scientific contribution, and the author of over 160 papers and books in the fields of metallic corrosion and
development of High Performance Stainless Steels. Two of his invented stainless steels have been designated and
listed at ASTM-SAE. The first one designated in 1996 is 'S 32050' (SR-50A is the brand name). The alloy has been
produced more than 5,000 tons by Arcelo-Mittal, Nippon Yakin Kogyo, INCO, SeAH Steel, POSCO, Scana
Stavanger of Norway and some Korean foundry companies. The second one known as 'SR-4DX' (a Hyper Duplex
Stainless) was recently designated as '7A' in the casting section at ASTM. The duplex stainless will be ready for
mass-production at POSCO.
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Plenary 3
09:00am - 09:45am, Tuesday, November 4, 2014
Room: Tamna Hall A (5F)
Moderator: Young Sik Kim (Andong National University, Korea)
Electrochemical Noise: Real and Imaginary
R.A. Cottis
The University of Manchester, UK
Electrochemical noise has been studied for over 40 years, although some
measurements are still being made using flawed equipment and techniques. A range of
methods have been used to interpret EN data, including examination of the time
records and various linear and non-linear statistical measures including determining
corrosion rate via the electrochemical noise resistance, shot-noise parameters, power
spectra, time-frequency methods such as wavelet analysis and chaos analyses. While
electrochemical noise resistance (and the frequency domain equivalent noise
impedance) are reasonably reliable for the estimation of corrosion rate, they are
inherently noisy, and more conventional methods are to be preferred. Of the methods
available for the study of type of corrosion, examination of the time records is
probably as effective as any when individual transients can be discerned. When many
overlapping transients occur, shot noise analysis, based on the low frequency power
spectral density seems effective, although several of the alternative methods may
prove to offer benefits that are not yet fully apparent.
Biography Bob Cottis is Emeritus Professor in the Corrosion and Protection Centre, now part of the School of Materials of the
University of Manchester. He was born and educated in the UK where he graduated M.A. and Ph.D. from the
University of Cambridge. He is the author of over 150 papers and articles, mainly in localized corrosion and
electrochemistry (particularly electrochemical noise), corrosion fatigue, stress corrosion cracking and modeling of
corrosion processes. He is Founding Editor of the open Journal of Corrosion Science and Engineering. His research
interests cover many aspects of corrosion. He has also been active in the development of Corrosion teaching, where
he led the development of online teaching in Manchester, and is currently leading the introduction of the Corrosion
Passport (a definition of recommended minimum requirements in corrosion for engineering courses) on behalf the
World Corrosion organization. He was awarded the Hull award of NACE in 2005 in recognition of his
contributions in the field of publications (particularly on the Internet) and he was created a NACE Fellow in 2009.
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Plenary 4
09:45am - 10:30am, Tuesday, November 4, 2014
Room: Tamna Hall A (5F)
Moderator: Young Sik Kim (Andong National University, Korea)
Innovative Alloy Design with Weak Carbide Formers for IGC Prevention
Kyoo Young Kim
POSTECH, Korea
A new intergranular corrosion (IGC) mechanism has been proposed for IGC occurring
in low-Cr ferritic stainless steel. To confirm the legitimacy of the new IGC mechanism,
an innovative alloy design concept is evaluated by designing the alloys only with weak
carbide formers. Co-addition of weak carbide formers of Mo, Mn and Si to low-Cr
ferritic stainless steel effectively prevents IGC, whereas the alloys with strong carbide
formers of Ti and Nb are attacked severely by IGC. Transmission electron microscope
and three-dimensional atom probe analysis suggest that depletion of Cr and
consequent sensitization are greatly suppressed by formation of CMn4MoSi
intergranular intermetallic compounds.
Biography Kyoo Young Kim is Prof. Emeritus of Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH). After his
retirement in 2013, currently, he works at Graduate Institute of Ferrous Technology in POSTECH as a research
professor. He earned BS degree from Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn and MS and Ph. D. degrees from University
of Connecticut. Before he joined POSTECH in 1986, he worked at IIT Research Institute in Chicago for 5 years
and at Kelsey-Hayes R&D Center in Ann Arbor for 3 years. He has published over 250 papers in the area of
corrosion mechanism study and alloy design for corrosion protection. He has made a significant contribution on the
understanding of hydrogen assisted cracking of carbon steel and intergranular corrosion of stainless steel. Currently,
he works on corrosion of highMn steel for application in energy industry.
20
Plenary 5
09:00am - 09:45am, Wednesday, November 5, 2014
Room: Tamna Hall A (5F)
Moderator: Joo Youl Huh (Korea University, Korea)
Corrosion Modeling of Carbon Steel
Toshio Shibata
Osaka University, Japan
Corrosion modelling of carbon steel in aqueous solution under the atmospheric
environment and the oxygen depleted environment has been reviewed by focusing the
cathodic reaction and the corrosion film formed on carbon steel in near neutral pH.
Development in the corrosion studies related to oxygen diffusion process by Professor
G. Okamoto in 1950s has been reviewed. In the neutral solution under atmosphere
which contains oxygen, the critical pH to form the corrosion film and the precipitation
ratio of dissolved iron ions depending on pH and the parabolic growth rate law are
discussed. Under oxygen depleted environment, H2O works as oxidizing agent to
oxidize Fe to produce the Fe3O4 film with evolution of H2 gas. At high temperatures,
the dissolution process of the Fe3O4 film controls the corrosion rate, whereas, at lower
temperatures, the film growth process controls the corrosion rate and a steady
dissolution rate of Fe3O4 film or FeCO3 film determines the corrosion rate after long
exposure time.
Biography Toshio Shibata has been Professor Emeritus of Osaka University, Japan, since 2001 after retiring from the same
university, and has been Professor at Fukui University of Technology, Japan, from April, 2001 until March,
2010.He was educated in Hokkaido University, Japan, and given Ph. D. in 1968 by the same Hokkaido University.
He has been concerned with the passivity of stainless steels and their breakdown including pitting and stress
corrosion cracking. He has made an important contribution for understanding the stochastic and statistical nature of
passivity breakdown. In recent years he has been involved in corrosion research for developing the radioactive
waste management program. He is a recipient of domestic and international Honors and Awards including
Corrosion Engineering Award, Japan Society of Corrosion Engineering (1985), W. R. Whitney Award, NACE
International, USA (1996), JSCE Award, Japan Society of Corrosion Engineering (1998). NACE Fellow Award,
NACE International, USA (2000) and Electrochemical Society Fellow Award, Electrochemical Society, USA
(2001).He had published more than 300 research and review papers and books on corrosion.
21
Plenary 6
09:45am - 10:30am, Wednesday, November 5, 2014
Room: Tamna Hall A (5F)
Moderator: Joo Youl Huh (Korea University, Korea)
Reverse Developing of New Anti-corrosive Alloys
Carlos Arroyave
Antonio Nariño University, Colombia
Since the nineteenth century, steel has been the preferred engineering material. The
development of many steel alloys, during the last 100 years, had been oriented mainly
to attend demands concerning with corrosion problems. In some cases, solutions have
been related with steels able to produce protective corrosion products in some specific
exposure conditions, such as it happens with stainless steels, weathering steels, etc.
Conventional methodologies of new alloys development are supported on empirical
approaches to design new compositions and, then, making and testing of samples,
under real field conditions of interest, or simulated ones in the lab. Sometimes, the
wholeprocess takes many years and requires very high money investments. Taking
into account that a good behaviour is closely related with some of the characteristics of
the layer of corrosion products and, considering also, that usually such characteristics
are strongly influenced by the alloy composition, here is presented a novel way of
production of new anticorrosive steels, designing the rust layer before, and then
producing the expected engineering material, through an easier, rational and cheaper path.
Biography Carlos Arroyave is titular and emeritus professor of the University of Antioquia, in Medellin, Colombia. He is
author of more than 70 papers, 52 reports on technological, industrial and university solutions, 120 communications,
and 45invited lectures, related with subjects as materials science and engineering; corrosion, anti-corrosion;
protective coatings; materials degradation; new materials; atmospheric corrosion; paints; higher education
administration; science, technology and innovation policy and management; and science and technology parks
management. He was born in Yarumal (Colombia) in 1954, and educated in metallurgical engineering (university of
Antioquia, 1979), M.Sc. on metallurgical engineering and materials science (federal university of Rio de Janeiro,
1988), Ph.D. on chemistry (Complutense University of Madrid, 1995), guest researcher (UMIST, Manchester,
1995), and post-doctoral stay (Swedish Corrosion Institute, Stockholm, 2001-2002). He was presidents of the
Colombian Association of Corrosion and Protection (1997-2001), the Ibero-American Association of Corrosion and
Protection (2006-2011). He will be taking on the Presidency of the International Corrosion Council (2014-2017).
Currently, he is a Vice-chancellor for science, technology and innovation in the Antonio Nariño University
(Colombia), where he is leading research related with atmospheric corrosion and anti-corrosion methods under
complex conditions.
22
Plenary 7
09:30am - 10:15am, Thursday, November 6, 2014
Room: Tamna Hall A (5F)
Moderator: Seong Min Lee (KOGAS, Korea)
Recent Progress and Development of Corrosion Resistant Steels
Sung-ho Park
POSCO, Korea
Corrosion is a major issue in steel industry. Steel makers have been developed
various technologies to retard or even to prevent corrosion occurrence according to
customer demands. Recently, excellent corrosion resistant and environmental friendly
steel products enlarge their market shares in global material industry. Among those
steel products, surface treated steels, structural steels, and stainless steels have been
expirenced most rapid technological development. It also means that corrosion
protection is the most important issue in these steel products. Surface treated steels
with protective coating layer such as galvanizing or post organic resin coating has
been developed various process and technology to induce high corrosion resistance
and useful functionality. Corrosion engineering is also applied to carbon steel
structural steels for shipbuilding applications, sour-resistant linepipe steels,
weathering steels, and steels for oil sand slurry pipes. Stainless steel which is not
readily corroded different from normal carbon steels tries to develop new grades of product to satisfy cheap and
stable cost requirement. Steel makers continuosly endeavor to improve process and product technology for
advanced corrosion protection, thus it would be a lasting issue for steel industry.
Biography Sung-ho Park is the Executive Vice President of POSCO and Head of Technical Research Laboratories. He was
educated at Seoul National University where he earnedB.S and M.S degree in the Department of Metallurgical
Engineering. He got his Ph.D. in Metallurgical Engineering from McGill University in 1991. He has been
elaborated for the R&D of POSCO and has made noticeable accomplishments for technological innovation in steel
industry. He is the Chairman of technical committee of World Steel Association and Director of the Korean Institute
of Metals and Material. In 2001, he also served the duty of Vice Chairman of Manufacturing & Materials Division
of the Koreans Society of Automotive Engineers. In recent years, he has achieved the outstanding performance as
the manager of steel technology department anddirector of technical research laboratories at POSCO. For the
distinguished contribution, he was awarded the Bronze Tower of Industrial Service Merit from the Ministry of
Knowledge Economy in 2012. He is also a recipient of Minister‟s Award from the Ministry of Knowledge
Economy in 2008 and Steel Material Award from the Korean Institute of Metals and Materials in 2007.
23
Monday, November 3, 2014 Samda Hall A (3F)
MA1: Coatings 1
Chair: Juergen Konys
(Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany)
11:00am-11:30am
Keynote Speech
1. Development of Electrochemical Processes for
Aluminum-based Coatings for Fusion Applications Juergen Konys (Karlsruhe Institute of Technology,
Germany)
Reduced activation ferritic-martensitic steels (RAFM) are
envisaged in future fusion technology as structural material
which will be in direct contact with a flowing liquid lead-
lithium melt, serving as breeder material. Aluminum-based
coatings had proven their ability to protect the structural
material from corrosion attack in flowing Pb-15.7Li and to
reduce tritium permeation into the coolant,
significantly.Coming from scales produced by hot dipping
aluminization (HDA), the development of electrochemical-
based processes to produce well-defined aluminum-based
coatings on RAFM steels gained increased attention in
research during the last years. Two different electrochemical
processes are described in this paper: The first one, referred
to as ECA process, is based on the electrodeposition of
aluminum from volatile, metal-organic electrolytes. The
other process called ECX is based on ionic liquids.All three
processes exhibit specific characteristics, for example in the
field of processability, control of coating thicknesses (low
activation criteria) and heat treatment behavior. The aim of
this article is to compare these different coating processes
critically, whereby the focus is on the comparison of ECA
and ECX processes. New results for ECX-process will be
presented and occurring development needs for the future
will be discussed
11:30am-11:50am
2. Influence of Ti Content on Structure and
Properties of 55%Al-Zn Alloy Xueqiang Dong, Taixiong Guo (Pangang Group Research
Institute Co., Ltd., China), Feng Li (Angang Steel Company
Limited Technology Centre, China)
A laboratory CGL simulator was used to investigate the
effects of Ti content in hot dip bath on structure and
properties of 55%Al-Zn alloy coatings. The results show
that the microstructure of coating is similar to that of
solidification bath, and it is made up of Al-rich, Zn-rich, Si-
rich phases. The Ti-rich phase was found in the coating
when the Ti content was 0.34%.As the Ti content was
increased, the number of spangle cores increased, so Ti
addition can obviously reduce spangle size. The Ti content
had no significant effect on the coating formability, but the
appropriate addition of Ti would be helpful to improving the
coating corrosion resistance.
11:50am-12:10pm
3. Composite Electroless Ni-P Coatings Enhanced
with CeO2 Microparticles
Panayota Vassiliou, Jelica Novakovic, Elsa Georgiza
(National Technical University of Athens, Greece)
In the present study, electroless Ni-P-CeO2 composite
coatings on a steel substrate were prepared from an
electroless plating bath with an oxide load of 1 g/L. The
non-ionic surfactant Tween 20 (T20) was added in the bath
in three different concentrations in order to enhance particle
dispersion. Its effect on the procedure and coating
characteristics was evaluated. The obtained deposits were
studied by means of X-ray diffraction, Scanning Electron
Microscope, Atomic Force Microscope, surface roughness
and microhardness tests. Furthermore, Tafel electrochemical
tests in 3.5% NaCl(aq) were performed in order to determine
the corrosion protection of CeO2 in the Ni-P matrix system.
A short-term heat treatment of the deposits at a high
temperature and for different periods of time was also tried
to study possible changes in coatings crystallinity, properties
and characteristics. The results indicate that the surfactant, in
an optimum concentration, enhances the dispersion of
ceramic microparticles in the bath as well as in the Ni-P
matrix by preventing particle agglomeration. This has an
impact not only on the surface roughness and microhardness
of the coatings but on their uniformity as well. This
improved dispersion also permits CeO2 to maintain its
property as a corrosion inhibitor when co-deposited in an
electroless Ni-P coating, as it is deduced from the positive
shift of corrosion potentials. High microhardness values,
similar to those obtained after 1 hour annealing at 400o C,
were achieved after the short-term heat treatment.
12:10pm-12:30pm
4. Effect of Static Electric Field on the
Surface/Internal Oxidation during Intercritical
Annealing of Fe-Mn-(Si, Al) TRIP Steel Chiwon Song, Seong-Hwan Kim, Joo-Youl Huh (Korea
University, Korea), Jong-Sang Kim, Jai-Hyun Kawk
(POSCO, Korea)
Transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) steels have high
strength and ductility which make it a suitable material for
automobile applications to meet the demands for improved
passenger safety and reducing the weight of the vehicle.
These ideal mechanical properties of TRIP steels are due to
the transformation of austenite into martensite during
deformation. In order to attain a desirable amount of retained
austenite within the microstructure at room temperature, the
TRIP steels contain a few weight percent of alloying
elements, typically manganese and silicon, and they are
subjected to intercritical annealing prior to the hot-dip
galvanizing for corrosion protection. The selective oxidation
of the alloying elements during the annealing process
severely deteriorates the galvanizability of the steels.
Extensive studies have been conducted with various
annealing ambient conditions (such as dew point and oxygen
partial pressure) and alloy compositions in order to improve
24
the galvanizing quality of TRIP steels. However, the
previous studies showed that it seemed to be difficult to
hinder the selective oxidation of the alloy elements on steel
surface just by controlling the ambient conditions. In this
study, we have examined the effect of an externally applied
electric field on the external and internal oxidation of Fe-
Mn-(Si, Al) TRIP steels during intercritical annealing. The
intercritical annealing was carried out in a rapid thermal
annealing chamber with a controlled atmosphere and the
electrical potential was applied to the steel samples using a
source meter. The surface morphology and elemental depth
profile of annealed samples, depending on the polarity of the
applied electrical potential, were examined by means of
field-emission scanning electron microscope and glow
discharge optical emission spectroscopy.
Monday, November 3, 2014 Samda Hall B (3F)
MB1: Electrochemistry &
Electrochemical Test Methods 1
Chair: Herman Terryn
(Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium)
11:00am-11:30am
Keynote Speech
1. Use of Local Electrochemical Methods (SECM,
EC-STM) and AFM to Differeniate Microstructural
Effects (EBSD) on Very Pure Copper Esther Martinez-Lombardia, Iris De Graeve, Herman Terryn
(Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium), Linsey Lapeire, Kim
Verbeken, Leo Kestens (Ghent University, Belgium),
Vincent Maurice, Lorena Klein, Philippe Marcus (CNRS,
France), Yaiza Gonzalez-Garcia, Arjan Mol (Delft
University of Technology, The Netherlands)
When aiming for an increased and more sustainable use of
metals a thorough knowledge of the corrosion phenomenon
as function of the local metal microstructure is of crucial
importance. In this work, we bring together the information
presented in our last publications [1-3] to present an
overview of the different local (electrochemical) techniques
that proved to be efficient to study the relation between
different microstructural variables and their different
electrochemical behavior. The Atomic force microscopy
(AFM) [1], Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM)
[2] and Electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy
(EC-STM) [3] were used in combination with Electron
backscatter diffraction (EBSD), consequently, correlations
between grain orientation and grain boundary characteristics,
on the one hand, and the electrochemical behavior on the
other hand, could be identified.
It was concluded that not only does the grain orientation
itself has an influence on the corrosion behavior but also that
the orientations of the neighboring grains seem to play a
decisive role in the dissolution rate. Regarding to
intergranular corrosion, it was demonstrated that only
coherent twin boundaries seem to be resistant against
corrosion.
11:30am-11:50am
2. Ellipso-microscopic Observation of Titanium
Surface under UV-light Irradiation K. Fushimi, K. Kurauchi, T. Nakanishi, Y. Hasegawa, M.
Ueda, T. Ohtsuka (Hokkaido University, Japan)
Ellipso-microscopic observation of titanium surface
anodizing in 0.05 mol dm-3
H2SO4 was conducted. During
irradiation of ultra-violet (UV) light with a wavelength of
325 nm, the titanium surface allowed to flow a photo-
induced current and to show a patch-like bright image on an
ellipso-microscopic view. The brightness and patch-pattern
in the image changed with flowing photo-induced current.
The changes in the brightness and the image corresponded to
formation and/or degradation of titanium oxide due to photo-
electrochemical reaction of the oxide. An in situ monitoring
using the ellipso-microscope revealed that the film change
was dependent on the irradiation light power, and applied
potential, and crystallographic orientation of the substrate.
Breakdown of the film induced in a solution containing
bromide ions was also monitored using the ellipso-
microscope. During potentiodynamic polarization,
irradiation of UV-light increases anodic current and results
in pitting initiation at lower potentials compared with non-
irradiated condition 11:50am-12:10pm
3. An Electrochemical Method to Predict Corrosion
Rates in Soils Matthew Dafter (Hunter Water Australia Pty Ltd, Australia)
Linear Polarisation Resistance (LPR) testing of soils has
been used extensively by a number of water utilities across
Australia for many years now to determine the condition of
buried ferrous watermains. The LPR test itself is a relatively
simple, inexpensive test that serves as a substitute for actual
exhumation and physical inspection of buried watermains to
determine corrosion losses. LPR testing results (and the
corresponding pit depth estimates) in combination with
proprietary pipe failure algorithms can provide a useful
predictive tool in determining the current and future
condition of an asset (1). A number of LPR tests have been
developed on soils by various researchers over the years (1),
but few have gained widespread commercial use, partly due
to the difficulty in replicating the results.
The author has developed an electrochemical cell suitable
for LPR testing of soils, and has utilised this cell to test a
series of soil samples obtained through an extensive program
of field exhumations. The objective of this testing was to
examine the relationship between short-term electrochemical
testing and long-term in-situ corrosion of buried watermains,
utilising an LPR test that could be robustly replicated. Forty-
one soil samples and related corrosion data were obtained
from ad-hoc condition assessment of buried watermains
located throughout the Hunter region of NSW, Australia.
Each sample was subjected to the electrochemical test
developed by the author, and the resulting polarisation data
was compared with long-term pitting data obtained from
each watermain. The results of this testing program have
enabled the author to undertake a comprehensive review of
the LPR technique, as it‟s applied to soils, and to examine
whether correlations can be made between LPR testing
results and long-term field corrosion.
25
Monday, November 3, 2014 Room 301 (3F)
MC1: Corrosion in Oil/Gas/Pipelines 1
Chair: M. YJ Tan (Deakin University, Australia)
11:00am-11:30am
Keynote Speech
1. An Overview of New Progresses in
Understanding Pipeline Corrosion M. YJ Tan, F. Varela, Y. Huo, R. Gupta, D. Abreu, F.
Mahdavi, B. Hinton, M. Forsyth (Deakin University,
Australia)
An approach to achieving the ambitious goal of cost
effectively extending the safe operation life of energy
pipeline to 100 years is the application of health monitoring
and life prediction tools that are able to provide both long-
term remnant pipeline life prediction and in-situ pipeline
condition monitoring. A critical step is the enhancement of
technological capabilities that are required for understanding
and quantifying the effects of key factors influencing buried
steel pipeline corrosion and environmentally assisted
materials degradation, and the development of condition
monitoring technologies that are able to provide in-situ
monitoring and site-specific warning of pipeline damage.
This paper provides an overview of our current research
aimed at developing new sensors and electrochemical cells
for monitoring, categorising and quantifying the level and
nature of external pipeline and coating damages under the
combined effects of various inter-related variables and
processes such as localised corrosion, coating cracking and
disbondment, cathodic shielding, transit loss of cathodic
protection.
11:30am-11:50am
2. Best Practice for Designing and Preventing
Corrosion under Insulation and Fireproofing Norman Subekti, Ifan Rifandi (PERTAMINA HULU
ENERGI OFFSHORE NORTH WEST JAVA LTD,
Indonesia)
Corrosion under Insulation (CUI) is caused by ingress of
water or condensation, resulting in wettingof the surface of
unprotected steel causing aqueous corrosion. Intruding water
is the key problem in CUI. Special care must be taken during
design not to promote corrosion by permitting water to enter
a system either directly or indirectly by capillary action.
Moisture may be external or may be present in the insulation
material itself. Corrosion may attack the jacketing, the
insulation hardware, or the underlying equipment.For high
temperature equipment, water entering an insulation material
and diffusing inward will eventually reach a region of dryout
at the hot pipe or equipment wall. Next to this dryout region
is a zone in which the pores of the insulation are filled with a
saturated salt solution. When a shutdown or process change
occurs and the metal-wall temperature falls, the zone of
saturated salt solution moves into the metal wall. Upon
reheating, the wall will temporarily be in contact with the
saturated solution, and stress-corrosion cracking may begin.
The drying/wetting cycles in CUI associated problems are a
strong accelerator of corrosion damage since they provoke
the formation of an increasingly aggressive chemistry that
can lead to the worst corrosion problems possible, e.g. stress
corrosion cracking, and premature catastrophic equipment
failures.This best practice applies to all insulated or
fireproofed items. It describes best design practices forthe
prevention of Corrosion under Insulation (CUI) and
Corrosion under Fireproofing (CUF) onpiping, pressure
vessels, and tanks. It can also be applied to civil/structural
assets and rotatingequipment.The following are key subjects
in CUI which are addressed in this paper:Corrosion
mechanisms, Factors affecting vulnerability of carbon and
low-alloy steels to CUI, Factors affecting vulnerability of
stainless steels to stress corrosion cracking, pitting and
crevice corrosion Design improvements, to reduce the
possibility of CUI,documentation guidelines,preventative
measures, including coating to protect against CUI of carbon
and low alloy steels and stress corrosion cracking, pitting
and crevice corrosion of stainless steel.By understanding the
types of corrosion that can occur under insulation, the proper
materials and construction can be employed to prevent them.
Intruding water is the key problem in CUI. Special care must
be taken during design not to promote corrosion by
permitting water to enter a system either directly or
indirectly by capillary action, moisture may be external or
may be present in insulation.
11:50am-12:10pm
3. An Overview of Seabed Storage Methods for
Pipelines and other Oil and Gas Equipment M.C. Fatah, A. Mills (Wood Group Integrity Management,
Indonesia), A. Darwin, C. Selman (Wood Group Integrity
Management, Australia)
In the construction of subsea oil and gas developments, it is
increasingly common that equipment will be installed subsea
well before final hookup and production. Installation of
wellheads, subsea hardware, pipelines and surface facilities
(platforms, FPSO or FLNG or connected terminal or gas
plant) are increasingly driven by independent cost and vessel
availability schedules which gives rise to requirements that
the subsea facilities must be stored in the seabed for a
specific time. In addition, schedule delays, particularly to
installation or startup of the connected platform, FPSO,
FLNG or onshore plant may give rise to unexpected
extensions of the intended storage period. Currently, there
are two methods commonly used to storage subsea facilities
in the seabed: dry parking and wet parking. Each method has
its own risks, challenges and implications for the facility life
and integrity.
Corrosion management and preservation method selection is
a crucial factor to be considered in choosing the appropriate
storage method and achieving successful seabed storage. An
overview of those factors is presented, along with a
discussion on the internal corrosion threats and assessments.
26
Monday, November 3, 2014 Room 302 (3F)
MD1: Corrosion in Stainless Steels 1
Chair: Hosni Zubeir (University of Bahrain, Bahrain)
11:00am-11:30am
Keynote Speech
1. The Role of Thiosulfate on the Susceptibility of
AISI316L Austenitic Stainless Steels to Pitting
Corrosion in 3.5% Sodium Chloridesolutions Hosni Zubeir, Abdulla Alshater (University of Bahrain,
Bahrain)
The susceptibility of AISI316L austenitic stainless alloy to
pitting corrosion was assessed in 3.5% chloride solutions
containing various concentration of thiosulfate ions, amain
sulfide oxidant product, at temperatures varied as 23, 50 and
80oC. The potentiodyanamic scan results indicated that low
thiosulfate concentrations promote the chloride attack and
the aggressiveness of thiosulfate species depend on
thechloride to thiosulfate ratio and test temperature.
Increasing temperature apparently promotes the ionic
activity of Cl- and S2O3
2-.Chloride to thiosulfate ratio plays
an essential role on pitting intensity of the AISI 316 SS alloy.
The chloride to thiosulfate ratio, critical for finding the
lowest pitting potential occurred at Cl-/S2O3
2- ratio of 12
regardless of temperature.
11:30am-11:50am
2. Effect of Si on Corrosion of Fe-Cr and Fe-Cr-Ni
Alloys in Wet CO2 Gas T.D. Nguyen, J. Zhang, D.J. Young (University of New
South Wales, Australia)
Model alloys Fe-9Cr, Fe-20Cr and Fe-20Cr-20Ni (wt.%)
with 0.1 and 0.2% Si were exposed to Ar-20CO2-20H2O gas
at 818 oC. The undoped alloys formed a thick iron-rich oxide
scale. The additions of Si reduced scaling rates of Fe-9Cr to
some extent but significantly suppressed the formation of
iron oxide scales on Fe-20Cr and Fe-20Cr-20Ni.
Carburisation also occurred in all undoped alloys, but not in
Si-containing Fe-20Cr and Fe-20Cr-20Ni. Protection against
carburisation was a result of the formation of an inner scale
layer of silca.
11:50am-12:10pm
3. Effects of Cold Working and Sensitization
Treatment on the Corrosion Behaviors of Austenitic
Stainless Steels KiMin Jung, SooHoon Ahn, HyukSang Kwon (KAIST,
Korea)
Cold working of stainless steel (SS) is an important way to
produce several industrial components (i.e. pipes, heat
exchanger tubes, springs, containers, etc.) and different
levels of cold working were applied to the last stages of
manufacturing. Through cold working, a few metallurgical
variables are influenced. At first, austenitic SSs were prone
to martensitic transformation induced by cold working at
room temperature, which is called the formation of
deformation-induced martensite. In addition, crystal defects
such as dislocations were created leading from cold working.
Lastly, during plastic deformation, non-metallic inclusions
formed, therefore, the matrix/inclusion interface can acts as
initiation site of microcracks. The passivity and corrosion
behavior of SSs were affected by plastic deformation. The
passive current density in acidic solution is likely to increase
with cold deformation. However the models about the effect
of cold working deformation on localized corrosion of SSs
were highly incongruent. It has been proposed that plastic
deformation decreases the pitting potential of austenitic SSs.
On the other hands, some authors observed that the increase
in pitting potential in work-hardened SS . When SSs are
exposed to the temperature range of 500-900 C̊, (i.e.
sensitization treated) it leads to a significant reduction in
corrosion resistance of austenitic SSs. Especially, Cr-
carbides easily precipitate at the interface between
deformation-induced martensite phase and austenite matrix.
Hence, it is necessary to clarify the influence of cold
working and sensitization treatment on the pitting corrosion
resistance. In this study, explores the effects of cold working
and sensitization treatment on the corrosion behaviors of
austenitic SSs.
The induced martensite content shows a monotonous
increase with cold-rolling reduction. The pitting potential
was slightly decreased with cold rolling reduction, but it was
significantly decreased when sensitized. It was found from
electrochemical noise tests that cold rolled and sensitized
304 SSs exhibited the maximum susceptibility to meta-
stable pitting corrosion, when evaluated by the event density
and peak current density for the meta-stable pitting corrosion
of the alloys . For sensitized 304 SS at 650 C̊ that had been
cold worked, anodic polarization curves were shifted in the
right direction with cold reduction, hence anodic corrosion
behavior increased with cold working for 304 SS aged for 30
min at 650 C̊. For cold worked 304 SSs, the degree of
sensitization linearly increased with cold worked % when
aged for 30 min at 650 C̊.
12:10pm-12:30pm
4. Application Limits of Austenitic and Duplex
Stainless Steels under Chloride Deposits in
Atmospheric Conditions T. Prosek, A. Le Gac, D. Thierry (French Corrosion Institute,
France), S. Le Manchet, C. Lojewski, A. Fanica
(Industeel Creusot ArcelorMittal Group, France), E.
Johansson, C. Canderyd (Outokumpu Stainless, Sweden), F.
Dupoiron (Total Petrochemicals, France), T. Snauwaert
(Stolt Tankers, The Netherlands), F. Maas, B. Droesbeke
(Belgisch Instituut voor lastechniek, Belgium)
The effect of temperature, relative humidity, composition
and amount of chloride deposits on the tendency of duplex
and austenitic stainless steels to stress corrosion cracking
(SCC), pitting and selective corrosion was studied using pre-
stressed samples with circular weld. The range of conditions
leading to SCC was significantly reduced for duplex
stainless steels compared to austenitic materials. In presence
of calcium chloride, SCC was observed at temperature as
low as 20 °C in austenitic stainless steel EN 1.4306 (304L)
27
whereas EN 1.4462 (2205) was prone to SCC only at 70 °C.
Duplex stainless steels with pre-deposited chlorides suffered
selective dissolution of the ferritic phase with at least one
order lower depth of attack. If micro-cracks developed in
austenitic grains, they terminated in the ferrite phase. The
initiation of SCC and selective/pitting corrosion was
governed by the equilibrium chloride concentration in a
solution formed by contact with chloride containing deposits
and with air at a given relative humidity. Sampling in four
marine locations showed that soluble deposits formed on
openly exposed stainless steel structures were benign in
terms of the SCC initiation. The typical amount of soluble
deposits was 0.2 ± 0.1 g/m² with about 0.01 g/m² chloride,
which was insufficient for neither SCC nor selective/pitting
corrosion initiation. Probability that the critical deposits
leading to SCC initiation would form on outdoor stainless
steel structures is considered negligible because of regular
rinsing with rain and condensate water. However, such
deposits can form under specific non-washing conditions.
Threshold levels of critical chloride concentrations, critical
relative humidity in the presence of specific deposits and
maximum temperatures for safe applications of the studied
grades were established.
Monday, November 3, 2014 Room 303 (3F)
ME1: Corrosion in Light Metals 1
Chair: Guy Ben-Hamu
(Sami Shamoon College of Engineering, Israel)
11:00am-11:30am
Keynote Speech
1. Corrosion of Wrought Mg-Zn Alloys – The Role
of Alloying Elements G. Ben-Hamu (Sami Shamoon College of Engineering,
Israel), D. Eliezer (Ben Gurion University, Israel), K.S. Shin
(Seoul National University, Korea)
Different amount of silicon and calcium additions have been
carried out on Mg-6%Zn-0.5%Mn alloy and its effect on
corrosion behaviour is investigated. Ac and DC polarization
and immersion tests were carried out on the extruded rods,
which contain different amounts of silicon and calcium.
Small amount of Si (0.5 wt.%) forms massive Chinese script
Mg2Si intermetallics. Addition of 1 wt.% or more Si found
to modify the Chinese script Mg2Si intermetallic into a fine
polygonal shape. However, addition of Ca to Mg-6%Zn-
0.5Mn-0.5Si found to modify the Chinese script Mg2Si
intermetallic into a fine polygonal shape. Improved
corrosion behaviour is noticed with the alloys containing Ca
addition. The polygonal shape Mg2Si intermetallics inhibit
the corrosion more effectively compared to the Chinese
script.
11:30am-11:50am
2. Growth Process of In Situ Sealing Pores MAO
Film on Mg Alloys Y.W. Song, K.H. Dong, D.Y. Shan, E.H. Han (Institute of
Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China)
An in situ sealing pore micro arc oxidation (MAO) film is
investigated to protect Mg alloys. This film consists of MgO,
MgF2, Mg2TiO4, Ti3O5, and Na2MgP2O7. Besides MgO,
plenty of Ti-containing oxides are contained in the film,
which can improve the chemical stability of the film in
comparison with the traditional MAO films. Especially, the
micropores on the surface of the film are in situ sealed
during the film growth. The film formation process is
investigated by Voltage–Time and Current–Time curves, the
observation of surface morphologies and analysis of
chemical composition. It is found that the concentration of
Ti-containing oxides and the main sealing pore constituent
of MgF2 play a key role in the formation of in situ sealing
pores, which can be associated with the various solidifying
points and densities of the film constituents.
11:50am-12:10pm
3. Influence of Temper Conditions on the
Exfoliation Corrosion of AA 7085 Sheets Ajay Krishnan, V. S. Raja, (Indian Institute of Technology
Bombay, India), A. K. Mukhopadhyay (Defence
Metallurgical Research Laboratory, India)
An attempt has been made to understand the exfoliation
corrosion behaviour of sheets of a relatively new AA 7085
alloy under peak aged (PA), retrogressed and re-aged (RRA)
conditions. Potentiodynamic polarization in 3.5 wt.% NaCl
and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in EXCO
solution were carried out. RRA treatment showed increased
cathodic kinetics. Both samples exhibited a single capacitive
loop and an inductive loop. The arc radius of the capacitive
loop decreased over a period of time. It was found that RRA
alloy provided higher resistance to exfoliation corrosion than
the PA alloy. Better exfoliation resistance of RRA alloy was
attributed to the enhanced Cu content and discontinuous
nature of grain boundary precipitate which was revealed
through transmission electron microscopy.
Monday, November 3, 2014 Room 401 (4F)
MF1: Corrosion in Concrete 1
Chair: Hongyao Sun
(Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, China)
11:00am-11:30am
Keynote Speech
1. Status and Prospect of Test Methods of Silicone
Water Repellent for Protecting Reinforced Concrete Hongyao Sun, Zongyang Yuan, Zheng Yang, Guoliang Shan
(Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute,China), Mingxia
Shen (Hehai University, China)
Impregnated with silicon water repellent on the concrete
surface is one method of protecting concrete. Silicon water
repellent has been widely used in many engineering with its
properties such as water repel, keeping the concrete
respiratory and keeping the concrete original appearance.
The companies which can produce silicon water repellents in
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China are listed. The test methods in the specifications or
standards about silicon water repellent in China are summed.
The test methods of durability of concrete impregnated with
silicon water repellent (such as resistant to chloride ion
penetration, resistant to alkali, resistance to freezing-thawing
and resistant to UV aging etc.) and the constructive quality
(such as water absorption rate, the impregnating depth and
the drying rate coefficient etc.) are compared and analysed.
The results indicate that there are differences among test
methods in different specifications with the same index and
all test methods except Karsten flask method (vs. non-
destructive method) are core-drilling method or done in
laboratory. Finally the future research works about silicon
water repellent while applied on concrete surface are
proposed.
11:30am-11:50am
2. Cathodic Prevention of Reinforced Concrete
Seawater Structures in Industrial Plants (10 Years
Performance Case History) Zia Chaudhary, Fahad Al-Mutlaq (Saudi Basic Industries
Corporation (SABIC), Saudi Arabia)
Premature failure of reinforced concrete seawater structures
was noted due to chloride-induced corrosion of steel
reinforcement in many petrochemical plants located in
coastal cities of Arabian Gulf. Under humid and high
temperature prevailing conditions corrosion of reinforcing
steel in chloride contaminated structures was relatively
much higher than other parts of the world. Patch repairs
lasted only 2-3 years, but cathodic protection technique
proved to very effective in controlling corrosion of the
reinforcing steel.
Taking this experience into account, two new reinforced
concrete seawater structures (Intake structure, 18.85m long,
14.7m wide, and 10.85m deep. Return structure, 8.2m long,
8.2m wide & 14.8m deep) were constructed with built-in
cathodic prevention (CP) systems to prevent corrosion of the
steel reinforcement from day one. The anode system
consisted of mixed metal oxide coated titanium mesh ribbon
and titanium conductor bar. The CP system was split into
multiple anode zones exposed to 5 different environment
conditions, i.e. atmospheric, buried, submerged, splash, and
humid.
The CP systems were commissioned in June 2000 and now
have a service life of >10 years. The performance of the CP
systems and their compliance to the specified criteria is
described and discussed. The specified criteria were met at
most of the monitoring locations. The current requirement
for sufficient protection was different in different zones and
varied between 2-10 mA/m2 of steel current density. Long-
term application of CP have resulted in shifting free
corrosion potentials towards less negative values by some
100 to 300 mV, this provides evidence that CP is effectively
controlling or preventing corrosion of the reinforcing steel
and also maintaining its passivity.
11:50am-12:10pm
3. Inhibition of Rebar Corrosion Bycarbonate and
Molybdate Anions Y.T. Tan (NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences &
Engineering, Singapore), S.L.Wijesinghe (SIMTech,
Singapore), D.J. Blackwood (National University of
Singapore, Singapore)
Bicarbonate/carbonate and molybdate anions have been
characterized for their inhibitive effect on pitting corrosion
of carbon steel in simulated concrete pore solution. It was
found that bicarbonate/carbonate has a weak inhibitive effect
on pitting corrosion that is around one order of magnitude
lower compared to hydroxide. Molybdate is effective against
pitting corrosion induced by low chloride concentrations and
increases the safety margin between the pitting potential and
corrosion potential by raising the pitting potential and
decreasing the corrosion potential. However, a reduction in
corrosion potential occurs only after the formation of a
complete CaMoO4 film on the carbon steel surface.
Monday, November 3, 2014 Room 402A (4F)
MG1: Corrosion Monitoring and Modeling 1
Chair: Alec Groysman
(Israeli Society of Chemical Engineers &
Chemists, Israel)
11:00am-11:30am
Keynote Speech
1. Corrosion Education: Present and Future Alec Groysman (Israeli Society of Chemical Engineers &
Chemists, Israel)
The aim of this work is to show how humanitarian and
interdisciplinary aspects can help in corrosion education.
The philosophy of my work is establishing of
interrelationships between humanitarian aspects, corrosion
science and engineering, studying new inspirations and
creativity in corrosion engineering, in order to show the
young generation of scientists, engineers, educators and
managers how learning of subject of corrosion can be
fascinating, creative, and productive. The results are
summarized in the books “Corrosion for Everybody” and
“Corrosion in Systems for Transportation and Storage of
Petroleum Products and Biofuels” published by Springer.
11:30am-11:50am
2. Corrosion Monitoring of the PEO-presented
Magnesium Alloys A.S. Gnedenkov, S.L. Sinebryukhov, D.V. Mashtalyar,
S.V.Gnedenkov, V.I. Sergienko (Institute of Chemistry,
Russia)
A greater corrosion stability of the MA8 (system Mg–Mn–
Се) alloy as compared to that of VMD10 (system Mg–Zn–
Zr–Y) magnesium alloy in the chloride-containing solution
has been demonstrated using the Scanning Vibrating
Electrode Technique (SVET) as well as the methods of
optical microscopy, gravimetry, and volumetry. It has been
established that the crucial factor of the corrosion activity of
the samples under study consists in the occurrence of
microgalvanic couples at the sample surface. The
29
peculiarities of the kinetics and mechanism of the corrosion
process in the local heterogeneous parts of the magnesium
alloy surface have been investigated by means of the
localized electrochemical techniques. The stages of the
corrosion process in the artificial defect in the coating
obtained by plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) method at
the surface of the magnesium alloy MA8 have been also
studied. The analysis of the experimental data enabled us to
suggest that the corrosion process in the defect zone
developed predominantly at the magnesium/coating
interface. The corrosion rate of the samples with coatings
formed by the plasma electrolytic oxidation and composite
polymer-containing coatings at the surface of various
magnesium alloys has been measured. The best
anticorrosion properties have been manifested by composite
polymer-containing coatings. The corrosion rate (PН) values
for both types of the magnesium alloys (MA8 and VMD10)
were about 0 mm per year upon exposure of the samples to
the 3% NaCl solution for 7 days.
11:50am-12:10pm
3. Continuous Potential Survey and Modeling for
High Voltage Direct Current Transmission Line
Interference on Buried Pipeline Wuxi Bi, Youwen Jiang, Zhiyuan Xue, Hongyuan Chen,
Lingli Liu (Petrochina Pipeline R&D Center, China)
The principle of High Voltage Direction Current (HVDC)
Transmission Line interference on buried pipelines is
analyzed, then 4 continuous pipe/soil (P/S) potential data
monitoring devices are installed on HVDC interfered
pipeline section. Based on 4 months continuous survey data,
typical characters of HVDC interference on pipeline are
discussed. To further explore the influence of each factor in
controlling seriousness of interference, numerical simulation
with CDEGS, is used to assess the effects of pipeline coating
quality, soil resistivity, monopolar current, distance between
HVDC grounding and interfered pipe, and the resistance of
longitude of pipe. The length of involved pipe in numerical
model is 200km, with HVDC grounding site locating at the
center the pipe. The study parameters variation range are
from 3.0E3Ωm2 to 1.0E6Ωm2 for coating specific resistance,
10Ωm to 2000Ωm for soil resistivity, 1km to 30km for
distance between HVDC grounding and pipe, and 5.9E-
3Ω/km to 5.65E-3Ω/km for longitudinal pipe resistance
respectively. For each of modeling factor above, the
influence to maximal P/S potential, interference current in
pipe, current density flow in/out of pipe surface and pipe
GPR are given out. Modeling results show that the effects of
monopolar current and soil resistivity are the same, with
maximal P/S potential, interference current in pipe, current
density flow in/out of pipe surface and pipe GPR increasing
lineally with the increase of current and soil resistivity. The
most important controlling factor is the distance between
HVDC grounding and pipe, which will increase the
interference seriousness sharply when narrowing the
distance. The effects of coating and resistance of longitude
of pipe are relatively modest. Finally, impressed current
system powered by a potential controlled rectifier + galvanic
anode solution is suggested as a practical mitigation solution,
but before the mitigation installation, long-term continuous
pipe/soil potential survey, maximum drainage current
calculation, suitable type of rectifier are necessary for
mitigation safety and effectiveness
12:10pm-12:30pm
4. Numerical Simulation of Interactions between
Corrosion Pits for Stainless Steel under Loading
Conditions Haitao Wang, En-Hou Han (Institute of Metal Research,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, China)
The interactions between corrosion pits for stainless steel
under loading conditions are studied by cellular automata
model coupled with finite element method at a mesoscopic
scale. The cellular automata model focuses on a
metal/film/electrolyte system, including anodic dissolution,
passivation, diffusion of hydrogen ions and salt film
hydrolysis. The Chopard block algorithm is used to improve
the diffusion simulation efficiency. The finite element
method is used to calculate the stress concentration on the
pit surface during the pit growth, and the effect of local
stress and strain on anodic current is obtained by Gutman
model, which is used as the boundary conditions of the
cellular automata model. The transient current characteristics
of the interactions between corrosion pits under different
simulation factors including the breakdown of passive film
at the pit mouth and the diffusion of hydrogen ions are
analyzed. The analysis of the pit stability product shows that
the simulation results are close to the experimental
conclusions.
Monday, November 3, 2014 Room 402B (4F)
MH1: Atmospheric Corrosion 1
Chair: Xiaogang Li (University of Science and Technology Beijing, China)
11:00am-11:30am
Keynote Speech
1. Four-year Atmospheric Corrosion Exposure of
Non-ferrous Alloys in Tropical Marine
Environment in Xisha Islands Zhongyu Cui, Xiaogang Li, Kui Xiao, Chaofang Dong
(University of Science and Technology Beijing, China)
Atmospheric corrosion exposure test of eleven kinds of non-
ferrous alloys is conducted in tropical marine environment in
Xisha islands – a new typical exposure site of National
Material Environmental Corrosion Platform in China. The
exposed alloys include aluminum alloys (pure Al, Al-Mg,
Al-Cu, Al-Mg-Si, Al-Zn-Mg-Cu), copper alloys (QSn6.5-0.1,
QBe2), AZ31 magnesium alloy and pure zinc. The corrosion
kinetics, corrosion morphology and effect of some
environmental parameters are discussed. The results show
that weight loss as a function of the exposure time of these
alloys follows three different trends: a power law which is
suitable for two copper alloys and pure zinc, a bi-logarithmic
function that is adapt for six kinds of aluminum alloys and
an irregular tendency that is observed on AZ31 magnesium
and 2B06 aluminum alloys. According to the atmosphere
30
corrosivity classification method in ISO 9223, most of the
alloys fall into the C4 and C5, both of which are relatively
high corrosion degrees. Pitting corrosion is observed on pure
Al, Al-Mg and Al-Mg-Si alloys throughout the exposure test,
while it occurs on Al-Cu, Al-Zn-Mg-Cu, AZ31 and pure zinc
only during the initial exposure periods. As the exposure
time extends, pits on AZ31 and pure zinc coalescence with
each other resulting in uniform corrosion, while
intergranular and exfoliation corrosion are detected on Al-
Cu and Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys, respectively. During the
exposure test Cl- containing particles, which can destroy the
surface film and induce pitting corrosion, play an important
role in the corrosion process of these alloys. CO2 also
participates the corrosion reactions mainly on AZ31 and
pure zinc, on which some carbonates exists and exhibits
some protectiveness
11:30am-11:50am
2. Study on Atmospheroc Corrosion of 7B04
Aluminum Alloy in Marine Environments
Xiaoyun Zhang,Ming Liu, Feng Lu, Minghui Liu, Zhihua
Sun, Zhihui Tang (Beijing Institute of Aeronautical
Materials, China)
Outdoor exposure tests for atmospheric corrosion of 7B04
aluminum alloy were carried out in Tuandao station,
Shandong province (East of China) and Wanning station,
Hainan province (South of China). Corrosion
samples,include plate, tensile and various SCC samples,
were investigated by mass loss, SEM, mechanical property
and SCC susceptibility. The results show that at the initial
stage, pitting corrosion emerges on the surface of 7B04 alloy,
and transform into general corrosion later. Both the
corrosion rates in Tuandao and Wanning experience a
process from high to low and the mass losses vary at w=atb
(b<1). The corrosion of 7B04 aluminium alloy in Wanning is
more serously than in Tuandao station. SCC susceptibility of
7B04 aluminium alloy (forging and thick plate) is detected
in marine atmosphere exposure. Higher SCC sensitivity was
conducted in Wanning than in Tuandao station. SCC
sensitivity is much more with higher stress level.
Intergranular, trans-granular or mixture mode of cracking
can be observed in different marine exposure.
11:50am-12:10pm
3. Density Functional Theory Study of the
Adsorption of SO2 on the Hydroxylated NiO(111)
Surface Xin Wei, Chaofang Dong, Zhanghua Chen, Kui Xiao,
Xiaogang Li (University of Science and Technology, China)
DFT periodic calculations have been performed to model the
adsorption of single SO2molecule on the hydroxylated
NiO(111)(2×1) terraces characteristic of the surface of the
passive film on nickel. The hydroxylated NiO(111) is the
optimized geometry configuration of the adsorption of H and
OH on the NiO(111) surface with oxygen vacancies. The
results evidence that one of the O atoms of SO2 molecule
trends to bond with the H atoms of the NiO(111) surface.
The average distance between H-O described above is about
1.8Å . The length of the H-O bonds of the NiO(111) surface
is 0.972Å and 0.999Å (average value)before and after
adsorption respectively. Although the chemical adsorption is
not observed in the total charge density diagram, the
difference charge density diagram show that the electrons
transfer from O atom of SO2 to the H atom of NiO surface.
The Ni-O bond of surface is stretched because of gaining
electrons from SO2 corresponding to the geometry
configuration. The results of partial density of states(PDOS)
which are the occurrence of resonance peaks of O atoms of
SO2 and H atoms of NiO(111) surface can also illustrate the
interaction between them. The interaction between SO2
molecule and hydroxylated NiO(111) surface is weak which
is different from the real atmosphere corrosion of SO2 which
is the result of interaction among widest variety of gases at
real environment temperature. The simulation of adsorption
of SO2 on the surface of the passive film on nickel can
provide the theoretical foundation of atmosphere corrosion
of SO2 at atom scale which is necessary to corrosion
research.
Monday, November 3, 2014 Samda Hall A (3F)
MA2: Coatings 2 Chair: Shu-Lin Bai (Peking University, China) 14:00pm-14:30pm
Keynote Speech
1. Effects of Laser Re-melting and Annealing on
Properties of Fe-based Amorphous/crystalline
Composite Coating Qin-Ying Wang, Shu-Lin Bai (Peking University, China),
Zong-De Liu (North China Electric Power University,
China) Fe-based amorphous/crystalline composite coating (F1) was
prepared on Q235 mild steel by Nd: YAG pulse laser
cladding technique. In order to investigate the effects of
laser re-melting and annealing processes, they were applied
to the as-prepared coating F1 and the obtained coatings were
denoted as F2 and F3, respectively. Then the microstructures,
compositions and anticorrosion properties of three coatings
were fully studied. The results indicate that Fe-based
amorphous/crystalline composite coating is mainly
composed of crystalline structure and adjacent featureless
amorphous structure. The crystalline phases of FeCr, Fe/CrB,
etc. are found by XRD spectra and the crystallization
becomes better from coatings F2, F1 to F3. Besides, laser re-
melted coating F2 exhibits more compact and fine
microstructure, while annealed coating F3 mainly displays
crystalline structure. The electrochemical impedance
spectroscopy (EIS) demonstrates that the radius of
capacitive loops from large to small is in order of coatings
F2, F1 and F3, implying the improvement on coating
corrosion resistance by laser re-melting. The supported
results of polarization curves show the highest corrosion
potential of -0.150 V and lowest corrosion current density of
6.389×10-9
A/cm2 of coating F2. Above studies suggest that
proper laser re-melting can refine the microstructure of Fe-
based amorphous/crystalline composite coating with higher
content of amorphous structure, but annealing process
usually promotes the crystallization of coating and reduces
the corrosion resistance.
31
14:30pm-14:50pm
2. Corrosion stability and Composition of Corrosion
Products of Zn-Mg, Zn-Al and Zn-Al-Mg Coatings
in Model Atmospheric Conditions T. Prosek, A. Nazarov, D. Thierry (French Corrosion
Institute, France), J. Stoulil (Institute of Chemical
Technology in Prague, Czech Republic), D. Persson
(Swerea KIMAB, Sweden), J. Oswald (Czech Academy of
Science, Czech Republic), P. Kriz (University of South
Bohemia, Czech Republic)
It has been shown that alloying of zinc coatings with
magnesium and aluminium may strongly improve the
lifetime of coated steel products, particularly in aggressive
exposure conditions characterized by high chloride loads. In
this study, the kinetics of formation and composition of
corrosion products on hot-dip galvanized steel (HDG), Zn-
5Al, Zn-11Al-3Mg-0.2Si, Zn-16Mg and Zn-1.5Al-1.5Mg
with pre-deposited NaCl was followed for 28 days in humid
air at 20 °C. The corrosion products were analysed by
Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), glow
discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GD-OES), x-ray
photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), electrochemical
impedance spectroscopy (EIS), scanning Kelvin probe (SKP),
photoluminescence (PL) and ion chromatography (IC). The
amount of carbonate was quantitatively analysed after
conversion to carbon dioxide. The alloy coatings showed an
improvement in mass loss by a factor of 4 to 7 compared to
HDG. The lowest mass loss was obtained for Zn-16Mg.
Unlike on HDG, sodium chloride tended to stay dissolved in
the surface electrolyte on the alloyed materials. Corrosion
products on the alloyed coatings contained 2-times more
carbonates than those on HDG. Magnesium dissolved
preferentially and aluminium-enriched phases were the most
stable. Presence of Al and Mg led to formation of more
compact layers of corrosion products. Due to pH buffering at
cathodic sites, formation of zinc oxide was hindered,
electrical conductivity of the layers reduced and oxygen
reduction less efficient. Magnesium-containing products at
the metal/corrosion products interface might also have an
inhibiting effect
14:50pm-15:10pm
3. Benchmarking of Zinc Coatings for Corrosion
Protection: A Detailed Characterisation of
Corrosion and Electrochemical Properties of Zinc
Coatings Sudesh L Wijesinghe, Tan Zixi (Singapore Institute of
Manufacturing Technology, Singapore)
Zinc coatings have been used for many decades for various
applications. These coatings provide a very effective and an
economical way of protecting steel against corrosion.
There are various types of Zn coatings in the market thus, it
is imperative to study and compare the corrosion resistance
properties of some of those. There is a need to establish a
methodical approach based on reliable standardised
exposure conditions together with a set of comprehensive
evaluation techniques and methods for a study. A systematic
methodology for evaluation and validation of corrosion
protection properties of metallic coatings based on scientific
principles and international standards is introduced in this
work. According to this methodology, samples were exposed
in an advanced cyclic corrosion test chamber according to
ISO 14993 and were removed at the end of each withdrawal
for respective corrosion and electrochemical characterisation.
Both barrier and galvanic protection properties were
evaluated and compared. Corrosion protection properties of
coatings were evaluated by visual examination according to
ISO10289, mass loss and subsequent corrosion rate
measurements, electrochemical properties together with
advanced electrochemical scanning techniques to investigate
the anodic and cathodic activities. Corrosion protection
properties of a commercial Zinc Rich Coating (ZRC) applied
on AISI 1020 mild steel substrates were evaluated and
benchmarked against hot dip galvanised (HDG) in this study
due to a thriving need of Singapore industries. Results were
correlated and corrosion protection capabilities of two
coatings were compared. The zinc rich coating performed
better than hot dip galvanised coating in terms of overall
corrosion protection properties according to the exposure
and experimental conditions used in this study and proved to
be suitable candidate to replace hot dip galvanised coatings
for desired applications. Results will be discussed in detail
15:10pm-15:30pm
4. Monitoring of Degradation Process of Inconel600
and Its Aluminide Coatings under Molten Sulfate
Film with Thermal Cycles by Electrochemical
Measurements S. Take, S. Yoshinaga, M. Yanagita, Y. Itoi (National
Institute of Technology, Oyama College, Japan)
With an electrochemical cell designed for conducting
electrochemical measurements under molten salt thin film
condition, the changes in impedance behavior for
Inconel600 and Al diffusion coatings were monitored by
electrochemical impedance measurements under thermal
cyclic condition at a temperaturefrom 800˚C to 350˚C. It
was found that corrosion resistance for both materials
increased with temperature decreasing. On the other hand,
the condition of molten salt was also monitored successfully
by measuring the changes of impedance at high frequency
area which means generally the resistance of molten salt
itself. After two cycles of thermal test, both Inconel600 and
Al diffusion coatings showed excellent corrosion resistance
and the postal SEM observation and EDX analysis supported
the results of electrochemical impedance measurements. It is
concluded that electrochemical impedance technique is very
useful under molten salt film condition even with thermal
cycles.
32
Monday, November 3, 2014 Samda Hall B (3F)
MB2: Electrochemistry &
Electrochemical Test Methods 2
Chair: Jinshan Pan
(Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden)
14:00pm-14:30pm
Keynote Speech
1. In Situ Study of Anodization of Al6060 by
Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy and
Electrochemical AFM Fan Zhang, Jinshan Pan (Royal Institute of Technology,
Sweden)
Aluminum and its alloys are widely used in a broad range of
everyday products. In air a native oxide layer is
spontaneously formed on aluminum surfaces, which
provides some corrosion resistance for the material.
However, many applications require high corrosion
resistance, which can be achieved by creating a surface
oxide layer with desirable thickness and structure using
electrochemical anodization method. Although anodization
has been used in industrial process for a long time, there are
still questions regarding the initial oxide formation,
especially on aluminum alloys, e.g., under what conditions
the barrier oxide starts to break, leading to formation of a
thick porous oxide layer. In theis study, anodization of
aluminum alloy (Al6060) was investigated by
electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and in-situ
electrochemical AFM measurements, and combined with
scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy (SKPFM)
characterization of the microstruture of the alloy. The Volta
potential mapping by SKPFM indicates a higher nobility for
the air-formed aluminium oxides, and a certain variations in
relative nobility of some local phases (intermetallic
particles). EIS measurements were performed at anodization
potentials, the results obtained show that the thickness of
barrier layer increases linearly with potential. However,
Nyquist plots indicate a local anodic dissolution feature,
depedning on the anodization potential applied to the sample.
The defect density of the barrier oxide layer calculated from
the Mott-Schottky plots, indicates a high density of defects
in the anodic oxide, suggesting dopping effect, probalby due
to incorporation of allying elements into the the oxide layer.
In-situ EC-AFM imags obtained reavel detailed
morporlogical changes, especially related to the intermetallic
particles, during the oxide formation/dissolution processes
of the alloy upon anodization. Moreover, the EIS
measurements in the corrosive environment suggest that the
anticorrosion properties of the Al6060 can be greatly
enhanced by the anodic oxidation
14:30pm-14:50pm
2. Electrochemical Impedance Study for Selective
Dissolution of Cu-Zn Alloy Y. Hoshi, K. Tabei, I. Shitanda, M. Itagaki (Tokyo
University of Science, Japan)
The anodic dissolution behaviour of copper and brass in the
electrolyte solution of 0.5M NaCl containing 0.5 mM
NaHCO3 was investigated by an electrochemical impedance
spectroscopy (EIS). The Nyquist plots of impedance of the
copper described the small loop in the high frequency range
and the large locus in the low frequency range. On the other
hand, the feature of the impedance spectrum of the brass was
similar to that of the copper. It indicates that the copper-
enriched layer is formed on the brass surface due to the
selective dissolution of the zinc from the surface. In addition,
the measurements of the rest potential and the anodic
polarization curve for each sample were carried out in order
to discuss the selective dissolution of the zinc from brass
surface.
14:50pm-15:10pm
3. Electrochemical Impedance of Dissolving Metals
Determined by Wavelet Transformation Masayuki Itagaki, Koichiro Isobe, Yoshinao Hoshi, Isao
Shitanda (Tokyo University of Science, Japan)
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) has been
used to investigate the corrosion mechanisms and to monitor
the corrosion rate. Impedance spectrum can be measured
generally by frequency response analyzer whose principle is
on the basis of Fourier transformation. In the present paper,
we focus on a wavelet transformation to determine
impedance spectra of dissolving metals because the wavelet
transformation gives the power spectrum densities with
recording the time and the time variation of the spectra can
be discussed. In the present analysis, we employed complex
Morlet mother wavelet in order to obtain the complex
number data in the frequency domain. We determine the
time-dependent impedance of the dissolving metals by
calculating cross spectrum of the wavelet coefficients of
current and potential signals.
15:10pm-15:30pm
4. Corrosion and Electrochemical Behavior of Mg-
8Gd-5Y Alloys in 3.5% NaCl Solution Yuqin Zhu (Southwest Technology and Engineering
Research Institute, China)
The corrosion behaviors of Mg-8Gd-5Y alloys were studied
by using microstructure examination, electrochemical
impedance spectroscopy (EIS), scanning electron
microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)
and for transform-infrared (FI-IR) spectroscopy. Results
show that the corrosion gradually deteriorated with the
increase of immersion time. The corrosion morphologies of
the alloy s were pitting corrosion. Gd and Y improved
corrosion resistance of MB15 alloy was that the addition of
Gd and Y refined the grain, improved the segregation of Al
element structure. The purity of the alloy and the electrode
potential of substrate were improved and the corrosion
resistance of MB15 alloy was also improved
33
15:30pm-15:50pm
5. Application of Scanning Electrochemical
Microscopy for Studying Anti-Corrosion
Performance of Rare Earth Surface Treatment on
Magnesium Sina S Jamali, Simon E Moulton, Gordon G Wallace
(University of Wollongong, Australia), Jan Weber (Boston
Scientific GmbH, Germany), Maria Forsyth (Deakin
University, Australia)
Rapiddissolution of magnesium alloys in biological
solutions limits its successful applicationas a biodegradable
implant where a controlled dissolution/corrosion
ofmagnesium along with healing of tissue is required.
Treatment of magnesiumsurface with rare earth conversion
layers has been subject of several studiesrevealing its
potential as a passivating layer. Given the biocompatibility
propertiesof such surface treatments, a rare earth conversion
layer based on Pr(NO3)3 has been studied in thispresent
work as surface treatment for AZ80X in simulated biological
(buffered)solution. Conversion layer was formed by
immersing Mg coupon in 0.05 M Pr(NO3)3solution.
Morphology and elemental composition of the conversion
layers werecharacterized by SEM-EDXS.
Scanning electrochemical microscope (SECM) wasused to
investigate protective properties and degradation behaviour
of Prconversion layer on a local scale. Surface generation/tip
collection (SG/TC)mode was used to study the hydrogen
evolution rate and localization while ACmode was used to
resolve the resistive/capacitive behaviour of
conversionlayer. Self-healing properties of the conversion
layer inpresence of Pr3+
was also studied using SECM.
Results have shownthat Pr conversion layer improves
corrosion resistance in the short term by producingan
electrochemically inert and insulating layer. In the long term,
however, conversion layer shows instability in simulated
biological fluid and tends todegrade locally exposing the
magnesium substrate to corrosive media.
Monday, November 3, 2014 Room 301 (3F)
MC2: Corrosion in Oil/Gas/Pipelines 2
Chair: Jorge A. Calderón
(Universidad de Antioquia-UdeA, Colombia)
14:00pm-14:30pm
Keynote Speech
1. Corrosion in Oil Well Stimulation Processes
Caused by Different Chelating Agents Based on
EDTA Compounds J. A. Calderón, F. A. Vásquez, L. Arbeláez (Universidad de
Antioquia UdeA, Colombia), J. A. Carreño
(Instituto
Nacional De Tecnologia, Brazil)
Chelating solutions are used in cleaning formations and well
stimulation, particularly in the formations that can be
damaged by strong acids during oil production. With the aim
of to design effective corrosion inhibitors and other
alternatives to corrosion control it is necessary to understand
the behavior of the system under operating conditions,
likewise understand the kinetics of the electrochemical
reactions during the corrosion process. This work looks for
to assess the behavior of P-110 steel in aqueous fluids based
on EDTA compounds under different temperature and
hydrodynamic regime conditions, in order to understand the
corrosion kinetics of carbon steel in these fluids.
Electrochemical measurements were conducted using
rotating disc electrodes manufactured from a P-110 steel bar.
The electrolytes under study were prepared using aqueous
compounds of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) like
diammonium salt, disodium salt and tetrasodium salt.
Potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical
impedance were performed in order to assess the corrosion
kinetic in the electrolytes and corrosion rates were evaluated
by both mass lost and electrochemical techniques.
Hydrodynamic effects are observed only in the cathodic
branch of the polarization curves. It was proved that
hydrodynamic regime plays an important role in the
corrosion of the steel mainly in disodium and diammonium
EDTA solutions. Two cathodic reactions control the
corrosion process, where the oxygen level and pH of the
electrolyte play the most important role in the metal
corrosion. Corrosion rates in those fluids fall drastically
when oxygen concentration is reduced
14:30pm-14:50pm
2. Monitoring of the Content of Imidazoline-
Containing Corrosion Inhibitor Zadorozhny P.A., Sukhoverkhov S.V., Markin A.N., Prokuda
N. A. (Russian Academy of Science, Russia), Savin K.I.
(Sakhalin Energy Investment Company, Russia)
Qualitative composition of active components of the
corrosion inhibitor CGW-85567 was studied. It was found
that С18:2 and С18:1 imidazolines and corresponding
imidazolin-amides are the major components. The
HPLC/MS technique was developed for their determination
in the water solutions of monoethylene glycol (MEG). Low
value of the partition coefficient (0.010-0.014) of
imidazolines in the system «water solution of MEG
(concentration of MEG 62-85 % v/v) - gas condensate» has
allowed to pass on from the technology of continuous
pumping of the inhibitor into protected pipelines to the
periodic dosing technology. N, N-dimethyl-dodecanamine-1
and N, N-dimethyl-tetradecanamine-1 were identified as
major degradation products of the corrosion inhibitor CGW-
85567.
14:50pm-15:10pm
3. The Effect of Deposited Sulfur on the Corrosion
Behavior of X52 Tube Steel in Wet H2S
Environment Wang Guan, Hongying Yu, Hao Niu, Dingbai Sun
(University of science and technology Beijing, China)
As the dependence on the fossil energy of human society,
the shallow gas source was nearly exhausted, and the deeper
gas fields which contain rich sulfur element had to be carried
out. On this condition, when the source was carried up to the
ground, there will be much sulfur separated out because the
34
drop of temperature and pressure, and these sulfur will
deposit onto tubes and cause huge damage. In this paper, it
mainly focused on the reaction mechanism of sulfur
corrosion. Based on static soaking experiments with
saturated H2S solution, the corrosion behavior of X52 sulfur
resistance steel in the wet H2S environment with different
conditions of deposited sulfur was investigated. The weight
lost results indicated the deposition sulfur will take part into
the corrosion as well as the H2S. The UV and regular pH
test results suggest the first mainly reaction of the sulfur
corrosion is the disproportionate reaction, which could raise
the pH of the solution and generates SO42-. And with the
corrosion product diffused into the sulfur layer, the mixed
layer will block the ions and hydrogen atoms transport,
which makes the corrosion mechanism changed. A group of
self-made micro-pH sensors were used to show the different
pH values at the different height of the sulfur layer. The
results suggest the bottom layer near to the substrate was
very acid while the up layer near to the H2S was alkali. This
result suggests there is another key corrosion reaction with
sulfur element, steel and hydrogen atoms, which controls the
corrosion process later. By all the experiments above, they
all proved that the deposition sulfur corrosion will cause
much more serious damage to the tube steel, compared to
the regular wet H2S corrosion.
15:10pm-15:30pm
4. Hybrid-biocomposite Material for Corrosion
Prevention in Pipeline: A Review M.J. Suriani, W.B. Wan Nik (Universiti Malaysia
Terengganu, MALAYSIA)
One of the most challenging issues in the oil and gas
industry is corrosion assessment and management in subsea
structures or equipment. At present, almost all pipelines are
made by steel which is sensitive to corrosion at harsh
working environments, particularly in the presence of salty
water and sulphur ingress media. Nowadays, the most
practice solution for a damaged steel pipe is to remove the
pipe entirely or just a localized damaged section and then
replaces it by a new one or cover with a steel patch through
welding, respectively. Welding or fixing the steel patch is a
bulky process especially if the location is underground or
underwater. Numerous literatures have shown that fiber-
reinforced polymer-based composites can be effectively
used for steel pipe repairs. Then, a considerable research
also has been carried out on the repair of corroded and
gouged pipes incorporating with hybrid natural fiber-
reinforced composite wraps. Currently, with advancements
in knowledge and updated instruments and techniques
available, further research in the field may be focused on the
enhanced use of the lesser and highly explored hybrid-
biocomposite material for the development of corrosion
prevention. A hybrid-biocomposite material from renewable
resource based derivatives is cost-effective, abundantly
available, biodegradable, environmentally benign
alternatives for corrosion prevention. The aim of this article
provides a comprehensive review and fulfill the gap by
develop a new hybrid-biocomposite with a
superhydrophobic surfaces.
Monday, November 3, 2014 Room 302 (3F)
MD2: Corrosion in Stainless Steels 2
Chair: Yeong Ho Kim (POSCO, Korea)
14:00pm-14:30pm
Keynote Speech
1. Effects of Annealing Conditiosn on the Corrosion
Resistance of Ferritic Stainless Steels in Salt
Environments
Yeong Ho Kim (POSCO, Korea)
Highly glossy stainless steels have been used for the exterior
materials of architecture, home appliances and automobiles
because of good appearance, long-time durability, and easy
fabrication. For the good exterior brightness and corrosion
resistance of stainless steels, differenct grades of ferritic
stainless steels have been developed and bright annealing
process has been improved. For the application to the
automotive exterior molding, the requirement of the
corrosion resistance of stainless steels was getting more
strict and it needed to develop the highly corrosion-resistant
steels containg medium chromium level. Recently, specific
grades of ferritic stainless steels with the chromium content
of 19 to 21 wt.% were applicable in this field.
Ferritic stainless steels of 19 wt.% Cr were cold-rolled with
fine final-roll mesh and then annealed in laboratory
annealing furnace of different kinds of the reducing gases.
Their corrosion resistance in laboratory corrosion
environment were highly dependent on the annealing
environment. When annealed in the pure hydrogen
environment, the passive film on stainless steel was
composed of the mixture of silica and chromia, and its
corrosion resistance was excellent after the combined cyclic
corrosion test. This corrosion test included the salt spray, dry
period and humidified period. But, annealed in the mixture
gases of nitrogen and hydrogen, the passive film consisted of
the mixture of chromia and iron oxide with the penetration
of nitrogen which decreased the corrosion resistance. The
silica in the passive film improved the corrosion resistance
of 19 Cr ferritic stainless steel and can be formed during the
annealing in the controlled reducing gas environment.
14:30pm-14:50pm
2. Temperature Effect on Condensate Corrosion of
Type 409 Stainless Steel in Automotive Muffler
Environments M.C. Li, Z.H. Xu, C.P. Wang, R.Y. Ma (Shanghai
University, China)
The condensate corrosion of 409 stainless steel in
automotive mufflers was investigated under different
temperature conditions by using the cyclic test of thermal
oxidation and condensates immersion and electrochemical
measurement techniques. Electrochemical impedance
spectroscopy (EIS) results indicate that the temperatures of
both oxidation and immersion processes play important role
in condensate corrosion of specimens after 5 times of cyclic
tests. The oxidized specimens have higher corrosion
resistance in the condensate solutions in the 250°C-oxidation
35
case than in the 400°C-oxidation case. As for 250°C-
oxidized specimens, the corrosion resistance decreases
noticeably with increasing the temperature of condensate
solutions from 20 to 80°C. Nevertheless, the corrosion
resistance of 400°C-oxidized specimens decreases slightly
from 20 to 40°C and then increase to a certain degree from
40 to 80°C in the condensate solution. These can be
attributed mainly to the change of the thin oxide/corrosion
products films on specimen surfaces and the chromium
depletion at the surfaces under different temperature
conditions.
14:50pm-15:10pm
3. Electrochemical Behaviour of AISI 304L
Implanted with Ruthenium F. Moyo, J.W. van der Merwe (University of the
Witwatersrand, South Africa)
This paper presents results of the synergistic benefits of
cathodic modification and surface alloying in improving the
corrosion resistance of austenitic 304L stainless steel in non-
oxidising acidic media. Ruthenium ions were introduced into
the steel by ion implantation technique. The influence of
pre-implantation surface preparation, implantation fluence
and energy on the corrosion resistance of the modified alloys
in 1 M sulphuric acid was considered. Characterisation of
the implanted alloys was done using X-ray diffraction
(XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM),
potentiodynamic polarisation and potential-time response
curves. It was revealed that the corrosion resistance of
ruthenium implanted 304L stainless steel was mainly
influenced by surface preparation and fluence. The results
demonstrated that implanting ruthenium on rough surfaces,
at low energy and high fluence significantly shifted the
corrosion potential to more noble values and increased the
passivation efficiency (PE) of the alloy by more than 95%.
The evidence presented here indicates that this approach can
be successfully implemented to improve the corrosion
resistance of 304L stainless steel in sulphuric acid and will
be used to draw up the framework for further research on
this subject.
15:10pm-15:30pm
4. Characteristics of Sn-addition Austenitic
Stainless Steel in Sulfuric Acid Chloride-containing
Solution Min Sun, Yiming Jiang, Jin Li (Fudan University, China)
Sn-addition stainless steels have attracted more and more
attentions in recent years, because they are added into a trace
of tin as an alloy element in replace of some chromium and
nickel, and remain a better corrosion resistance but with a
lower price. This work has studied the corrosion behavior of
Sn-addition austenitic stainless steel B316LX in acid
chloride-containing solutions. The corrosion resistances of
the steels were determined by critical pitting temperature
(CPT) test, potentidynamic polarization tests,
electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)
measurements, surface analysis techniques of X-ray
photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and scanning electron
microscopy (SEM). The results showed that corrosion rates
of B316LX, 316L and 317L increased sharply with the
H2SO4 concentration, and the corrosion resistance of
B316LX with the addition of Sn in boiling H2SO4 increased
remarkably. Addition of Sn to B316LX favored the pitting
corrosion and a significant reduction of corrosion rate;
however 316L was a serious general corrosion, with the
corrosion rate an order of magnitude higher than that of
B316LX. In NaCl solutions, B316LX showed a higher CPT
and higher pitting broken potential Eb than 316L. Besides, a
trace of addition of Sn into B316LX promoted the pitting
heals process. The pitting resistance of B316LX was
increased because Sn oxides improved the density and
uniform of the passive film to protect the substrate from
corrosion susceptibility, and the passive film with SnO2 had
a better repair property in pitting holes.
Monday, November 3, 2014 Room 303 (3F)
ME2: Corrosion in Light Metals 2
Chair: Andrej Atrens
(The University of Queensland, Australia)
14:00pm-14:30pm
Keynote Speech
1. Review of Recent Research on Magnesium
Corrosion A. Atrens, Z. Shi, F. Cao (The University of Queensland,
Australia)
Recent research is reviewed dealing with the measurement
of Mg corrosion. Measurement methods include the
traditional weight loss method and hydrogen evolution, as
well as electrochemical methods such as (i) Tafel
extrapolation of polarization curves (Tafel extrapolation,
TE), (ii) Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and
(iii) linear polarization (LP). In recent studies, EIS were
measured at daily intervals, and in one series, there were
matching measurements of polarization curves. The EIS data
were evaluated by fitting to two different equivalent circuits,
and by a simple fitting that in each case allowed evaluation
of the corrosion rate. These values were compared with
corrosion rates evaluated from TE, LP and hydrogen
evolution measurements, which were also validated with
weight loss measurements. These measurements provide
insights into the fitness of the measurement techniques.
Furthermore, these measurements allow evaluation of the
apparent valence by which Mg dissolved, and thereby
provide critical insight into the Mg corrosion mechanism.
14:30pm-14:50pm
2. Effect of Quasicystalline Phase on the Corrosion
Behaviour of a Duplex Mg-Li Alloy in NaCl
Solution Daokui Xu, Enhou Han (Institute of Metal Research,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, China)
The corrosion behaviours of the duplex Mg-6%Li alloys
containing with and without I-phase (Mg3Zn6Y, icosahedral
quasicrystal structure) have been investigated and compared.
36
Electrochemical and weight loss results indicate that the
corrosion resistance of the Mg-6%Li alloy can be improved
due to the in-situ formation of I-phase. After immersion in
0.1M NaCl solution for 5 days, the corrosion attack to the
surfaces of the alloy without I-phase is very inhomogeneous
and obviously severe pits and filiform corrosion can occur
on the surfaces. However, the corrosion attack to the I-phase
containing alloy is quite homogeneous and no severe pits
and filiform corrosion can be formed after the immersion
test. Moreover, the observation to the cross section of the
immersed samples reveals that the interfaces between I-
phase and the a-Mg matrix can act as effective barriers to
prevent the further corrosion attack. Based on the analyses to
the microstructure and the corrosion morphologies, a model
has been proposed to explain the effect of I-phase/a-Mg
matrix eutectic pockets on the corrosion resistance of the
duplex Mg-Li alloy.
14:50pm-15:10pm
3. Electrochemical Behaviors of Single Phase Mg-X
(X=Sn, Al) Alloys in NaCl Solution Jie Yang, Chang Dong Yim, Bong Sun You (University of
Science and Technology, Korea)
Electrochemical behaviors of single phase Mg-xSn (x=2,
5wt.%) and Mg-xAl (x=4, 6, 8wt.%) alloys were
investigated by electrochemical and immersion tests in NaCl
solution. The cathodic current density (ic) decreased with the
increase of Sn content, while ic increased with the increase of
Al content. The anodic current density (ia) decreased with
the increase of Sn content. With the increase of Al content, ia
decreased before passive film was broken and increased
after the film was broken. Filiform and pitting dominated the
corrosion process of Mg-Sn and Mg-Al alloys respectively.
The stability of passive film increased with the increase of
Sn content and decreased with the increase of Al content,
which was proved by the measurement of film broken
potential and the macroscopic in-situ observation. X-ray
photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) showed the existence of
SnO2 in the passive film on Mg-Sn alloys and Al2O3 in the
passive film on Mg-Al alloys, which influenced the
corrosion behavior in certain degree. The lower hydrogen
evolution rate and higher protectiveness of passive film
contributed to higher corrosion resistance of the alloy
containing higher Sn content. The higher hydrogen evolution
rate and lower stability of passive film resulted in lower
corrosion resistance of the alloy containing higher Al
content. Compared with Mg-Sn alloys, the Mg-Al alloys
have much higher corrosion rates. It seems that hydrogen
evolution rate plays a key role to determine the corrosion
rate of Mg alloys.
15:10pm-15:30pm
4. Corrosion Behaviors of AZx1 Magnesium Alloys
Containing Ca and Y C.D. Yim, B.S. You (Korea Institute of Materials Science,
Korea), S.K. Woo (University of Science and Technology,
Korea)
The effects of combined addition of Ca and Y on the
corrosion behavior of AZx1 magnesium alloys were
systematically evaluated via potentiodynamic polarization
and immersion tests. Average corrosion rate decreased by
addition of Ca and Y, which was well consistent with the
change of hydrogen evolution rate according to the
composition of alloys. Microstructural changes due to
addition of Ca and Y were responsible to the change of
corrosion properties. Second phases formed along grain
boundaries were finer and distributed more continuously in
the alloys containing Ca and Y, which resulted in the higher
corrosion resistance because the continuous network of the
second phases would act as a barrier to corrosion.
Monday, November 3, 2014 Room 401 (4F)
MF2: Corrosion in Concrete 2
Chair: Jin A Jeong (Korea Maritime University, Korea)
14:00pm-14:30pm
Keynote Speech
1. Evaluation of Steel Corrosion of GGBS Concrete
by Half-Cell Potential Method for Marine
Environment B.K. Lee, G.Y. Kim, R.H. Kim (Chungnam National
University, Korea), B.S. Cho (RIST, Korea)
Concrete structures exposed to marine environment are at
risk for corrosion by salt damage, and durability of concrete
is different from conditions of position which are splash
zone, intertidal zone and subtidal zone. When making
concrete structure with ground granulated blast-furnace slag
(GGBS) as admixture in marine environment, salt damage
can be prevented because pore structure becomes dense and
body of hardening fix salt penetrated into the concrete.
Therefore, this paper presents experimental results of steel
corrosion resistance of GGBS concrete considering marine
environment through half-cell potential method which is one
of the nondestructive test. Experiment variables are W/B
(0.60, 0.53, and 0.45) with replacement ratio of GGBS (0, 40,
70 and 100%). Also, marine environment condition was
divided into splash zone, intertidal zone and subtidal zone,
and half-cell potential of specimens was evaluated based on
ASTM C 876. Whether specimens are corroded was checked
from the experimental test results, and comparison analysis
was conducted by destroying specimens with results of half-
cell potential experiment. As a result of half-cell potential
experiment, it was assumed that every specimen exposed to
marine environment was not corroded, and as a result of
destroying specimens, it was confirmed that there was no
corrosion in specimens. Henceforward, evaluation on steel
corrosion resistance according to replacement ratio of GGBS
and exposure time of actual marine environment need to be
conducted by additionally measuring half-cell potential of
specimen exposed to marine environment of splash zone,
intertidal zone and subtidal zone.
37
14:30pm-14:50pm
2. Influence of Carbon Fiber on Corrosion Behavior
of Carbon Steel in Simulated Concrete Pore
Solutions Yuming Tang, Yuchao Dun, Guodong Zhang, Xuhui Zhao,
Yu Zuo (Beijing University of Chemical Technology, China)
Galvanic current measurement, polarization curves,
electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and weight loss
test were used to study the corrosion behavior of carbon
steel before and after carbon fibers coupling in simulated
concrete pore solutions, and the film composition on the
steel surface was analyzed using XPS method. The results
indicated that the passive film on the steel surface had
excellent protective property in the pore solutions with
different pH values (13.3, 12.5 and 11.6). After coupling
with carbon fibers (the area ratio of carbon steel to carbon
fiber was 12.31), the charge transfer resistance Rct of the
steel surface decreased and the Fe3+
/Fe2+
value in the passive
film declined. As the result, the stability of the film reduced
and the corrosion rate of steel increased. The decreasing of
the area ration of steel to carbon fiber from 12.3 to 6.15
resulted in the decrease in Rct and the increase in corrosion
rate. Especially in the pore solution with pH 11.6, the
coupling lead carbon steel to corrosion easily.
14:50pm-15:10pm
3. Resistance to Corrosion of Reinforcement of
High Volume Fly Ash Concrete S.O. Kwon, S.H. Bae, H.J. Lee (Andong National University,
Korea), K.M. Lee (Sungkyunkwan University, Korea), S.H.
Jung (Korea Confirmity Laboratories, Korea)
Due to the increasing of interest about the eco-friendly
concrete, it is increased to use concretes containing by-
products of industry such as fly ash(FA), ground granulated
blast furnace slag(GGBFS), silica fume(SF), and etc.
Especially, these are well known for improving the
resistances to reinforcement corrosion in concrete and
chloride ion penetration. The purpose of this experimental
research is to evaluate the resistance against corrosion of
reinforcement of high volume fly ash(HVFA) concrete
which is replaced with high volume fly ash for cement
volume. For this purpose, the concrete test specimens were
made for various strength level and replacement ratio of FA,
and then the compressive strength and diffusion coefficient
for chloride ion of them were measured for 28, 91, and 182
days, respectively. Also, corrosion monitoring by half cell
potential method was carried out for the made lollypop
concrete test specimens to detect the time of corrosion
initiation for reinforcement in concrete. As a result, it was
observed from the test results that the compressive strength
of HVFA concrete was decreased with increasing
replacement ratio of FA but long-term resistances against
reinforcement corrosion and chloride ion penetration of that
were increased.
Monday, November 3, 2014 Room 402A (4F)
MG2: Corrosion Monitoring and Modeling 2
Chair: Jing-Li Luo (University of Alberta, Canada)
14:00pm-14:30pm
Keynote Speech
1. Detection of SCC by Electrochemical Noise and
In-situ 3-D Microscope Da-Hai Xia, Yashar Behnamian, Jing-Li Luo (University of
Alberta, Canada), Stan Klimas (Atomic Energy of Canada
Ltd, Canada)
The stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) of Alloy 600 and Alloy
800 in 0.5 mol/L thiosulfate solution during constant-strain
was investigated using electrochemical noise (EN) combined
with 3-D microscope techniques. The in-situ morphology
observation and EN results indicate that the SCC process
could be divided into three stages: passive film stabilization
and growth, crack initiation, and crack growth. Power
Spectral Density (PSD) and probability distribution obtained
from EN were used as the “fingerprint” to distinguish the
different processes. During passive film stabilization and
growth, the current noise signals resembled “white noise”;
when the crack initiated, many transient peaks could be seen
in the current noise, and the wavelet energy at low frequency
and the noise resistance also decreased. After crack
propagation, the noise amplitudes, the white noises at low
and high frequencies (WL and WH) in the PSDs increased. At
last, detection of metal structure corrosion in simulated sea
splash zone and pipeline corrosion in atmosphere is shown.
14:30pm-14:50pm
2. Effect of Lateral Diffusion on Hydrogen
Permeationmeasurementin Thick Steel Specimens A. Traidia, A. M. El-Sherik, H. Attar, A. Enezi (Saudi
Aramco, Saudi Arabia)
A finite element analysis is proposed to study the effect of
specimen dimensions on lateral diffusion of hydrogen during
hydrogen permeation flux measurements. The error of
measurement on thick specimens due to a 1D diffusion
approximation can be as much as 70%. A critical condition
for accurate measurements is to set thearea of the hydrogen
monitoring/exit surface smaller than the area of the
hydrogen charging/entry surface area. In addition, for thin to
medium thickness specimens (ratio of thickness to specimen
radius of 5:10 and below), the charging surface should be
maximized and the monitoring surface minimized. In case of
relatively thick specimens (ratio of thickness to specimen
radius above of 5:10), theuse of a hydrogen-diffusion barrier
on the specimen boundaries is recommended. It would
completely eliminate lateral losses of hydrogen, but cannot
eliminate the deviation towards 2D diffusion near the side
edges. In such a case, thecharging surface should be
maximized and the monitoring surface should be as closerin
dimension as the charging surface.A regression analysis was
carried out and an analytical relationship between the
maximum measurement error and the specimen dimensions
is proposed.
38
14:50pm-15:10pm
3. Statistical Model for Predicting Corrosion Trends
by Naphthenic Acid and Sulfur Compounds in
Refining Units Carlos Mejía Miranda, Dionisio Laverde (Universidad
Industrial de Santander, Colombia)
The depletion in the conventional light sweet crude reserves
has forced the refining industry to increase the input of
crudes with higher content in sulfur compounds and
naphthenic acids to the distillation units. These contaminants
cause corrosion problems mainly in transfer lines between
the heating furnaces and the atmospheric and vacuum
distillation units. The heterogeneity between the molecular
structures and the concentration of corrosive species present
in the crudes difficult the development of accurate corrosion
prediction tools.In this work, two models for predicting the
corrosion rate were obtained and compared statistically. In
the Model 1, the corrosion rate was correlated with the TAN
and %SUL of crude. In model 2, the information from crude
basic characterization such as the distribution of naphthenic
acids and sulfur compounds in the distillation cuts was used
to determine differentiating factors and then to establish
corrosivity trends. To obtaining the models,twenty-seven
tests were performed to evaluate the corrosion on carbon
steel, using crude oil and blends at 350 °C for 12 hours of
reaction. Randomly, twenty-two tests were used to build the
statistical models. The information of the remaining five
tests was used for the respective external validations. All
statistical parameters indicated that using the Model 2 a
good quality prediction in corrosion rate is obtained, because
is sensitive to variations in the distribution of acids and
sulfur compounds in crude oils, even if two crude oils
contain the same concentration of these corrosive species.
15:10pm-15:30pm
4. Prediction of Corrosivity of Colombian Crude
Oils in Refining Units by 1H-NMR Spectroscopy
and Chemometric Methods Carlos Mejía Miranda, Dionisio Laverde, Daniel Molina
(Universidad Industrial de Santander, Colombia)
Naphthenic acids and sulfur compounds in crude oil
feedstocks entering to refinery distillation units can cause
severe corrosion problems. This is an important issue that
directly impacts the refining margin, mainly because of the
associated costs to corrosion control. The heterogeneity of
the molecular structures and the concentration of corrosive
species present in the crudes difficult the development of
accurate corrosion prediction tools. Therefore, it is required
to develop fast and reliable methods to assess corrosion
trends due those kinds of compounds. In this work, integral
areas of resonance signals present in 12 chemical shift
regions of the 1H-NMR spectra of crude oils and blends was
correlated to the corrosion of carbon steel using Partial Least
Square, PLS. Forty-four corrosion tests with crude oils and
blends were performed in autoclave at 350°C for 12 hours of
exposure over rectangular coupons of carbon steel. The
surface treatment of the coupons was performed according
to the ASTM G-1 standard. Randomly, forty samples were
used for the model calibration and the other four were used
for the external validation. The methodology of "leave one
out" cross-validation was performed leading to a CV-q2
greater than 0.90. The percentage of the Root Mean Square
Error, %RMSE, for prediction and validation were 8.3 and
6.3, respectively. %RMSE values lower than 10% indicated
a very good quality for prediction of corrosion tendency due
to crude oils and blends. This research evidences the
potential application of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
spectroscopy for the development of tools applicable to
estimate corrosion trends
Monday, November 3, 2014 Room 402B (4F)
MH2: Atmospheric Corrosion 2
Chair: Young Sik Kim
(Andong National University, Korea)
14:00pm-14:20pm
1. Study on Atmospheric Corrosion and Accelerated
Corrosion Evaluation Method of Aluminum
Alloy/Organic Coating Zhihua Sun (Beijing Institute of Aeronautical Materials,
China)
In this paper, the atmospheric corrosion and accelerated
corrosion evaluation method of 7B04 aluminum alloy
/organic coatings are studied, and two 7B04 aluminum alloy
/organic coatings are as the followings : (a) 7B04 aluminum
alloy + sulphate anodizing film +primer,(b)7B04 aluminum
alloy + sulphate anodizing film +primer + topcoating, and
the primer is Zinc yellow polypropylene, the topcoating is
Fluorine polyurethane. The outdoor exposure test is carried
out at tropic marine Wanning station, and the indoor
accelerated test including is carried out. After different
exposure time and different test cycles, the electrochemical
impedance spectroscopy (EIS) are carried out.The results
show that the impedance at 0.01Hz (|Z|0.01Hz ) is confirmed
as the aging evaluation parameter. When |Z|0.01Hz is smaller
than 106 Ω•cm
2,also as |Z|0.01Hz is at the same rank with
that of |Z|m, it is indicated that the metal under the paint is
corroded and the paint is failure. The indoor accelerated
corrosion test methods include three steps as UV
aging-cyclic immersion-temperature shock. Relationship
of outdoor exposure and indoor accelerated corrosion test is
achieved and 3.5 months indoor accelerated corrosion test is
equal to outdoor exposure 36 months, and the accelerated
ratio is about10.3.
14:20pm-14:40pm
2. Micro-indentation Techniques and Surface
Fractal Analysis O.V. Startsev, I.M. Medvedev, S.V. Panin (Akimov
Gelendzhik Climatic Testing Center, Russia)
The corrosion of B1461 aerospace aluminium alloy
exposed to Russian Black Sea Coast maritime atmosphere
was investigated. The exposure was performed at Akimov
Gelendzhik Climatic Testing Center: a branch of the
AllRussian Scientific Research Institute of Aviation
39
Materials. Corrosivity of the atmosphere in the area of
testing is classified as C3 according to ISO 9223. The
corrosion of the samples was investigated by digital image
analysis and indentation hardness measurements. Corroded
area, corrosion depth and fractal dimension were evaluated.
Image analysis data was compared with mass loss and
micromechanical properties of the surface. ASTM E2546
indentation testing was used to determine micromechanical
properties of samples by loaddisplacement diagrams.
Distributions of indentation hardness were fitted using
Generalized Lambda Distributions and the parameters of the
distribution were estimated to provide additional information
about surface hardness. Application of an automated digital
image analysis and indentation hardness measurements may
be used to provide a quantitative description of corrosion
damage. Fractal dimension estimation and indentation
hardness measurements may also be useful tools for
atmospheric corrosion studies.
14:40pm-15:00pm
3. Correlation between Carbon Steel Corrosion and
Atmospheric Factors in Taiwan C.M. Lo, L.H.Tsai (National Chung Hsing University,
Taiwan), M.D. Lin (Ministry of Transportation, China)
In this study, samples of carbon steel exposed to atmosphere
in Taiwan were analyzed to investigate the impacts of
atmospheric factors on carbon steel corrosion. Carbon steel
samples were collected from 87 experimental stations during
2009 ~2012. Statistical analysis were employed to
investigate the correlations between the carbon steel
corrosion situations and atmospheric factors such as
concentrations of sulfur dioxide or chloride, time of wetness,
rainfall, etc. The results indicate that for samples from
industrial areas, the sulfur dioxide concentration and wetting
time during fall and winter are significantly correlated to the
carbon steel corrosion situation. However, for samples from
coastal zones, the significant correlated factors are chloride
concentration and wetting time during winter. The results of
this study are useful for the development of carbon steel
corrosion prediction models.
Monday, November 3, 2014 Samda Hall A (3F)
MA3: Coatings 3
Chair: Jin Zhang
(University of Science and Technology Beijing, China)
16:00pm-16:30pm
Keynote Speech
1. Optimized Micro-arc Oxidation Processing
Parameters for Ti6Al4V to Combat Oxidation in
Phosphate Electrolyte Hong Li, Jin Zhang (University of Science and Technology
Beijing, China)
The oxidation of titanium alloy has constrained its wider use
at elevated temperature. Thus the anti-oxidation coating
preparation on titanium alloys attracts the interest. In this
work, oxidation ceramic coatings were prepared by MAO
(micro-arc oxidation) technology in phosphate electrolyte on
Ti6Al4V titanium alloy. The voltage, electrolyte
concentration and duration time were chosen as the coating
processing parameters and three levels for each parameter
were determined. The optimized processing parameters were
conducted through an orthogonal experiment (L9 (3)3). The
morphology of surface and interface, the phase composition
were studied by OM, SEM, XRD respectively. The thermal
shock resistances of the coatings were investigated by
heating and quenching in the water. The thermal cycling
oxidation experiment at 650 ℃ was carried out to evaluate
the oxidation resistance property. The results showed that
the optimization oxidation resistance at 650℃ was obtained
when voltage, electrolyte concentration and duration time
were 480V, 25min, 0.04 mol/L in phosphate electrolyte,
respectively.
16:30pm-16:50pm
2. Physical Properties of Polyvinylenen Fluoride
Coating by Baking Temperature as Color Paint
Coated Steel Min-yeong Jeong (Hyundai-steel, Korea)
There are many kinds of coating materials and methods for
industrial use. Among of these, coil coating process using
applicator roll is the most effective one for mass production.
The speed of manufacture is over 120 meter per minute and
the coated surface have uniform quality than spray, dipping,
casting coating method, and etc. Many types of coating
materials are using for roll coating, and most of these are
organic or organic/inorganic hybrid materials. In the case of
these organic or hybrid coating materials, it composed of
various row materials. Typically, resins or paints for coil-
coating are composed of various organic polymer binders,
additives and pigments. These coating materials are
classified as the type of polymer. There are many kinds of
polymer binders, but polyester (PE), silicon-polyester (SiPE),
polyurethane (PU), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) are
mainly used with additives and pigments because of their
proper cost and characteristics. Among these, PVDF coating
have best weatherability so it ususally warranted over 20
years. For this reason, PVDF coated steel is more expensive
than others, so we should pay a lot of expense for damage if
that caused problem. Sometimes PVDF coating disbondment
phenomenons have ocurred in using fields, but immediate
causes have not studied yet. So we have tried various
experiments to know the factors of coating disbondment and
crack of PVDF. For this study, we have researched effects on
disbondment and crack by thermal treatment. To confirm the
change of coating properties, some kind of equipment were
used for analysis such as scanning electron microscope
(SEM), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and
etc.
40
16:50pm-17:10pm
3. Self-healing Anticorrosion Coatings for Gas
Pipelines and Storage Tanks G.E.Luckachan, V.Mittal (The Petroleum Institute, UAE)
In the present study chitosan based self-healing
anticorrosion coatings were prepared by layer by layer (lbl)
addition of chitosan (Ch) and poly vinylbutyral (PVB) on
mild carbon steel substrate. Chitosan coatings exhibited
enhanced coating stability and corrosion resistance in
aggressive environments by the application of a PVB top
layer. Chitosan layer in the lbl coatings have been modified
by using glutaraldehyde (Glu) and silica (SiO2).
Performance of different coatings was tested using
electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and immersion test.
The best anticorrosion performance was observed in case of
10%Ch_SiO2_PVB coatings, which withstand immersion
test over 25days in 0.5M salt solution without visible
corrosion. 10%Ch _SiO2 coatings without the PVB top layer
didn‟t last more than 3days. Application of PVB top layer
sealed the defects in the chitosan prelayer and improved its
hydrophobic nature as well. Raman spectra and SEM of steel
surfaces after corrosion study and removal of
PVB_Ch/Glu_PVB coatings showed a passive layer of iron
oxide, attributing to the self-healing nature of these coatings.
Conducting particle like graphene reinforcement of chitosan
in the lbl coatings enhanced corrosion resistance of chitosan
coatings.
17:10pm-17:30pm
4. Novel Zinc Primers with Enhanced Protection
and Mechanical Properties Santiago Arias Codolar (Pinturas Hempel, Spain), Jose Luna
(Hempel, USA)
Zinc rich primers are extensively used for corrosion
protection in the marine and protective industry. During the
60‟s/70‟s zinc rich epoxy (organic) primers were dominating
the market. Later zinc ethyl silicate (inorganic) primers took
over this role but nowadays it looks as if zinc epoxy primers
have made a comeback. Some of the advantages of zinc
epoxies compared to zinc silicates are the less demanding
curing conditions (epoxies will cure at low humidity), they
are easier to overcoat and they are less demanding to
substrate preparation prior to application. The latest trend
from the Owners and Fabricators is to improve the
constructability and productivity on their works; this is a key
benefit where the organic outperformed the inorganic being
this translated into improve efficient, throughput and at the
end of the day savings millions of dollars. Zinc epoxies are
typically formulated with high loads of zinc dust. According
to ISO 129448 a zinc rich coating contains more than 80%
zinc by weight in the dry film.
The protecting mechanism of zinc rich coatings is believed
mainly to be based on cathodic protection provided by the
zinc dust in the paint. When a coating system containing a
rich primer is exposed, rust creep and blistering are the most
important failure mechanism to be considered.
The increasing demands to the performance of zinc rich
primers (low rust creep) has addressed even more focus on
maximizing the utilization of the zinc dust in the paint. Is it
possible to achieve the same cathodic protection with a
lower content of zinc dust ?
The purpose of this paper is to describe the protecting
mechanisms of a new generation of zinc rich primers with
enhanced protection and mechanical properties and to set up
the design criteria for a well working system. Results from
different corrosion tests (ISO 129448; NORSOK M501
9,
Rev.6) and mechanical experiments are presented.
Monday, November 3, 2014 Samda Hall B (3F)
MB3: Surface Protection and Analytical Techniques
Chair: Du-Hwan Jo (POSCO, Korea)
16:00pm-16:20pm
1. Research on Electrochemical Migration Behavior
of PCB-Cu/ENIG under Dynamic Thin Liquid Film K. Ding, X. Li, S. Zou, C. Dong, P. Yi, K. Xiao (University
of Science and Technology Beijing, China)
Electrochemical migration (ECM) behaviour and
mechanism of copper-foil printed circuit boards (PCB-Cu)
and electroless nickel immersion gold processing printed
circuit boards (PCB-ENIG) under 0.1 M Na2SO4 thin liquid
films with different thickness were investigated. Results
showed that under an electrical bias of 12 V, the reverse
migration of ions occurred, and both copper dendrites and
sulphate precipitates were found between two PCB plates.
With the increase of relative humidity (equivalent to the
increase of solution film thickness), enrichment of different
elements on the two plates separately became more obvious.
SKP results indicated that the surface potential of the
cathode plate was lower than that of the anode plate,
showing a higher corrosion tendency, while EIS analysis
reflected the existence of corrosion products had improved
its corrosion resistance to some extent. Overall, the potential
difference between two plates enlarged with the increase of
humidity and PCB-ENIG had a smaller potential difference
and a higher reaction resistance than PCB-Cu. At the end of
the paper, an electrochemical migration corrosion failure
model of PCB was proposed. Compared to PCB-ENIG, the
accumulation of corrosion products on the anode plate of
PCB-Cu hindered the migration of Cu2+
, limiting the
migration distance of corrosion products and the growth of
copper dendrites.
16:20pm-16:40pm
2. Study oF Performance Evaluation on Electrical
Steel Insulation Coatings T.X.Guo, X.Q.Dong, P.Yuan (Pangang Group Research
Institute Co. Ltd., China), C.S.Liu (Northeastern University,
China), C.F.Liu, (Panzhihua Steel & Vanadium Co. Ltd.,
China)
Based on user‟s process and combined with the actual usage
of the products, a series of parallel experiments have been
done to explore the suitable test method to evaluate the
index of corrosion resistance, the high temperature
resistance and the adhesion of environment-friendly
41
insulation coatings of cold rolled non oriented electrical steel
sheet. The results shows that, the Neutral Salt Spray (NSST)
according to the chinese national standard GB/T10125 is the
advisable test method to evaluate the corrosion resistance of
environmental-friendly coatings of cold-rolled electrical
steel sheet and the suitable evaluation index is that the
corrosion area is less than 5% after NSST/6h and the
corrosion area is less than 20% after NSST/12h; the
appropriate test method of high temperature resistance of the
coatings is determined as follows :the stacked samples are
placed in the heating furnace, after the furnace is vacuumed
and filled with nitrogen gas, the furnace temperature is risen
to 750℃ with a heating rate of about 450℃/h and held for 2
hours, then the samples are furnace cooled to 450 ℃ and
discharged, followed by cooling to room temperature in the
air. The coating is qualified to be of good high temperature
resistance if it has no blister, crack, spall and powder after
the test; the proper evaluation method of coating adhesion
consists of the following three steps: firstly, coating cracking
after 0T deformation is observed; secondly, the 3M adhesive
tape is used to stick on the bending deformation and then is
tore off to observe the spalling of the coating; finally, the
sample is immersed in the 5%CuSO4 solution, and is taken
out after 5 seconds to observe whether the deformation area
is discolored (if the coating is peeled off, the color of the
deformation area will change due to the replacement of Cu
by Fe). The coating adhesion is qualified to be good if the
deformed area has no obvious changes during the above
three step evaluation
16:40pm-17:00pm
3. Study on the Corrosion Resistance of Rust-
preventative Oil under Shipment and Storage
Condition Lin Lu, Minzhen Ding, Xiaogang Li (University of Science
and Technology Beijing, China), Baiyou Fang (Baosteel-
NSC/Arcelor Automotive Steel Sheets Co., Ltd, China)
In recent decades, automotive industry has been developed
increasingly, especially in the field of car manufacturing.
Correspondingly the demand of cold rolling steel sheet
(RDSS) has swollen remarkably. Generally speaking, the
duration for shipment and storage for RDSS is about one or
two years before the sheet is manufactured into a car. In
order to prevent the sheet from rusting before the
manufacture, a layer of rust-preventative oil has to be coated
on the sheet. In this paper, the environment of shipment and
storage had been simulated through salt spray test and damp-
heat experiment respectively, the packaging status of the
sheets was imitated by laminated sheet test as well. The
corrosion resistance and its changing principle of the oil
were thus investigated under the different environment
condition and oil contents, with the application of
electrochemical approaches, SEM and XRD.
It was found that chloride ion had more severe attacking
effect on the oil film than that of the hygrothermal condition.
As a result, the sheets with the oil content of 0.4, 0.9 and 1.2
g/m2 were corroded too severely to meet the demand of
subsequent processing after four hour salt spraying.
However, the sheets showed satisfied corrosion resistance
after three week damp-heat experiment with the temperature
of 49°C and 95%HR. In addition, it was disclosed that the
penetration of chloride ion determined the protection
mechanism of the oil. That is, at the initial, the corrosion
resistance was enhanced with the increase of oil content. as
long as the chloride ion arrived at the interface of the oil film
and the sheet, the oil distribution turned to be the
predominant factor to the protection of the sheet. The
corrosion mechanism of the steel sheet was dependent on
the stacking style of the sample. The corrosion product for
the sample open to the air was rust red with the composition
of Fe2O3; while the black product with the main composition
of Fe3O4 was found on the edge of the laminated sheets,
which was resulted from the oxygen concentration cell.
Monday, November 3, 2014 Room 301 (3F)
MC3: Corrosion in Oil/Gas/Pipelines 3
Chair: Yan Yang (Changzhou University, China)
16:00pm-16:20pm
1. Electrochemical Mechanism on Alternating
Current Corrosion of Pipeline Steel in Alkaline
Environment Yan Yang, Chuang Wen, Shuli Wang (Changzhou University,
China)
The alternating current (AC) corrosion is a significant
problem to the metal structures in close proximity to the
alternating current carrying conductors with the rapid
increases of the buried pipelines, electrified railway lines
and high voltage transmission lines in recent years. But it is
a hard work to describe the behavior and mechanism of AC
corrosion, because alternating current can change its
directions periodically with a high frequency. The variation
of the topsoil pH value in the X70 steel surface was studied
under the AC corrosion process. The cyclic voltammetry
technique was employed to investigate the AC action
mechanism on the X70 pipeline steel in a soil environment.
The results show that the alternating current has a great
effect on the surface soil PH value. The corrosion
mechanism of a metal suffered AC interference in an
alkaline environment is that the AC changes the polarization
potential and reduces the pH value of the surface soil. The
coupling potential of the mixed alternating and direct
currents presents a periodic oscillation in the electrode
surface, which destroys the passivation of the X70 steel. The
electrode surface is covered with a large amount of Fe (OH)
ads, when the potential is in the range of the active
dissolution potential of the X70 steel. In this condition, the
hydroxides and oxides will form preferentially. In a different
charge transfer process, the hydroxide, as the inhibitor of the
passivation film, has an important impact on the metal
corrosion. The increase of the corrosion rates is under the
control of the transfer process.
42
16:20pm-16:40pm
2. Effect of Alloying Elements on Corrosion
Property of High Mn Steels in CO2 Environment Jin Ho Park, Hyung Suk Seo, Jun Young Park, Kyoo Young
Kim (POSTECH, Korea)
The high manganese steel, which has very high mechanical
strength and good ductility, can be a candidate for the
material used in the oil and gas industry. For proper
utilization in oil and gas industry, however, its corrosion
property should be understood clearly in the oil field
environment. The corrosion behavior is evaluated by the
electrochemical polarization tests and electrochemical
impedance spectroscopy. The stability of surface scale is
examined by SEM and EDS analysis. The result shows that
addition of 3 wt.% Cr improves the stability of the corrosion
product formed on high Mn steel. The barrier effect of scale
formed on high Mn steel containing 3 wt.% Cr becomes
better as the immersion time is increased.
16:40pm-17:00pm
3. Characterization and Experimental Investigation
on Stray Current Corrosion of Coated Pipeline
Steel Chuang Wen, Yan Yang, Shuli Wang (Changzhou University,
China)
The risks of stray corrosion on coated pipelines are
increasing, due to the increasing cases of installing coated
pipelines in proximity to power rail transit systems or high
voltage power transmission lines. When the direct current
(DC) exists on buried pipeline, there is an industry
agreement on criteria to be used for corrosion mitigation and
international standards have been available for many years.
However, in the case of alternating current (AC) corrosion
or AC+DC corrosion, some different approaches are used
and some different opinions still exist. Experimental
investigation on coated pipeline steel was performed with
respect to induced stray current including AC, DC and the
superimposed AC+DC sources in soil-simulating conditions.
Weight loss and electrochemical methods were carried out
for the exposure period of 7 days. Pipeline steel specimens
were subjected to surface examinations after treatment with
various stray current densities from 0 to 500 A•m-2
. Surface
analysis was conducted by optical microscope and scanning
electron microscope (SEM). The distribution and depth of
the corrosion pits were analyzed by extracting the
characteristics of the corrosion images. The result indicates
that the corrosion potential and rate increases with the
increases of stray current density. The extent of corrosion
was found to be less in AC when compared to the DC
sources. When an alternating current is superimposed on a
direct current, the corrosion rate was larger than their
respective corrosion. AC corrosion on the X70 pipeline steel
presents three classic patterns, including the uniform
corrosion, ring-like corrosion and pitting corrosion
according to the geometrical shape of the corrosion images.
The corrosion pattern will transfer to local corrosion from
uniform corrosion, when the AC density increases. The
density, quantity and area of the corrosion pits arise with the
increase of the AC current density. The relationship between
the pit number or pit area and AC current density follows the
power function, y=aib.
17:00pm-17:20pm
4. Hydrodynamic Effect on the Inhibition for the
Flow Accelerated Corrosion of an Elbow L. Zeng, G. A. Zhang, X. P. Guo (Huazhong University of
Science and Technology, China)
Inhibition effect of thioureido imidazoline inhibitor (TAI)
for the flow accelerated corrosion (FAC) at different
locations of X65 carbon steel elbow was studied by array
electrode and computational fluid dynamics (CFD)
simulation. The distribution of inhibition efficiency is in
good accordance with the distribution of hydrodynamic
parameters at the elbow. The inhibition efficiencies at the
outer wall are higher than those at the inner wall, which is
associated with the higher flow velocity, shear stress and
turbulent kinetic energy at the inner wall of the elbow, as
well as secondary flow at the elbow. Compared to static
condition, the inhibition efficiency of TAI for FAC is
relatively low due to drastic turbulence flow and high wall
shear stress during the FAC test
17:20pm-17:40pm
5. Erosion and Corrosion Characteristics of
Wellbore Materials in the Presence of Sand
Particles in CO2 Environments Conditions Yuli Panca Asmara (University Malaysia Pahang,
Malaysia)
Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) techniques are used to
increase the amount of crude oil from an oil field. The types
of EOR operations are chemical flooding (alkaline flooding),
displacement or carbon dioxide injection (hydrocarbon
injection), and thermal recovery (steam flood or in-situ
combustion). When solids particles exists, iron carbonate
and iron sulphide film will be eroded followed mechanical
damaged on the material surface. The research will
investigate combination effects of corrosion and erosion rate
in CO2 artificial environmental containing H2S, HAc, and
sands particles in several pH, temperature and rotation speed.
The Linear Polarization Resistance (LPR) technique is used
to measure the polarization resistance (Rp) and to calculate
corrosion rate. Experiment with disk cylinder electrode
(DCE) is used to study flow simulating condition of pipeline.
Surface characterization is studied by using SEM/EDS,
XRD, and XPS. In this research, response surface
methodology (RSM) technique is proposed to construct an
empirical model that relates effects of HAc, temperature,
and rotation speed on CO2 corrosion rate simultaneously.
Using RSM lead to investigate effects of the variables tested
analytically. Furthermore, observation regarding individual
and combination effects of variables tested can be obtained
efficiently.
43
Monday, November 3, 2014 Room 302 (3F)
MD3: Corrosion in Stainless Steels 3
Chair: Koji Fushimi (Hokkaido University, Japan)
16:00pm-16:30pm
Keynote Speech
1. Anodic Dissolution Sequence of Super Duplex
Stainless Steel in an Acidic Chloride Solution Jun-Seob Lee, Koji Fushimi, Takayuki Nakanishi, Yasuchika
Hasegawa (Hokkaido University, Japan), Yong-Soo Park
(Yonsei University, Korea)
Anodic dissolution of super duplex stainless steel (SDSS) in
acidic chloride solution was investigated. Potentiostatic
polarizations of SDSS at -0.377 and -0.447 VSHE
corresponded to the selective dissolution of γ- and α-phases,
respectively, and were utilized for preparing single-phase
electrodes. The higher corrosion current density and less
noble corrosion potential of α-phase by galvanic connection
with γ-phase indicated that α- and γ-phases were functioned
as the anode and the cathode, respectively, in a general
corrosion of SDSS
16:30pm-16:50pm
2. Accelerated SCC Testing of Stainless Steels
According to Corrosion Resistance Classes M. Borchert, G. Mori (Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Austria),
M. Bischof, A. Tomandl (Hilti Corporation, Liechtenstein)
The German Guideline for stainless steel in buildings
(Z.30.3-6) issued by the DIBt (German Institute for Building
Technology) categorizes various stainless steel grades into
five different corrosion resistance classes (CRCs). Only 21
frequently used grades are approved and assigned to these
CRCs. To assign new or less commonly used materials a
large program of outdoor exposure tests and laboratory tests
need to be done. The present paper shows results on stress
corrosion cracking (SCC) tests that can distinct between
different CRCs.
Slow strain rate tests (SSRT) in different media and at
various temperatures were done. CRC IV can be
distinguished from CRC II and CRC III with a 31.3 % Cl- as
MgCl2 solution at 140 °C. CRC II and CRC III can be seen
by testing in a 30 % Cl- as MgCl2 solution at 100 °C.
16:50pm-17:10pm
3. Effect of Flow on the Corrosion of 304 Stainless
Steelinhydrochloric Acid Solution Jie Zhao, Cong Qian Cheng, Tie Shan Cao (Dalian
University of Technology, China)
Effect of passive film quality and solution flowing on
corrosion behavior of 304 stainless steel in HCl solution
were investigated by coloration indicator, corrosion weight
loss measurement, electrochemical polarization and element
dissolution. A high redness degree examined by coloration
indicator suggests a low integrity of passive film for 304
stainless steel after air exposure, while the minimumredness
degree for the samples after chemical passivation illustrates
a high integrity of passive film.In the static condition, the
samples subjected to air exposure exhibit high corrosion rate
and preferential dissolution of Fe element. Chemical
passivation inhibited the corrosion rate due to its intrinsic
high structural integrity of passive film and high
concentration of Cr-rich oxides. Solution flow accelerated
corrosion by promoting both anodic dissolution reaction and
cathodic reaction. Solution flow also changes the
preferential dissolution to fast uniform dissolution of metal
elements.
Monday, November 3, 2014 Room 303 (3F)
ME3: Corrosion in Light Metals 3
Chair: Kwang Seon Shin
(Seoul National University, Korea)
16:00pm-16:30pm
Keynote Speech
1. Effect of Extrusion Temperature on Corrosion
Behavior of Pure Magnesium in NaCl Solution Arthanari Srinivasan, Hwa Chul Jung, Kwagn Seon Shin
(Seoul National University, Korea), Nallaiyan Rajendran
(Anna University, India)
The effect of extrusion temperature oncorrosion behavior of
pure magnesium in 3.5% NaCl solution saturated withMg
(OH)2 was examined in the present study. Pure Mg plates
were preparedby extrusion at different temperatures.
Samples for corrosion tests werepolished using silicon
carbide (SiC) emery sheets and ultrasonicated in acetoneto
remove oxides and impurities adsorbed on the surface.
Corrosion behavior ofthese samples was studied using
weight loss, hydrogen volume and polarizationstudies. The
corrosion current density (icorr) value was found to
increasewith increasing the extrusion temperature of the
samples. The corrosion rate increasedrapidly when the
extrusion temperature increased above the critical
temperature.The increase in corrosion rate is attributed to the
change in microstructureand texture of the extruded samples
at high temperatures. Surface morphology ofthe samples
subjected to corrosion tests was analyzed using optical
microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
in order to examine the pitformation and propagation during
corrosion
16:30pm-16:50pm
2. Improvement of Corrosion Resistance of
Aluminum with Wettability Controlled Porous
Oxide Films M. Sakairi, V. Goyal (Hokkaido University, Japan)
The combined process of porous type anodizing and
desiccation treatment was applied to improve wettability of
A1050 aluminum alloy. The water contact angle of anodized
samples increases considerably with desiccation treatment.
However, there was no considerable effect of polishing and
44
anodizing time. The corrosion behavior change with the
treatments also investigate by electrochemically. With an
increase in the water contact angle, there is an increase in the
corrosion resistance of the samples in 3.5 mass% NaCl
solutions. Anodized and desiccated samples showed a better
corrosion resistance than un-desiccated samples.
16:50pm-17:10pm
3. The Effects of Surface Pretreatment Methods on
Corrosion Resistance of Electropainted AZ31 Mg
Alloy Phuong Nguyen Van, Sungmo Moon (Korea Institute of
Materials Science, Korea)
The importance of magnesium alloys has significantly
increased due to their low density, high strength/weight ratio,
very good electromagnetic shielding features and good
recyclability. However, unfortunately, Mg alloys are very
susceptible to corrosion due to their high chemically
activities (E_(Mg^(2+)/Mg)^0= –2.356 V vs. NHE at 25 ℃),
hence, most commercial Mg alloys require corrosion
protective coatings. Organic coating such as painting,
powder coating and electrophoretic deposition of paint (E-
coating) is typically used in the final stages of the coating
process of Mg alloys. In this study, E-coating was formed on
AZ31 Mg alloy after four different surface pretreatment
methods: knife-abraded, SiC paper-abraded, immersed for
24 h in DI water and immersed for 24 h in 1 M NaOH
solution. The effects of the different surface pretreatment
methods on corrosion resistance of E-coated AZ31 samples
were studied by optical microscope (OM), energy dispersive
X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), scanning electron microscopy
(SEM), salt-spray test (SST) and water immersed. It was
found that the corrosion resistance of E-coated AZ31
decreased in the order: SiC-abraded ≈ knife-abraded > DI
immersed > NaOH immersed. The corrosion resistance of E-
coating on AZ31 samples appeared to be primarily
dependent on the film located between E-coating layer and
metal and less dependent on the thickness of E-coating layer.
E-coating deposited on air formed oxide film covered AZ31
Mg alloy showed better corrosion resistance than that on
hydroxide film formed in DI water and NaOH solution.
17:10pm-17:30pm
4. Current Status and Challenges of Magnesium
Application in Automotive Industry Ming Liu (General Motors, China)
Increasing worldwide energy demand, environment
protection and government regulations is stimulating more
application of lightweight materials. Application of
magnesium alloys in the automotive industry is an effective
approach of improving vehicle fuel economy.
However, magnesium implementation in vehicle is facing
challenges, especially its poor corrosion resistance. The
intrinsic corrosion resistance of magnesium, the surface
protection of magnesium alloy, and the galvanic corrosion
and isolation of magnesium component, are the three major
technical barriers for further application of magnesium
component in harsh environment.
General Motors's effort on improveing the corrosion
resistance of magnesium alloy is also briefed. The corrosion
behavior of AXJ530 magnesium alloy with different iron
and manganese contents was investigated in 3.5 wt %
sodium chloride solution in order to tailor the tolerance limit
of Fe impurity in the magnesium alloy. Through a
comprehensive phase diagram calculation and corrosion
evaluation, the mechanisms for the tolerance limit of Fe in
magnesium alloys are discussed. The study adds a new
dimension to controlling the Mg alloy impurity in terms of
alloying composition design and casting conditions.
17:30pm-17:50pm
5. Oxidation and Corrosion Behavior of Non-
Flammable Magnesium Alloys Containing Ca and
Y Young Min Kim, Chang Dong Yim, Bong Sun You (Korea
Institute of Materials Science, Korea), Su Mi Jo, Sang Kyu
Woo (University of Science and Technology, Korea)
Newly-developed non-flammable Mg alloys containing
calcium and yttrium have high safety and reliability and
don‟t need to use harmful SF6 gas during melting, hot-
working, and machining. Although the addition of only
small amount of calcium and yttrium may increase material
cost a little, it can provide better performance and safety and
protect environment so that magnesium alloys can be used in
wider variety of application areas with confidence. The
combined addition of calcium and yttrium can improve
tensile properties, non-flammability, and corrosion
resistance at the same time, compared to conventional Ca-
containing magnesium alloys. The addition of Al in
conjunction with calcium and yttrium leads to the formation
of multi-layered protective oxide structure on the surface,
resulting in maximizing the efficiency of Ca and Y addition.
Corrosion behavior of calcium and yttrium containing alloys
were also investigated systematically, and show that they
have better corrosion resistance than the any other
commercial alloys or calcium containing alloys. Detailed
study on the corrosion behavior confirms that there are
optimum amount of calcium and yttrium addition to get best
corrosion resistance, and corrosion behavior of these alloys
are quite different with other alloys.
Monday, November 3, 2014 Room 401 (4F)
MF3: Corrosion in Concrete 3
Chair: Jae-Yeol Cho
(Seoul National University, Korea)
16:00pm-16:30pm
Keynote Speech
1. Evaluation of the Chloride Diffusion Coefficient
to Predict Initiation Time of Steel Corrosion in
Concrete by a New Test B.S. Park, E.J. Choi, J-Y Cho (Seoul National University,
Korea), S.Y. Jang (Korea Railroad Research Institute,
Korea)
Chloride ingress is considered as a major cause of steel
45
corrosion in concrete structures exposed to marine
environments. So, prediction of chloride ingress is very
important to evaluate initiation time of steel corrosion in
concrete. In this study, a new test method was proposed to
determine the chloride ion diffusion coefficient which is a
major factor to predict the chloride ion penetration rate in
concrete. The proposed method is a kind of rapid immersion
test that can be performed with simple equipment in short
duration. To express chloride penetration in concrete
mathematically, Fick‟s 2nd law was adopted as a governing
equation and the concentration change in source solution
was incorporated as a boundary condition. To obtain
analytical solution that shows relationship between
concentration in source solution and diffusion coefficient,
chloride binding ratio in concrete was assumed to be linear.
In this study, this assumption was verified incorporating
inverse analysis and chloride concentration date measured
by validation test.
16:30pm-16:50pm
2. Reliability Assessment of Reinforced Concrete
Structures Subjected to Chloride-induced
Corrosion Using a Two-dimensional Analytical
Model Ki Hyun Kim, Seung Yup Jang (Korea Railroad Research
Institute, Korea), Soo Won Cha (University of Ulsan, Korea)
Corrosion of steel reinforcement is one of the major causes
of deterioration of reinforced concrete structures. The cost of
maintenance and repair of concrete structures damaged by
corrosion is very high and that makes the prevention of
corrosion very important. For this purpose, a numerical
model for the reliability assessment of RC structures
subjected to chloride-induced corrosion is proposed. To take
into consideration easily the faster accumulation of chloride
ions at the corner of rectangular members, and the
randomness of the location of the reinforcement steel, a 2D
analytical solution of Fick‟s second law is employed. The
corrosion initiation point is also defined and a numerical
method for locating it is presented. A factor considering the
effect of the corrosion initiation point on the corrosion rate is
incorporated in the model. As an illustration, the proposed
model is used to calculate the probability of corrosion
initiation of a rectangular beam subjected to 2-D chloride
ingress.
16:50pm-17:10pm
3. Corrosion Mechanism and Bond-strength Study
on Galvanized Steel in Concrete Environment M. Kouril, P. Pokorny, J. Stoulil (Institute of Chemical
Technology, Czech Republic)
Specialist publications have long been under discussion over
the appropriateness of the use of galvanized steel as
reinforcement of concrete. Potential of galvanized
reinforcement use over carbon steel is higher tolerance to
chlorides and resistance in carbonated concrete. Conversely
discussed disadvantages are hydrogen evolution
accompanying the corrosion of zinc in the initial activity in
fresh concrete, which leads to the formation of the porous
structure at the reinforcement - concrete interface, which
potentially can reduce the bond-strength of the
reinforcement with concrete. In the present study, the
mechanism of corrosion of hot-dip galvanized steel was
studied in detail, as in the model pore solutions and real
concrete. Calcium cathions play an important role in the
corrosion mechanism, preventing formation of passive
layers on zinc at elevated alkalinity. The corrosion rate of
galvanized steel decreases with exposure time, however, the
reason is not the zinc transition into passivity, but
consumption of less corrosion resistant phases of hot-dip
galvanizing in concrete environment. Conclusions of the
electrochemical tests have been confirmed by the bond-
strength test of reinforcement and concrete and the porosity
evaluation of the cement adjacent to the reinforcement.
Bond strength of reinforcement in concrete decrease in the
following order: carbon steel - galvanized steel – zinc.
17:10pm-17:30pm
4. Reinforced Concrete Corrosion Protection with
Embeded Distributed Galvanic Anodes Haixue Liao (CORROSION, Canada)
Corrosion of reinforcing steel leading to structural
deterioration and failure of reinforced concrete structures is
a serious problem.Recognizing the inadequate monitoring of
impressed current cathodic protection that will make it in-
effective, the Ministry of Transportation, Ontario and Vector
Corrosion Technologies, conducted a trial using distributed
galvanic anodes in bridge deck overlay to address the global
corrosion issues in the structure in 2003. The trial had been
monitored for 10 years and was considered a success. The
newly developed distributed galvanic anode system has been
used in various applications, including abutment overbuild,
concrete deck overlay, concrete jackets for columns, piers
and marine piles around the world, especially in North
America since its inception.This paper introduces different
levels of corrosion protection and the various galvanic anode
systems used in concrete structures. The monitored
performance of the distributed galvanic anodes, and various
applications of the galvanic systems are
presented.Keywords: Anodes, cathodic protection, concrete,
corrosion, embedded anodes, distributed anodes, reinforcing
steel, Zinc.
Monday, November 3, 2014 Room 402A (4F)
MG3: Corrosion Monitoring Modeling 3
Chair: M YJ Tan (Deakin University, Australia)
16:00pm-16:30pm
Keynote Speech
1. Monitoring Cathodic Shielding and Corrosion
under Disbonded Coatings F. Varela, M. YJ Tan, B. Hinton, M. Forsyth (Deakin
University, Australia)
This work presents a novel corrosion monitoring probe
designed for simulating the conditions developed under
disbonded coatings and for measuring current densities and
46
their distribution over a simulated pipeline surface. The
probe‟s concept was experimentally evaluated via
immersion tests under Cathodic Protection (CP) in high
resistivity aqueous solution. Under the disbonded area,
anodic currents as well as cathodic currents were both
measured. Anodic current densities were used to calculate
metal losses by means of Faraday‟s law. Calculated
corrosion patterns were compared with corrosion damage
observed at the probe‟s surface after a period of test. The
probe‟s working principles are explained in terms of simple
electrochemistry.
16:30pm-16:50pm
2. Current Status and Development Trend of
Corrosion Monitoring for Military Materiel Yuqin Zhu (Southwest Technology and Engineering
Research Institute, China)
Describes the corrosion and damage of military materiel and
components, corrosion monitoring common techniques and
development trend. Including polarization resistance
technique, polarized probe technique, impedance
spectroscopy technique, noise analysis technique, thin layer
activation technique, coupled multi-electrode array sensor
technique, image technique and so on. Focuses on the
research progress in optical fiber corrosion sensor technique
to monitor humidity, pH, Cl- and aluminum corrosion
aspects of the latest, conducted a follow-up study of its
technical principles, parameters and application performance.
It plays a vital role in reduce the risk of corrosion defects,
reduce maintenance costs and so on.Finally, the intelligent
direction of development of military materiel to detect
corrosion monitoring techniques is discussed.
16:50pm-17:10pm
3. Reference Electrode for Monitoring Cathodic
Protection Potential Z. Panossian (Institute for Technological Research, Brazil),
S.E. Abud (University of São Paulo, Brazil)
Reference electrodes are used for monitoring cathodic
protection potentials of buried or immersed metallic
structures. In the market, many types of reference electrodes
are available for this purpose, such as saturated calomel,
silver/silver chloride and copper/copper sulfate. These
electrodes contain a porous ceramic junction plate located at
the cylindrical body bottom to permit ionic flux between the
internal electrolyte of the reference electrode and the
external electrolyte. In this work, the copper/copper sulfate
reference electrode was modified by replacing the porous
ceramic junction plate for a metallic platinum wire. The
main purpose of this modification was to avoid the ion
copper transport from coming from the inner reference
electrode solution into the surrounding electrolyte and to
mitigate the copper plating on the coupon surfaces. Lab tests
were performed in order to compare the performance of the
two mentioned reference electrodes. We verified that the
experimental errors associated with the measurements
conducted with developed reference electrode will be
negligible, since the platinum surface area exposed to the
surrounding electrolyte and/or to the reference electrolyte
are maintained as small as possible.
Monday, November 3, 2014 Room 402B (4F)
MH3: Atmospheric Corrosion 3
Chair: Eiji Tada (Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan)
16:00pm-16:30pm
Keynote Speech
1. Galvanic Corrosion of Zn/Steel Couple in
Aqueous MgCl2 E. Tada, S. Katakami, A. Nishikata (Tokyo Institute of
Technology, Japan)
Galvanic corrosion tests of Zn/steel couples were performed
in 1 M NaCl and 1 M MgCl2 solutions to investigate the
effect of magnesium ion on the corrosion behaviour of the
couples. Two types of Zn/steel couples were used for the
measurements of open circuit potential (OCP) and galvanic
current. From the results of OCP transient of the Zn/steel
couples, the corrosion potential in 1 M MgCl2 was a more
positive value than that in 1 M NaCl during the sacrificial
dissolution of Zn. In addition, the sacrificial dissolution rate
of Zn in 1 M MgCl2 was enhanced more than that in 1 M
NaCl. These results indicated that cathodic reaction on the
steel surface of the Zn/steel couple was enhanced in 1 M
MgCl2.
16:30pm-16:50pm
2. Atmospheric Corrosivity of Carbon Steel in
Bogota John Rios, David Aperador, Carlos Arroyave (Antonio
Nariño University, Colombia)
This study presents the first integral and systematic
assessment of the atmospheric corrosivity in Bogota.
Significant facts about the study are related with some
special characteristics of the city, including both its
population (more than eight million inhabitants), and altitude
(2600 m over de sea level). Climate parameters, including
relative humidity, temperature and SO2 concentration, were
measured. Furthermore, mass loss of AISI/SAE 1006 plain
steel coupons, was measured. Coupons were exposed at six
test sites located across the city, taking into account the
characteristic microclimates previously identified. Corrosion
products were characterized by RM, XRD, SEM and EDS.
Results show that the atmospheric corrosivity is categorized
between low and medium levels, C2 – C3, according to the
ISO 9293 standard. Particulate matter is the main
atmospheric pollutant in Bogota. Nevertheless, it was found
that the industrial zone shows the highest corrosion rates,
directly associated with the SO2 levels. On the other hand,
sites with higher amount of SO2 deposited, showed
protective corrosion products layer that can be associated to
iron phases found on the rust. Finally, some of the stations
showed deviations from predictions supported on RH values
or dose-response functions.
47
16:50pm-17:10pm
3. Research on Equivalence of Marine Atmospheric
Exposure and Multi-factors Combined Accelerated
Test Yan Su (Southwest Technology and Engineering Research
Institute, China)
Influencing factors on coating environmental worthiness in
marine atmospheric environment was analyzed. Accelerated
test spectrum was designed rationally based on natural
environment spectrum. Marine atmospheric exposure and
multi-factors combined environmental test were carried out
for comparison. Grey association analysis and accelerated
switchover factors methods were applied to evaluate the
equivalence and equivalent weight accelerated relation. The
result showed that the two methods have good equivalence;
the grey association degree R10 between marine atmospheric
exposure and multi-factors combined environmental test
reach 0.7; with prolonging of test time, the acceleration rate
of multi-factors combined environmental test to marine
atmospheric exposure increases gradually.
Tuesday, November 4, 2014 Samda Hall A (3F)
TA1: Coatings 4
Chair: Sungmo Moon
(Korea Institute of Materials Science, Korea)
11:00am-11:30am
Keynote Speech
1. Anodic Oxide Coatings Formed on AZ31 Mg
Alloy by Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation Method Sungmo Moon (Korea Institute of Materials Science, Korea)
Anodic oxide coatings were prepared on AZ31 Mg alloy by
PEO (plasma electrolyticoxidation) method in various
electrolytes and their morphologies were observedby SEM
and CSLM (confocal scanning laser microscope). The
corrosion protective properties of AZ31 Mg alloys treated by
PEO were examined by immersion and salt spray test in
view of effects of thickness and morphologies of the PEO
films. The PEO coatings showed a number of pores and
some of them were observed to be connected from the
substrate to the air. Cracks were also observed occasionally
which could be formed by thermal stress during PEO
treatment. Type of anions appeared to determine the growth
behavior of PEO films, thereby changing the filmthickness
and their corrosion protective properties. In this presentation,
formation and corrosion behavior of PEO film-coated AZ31
Mg alloy will be presented and the problemsfor practical
applications of PEO coatings will be discussed.
11:30am-11:50am
2. Characteristics of Oxide Coatings Produced on
Aluminium by PEO at Different Electrical
Parameters W. Gebarowski, S. Pietrzyk (AGH – University of Science
and Technology, Poland)
Oxide coatings obtained in the plasma electrolytic oxidation
(PEO) are characterized by high mechanical and thermal
properties and provide good protection against corrosion of
substrate. Electrical conditions during PEO have great
impact on course of processes occurring at metal-oxide-
electrolyte interfaces and largely affect the microstructure
and phase composition of the produced oxide layer. Hence
various types of current modes are used to improve final
properties of coatings. In this work, different electrical
conditions during treatment were compared. Aluminium
samples were oxidized in silicate electrolyte using DC,
pulsed and AC, preserving same current densities. Coatings
growth rates were determined by thickness of layer and mass
growth of samples. Microstructure and phase compositions
of oxide layers are presented. The AC mode provides the
highest growth rate of layer, higher content of γ-Al2O3 and
better resistance against corrosion.
11:50am-12:10pm
3. Anticorrosion Coatings on Implant Metals and
Alloys S.L. Sinebryukhov, S.V. Gnedenkov, O.A. Khrisanfova, A.V.
Puz, V.S. Egorkin, A.G. Zavidnaya (Institute of Chemistry,
Russia)
Multifunctional corrosion resistant and bioactive coatings
containing hydroxyapatite Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 and magnesium
oxide MgO were obtained on Mg-Mn-Ce alloy by plasma
electrolytic oxidation. The phase and elemental composition,
morphology and anticorrosion properties of the coatings
were investigated. The PEO layers were post-treated using
superdispersed polytetrafluoroethylene powder, which
caused a considerable reduction of the magnesium alloy
corrosion rate (>4 orders of magnitude). In particular, the
polarization resistance has increased, as a result of such
duplex treatment, by five orders of magnitude. The
composite coatings are considered promising to induce
bioactivity and control corrosion degradation of resorbable
Mg implants. We also applied the plasma electrolytic
oxidation method for the formation of the composite bioinert
coatings at the titanium nickelide surface in order to improve
its electrochemical properties and to change morphological
structure. It was shown that formed coatings are also
significantly reducing the quantity of nickel ions releasing
into the organism.
Tuesday, November 4, 2014 Samda Hall B (3F)
TB1: Corrosion Problems and Protection Methods
in Nuclear Industry 1
Chair: Dong-Jin Kim (KAERI, Korea)
11:00am-11:30am
Keynote Speech
1. Corrosion Issue for Ni Based Alloy as
Intermediate Heat Exchanger of Very High
Temperature Reactor Dong-Jin Kim, Su Jin Jung, Byung Hak Moon, Sung Woo
Kim, Hong Pyo Kim (KAERI, Korea)
48
A very high temperature reactor (VHTR) among generation
IV nuclear power plants can generate highly efficient
electricity and produce massive hydrogen for industrial
applications such as vehicle and iron reduction. However
material challenge at high temperature should be overcome
for commercial operation of VHTR. In particular, in view of
the performance of structural materials for VHTR, one of
key components is an intermediate heat exchanger (IHX),
which is exposed to high temperature and a coolant
environment of up to 950 oC. However, the structural
integrity of the IHX material should be guaranteed for the
long-term operation of nuclear power plants under VHTR
operating conditions. Helium as a coolant inevitably
includes impurities such as the carbon monoxide, methane,
hydrogen, and water that are formed by the reaction with the
graphite in the core. According to thermodynamic prediction,
these impurities can induce various surface reactions such as
oxidation, carburization and decarburization that lead to
material property changes and hence aging problem over
time. Based on the thermodynamics and kinetics determined
by a long-term experiment, finding the range of impurity
concentration at which the material is most stable, is very
important to the optimum chemistry control for a life
extension. Another countermeasure is to improve the
material performance through alloy development. Therefore,
it is worth making the effort to find an optimum combination
of alloying elements and processing parameters showing the
best performance at 950 oC. In this work, the mechanical and
corrosion properties at 950 oC for nickel-based alloys
fabricated at a laboratory were evaluated. A corrosion test
was carried out under air at 950 oC during 10-250 hr.
Corrosion property for laboratory made alloys was
compared with those for Alloy 617. 11:30am-11:50am
2. The Oxidation Behavior of Three Difference
Zones of Welded Inconel 617 at 950 oC
Wu Kai, Wei Sheng Chen (National Taiwan Ocean
University, Taiwan), Jhih Jhong Kai (National Tsing Hua
University, Taiwan)
The oxidation behavior of three different zones of welded
Inconel 617 alloy, containing the substrate (617-SUB), the
heat-affected zone (617-HAZ) and the melt zone (617-MZ)
was studied at 950oC in dry- and wet-air (Air-50%H2O)
atmospheres. The oxidation kinetics of the three zones
followed a parabolic-rate law in dry air, however, it was
complex in wet air, which initially followed a mass-gain
kinetics up to 96 hour, and then, a slightly mass lose present
after a prolong exposure. The scales formed on the three
zones in both environments were nearly identical, consisting
of Cr2O3, NiCr2O4, MnCr2O4, and a minor amount of TiO2.
The internal-oxidation precipitates of Al2O3 were also noted
in all cases. The detail effects of water vapor on the
oxidation kinetics and scale constitution will be explored. 11:50am-12:10pm
3. Oxidation and Solution of Steels in Liquid Lead–
Bismuth Eutectic (LBE) Carsten Schroer (Karlsruhe Institute of Technology,
Germany)
The performance of steels in oxygen-containing flowing
LBE has been investigated for more than ten years in the
CORRIDA loop operated at KIT, especially on 9Cr
ferritic/martensitic steels and Type 316 austenitic steels and
mainly at 450 and 550°C. The observed phenomena range
from the formation of a thin Cr-rich oxide layer, over
accelerated oxidation that results in considerably thicker
scales, to local solution-based corrosion.Subsequently to
some fundamental considerations on the interplay of
oxidation and solution in liquid metals, the important
experimental results are introduced. Possible approaches to
modelling steel corrosion caused by oxygen-containing LBE
are outlined.
Tuesday, November 4, 2014 Room 301 (3F)
TC1: Corrosion in Oil/Gas/Pipelines 4
Chair: Song Chun Choi (Samsung Electronics, Korea)
11:00am-11:20am
1. The Effect of Elemental and Mercury Compound
Presence in Solution on Corrosion Phenomena of
Aluminum and Low Carbon Steel Bambang Widyanto, Iryanni Dewi Tanto, Secta Ariardi
Aviananto (Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia)
Several studies have shown that the presence of small
amount of elemental and mercury compound in raw oil or
LNG caused a corrosion failure in oil and gas industrial
equipment.This research was undertaken to observe the
effect of the presence of elemental mercury inside the
solution and dissolved mercury compound (HgCl2) on the
corrosion phenomena occurred on aluminum and low carbon
steel.
The immersion test used in this research was based on
ASTM G 31-72 with some variation on HgCl2 concentration
and immersion time. In order to observe the effect of
elemental mercury, a solution with pH between 3 and 9 and
variation on immersion time were employed. Sample
characterization was carried out by using an optical
microscope, Scanning Electron Microscopy, X-Ray
Diffraction and FTIR.
The experimental results revealed that the presence of
elemental and mercury compound accelerate corrosion rate.
The higher the HgCl2 content in the solution increased
corrosion product significantly. The corrosion rate of
aluminum was found 8.76 times higher than on low carbon
steel. On aluminum uniform corrosion and also a small scale
of exfoliation were observed. On low carbon steel pitting
corrosion was observed.The corrosion products were
aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3) and iron oxide (Fe2O3)
respectively. The presence of elemental mercury in acidic
and basic solution increased the aluminum corrosion rate by
1.47 and 7.25 times respectively. Whereas on low carbon
steel, the corrosion rate in an acidic solution increased 1.4
times and 1.25 times in basic solution. In general, uniform
corrosion was observed with a tendency of pitting at the
contact edge of elemental mercury and the specimen surface.
In a basic environment a corrosion product of Al(OH)3 was
formed.
49
11:20am-11:40am
2. Modelling of Water Dispersion in Stratified Oil-
Water-Gas Flow M.A. Daas, M. Espedal (Saudi Aramco, Saudi Arabia), T.B.
Aydin, E. Pereyra, C. Sarica (The University of Tulsa, USA)
A new approach is proposed to predict criteria for the
dispersion of water film in a continuous oil phase in
stratified multiphase flow of oil-water-gas. For a given
multiphase flowof oil, water and gas, phase distribution is
calculated using two-phase (gas-liquid) models by assuming
the oil-water mixture as the liquid phase.The calculated
hydraulic diameter of the liquid phase for stratified flow
patterns is used in two-phase (water-oil) dispersion models
to predict critical liquid velocity to disperse the entire water
phase in the oil phase. The corresponding critical gas
velocity at the onset of dispersion is calculated by using
predicted critical liquid velocity, from water/oil dispersion
models, back in two-phase gas/liquid models. A comparison
between calculated critical dispersion velocities and
experimental data in horizontal multiphase stratified flow
reveals very good agreement. The proposed integrated
approach takes into account the physical propertiesof fluids,
water cut, flow rates and pipe size in setting criteria for the
onset of water dispersion when water is entirely entrained in
the oil phase;as a result, water wettability and corrosion are
minimized, in multiphase oil-water-gas stratified flow.
11:40am-12:00pm
3. Experimental Study of Chaotic Geomagnetically
Induced Currents’ Corrosion Behavior in Buried
Steel Pipelines Zhishan Liang, Peng Wang (China University of Petroleum,
China)
Geomagnetically induced currents in the oil-gas pipelines
are a manifestation of the solar activity. Geomagnetically
induced currents can contribute to pipelines‟ corrosion and
interfere with the cathodic protection equipment and
electrical surveys of pipelines. As the world long distance
transport pipeline network is taking shape along with the
increasing magnetic activity of the sun, the geomagnetically
induced currents will become one of the biggest problem of
pipelines‟ stray-current corrosion. This paper shows that the
geomagnetically induced currents have chaotic characteristic
by studying the measured data obtaining from the Chinese
west to east gas transmission pipeline and points out that the
distributing regularity of the geomagnetically induced
currents is quite different from the traditional alternating
stray currents and the direct stray currents. In order to get a
further understanding of the corrosion impact brought by the
geomagnetically induced currents, a experimental method is
designed for comparing the corrosion ability of the three
different stray currents(the direct current, the alternating
current and the geomagnetically induced current). The
corrosion spools from the experiment are analyzed and the
surface topographies of the spools are evaluated by the
image processing software and the fractal dimensions of the
spools are calculated as the corrosion criteria. The
experimental results show that the geomagnetically induced
currents have higher corrosion ability than both the
alternating stray currents and the direct stray currents and
the steel pipelines‟ corrosion has complicated relation with
the dynamic laws of currents. The conclusion is that the
geomagnetically induced currents must be taken seriously,
while the chaotic phenomenon in the geomagnetically
induced currents should be controlled and restrained.
Tuesday, November 4, 2014 Room 302 (3F)
TD1: Corrosion in Stainless Steels 4
Chair: Rongguang Wang
(Hiroshima Institute of Technology, Japan)
11:00am-11:30am
Keynote Speech
1. Influence of Ultrasound on Pitting Corrosion
Behaviors of SUS304 Steel in NaCl Aqueous
Solution Rongguang Wang (Hiroshima Institute of Technology,
Japan)
The influence of ultrasound (US) with a frequency of 19.5
kHz on the initiation, growth and repassivation behaviors of
SUS304 stainless steel in 3.5% NaCl aqueous solution was
investigated by applying constant potential and polarization.
As the result, larger pitting potential was obtained when
keeping the US from 0 mV (vs. SCE) to the end of the
polarization. The suppression effect of US on either of the
initiation, growth and repassivation of corrosion pits of
SUS304 steel was confirmed.
11:30am-11:50am
2. Evaluation of Dissimilar Metals Weld between
Austanatic Stainless Steel and Carbon Steel Mansour Alelyani, Sammy Chan (University of New South
Wales, Australia), Jeffery Andrews (Caltex Australia,
Australia)
The current work was carried out to evaluate and
characterize the dissimilar welds between 304L/316L
austenitic stainless steel and AS/NZS 3678-250 carbon steel.
Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) process was used to weld
this combination with two different filler metals: ER309 and
Inco82. A composition transition region was clearly noticed
between the weld metal and the heat affected zone of carbon
steel. The microstructure, mechanical and corrosion
properties of this region differ from the adjacent regions and
it had a significant influence on the performance of
dissimilar metal welds. It shows complex microstructure and
high hardness values comparing with adjacent zones. In the
tensile tests, all samples failed in the HAZ of the carbon
steel within this fusion zone, with obviously ductile fracture.
The corrosion resistance results also show clear variation
between this zone and the other regions, due to differences
in composition and microstructure.
50
11:50am-12:10pm
3. Influence of Citric Acid on the Metal Release of
Stainless Steels N. Mazinanian, I. Odnevall Wallinder, Y.S. Hedberg (1KTH
Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden)
Knowledge on metal release processes from stainless steels
used in food processing applications and cooking utensils is
essential within the framework of human health risk
assessment. A new European standard test protocol for metal
release testing of food contact materials made from metals
and alloys has recently been published by the Council of
Europe. The major difference to earlier test protocols is the
use of citric acid as the worst case food simulant. The
objectives of this study were to assess the effect of citric
acid at acidic, neutral, and alkaline solution pH on the extent
of metal release for stainless steel grades AISI 304 and 316,
commonly used as food contact materials. Both grades
released lower amounts of metals compared with specific
release limits when tested according to test guidelines.
Released amounts of metals were assessed by means of
graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy, and
changes in the outermost surface compositionwere
determined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The
results demonstrate that both the pH and the complexation
capacity of the solutions affect the extent of metal release
from stainless steel, findings discussed from a mechanistic
perspective. The outermost surface oxidewas significantly
enriched in chromium upon exposure to citric acid,
indicating a rapid passivation by citric acid. This study
elucidates the effect of several possible mechanisms,
including complexation/ligand-induced metal release, which
govern the metal release process from stainless steel at
passive conditions in solutions containing citric acid.
12:10pm-12:30pm
4. Corrosion of Duplex & Super Duplex Cast
Elements in a Desalination Plant David Parravicini, Tako Heiner (Degremont Australia,
Australia)
Commissioned in November 2006 the Perth Seawater
Desalination Plant was the first large scale desalination plant
in Australia. Operated by Degremont Australia in an alliance
partnership with the Water Corporation the plant represents
17% of Perth‟s drinking water supply and has been a vital
climate independent water source for the community. PSDP
has been heralded as a leader in industry with the plant being
named Desalination Plant of the year (Water Desalination
Report, 26 November 2012), has contributed over 300
gigaliters of potable water to the Perth community and has
set a high standard in production and safety.(Averages
99.7% Availability, Over 3000 LTI Free Days).
Desalination plants often operate in harsh conditions with a
majority of large scale plants operating in coastal
environments. This coupled with the large amounts of
seawater and brine processed by these facilities, means a
high standard of materials is chosen to give optimum life.
Materials range from composites such as HDPE and GRP
piping to high alloy steels and even titanium. Even though
materials are given a large amount of respect in the design
phase, premature failure can happen and this paper seeks to
share knowledge of problems encountered and solutions
implemented.
Pumps and valves are an integral part of the desalination
process and as such a high specification of Stainless Steels
were chosen to give best whole life cost. Although these
materials have strong case histories in piping systems the
decision to cast them into complex shapes is one that must
be entered into with a complete understanding of the
challenges that can be faced. This paper will look at three
different cast elements that are in operation. This including
6 multi stage split casing pumps (SAF 2205), 6 single stage
split casing pumps (SAF 2205) and 12 guided plug type
control valve bodies (SAF 2507) This paper seeks to share
the experience of problems encountered and decisions made
to monitor, repair and control corrosion of these elements
whilst maintaining production in a facility that was designed
with little to no redundancy.
Tuesday, November 4, 2014 Room 303 (3F)
TE1: Corrosion in Light Metals 4
Chair: Srinivasan Raja Vngaranahalli
(Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India)
11:00am-11:30am
Keynote Speech
1. Precursor Events in Environmentally Assisted
Cracking Behaviour of Light Metals V. S. Raja (Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India)
Light metal alloys of Mg, Ti and Al suffer from
environmentally assisted cracking (EAC). Passive film
breakdown and pitting are not only the precursor events for
stress corrosion, but can accelerate hydrogen evolution and
there by become responsible for hydrogen embrittlement.
This has been clearly demonstrated in the case of Mg and Ti
alloys. The so called innocuous precipitates, which do not
directly participate in either alloy strengthening or EAC can
be effective precursor for initiating EAC. This aspect is
highlighted using high strength aluminium alloys. Such
behaviours lead to paradigm shift in the way alloys need to
be designed to have them resistance against EAC.
11:30am-11:50am
2. Microstructure and Electrochemical Corrosion
Behavior of Plasma Electrolytic Oxidized AZ31
Magnesium Alloy in 3.5 % NaCl Solution Arthanari Srinivasan, Hwa Chul Jung, Arumugam Madhan
Kumar, Kwang Seon Shin (Seoul National University,
Korea), Nallaiyan Rjendran (Anna University, India), Young
Hee Park (Research Institute of Industrial Science and
Technology, Korea)
Plasma electrolytic oxide (PEO) coatings on AZ31 Mg alloy
in sodium silicate bath have been developed in orderto
control the surface and corrosion properties by varying the
processing conditions.The effect of pretreatment condition
on the surface and electrochemicalcorrosion behavior of the
51
pretreated and PEO coated AZ31 has been evaluated.The
change in surface and PEO film properties was evaluated
using scanningelectron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force
microscopy (AFM). The informationabout the phase
structure of PEO coated AZ31 was studied using X-
raydiffraction (XRD). The pretreatment condition produced
significant changes inthe PEO film morphology and
thickness. It was also seen that the hardness ofthe PEO
coated AZ31 was improved and varied as a function of
pretreatmentcondition. The electrochemical corrosion
behavior of the coated samples wasanalyzed using
potentiodynamic polarization tests in 3.5 wt.% NaCl
solution.The results showed that, the corrosion rate of PEO
coated AZ31 is significantlyless compared to uncoated
samples. It is also interesting to note that thecorrosion rate
was varied with pretreatment condition. A comparison
between thesurface morphology and electrochemical
corrosion behavior is made in order tounderstand and
explain the variation in corrosion rate with
varyingpretreatment condition.
11:50am-12:10pm
3. Corrosion Study on Telco’s Copper Cable for
Remote Power Application Nabihah Hashim, Mohd Saiful Bahri Ibrahim, Muhammad
Sayuzi Abdul Rahman, Muhammad Amin Idrus, Mohd
Rezadzudin Hassan, Wan Razli Wan Abdullah (Telekom
Malaysia Research & Development Sdn. Bhd., Malaysia),
Shaiful Rizam Shamsudin (Universiti Malaysia Perlis,
Malaysia)
The demand of high power feeding for the purpose of
powering up the equipment on network elements at long
distances had become very significant in telecommunication
industries. Remote powering is a concept of distributing
direct current (DC) power over the existing twisted pairs
copper network stretching from central offices to remote
cabinets. This concept is typically used in broadband
applications with new “high-bandwidth services” such as
VDSL technology. Therefore, corrosion effect over copper
cables is one of the crucial angles to be studied before
adopting the remote powering concept in Telekom Malaysia
(TM)‟s access network. The most corrosive condition of
copper (Cu) cables due to the natural environment is usually
located close to the coastal area. Thus in this study, the
environmental testing is carried out at room temperature
using 3.5 wt. % of NaCl solution as to represent artificial
seawater environment. The effect of corrosion was further
studied under different power feeding magnitudes (60, 100,
120, 180 and 200 V) by +DC, -DC and Alternating Current
(AC) scheme. The accelerated plan interval test is studied at
200 V power feeding due to variations in the general and
localised corrosion rates over time as the test progresses
especially at the keen voltage magnitude. Stereomicroscope
technique and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to confirm
and analyse oxide layer formation on the cable surface. It
was found that at all tested power feeding magnitudes, the
positively charged (+DC) Cu cable was prone to severe
corrosion, while AC applied cable resulted to a very low rate
of corrosion reaction. In contrast, the Cu cable was found to
be immune to the application of –DC power feeding.
However, the exposed Cu cable in artificial seawater
displayed a uniform corrosion profile in which partially
protective scale of oxides were formed, namely Cu2O as the
first layer, followed by CuO as the second layer. However,
Cu corrosion activity is indeed a very slow process and is
considered not to be corroded as the protective layers exist
on the surface.
12:10pm-12:30pm
4. Roles of SiC Particulates on the Corrosion
Behaviour of Extruded AZ91/SiCp Composite Tao Zhang, Chunyan Zhang (Harbin Engineering Univeristy,
China)
Roles of SiC particulates (SiCp) in the corrosion process of
extruded AZ91 magnesium matrix composites (EX-
AZ91/SiCp MMCs) were investigated by means of weight
loss and electrochemical measurements. The results indicate
that the increase of SiCp volume fraction decreases the
corrosion resistance of EX-AZ91/SiCp MMCs greatly,
which can be explained from the point of view of
microstructure changes, that is the significant refinement of
β phase accelerates the cathodic hydrogen reduction process
and the preferential recrystallization of β phase around SiCp
results in the serious micro-galvanic corrosion of α phase
adjacent to SiCp and further drop of SiCp.
Tuesday, November 4, 2014 Room 401 (4F)
TF1: Corrosion in Concrete 4
Chair: Marina Cabrini (University of Bergamo, Italy)
11:00am-11:30am
Keynote Speech
1. Study of Chloride Corrosion Organic Inhibitors
in Alkaline Pore Solution M.Cabrini, S.Lorenzi, T.Pastore, S.Pellegrini (University of
Bergamo, Italy)
This paper compares the inhibition properties of aspartic and
lactic acid salts with nitrite ions and their effect on critical
chloride concentration. The tests were carried out on carbon
steel specimens in saturated lime solutions with pH adjusted
in the range 13 to 13.6.The critical chloride
concentrationswere estimated through multiple specimen
potentiostatic testsat potentials in the usual range for passive
rebar in alkaline concrete of atmospheric structures. During
tests, chloride salt was added every 48huntil all specimens
showed localized attacks, obtaining cumulative distribution
curves, i.e. the fraction of corroded specimens as a function
of the chlorides concentration. Furthermore, IR spectra were
recorded for evaluating the presence of the organic inhibitors
on the passivity film. The results confirm an inhibiting effect
of 0.1M aspartate comparable with nitrite ions, at same
concentration. The calcium lactate does not increase critical
chloride concentration. However, the formation of a massive
scalewas observed, containing such substance that could
reduce the corrosion propagation.
52
11:30am-11:50am
2. A Reliability-based Durability Design
Specification for Chloride Penetration to Prevent
Reinforcement Corrosion in Concrete Structures Soo Won Cha, Sung Geun Bae (University of Ulsan, Korea),
Seung Yup Jang, Ki Hyun Kim (Korea Railroad Research
Institute, Korea)
Reinforced concrete bridges in marine environment are
becoming longer and bigger. The corrosion of reinforcement
in the concrete members due to chloride ion generally plays
an important role in a durability service life of the structure.
Thus, reasonable durability design for the marine bridges
against chloride penetration should be taken. The previous
method of durability design against chloride penetration has
performed in a deterministic way. Real physical properties
for chloride penetration, however, have variability around
their means. Therefore a probability-based approach of
durability design is required. A reliability-based design
specification for long-span marine bridges has recently been
proposed. The specification includes a durability design of
concrete members against chloride penetration to prevent
reinforcement corrosion. This paper aims the introduction of
the durability design specification. The specification is
composed of presenting limit state equations, drawing the
statistics for many probability variables, establishing
durability design procedure, and describing a verification
method. A durability design example according to the
guideline for a prototype marine bridge is explained at the
end of this paper. The specification can be expanded to the
durability design for many other types of concrete structures
under chloride penetration environment.
11:50am-12:10pm
3. Corrosion Control for Civil Structures via Nano-
Materials & Pulse Technology D.A. Koleva (Delft University of Technology, The
Netherlands)
Durability and service life challenges in civil structures are
largely linked to corrosion-related phenomena at the surface
of the steel reinforcement. Damage initiation and/or
development of structural properties start on nano/micro
level. Therefore, modification of the materials‟ structure on
the nano/micro levels is more likely to effectively deal with
durability issues. On the other hand, well known and applied
engineering methodology, but sometimes ending-up with
low efficiency over service life performance, can perform in
a more efficient way if a synergetic approach is applied.
Cathodic protection (CP) for example is the only
electrochemical technique, able to minimize or stop
chloride-induced corrosion in reinforced concrete. The
conventional CP, however, has various side effects. This
paper will discuss a synergetic approach to corrosion control
in civil structures by utilising nano-particles and pulse
technology. The pulse cathodic prevention (protection),
applied at significantly lower current densities, is able to
result in the required level of protection and expected to
exert minimum or none side effects. On the other hand,
pulse CP can also provide a desired ion and water transport
in the concrete bulk matrix. This is where nano-particles,
initially admixed in the system, can also be influenced by
applied CP and are able to additionally increase steel
corrosion resistance. The result is improving the steel-
surface layer properties and the steel/cement paste interface
properties. The paper will discuss recent work on both
related to the field of corrosion control in civil structures.
Tuesday, November 4, 2014 Room 402A (4F)
TG1: Corrosion in Monitoring and Modeling 4
Chair: Yong-Moo Cheong
(Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Korea)
11:00am-11:30am
Keynote Speech
1. On-line Monitoring System for Flow Accelerated
Corrosion of High- Temperature Pipe with
Ultrasonic Waveguide Technique Yong-Moo Cheong, Hong-Pyo Kim (Korea Atomic Energy
Research Institute, Korea)
To monitor the corrosion or FAC (Flow Accelerated
Corrosion) in a pipe, an accurate measurement of the pipe
wall thickness at a high temperature is required. However, it
is not easy to measure the pipe thinning using conventional
ultrasonic methods. Conventional piezoelectric transducers
cannot be used at high temperatures because of
depolarization of piezoelectric-ceramic at temperature above
the Curie temperature, differential thermal expansion of the
substrate, and inappropriate contact between the transducer
and test piece. For monitoring the FAC phenomena in the
pipe, we developed a high-temperature pipe thickness
monitoring system. Based on the analysis of the dispersion
characteristics, a strip waveguide is optimized for a
maximum acoustic energy transfer in the waveguide. A
clamping device with a solid couplant was designed and
fabricated for stable contact between the waveguides and
high-temperature pipe. This on-line high-temperature pipe
thickness monitoring system shows a very stable operation
in a robust environment, such as a frequent temperature
variation of RT to 300°C for several months of operation.
11:30am-11:50am
2. Real-Time Corrosion Prediction as a Tool for
Enhanced Asset Integrity Amitabh Chaturvedi (Honeywell, India), EunKyoung Lee
(Honeywell, Korea)
Quantification of corrosion in refinery processes has been
found to be difficult due to the complexity of characterizing
underlying processes and developing adequate data to define
corrosion behavior. Further, the subversive nature of
corrosion damage in terms of its impact on equipment health
and performance has often meant the need for corrosion
quantification in real time. To achieve this objective there
are two major requirements that need to be fulfilled –
1. Accurate data models to predict the corrosion
2. To make these available in real time in any process plant
Honeywell has been spearheading collaborative research for
last 20 years in the form of its Joint Industry Programs (JIPs)
53
and has succeeded in developing comprehensive corrosion
data that have been used to develop refinery process specific
corrosion prediction models.
Now, to take these standalone models to real-time, these
models have been integrated with real time data delivery
tools (DCS, Historian) to make corrosion quantification
available as a process variable, akin to other key process
parameters such as pressure, temperature, pH etc. This
availability of real-time corrosion and material performance
information greatly improves asset integrity of the unit and
overall plant.
This paper briefly describes about Honeywell‟s (JIPs) for
development of predictive data models, throws light on the
newly developed framework for providing corrosion
prediction and quantification in real time, and enumerates
key benefits such real time corrosion characterization is
expected to bring.
11:50am-12:10pm
3. New Advancements in Corrosion Monitoring
Technology-On-line, Real-time for Process
Correlated Analysis EunKyoung Lee (Honeywell, Korea), Amish Gandhi,
Amitabh Chaturvedi (Honeywell, India)
Plant operations can be severely affected by corrosion; the
effects may include cost impact such as lost production and
unscheduled downtime, or in the more catastrophic cases
issues that impact health, safety and the environment.
To minimize corrosion impacts on process equipments,
operators routinely implement corrosion control measures
(for example, dosing of corrosion inhibitor treatments).
However there is rarely accurate performance data to help
confirm that the correct treatment type and optimum method
of application are being used. This is particularly seen in
chemical treatment where pipeline/equipment systems are
treated but its performance is ananlyzed with only looking at
general corrosion data; although most failures actually result
from localized (pitting) corrosion. where corrosion
measurement or monitoring are implemented, the methods
used tend to provide retrospective data rather than on-line in
real-time.
This paper describes recent advances in technology(e.g.
multiple electochemical technique incorporated in single
device with direct connection to control system-capabilities)
that have made it possible to apply a much simplified
monitoring solution to industrial applications on a real-time
basis that provide information on corrosion and pitting. This
automated, online corrosion monitoring has made it possible
to actively involve plant personnel on a real-time basis to
minimize corrosion, maintenance, failures and associated
costs. Data is presented that was analyzed on a real-time
basis and used to quickly assess corrosion and pitting
tendencies, correlate short-term changes/upsets in operation
enabling troubleshooting, and validating the effectiveness of
the existing chemical treatment and remediation programs.
12:10pm-12:30pm
4. Avoiding Common Pitfalls in CO2 Corrosion Rate
Assessment for Hydrocarbon Industries Seyed Mohammad Kazem Hosseini (Saipem Limited, UK)
Selection of materials in upstream hydrocarbon industry is
often based on prediction of CO2 corrosion rate of carbon
steel materials through using an industry-accepted corrosion
model. Several corrosion models have been developed since
1970s in order to assist engineers to design not only the
material of construction, but to determine the need for
corrosion inhibitor and to establish the corrosion
management philosophy. In the present study a survey was
conducted on a number of corrosion studies recently
undertaken in offshore oil and gas projects in order to assess
the accuracy and soundness of the predicted results. The
survey has indicated that the majority of them suffer from
different types of errors, leading to incorrect estimations.
According to the results of survey, four primary types of
pitfall are identified in the corrosion studies: 1) using a
corrosion model outside of its validity range, 2) using a
corrosion model which is known to be inaccurate within the
specific service conditions given in a project, 3)using
inaccurate input data to the model, and 4) failing to address
factors which are known to impose significant effects on
corrosion rate. To avoid the above-mentioned pitfalls, a
number of precautions were recommended. These include
guidance on how to pick a right corrosion model, how to
properly use it and how to verify the output of corrosion
models.
12:30pm-12:50pm
5. Development of Simulation Program for Anti-
Chipping in Car-Body H.M. Ahn, S.H. Ahn (Hyundai Automotive R&D Division,
Korea)
The customer field environment includes unpaved roads,
gravel roads, and application of rock-salt that causes
chipping problems of side sill, exterior chrome garnish,
radiator garnish and hood panel. In particular, side sill
stone chipping can lead to poor appearance and corrosion
issues. It is important to optimize anti-chipping tape size and
develop an optimized design based on computer-aided
simulation using design drawing factors. New concept
simulation program is based on field history, vehicle design
shape and usage of anti-chipping application. A simulation
program was developed that includes factors such as vehicle
speed and chipping stone-size based on geometry CAD data
of new model. The simulation allows changes of geometry
through mapping using CAD data, and CFD simulation
particle-method after automatic mesh making. After CFD
simulation, we can calculate impact level of stone in
chipping areas of side sill and rear door side. If there is a
chipping possibility in field, we can modify design shape to
optimize anti-chipping. After one loop procedure of anti-
chipping prediction, we can repeat with respect to anti-
chipping after changing geometry CAD data, and then
compare with initial chipping results.
54
Tuesday, November 4, 2014 Room 402B (4F)
TH1: Atmospheric Corrosion 4
Chair: Abdullah Almarshad (Al Imam Muhammad bin Saud University, Saudi Arabia)
11:00am-11:30am
Keynote Speech
1. Long Term Atmospheric Corrosion of Carbon
Steel at Marine Sites in Saudi Arabia Abdullah I. Almarshad (Al Imam Muhammad bin Saud
University, Saudi Arabia)
Atmospheric corrosion tests have been carried out at eight
marine sites representing different environmental conditions.
Environmental factors such as average temperature, average
relative humidity and deposition rates of atmospheric
pollutants (Cland SO2) were investigated. X-ray diffraction
has been used to determine the composition of the corrosion
products. Corrosion rates have been determined for each
sample at each of the exposure sites via loss of weight. The
obtained data were used for the classification of atmospheric
aggressivity according to ISO 9223. The major constituent
of the rust formed in marine environment is goethite (a-
FeOOH). Samples also show the presence of a large
proportion of lepidocrocite (g-FeOOH) and small amounts
offerrihydrite and maghemite (a-Fe203).
11:30am-11:50am
2. Copper Corrosion under Artificial Sweat Droplet Lei Wen, Litao Yin, Ying Jin, Mengmeng Cui (University of
Science and Technology Beijing, China)
Copper and their alloys are widely used in fields of 3C
(computer, communication and consumer electronics)
industry due to their excellent electrical conductivity and
mature manufacturing technology. During the service
process, copper is inevitable to contact with sweat of human
body. The sweat solution mainly consists of 0.5wt.% lactic
acid, 0.5wt.% NaCl, and 0.1wt.% urea, and pH value ranges
between 4.8 and 5.8 [1]. In this research, the effects of sweat
compositions on corrosion behavior of copper were
investigated by potentiodynamic polarization via traditional
electrode in bulk electrolyte, and the galvanic current
distribution tests by means of home-made cross array
electrode (CAE) under droplet, respectively. The results
showed that three main compositions of artificial sweat
solution played different roles during corrosion processes.
Lactic acid was a kind of strong corrosive medium, and
NaCl can induce pitting corrosion on metal surface, while
urea acted as a corrosion inhibitor. The corrosion behavior in
the artificial sweat is a coupling result, which is more than
simple accumulation of individual composition effect. For a
deeper insight for the synergetic and competitive effects
among different compositions, modeling and simulation
work based on the above experimental results were
performed.
11:50am-12:10pm
3. Real-time Monitoring of Corrosion Rate in
Atmospheric Environments Using the Electrical
Resistance Technique Masataka Omoda, Hiroki Harada, Takashi Kawano, Hiroshi
Kajiyama, Mitsuo Kimura (JFE Steel Corporation, Japan)
For the evaluation of corrosion resistance of steel sheet,
exposure tests in a real environment and accelerated
corrosion tests are commonly used. In order to estimate the
variations in the corrosion rate due to the effects of
changeable environmental conditions during these tests, a
corrosion monitoring system using the electrical resistance
technique was applied. Two kinds of corrosion sensors, an
Fe sensor (250 µm thick) and a Zn sensor (50µm thick),
were used. In the accelerated corrosion test (ISO16539
Method B), the corrosion depth as evaluated by the sensors
displayed a good correlation with that of the exposure test
samples. Thus, the variation in the corrosion rate could be
evaluated by the sensors. It was confirmed that the corrosion
rate increased during the wet stage and decreased during the
dry stage. In exposure tests in Okinawa and Kawasaki, the
variation of the corrosion rate due to the effects of
changeable environmental conditions throughout the year
could be evaluated by the sensors. The corrosion rate in
Okinawa as evaluated by the Fe sensor was greater than that
found in Kawasaki. However, the corrosion rate in Okinawa
as evaluated by the Zn sensor was almost the same as that in
Kawasaki. The corrosion sensors could clarify the difference
in corrosion behavior between Fe and Zn. Furthermore, the
relationship between the corrosion rate and the
environmental factors (temperature, relative humidity,
amount of airborne sea salt, etc.) was analyzed.
12:10pm-12:30pm
4. Corrosion Severity Monitoring in the Global
Area by Trailer Traveling S.H. Ahn, J.W. Seo, H.M. Ahn, S.J. Oh, B.H. Min (Hyundai
Automotive R&D Division, Korea), W.S. Yang (Hyundai
Steel R&D Division, Korea), J.G. Kim (Sungkyunkwan
University, Korea)
Corrosion severity in global area by trailer traveling depends
on overall road environment. The designed corrosion test
panels have been mounted on a trailer traveling in global
area. These corrosion test panels have been mounted on the
underbody of the trailers. The corrosion rate of the corrosion
coupons was calculated by weight loss after trailer exposure.
The results from monitoring have been compiled within an
interval of every one year. It was concluded that overall
analysed data of corrosion severity is applicable to make a
corrosion map and make a condition of environment socking
in proving ground test.
55
Tuesday, November 4, 2014 Samda Hall A (3F)
TA2: Coatings 5
Chair: Herman Terryn
(Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium)
14:00pm-14:30pm
Keynote Speech
1. Combining Self-Healing Polymers and
Encapsulated Inhibitors in Coatings for Corrosion
Protection H. Terryn, A. Lutz, Y. Gonzalez-García, H. Simillion, I. De
Graeve (Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium)
Corrosion of metals can best be avoided using a barrier
coating preventing aggressive species from reaching the
metallic substrate. However, if the barrier is broken,
corrosion inhibitors need to foresee the protection of the
metal. Therefore, corrosion inhibitors are often incorporated
in the coating matrix. But even “smart” containers, which
leach corrosion inhibitors only when a corrosive attack takes
place, do not offer the same year-long protection of a barrier
coating. In the last decade, self-healing or self-repairing
coatings have been developed, which re-establish the coating
barrier – either autonomously or based on for example a
thermal trigger. However, for the time until the coating is
repaired or when the repair is insufficient, a corrosion
inhibition is desirable. Within this paper the authors present
examples for analysing self-healing coatings, corrosion
inhibitor screening methods and possibilities of combining
inhibitors with self-healing polymer coatings to achieve a
multi-action self-healing coating system.
14:30pm-14:50pm
2. Microstructures and Properties of Plasma
Sprayed NiCrBSi Coating on 2Cr13 Stainless Steel Li-hui Tian, Er-lin Lu, Sheng Lu, Jing Chen (Jiangsu
University of Science and Technology, China)
NiCrBSi self-fluxing high temperature alloy coatings were
prepared by atmosphic plasma spray on 2Cr13 martensitic
stainless steel. Coatings with thickness of 0.3mm and 3mm
coatings were prepared with the optimized parameters
respectively. And the remelting process was conducted to
improve the coating property. The microstructures and
mechanical properties of the coatings were analyzed by
Scanning electronic microscopy(SEM), X-ray diffraction
(XRD), as well as tensile and hardness tests. The corrosion
resistance of the coating was investigated by immersion test
and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) at a
3.5% NaCl solution. The results show that bonding strength
of the original coating reaches 45MPa. After remelting, the
porosity of coating declines remarkably with denser
microstructure and higher bonding strength. The corrosion
resistance of the 3mm coating is the best with corrosion rate
of 0.035968 mm/a which is about 1/4 that of 0.3mm coating,
while their corrosion currents are 1.6844E-6 A.cm-2
and
6.4475E-6 A.cm-2
respectively with few difference.
14:50pm-15:10pm
3. Development of Dual Functional Galvanized
Steels for Home Electronic Appliances D.-H. Jo, J.-T. Park, J.-S. Kim (POSCO, Korea), H.-W. Oh
(Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology,
Korea)
Recently, houshold electronic industries require
environmentally-friendly and high functional materials to
enhance quality of human life. Especially customer requires
insect repellent steels to protect household microwave oven
from damage of insects such as fire ants and cockroaches in
tropical regions. Thus POSCO have developed new type of
functional steels, which is coated organic-inorganic
composite on the steel surface, for usage of cover panels in
the microwave oven and refrigerator. The coating composite
solution was prepared by mechanical dispersion of solutions
that consists of polymeric resin and a pyrethroid additive in
aqueous media. The composite solution was coated on the
steel surface by using roll coater and then cured through
induction curing furnace. The new steels evaluated quality
performances such as salt spray test for corrosion resistance,
press formability, and biological testing. The new steels with
this organic-inorganic composite coating, extraordinarily,
exhibit excellent dual functionalities of both insect-repellent
and antimicrobial activities for short term and long term
tests. Detailed discussions of coating solution and
experimental results suggest that molecular level dispersion
of insect repellent insecticide on the coating layer plays a
key role in the dual biological performances.
15:10pm-15:30pm
4. Ageing Behavior of Novel Polyurethane Coating:
Influence of Weathering Environments Dongdong Song, Jin Gao, Lin Lu, Zhichao Qian, Minzhen
Ding, Xiaogang Li (University of Science and Technology
Beijing, China)
On the basis of polyurethane coating system, the outdoor
insolated test was carried out in Lhasa, Mohe and Wanning
to evaluate the initial aging behavior of coating. Three
exposure sites have different typical climates: frigid climate,
low temperature, low humidity, strong ultraviolet ray
(Lhasa); North frigid zone type cold forest climate, typical
harsh low temperature environment condition (Mohe);
tropical humid regions, typical tropical ocean climate, high
temperature, high humidity, Strong ultraviolet ray (Wanning).
Combined surface performance characterizations, mechanics
testing and chemical analysis with environment factors, the
influence of environmental factors on the short term aging
behavior of coating was studied. After one year exposure,
the coatings in all locations exhibited good protection
performance since no rust, blister, crack or flake was
observed. The coating exposed in Lhasa and Mohe showed
better aging resistance and obvious change can be found by
eithervisual inspection or by SEM. The mechanical
properties of the exposed coatings were similar to the
original values. However, in Wanning, chalking was visible
on the coating. The mechanical properties including impact
resistance and adhesion decreased significantly. After
removal of the surface dust, serious crack distribution was
56
observed by SEM compared to the original appearance.
Thus, the results show that the degardation behavior of
coating was slight affected by low temperature, low
humidity, strong ultraviolet ray environment. Due to the
coupling effect of high temperature, high humidity and
strong ultraviolet ray, the initial degradation of coating was
aggravating. In order to determine the principal factor,
mathematical methods such as principal component analysis
were used to quantify the correlation between environmental
factors and coating degradation.
Tuesday, November 4, 2014 Samda Hall B (3F)
TB2: Corrosion Problems and Protection Methods
in Nuclear Industry 2
Chair: Mats Jonsson
(KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden)
14:00pm-14:30pm
Keynote Speech
1. Impact of Aqueous Radiolysis Products on
Radiation Induced Corrosion of Copper Å sa Björkbacka, Christofer Leygraf, Mats Jonsson (KTH
Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden)
According to the Swedish KBS-3 concept for deep
geological storage of spent nuclear fuel, the spent nuclear
fuel will be placed in cast iron canisters covered with 5 cm
copper to provide corrosion resistance. In recent years, the
possible impact of ionizing radiation on the corrosion of
copper has undergone a renewed discussion. Radiolysis of
water in the vicinity of the copper surface will produce the
aqueous radiolysis products OH, H2O2, HO2, eaq-, H, H2
and H+. Out of these products, OH and H2O2 are
thermodynamically capable of oxidizing copper and
radiation induced corrosion of canister copper is an expected
process during the initial phase of the repository life-time.
Recent experiments on radiation-induced corrosion of
copper in pure water have shown that the release of copper
is significantly higher than expected from surface reactions
with aqueous radiolysis products. In addition, very local
corrosion features are observed, despite the fact that the
radiolysis products are formed homogeneously in solution.
To better understand the process we have undertaken a study
on the reactivity of the aqueous radiolytic oxidants towards
copper and the oxides observed in the experimental study
mentioned above, Cu2O and CuO. While the hydroxyl
radical is capable of oxidizing both Cu and Cu2O, H2O2 can
react in two different ways with the oxides. H2O2 can
oxidize Cu2O but it also undergoes catalytic decomposition
on both oxides resulting in formation of surface bound
hydroxyl radicals. The formation of hydroxyl radicals has
been quantified experimentally. The relative reactivity of
OH and H2O2 towards the different oxides and metallic Cu
will be discussed in detail and the overall impact of these
radiolysis products on radiation induced corrosion of copper
will be assessed.
14:30pm-14:50pm
2. Radiation Induced Corrosion Effects of Copper
for Spent Nuclear Fuel Christofer Leygraf, Å sa Björkbacka, Saman Hosseinpour,
Magnus Johnson, Mats Jonsson (KTH Royal Institute of
Technology, Sweden)
This is the second presentation in this session on the effect
of radiation on the corrosion effects of copper for spent
nuclear fuel. The aim is to explore the effect of total gamma
dose on the corrosion behavior of copper in pure, anoxic,
water. The total doses used were within the range relevant
for the Swedish geological deep repository for spent nuclear
fuel. Based on characterization of the corrosion products
formed on the copper surface by IRAS, XPS, AFM and
cathodic reduction, and of trace elemental analysis of
dissolved copper by inductively coupled plasma atomic
emission spectroscopy, the overall conclusion is that gamma
radiation causes significantly enhanced corrosion of copper
in anoxic aqueous solution in comparison to non-irradiated
samples. The main corrosion product formed on the copper
surface during gamma irradiation is cuprite (Cu2O), while
only a small fraction consists of Cu(II) compounds. The
thickness of the oxide layer, after irradiation at dose rates of
370 and 770 Gyh-1 and total doses of 35.5 and 74 kGy, was
measured to be 50–100 nm.Dissolution of copper during
irradiation clearly depends on the total absorbed dose. An
evaluation of the impact of aqueous radiolysis chemistry on
the process of radiation induced corrosion of copper
revealed that radiolysis of water only accounts for a very
small fraction of the experimentally observed corrosion.
Consequently, the main part of the observed corrosion must
be attributed to other radiation driven processes, presumably
of electrochemical nature. A closer discussion on possible
mechanisms will be presented.
14:50pm-15:10pm
3. Corrosion of Copper in Anaerobic Groundwater
in the Presence of SRB L.Carpén, P.Rajala, M.Bomberg (VTT Technical Research
Centre, Finland)
Copper is used in various applications, which favor the
formation of biofilms. Copper has also been the corrosion
barrier choice for the disposal canister in the Finnish nuclear
waste disposal program. The copper canisters should have
lifetimes exceeding 100 000 years to prevent the release of
radioactive nuclides to the environment.
Microbial biofilm formation on metal surfaces can enhance
corrosion in various conditions. Microbes can generate
conditions that enhance corrosion through the alteration of
pH and redox potential, excretion of corrosion inducing
metabolites, direct or indirect enzymatic reduction or
oxidation of corrosion products and formation of biofilms
that create corrosive microenvironments. Corrosion may
reduce lifetime of the equipment and structures. Microbial
metabolites are known to initiate, facilitate, or accelerate
general corrosion or localised corrosion, galvanic corrosion,
intergranular corrosion and also enable stress corrosion
cracking. Sulphate reducing bacteria that produce sulphide
are present in repository environment. Sulphide is known to
be corrosive agent for copper.
57
Here we show results from corrosion of copper in anaerobic
simulated ground water in the presence of sulphate reducing
bacteria.
Electrochemical measurements were proven to be useful in
monitoring the initiation and progression of general and
localized corrosion of copper.
15:10pm-15:30pm
4. Photoelectrochemical Protective Coating on 304
SS and Carbon Steel Used for Dry Storage System
Canisters Ching-Hsuan Hung, Tsung-Kuang Yeh, Mei-Ya Wang
(National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan), Peter-Chen (Berlin
Co., Ltd., Germany)
It is well known that stainless steels and carbon steels are
susceptible to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in certain
environments induced by sea salt particles and chlorides.
And the TiO2 coating can act as a non-sacrificial anode and
protect steel substrate cathodically under UV illumination.
In this study, the photoelectrochemical behavior of the steel
with TiO2 coating by sol-gel method was investigated to
mitigate atmospheric SCC. The result of electrochemical
analysis revealed that a decrease in electrochemical
corrosion potential (ECP) of the TiO2 coated on polished
304 SS was comparatively significant than on polished CS
in the presence of UV radiation. In addition, the oxide film
of CS would enhance the photo-effect. The oxide structure at
the TiO2/carbon steel interface would enhance the ECP
decrease with UV radiation due to the inhibition of other
metal ions diffused into TiO2 coating. In summary, these
results indicate that the TiO2 treatment in combination with
UV radiation would effectively reduce the corrosion rate of
304SS and CS in atmospheric environments.
Tuesday, November 4, 2014 Room 301 (3F)
TC2: Corrosion in Oil/Gas/Pipelines 5
Chair: Alec Groysman
(Israeli Society of Chemical Engineers &
Chemists, Israel)
14:00pm-14:30pm
Keynote Speech
1. Corrosion in Systems for Storage and
Transportation of Petroleum Products and Biofuels Alec Groysman (Israeli Society of Chemical Engineers &
Chemists, Israel)
The aim of this work is to describe chemical content of
crude oils and fuels, the conditions in which petroleum
products (fuels) are corrosive to metals; corrosion
mechanisms in fuels; which parts of storage tanks containing
crude oils and fuels undergo corrosion; dependence of
corrosion in tanks on type of fuels; biofuels (bioalcohols and
biodiesel); corrosion of metals in biofuels; anti-corrosion
preventive measures; selecting of coatings for inner surfaces
of tanks containing fuels; polymeric materials and their
resistance to fuels (including oxygenates and aromatic
solvents) and biofuels. The results are summarized in the
book “Corrosion in Systems for Transportation and Storage
of Petroleum Products and Biofuels” published by Springer.
14:30pm-14:50pm
2. Performance of an Amine Based Gas and Gas
Condensate Inhibitor Tested with Two Different
High Velocity Laboratory Test Rigs A. Prethaler, G. Mori (Montanuniversität Leoben, Austria),
W. Havlik, G. Zehethofer, S. Hönig (OMV Exploration
Production GmbH, Laboratory Materials & Corrosion,
Austria), E. Rosenberg (Technical University of Vienna,
Austria)
An amine based CO2 corrosion inhibitors has been tested in
both, a two-phase laboratory flow loop system and a jet
impingement cell under conditions of a mature gas
condensate well in Austria.
After a detailed description of the experimental setups,
degradation rates of material API L-80 as function of flow
velocity and inhibitor dosage are presented. Further one the
influence of addition of sand particles on inhibitor
performance has been investigated. All results are discussed
in respect to the critical micelle concentration, which is of
central importance in case of inhibitive effect.
Analysis of inhibitors was done on the one hand with gas
chromatography to determine volatile species and on the
other hand with liquid chromatography to characterize non-
volatile species. Inhibitor exhibits as an active ingredient
alkylamine dissolved in ethylene glycol and different
alcohols.
Results demonstrate that both test rigs deliver comparable
results with respect to necessary inhibitor concentration.
Independent of superficial flow velocities (tested between 3
and 35 m/s) the alkylamine based inhibitor exhibits a good
performance, as long as dosed above its critical micelle
concentration.
14:50pm-15:10pm
3. Effects of Chemical Composition on Grooving
Corrosion Resistance of ERW Pipes W.S. Yang, C.Y. Lee, S.H. Lee, Y.D. Jung, M.B. Moon, E.Y.
Park,(Hyundai Steel R&D Division, Korea), S.H. Ahn, S.J.
Oh,(Hyundai Automotive R&D Division, Korea), W.S.
Hwang (Inha University, Korea)
The effects of the post heat treatment and the chemical
composition on two steel grades, HS380AG (developed by
Hyundai Steel Company for the grooving corrosion
resistance application, added 0.25%Cu, 0.15%Cr, 0.15%Ni
in SPHT2) and SPHT2 (normal application). Post heat
treatment of 1 minute at 900oC improves the corrosion
resistance. The weld zone of HS380AG (added 0.25%Cu,
0.15%Cr, 0.15%Ni in SPHT2) add acts as cathode (mother
material as anode), results in higher corrosion resistance of
the weld zone. The Cu-rich layer formed on the surface of
the weld zone is one of the reason of the corrosion resistance.
58
15:10pm-15:30pm
4. The Coated Steel Corroded by Anaerobic
Bacteria K.Y. Mataqi, B. H Akbar (Kuwait Institute for Scientific
Research, Kuwait)
Anaerobic bacteria (Ab) can be found in any closed system
in the absence of O2, specifically in fuel storage tanks which
can cause severe problems at local marketing, aviation
turbine kerosene (ATK), mogas and diesel refineries. Ab
growth and activity can result in the attack of the entire
storage system, including coated steel and fiberglass
reinforced plastic tanks, tank linings, elastomeric seals and
hoses, low points in the piping, leak detectors, turbine pump
components and filters and valves, including overfill
prevention devices that lead to excessive maintenance and
replacement costs. In the worst case, product leaks can also
cause environmental damage, leading to costly cleanup and
facility downtime and lost business. An examination of the
presence of such Ab in fuel storage tanks was conducted.
The isolated Ab generic distribution was found to be
Desulfovibrio desulfricans.
15:30pm-15:50pm
5. Materials Selection in High CO2 Environment:
Performance of Carbon Steel Material M.C. Ismail (Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia),
A. Nor, F. Suhor, M. Singer, S. Nesic (Ohio University,
USA)
The challenge to develop high pressure CO2 gas field lies in
the performance of the commercial carbon steel linepipe and
tubing materials in high and supercritical CO2 environment.
The standard corrosion test of both electrochemical and
weight loss methods were conducted in autoclave at high
pressure CO2 environment at pressure of 80 bar and
temperature of 25ᵒC and 80ᵒC. In a high CO2 environment
(pCO2=80 bar, T=25ᵒC), the carbon manganese steels
experienced a corrosion rate of approximately 6.0 mm/yr. At
higher temperature of 80ᵒC, the corrosion rate of carbon
manganese material increased and then reduced to a low
corrosion rate due to the formation of FeCO3 film.
Tuesday, November 4, 2014 Room 302 (3F)
TD2: Corrosion in Stainless Steels 5
Chair: Hyang An Hwang
(Samsung Heavy Industries Co., Ltd., Korea)
14:00pm-14:30pm
Keynote Speech
1. Study on Surface Treatment of Stainless Steels in
Shipbuilding Industries by Using Localized
Electrocleaning H.A. Hwang, J.T. Yun, C.S.Lim (Samsung Heavy Industries
Co., Ltd., Korea)
Localized electrocleaning method which is mainly used for
surface treatment of small-sized stainless steels objectives
such as semiconductor equipment, medical devices, cooking
utensils has a rapid surface treatment rate by using portable
equipment connected in low voltage DC power source and
wastes a small quantity of electrolyte i.e. phosphoric acid. In
this paper, we applied electrocleaning as an alternative
method of harmful and inefficient acid pickling for large-
sized stainless steel objectives such as mega frame structures,
pipes and out-fittings in shipbuilding industries. In order to
take it into account of the possibility of using, not only
corrosion resistance in various types of stainless steels was
verified but also essential considerations of equipment were
adequately optimized in accordance with ship yard working
environment. With this result, it was confirmed that the
localized electrocleaning method has a great possibility of
using as an alternative for various stainless steels surface
treatment in shipbuilding industries with showing an
equivalent corrosion resistance as acid pickling, a safer work
environment as well as a higher productivity.
14:30pm-14:50pm
2. The Kinetics of Anodic Dissolution and
Repassivation on 316L Stainless Steel in Borate
Buffer Solution Studied by Abrading Electrode
Technique H.S. Xu, D.B. Sun, H.Y. Yu, H.M. Meng (University of
Science and Technology Beijing, China)
The capacity of passive metal to repassivate after film
damaged determines the development of local corrosion and
the resistance against corrosion failures. In this work, the
repassivation kinetics of 316L stainless steel (316L SS) were
investigated in borate buffer solution (pH=9.1) by using a
new type of abrading electrode technique. The repassivation
kinetics was analyzed in terms of the current density flowing
from freshly bare 316L SS surface measuring by
potentiostatic method. During early decay times (t<2s),
according to Avrami kinetics-based film growth model, the
transient current was separated into anodic dissolution (idiss)
and film formation (ifilm) components and analyzed them
individually. The film reformed rate and the thickness of
film were compared in different applied potential. It is
shown that anodic dissolution dominated the repassivation
for a short time in the initial stages, and the amount of
dissolution increased with the applied potential increasing in
passive region. The film growth at higher potential occurs
more rapidly as compared to lower potential.
Correspondingly, increasing applied potential from 0VSCE to
0.8VSCE resulted in thicker passive film (0.12nm-0.52nm).
After the monolayer passive film covering the whole bare
surface (θ=1), The electric field strengths through the thin
passive film could reach 1.6×107 V/cm.
14:50pm-15:10pm
3. Corrosion Fatigue of Austenitic Stainless Steel in
Different Hot Chloride Solutions A. Visser, G. Mori, M. Panzenböck (Montanuniversitaet
Leoben, Austria), R. Pippan (Austrian Academy of
Science, Austria)
59
An austenitic stainless steel has been investigated under
cyclic loading in electrolytes with different chloride contents
and pH and at different temperatures. Testing solutions were
13.2 % NaCl (80,000 ppm Cl-) at 80 °C and 43 % CaCl2
(275,000 ppm Cl-) at 120 °C.In addition to S-N curves in
inert and corrosive media, the fracture surfaces were
investigated with the scanning electron microscope (SEM)
to analysethe type of attack. The experimental results show
that a sharp decrease of corrosion fatigue properties can be
correlated with the occurrence of stress corrosion cracking.
The correlation of occurring types of damage in different
corrosion systems is described.
Tuesday, November 4, 2014 Room 303 (3F)
TE2: Corrosion in Advanced Materials
(Nano & Composite Materials)
Chair: Raman Singh (Monash University, Australia)
14:00pm-14:30pm
Keynote Speech
1. Ultra-thin Graphene Coating and
Nanocrystalline Alloy for Remarkable Corrosion
Resistance
R.K. Singh Raman (Monash University, Australia)
This manuscript describes two novel and disruptive
approaches of nanotechnology for achieving remarkable
corrosion resistance: (a) due to just a monolayer or a few
atomic layer thick graphene coating, and (b) hypothesis that
the nanaocrystalline structure can bring about remarkable
improvement in oxidation/corrosion resistance, and
validation of this hypothesis. The manuscript also discusses
the underlying mechanisms of the remarkable improvements.
14:30pm-14:50pm
2. Effect of Cerium Addition in Hybrid Sol-gel
Coatings on AA1050 M. Fedel, E. Callone, M. Fabbian,S. Dirè, F. Deflorian
(University of Trento, Italy)
In this work, organosilane-derived sol-gel films containing
different amounts of cerium ions applied on AA 1050 were
investigated. The sol-gel coatings wereprepared from 3-
glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (γ-GPS) and
methyltriethoxysilane (MTES)mixtures with the addition of
cerium nitrate in order to achieve different concentrations of
Ce ions (from 10-5
M to 10-2
M). The effect of the cerium
load on the structure of the cured sol-gel films was
investigated by means of solid state NMR, FT-IR
spectroscopy and TGA. The corrosion protection properties
of the different sol-gel layers were investigated mainly by
means of electrochemical techniques such as
potentiodynamic curves and electrochemical impedance
spectroscopy (EIS). The comparison between the results of
physical-chemical and electrochemical characterization was
exploited to discriminate the effect of cerium ions on the
properties of the hybrid layer from their role in the
electrochemical processes occurring on the metal surface.
Tuesday, November 4, 2014 14:00pm-17:30pm Room 401 (4F)
TF2: WCO Session
1. The 'Corrosion Passport': What Engineers
Should Know About Corrosion R.A. Cottis (University of Manchester, UK)
It is known that a significant proportion of the very high
costs of corrosion (in the region of $1.8 trillion) could be
saved by the application of existing technology. It is
believed that a significant reduction in these avoidable costs
could be achieved if practising engineers had a greater
awareness of corrosion and its control, and the Corrosion
Passport is a proposal by the World Corrosion Organization
(WCO) that is intended to provide guidance to engineering
professional bodies and educational establishments for the
minimum that engineers should know about corrosion.
2. Modern Data Bases for Corrosion Protection Willi Meier (Dechema, Germany)
The ability to transform the latest results of scientific
research into useful information, and thus ultimately into
knowledge, is a criterion for success in research and industry
today. More than ever, it is necessary to be able to navigate
the flood of scientific information by an efficient use of
information systems and databases.
The DECHEMA Corrosion Handbook provides a
comprehensive collection of knowledge which is unique in
both scope as well as content and reflects the state of the are
in scientific research. It covers corrosion data and the
chemical resistance of all technically important metallic,
non-metallic, inorganic and organic materials in contact with
aggressive media. It contains information about the
resistance, reliability, durability and sustainability of
materials in view of corrosion and chemical resistance.
Furthermore, it describes methods of corrosion protections
and prevention. This makes it the prime information source
worldwide for the selection of materials for equipment in
which corrosive media are handled or processed.
Faced with the task of optimising a given environment-
material system, users of this work will find answers to the
following:
- is there information available on the behaviour of the
material under consideration in a particular medium?
- which materials are out of question for the proposed
purpose?
- which materials can be used without hesitation in the
medium concerned?
- what are the conditions under which a less resistant, less
cost effective material will give satisfactory service?
- which material offers best performance for value under the
given circumstances?
- what protective measures exist: inhibitors, coatings,
cathodic protection, etc.?
The user can browse through the entire compilation of
corrosion data. Furthermore, the database features a very
advanced full text search and an index based on key
concepts. It has a comprehensive table of contents, is heavily
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hyperlinked and annotations can be saved throughout the
text. All of these possibilities enhance the user-friendliness
and practical value of the handbook.
3. Corrosion Research, Control and Awareness vs.
People’s Life Quality En-Hou Han (Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, China)
According to the statistical results in many countries,
corrosion cost is as high as 3-5% of GNP. Especially
corrosion induced the pipeline explosion, bridge rupture,
airplane crash, even nuclear power plant accident, etc. In
people‟s daily life, drinking water was polluted by corrosion
rusts sometimes, grain and vegetables were affected by
heavy ions which comes from corrosion products in soil.
Subsequently, the people‟s safety and life quality were
strongly affected by corrosion.
As corrosion scientist or engineer, in order that we could
quantitatively predict the lifetime of engineering structures
and components, reduce resources utilization and pollution,
and improve people‟s life quality, what we need to do are to
understand corrosion mechanisms and corrosion
propagation‟s kinetics, to develop corrosion detection
techniques, and to develop corrosion control technologies
including but not limited to coatings, cathodic protection,
corrosion resistance materials, surface treatments, and
inhibitors, and to educate people to have corrosion control
knowledge from designer, manufacturer, service maintainer,
and decommissioning people. Therefore, corrosion
awareness is very important for all people in the world. To
raise the corrosion awareness should be our duty for all
corrosion scientists and engineers.
4. Can Robots Walk on the Dead Sea – Salts
Environment? G. Ben-Hamu (Sami Shamoon College of Engineering,
Israel)
The Dead Sea also called the Salt Sea, is a salt lake
bordering Jordan to the east, and Israel to the west. Its
surface and shores are 427 metres (1,401 ft) below sea level,
Earth's lowest elevation on land. The mineral content of the
Dead Sea is very different from that of ocean water. The
exact composition of the Dead Sea water varies mainly with
season, depth and temperature. The total salinity is 276 g/kg.
These results show that the composition of the salt, as
anhydrous chlorides on a weight percentage basis, was
calcium chloride (CaCl2) 14.4%, potassium chloride (KCl)
4.4%, magnesium chloride (MgCl2) 50.8% and sodium
chloride (common salt, NaCl) 30.4%. In comparison, the salt
in the water of most oceans and seas is approximately 97%
sodium chloride. The concentration of sulfate ions (SO42−
) is
very low, and the concentration of bromide ions (Br−) is the
highest of all waters on Earth.The salt concentration of the
Dead Sea fluctuates around 31.5%. This is unusually high
and results in a nominal density of 1.24 gr/cm3. Anyone can
easily float in the Dead Sea because of natural buoyancy.
Due to the chemical composition of the Dead Sea, the key
points for design machines use in this area are very different
compared to other areas around the globe.
Machine (robots) on waters is project that focuses on design
and manufacturing robots or human power machine as a
leisure device for the Dead Sea area.During the project
designer, mechanical engineering, materials engineering and
corrosion engineering were involved to find the key points
for design machine for the Dead Sea area. Thecorrosion
aspects as well as the materials selection aspects of the
design stage and the manufacturing of the robots will be
describe in details.
5. Corrosion Awareness Education; A Key for a
Better Environment A. Eliezer, G. Hays, E.H. Han, E. Leining, W. Burns (World
Corrosion Organization, USA)
Corrosion affects the lives of every person, often
significantly. If not controlled, the consequences of
corrosion can be disastrous for human health and safety and
the environment.The key to addressing corrosion is, in fact,
to increase awareness of the issue. As long as modern life
develops, corrosion costs will exist; therefore, the main
challenges are to increase the awareness of corrosion costs
among governments, define international corrosion
standards, promote corrosion prevention world-wide, and
incentivise corrosion prevention activities by government
agencies, corporations and research organisations.For
exampleto achieve longer-term cost savings there has also
been growing use of assessment tools to predict maintenance
schedules based on past performance. “Previously, paint on
bridges, for example, was automatically done at a set period
of time and all parts were coated. Today, owners are looking
to paint assets on a schedule that prevents significant
corrosion, and if corrosion occurs, to target the repair of only
the sites that require repainting.In order to achieve such
goals corrosion education awareness suggested program
should be applied within high school students and especially
focus on undergraduate students. The program also suggests
including innovative thinking skills and entrepreneurship
education due to the need of creative innovative tools and
systems in order to apply advanced corrosion prevention
technology.
Wednesday, November 5, 2014 Samda Hall A (3F)
WA1: Coatings 6
Chair: Kun Zhang
(Southwest Jiaotong University, China)
11:00am-11:20am
1. Structure and High-temperature Behavior of Sol-
gel Derived Al2O3/YSZ Multi-laminated Coatings Kun Zhang, Qi Hu, Yanfei Guo, Lixin Dong, Jing Han,
Junwen Zhao (Southwest Jiaotong University, China),
Xuebin Zheng (Key Laboratory of Inorganic Coating
Materials, China)
Al2O3/YSZ multi-laminated coatings with different
structure, i.e. permutation and combination of Al2O3 and
YSZ layers, were prepared by a sol-gel technique. The total
61
thickness of the coatings, with smooth surface and uniform
thickness, is about 200 nm after 16 cycles of dipping
processes. High-temperature cyclic oxidation test was
applied in air at 910℃ to evaluate the effect of the structure
of the multi-laminated coatings on their oxidation resistance.
The results show that the as-prepared Al2O3/YSZ multi-
laminated coatings perform better oxidation resistance and
scale spallation than those of Al2O3 or YSZ coatings
derived from the same times of dipping processes. In
addition, high-temperature oxidation resistance of the multi-
laminated coatings is also influenced by their structure. For
the coatings with the same number of Al2O3 and YSZ layers,
the thicker the thickness of oxygen diffusion barrier, the
better the high-temperature oxidation resistance is.
11:20am-11:40am
2. New Method on Coating Survey of Underground
Pipeline Hamidreza Ettelaie, Siamak Seyf (IOPTC, Iran), Fatemeh
Faraji (Armin Sanaat, Iran)
AbstractCoating survey of underground pipelines is very
important to prevention of corrosion. According to NACE
SP0502 standard, there are 3 famous methods for coating
survey: DCVG, CIPS and C-SCAN. Other methods (ACVG,
PEARSON, …) aren't conventional. All methods have some
advantages and disadvantages individually that limit their
application. Combined method of DCVG and CIPS has
developed to distinguish coating defect locations and
cathodic protection level. In the beginning , results of the
first project (180 km of 30” gas pipeline) show the disability
of one coating survey method and concluded that
disadvantage of method could effect on distinguish of
coating defects. There are sever coating damage that only
could be found by C-SCAN or some defects that were found
by DCVG or CIPS. To find the reasons of these shortage, we
did some tests on high pressure transmition gas pipeline for
4 months as well as negotiation with researchers and
manufactures. Finally, we concluded that survey by only one
method has some mistakes to distinguish coating defect
locations because of their original recognize procedure
differences. This means that some defects are hidden by
magnetic method (c-scan) or potential method (DCVG &
CIPS).Then, the best way is that combination of these 3
methods. These methods were combined together according
to Fuzzy logic and a function ("Severity Function”) was
defined to regard each point by a number.Categorization and
rehabilitation of coating damage and covering of all coating
defects without any error are some of excellent advantages
of this function.At first, this method was applied to 20 km of
pipeline and after excavations, function was corrected by
some parameters and coefficients. Survey of 350 km of gas ,
oil and water pipelines and their results show reliability of
this method. Full report has many examples of sever coating
damage with corrosion signs. Key words: pipeline coating,
corrosion, coating survey, cathodic protection, DCVG, CIPS,
C-Scan, Severity Number, Severity Function.
Wednesday, November 5, 2014 Samda Hall B (3F)
WB1: Corrosion Problems and Protection Methods
in Nuclear Industry 3
Chair: SangYul Lee
(Korea Aerospace University, Korea)
11:00am-11:30am
Keynote Speech
1. The Effect of Zn Nanoparticle Addition on the
Stress Corrosion Cracking Resistance of the STS
304 Stainless Steel Sang-Yul Lee, Seong-Cheol Kim, Sung-Min Kim, Chan-Su
Kim (Korea Aerospace University, Korea), Shimpei Nemoto,
Tetsunori Morishita (Nagoya University, Japan)
Many studies have reported that Zn
2+ injection effectively
mitigates the primary water stress corrosion cracking
(PWSCC) of 304 stainless steel since composition and
structure of oxide films can be modified by Zn. However,
other corrosive ions (OH- and CO3
2-) can be generated when
Zn injection was conducted by using Zn precursors such as
dimethyl zinc, diethyl zinc, zinc hydroxide, and zinc
carbonate. In this study, Zn nanoparticles as protective agent
of PWSCC were synthesized by the method of plasma
discharge in aqueous solution. The synthesized Zn
nanoparticles in solution were applied for the treatment of
304 stainless steel at simulated pressurized water reactor
(PWR) environment (300 ℃, 150 bar). To clarify the effect
of zinc treatment on the characteristics of the oxide films
formed on 304 stainless steel, the structures and chemical
compositions of oxide films were investigated using X-ray
photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and X-ray diffractometry
(XRD) techniques. Also, the anti-corrosive behavior of Zn
treatment has been confirmed in the presence of etchant
solution containing Na2S 9H2O of 1.0 M and NaOH of 1.0
M. Based on observations, it appeared that zinc injection to
the simulated primary water enhanced the formation of a
stable and dense oxide film composed of a spinel structure
of ZnCr2O4. As a result, Zn nanoparticles treated samples
exhibited higher corrosion resistance than untreated samples.
Additional experimental results will be presented
11:30am-11:50am
2. Three Dimensional Computational Modelling
and Simulation of Intergranular Corrosion
Propagation of Stainless Steel M. Yamamoto, T. Igarashi, A. Komatsu, T. Motooka, F.
Ueno, (Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Japan)
It is known that stainless steels in oxidizing nitric acid
solutions present intergranular corrosion. The intergranular
corrosion was accompanied by grain dropping and changes
in corrosion rate. For safety operating of reprocessing plants,
we should understand mechanism of intergranular corrosion
propagation of stainless steels in oxidizing nitric acid
solutions. In this study, we constructed three dimensional
computational model using cellular automata method to
simulate the intergranular corrosion propagation of stainless
steel. In the model, the computational system was
62
constructed by three types of cells: grain (bulk), grain
boundary (GB), and solution cell. By the simulation using
the model, we verified the relationship between surface
roughness during corrosion and dispersion of dissolution
rate of GB. The relationship was investigated by the
simulation applying constant dissolution rate for GB cells
and distributed dissolution rate of GB cells. The distribution
of dissolution rate for GB cells was derived from
intergranular corrosion depth obtained by corrosion tests.
The constant dissolution rate of GB was derived from
average of dissolution rate. Our simulations revealed that the
surface roughness calculated by the model adopted
distributed dissolution rates of GBs was greater than that
adopted constant dissolution rates of GBs. The cross-
sectional images obtained by our simulation were
comparable with that obtained by corrosion tests. These
results indicate that the surface roughness during corrosion
relates the distribution of corrosion rate.
Wednesday, November 5, 2014 Room 301 (3F)
WC1: Corrosion Inhibitors 1
Chair: Guenter Schmitt (IFINKOR, Germany)
11:00am-11:30am
Keynote Speech
1. Corrosion Inhibitors and Flow Guenter Schmitt (IFINKOR, Germany)
In flowing media corrosion inhibitors can mitigate flow
induced localized corrosion (FILC) not only by adsorption
on solid surfaces but also by decreasing the friction (wall
shear stress) between solid surfaces and the fluid. Due to
the drag reducing properties of some corrosion inhibitors the
critical wall shear stress for the initiation of FILC can be
increased. The mechanism of this effect is explained
by the “Freak Energy Density” approach developed in our
laboratory. It assumes that high-energy near-wall turbulence
elements create freak events which impinge the surface
vertically with forces higher than the fracture stress of
protective scales. It was proved that corrosion inhibitors can
reduce the impact energy of such freak events below the
fracture stress of scales thus preventing initiation of FILC.
Mechanistically this phenomenon is explained by flow-
induced concentrating and aggregating of inhibitor
molecules in or near the viscous sublayer of the turbulent
boundary layer causing a cushion effect for impinging
near-wall turbulence elements. Demands for the molecular
structure of drag reducing organic molecules are discussed.
11:30am-11:50am
2. Localized Electrochemical Study of Corrosion
Inhibition on Al2Cu and Al3Fe Phases by Cerium
Cinnamate Hongwei Shi, Fuchun Liu, En-Hou Han (Institute of Metal
Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China)
In the present work, the pure intermetallic phases in
aluminium alloys, Al2Cu and Al3Fe, were prepared. The
galvanic corrosion of the coupled Al2Cu and Al, Al3Fe and
Al in 0.005 M NaCl in and without the presence of cerium
cinnamte as an inhibitor was studied to simulate the
corrosion of the two types of intermetallic particles in
aluminium alloys. Localized electrochemical techniques,
Scanning Vibrating Electrode Technique (SVET) and
Scanning Ion-selective Electrode Technique (SIET) were
used to measure the current densities and pH distribution on
the surface of the coupled electrodes. According to the
results, cerium cinnamate was found to successfully inhibit
the coupling corrosion for both the two coupled systems. It
was also found that cerium cinnamate inhibited the galvanic
corrosion of Al3Fe-Al of by stabilizing pH on the electrodes
in near neutral ranges, thus keeping the corrosion activity on
a very low level.
11:50am-12:10pm
3. Characterization and Adsorption and
Thermodynamic Studies of Inhibition Products of
Thiophene Methanol on 13Cr L80 Steel in 15%
Hydrochloric Acid Rajeev P, Surendranathan A O, Murthy Ch S N (National
Institute of Technology Karnataka, India)
The inhibitive action of a selected inhibitor, thiophene
methanol (TML) on the corrosion behaviour of 13Cr L80
steel in 15% HCl solution was investigated. Fourier
Transform Infrared Spectroscopic analysis and Nuclear
Magnetic Resonance study were performed on the surface
products deposited on the metal surface in the presence of
optimum concentration of the inhibitor at room temperature
to characterize the inhibition products. Thermal stability of
the inhibitor and the compounds formed on the metal surface
after 6 hour exposure in the acid in the presence of TML at
room temperature was examined. Experimental isotherms of
adsorption equilibrium results were validated by various
adsorptions models. The apparent activation energies,
enthalpies and entropies of the dissolution process and the
free energies and enthalpies for the adsorption process were
determined and discussed. The fundamental thermodynamic
functions were used to evaluate important inhibitive
properties of TML.Key words: Inhibitive action; Thiophene
methanol; Characterization; Thermal stability; Adsorption
isotherm.
Wednesday, November 5, 2014 Room 302 (3F)
WD1: Corrosion in Energy Systems 1
Chair: Hyun-Young Chang (KEPCO E&C, Korea)
11:00am-11:30am
Keynote Speech
1. Effect of Heat Treatment on Corrosion of Low
Alloy Steel for Induction Heated Bent Pipes in
Power Plants H.Y. Chang, K.S. Kim, H.B. Park (KEPCO E&C, Korea),
Y.S. Kim (Andong National University, Korea), M.C. Shin,
G.H. Sung (Sungil SIM, Korea), Y.Y. Jang (ANSCO, Korea)
63
In many plants including nuclear power plant, pipe line has
been mostly connected by the fittings such as flanges,
elbows and etc. Use of fittings increases welding points and
then the number of inspection also increases. Induction
bending process applies high induction heat and slow stain
to pipes. This study focuses on the effect of post-bent heat
treatment on corrosion including boric acid corrosion of
ASME SA335 Gr. P22 after induction heat bending process.
Microstructure analysis, hardness measurement, immersion
corrosion test were performed. Among the induction heat
bent areas, the hardness was greatly reduced in the extrados
area of ASME SA335 Gr. P22. Microstructural analysis and
post-heat treatment showed that the decreased hardness was
induced by locally slow cooling rate in bending process and
then the coarsening of pearlitic phase. On the other hand,
every area of induction heat bent pipe suffered high
corrosion rate in boric acid corrosion test. This behaviour
was due to the enrichment of phosphorous in ferritic phase
during induction heat bending process and the ferritic phase
acted as the corrosion initiation site, but the properties was
recovered by re-annealing and rapid cooling.
11:30am-11:50am
2. Corrosion Characteristics of Ferritic-martensitic
Heat-resistant Steel Exposed to Supercritical Water
Environments X.Q. Wu, X.Y. Zhong, M.C. Sun, E.-H. Han, W. Ke
(Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
China)
In the present work, detailed investigation was first
performed on the oxide scales on a ferritic-martensitic (F-M)
heat-resistant T91 superheater tube after 12956 h service in
an USC power plant. The oxide scale on inner wall of the
tube was a multi-layer structure with porous outer layer
consisting of magnetite and some hematite, and compact
inner layer consisting of Cr-rich (Fe, Cr)-spinel. Cracks and
exfoliation were observed at the interface between Fe-rich
outer layer and Cr-rich inner layer. Corrosion behavior of a
F-M P92 steel exposed to SCW up to 500 h was investigated
in temperature range of 400oC-600
oC by gravimetric
analysis, SEM-EDS, XRD, EPMA and TEM. It was found
that the mass gain obeyed a parabolic law, in agreement with
the Arrhenius equation. The surface morphology of the
oxide scale changed from dense particles to porous network
structure with increasing exposure temperature or time in
SCW. The oxide scale also showed a multi-layer structure,
consisting of hematite, magnetite and spinel oxide. The
exfoliation occurred at the Fe-rich layer/Cr-rich layer
interface and the Cr-rich layer/metal interface of the oxide
scale after 500oC and 550
oC SCW exposure. The possible
growth processes and exfoliation mechanisms are also
discussed
11:50am-12:10pm
3. The Effects of Sulfur on the Oxide
Microstructure of GTD-111 during the Cyclic
Oxidation at 1100 °C Dae Won Yun, Young-Soo Yoo, Hi-Won Jeong, Seong-Moon
Seo (Korea Institute of Materials Science, Korea)
The detrimental effect of sulfur on the cyclic oxidation of
chromia and alumina forming binary or ternary alloys has
been studied by many researchers. Although it is well
accepted that sulfur promotes the spallation of oxide scale,
there is controversy in the literature on whether sulfur exists
on the metal/oxide interface to reduce the bonding
strengthbetween oxide and metal or on free surface such as
void and crack surface to induce the formation of void and
crack. In this study, the cyclic oxidation behaviour of
commercial nickel base superalloy GTD-111 with various
sulfur content was investigated at 1100 °C up to 200 1h-
cycles to found out the effect of sulfur on the oxidation
kinetics and the spallation behaviour. Surface and cross-
section of oxide scale were observed by SEM to conduct
quantitative analysis on the void fraction and distribution
and to locate the crack initiation site for spallation. At the
initial stage, the oxidation kinetics was similar in all tested
alloys regardless of their sulfur content. Only spallation area
increased with the sulfur content. However, the oxidation
rate constant of the alloys with high sulfur content was more
than five times larger than that of the alloy with low sulfur
content at the later stage. Spallation also increased in the
alloys with high sulfur content. In SEM observation, it was
found that the area fraction of void in the oxide scale
increases with the sulfur content. Sulfur seems to induce the
formation of void by reducing the surface energy, resulting
in spallation of the oxide scale. Spallation induced the
depletion of Cr, so that the oxidation rate increased at the
later stage of the cyclic oxidation.
12:10pm-12:30pm
4. Effect of Mixed Addition of Oxygen Active
Elements on the Microstructure and Electrical
Property of Oxide Scale Formed on the Ferritic
Stainless Steel for SOFC Interconnect Hyung Suk Seo, Kyoo Young Kim (POSTECH, Korea)
Most of the alloy candidates of ferritic stainless steel (FSS)
for SOFC interconnects contain rare earth elements such as
La and Y to improve oxidation resistance of steels through
the reactive element effect. However, these candidates are
considered “specialty” alloys, because the addition of rare
earth element requires extra process such as high vacuum
melting and they are not inexpensive or readily available for
general steel making process. Therefore, new alloying
elements which can play a role similar to rare earth element
without extra process are necessary. The beneficial effect of
reactive element on the oxidation behavior of FSS are
caused by its segregation behavior near the scale/alloy
interface. Therefore other oxygen active elements can play a
role similar to rare earth elements when they tend to
concentrated in specific site of scale. In this study, the
oxidation behavior of FSS with oxygen active elements such
as Nb, Al, Si and Ti has been investigated in terms of
oxidation resistance, Cr evaporation rate and electric
conductivity. Co-addition of oxygen active elements
interrupt or enhance the accumulation behavior of each
element in the scale. Ti-Nb co-addition enhances selective
oxidation of Ti at the scale/alloy interface, and improve both
the electrical conductivity and Cr evaporation resistance of
FSS. On the other hands, the interaction between alloying
elements can have beneficial function to reduce negative
64
effect of impurity element such as Si on electric conductivity.
Both Si-Nb and Si-Al co-addition suppress the interfacial
precipitation of SiO2 and increase electric conductivity of
oxide scale.
Wednesday, November 5, 2014 Room 401 (4F)
WF1: Integrity and Lifetime Prediction
Chair: Deok Soo Won (KOGAS, Korea)
11:00am-11:30am
Keynote Speech
1. Buried Pipeline Lifetime Assessment with an
Economical Point of View Deok Soo Won, Young-geun Kim, Seong-min Lee, Jae-
young Her (KOGAS, Korea)
Every pipeline owners are interested in the remaining
lifetime of their pipeline as they are getting older. The
damage by a failure of pipeline will depend on the
transmitting material and the criteria to assess the lifetime of
a pipeline shall be different with system conditions. If a
pipeline is carrying non-hazardous material such as water, a
leak may not be a big deal to maintain pipeline integrity. In
that case, we can extend the lifetime of pipeline with
conventional repair and replacement. So the remained
lifetime can be estimated by economical point of view with
the total repair costs vs. the construction costs.For the
natural gas pipeline, however, a leak can cause a serious
explosion with enormous damage for lifes and facilities not
to speak of other damages. So accurate estimation of the
status of natural gas pipeline with proper maintenance for
integrity is very important. In this case a lifetime estimation
with economical point of view may not be applicable.
However, if we consider some damages with metal loss as
leak points, the lifetime estimation with economical point of
view can be applicable to natural gas pipeline with safe.In
order to secure pipeline integrity, various survey methods
are normally applied to detect defects of the pipeline such as
ILI, DCVG and CIPS, etc. Among these survey data, ILI
data for the piggable pipeline were used to assess the
lifetime of a section of pipeline. In this study, we analysed
ILI data for some section of pipeline and classified
anomalies. If a anomaly is long or deep, so is classified to be
repaired to secure pipeline integrity. Every defects that can
be a threat in the future are basically repaired before next ILI
survey. Even though there was no leakage in a section of
pipeline, we can apply above method to calculate remained
lifetime of a pipeline, regarding the anomaly as a leak point.
From this study we found that gas pipeline can be used
several times longer than design life if the pipeline was
constructed in sound condition and maintained properly. The
economical model to estimate the remained life of a pipeline
was applicable to natural gas pipeline without any leak.
11:30am-11:50am
2. AREVA Software Platform for Degradation and
Corrosion Assessment André Zander (AREVA GmbH, Germany)
A Plant-wide and systematic Aging and Plant Life
Management is essential for the safe operation and/or
availability of nuclear power plants. The Aging Management
(AM) has the objective to monitor and control degradation
effects for safety relevant Systems, Structures and
Components (SSCs) which may compromise safety
functions of the plant. The Plant Life Management (PLM)
methodology also includes aging surveillance for availability
relevant SSCs. AM and PLM cover mechanical components,
electrical and I&C systems and civil structuresAll Aging and
Plant Life Management rules call for a comprehensive
approach, requiring the systematic collection of various
aging and safety relevant data on a plant-wide basis. This
data needs to be serviced and periodically evaluated. Due to
the complexity of the process, this activity needs to be
supported by a qualified software tool for the management
of aging relevant data and associated documents (approx. 30
000 SSCs).In order to support the power plant operators
AREVA has developed the software platform. This software
platform with its integrated AM modules enables the design
and setup of a knowledge-based power plant model
compatible to the requirements of international and national
rules (e.g. IAEA Safety Guide NS-G-2.12, KTA 1403). In
this process, a key task is to identify and monitor
degradation mechanisms. In case of mechanical components
degradation models have been developed for 15 different
types of corrosion, e.g. flow accelerated corrosion, general
corrosion, fatigue, strain-induced corrosion cracking, pitting
and creep. The probability of occurrence of damage can also
be calculated for various forms of stress corrosion cracking
(IGSCC, TGSCC and PWSCC) and for microbiologically
induced corrosion. Furthermore, a combination and
interaction between different corrosion mechanisms can be
evaluated.
11:50am-12:10pm
3. Simulation Based on Cellular Automata for
Uniform Corrosion Process of Carbon Steel Anqi Wu, Hongying Yu, Dongbai Sun (University of
Science and Technology Beijing, China)
Uniform corrosion is a common corrosion damage type for
carbon steel with complexity chemical and physical
processes and random reaction position change. A simple
computational model based on cellular automata (CA)
approach is proposed to describe the uniform corrosion
reaction on the surface of material by using local rules to
govern the electrochemical reactions, and simulate the
corrosion system as a discrete dynamical system. Computer
simulation is a new research approach for corrosion science.
A simple model is proposed to describe uniform corrosion
process which is a common corrosion failure type for carbon
steel. As a lot of chemical and physical processes take place
during corrosion reaction with complexity and random, we
have to simplify the complex process to establish a math
model which is suitable for a simulation calculation. The
computational model based on cellular automata (CA)
approach uses local rules to govern the electrochemical
reactions, and simulate the corrosion system as a discrete
dynamical system. As a result the simulation computational
solution is compared with experimental data in this work,
65
both of which show the same characteristics of data
distribution. The results presented the feasibility of the
cellular automata approach to simulate the corrosion process
and to describe change of surface topography in company
with the increase of corrosion quantity. to identify the
corrosion model is effective and practicable Working on a
mesoscopic scale, three main influencing factors are mainly
considered in the model: material microstructure, solution
properties and corrosion potential
Wednesday, November 5, 2014 Room 402A (4F)
WG1: Localized Corrosion (Pitting & Crevice) 1
Chair: Changheui Jang (KAIST, Korea)
11:00am-11:30am
Keynote Speech
1. High Temperature Pitting Behavior of Duplex
Stainless Steel for Nuclear-Desalination Plants Junho Lee, Jong-Dae Hong, Changheui Jang (KAIST,
Korea), Yongsun Yi (Khalifa University, United Arab
Emirates)
A desalination plant coupled with a nuclear reactor has been
considered as one of the promising options for the provision
of clean water. In nuclear-desalination plants the structural
integrity of the heat exchangers is a critical issue because of
the longer design life and strict safety requirements of
nuclear reactors. Since sea water flows through one side of
the heat exchangers, localized corrosion (pitting) caused by
chloride ions in sea water could be a main degradation
mechanism threatening the integrity of the heat exchangers
operating at temperatures as high as 130˚C. In this study,
using one type of duplex stainless steel (UNS S31803)
which is a strong candidate material for the heat exchanger,
the effects of chloride ion and temperature on pitting were
investigated. Potentiodynamic polarization tests were
performed in 3.5 wt.% sodium chloride (NaCl) and 4.9 wt.%
sodium acetate (CH3COONa) solutions over the temperature
range of 25 ~ 130˚C. After the tests pits and surface oxides
were analyzed using SEM-EDS (scanning electron
microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy) and XPS
(X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy). Based on the results,
the roles of temperature and chloride ion in the pitting
phenomenon on the duplex stainless steel are discussed.
11:30am-11:50am
2. Can the Point Defect Model Explain the
Influence of Temperature & Anion Size on Pitting
of Stainless Steels Daniel J. Blackwood (National University of Singapore,
Singapore)
The pitting behaviours of 304L, 316L stainless steels were
investigated a wide temperature range from 3oC to 90oC in
1 M solutions of NaCl, NaBr and NaI by potentiodynamic
polarization. The temperature dependences of the pitting
potential are found to vary according to the anion, being
near linear in bromide but exponential in chloride. As a
result at low temperatures grades 304L and 316L are most
susceptible to pitting by bromide ions, while at elevated
temperature both stainless steels were more susceptible to
pitting in by the small chloride anions than the larger
bromide and iodide. Thus increasing temperature appears to
favour attack by smaller anions. This paper will attempt to
rationalise both the above findings in terms of the point
defect model. Initial findings are that qualitatively this
approach can be reasonably successful, but not at the
quantitative level, possibly due to insufficient data on the
mechanical properties of thin passive films.
11:50am-12:10pm
3. Corrosion Behavior of 316L Stainless Steel in
Simulated Oilfield Produced Water Yanli Zhang, Min Du (Ocean University of China, China)
Corrosion behaviour of 316L stainless steel in oilfield
produced water was studied by weight loss, the anode
polarization curve and scanning electron microscope
methods. Effects of temperature, HAc concentration and
CO2 partial pressure of 316L stainless steel on the corrosion
behavior were discussed. The results showed that the pitting
corrosion is the main behavior to 316L carbon steel in the
simulated oilfield produced water. Corrosion rate increased
firstly, then decreased with the increasing of temperature,
HAcconcentration and CO2 partial pressure. The maximum
depth of pitting corrosion was 0.145 mm at 60 ℃in oilfield
produced water, with the addition of 1000 ppm HAc and 0.1
MPa CO2. The break potential and protection potential
decreased, which the susceptibility to pitting initiation
increased at a certain temperature, however as the
temperature was increased further to 80 ℃, the corrosion
product film with protective function is formed, and the
pitting sensitivity decreased. The lower HAc concentration
could damage passivation film easily. The break potential
decreased firstly, and then increase with the increasing of
HAc concentration. When the CO2 partial pressure was 0.1
MPa, the passivation film appear “glitches” phenomenon,
and the passivation film was not stable, the corrosion rate
had the max now.
12:10pm-12:30pm
4. Current Transients of Metastable Pitting for Al-
Mg-Si Microelectrodes Associated with the
Cathodic Particles L. Guan, B. Zhang, J.Q. Wang, E.-H. Han, W. Ke (Institute
of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China)
Metastable pitting as a precursor state to stable pitting is
usually characterized by tiny anodic current transients under
an applied anodic potential. To date, metastable pitting of
aluminium and its alloys has been extensively investigated.
It has been reported that by using a microelectrode, the
individual pitting current transient can be distinguished from
the background current so that pit events can be identified.
However, little attention has been paid to the origin of
pitting current, especially those associated with cathodic
particles. Herein, current transient measurements are used to
characterize the metastable pitting events for Al-Mg-Si
microelectrodes (diameter 50 µm) in deaerated neutral 0.5 M
66
NaCl solution. The results are compared with those obtained
by atom force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy.
The pit number determined by current transient analysis at
constant potential (slightly above OCP) is significantly less
than that determined by image analysis. At -0.6 V (SCE),
small charge of several pC associated with nano-pits that has
not been identified by SEM and AFM can be detected by
current transient measurements. However, for pitting
initiated at the cathodic Fe-rich particles, the current
transient measurements do not fully detect the true
metastable pitting charges and events.
Wednesday, November 5, 2014 Room 402B (4F)
WH1: Marine Corrosion 1
Chair: Heesan Kim (Hongik University, Korea)
11:00am-11:30am
Keynote Speech
1. Effects of Chromium and Manganese on
Corrosion Resistance of Steels in Chloride Solutions Youngmin Hyun, Heesan Kim (Hongik University, Korea),
Soongi Lee (POSCO, Korea)
Energy crisis and environmental concerns raised by CO2
require that steels have increased strength and toughness for
automobile and exploitation applications. The improved
mechanical properties can come from incorporating a high
percentage of manganese. However, corrosion properties of
these steels have not been researched in varying
environments. The goal of this research is to understand the
effect of manganese and chromium as alloying elements on
corrosion resistance of the high-strength steels in chloride
solutions by using electrochemical tests, prediction of phase
stabilities, XRD, and FIB-TEM analysis. The corrosion
behaviours of all the steels are parabolic in nature
independent of alloying elements or their concentration,
meaning that the corrosion rate is controlled by the transport
of ions across a rust layer. According to the results,
manganese improves corrosion resistance in 3.5% NaCl
solution only while chromium improves corrosion resistance
of steels in both 3.5% chloride solution and synthetic
seawater. The analysis of rust layers make clear that , the
effects of alloying elements on corrosive resistance are
attributed to the change in composition and crystallinity and
thickness of the trust layer. The effect of alloying element
on steel in chloride solution will be described in details on
the presentation.
11:30am-11:50am
2. Study of Corrosion Mechanism and Protection
Measures of Marine Reinforced Concrete Structure Jinping Chen, Xuesong Zhang (China University of
Petroleum (East China), China)
The corrosion of marine reinforced concrete structure is a
very common problem. In this paper, the corrosion
mechanism of marine reinforced concrete structure is
analysed in details. It indicates that the main factors of
corrosion, among which the two major factors are
reinforcement corrosion and salt erosion. So based on this,
this paper has put forward some basic and specific measures
of corrosion protection. And it also points out that under the
condition of current science and technology, it is impossible
to just take one single anticorrosion measure to solve all the
corrosion problems of marine reinforced concrete structure.
Besides, it presents the significance of complete sets of
anticorrosion technology study. Hopefully, it can provide
references for better anti-corrosion protection measures.
11:50am-12:10pm
3. Corrosion and Protection on Chloride Ions in
Marine Concrete Structures Xuesong Zhang, Jinping Chen (China University of
Petroleum (East China), China)
Premature failure of reinforced concrete structures in marine
environment has become a world common concern and an
increasingly prominent disaster. In our country, the corrosion
of reinforced concrete structures that caused by marine
conditions is equally serious. This paper analyses the
hazards of concrete structure under the action of chloride
ions and the pathways, erosion mechanism and factors of
marine concrete structures and limited value of chloride ion
content in concrete structures, etc. On this basis, with the
current research results, the paper introduces the
corresponding protection methods, and pointed out that the
use of high performance concrete and concrete coating is
more economical and effective measures to extend the
marine concrete structures‟ service life.
Wednesday, November 5, 2014 Samda Hall A (3F)
WA2: Coatings 7
Chair: S.V. Gnedenkov (Institute of Chemistry Far Eastern Branch of
Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia)
14:00pm-14:20pm
1. Composite PEO-coatings as Defence against
Corrosion and Wear S.V. Gnedenkov, S.L. Sinebryukhov, V.I. Sergienko
(Institute of Chemistry Far Eastern Branch of Russian
Academy of Sciences, Russia)
The earlier developed approaches to the formation of
composite polymer-containing coatings by plasma
electrolytic oxidation (PEO) using various low-molecular
fractions of superdispersed polytetrafluoroethylene (SPTFE)
have been summarized. A unique method for the formation
of a composite polymer-containing coating at the surface of
magnesium alloy MA8 has been suggested. The
improvement in the corrosion and tribological behavior of
the polymer-containing coating can be attributed to the
morphology and insulating properties of surface layers and
solid lubrication effect of SPTFE particles. Such
multifunctional coatings have high corrosion resistance (Rp
= 3.0×107
Ω cm2) and low friction coefficient (0.13) under
dry wear conditions. The effect of dispersity and -potential
of the nanoscale materials (ZrO2 and SiO2) used as an
67
electrolyte component for plasma electrolytic oxidation on
the composition and properties of the coatings was
investigated. It was established that improvement of the
protective properties for coatings with the incorporated
nanoparticles has been explained by the greater thickness of
the protective layer, relatively low porosity and presence of
narrow non-through pores. The layer with zirconia has a
impedance modulus measured at low frequency (|Z|f=0.01 Hz =
1.8×106 Ω·cm
2) on more one order higher than the PEO-
coating formed in the electrolyte without nanoparticles
(|Z|f=0.01 Hz = 5.4×104 Ω·cm
2).
14:20pm-14:40pm
2. Corrosion Resistance of Novel Hybrid Sol-Gel
Coating on Mild Steel in 3.5% NaCl Solution Rami Suleiman, UbongEduok, Bassam ElAli (King Fahd
University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM), Saudi
Arabia)
Novel hybrid coating based on dimethoxymethyl-n-
octadecylsilane precursor was synthesized through a sol-gel
technique. The resulted coating was applied on mild steel
sheets and its corrosion protection performance has been
evaluated using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
(EIS) and DC polarization techniques. Electrochemical
analyses revealed that the hybrid film provided good barrier
and corrosion protection in comparison with untreated mild
steel substrates following long term immersion in 3.5%
NaCl. The corrosion resistance properties of the newly
developed coating over mild steel substrates found to be
greatly enhanced upon mixing it with the commercially-
available Moly-white corrosion inhibitor, while opposite
behavior was observed upon doping the new coating with
the commercially-available Zapp corrosion inhibitor.
14:40pm-15:00pm
3. The Service Performance, Failure Mechanism of
Organic Coatings under High Hydrostatic
Pressures Ying Li, Ying Liu, Yu Cui, Li Liu (Institute of Metal
Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China)
For polymers, serving as a protective coating on metals is its
old and irreplaceable application. With the expansion of
marine-resources exploration, the organic coatings have to
serve in deep sea water and to endure the high hydrostatic
pressures become a new challenge for organic coating. In
this research, we put focuses on the service performance and
failure mechanism of the epoxy resin under high hydrostatic
pressure (3.5MPa, corresponding to 350m-deep sea water).
First of all, we found that degradation processes and failure
mechanisms of epoxy resin painted on steels were changed
by high pressure resulting in failure before their lifetime.
High hydrostatic pressure accelerated the diffusion of water
through coatings by altering the diffusion mechanism from
ideal Fick diffusion at ordinary pressure to S type adsorption
non-ideal Fick diffusion at high pressure. The
Electrochemical impendence spectra analysis results showed
the barrier and protective properties were deteriorated under
the synergic effect of high pressure and water solution. The
pull-off test showed that the degradation of bonding between
epoxy and steel was much more severely under high
hydrostatic pressure due to the acceleration of de-adhesion
effect of water on epoxy/steel interface. The failure of
coatings was dominated by losing of wet adhesion. The
tensile test showed that the strength for epoxy decreased
with the increase of immersion time, but to be slower under
high pressure than ordinary pressure, and the reason for this
phenomenon is probably the “closure effect” caused by high
pressure to coating cracks, which decreased the crack
propagation under external force. The elongation was
increased under high pressure, because of the “plasticization
effect” caused by fast water transportation at high
hydrostatic pressure.
Wednesday, November 5, 2014 Samda Hall B (3F)
WB2: Corrosion Problems and Protection Methods
in Nuclear Industry 4
Chair: Hansub Chung
(Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power, Korea)
14:00pm-14:30pm
Keynote Speech
1. Shallow Cracks Masked Undetected by Sludge
Deposit at Nuclear Steam Generator Tubes Hansub Chung, Hong-Deok Kim, Yong-Seok Kang, Minwoo
Nam, Kukhee Lee (Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power, Korea)
It has been found in a Korean nuclear power plant, HB4, that
extensive number of cracks may be undetected by eddy
current in-service-inspection because of the masking effect
of sludge deposit covering the cracks. Stress corrosion
cracking at the outside surface of the steam generator tubes
is a major concern when the tubing material is Alloy 600
mill annealed. It has been known that the susceptibility of
the Alloy 600 tube depends on the microstructure, so that
continuous distribution of coarse carbides along the grain
boundaries makes the tube less susceptible to the stress
corrosion cracking. The tubes in HB4 have excellent
microstructure so that the detection of the stress corrosion
cracks has been delayed substantially compared to other
similar units. The number of cracks detected by the eddy
current inspection jumped drastically when inspected after
the sludge deposit had been removed by chemical cleaning
of the steam generators. The purpose of the chemical
cleaning was to mitigate the stress corrosion cracking by
removing heavy sludge deposit, since corrosive environment
is formed in the occluded region under the sludge deposit. It
was found that the cracks in HB4 were shorter and shallower
than other similar units so that sizes of most cracks were
below the detection limit of the eddy current inspection prior
to the chemical cleaning. Probability of detection curves
depending on both the size of the crack and sludge
deposition demonstrated quantitatively that the sizes of most
cracks in HB4 were below the detection limit of pre-
chemical cleaning inspection. It is understood that the sizes
of the cracks are smaller when the tubes are less susceptible
to stress corrosion cracking.
It is believed that the structural integrity and leakage
integrity of the tubes are not threatened by the short and
shallow cracks. It is a regulatory requirement, however, that
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every crack should be repaired once detected irrespective of
its size. Serious under prediction of the number of cracks to
be detected by the post chemical cleaning in-service-
inspection can be caused if the sizes of the cracks are not
considered. Prediction of the future trend of the development
of ODSCC is of prime practical importance, since the
decision of the steam generator replacement should be made
a few years in advance before ODSCC is developed in too
many tubes. The projection using Weibull probability
density function is a dependable method predicting the
future development of degradation.
Keywords: steam generator, Alloy 600 mill annealed tube,
ODSCC (outside diameter stress corrosion cracking), eddy
current inspection, steam generator chemical cleaning,
sludge deposit.
14:30pm-14:50pm
2. SRB and Methanogens in Corrosion of Steel in
Anaerobic Water P. Rajala, L. Carpén (VTT Technical Research Centre of
Finland, Finland), M. Raulio (TIKKURILA Oyj., Finland)
During the operation, maintenance and decommissioning of
nuclear power plants contaminated waste is produced. This
waste is disposed of in underground repository 60–100
meters below the ground surface. The metallic waste
consists mostly of carbon steel and stainless steel.
A long-term field exposure show high corrosion rates,
general corrosion up to 29 μm a-1
and localized corrosion
even higher. Corrosion rates this high are possible if
microbes are present and produce corrosive products or alter
the local microenvironment to corrosion favoring. The
bacterial and archaeal composition of biofilm formed on the
surface of carbon steel was studied using 16S rRNA gene
targeting pyro-sequencing followed by phylogenetic
analyses of microbial community. The functional potential
of microbial communities in biofilm was studied by
functional gene targeting quantitative PCR. The corrosion
rate was analyzed with weigh loss measurements and the
deposits on the surfaces were analyzed with SEM/EDS.
Our results demonstrate that the bacterial diversity on the
surface of carbon steel and their functionality is vast. Our
results suggest that the role of methanogenicarchaea in
corrosive biofilm, in addition to sulphate reducing bacteria,
could be greater than previously suspected in these nutrient
poor conditions.
14:50pm-15:10pm
3. Effects of Aluminum Alloy Corrosion on Sump
Strainer Clogging C.B. Bahn (Pusan National University, Korea)
Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) has performed nuclear
regulatory-sponsored research related to the sump strainer
clogging issues after a loss-of-coolant accident, especially
on the chemical effects. Since potential chemical effects on
the head loss across the debris-loaded sump strainer under
the post-accident condition were experimentally evidenced
by small-scale bench tests, ANL has conducted vertical loop
head loss testing. The tests were performed with 6061 and
1100 aluminum (Al) alloy plates immersed in borated
solution at pH=9.3 varying the loop water temperature. The
head loss testing with in-situ Al alloy corrosion suggested
that not only aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3) precipitation
due to corrosion but also intermetallic particles embedded in
the aluminum alloy matrix could increase the head loss
across the fibrous debris bed on the sump strainer. That
means the potential for corrosion of an Al alloy to result in
increased head loss across a glass fiber bed may depend on
its microstructure, i.e., the size distribution and number
density of intermetallic particles that are present in Al matrix
as FeSiAl ternary compounds, as well as its Al release rate.
Long-term aluminum hydroxide precipitation testing was
also conducted using static glass cells. The borated solution
was heated, Al ions were added into the solution, and the
solution temperature was decreased as visually observing the
change in turbidity of the solution due to the precipitation of
aluminum hydroxide. After combining the data from the
vertical loop head loss testing and the long-term aluminum
hydroxide precipitation testing, it was suggested that the
effective solubility of Al(OH)3 is apparently reduced when
intermetallic particles are present.
Wednesday, November 5, 2014 Room 301 (3F)
WC2: Corrosion Inhibitors 2
Chair: Dun Zhang
(Chinese Academy of Sciences, China)
14:00pm-14:30pm
Keynote Speech
1. Synthesis and Controlled Release Anticorrosion
Characterization of Benzoate Anion Intercalated
Layered Double Hydroxides Yi Wang, Dun Zhang (Chinese Academy of Sciences, China)
The degradation of metallic substrates by corrosion
processes is an economic problem of huge proportions.
Corrosion inhibitor technology is an effective and economic
way for protecting metal from corrosion, which is already
widely used in many industries. However, in some special
fields, it‟s very important for controlling releasing speed of
corrosion inhibitors. A possible strategy to overcome this
problem is the use of inert “host” systems of nanocontainers,
loading them with the desired inhibitors. The layered double
hydroxides (LDHs) are anion exchange substances
consisting of stacks of positively charged, mixed-metal
hydroxide layers between which anionic species and solvent
molecules are intercalated. They have been considered for
the delivery of drugs at the cellular level, with several
studies showing their low toxicity, together with the ability
to control the release of active species under certain
circumstance. In this paper, the Zn-Al LDHs has been
brought in to solidify corrosion inhibitor, benzoate anion, in
order to prolong the releasing time of it. The release
behavior and the kinetic have been studied. The performance
parameters on protecting Q235 carbon steel from corrosion
in 3.5% NaCl solution were calculated by polarization curve
and electrochemical impedance spectra methods. The results
showed that the benzoate anion released into the solution
from Zn-Al LDHs host could well protect Q235 carbon steel
from corrosion.
69
14:30pm-14:50pm
2. Experimental and Quantum Chemical Studies on
Corrosion Inhibition Performance of Quinoxaline
Derivatives for Mild Steel in 1M H2SO4 Saranya Jagadeesan, Chitra Subramanian, Parameswari
Kandasamy, Sounthari Palanisamy, Kiruthika Ayyasamy,
Saranya Govindarajan, Yuvarani S (India)
The inhibitory effects of quinoxaline derivatives such as N-
[(2E)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-
ylidene]hydrazinecarboxamide and N-[(2E)-3-oxo-3,4-
dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-ylidene]hydrazinecarbothiaamide
were investigated using gravimetric, thermometric,
potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance
spectroscopy, atomic absorption spectroscopy, scanning
electron microscopy and quantum chemical approaches.
Results obtained from gravimetric and thermometric
measurements indicate the increase in inhibition efficiency
with increase in inhibitor concentration but a decrease in
inhibition efficiency by rise in temperature. Langmuir
adsorption isotherm model was used to describe the
adsorption process. Changes in the impedance parameters
suggested a physisorption of these compounds onto the mild
steel surface, leading to the formation of protective films. A
theoretical study was carried out by density functional
theory (DFT) calculations, the B3LYP functional with the 6-
311G(d,p) basis set was used to perform the investigations.
The studies showed that the inhibition efficiency of these
compounds depend on some basic molecular descriptors
including: energy gap ΔE = ELUMO - EHOMO, dipole
moment , Mulliken atomic charges, Hardness, Softness,
Electron affinity, Electronegativity, Ionization potential and
the fraction of electrons (ΔN) transferred from the
compound to the metal. The prediction of the inhibition
efficiencies of these compounds matched the experimental
measurements.Keywords: Quinoxaline, mild steel,
polarization, density functional theory, hardness.
14:50pm-15:10pm
3. The Study on the Inhibitory Properties of
Benzothiazole Derivatives on Corrosion of Mild
Steel in Acid Media Hemapriya Venkatesan, Parameswari Kandasamy, Chitra
Subramanian (India)
Corrosion inhibition of mild steel in the presence of different
concentrations of synthesised benzothiazole derivatives
(ASA,ABA) in 1 M H2SO4 solution has been studied using
the weight loss and potentiodynamic polarization techniques.
The effect of temperature on the corrosion behaviour of
carbon steel has been studied in the temperature range 303-
333 K. The inhibition efficiency increases with increasing
inhibitor concentration but decreases with increasing
temperature. The activation energy and free energy for the
inhibition reactions support the mechanism of physical
adsorption. The adsorption of inhibitors on mild steel
surface is endothermic, spontaneous and consistent with the
Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The potentiodynamic
polarization measurements indicate that the inhibitors act as
mixed type. Surface and protective film analysis have been
carried out using energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), scanning
electron microscopy (SEM)and Fourier transforms infrared
(FT-IR) spectroscopy which reveal the adsorption of
inhibitors on the mild steel surface. Quantum chemical
calculations have been performed at B3LYP/6-31G(d,p)
level to calculate the electronic properties of the molecules
in order to complement the experimental
results.KeywordsCarbon steel; Corrosion inhibition;
Benzothiazole; Thermodynamic parameters; Polarizatiom;
Impedance.
15:10pm-15:30pm
4. Banana Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composite as
Potential Inhibitor for Acid Corrosion of Low
Carbon Steel Kiruthika Ayyasamy, Sounthari Palanisamy, Parameswari
Kandasamy, Chitra Subramanian (India)
Background: Use of natural fiber as reinforcing material is
the latest invention of polymer science in order to get higher
strength with lower weight composite materials having
several applications. In the present investigation banana
fiber, a natural fibre is used as the reinforcing material.
Banana fibres which are obtained from the dried stalk of
banana trees, a waste product of banana cultivation offer
good specific strength and low density comparable to other
conventional fibres like glass fibres.Experiment: A novel
polyester-banana fibre composite was prepared and
evaluated as corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in acid
medium by various corrosion monitoring methods viz.
gravimetric, potentiodynamic polarization and
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The polymer and
the composite were characterized by FTIR, XRD and SEM
techniques.Results: The composite shows excellent
corrosion inhibition compared to the polymer. The inhibition
is due to adsorption on mild steel surface forming a
protective monolayer which obeys Langmuir isotherm.
Electrochemical studies show that the composite is a mixed
type inhibitor.Conclusion & significance: Banana fibre is
potential bio filler that can be used efficiently for synthesis
of polymer composites and the composites represent
excellent inhibitors for mitigating the corrosion of mild
steel.Keywords: Banana fibre, polymer composites,
Langmuir, mixed type inhibitor.
Wednesday, November 5, 2014 Room 302 (3F)
WD2: Corrosion in Energy Systems 2
Chair: Qunjie XU
(Shanghai University of Electric Power, China)
14:00pm-14:30pm
Keynote Speech
1. Corrosion Protection of 304 Stainless Steel
Bipolar Plates of PEMFC by Coating SNO2 Film Hongtao Pan, Qunjie Xu (Shanghai University of Electric
Power, China)
SnO2 film was successfully coated on surface of austenite
304 stainless steels (304SS) by combining sol-gel dip-
70
coating method with alcohol thermal method. The coated
SnO2 film was used to enhance corrosion resistance of
304SS bipolar plates in a simulated proton exchange
membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) environment. Bared 304SS
and SnO2 coated 304SS were investigated via EIS,
potentiodynamic polarization curves and potentiostatic
polarization curves measurements in a simulated PEMFC
cathodic, anodic environment, respectively. Compared with
the bared 304SS, the corrosion current density for the SnO2
coated 304SS was decreased significantly from
33.22μA/cm2 to 0.1327μA/cm
2 in a simulated cathodic
environment, and from 75.079μA/cm2 to 0.1581μA/cm
2 in a
simulated anodic environment. Surface structure and
chemical composition of the samples were obtained by SEM,
EDX, AFM, XRD and XPS. The result showed that a
uniform and compact SnO2 film was coated on the surface of
304SS, which enhanced the corrosion resistance of 304SS in
a simulated PEMFC environment.
14:30pm-14:50pm
2. Effect of Antimony on Rust Layer Property for
Cu-containing Low Alloy Steel in a Flue Gas
Desulfurization System Seon-Hong Kim, Sun-Ah Park, Jung-Gu Kim
(Sungkyunkwan University, Korea), Kee-Sam Shin
(Changwon National University, Korea), Jung-Bong Yoon
(POSCO, Korea)
The alloying effect of Sb on a flue gas desulfurization
materials, which has 0.35 wt.% Cu content, was investigated
using electrochemical methods in the modified green death
solution. The 0.1 wt.% Sb steel represented higher corrosion
resistance than the 0 wt.% Sb due to the formation of the
densely formed surface layer. The Cu content of the surface
film increased with immersion time due to the selective
dissolution/re-deposition mechanism and the rust layer was
destroyed whre the Cu content of rust layer exceeds the
critical Cu content. The rust layer on the 0.1 wt.% Sb
specimen had superior durability in modified green death
solution since it had lower Cu content than those of 0 wt.%
Sb steel.
14:50pm-15:10pm
3. Exfoliation Issue in the Fossil-fuelled Power Plant
Tusimice II (CZ) T. Popela, E. Krecanova, M. Zychová (Research Centre Rez,
Czech Republic), Z. Skoumalova (UJV, Czech Republic), J.
Macak (Institute of Chemical Technology Prague, Czech
Republic)
A big operational issue of today‟s fossil-fuelled power plants
operating at supercritical conditions is the material
exfoliation that causes the blockages in different power
plants piping systems. This work focuses on the fossil-
fuelled power plant Tusimice II, Czech Republic where we
would like to avoid the clogging of piping for superheated,
reheated and the reversible steam by selection of proper
material that wouldn‟t exfoliate or by finding the way how
to predict and suppress the exfoliation process. Nowadays in
the Tusimice II power plant the X6CrNiMo17-13-2 (1.4918,
CZ 17341) austenitic stainless steel piping is used and the
oxide layers formed on this steel tend to exfoliate. A
replacement of the current piping material with shot peened
X10CrNiCuNb18-9-3 (1.4907, Super 304H), a material with
higher corrosion resistance, is considered. Both materials
were exposed at supercritical water conditions (600 °C, 25
MPa). Their corrosion resistance was evaluated and
compared. The nature of oxide scales formed on their
surface was evaluated by SEM-WDS, XPS, Raman
spectroscopy and impedance measurements.
15:10pm-15:30pm
4. Corrosion Behavior of 316L Stainless Steel in
Condensate of Blast Furnace Gas Pipeline in a
Power Plant Hong-Hua Ge, Zhi-Hao Jin, Wei-Wei Lin, Yu-Zeng Zhao
(Shanghai University of Electric Power, China), Yang-Wei
Zong (Power Plant of Baoshan Iron & Steel Co., Ltd.,
China)
Severe corrosion of 316L stainless steel occurred in the
expansion joint of blast furnace gas (BFG) pipeline after
booster fan in a power plant. The condensate of BFG
pipeline was collected and examined by ion chromatography
and plasma atomic emission spectrometry. The behavior of
electrochemistry corrosion of 316L stainless steel in
condensate were analyzed through electrochemical
impedance spectroscopy (EIS), polarization curve, confocal
microscopy, and scanning Kelvin probe. The results reveal
that the condensate is a kind of strong electrolyte solution
with low pH and high concentration of chloride. There exists
no passive area in polarization curve of 316L stainless steel,
and shows the characteristics of active dissolution. Along
with the increase of immersion period, the impedance of
316L stainless steel electrode decreases dramatically, and
impedance spectroscopy experiences such a procedure that
single capacitive reactance arc gradually develops into the
contraction of inductive reactance, and then tends to be two
capacitive reactance arc, which indicates that pitting
corrosion transfers from induction period to evolution period
until metastable pitting translates into stable pitting. SKP
results indicates that the distribution of Kelvin potentials on
the surfaces of stainless steel moves positively with the
exposure time, and tends to be non-uniform with larger
variance. The anodic and cathodic regions distinguished
evidently from each other after a certain exposure time when
the stable pitting occurs.Keywords: 316L stainless steel,
blast furnace gas (BFG), condensate, pitting corrosion,
electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, scanning Kelvin
probe.
Wednesday, November 5, 2014 Room 303 (3F)
WE2: Stress Corrosion Cracking &
Hydrogen Embrittlement 1
Chair: Ji Hyun Kim (Ulsan Nation Institute of Science and Technology, Korea)
71
14:00pm-14:30pm
Keynote Speech
1. Effects of Dissolved Hydrogen on Iascc in
Austenitic Stainless Steel K.J. Choi, S.C. Yoo, T.H. Kim, S.H. Kim, J.H. Kim (Ulsan
National Institute of Science and Technology, Korea)
Irradiation-assisted stress corrosion cracking has affected
reactor core internal structures fabricated from austenitic
stainless steels in pressurized water power plants. The
general failure pattern of such cracking indicates that, as
nuclear plants age and neutron fluence increases, austenitic
stainless steels can become susceptible to intergranular
failure. Of the observed types of radiation damage, it has
been shown that radiation-induced segregation, second-
phase hardening, and radiation-induced hardening increased
the susceptibility to intergranular stress corrosion cracking,
which generally occurs at doses between 0.5 dpa (for boiling
water reactors) and 2–3 dpa (for pressurized water reactors).
Recently, domestic nuclear power plants (NPPs) arrived at a
state of long-term operation, and some of these plants have
been irradiated with more than 3 dpa. Thus, the affected
NPPs were exposed to the risk of irradiation-assisted stress
corrosion cracking. Furthermore, there has been a recent
trend to increase dissolved hydrogen in the primary section
of pressurized water power plants up to approximately 50
cc/kg dissolved hydrogen (DH), in order to reduce
susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking in Ni base alloy.
However, increasing DH to this level may detract from the
resistance to cracking in stainless steel. To address this issue,
the final objective of the present study is to evaluate the
integrity of internal structures by investigating the
characteristics of irradiation-assisted stress corrosion
cracking and determining a relationship between dissolved
hydrogen and environmental factors, the stress intensity
factor K, and crack growth rate. In particular, this study
focuses on the relationship between stress corrosion crack
growth and DH in as-received austenitic stainless steel based
on crack growth measurement. The results show that
increasing DH makes crack growth more active by arresting
the phase transition of Ni/NiO or Fe2O3/Fe3O4, and a peak in
crack growth rate exists near the transition.
14:30pm-14:50pm
2. Study of Hot Salt StressS Corrosion Crack
Initiation of Alloy IMI 834 by Using DC Potential
Drop Method Mangesh D. Pustode, Bhupendra Dewangan, V.S. Raja
(Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India), Neeta
Paulose, Narendra Babu (Gas Turbine Research
Establishment, India)
DC potential drop technique was employed during the slow
strain rate tests to study the hot salt stress corrosion crack
(HSSCC) initiation at 300 and 400 °C. Threshold stresses for
HSSCC initiation were found to about 88% of the yield
strength at both the temperatures, but the time from crack
initiation and to final failure (Δtscc), decreased significantly
with temperature, which reflects larger tendency for brittle
fracture and secondary cracking. The brittle fracture features
consisted of transgranular cracking through the primary α
grain and discontinuous faceted cracking through the
transformed β grains.
14:50pm-15:10pm
3. Hydrogen Induced Ductility of X70 Pipeline
Steels and its Effect on Stress Corrosion Cracking
in Simulated Soil Environments Zhiyong Liu, Xiaogang Li, Xianzong Wang, Cuiwei Du
(University of Science and Technology Beijing, China)
Stress corrosion cracking of underground pipeline steels has
been greatly concerned throughout the last decades. One of
the most interest issues is the relationship between the
initiation and/or growth of cracks and the cathodic potential
conditions. This work confirms an effective potential scope
of hydrogen induced ductility with low SCC susceptibility
for pipeline steel under various cathodic potential conditions.
There exists a particular cathodic potential range that the
specimens show some toughness, lower SCC susceptibility,
as compared with the results at more negative or positive
potential conditions appliedand. Similar phenomenon is
found in compact tensile specimens under cyclic loading
crack growth test, which indicates that pre-cracks at a
roughly same applied cathodic potential range propagate
much slower than that at more negative or positive potential
conditions applied. Furthermore, pre-cracks under constant
loading propagate much faster than that under cyclic loading
condition within the similar cathodic potential range.
Hydrogen is assumed to play an important effect on metal
matrix within this potential range.
Generally, hydrogen evolution is considered to be
responsible for the SCC initiation and thus results in
hydrogen embrittlement for the operating pipelines when
cathodic potential is applied. In this work, however,
hydrogen was supposed to release the stress concentration at
the place where cracks initiation and then decrease the stress
intensity of SCC. As a result, the specimens demonstrate a
unique phenomenon of ductility or hydrogen induced
ductility, which decrease the SCC risk for the pipeline,
within a particular cathodic potential range applied as the
results show in tensile tests and crack growth tests.
Wednesday, November 5, 2014 Room 401 (4F)
WF2: Corrosion in Bio Materials 1
Chair: Amir Eliezer
(Sami Shamoon College of Engineering, Israel)
14:00pm-14:30pm
Keynote Speech
1. Advanced Bio-Active Coatings of Titanium and
Magnesium Alloys for Biomedical Applications A. Eliezer (Sami Shamoon College of Engineering, Israel),
L. Heimann, C. Sattig, D. Zukowski, E. Dingeldein (aap
Biomaterials GmbH, Germany), K. S. Lips (Justus-Liebig-
Universität Gießen, Germany), C. Gasqueres, T. Batsch
(aap Implantate AG, Germany)
72
Over the past few years, progresses in orthopedic surgery
have helped to improve the quality of life of thousands of
persons. Nowadays, more than 4.5 million procedures
related to joint replacement and fracture repair are
performed worldwide each year. However, serious
complications still occur mostly due to implant loosening or
infection. Surface treatments and coatings have been major
research axes to address those problems. In particular great
emphasis has been put lately on the development of
antibacterial coatings that could prevent implant
colonization by microorganisms and formation of bacterial
biofilm. Therfore today there is a demand for coatings on
both nonderedable long lasting implants as well as
degradable for shorter terms. Degredable materials such as
magnesium and magnesium alloys are of special interest as
structural materials, since their high specific strength enables
them to be applied as implants. The main problem is that
these materials are very reactive and may undergo
environmentally induced degradation during service Surface
treatments and coatings have been major research axes to
address the ability of a controlled degradation biomaterial
behaviour.
In this study, the development of a titanium medical grade
Ti-6Al-4V alloy bio-active oxide coating containing silver
particles and the development of a CaP bio-active oxide
coating is reported. Both materials coatingswere obtained by
Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation (PEO).
During this research, corrosion of magnesium W4 alloy was
investigated in vitro by electrochemical methods in solutions
replicating the body's environment [1]. In addition also gas
formation of W4 was also quantified.In order to correlate in-
vitro corrosion to in-vivo degradation a pilot animal study in
sheep was performed. Furthermore [2], a dedicated approach
to identify and construct suitable traumatological implants
made of magnesium as well as was undertaken and a
suitable manufacturing process on an industrial scale was
established.
14:30pm-14:50pm
2. In-vitro Degradation Behaviors of As-extruded
Mg-5Sn-xZn Alloys S.K. Woo, C.D. Yim, B.S. You (University of Science and
Technology, Korea)
Magnesium is one of the constituents of human body and it
has many advantages as biomedical implant material.
However, fast degradation of magnesium and excessive
hydrogen evolution due to degradation may result in
decrease of load-bearing capacity and tissue damage during
a healing period. An addition of alloying element to
magnesium is one of methods to control kinetics of
degradation and hydrogen evolution. Among various
alloying elements, Sn and Zn are known as the effective
elements which can suppress hydrogen evolution and
improve a protectiveness of surface film. They are also
essential and non-toxic in human body. In this study, the in-
vitro degradation behaviors of as-extruded Mg-5Sn-xZn
alloys were evaluated systematically by electrochemical and
immersion tests in Hank‟s solution. The changes of
microstructures and composition of surface film by addition
of Zn strongly affected the corrosion behaviors of Mg-5Sn-
xZn alloys. The increase of ZnO in the surface film was
beneficial to corrosion resistance while higher fraction of
Mg2Sn particles was detrimental to corrosion resistance
with increasing Zn content. The size of Mg2Sn particle also
affected the corrosion behaviors strongly.
14:50pm-15:10pm
3. Electrochemical Corrosion Behavior of Sodium
Bicarbonate Conversion Coated AZ31 Magnesium
Alloy in Simulated Body Fluid Solution Srinivasan Arthanari, Rajendran Nallaiyan (Anna University,
India), Shin Kwang Seon (Seoul National University, Korea)
Development of AZ31 Magnesium (Mg) alloy as
biodegradable implant device for biomedical applications is
one of the promising areas of current research. Since the
degradation rates of AZ31 Mg are high in physiological
environment, it doesn‟t allow the implant to accelerate the
bonding ability when it is in service. Hence it is essential to
control the degradation rate of AZ31 Mg during service to
improve its bone bonding ability. The present investigation
deals with the development of bicarbonate conversion
coatings over AZ31 Mg at ambient temperature since it is
one of the cost effective and cheap surface modifications
methodologies. The effect of bicarbonate concentration on
the surface and electrochemical corrosion performance has
been evaluated. The formation of MgCO3/ Mg(OH)2 layer
on the surface of AZ31 Mg was identified by X-Ray
diffraction and attenuated total reflectance infra-red (ATR-
IR) studies. These results indicated the formation of
conversion layer on the surface of AZ31 Mg. Surface
morphology and composition of the bicarbonate conversion
coated samples were analyzed using scanning electron
microscopy (SEM) attached with energy dispersive X-Ray
analysis (EDAX). The formation of mud crack pattern was
ensured from the SEM morphological observation.
Electrochemical corrosion behavior of the samples were
studied in simulated body fluid (SBF) solution using open
circuit potential (OCP) measurement, potentiodynamic
polarization (PDP), linear polarization (LP) and
electrochemical impedance spectroscopic (EIS) studies.
From the results it is seen that the corrosion resistance of
bicarbonate conversion coated samples was found to be high
compared to uncoated AZ31 Mg. In addition to that the
increase in corrosion resistance was observed when the
concentration of bicarbonate is increased up to 5 wt% and
further increase in concentration led to decreasing trend up
to 9 wt.%. A correlation is made between the surface and
electrochemical studies to explain the change in corrosion
resistance of the BCTM samples.
15:10pm-15:30pm
4. Microstructure and Bioactivity of Bio-ceramic
Coating Fabricated on ZK60 by Constant Current-
Constant Voltage Composite Power Mode Jing Chen, Lei Xu, Sheng Lu, Cui-lin Du, Ze-xin Wang
(Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, China)
MAO coating with lower degradation rate and higher
bioactivity bio-ceramic coatings was prepared on ZK60 Mg
alloy in a basic biologic electrolyte composed of Na2SiO3,
Ca(Ac)2, (NaPO3)6, NaH2PO4 and NaOH by the composite
73
power mode of constant current-constant voltage. The
microstructure and corrosion resistance of the bio-ceramic
coating were investigated by scanning electron microscopy
(SEM) coupled with an energy dispersive spectrometer
(EDS) and immersion corrosion test. And the bioactivity of
the coating was tested in vitro simulated body fluid (SBF)
soaking at 37℃ for 7 days and 14 days respectively. The
results indicated that some granules were induced on the
coating after 7 days‟ immersion.Calcium-phosphorus
compounds with the Ca/P molar ratio reached 1.3 were
found on the surface after 14 days‟ immersion which
presents good bioactivity and osteoinduction.
Wednesday, November 5, 2014 Room 402A (4F)
WG2: Localized Corrosion (Pitting & Crevice) 2
Chair: Kewei Gao
(University of Science and Technology Beijing, China)
14:00pm-14:30pm
Keynote Speech
1. Study on Crevice Corrosion Behavior of Q235
Weld Joint Q. Yu, C. Liu, X. Pang, Q. Liu, K. Gao (University of
Science and Technology Beijing, China)
The crevice corrosion behavior of carbon steel Q235 weld
joint was studied in simulated underground water containing
different oxygen concentrations at different temperatures.
The results show that there was no crevice corrosion at 25oC,
while the crevice corrosion occurred at 90oC. Oxygen
promoted corrosion process both inside and outside the
crevice, but suppressed the corrosion at the crevice edge.
The microstructure of WM was coarse Widmanstatten
structure, and many corrosion holes appeared after immersed
in the simulated solution at 90oC. The microstructure of FZ
had a lot of clustered ferrite, a long string of pits appeared at
high temperature and it was the most severely damaged
region in the whole weld joint. Both HAZ and BM shared
relatively uniform and fine structure, and underwent slight
corrosion.
14:30pm-14:50pm
2. Sensing Oxygen Gradients during Localized
Corrosion Processes by Using a Novel Scanning
Micro-optrode Technique: A Proof of Concept Y Gonzalez-Garcia, H. Terryn (Vrije Universiteit Brussel,
Belgium), J.M.C. Mol (Delft University of Technology,
Netherlands), E. Karplus (Science Wares Inc., USA)
The ability to measure oxygen fluxes in aqueous solutions
non-invasively is a very important aspect of research for
physiology, biology and corrosion studies. Electrochemical
methods have long been developed for oxygen detection but
have several disadvantages, such as slow response times,
cross-sensitivity to other species, susceptibility to fouling
and influencing the system under study. Fiber-optic
microprobes (optrodes) have been developed more recently
for measuring oxygen in a wide variety of biomedical and
environmental applications. In general these systems require
one-point measurements of oxygen concentration over the
specimen. Oxygen fiber-optic sensors are used in industry to
monitor and control corrosion processes at a large scale.
However the use of micro-optrodes is absent for detailed and
mechanistic studies of localized corrosion events. These
types of processes require high spatial resolution and fast
response times from the sensors. In this work we introduce a
scanning micro-optrode (~ 20 μm diameter) to detect in real-
time oxygen gradients during localized corrosion processes.
This is a novel method in which the micro-optrode is
controlled by a 3D manipulator that enables automated scans
in 3D space. This work shows the capabilities of the system
to monitor the gradients of oxygen during corrosion of an
iron sample in chloride containing aqueous solution. Its
resolution and the accuracy of the measurements are
compared with the measurements using the scanning
electrochemical microscope (SECM). Experiments consisted
of monitoring the oxygen concentration in solution by the
reduction reaction of oxygen at the SECM microelectrode.
Furthermore the measured values of oxygen concentration
are validated with the concentration obtained by simulation
of the corrosion case using a numerical multi-ion transport
and reaction model (MiTReM). This model represents the
homogeneous reactions taking place in the solution and the
transport of species considered.The use of micro-optrode
sensors as non-invasive probes for sensing oxygen, pH and
other ions may provide further valuable and detailed
information about the mechanism of localized corrosion
events such as pitting and microbiologically influenced
corrosion (MIC) of metal alloys in the future.
14:50pm-15:10pm
3. Corrosion and Repassivation Behavior of
Stainless Steels in Chloride and Thiosulfate
Containing Environments Y.S. Wang, P.M.Singh (Georgia Institute of Technology,
USA)
In this study, the combined effect of chloride and thiosulfate
ions, the effect of ratio of these two ions, on passivation
behaviour of 304L, 316L, and duplex stainless steels 2101,
2205are investigatedwith potentiostatic scratch tests. Cyclic
polarization and potentiostatic scratch tests were used to
understand the role of anions on localized corrosion in these
systems. It was found that the thiosulfate pitting started at a
lower potential for 2101 than 304L in 0.6M NaCl + 0.03M
Na2S2O3 solution. The pit morphology for 304L, 316L, and
2101 in 0.6M NaCl + 0.03M Na2S2O3 solution is very
different from one another. Results indicate that the pitting
mechanism switches from thiosulfate pitting dominated
process to chloride pitting dominated process at
approximately 0.1V.
15:10pm-15:30pm
4. Microbiologically Induced Corrosion of Three
Tubular Materials S. Mukadam, A. Al-Hashem (Kuwait Institute for Scientific
Research, Kuwait)
74
The performance of C-90, L-80 and N-80 tubular materials
were evaluated in a synthetic brine inoculated with
sulphate reducing bacteria (SRB) in the absence and
presence of biocides. Flow loop was used in the evaluation
of the three alloys. Morphological examination of the alloys
surfaces after exposure to SRB and after biocide treatment
was made by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to
determine the nature of possible localized corrosion attach.
SEM of the coupon samples showed a marked difference
between the biocide treated and untreated samples. Small
pits were observed on the ultrasonically cleaned surfaces of
the three alloys after exposure to SRB. The biocide
treatment was capable of reducing the SRB bacteria from the
surfaces of these alloys. Results indicated that C-90 and L-
80 alloys exhibited better MIC resistance than N-80 under
the conditions of testing of this study.
Wednesday, November 5, 2014 Room 402B (4F)
WH2: Marine Corrosion 2
Chair: Wen-Ta Tsai
(National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan)
14:00pm-14:30pm
Keynote Speech
1. Effect of Hydrodynamic Condition on the
Electrochemical Behavior of Various Metals in 3.5
wt% NaCl Solution Szu-Jung Pan, Samuel-Sudibyo Hadinata, Ruey-Chy Kao,
Wen-Ta Tsai (National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan)
The electrochemical behaviors of various metals with and
without diamond-like-carbon (DLC) coating in 3.5 wt%
NaCl solution were investigated. The effect of
hydrodynamic condition was focused by employing rotating
disc electrode (RDE). The experimental results showed that
a more positive corrosion potential and a higher corrosion
rate of each bare metal were observed due to enhanced
oxygen transport at higher rotating speed of RDE. DLC
coating caused a substantial increase in corrosion resistance
of all metals studied. However, localized corrosion was still
found in the DLC-coated metal at the sites where deposition
defects existed. Surface morphology examination after
electrochemical test was performed to confirm the roles of
hydrodynamic condition and DLC coating.
14:30pm-14:50pm
2. Corrosion Behaviour of DH36 Steel Used for Oil
Platform in Splash Zone J.G. Liu (China University of Petroleum, China), Y.T. Li,
B.R. Hou (Chinese Academy of Sciences, China)
The splash zone is the most corrosive area of the marine
environment and the corrosion of steel structures exposed in
this area is a serious concern. DH36 steel is one of
commonly used steels for offshore oil platform in China, the
corrosion behaviour in splash zone was studied in this paper.
The polarization curves were obtained from the corroded
steel exposed in this area while the morphologies and rusts
of the rust steel were characterized with scanning electron
microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Double rust layers were
formed in splash zone. The inner layer contained magnetite
and fine flaky lepidocrocite, the outer layer was composed
of accumulated flaky lepidocrocite and a little of goethite. In
wet period, the iron dissolved and reacted with lepidocrocite
and magnetite appeared while magnetite was oxidized to
lepidocrocite again during dry period. Electrochemical
reduction and chemical oxidization were circulated in
intermittent wetting and drying, and magnetite and
lepidocrocite were involved in the reduction reaction and
lead to serious corrosion.
14:50pm-15:10pm
3. Tests of Corrosion Stability of Aluminum Alloys
under Marine Atmospheric Conditions V.I. Sergienko, V.G. Dobrzhansky, D.V. Marinin, V.S.
Rudnev, E.E. Dmitrieva (Russian Academy of Sciences,
Russia)
Coastal marine areas of subtropics and tropics regions of
South Asia (China, Vietnam, and India) are characterized by
the most severe conditions of operation and storage of
aviation equipment. Transport and passenger aircrafts
operated in tropical and marine climate undergo especially
serious corrosion damages. The main reason of corrosion
damages consists in contact corrosion between materials of
different nature and in emergence of contact pairs of similar
nature having different degrees of plastic deformation and/or
thermal treatment.
In Russia, the southern climate conditions with respect to the
atmosphere corrosion potential can be adequately simulated
only at the Primorsky Territory: the city of Vladivostok,
Russkii Island, Marine Corrosion Center (MCC) of
FEBRAS (Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of
Sciences). The comparison of main climatic and
aerochemical characteristics demonstrated that the corrosion
potential of the MCC atmosphere was high higher than that
in Nha Trang (Vietnam), Gelendzhik (Russia), and Batumi
(Georgia).
Comparative tests of general corrosion stability of 1441 and
1163 aluminum alloy (Russian standard) samples with
deposited protective coatings (coating was deposited by
anodic oxidation, without lacquer-paint coating (LPC)) have
been performed. This approach was caused by the necessity
of taking into account possible coating (LPC) damage during
operation.
Samples were produced at the aircraft production plant from
aluminum sheet materials directly in the process of hull skin
parts manufacture. Anodic oxidation was carried put in
accordance with the technology applied at the plant. The
coating thickness was 8-9 µm. No lacquer-paint protective
coatings were applied.
The tests, to make the conditions more severe and accelerate
the process, were carried out at a relative humidity of 95-
98 % and a temperature of 292°С. The UV radiation dose
corresponded to the summer day at the south Primorsky
Territory latitude (Far East of Russia). Samples were
pulverized by low-dispersed flow (fog) of natural seawater
thrice a day. The samples were placed into a semi-immersed
position: the lower sample edges were immersed into
seawater at a depth of 8-10 mm. The corrosion test period
75
was 21 days. Besides, the tests for corrosion cracking
through stretching at a constant deformation rate were
carried out. Flat cylindrical samples made of V95 and D16
aluminum alloys (Russian standard) used in aircraft industry
were tested.
15:10pm-15:30pm
4. Revisiting Hot Corrosion and its Persistence into
the Future D. A. Shifler (Office of Naval Research, USA)
High temperature applications demand materials that have a
variety of properties such as high strength, toughness, creep
resistance, fatigue resistance, as well as resistance to
degradation by their interaction with the environment. Fuel
contaminants or the lack of contaminants from fuels has
often been considered to strongly influence coating and/or
materials performance in high temperature combustion
environments such as observed in marine gas turbine
engines. Sulfur in the fuels has often been a main
contaminant leading to Type I or Type II hot corrosion. With
recent international environmental regulations, oceangoing
vessels operating in areas with air quality problems,
designated Emission Control Areas, sulfur in fuels will be
required to be less than 1,000 ppm sulfur. Additionally, the
U.S. Navy will soon designate that fuel sulfur be no more
than 15ppm. This would seem to suggest that sulfur-
derived hot corrosion would disappear. However, unfiltered
air quality may contain up to 2600 ppm Na2SO4, 19,000 ppm
NaCl, and other seawater-derived species that further
contributes to the environmental corrosive impact on
materials in shipboard marine gas turbines that can lead to
deposit-induced hot corrosion. The source of the corrosive
deposit is possibly from atmospheric particulate matter,
which is highly variable in concentration and composition
worldwide. Particulate matter in polluted air can be a main
source of the sulfate deposits found on attacked engine
components. Meanwhile, the presence of SO2 in polluted air
can accelerate the deposit-induced corrosion attack. In some
polluted areas around the world, SO2 in the air can average
0.055ppm.
With the ever increasing demand for higher engine
efficiency, increasing engine temperatures may lead to
chloride-induced CMAS attack at lower temperatures than is
observed in aero engines. Understanding the global
variations in corrosivity and the mechanistic complexities
that these atmospheric (i.e.SO2, particulate matter, chlorides)
variations project, will guide alloy/coating selection and
development.
Wednesday, November 5, 2014 Samda Hall A (3F)
WA3: Coatings 8
Chair: Seok Hwan Seo (Volvo, Korea)
16:00pm-16:20pm
1. The Influence of Wet-dry Cycle on Degradation
Process of the Organic Coatings under Alternate
Wetting and Drying Environments X.H. Zhao, S. Qu, Y. Zuo, Y.M. Tang (Beijing University of
Chemical Technology, China)
The influence of dry-wet cycle on the failure processes of
the acrylic polyurethane heat-reflection coating and thick
epoxy antirust coating in simulated sea water under the
conditions of wet-dry alternation was studied by EIS, FT-IR
and SEM. The results show that the degradations of the two
coatings are mainly due to the reaction of functional groups
in coatings with the electrolyte solution. Furthermore, owing
to the physical effect of wet-dry alternation, the fillers in the
coating surface layer may fall off and result in micro-pores,
which could multiply the defects in the coating and
accelerate the coating degradation. However, the dry-wet
cycle has an obvious influence on the failure rate of the
coatings. When the coatings undergo the same period of
experiment, prolonging the wetting times in one wet-dry
cycle will accelerate the coating degradation although the
total wetting times may be equal. A possible reason is that
the water absorption of the coating is lower due to a shorter
wetting period in one wet-dry cycle, and can be almost
completely evaporated during the following drying process,
resulting in the lower degree of hydrolysis of the coating. As
the wetting time in one cycle increases, the water absorption
of the coating cannot be completely evaporated during the
drying period, and will accelerate the coating degradation. In
addition, during the drying period, oxygen accelerates the
reaction on the cathode, resulting in a relatively quick
corrosion of metal matrix and decrease of the coating
adhesion.
16:20pm-16:40pm
2. Properties of Siloxane Based Waterborne
Polyurethane Coatings Mohammad Mizanur Rahman, Gasem Zuhair (King Fahd
University of Petroleum and Minerals, Saudi Arabia)
Coating industry is facing a huge challenge due to restriction
of toxic compounds and organic solvents. The toxic
compounds which were found to be severely harmful to the
non-targeted organisms accumulated in the environment.
Another big concern is toxic volatile organic solvent (VOC),
which is being used in commercial coatings. This VOC
mixed in the atmosphere during the drying stage. This
harmful VOC also threatens the human body. Therefore, the
coating must be made environmentally friendly as well as
free from all kinds of pollution. Waterborne polyurethane
(WBPU) consists of mainly urethane and urea groups. Water
is the main solvent during synthesis of WBPU. Only water
evolved from WBPU at drying stage of coatings. Thus this
process is environmentally friendly and free from pollution.
WBPU is now being widely used as coating materials in the
automotive, construction, textiles, paper, and footwear
industries. WBPU is boost of soft segment (polyether,
polyester and silicon based polyol) which has less free
energy. This soft segment can migrate to the surface to
enrich silicon (when we used silicon based polyol) which
can make the coating surface more hydrophobic. This
76
advantage makes WBPU as a promising environmentally
friendly coating for corrosion protection of mild steel. In this
work WBPU dispersions were synthesized through a pre-
polymer process using different siloxane content. The
dispersions were used as a coating material onto mild steel.
Good corrosion protection was observed using WBPU
coating when it contain optimum siloxane content.
16:40pm-17:00pm
3. New Universal Thin Organic Coatings (TOCs)
for Galannealed Steel or Galvanized Steel HanJoong Kim, DongYun Kim, MyungHee Choi (NOROO
Coil Coatings Co., Ltd., Korea)
Many steelmakers constantly have been demanding an
universal thin organic coatings (TOCs) for not only
galvannealed steel but also galvanized steel. However, that
issue, which is looming up, has not been an easy problem to
solve because different plating components are effects on
characteristic properties. For instance, if GI TOCs is applied
to GL panels, GL panels may be easily exhibited some
blackening in SST (salt spray test, ASTMB117): on the
contrary, if GL TOCs is coated to GI panel, GL panel was
completely covered with corrosion product after only 72
hours. The universal TOCs has been developed based on
newly modified urethane dispersion that figure out the gap
in same anti-corrosion performance between galvannealed
steel and galvanized steel and even surpasses each products
in some categories. In this current work, properties of
universal TOCs have been studied over a variety of metal
substrate.
17:00pm-17:20pm
4. Preparation and Characterization of Coating
Solution Based on Waterborne Polyurethane
Dispersion Containing Fluorine for Primer on
Electro-Galvanized Steel Sheet Chung Keun Jin, Sung Hyung Lim (Buhmwoo Institute of
Technology Research, Korea)
The purpose of this research is to synthesis fluorine
modified waterborne polyurethane dispersion (F-WPU) by
soap-free(internal emulsifier) emulsion polymerization
techniques, to prepare coating solution based on fluorine
modified waterborne polyurethane dispersion(F-WPU) and
to compare their chemical and thermo-mechanical properties
on the electro-galvanized steel sheet. Environmentally
friendly F-WPU was prepared with a fluorinated polyol
having 60wt% of fluorine. There were various ways of
combining a wide variety of fluorinated polyols and
diisocyanate in order to exhibit novel properties of
waterborne polyurethane dispersion. Components of coating
solution were largely divided into four kinds, which were F-
WPU, acrylic emulsion, silane coupling agent, colloidal
silicate. Properties of the coating solution compared to
others using a general waterborne resin on the electro-
galvanized steel sheet showed that corrosion resistance,
alkali resistance and heat resistance were excellent by using
F-WPU. We expect that the prepared coating solution
present reliable effect from the fluorine atoms incorporated
even at a small amount of F-WPU.
Wednesday, November 5, 2014 Samda Hall B (3F)
WB3: Corrosion Problems and Protection Methods
in Nuclear Industry 5
Chair: Damien Féron (CEA, France) 16:00pm-16:30pm
Keynote Speech
1. Nuclear Corrosion: Achievements and Challenges Damien Féron (CEA, France) Corrosion science faces new challenges in various nuclear
environments. Three main areas may be identified where
increases of knowledge and understanding have been done
and are still needed to face the technical needs: (i) the
extension of the service time of nuclear power plants from
40 years, as initially planned, to 60 years and probably more
as expected now, (ii) the prediction of long term behaviour
of metallic materials in nuclear waste disposal where the
corrosion processes have to be predicted over large periods
of time, some thousands years and more, (iii) the choice of
materials for use at very high temperatures as expected in
Generation IV power plants in environments like gas
(helium), supercritical water, liquid metals or salts. Service
time extension, deep geological waste repositories and high
temperature reactors sustain researches and developments to
model corrosion phenomena at various scales, from atoms to
components. 16:30pm-16:50pm
2. Assessment of Relative PWSCC Susceptibilities
Depending on the Location and Orientation in an
Alloy 600/182 Weldment Yun Soo Lim, Seong Sik Hwang, Sung Woo Kim (Korea
Atomic Energy Research Institute, Korea) Stress corrosion cracking tests using small U-bend
specimens of an Alloy 600/182 weld were performed at
325 ℃ in a simulated primary water environment of a
pressurized water reactor. The Alloy 600 base metal had a
homogeneous microstructure with intra- and inter-granular
chromium carbides. The Alloy 182 weld metal showed a
well developed dendritic solidification microstructure with
precipitation of several types of tiny carbides and oxides.
The stress corrosion cracks were found only in the regions of
the Alloy 182 weld metal of Alloy 600/182, which suggests
that the PWSCC susceptibility of the Alloy 182 weld metal
can be higher than that of the Alloy 600 base metal. The
cracks were initiated at the grain boundaries on the surface,
and also propagated along the random high angle grain
boundaries of the Alloy 182 weld metal in the present study. 16:50pm-17:10pm
3. High Temperature Oxidation Behaviour of Al/Si-
containing Stainless Steels for Nuclear Fuel
Cladding Application KkochNim Oh, Richard T. Hoffman III, Chaitanya S. Deo,
Bojan Petrovic, Preet M. Singh (Georgia Institute of
Technology, USA), Paolo Ferroni (Westinghouse Electric
Company LLC, USA)
77
The influence of Al and Si on the high temperature oxidation
behaviour of stainless steels such as DSS2101, APM, and
Fe-20Cr-5.5Si was investigated using thermogravimetric
tests and compared to that of Zirlo® alloy. For the latter, the
increase in temperature from 400 ºC to 800 ºC was
accompanied by a drastic increase in weight, and specimen
failure was observed at 800 ºC due to complete oxidation in
roughly 10 hours. With respect to the high temperature
oxidation behaviour of Si/Al-containing stainless steels, an
increase in the weight gains was observed with the
temperature increase from 800 ºC to 1100 ºC, but their
oxidation rates were significantly lower than those for Zirlo®
alloy. The oxide film on DSS2101, Fe-20Cr-5.5Si, and APM
was composed of Cr-oxide, (Cr, Si)-oxide, and Al-oxide,
respectively. Among these stainless steels, APM showed the
best performance with respect to the high temperature
oxidation, and the lowest activation energy. 17:10pm-17:30pm
4. A Root Cause Analysis of Corrosion at the Tube
Sheet of Heat Exchanger in a Nuclear Power Plant K.H. Na, S.K. Cho, J.G. Lee (Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power
Co., Korea) In nuclear power plants, there are many heat exchangers
using seawater for cooling medium. To prevent accelerated
corrosion induced by seawater, all heat exchanger parts,
exposed to seawater but susceptible to corrosion, were
coated with corrosion resistive resins. However, in one of
our plants, corrosion was observed at the tube sheet of a heat
exchanger. It seemed that corrosion initiated at the carbon
steel base material through the crack of coating layer and the
amount of corrosion was more increased by undermining the
coating layer. As a part of preparing a counterplan, we
carried out root cause analysis on this corrosion
phenomenon and designed a careful experiment to prove the
verification of some assumptions we made during the
analysis. The experiment was composed of the field and
laboratory experiments. In the field experiment, carbon steel
disks, coupled with titanium disks, were manufactured for
investigating galvanic effects according to the area ratio of
carbon steel to titanium. In addition, by coating the whole
surface of the disks with resin except some locations
representing artificial defects, the real corrosion rate was
measured on these local defects. In all experiments, the disks
were immersed in the seawater near the intake for about
three months and then, took out for examination. In the
laboratory experiment, potentiodynamic polarization
experiment was performed for carbon steel and titanium for
determining corrosion rate for each material and at the same
time, investigating galvanic effect between carbon steel and
titanium. From the experimental results, we determined the
root cause for this corrosion phenomenon and drew the
practical solutions for mitigation.
Wednesday, November 5, 2014 Room 301 (3F)
WC3: Corrosion Inhibitors 3
Chair: Christofer Leygraf
(KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden)
16:00pm-16:30pm
Keynote Speech
1. Molecular Studies of Self Assembled Monolayers
as Corrosion Inhibitors for Copper Christofer Leygraf, Saman Hosseinpour, Magnus Johnson
(KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden)
The study demonstrates how molecular insight can aid in
clarifying the actual role of corrosion inhibitors for copper.
This has been accomplished by adsorbing a series of self-
assembled monolayers of alkanethiols (CH3(CH2)xSH) with
varying chain length.
16:30pm-16:50pm
2. 1, 3, 4-Oxadiazoles Dimers: New and Effective
Corrosion Inhibitors for Mild Steel in Sulphuric
Acid Solution Sounthari Palanisamy, Chitra Subramanian, Kiruthika
Ayyasamy, Parameswari Kandasamy, Saranya Jagadeesan
(India)
The corrosion inhibition property of 1,3,4-Oxadiazoles
Dimers were demonstrated for mild steel in acidic
environment using gravimetric method, Tafel polarization,
Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy(EIS), Scanning
electronic microscope(SEM), Atomic Absorption
Spectroscopy (AAS) and Adsorption Isotherm. The results
revealed the 1,3,4-Oxadiazoles Dimers had excellent
corrosion inhibition for mild steel in 1M H2SO4 acid media
and its inhibitive efficiency was more than 98% even with a
low concentration of 1000ppm.The adsorption of the organic
compounds on the mild steel surface obeyed Langmuir‟s
isotherm. Using IR spectra and SEM it was proved the
adsorption of organic inhibitors and the formation of
corrosion products on the mild steel surface. Keywords:
1,3,4-Oxadiazoles Dimers, Mild steel, Potentiodynamic
polarization, EIS,SEM,IR.
16:50pm-17:10pm
3. Zwitterionic Gemini Surfactant as Efficient
Corrosion Inhibitor for Mild Steel in 0.5 M HCL Mohd. Mobin, Sahar Noori (Aligarh Muslim University,
India)
The paper investigates the adsorption and corrosion
inhibition behaviour of Zwitterionic gemini surfactant, 2-
Decyl phosphate, 1-(N,N-dimethyl, N-tetradecylammonium)
ethane on mild steel in 0.5 M HCl in the temperature range
of 25-65°C. The Zwitterionic gemini containing phosphate
and quaternary ammonium head groups designated as (10(-)-
2-14(+)) was synthesized, purified and characterized using
nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). Weight
loss measurements, potentiodynamic polarization
measurements, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
(EIS) and thermodynamic/kinetic parameters were applied to
elaborate the adsorption and corrosion inhibition mechanism
of the surfactant. The surface morphology of the mild steel
specimen corroded in unihibited and inhibited acid was also
evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The
inhibitor molecules were adsorbed onto the mild steel
78
surface according to the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The
inhibition efficiency of the compound was found to vary
with inhibitor concentration and temperature. The
calculated thermodynamic/kinetic parameters indicated that
adsorption of surfactant on steel surface is spontaneous and
follow typical physisorption mechanism.
Wednesday, November 5, 2014 Room 302 (3F)
WD3: Corrosion in Energy Systems 3
Chair: Da Quan Zhang
(Shanghai University of Electric Power, China)
16:00pm-16:30pm
Keynote Speech
1. Corrosion Behavior and Oxide Film Formation
of T91 Steels under the Different Cycle Water
Chemistry Operation Conditions D.Q. Zhang, T.F. Xia, L. Zhang, L.X. Gao (Shanghai
University of Electric Power, China), K.Y. Lee (Dalian
University of Technology, China)
The corrosion behaviour of a ferritic/martensitic steel T91
exposed to water aqueous containing chloride and sulfate
ions are investigated in the stimulated all-volatile treatment
(AVT) and oxygenated treatment (OT) conditions. The
results show that the corrosion under OT condition is heavy
compared that under AVT condition. Chloride and sulphate
ions have antagonistic effect for T91 steels corrosion in both
AVT and OT conditions. Microstructure and composition of
the corrosion specimens of T91 steels were characterized
using the scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-
ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), and the X-ray diffraction
(XRD). T91 steels suffer pitting corrosion. The pre-corroded
specimens was conducted a high temperature oxidation test
at 500℃. The relationship between the structure of the oxide
film and the corrosion products of T91 steels are discussed.
16:30pm-16:50pm
2. Analysis of Oxide Scale on Alumina-Forming
Austenitic Stainless Steel Jun-Yun Kang, Heon-Young Ha, Min-Ho Jang, Joon-Oh
Moon, Tae-Ho Lee (Korea Institute of Materials Science,
Korea)
The evolution of oxide scales on an alumina(Al2O3)-forming
austenitic stainless steel was investigated. A steel ingot of
0.08C-2Mn-14Cr-20Ni-2.5Mo-0.9Nb-2.3Al composition
was fabricated by vacuum induction melting. It was reheated
to 1523K, hot and cold rolled, by which the thickness was
reduced by 80%. The rolled plate was annealed and
homogenized at 1523K for an hour, then water quenched.
Small cubic samples whose surfaces were polished and
cleaned were submitted to isothermal exposure to 1053K in
dry air for varying duration. The mass change was measured
and the microstructural evolution on the surface was
observed using electron microscopes in comparison with a
conventional chromia(Cr2O3)-forming austenitic stainless
steel whose chemical composition was 0.06C-1.2Mn-25Cr-
20Ni-0.45Nb-0.14N. The alumina-forming alloy showed
smaller weight gain caused by oxidation and its continuous
alumina scale was even thinner than the chromia scale
formed on the chromia forming alloy. After 336 hours of
exposure, the former was 0.3mm thick while the latter was
2mm. Conglomeration of oxide particles on the basal oxide
layer was observed in both types of alloys while it was more
substantial and even the onset of exfoliation was detected in
the chromia-forming one. Some globular oxides which
formed the conglomeration in the alumina-forming alloy
was analyzed in detail, which revealed that they were M4O3
oxide in which Cr, Mn and Fe mostly constituted the M site.
Coarse MC carbide in which M was mostly Nb were
frequently found beneath very large globular oxides
although the continuous alumina layer still ran beneath the
globular oxides. It was considered that the primary MC
carbide near surface could provide the nucleation site for the
conglomerated globular oxide which would cause the
exfoliation in prolonged oxidation process.
16:50pm-17:10pm
3. Optimization of Ferritic Steel Porous Supports
for Protonic Fuel Cells Working at 600°C S. Molin, M. Chen, N. Bonanos (Technical University of
Denmark, Denmark)
Porous alloys are used as supporting structures in high
temperature fuel cells. A novel concept is to fabricate metal
supported protonic conducting fuel cells working at 600°C.
This fuel cell type offers several advantages for using porous
alloy substrate in comparison to an oxygen conducting solid
oxide fuel cell. In this work corrosion properties of a
Fe22Cr0.4Mn alloy in porous form are evaluated in
humidified hydrogen at 600°C and a method to improve its
corrosion resistance is reported. Supports in the not modified
state corrode rapidly by formation of dual phase oxides
whereas after the modification by preoxidation supports
offer high corrosion resistance allowing construction of fuel
cells.
17:10pm-17:30pm
4. Corrosion Behavior of Li1.5Al0.5Ge1.5(PO4)3 Glass
Ceramics for Lithium-air Batteries Harsharaj S. Jadhav, Ramchandra S. Kalubarme, Yong-Han
Kim, Chan-Jin Park (Chonnam National University, Korea)
High specific energy density batteries are attracting growing
attention as possible power sources for electric vehicles
(EVs). Lithium–Oxygen (Li-O2) batteries are the most
promising system, because of their far higher theoretical
specific energy density than conventional batteries. However,
rechargeable Li-air battery technology is still in
development stage. Mainly Li-O2 battery composed of
oxygen electrode (cathode), electrolyte and Li-metal as an
anode. To develop high performance Li-O2 secondary
battery, a number of problems needs to be resolved related
to the each part of Li-O2 battery. Among these Li-metal is
highly active in nature. The non-aqueous electrolytes, gel-
type polymer electrolytes and solid electrolytes are stable in
contact with lithium metal. However, instability of non-
aqueous and gel-type polymer electrolytes to moisture from
79
the air is an issue. In the protected lithium technology, the
use of solid electrolyte is the new trend, which is more water
stable and also useful to suppress the lithium dendrite
growth. In order to use solid electrolyte in oxygen electrode
/aqueous electrolyte/solid electrolyte/Li-metal system, needs
to check it‟s stability in different aqueous electrolytes.
In the present study, The B2O3 added
Li1.5Al0.5Ge1.5(PO4) (LAGP) glass ceramics with highest
conductivity of 6.9 x10-4
S.cm-1
(at 250C) was prepared by
melt-quenching method. The stability of B2O3 added LAGP
solid electrolyte in contact with lithium, different types of
aqueous electrolyte and non-aqueous was examined after 1
and 3 weeks. The samples were immersed in distilled water;
aqueous 0.1 M and 1 M LiOH, aqueous 0.1 M and 1M LiCl,
aqueous 0.1 M and 1 M LiNO3, aqueous 0.1 M HCl and non-
aqueous LiTFSI - TEGDME at 25 0C. The XRD analysis
evinces that no significant difference in patterns of pristine
LAGP and after its immersion in the distilled water (pH=7)
and LiNO3 (6). However samples immersed in 1M LiCl
(pH=6), 0.1 M HCl (pH=1) and 1 M LiOH (pH=14) showed
major changes in XRD pattern. This indicates that the glass
ceramics gets corroded in strong alkaline/acidic solutions.
The SEM analysis was carried out to investigate the pitting
effect on glass ceramic in presence of alkaline and acidic
electrolytes. The pitting effect is more pronounced in the
presence of Cl-_ions compared to NO
3- ions, because
chlorine ions are more corrosive than nitrate ions. The solid
electrolyte observed more stable in LiTFSI-TEGDME
electrolyte even after 3 weeks. Furthermore the AC
impedance measurements of all immersed samples were
carried out using the ZIVE SP2 instrument in the frequency
range 1 Hz ~ 1 MHz at voltage amplitude of 100 mV. In
addition, Li-O2 cell test was successfully carried out to by
employing B2O3 added LAGP as a protective interlayer. In
conclusion the B2O3 added LAGP glass ceramic is found to
be unstable in strong acidic and alkaline media, but it can be
acceptable in neutral and weak alkaline and acidic media.
Wednesday, November 5, 2014 Room 303 (3F)
WE3: Stress Corrosion Cracking &
Hydrogen Embrittlement 2
Chair: Jianhua Liu (Beihang University, China)
16:00pm-16:30pm
Keynote Speech
1. Bifurcation Behavior in Stress Corrosion Crack
Propagation of Ultra High Strength Steel
23Co14Ni12Cr3Mo Jianhua Liu, Chen Wen, Mei Yu, Songmei Li (Beihang
University, China)
As a crucial mode of failure, stress corrosion crack (SCC)
has to be considered before any new class of materials can
be utilized in corrosive environment. The susceptibility to
SCC of ultra-high strength steels increased with increasing
stress level. Therefore, SCC is an important issue for steel
23Co14Ni12Cr3Mo before its application. As a local
corrosion process, SCC is characterized by the initiation and
propagation of cracks. The crack follows a general
macroscopic path which is always normal to the tensile
component of stress but can be affected by many factors
such as microstructures, internal or external hydrogen, crack
tip conditions, pH of solutions and Cl-. The SCC behaviors
of ultra-high strength steel 23Co14Ni12Cr3Mo were
investigated by SCC test method using double cantilever
beam (DCB) specimens in 3.5 w% NaCl solutions. It is
found that the crack propagates to bifurcations. The crack tip
is coarse at prophase of SCC crack propagation, which is
caused by mechanical force. As the effect of mechanical
force reduces and the corrosive force enhances with the
increasing time, the crack tip develops in a tortuous and fine
path. The SCC morphology was observed by using scanning
electron microscopy (SEM) and the composition of
corrosion products was analyzed by using X-ray diffraction
(XRD) and Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS). The
results showed that the fracture morphology is
transgranular(TG) brittle cracking at prophase of crack
propagation, TG cracking along with intergranular (IG)
cracking factors in some regions,especially some second
cracks at metaphase, and TG and brittle cracking at anaphase.
The corrosion products are consisted of Fe, Cr, Co oxides.
Effects of the elements Co, Cr, Ni, and Mo on the crack
propagation were discussed.
16:30pm-16:50pm
2. Hydrogen Induced Stress Corrosion Cracking of
Advanced High Strength Steel DP1000 Roland Scharf (CEST Kompetenzzentrum GmbH, Austria),
Andreas Muhr, Gerald Luckeneder, Ronald Baiger, Johannes
Rehrl, Klemens Mraczek, Karl-Heinz Stellnberger, Josef
Faderl (Voestalpine Stahl GmbH, Austria), Christoph
Holzer, Gregor Mori (Montanuniversität Leoben, Austria)
Due to the reduction of mass and an improved crash
performance advanced and ultra-high strength steel grades
(AHSS/UHSS) are commonly used in automotive
industry.Thus anappropriate evaluation of hydrogen
embrittlement (HE) resistance for potentially critical body
parts has to be taken into account. In this paper delayed
fracture due to hydrogen induced failure was investigated by
using a very severe and detrimental constant load testing
(CLT) device with punched specimens. The hydrogen
embrittlement resistance of bare and electrolytically
galvanized dual phase steel with an ultimate strength level of
1000 MPa or more (DP 1000) under different corrosion
conditions was characterized. Different stress levels were
applied and hydrogen charging was started by adding 5 %
NaCl solution. In order to record hydrogen entry by time of
immersion by thermal desorption analysis (TDA), special
emphasis was made to hydrogen analysis in order to record.
A change in HE resistance was observed for fluent and
stagnant corrodent.
16:50pm-17:10pm
3. Stress Corrosion Cracking Susceptibility of Ti-
6Al-4V Alloy in Ionic Liquids Wen-Ta Tsai, Chang-Liang Lin, Szu-Jung Pan (National
Cheng Kung University, Taiwan)
The corrosion behavior and stress corrosion cracking (SCC)
susceptibility of Ti-6Al-4V alloy in aluminum chloride 1-
80
ethyl-3-methylimidazoliumchloride (AlCl3–EMIC) ionic
liquids (ILs) with different Lewis acidity were investigated.
The experimental results showed that Ti-6Al-4V alloy
exhibited quite different corrosion and cracking behaviors in
the ILs studied, comparing with those found in aqueous
environments. Ti-6Al-4V alloy could not be passivated but
was immune to SCC in Lewis-acidic AlCl3–EMIC ILs. In
both Lewis-neutral and Lewis-basic AlCl3-EMIC ILs,
however, Ti-6Al-4V alloy was susceptible to SCC. The roles
of chemical composition difference between the constituent
phases in Ti-6Al-4V alloy and the types of ionic species
present in ILs on corrosion and SCC behaviors will be
discussed.
17:10pm-17:30pm
4. SCC Behavior of X80 Pipeline Steel under AC
Application in Carbonate/bicarbonate Solution Min Zhu, Cuiwei Du, Xiaogang Li, Zhiyong Liu (University
of Science and Technology Beijing, China)
With rapid development of electricity, petroleum and
transportation industry, a growing number of pipelines are
buried in parallel with electric power lines or electrified
railways due to the limitation of available space to construct
these facilities. On such pipelines, AC current would transfer
between soil and pipeline at the coating defects, leading to
AC corrosion. It is reported that, AC could induce pitting
corrosion on pipeline steel. It is acknowledged that SCC
cracks can be easily initiated at the pitting corrosion. Thus,
AC corrosion may induce and facilitate the occurrence of
SCC failures of pipeline, constituting a significant threat to
safe operation of buried oil/gas pipelines. However, there
has been no relevant research at present. Thus, it is
necessary to investigate the influence of AC on the SCC
behavior of pipeline steels in concentrated
carbonate/bicarbonate solution.
Therefore, in this work, SCC behavior of X80 pipeline steel
under the application of various waveforms AC was
investigated in carbonate/bicarbonate solution by
electrochemical measurements, immersion tests and slow
strain rate tensile tests. The results show that under the
application of AC current of various waveforms, the
corrosion potential shifts negatively and the passivity of the
steel degrades severely. Superimposed AC results in an
increase of corrosion rate, and the corrosion rate of the steel
under square wave is the highest, next the triangular wave,
the least sine wave. The steel mainly experiences localized
corrosion under various waveforms AC, in particular at the
square wave AC, the pitting occurs more apparently. AC
superimposition enhances the SCC susceptibility of the steel
in the solution, especially at square wave. At a short term
effect of AC interference, the fracture mode is intergranular,
and the SCC behavior of steel is affected by the anodic
dissolution for steel with or without AC application.
Wednesday, November 5, 2014 Room 401 (4F)
WF3: Corrosion in Bio Materials 2
Chair: Her-Hsiung Huang
(National Yang-Ming University, Taiwan)
16:00pm-16:30pm
Keynote Speech
1. Using Simple Hydrolysis-condensation Process
for Production of Ta2O5 Coating on Ti Surface to
Enhance Corrosion Resistance and Biological
Responses Ying-Sui Sun, Her-Hsiung Huang (National Yang-Ming
University, Taiwan)
This study used a simple hydrolysis-condensation process at
room temperature to prepare an amorphous Ta2O5 coating on
titanium (Ti) for enhancing corrosion resistance and
biological responses. Surface characteristics of the
specimens were analyzed using scanning electron
microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray
photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared
spectroscopy, glancing angle X-ray diffractometry, and
transmission electron microscopy. Coating adhesion was
evaluated according to ASTM D3359 specification.
Potentiodynamic polarization curves of test specimens were
measured in simulated blood plasma (SBP); the release of Ti
ions from the specimens was measured following immersion
for 5 days in SBP. The cytotoxicity of the specimens was
determined according to ISO10993-5 specification.
Biological responses, including protein adsorption and
human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, were then
evaluated. Results demonstrated that the non-cytotoxic
Ta2O5 coating, accompanied with submicroporous
topography and dense inner layer, provided good adhesion to
the Ti surface. Compared with the uncoated Ti surface, the
Ta2O5 coating increased the corrosion resistance and reduced
the release of Ti ions in SBP, and significantly enhanced the
protein adsorption and cell responses, including cytoskeletal
arrangement, adhesion, and proliferation. This Ta2O5 coating
on Ti surface has considerable potential for bone implant
applications, in terms of good corrosion resistance and
biological responses.
16:30pm-16:50pm
2. Biodegradation of Secondary Phase Particles in
Magnesium alloys: A Critical Review M. Bobby Kannan (James Cook University, Australia)
Magnesium alloys have been extensively studied in recent
years for potential biodegradable implant applications. A
great deal of work has been done on the evaluation of the
corrosion behaviour of magnesium alloys under in vitro and
in vivo conditions. However, magnesium alloys, in general,
contain secondary phase particles distributed in the matrix
and/or along the grain boundaries. Owing to their
difference in chemistry in comparison with magnesium
matrix, these particles may exhibit different corrosion
behaviour. It is essential to understand the corrosion
behaviour of secondary phase particles in magnesium alloys
in physiological conditions for implant applications. This
paper critically reviews the biodegradation behaviour of
secondary phase particles in magnesium alloys.
81
16:50pm-17:10pm
3. Improvement of Corrosion Resistance and
Bioactivity of AM60 Anawati Anawati, Hidetaka Asoh, Sachiko Ono (Research
Institute for Science and Technology, Japan)
The effect of alloying element Ca (0, 1, and 2 wt%) on
corrosion resistance and bioactivity of the as-received and
anodized surface of rolled plate AM60 alloys was
investigated. A plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) was
carried out to form anodic oxide film in 0.5 mol dm-3
Na3PO4 solution. The corrosion behavior was studied by
polarization measurements while the in vitro bioactivity was
tested by soaking the specimens in 1.5xSBF. Optical
micrograph and elemental analysis of the substrate surfaces
indicated that the number of intermetallic particles increased
with Ca content in the alloys owing to the formation of a
new phase Al2Ca. The corrosion resistance of AM60
specimens improved only slightly by alloying with 2 wt%
Ca which attributed to the reticular distribution of Al2Ca
phase existed in the alloy that might became barrier for
corrosion propagation across grain boundaries. Corrosion
resistance of the three alloys was significantly improved by
coating the substrates with anodic oxide film formed by
PEO. The film mainly composed of magnesium phosphate
with thickness in the range 30-40 µm. The heat resistant
phase of Al2Ca was believed to retard the plasma discharge
during anodization and, hence, decreased the film thickness
of Ca-containing alloys. The highest apatite forming ability
in 1.5xSBF was observed for AM60-1Ca specimens (both
substrate and anodized) that exhibited more degradation than
the other two alloys as indicated by surface observation. The
increase of surface roughness and the degree of
supersaturation of 1.5xSBF due to dissolution of Mg ions
from the substrate surface or the release of film compounds
from the anodized surface are important factors to enhance
deposition of Ca-P compound on the specimen surfaces.
17:10pm-17:30pm
4. Growth of Titania Nanotube Arrays (TNTA) via
Electrochemical Method for Implant Applications Simi VS, Nallayan Rajendran (Anna University, India)
The demand for medical implants in humans is increasing
rapidly each year due to the loss of body functions caused by
aging process and accidents. Corrosion of these implants
inside our body is a problem of concern. The selection of
bioactive and electrochemically stable materials for implants
having effective corrosion resistance during long term use in
the body is essential. The best choice for long term
replacement of hard tissue, such as hip and knee joints is the
metal implants, because of their excellent mechanical
properties. Titanium and its alloys are widely used as
Orthopaedic metal implants owing to their good corrosion
resistance and biocompatibility based on their chemical and
mechanical properties. However, being bioinert metallic
materials, they cannot bond directly to living bone after
implantation in to the host body. Therefore, surface
modification is essential to enhance the biocompatibility and
corrosion resistance of titanium implants. Nanotubular TiO2
is a promising biomaterial with proven biocompatibility,
corrosion resistance and thermal stability. In this work the
synthesis of Titania Nanotube Arrays (TNTA) by
electrochemical anodization process has been explored. The
morphology of the as prepared TNTA was characterized by
Attenuated Total Reflectance-Infra Red Spectroscopy (ATR-
IR), X-ray Diffraction Analysis (XRD), Scanning Electron
Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy
(SEM/EDAX) and Atomic Force Microscopy(AFM).
Biocompatibility of the TNTA was evaluated by immersing
the specimens in simulated body fluid (SBF) for a period of
7 days. The corrosion resistance of the TNTA was studied
using electrochemical experiments such as open circuit
potential, potentiodynamic polarization and impedance
spectroscopy in SBF and then compared with the untreated
titanium. The average tube diameter and roughness of the as
synthesized TNTA were found to be 45.5nm and 14.6nm
respectively.
17:30pm-17:50pm
5. Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion Behavior
in Stainless steel for Waste Water Treating Facilities
in Un-Aerobic Environment Nobuyasu Shinoda, Toru Shimada (JFE Techno-Research
Corporation, Japan)
In order to understand the corrosion behavior of a type-304
stainless steel (type304SS) used in waste water treating
facilities, the corrosion product and the microorganisms
were analyzed and electrochemical properties of the
stainless steel in a solution containing HS- ion was
investigated. It was found that general corrosion occurred
around deaerated area. Sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) was
detected in the corroded area and sulfide was formed in the
corrosion product. Type304SS has biologically active state
in HS- ion solution. It was concluded that the general
corrosion of type304SS was caused by HS- ion produced by
sulfate reducing bacteria.
Wednesday, November 5, 2014 Room 402A (4F)
WG3: Localized Corrosion (Pitting & Crevice) 3
Chair: Lijie Qiao
(University of Science and Technology Beijing, China)
16:00pm-16:30pm
Keynote Speech
1. CS-AFM Study on Localized Corrosion of 2507
Duplex Stainless Steel Lijie Qiao, Meichao Lin, Liqiu Guo (University of Science
and Technology Beijing, China)
The resistance to corrosion of stainless steels depends on the
passive film formed on the surface in air or solutions.
However, localized corrosions, such as pitting, crevice
corrosion, grain boundary corrosion and stress corrosion
cracking often occurred. This may be due to the
inhomogeneous of the passive film. It was found that most
of pitting occurred in austenite or grain/phase boundary in
duplex stainless steel. The electric property of passive film
82
on duplex stainless steel was investigated by current sensing
atomic force microscopy (CS-AMF) and x-ray photoelectron
spectroscopy (XPS). The electric resistance of the film
formed on austenite, ferrite and the boundaries is different.
The resistance of the film formed on the austenite is lower
than that on the ferrite and it is lowest near the boundaries.
This explained why pitting occurred in boundary and
austenite phase. I-V curves show that the passive film is p-
type semiconductor.
16:30pm-16:50pm
2. Crevice Corrosion Study in Marine Environment
of Different Materials for Propulsion Applications F. Deflorian, S. Rossi, M. Fedel, C. Zanella, D. Ambrosi
(University of Trento, Italy), E. Hlede (Wärtsilä Italy S.p.A.,
Italy)
The present work deals with crevice and galvanic corrosion
processes occurring at the cylinder head gasket/cylinders
head interface and cylinder head gasket/cylinder liner
interface of four stroke medium speed diesel engines for
marine applications. The contact between these systems and
the marine environment, can promote the formation of
demanding corrosion conditions, influencing therefore the
engine components lifetime. The electrochemical behavior
of various metals and alloys used as head gasket materials
(both ferrous alloys and copper alloys) were studied. The
addition of specific corrosion inhibitors was considered,
comparing the electrochemical behavior with and without
inhibitors. In particular crevice corrosion process has been
studied through electrochemical tests using a proper
experimental set-up developed starting from the
requirements of the ASTM G-192-08, adapting the test to the
specific conditions peculiar in this application. In addition to
the crevice corrosion resistance, the possible problems of
galvanic coupling, as well as corrosive reactivity, were
evaluated using electrochemical tests, like potentiodynamic
measurements. It has been possible to quantify, in different
cases, the corrosion resistance of the coupled different
materials, and in particular the resistance to crevice
corrosion, placing an important basis for an optimization of
the choice of materials for this specific application.
16:50pm-17:10pm
3. Atomic-scale Decoration for Improving the
Pitting Corrosion Resistance of Austenitic Stainless
Steels Bo Zhang (Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, China)
Stainless steels are susceptible to the localized pitting
corrosion that leads to a huge loss to our society. Studies in
the past decades confirmed that the pitting events generally
originate from the local dissolution in MnS inclusions which
are more or less ubiquitous in stainless steels. Although a
recent study indicated that endogenous MnCr2O4 nano-
octahedra within the MnS medium give rise to local nano-
galvanic cells which are responsible for the preferential
dissolution of MnS, effective solutions of restraining the
cells from viewpoint of electrochemistry are being
tantalizingly searched. Here we report such a galvanic
corrosion can be greatly resisted via bathing the steels in
Cu2+
-containing solutions. This chemical bath generates Cu2-
δS layers on the surfaces of MnS inclusions, invalidating the
nano-galvanic cells. Our study provides a low-cost approach
via an atomic scale decoration to improve the pitting
corrosion resistance of stainless steels in a volume-treated
manner.
Wednesday, November 5, 2014 Room 402B (4F)
WH3: Marine Corrosion 3
Chair: Daniel J Blackwood
(National University of Singapore, Singapore)
16:00pm-16:30pm
Keynote Speech
1. Corrosion of Titanium Alloys in High
Temperature Seawater J.J Pang and D.J. Blackwood (National University of
Singapore, Singapore)
Materials of choice for offshore structures and the marine
industry have increasingly been moving towards materials
that offer high strength to weight ratios. One of the most
promising family of light-weight materials are titanium
alloys, but these do have two potential Achilles‟ heels: (i) the
passive film may not form or can be unstable in low oxygen
environments leading to rapid corrosion; and (ii) titanium is
a strong hydride former making it vulnerable to hydrogen
embrittlement (cracking) at high temperatures in low oxygen
environments. Unfortunately, such environments can exist at
deep sea well-heads, e.g. temperatures can exceed 120oC
and oxygen level drop below 1 ppm. The present paper will
present the results of investigations into the corrosion
behavior of a range of titanium alloys, including newly
developed alloys containing rare earth additions for refined
microstructure and added strength, in artificial seawater over
the temperature range 25oC to 200oC. Tests included
potentiodynamic polarization, crevice corrosion and U-bend
stress corrosion cracking.
16:30pm-16:50pm
2. Wire Beam Electrode Technique for Investigating
Galvanic Corrosion Behavior of Hot-dip
Galvanized Steel When Spot Deffect Occurred Dalei Zhang, Xiaorui Guan, Yan Li (China University of
Petroleum, China)
Microelectrode array, also known as wire beam electrode. It
is the combination of an electrochemical sensor arranged
according to a certain way by multiple tiny metal or alloy
wire electrode (microelectrodes). Each micro-electrodes may
be the use of large area of the metal electrode as a whole
when coupled together. It can be used to obtain the electrode
/ solution interface electrochemical corrosion-related
average information. Three kinds of wire beam
electrodes(WBE) composed by zinc and mild steel wires
were developed, which was used to simulate hot-dip
galvanized steel with spot coating defect in different
83
dimension, to obtain the spatial distributions of potential and
current density and their variations with time during the
galvanic corrosion. The electrochemical characteristics
among these WBEs were also investigated. The results
showed that zinc wires within the WBEs could provide
enough cathodic protection to steel wires after immersed in
seawater, with surface area ratio of zinc wires versus steel
wires as 1:120, 9:112, and 25:76, respectively. The potential
and current density distributions were found to be
inhomogeneous among zinc wires; firstly, main anodic areas
shifted randomly among the zinc wires adjacent to steel
wires, then transferred to the direction away from steel wires,
and finally occurred on the zinc wires farther. The similar
heterogeneous phenomenon also appeared on steel wires
surface on which hydrogen evolution might take part in the
cathodic process occurred. The current density of water
molecule reduction reaction, along with dissolved oxygen
reduction reaction, decreased with the ratio of the surface
area of steel wires versus zinc wires rising.
16:50pm-17:10pm
3. Physicochemical Corrosion on Public
Transportation Pavement in Marine Environments A. L. Barbosa, R. Torres, G. Barboza, A. Restrepo-Suarez, W
Villa, R. D. Tatis, M. Marrugo (University of Cartagena,
Colombia)
This paper presents a physicochemical characterization of
concrete pieces, present in avenues of public transportation
from Soledad village, Barranquilla – Colombia, with the
objective of finding the degree of marine corrosion. An
inventory of 4946 concrete pieces under daily vehicular
traffic was done, and their damage was classified as
moderate, mild and severe. 22 Concrete cores were analysed
by stereoscopic optical micrographs for textural and surface
morphology analysis, petrographic analysis and XRD for
analysis of damage depth. The results of FT-IR tests, allow
observing the silicic group (siloxane unit), hydroxyl,
carbonate and the presence of organic additives of the
concrete. In terms of chemical composition by atomic
absorption, calcium percentage ranged from 61.48 % to
53.73 % for samples with slight damage. This decrease
was weathering indicative. The presence of iron oxide was
found in all tested samples, with a percentage between 2%
and 3 %; aluminium remained around 4 % to 5 %; the
percentage of magnesium is almost imperceptible as
potassium with lower percentages of 0.5 %, which indicated,
very low resistant in marine environments mixture.
Electrolyte conductivity, porosity and strength showed that
the deterioration reached not only the surface (Polishing and
wear), but there were other components such as high
porosity and disintegration of the components in the
mixture; high carbonation and high conductivity indicated
susceptibility of disaggregation due to external factor, such
as sandblasting, sedimentation of material, filtration and
runoff, that accelerate the deterioration. Given the results
and the influence of environmental variables in the study
area, actions are postulated to decrease the corrosion process
and test others concrete mixtures to increase the duration.
Thursday, November 6, 2014 Samda Hall A (3F)
THA1: Coatings 9
Chair: Stefano Rossi (University of Trento, Italy)
11:00am-11:30am
Keynote Speech
1. The Corrosion Behavior of Anti-graffiti
Polyurethane Powder Coatings S. Rossi, M. Fedel, F. Deflorian, A. Feriotti (University of
Trento, Italy)
In recent years the anti-graffiti coatings have become more
and more important. These coatings are requested both in the
transport industry and for urban design application, as well.
For this type of coatings different properties are important at
the same time. The layers have to guarantee excellent
properties in terms of corrosion protection in aggressive
environment and, at the same time, graffiti have to be easy-
to-remove from the coatings without reducing the protection
and the aesthetic properties. Moreover, color and gloss
should not be changed due to natural weathering. It is not
easy to find an ideal organic coating that meets all these
requirements. In this work the anti-graffiti and corrosion
resistance properties of two anti-graffiti polyurethane
powder coatings are studied. The layers, with the same color,
were deposited on aluminum substrate with a thicknesses of
60 μm. Two different surface finishes, smooth and wrinkled,
were considered in order to evaluate the influence of the
roughness on the graffiti removal action. Following ASTM
D6578-08 standard, the action of four different removers are
investigated. For this purpose graffiti were drawn on the
coatings by means of a red acrylic sprayed paint. In the same
time gloss, color changes are collected to evaluate the
damage of removal action on the organic coatings. Methyl-
ethyl-ketone (MEK) and a “commercial” remover resulted
the most effective solvent in terms of graffiti removal
capability producing a limited change in aesthetical surface
aspect for the smooth finishing. On the contrary, the
wrinkled surface resulted less resistant in particular against
the MEK action. Corrosion protection properties after the
removal action and contact with remover were evaluate by
electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Following the
ASTM D1308 standard it was possible to observe, the
change of color due to the contact with the remover just after
few hours. After about 5 hours the coatings result no more
protective due to the formation of defects and modification
of the organic matter. To simulate the weathering effect, UV-
B cyclic test (4 hrs. of UV exposure followed by 4 hrs.
saturated humidity at 50°C) were carried out following
ASTM D6578 for 2000 hours. Gloss and color changes were
measured after aging and after graffiti removal.
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measures were
carried out to highlight the effect on the protection
properties of coating.
84
11:30am-11:50am
2. Evaluation of Corrosion Performance of Organic
Coated Steels Using Surface Potential Measurement H. Katayama (National Institute for Materials Science,
Japan), K. Seki, I. Shitanda, M. Itagaki (Tokyo University of
Science, Japan)
Surface potential measurement has been applied to estimate
corrosion performance of organic coated steels. Model
specimen for under-film corrosion was prepared by spraying
organic coating on substrate with deteriorated area. Almost
the same area as the actual deteriorated area was detected by
surface potential measurement regardless of organic coating
colors. Furthermore, surface potential distribution was
measured for degraded behavior of organic coated steels in
wet-dry cyclic corrosion process. The change in surface
potential was observed on a part of the surface after 3cycles,
and the area grew up with an increase of wet-dry cycle
number. It is concluded that the surface potential
measurement is a valuable tool for degradation estimation of
organic coated steel
11:50am-12:10pm
3. Advantage of Super-hydrophobic Surface as a
Barrier to Atmospheric Corrosion Induced by Salt
Deliquescence Peng Wang, Dun Zhang (Chinese Academy of Sciences,
China)
Super-hydrophobic surfaces are attracting much attention for
their potential applications in corrosion protection, but the
feasibility of their application as barriers to atmospheric
corrosion is still unknown. In this paper, super-hydrophobic
films were fabricated electrochemically over copper (Cu).
The resultant films are composed of Cu(Ⅱ) tetradecanoate
complex, and they present super-hydrophobic properties
with a water contact angle of 165.2±3º for sheet-like
structures. The deliquescence and slipping process of a NaCl
particle on the resultant super-hydrophobic surface in
environments with relative humidity of 90% was elucidated
by comparison with the cases on hydrophilic and
hydrophobic surfaces. It is found that the NaCl particle
transforms into saline solution and remains steadily on
inclined hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces. Unlike in
these two cases, a NaCl particle can slip off a super-
hydrophobic surface inclined at ~20º, before it transforms
into a saline droplet, and this behavior can suppress the Cu
erosion by deliquesced salt. The synergistic effect of the
following two processes is considered the main contributor
for this phenomenon. Firstly, the NaCl particle is raised up
by the underlying film of saline solution for high water
surface tension, and the contact mode between the NaCl
particle and the super-hydrophobic film transfers from solid
/ solid mode to solid / liquid / solid mode. The film of saline
solution between the NaCl particle and the super-
hydrophobic surface then acts as a lubricant that reduces
friction between the two solid surfaces. Secondly, low
apparent contact area and low surface energy of the super-
hydrophobic film result in reduced attraction between the
saline solution and substrate, and the presence of an air film
between the saline solution and the super-hydrophobic film
can further reduce this attraction. Electrochemical
measurements were used to evaluate the barrier effect of the
super-hydrophobic surface to atmospheric corrosion.
Because of the presence of an air film trapped in the super-
hydrophobic film, the super-hydrophobic film acts as “super
barrier” to erosion of underlying Cu substrate by the saline
solution droplet or the deliquesced NaCl particle.
Thursday, November 6, 2014 Samda Hall B (3F)
THB1: (Special Session) Asian Forum for Materials
Aging in Nuclear Systems 1
Chair: Seong Sik Hwang (Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Korea)
11:00am-11:30am
Keynote Speech
1. Effect of Proton Irradiation on IASCC of 316
Stainless Steels in PWR Water S.S. Hwang, Y.S.Lim, S.W. Kim, M.J.Choi, H. H. Jin, H. O.
Lee (Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Korea)
The IASCC initiation susceptibility of a reactor internal
material was studied in PWR simulated conditions. Type
316L stainless steel specimens were irradiated with the level
of 1, 3, 5 and 10 dpa with protons at the Michigan Ion Beam
Laboratory. Grain boundary chemistry was characterized
using TEM and EDS, and crack initiation susceptibility was
evaluated using SSRT in PWR simulated conditions with
various dissolved hydrogen concentrations. Preliminary
results for evaluating the DH effect on the IASCC initiation
under the PWR condition were described. Dose profiles
show a plateau of up to 25 m deep on the proton irradiated
specimens. A micro void was seen in a 1 dpa sample and no
voids or pores were observed in 3, 5 and 10 dpa samples. A
summation of the total crack length at the side surface seems
to be a better procedure of IASCC initiation susceptibility
evaluation on surface damaged specimens.
11:30am-11:50am
2. Effect of Gamma-Ray Irradiation on Corrosion
of Low Alloy Steel in Neutral Water M. Yamamoto, J. Nakano, A. Komatsu, T. Satoh, T. Tsukada
(Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Japan)
After the accident, reactor cores of Unit 1to 3 in Fukushima
Dai-ichi nuclear power station were cooled by a large water
loop via reactor pressure vessel (RPV) and primary
containment vessel (PCV). The chloride ion concentration of
cooling water at the early stage after the accidentwas
relatively high value. At the present time, chloride ion
concentration of the cooling water stays at relatively low
level. Nevertheless, some radioactive elements are included
in the cooling water. Corrosion protectionof RPV made of
low alloy steel (RAS) and PCV made of carbon steel (CS) is
an important issue for the long term maintenance until the
end of the decommissioningprocedures. One of the uncertain
factors for the issue is an effect of radioactivity on corrosion
of LAS and CS.Corrosion tests using LAS and CS were
85
conducted in 60
Co gamma-rays irradiated condition. Test
solution was chosen the recent cooling water condition with
air or nitrogen atmosphere. Oxygen and hydrogen peroxide
(H2O2) concentrations in the water were measured after the
tests. Corrosion test results indicated that the amounts of
corrosion increased by gamma-rays irradiation both air and
nitrogen atmosphere. And also corrosion amounts increased
with gamma-ray dose rates. Electrochemical analyses
indicated that cathodic reaction of H2O2was controlled by
diffusion process. Cathodic reaction of oxygen in CSwas
well-known to diffusion controlling process. The measured
diffusion constant of H2O2 was about 0.75 times to that of
oxygen. From these results, it is estimated that corrosion of
LAS and CS in gamma-ray irradiated condition was
evaluated by the cathodic reduction reaction of oxidant.
11:50am-12:10pm
3. In Situ Raman Spectroscopic Study of Oxide
Films on Zirconium Alloy in Simulated PWR Water
Conditions T.H. Kim, K.J. Choi, S.H. Kim, S.C. Yoo, Ji Hyun Kim
(Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Korea)
A high hydrogen concentration appears to be beneficial for
preventing stress corrosion cracking in nickel-based
structural materials. However, relatively little is known
about the effects of this condition on the integrity of fuel
claddings used in pressurized water reactors (PWRs). In this
study, the effects of changes in the dissolved hydrogen (DH)
concentration on the oxide layer formed on zirconium alloy
(ZIRLO) claddings under PWR conditions are investigated
using Raman spectroscopy. The Raman spectrum
corresponding to normal PWR conditions (25 cc/kg and 325
C) indicated that an oxide layer grows at the water-
zirconium interface. As the DH concentration is increased,
the positions of the Raman peaks corresponding to
zirconium oxide change, indicating that the phase of the
zirconium oxide changes with the water chemistry, namely,
with the increase in the DH concentration.
12:10pm-12:30pm
4. Standardization of UCL Test Methods in High
Temperature Water R. Ishibashi (Hitachi, Ltd., Japan), Y. Watanabe (Tohoku
University, Japan)
We have been promoting standardization of the methods for
uniaxial constant load (UCL) testing, which is one of the
SCC initiation tests, in simulated light water reactor (LWR)
environments. Existing standards of the UCL test methods
such as ISO 7539-4 and ASTM G49 describe few details of
the test methods under simulated LWR conditions. Thus, we
discussed proper methods under practical test situations in
high-purity water at high temperatures using an autoclave
and a recirculation loop. We suggested the procedures of the
UCL testing, dimensions of specimen, test environments for
acceleration and evaluation of test results.
12:30pm-12:50pm
5. Corrosion Behavior of Ni- and Mo-based Alloys
in High Temperature Molten Salt Environments P.H. Lin, T. K. Yeh, M.Y. Wang (National Tsing Hua
University, Taiwan)
The corrosion behavior of Ni- and Mo-based alloy structural
materials in molten salt environment is a crucial research
subject for molten salt reactor (MSR) development. The
primary corrosion phenomenon in an MSR environmentis
enhanced general corrosion in the presence of impurities.
This type of corrosion is mainly caused by impurities such
as water and oxygen in non-purified molten salts. In addition,
HF gases would form with molten salts at high temperature
tofurther corrode the metallic elementsin alloys.The purpose
of the research is to explore the most suitable material
among three candidate alloys in the high temperature molten
salt environment. Hastelloy N, Hastelloy B3, and TZM
specimens were immersed in the FLiNaK molten salts at
700 ℃ for 100, 200, 500, and 1000 h.A dry Ar gas stream
was injected into the autoclave to maintain an inert surface
environment for the molten salt and to carry possible
gaseous HF away from the autoclave.After the corrosion
tests, the retrieved samples were cleansed to remove residual
FLiNaK salts and the changes in weight of samples were
measured using an electron balance. Microstructural
evolution and elemental composition of the samples were
examined using scanning electron microscopy and energy
dispersive X-ray analysis.
Thursday, November 6, 2014 Room 301 (3F)
THC1: Passive Films 1
Chair: Yu Zuo (Beijing University of Chemical Technology, China)
11:00am-11:30am
Keynote Speech
1. Effect of NO2- on Passivation of Mild Steel in CO2
Solution Y. Zhou, Y. Zuo (Beijing University of Chemical
Technology, China)
The passivation behavior of mild steel in CO2 saturated
solution was studied with methods of polarization, EIS,
SEM and XPS. By addition of NO2- in CO2 saturated
solution, the polarization behavior of mild steel alters from
active dissolution to passivation. With the increase of NO2-
concentration from 0.005 M to 0.05 M, the total anodic
reaction rate accelerates and the activation/passivation
transition potential moves to the negative direction. The
critical NO2- concentration for passivation of mild steel in
CO2 saturated solution is about 0.05 M. In CO2 saturated
solution with NO2-, a FeCO3 + Fe2O3 composite film is
formed on mild steel surface instead of the single FeCO3
film in the same solution without NO2-. The outer layer is
composed of FeCO3, and the inner layer is composed of
Fe2O3.
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11:30am-11:50am
2. Intergranular Corrosion of Steel in CO2 + NaNO2
Solution Y. Zhou, Y. Zuo (Beijing University of Chemical
Technology, China)
Intergranular corrosion (IGC) is observed on mild steel
surface when steel is polarized to passive potential zone in
CO2 + NaNO2 solution. The methods of potentiodynamic
polarization, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and
scanning tunneling microscope (STM) were applied to study
the phenomenon. Intergranular corrosion mainly happens as
the steel is polarized into the active-passive transition zone,
and the width and depth of the corroded grain boundaries
increase with potential in the zone. When the potential enters
the passive region, the depth of IGC shows only very slight
change. The IGC observed is due to the combined action of
CO2 and NaNO2 in solution. NO2- promotes passivation at
the grain surface but CO2 induced corrosion at the grain
boundaries.
11:50am-12:10pm
3. Effect of the Potential on Passive Properties of an
Ultra High Strength Stainless Steel Huiyan Li, Chaofang Dong, Kui Xiao, Ping Zhong,
Xiaogang Li (University of Science and Technology Beijing,
China)
The effect of the potential on passive properties of an ultra
high strength stainless steel was investigated by X-ray
photoelectron spectroscopy, electrochemical impedance
spectroscopy, potentiodynamic polarization curve and Mott-
Schottky measurements. The potentiodynamic polarization
curve contained a wide passivity section indicated that the
ultra high strength stainless steel showed good
electrochemical characteristics in 0.1M Na2SO4 solution.
According to the polarization curve, 0.6V(at the passivity
section), 0.1V(at the anodic dissolution section changing to
the passivity section) and -0.45V(at the cathodic section)
were selected to be the film formation potential. The
electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and Mott-Schottky
measurements after samples were immersed in 0.1M
Na2SO4 solution at these potentials for 1 hour showed that
the corrosion resistance of the test sample at 0.6V was better
than the samples at low potential and the thickness of its
passive film was 0.9nm which is larger than the other‟s. The
property of passive film formed without applied potential
was worse than it formed at the passivity potential, but better
than it formed at the cathodic section and anodic dissolution
section. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results
showed that the passive films formed at different potentials
were composited of Fe2O3, FeOOH, Cr2O3, Cr(OH)3 and
CrO3. The Mott-Schottky measurement results showed that
the characteristic of passive films formed at different
potentials was n-type and p-type semiconductor at potentials
-1.0V to 1.5V. The stability of the passive film formed at
0.1V is worse than others for some anodic dissolution was
happened. The passive films formed at passivity potential
and without applied potential showed better properties than
it formed at anodic dissolution potential and cathodic
potential.
12:10pm-12:30pm
4. Steam Generated Conversion Coating on
Aluminium Alloys Rameez Ud Din, Morten Jellesen, Rajan Ambat (Technical
University of Denmark, Denmark)
Aluminium and its alloys are widely used in aerospace
industry owing to their high strength to weight ratio. The
surface of aluminium under normal conditions has a thin
oxide film (2.5-10 nm) responsible for its inherent corrosion
resistance. This oxide film can further be converted or
transformed into functional conversion coatings in order to
enhance corrosion resistance and adhesion to paint systems.
Chromium based conversion coatings have been extensively
used on aluminium alloys to improve adhesion of
subsequent paint layers and corrosion resistance. However,
the use of hexavalent chromium is strictly regulated due to
its toxic nature and suspected carcinogenicity. So, it is
highly imperative to develop other alternatives for chrome
conversion coatings. Treatment of aluminium with natural
water at elevated temperatures results in the formation of
different forms of aluminium oxide (γ-AlO(OH) , Al(OH)3)
depending on the preparation parameters/conditions.
Moreover, with the knowledge of factors controlling film
growth, composition and morphology, such oxide layers
carry huge potential for practical applications. Pure
aluminium (AA1090, 99.94 wt. %) and other aluminium
alloy surfaces were exposed to high pressure steam produced
by an autoclave at a temperature of 107 – 121 °C and
pressure of 15 -17 psi for 10 minutes to produce a thin
coating of aluminium oxide. The aim of this study is to
understand the effect of high pressure steam with and
without different chemical additives on surface morphology
and growth of oxide film on different intermetallic particles
and corrosion behaviour of such alloys.Surface morphology
was observed by using FEG-SEM, EDX and FIB-SEM.
Metal oxide surface characterization and compositional
depth profiling were investigated by using XPS and GD-
OES respectively. Potentiodynamic polarization
measurements and acid salt spray testing were used to study
corrosion behavior of the produced coatings.
Thursday, November 6, 2014 Room 302 (3F)
THD1: Erosion Corrosion & FAC 1
Chair: Cong Qian Cheng
(Dalian University of Technology, China)
11:00am-11:30am
Keynote Speech
1. Use of Color-change Indicators to Quantify
Passive Film on Stainless Steel Cong Qian Cheng, Tie Shan Cao, Jie Zhao, Guan yu Song
(Dalian University of Technology, China)
The quality of passive films in manufacturing is important
for the safe application of stainless steel facilities in nuclear
reactors and chemical industries. Inspecting and
characterizing passive films are critical processes in stainless
87
steel manufacturing. Although various inspection techniques
can be applied to characterize passive films such as ferroxyl
test, moisture rust, electrochemical measurement and XPS,
developing convenient and highly sensitive techniques for
large-scale detection is a necessary. As recommended by the
ASTM A 380 standards, the ferroxyl test is a highly
sensitive test that can be used to determine the quality of
passive film. However, the test results can easy to be
affected by human intervention-related factors, making the
findings difficult to quantify. The present study applied a
newly developed phenanthroline solution as a colour change
indicator for the evaluation of passive film and proposed a
quantification method based on the coloration reaction and
on the subsequent colour change measurement. The ferroxyl
test was also applied for comparison. The electrochemical
corrosion behaviour of 304 stainless steel and its relationship
with the detection results were also examined. The
quantification of colour change in various conditions (e.g.
different pH values of test solutions, colour reaction times
and storage periods) illustrates that phenanthroline solution
as a indicator is superior to ferroxyl solution in determining
colour reaction. The quantification of colour change using
the phenanthroline solution demonstrates that the measured
a* increases with decreasing integrity of passive film.
However, cyclic voltammetry and cathodic polarization
reveal that the preferential dissolution of outer Fe-rich
oxides at a potential region below -0.7 V(SCE) can also
affect the reaction, and inner Cr-rich oxides in the passive
films are critical for the measurement. Based on the
electrochemical behaviour and XPS spectra, the corrosion
resistance increases with decreasing a* value. The best
corrosion resistance of the samples at the region of a* < 2
may be attributed to the high ratio of Cr/Fe in oxides and the
high structural integrity of the passive films.
11:30am-11:50am
2. The COMSY - Code for the Detecting of Piping
Degradation due to Flow-Induced Corrosion André Zander (AREVA GmbH, Germany)
Statistics show that most cases of damage to power plant
piping can be attributed to flow-induced corrosion, FIC (e.g.,
flow-accelerated corrosion (FAC), cavitation erosion, liquid
droplet impingement corrosion (LDI)). This degradation
mechanism can lead to large pipe breaks instantly without a
preceding 'leak before break' indication.FIC is a degradation
process resulting in wall thinning of piping, vessels, heat
exchanger and further equipment made of carbon and low
alloy steel. The FIC/FAC degradation mechanism occurs
only locally under specific condition of flow, water
chemistry, temperature and materials applied.The FAC
degradation process can be characterized as a mainly
chemical corrosion process (assisted by fluid dynamic
mechanisms) which is caused by intense mass transfer due
to highly turbulent flow keeping the metal surface in a
permanent state of elevated reactivity. Cavitation may occur
when the local static pressure in a fluid reaches a level
below the vapor pressure of the liquid at the actual
temperature. According to the Bernoulli equation this may
happen when the fluid accelerates, e.g. in a control valve.
The damage is not caused by vaporization itself but rather
occurs when the vapor spontaneously collapses at the inside
wall of a pressure retaining structure.LDI is a degradation
mechanism caused by the collision of high-speed droplets in
a wet steam flow. Pipe wall thinning by LDI is observed
very locally in wet steam piping systems, e.g. in heading
steam lines. In some cases combined effects can occur.
These are, under single-phase flow conditions, FAC and
cavitation corrosion or, under two-phase flow conditions, the
combined appearance of FAC and LDI.For this purpose
AREVA has developed the computer code COMSY, which
utilities more than 30 years of experience resulting from
operational experience and research activities. The COMSY
code provides the capability to establish a program guided
technical documentation by utilizing a virtual plant model
which includes information regarding thermal hydraulic
operation, water chemical conditions and materials applied
for mechanical components. It provides the option to
perform a plant-wide screening for identifying system areas,
which are sensitive for degradation mechanisms like
FIC/FAC.If a system area is identified as being susceptible
to degradation, a detailed analysis function enables the
condition-oriented service life evaluation of vessels and
piping systems in order to localize and conservatively
quantify the effect of degradation. Based on these forecasts
with COMSY, specific strategies can be developed to
mitigate the effect of degradation and inspection activities
can be focused on degradation sensitive areas.
11:50am-12:10pm
3. Numerical Study of Flow AcceLerated Corrosion
in Two Adjacentelbows H. Yun, K.M.Hwang (KEPCO E&C, Korea), S.J. Moon
(Hanyang University, Korea)
Flow Accelerated Corrosion (FAC) is a well-known
degradation mechanism that attacks secondary piping in
nuclear power plants. Since the event of Surry unit 2 in 1986,
most nuclear power plants have implemented management
programs to deal with the damages in carbon and low-alloy
steel piping. Despite the utmost efforts, the damage induced
by FAC still occurs over the world. In order to predict FAC
wear, some computer programs were developed such as
CHECWORKS, CICERO, and COMSY. These programs
are needed to input various data; chemicalcomposition for
secondary piping, flow operating conditions and piping
geometries. A prediction program, CHECWORKS,
developed by electric power research institute (EPRI)uses
geometry code for calculating the geometry
effects.Relatively simple geometry codehas a limitation on
acquiring the accuracy of FAC prediction. In this study,
numericalsimulationswereperformedfor two adjacent90°
elbowsand observed the proximityeffect between the two
elbows.
12:10pm-12:30pm
4. The Effect of Microsturcture on the Cavitation
Erosion Behaviour of Ni-resist Alloy in Seawater H. Tarish, A. Al-Hashem, N. Tanoli (Kuwait Institute for
Scientific Research, Kuwait)
Ni-resist alloy (UNS F41003) of known microstructure was
exposed to cavitation conditions using a vibratory cavitation
88
testing apparatus in seawater. The work also included
measurements of free corrosion potentials, and mass loss in
the presence and absence of cavitation. The cavitation tests
were made at a frequency of 20 KHz and at temperatures of
25oC. Cavitation conditions caused a noble shift in the
free corrosion potential for this alloy. Cavitation also
increased the rate of mass loss of this alloy by several orders
of magnitude with respect to stagnant conditions. Another
set of cavitation experiments was also carried out for this
alloy in a distilled water in order to distinguish between the
mechanical and electrochemical factors that contribute to
metal loss. Results indicated that the mechanical factor has
an over-riding role in metal loss of this alloy. Cavitation
made the surface of this alloy very rough, exhibiting large
cavity pits in the middle region of the attacked area as
revealed by the scanning electron microscope (SEM).
Mechanical, electrochemical and metallurgical factors were
determined to be the leading cause of metal loss.
Thursday, November 6, 2014 Room 303 (3F)
THE1: Failure Analysis and Industrial Services
Chair: Ebrahim Khayer
(Iranian Offshore Oil Company, Iran)
11:00am-11:30am
Keynote Speech
1. Eavaluation & Failiure Analysis of Fuel Elemnts
Afftecting on the F.S.U Soorena Main and Auxiliray
Boiler Damage Mechanisms E. Khayer (Iranian Offshore Oil Company, Iran)
The F.S.U Soorena is a 2,200,000 bbl floating storage unit at
Iran Soroosh oil filed to store and export of the crude oil of
Soroosh & Nowrooz Oil Fileds.The exporting cargo pumps
are steam drive and steam is supplied with main boiler &
auxiliary boiler. These boilers have a vital role at steam
cycle, exporting duration & subsequent demurrage costs but
several damage mechanisms cause to failure these boilers.
The inspection results show that there is no internal
corrosion and damages are external type which result from
improper fuel quality. In this paper we describe the effect of
fuel elements such as sulfur, vanadium, potassium and
chloride and threshold amount of this elements which may
cause the damages. Damages observed are fluxing, flue gas
dew point corrosion, flue gas corrosion and some
carburization are most damaging mechanism. Also we
discus useful methods of fuel monitoring, inspection,
prevention and mitigation of damage result from fuel.
11:30am-11:50am
2. Corrosion Failure Analysis of a Hydrocarbon
Transporting Pipeline Riser, Located in an Offshore
Platform in the Gulf of Mexico Gerardo Zavala Olivares, Mónica Jazmín Hernández
Gayosso (Mexican Petroleum Institute, Mexico), Carlos
Cano Gurrión, César Armando Romero Hernández (PEMEX,
Mexico)
A failure analysis is presented in this work, regarding to a
loss of containment occurred in an oil-gas transporting
pipeline riser. The riser is located in an offshore platform
located in the Gulf of Mexico. As the corrosion failure was
repaired immediately, a complete field inspection and
sampling could not be carried out. According to the failure
repair report, an isolated pinhole of approximately ¼ “ Ø
was identified, which exhibited spray gas flow and oil
blooding. This condition increased the wear and corrosion
rate of the riser steel.
The corrosion mechanism for the failure was determined,
considering available information and bibliographic
references. For this particular case, four conditions were
combined and leaded to the corrosión failure: a coating
damage that increased the localized corrosion process, due
to high temperature and heavy tide and surf conditions. The
size of the metallic liner, which was found to be not good
enough to prevent contact between the riser steel and sea
water. The anticorrosive covering system specification,
which did not meet the temperature operating conditions.
Problems occurring during the coating application, because
of temperatura differences between the recommended
application conditions and operatingconditions. It is
assumed that if only one of these conditions were present,the
failure should not occur.
11:50am-12:10pm
3. A Study of Hose Clamp Corrosion and
Improvement B.S. Kim, B.H. Min, S.J. Oh, E.C. Sung, I.W. Oh, J.I. Kim,
Y.S. Bang (Hyundai Automotive R&D Division, Korea)
A Hose Clamp prevents leaking with clamping hose and
pipe connecting many systems of engine, intake, exhaust,
brake and fuel each other. It is said that the Hose Clamp is
not just clamping component but safety part, because hot
and high-pressure fluid like gas, water, oil, fuel flows
between hose and pipe. These Clamps have many corrosion
problems and field claims in these days. So the purpose of
this study is to define the problem and cause of clamp
corrosion and find out their solutions.
12:10pm-12:30pm
4. The Development of Part Corrosion Test Method
Capable of Reproducing Field Problems J.S. Kim, Y.B. Shim, S.J. Oh (Hyundai Motor Group,
Korea)
The developing process of vehicle part corrosion test needs
reliability verification to prevent the corrosion problem in
the field. Parts in a vehicle experience corrosive damages in
different forms and amount. For example, the parts of
underbody take much more corrosive damage by salt, stone
chipping, heat and influence on the various corrosion
mechanism than the parts inside. And the surface treatment
of the parts gets damaged during an assembly process.
Recently most of part corrosion tests is just salt spray test for
evaluation of material and surface treatment. However, its
capability has some limit in verifying and reproducing
corrosion phenomenon in the field. The object of this study
is to analyse field corrosion mechanism of some parts and
89
develop part corrosion test methods that can reproduce field
corrosion problems.
Thursday, November 6, 2014 Room 401 (4F)
THF1: Corrosion in Cultural Heritage
Chair: Jae Bong Lee (Kookmin University, Korea)
11:00am-11:30am
Keynote Speech
1. A Study on Desalinization Processing Methods of
Salinized Archaeological Iron Artifacts Jae Bong Lee (Kookmin University, Korea)
Iron artifacts excavated in buried environments should be
handled by conservation treatments to prevent more
corrosion. However, iron artifacts could be re-corroded
even after conservation treatment processing, causing fatal
damage to iron artifacts. Therefore, it is especially
important to effectively remove chloride ions within
corrosion products formed on iron artifacts, because they
may cause the possibility of re-corrosion. In order to remove
chloride ions, there are various kinds of desalinization
methods such as NaOH, intensive washing and auto-clave
methods etc. Although there are some difference between
corrosion products, depending upon burial environments,
most of corrosion products formed on iron artifacts consist
of namely amorphous or crystal oxyhydroxides ((α-FeOOH
(Goethite), β-FeOOH (Akaganeite), γ-FeOOH
(Lepidocrocite), δ-FeOOH (feroxyhite)) or iron oxide
(Fe3O4(magnetite), Fe2O3 (hematite)) etc. Akaganeite
is particularly called attention to, because its crystal
structure has the tendency to be easily stabilized under the
chloride ion environments, showing the increase in the
possibility of re-corrosion. Therefore in this work, various
corrosion products were investigated, using the intentionally
salinized iron artifacts. The desalinized processes such as
NaOH, intensive washing and auto-clave methods were
compared in terms of the effectiveness. The relationship
between the conditions of Akaganeite formation and re-
corrosion was also examined.
11:30am-11:50am
2. Nanotechnologies for the Preservation of Historic
Artefacts J. Rathousky, M. Remzova, R. Zouzelka (J. Heyrovsky
Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Republic)
This communication is aimed at the development of
nanomaterials for the preservation and consolidation of the
materials of cultural heritage objects, mainly the artefacts
from limestone, sandstone and marl. A cleaning agent was
elaborated based on the joint action of micelles of a non-
ionic surfactant, a co-surfactant and a specific solvent
selected according to the substances to be removed, which is
able to effectively remove and solubilize their coatings on
the surface of historical artefacts. A simple procedure was
developed, which provides nanoparticles of calcium
hydroxide, whose size is as small as about 10 nm, suitable
for the consolidation of weathered stones with narrow pores.
By adding nanoparticles of silicon dioxide and suitable
surfactants, especially alkylamines, modified ethylsilicate
gels were obtained exhibiting only very small shrinkage due
to the syneresis and drying, which substantially limits their
cracking and enhances their strength. The modified gels are
suitable for the consolidation of weathered sand- and
limestones.
11:50am-12:10pm
3. Corrosion Prediction of Metallic Cultural
Heritage assets by EIS E. Angelini, S. Grassini, M. Parvis (Politecnico di Torino,
Italy), F. Zucchi (Università di Ferrara, Italy)
Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) has been
employed to predict the corrosion behaviour of metallic
Cultural Heritage assets in two monitoring campaigns, the
first one on an iron bar chain exposed indoor from over 500
years in the Notre Dame Cathedral in Amiens (France) and
the second one a large weathering steel sculpture exposed
outdoor from tens of years in Ferrara (Italy).The portable
instrument employed is battery operated and may work
either as a stand-alone device, storing the results into its
memory, or in conjunction with a personal computer
allowing to record the impedance values as the measurement
proceeds. The results of the EIS measurements evidenced
how employing a simple test, which can be performed in situ
without damaging the artefacts surface, it is possible to gain
quickly a knowledge of the artifact conservation state
highlighting potential danger conditions
12:10pm-12:30pm
4. Degradation of Nano-alumina Acrylic Coatings
on Silver J. Novakovic, E. Georgiza, P. Vassiliou (National Technical
University of Athens, Greece), V. Gouda (National Research
Center, Egypt)
Acrylic coatings based on Paraloid B72 and Paraloid B44
were modified by adding 2% nano-alumina pigment in order
to obtain transparent, non-yellowing, chemically stable and
protective coatings. Plain and as-modified coatings were
applied on sterling silver (92.5% Ag, 7.5% Cu) coupons
surface and left on display, at indoor conditions for six years.
All the coupons were examined on both displayed and
undisplayed sides using a scanning electron microscope
(SEM). The composition of the surfaces was found by
employing energy dispersive analyzer (EDS). Degradation
processes and polymer cracking are observed on the
displayed side of the plain coatings while the nano-alumina
modified ones seem to be in a better condition. Elements
associated with surface contamination by particulate matter
(dust), containing silicon, aluminium, sodium and calcium
are detected on the coupons surface. The coated silver
coupons were scanned by an atomic force microscope
(AFM) and the AFM images indicate a relatively good
condition of the coatings on the undisplayed side and
formation of nano-alumina agglomerates throughout the
coating. Corrosion products detected by XRD measurements
appear to be mainly chloride based. The protective coatings
seem not to be physically deteriorated on the undisplayed
90
side but FTIR measurements reveal that chemical
degradation has proceeded at almost the same extent for all
coatings on the both sides.
Thursday, November 6, 2014 Room 402A (4F)
THG1: Corrosion in Industrial Environments
Chair: Rajan Ambat
(Technical University of Denmark, Denmark)
11:00am-11:30am
Keynote Speech
1. Electrochemical Migration in Electronics: Effect
of Contamination and Bias Conditions Rajan Ambat, Morten Jellesen, Vadimas Verdingovas
(Technical University of Denmark, Denmark)
The size of the components and the distance between them,
presence of dissimilar metals, voltage, and temperature
gradients on the printed circuit boards – all together
influences susceptibility of electronic printed circuit board
(PCBA) assemblies to corrosion. As number of reliability
issues are caused by the corrosion failures operating under
mechanisms different from the conventional corrosion due
to specific aspects of PCBA. For corrosion reliability in a
humid environment, the cleanliness of the PCBA becomes
essential, since corrosion related failures in electronics can
occur at extremely low levels of moisture and contamination.
A synergetic effect of the aspects mentioned above makes it
challenging to predict the lifetime of electronic device.
The aim of this work is to investigate corrosion influencing
factors, which at the later stage could improve capabilities of
predicting the functioning and herewith reliability of
electronics under certain climate, contamination, and bias
conditions. The climate conditions tested in this study are
water droplet and humidity elevation at room temperature,
effect of ionic contamination such as NaCl and weak organic
acids. Effect of organic acids are investigated as they are
used in no-clean solder fluxes. The DC and square wave
(unipolar and bipolar) voltage was applied on the surface
mount chip components and/or surface insulation resistance
pattern. The effect of pH and tin ion dissolution on the
probability for electrochemical migration was studied on the
surface mount chip components as a function of applied
potential under water droplet condition. The leakage current
and impedance was studied on the surface insulation
resistance patterns precontaminated with NaCl and weak
organic acids.
The results from pH and tin ion dissolution study under
water droplet condition showed electrochemical migration
dependence on duty cycle and cycle timing, which was
dependent on the amount of NaCl in the water droplet.
Overall the tendency of increase in time to electrochemical
migration with decrease of duty cycle was observed. The
testing of the printed circuit boards under humid conditions
showed a correlation between the hygroscopic property of
contaminants and leakage current measured on the boards. A
significant increase of leakage current was observed at the
humidity levels close to the critical or deliquescence of the
contaminants.
11:30am-11:50am
2. Thermal Fatigue Cracking on Cold H2 Mixing
Point Piping of Hydroprocessing Unit Jae-Woong Kim, Mock Huh, Choon-Woo Kim, Jeung-Gug
Gong (SK Innovation, Korea)
Crack was found in the cold quench hydrogen injection
nozzle in Hydro-Treating system that is susceptible to be
suffering from thermal fatigue. First FE (Finite Element)
Stress Analysis for Low Cycle Fatigue simulation was
doneand actual cutting sample test of both microstructural
observation and dye PT (penetrant test) was performed in
consecutive order. This paper explains how crack occurred
and where is most dangerous site, and also proposes the
countermeasure to the point of design and configurations.
11:50am-12:10pm
3. Abrupt Corrosion Problems in Fractionation
Section due to Sour Water Entrainment Hyun-sik Hwang, Ki-won Park, Jeong-Hyeon Ha, Ji-Chul
Jung (SK Innovation, Korea)
Refineries have tried to prevent incidents with various
methods from routine activities such as corrosion control,
inspection/maintenance and process monitoring to
systematic approach such as risk management, HAZOP,
RBI/RCM and MOC (Management of Change).
Despite of these kinds of efforts, incidents are still
happening due to different reasons in which unaware or
misevaluated process changes take much part.
These incidents would have been prevented if corrosion
HAZOP and MOC had been done in depth and timely with
competence for the material/corrosion knowledge as well as
process understanding.
I will review some critical cases occurringfrom unpredicted
and unexperienced areain refineries related to unconscious
process changes especially tracing back to revampand then
suggest recommendations for preventing recurrence of
similar ones.
Thursday, November 6, 2014 Room 402B (4F)
THH1: Cathodic Protection
Chair: Seon-Yeob Li (GS E&C, Korea)
11:00am-11:20am
1. Practice and Discussion on Cathodic Protection
System's Problem Diagnosis and solution of Long-
distance Buried Pipelines Yong-fei Zhang, Shu-li Wang, Yan Yang, En-tian Li, Shu-
hua Zhao (Changzhou Univercity, China)
Impressed current cathodic protection technology is the most
cost-effective method of preventing galvanic corrosion for
the buried oil and gas pipelines, and has been widely used in
China's long-distance buried oil and gas pipelines. However,
due to outside interference, special construction methods and
other factors, pipeline cathodic protection potentials often
91
appear less protection, over-protection and unusual
fluctuations and so on.. By using close-interval potential
survey / DC voltage gradient measurement(CIPS / DCVG)
and pulse current measurement (PCM +) and other non-
excavation of buried pipeline NDT techniques, a
comprehensive on-site fault detection and diagnosis has
been done for the cathodic protection system of a long-
distance buried oil pipeline. Besides,the located soil‟s
corrosion and the coating of the buried pipeline have been
tested and assessed . The results showed that the cathodic
protection potentials measured from some potential test piles
along the pipeline beyond the cathodic protection potential
criterion range (-850mV ~-1200m) ;Some cathodic
protection potentials of the pipeline showed frequent
abnormal fluctuations; Coating detect multiple damage
points, and some appeared positive corrosion activity; It was
found that some coatings have been damaged or peeling
occurred by the excavation for part of the pipeline. The
discovery showed that a section crossing under the concrete
used the casing protection, and some power plants, power
substations, high voltage transmission lines, subway , high-
speed rail and so on were built later and located nearby the
pipeline,existing paralleling or crossing somewhere. The
detected pipeline has serviced for about ten years, according
to the ‟ bathtub curve‟ that almost of all the pipelines abide
by, if absence of timely and effective maintaining and
management, corrosion problems will be increasingly severe,
which lays great security risk to the normal pipeline
transportation. At present , AC and DC stray current is the
main factor that interfere the CPS of oil and gas
transportation pipelines.The cathodic protection potential
shielding, stray current interference and other issues will be
discussed, and reasonable drainage measures and sacrificial
anode will be proposed. In addition, based on the application
in site, a set of effective CPS problem diagnosis and
troubleshooting guidelines of long distance buried pipeline
will be put forward.
11:20am-11:40am
2. DC Interference Mitigation Case of Buried Steel
Pipeline Jun Zhao, Meng Liu, Zhi-yuan Xue, Hong-yuan Chen, Ling-
li Liu (Petrochina Pipeline R&D Center, China), Xing-tao
Zhou, Mo-xi Ye, Bo Wang (Petrochina Pipeline Company
Dalian Oil & Gas Transportation Sub-company, China)
Buried pipeline will be subjected to DC interference when it
„closes to‟ or „parallels to‟ DC electricity facilities such as
DC electrified railway,mining system HVDC transmission
lines, etc. The DC stray current may flow into/discharge
from pipeline through coating holidays, And then pipe to soil
potential will change.If the pipe to soil potential (OFF
potential) is more positive than -850mV,corrosion will occur
on the pipeline. And if the pipe to soil potential(OFF
potential) is more negative than -1200mV, there will be
cathodic disbond risk of pipeline coating.There are several
methods to mitigate DC interference. However, these
methods could not work effectively especially when the pipe
to soil potential(OFF potential) is more negative than -
1200mV. This paper discusses application, advantages and
disadvantages of some DC interference mitigation methods
and proposes mitigation method for pipeline whose
potential(OFF potential) is more negative than -
1200mV.Case study is included with DC interference test
and survey, mitigation design and implementation,
effectiveness assessment of post mitigation measure and
comparative analysis of different mitigation methods.
11:40am-12:00pm
3. Corrosion Protection of Steel Members with a
Porous Sintered Plate and Fiber Sheet under
Atmospheric Environment S.Ishihara, D.Uchida (Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding
Co., Ltd., Japan), S.Kainuma (Kyushu University, Japan),
A.Kaneko (Nippon Light Metal Company, Ltd., Japan),
T.Yamauchi (Japan Exlan Co., Ltd., Japan)
Most of corrosion in the steel structure under the
atmospheric environment were caused by poor substrate
treatment on application of paint coating. The purpose of
this study is to investigate the fundamentals of a corrosion
protection method with a sacrificial anode applied to steel
components in an atmospheric environment. In this method,
a porous sintered Al–Zn plate was used as a sacrificial anode,
and a cross-linked chemical fiber sheet was also used as a
material which has properties of continual water absorption
and retention needed for the sacrificial anode reaction. In
order to investigate the anticorrosive effects, electrochemical
measurements, the effective range of corrosion prevention
and atmospheric exposure tests were carried out. Thus the
anticorrosive effects were confirmed in all tests applied this
method, and the dominant feature not to have for the
conventional painting was found.
12:00pm-12:20pm
4. Long-term Cathodic Disbondment Tests in
Three-layer Polyethylene Coating Denise S. de Freitas, Gustavo Xanchão, Eduardo G. B. Leite
(National Institute of Technology, Brazil), Simone L. D. C.
Brasil (Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), Jorge F.
Coelho (Petrobras, Brazil)
Frequently, Three Layer Polyethylene (3LPE) coating has
been used on cathodic protected buried pipelines. The
cathodic current applied is significantly influenced by the
characteristics of the soil, resistivity and coating efficiency.
3LPE is a high efficiency coating but in the presence of
some occasional failures, a high cathodic potential can be
verified in these small areas promoting the disbondment of
the coating. To verify 3LPE behavior as a function of the
applied potential, long-term experimental tests were carried
out for more than a year in 1.5 m long coated tubes. Aiming
to represent cases such as new threads of tubes with high
performance coatings are replaced in aged pipelines, tests
were conducted using 3LPE and coal tar, with heat-
shrinkable sleeves on the welded joint. The coated tubes
were submitted to three different cathodic potentials (-0.80, -
1.1 and -1.5 VCu/CuSO4), two types of soil and the
disbondment of the coating was analyzed at the end of the
tests. Although cathodic disbondment is generally attributed
to very high cathodic potentials, in this study this process
was observed in tubes submitted to potentials in the usual
protection range. The characteristic of the soil seemed to be
92
an important factor in the process as the cathodic
disbondment was more significant in tubes buried in a most
aggressive soil.
Thursday, November 6, 2014 Samda Hall A (3F)
THA2: Coatings 10
Chair: MinYoung Shon
(Pukyong National University, Korea)
14:00pm-14:20pm
1. Effects of Soluble Salt on Coating Performance of
Epoxy-coated Carbon Steel ChulJung Kim, SangKi Ji, TaeJin Oh (Samsung Heavy
Industries, Korea), PyoungHwa Shin, DuckHwan Bae,
MinYoung Shon (Pukyong National University, Korea)
The corrosion protectiveness of epoxy-coated carbon steel
was investigated. The carbon steel surface was subjected to
different contamination concentration of water soluble salt.
In order to examine the effect of contamination, pull-off
adhesion test was conducted. The corrosion protectiveness
of the epoxy-coated carbon steel was further examined by
electrochemical impedance spectroscopy combined with
immersion test of 3.5 wt% of sodium chloride solution.
From the EIS test, it was clearly indicated that the epoxy-
coated carbon steel by contaminated with water soluble salts
didn‟t affect the corrosion protectiveness of coated carbon
steel specimens such as occurrence of osmotic blistering and
rust.
14:20pm-14:40pm
2. The Coating Mixed Inhibitor Alkyl
Triphenylphosphoniumbromo Acetate 1M
Sulphuric Acids Corrosion Resistance in Mild
Carbon Steel N.Palaniappan Singaram, Man Singh, Raju Chowan, Sameer
Karpe (Central University of Gujarat, India)
The coating mixed inhibitor alkyl
triphenylphosphoniumbromo acetate 1M sulphuric acids
corrosion resistance in mild carbon steelAuthor ;
N.Palaniappan, Mansingh,Raju chowhan ,Sameer karpe
[email protected] construction and
material manufacturing company almost used mild carbon
steel because it is economically favor for the peoples. The
problem is the mild steel easily affected by the environment.
The phosphonium ylides highly corrosion resistance
properties, the triphenylphosphonium based ylides these are
prepared in the inert atmosphere to mixed and with stirring
methylbromo acetate and ethyl bromo acetate, benzyl
triphenylphosphonium bromo acetate with
triphenylphosphonium to formed phosphonium ylides. The
conventional methods for purification and UV, FTIR, NMR
study for functional group conformation. The anticorrosion
activity study on the mild carbon steel the ethyl
triphenylphosphonium bromo acetate ,
ethyltriphenylphosphonium bromo acetate has taken w/w
gram benzene based epoxy powder mixed with w/w gram
methyltriphenylphosphonium acetated mixed with ethyl
methyl ketone and with help of draw down glass rod coated
in mild steel coupon and unhealing is 600C temperature for
two days. The same way mixed with
ethyltriphenylphsphoniumbromo acetate has good anti
corrosion behavior in 1M sulphuric test solution in room
temperature, the coupon size is 1cm × 1cm square as per the
ASTM rule and 1mm thickness and surface cleaning is first
machine grinding and different grate silicon emery paper
from 600, 800, 1000, 1500 and sonication with Millipore
water and washed with soap solution then acetone. The
metal coupon has been one side is cover by the araldite resin.
The coupon has been immersed in100 ml 1M sulphuric acid
in the room temperature regularly after 24 hours carried in
electrochemical analysis like potentiometric methods open
circuit potential, polarization methods, electrochemical
impedance, and electrochemical noise measurement. Key
words; methyl, ethyl, triphenyphosphoniumbromo acetate,
mild carbon steel, electrochemical technique.
Thursday, November 6, 2014 Samda Hall B (3F)
THB2: (Special Session) Asian Forum for Materials
Aging in Nuclear Systems 2
Chair: Yutaka Watanabe (Tohoku University, Japan)
14:00pm-14:30pm
Keynote Speech
1. Evaluation of Crevice Forming Materials for
Creviced Stress Corrosion Cracking Tests in
Oxygenated High-temperature Water H. Abe, J. Ishikura, Y. Watanabe (Tohoku University, Japan)
An alternative to graphite fiber wool (GFW) as a crevice
former, and the suitable crevice conditions for the creviced
bent beam (CBB) experiment have been investigated to
develop a highly reliable stress corrosion cracking (SCC)
experimental method. CBB experiments for sensitized
stainless steel in high temperature water with several crevice
conditions are carried out. Although some specimens with
crevices (without crevice formers) showed susceptibility to
cracking, the reproducibility of those tests was considered to
be inadequate. Since a significant deposit of iron oxides was
observed on the surface of the specimen tested with stainless
steel wool (SSW), it is possible that evaluation of the effect
of actual crud on corrosion and SCC susceptibility requires a
suitable composition of metal wool as a crevice former.
Apparent density of the crevice former strongly affected the
cracking behavior of the specimens with GFW and SSW
crevice formers. The same degree of acceleration in SCC in
the CBB experiment seen when using a GFW crevice former
was seen when using SSW, and a stable crevice geometry
during long-term experimentation can be expected. SSW
with the appropriate crevice spacing could be an alternative
crevice former to GFW.
93
14:30pm-14:50pm
2. Effects of Surface Machining by a Lathe on
Microstructure of Near Surface Layer and
Corrosion Behavior of SA182-304 in Simulated
Primary Water Zhiming Zhang, Jianqiu Wang, En-hou Han, Wei Ke
(Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
China)
In order to find out the proper lathe machining parameters
for SA182-304 stainless steel, 6 kinds of samples with
different machining surface states were prepared by a lathe.
The surface morphologies and the microstructures of the
near surface deformed layers on different samples were
analysed. The surface morphologies and chemical
composition of the oxide films formed on different samples
in the simulated primary water with 100 μg/L O2 at 310 °C
were characterized. The results showed that the surface
roughness were mainly affected by the lathe feed. The
surface machining caused the grain refinement at the top
layer and a severely deformed layer with different thickness
was formed on all samples. In addition to the high density
defects caused by the surface deformation, the phase
transformation, residual stress and strain could also affect
the oxidation behaviour of SA182-304 in the studied
solution. The machining parameters used for the 2-2 and 3-2
samples were suggested to be proper for the lathe machining
of SA182-304ss.
14:50pm-15:10pm
3. The Effects of Hydrogen on the PWSCC
Initiation Behaviors of Alloy 182 Weld in PWR
Environments J.-D. Hong, J. Lee, C. Jang (KAIST, Korea)
Alloy 82/182 weld metals had been extensively used in
joining the components of the PWR primary system.
Unfortunately, there have been a number of incidents of
cracking caused by PWSCC in Alloy 82/182 welds during
the operation of PWR worldwide. To mitigate PWSCC,
optimization of water-chemistry conditions, especially
dissolved hydrogen (DH) and Zn contents, is considered as
the most promising and effective remedial method. In this
study, the PWSCC behaviors of Alloy 182 weld were
investigated in simulated PWR environments with various
DH content. Both in-situ and ex-situ oxide characterizations
as well as PWSCC initiation tests were performed. For ex-
situ analysis, SEM/EDS, TEM, and XRD techniques were
used. For in-situ analysis, oxide characteristics were
analyzed by EIS (Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy)
test. To reflect loading effect, EIS test was performed on the
tensile-loaded specimen. PWSCC initiation tests were
performed using spring loaded U-bend specimens. Based on
the quantitative tests and in-depth analysis of oxides,
optimum DH content will be derived.
15:10pm-15:30pm
4. High Temperature Oxidation Behavior of Nickel
and Iron Based Superalloys in Helium Containing
Trace Impurities C.J. Tsai, T. K. Yeh, M.Y. Wang (National Tsing Hua
University, Taiwan)
A high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR) is
categorized as the best candidate reactor for next generation
nuclear reactors. Helium is used to be the coolant in the core
of the HTGR and expected to exceeda temperatureof
900 °Cat the core outlet. Several iron- and nickel-based
superalloys, including Alloy 800H, Hastelloy X, and Alloy
617, are potential structural materials for the intermediate
heat exchanger(IHX) in an HTGR.The oxidation behavior of
three selected alloys (Hastelloy X, Alloy 800H, and Alloy
617) was investigated at four different temperature from
650°C to 950°C and underhelium environments with various
concentrations of O2 and H2O.Preliminary results
showedthat chromium oxide as the primary protective layer
were observed on the surfaces of the three tested alloys.
Based on the results of mass gain and SEM analyses,
Hastelloy X alloy exhibited the best corrosion resistance
under all corrosion tests. Furtherdetails on the oxidation
mechanism of these alloys would be presented in this study.
Thursday, November 6, 2014 Room 301 (3F)
THC2: Passive Films 2
Chair: En-Hou Han
(Chinese Academy of Sciences, China)
14:00pm-14:30pm
Keynote Speech
1. Corrosion Mechanism in High Temperature
Pressurized Water in Nuclear Power Plant En-Hou Han (Chinese Academy of Sciences, China)
The austenitic stainless steels are widely used as piping
materials in nuclear power plants due to combined good
mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. However,
with their use in such conditions some localized corrosion
problems, such as pitting corrosion, intergranular corrosion
and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) can still be observed. It
was generally recognized that the nucleation and
propagation of localized corrosion was strongly related to
the properties of the oxide film formed on the metal surface.
A considerable number of investigations have been devoted
to the identification of the thickness, composition and
structure of the oxide film formed on stainless steels in high
temperature water. Unfortunately, it is not always possible to
establish direct correlation between the protective quality of
the oxide film and a well defined chemical or structure factor.
Moreover, the oxide film formed in high temperature water
is difficult to characterize using surface and microscopic
analysis techniques due to its thin film. People believe that
the corrosion of metals and alloys in high temperature water
is an electrochemical process in nature. Therefore, it is
possible to investigate the electrochemical and electronic
properties of the oxide film in high temperature water by
94
electrochemical measurements technique, which is expected
to be of crucial important in the understanding of the
protective properties of the film. The objective of this work
was to investigate the effects of temperature on the
electrochemical behavior and the oxide film properties of
stainless steel in lithium borate buffer solution and
oxygenated solution by means of in-situ potentiodynamic
polarization measurements, electrochemical impedance
spectra (EIS), Mott–Schottky plots and ex-situ X-ray
photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. The related
growth mechanisms of the oxide films were also
discussed.
The paper mainly investigated the oxide film properties of
the 304SS and 316SS in lithium borate buffer solution and
the oxygenated solution by electrochemical measurements
and XPS analysis. As temperature increased, the protective
property of the film degraded and structure varied from a
single layer to a two-layer. Whatever the temperature, the
oxide film exhibited an n-type and p-type semiconductor in
the potential range above and below the flat band potential,
respectively. The electronic properties were assigned to a
Fe–Cr spinel inner layer and a defective Fe–Cr oxide outer
layer. From outer to inner layer, the oxide scale consists of
faceted spinel particles, irregularly shaped hematite particles
and a compact layer of nano-sized spinels. Some outmost
spinels formed on top of other particles are depleted in Cr,
while the hematite particles tightly embedded into the inner
layer contain more Cr in the inner than in the outer part. The
inner nano-sized oxide grow inwards directly from the
bottom of outer particles. The related growth mechanisms of
the oxide film were also discussed.
After Zn injection, the corrosion rate of SS in high
temperature water is lower than that in the Zn-free solution
with the pH value ranging from 6.9 to 7.4. The characteristic
of oxide films formed on SS change significantly due to the
Zn incorporation in the Zn-injected solution. The solubilities
of oxides are related to the variations of oxides formed on
316L SS in aqueous solution within a suitable pH range. A
modified duplex-layer model has been proposed to describe
the joint contribution of Zn injection and elevated pH value
to oxide structures in high temperature water. It is our
opinion that the optimized water chemistry of pH elevation
and Zn injection strategies should be arranged properly in
actual PWR plants in order to maximize the advantage.
14:30pm-14:50pm
2. Effects of Mo on the Localized Corrosion and
Repassivation Kinetics of Fe-20Cr-x Mo (x = 0, 2, 4
wt. %) Stainless Steels SooHoon Ahn, KiMin Jung, YoungJun Kim, HyukSang
Kwon (KAIST, Korea)
As ferrite (BCC structure) former, molybdenum (Mo) is
added to stainless steel (SS) to increase high-temperature
strength [1] and to improve the corrosion resistance. [2, 3]
Mo in SSs, particularly, is found to have a significant
influence on the localized corrosion in a chloride solution;
Pit initiation frequency of Mo addition SSs is lower than that
of general SSs [4, 5] and Mo in SSs increase repassivation
rate. [6] Also the active dissolution rate in the pits decrease
as increase Mo. [7]
Because of its scientific and industrial importance, numerous
theories and models have been proposed to explain the
mechanism of improve localized corrosion resistance;
According to the result of S. Maximovitch, [8] Mo
competitively adsorbed with Cl- and blocks Cl- adsorption.
It makes insoluble species acts as pitting corrosion inhibitor.
D. D. Macdonald proposed [9] the solute-vacancy
interaction model (SVIM). Mo6+
in the passive film
electrochemically interacts with mobile cation vacancies
(VMd+
), resulting in decrease of activity of VMd+
and a shift of
Epit to positive potential. However, there are large
discrepancies have existed for the theories and models.
Hence in this study, we elucidate the influences of Mo on
the localized corrosion behavior of Fe-20Cr-x Mo (x = 0, 2,
4 wt. %) SSs, by examining effects of Mo on the film
breakdown, repassivation kinetics and dissolution process of
the alloys. And then we examine the structure, composition
and in-situ thickness of the passive film formed on the alloys,
with a focus on the effects of Mo on the passive film.
14:50pm-15:10pm
3. Direct Observation of Oxide Formation on
Copper in Alkaline Solution by TEM Junsheng Wu, Xiaogang Li (University of Science and
Technology Beijing, China), Yizhong Huang (Nanyang
Technological University, Singapore)
The formation and structure of the passive oxide layers on
copper and it‟s electrochemical behaviors in aqueous
solution have attracted considerable interest in the past
several decades for this material plays an increasingly
important role in many industrial fields. The oxidation
processes and the structure of oxide layers on bulky copper
surface during anodic oxidation in the aqueous solution have
been extensively studied using electrochemical and surface
analytical techniques. However, there are still many
different opinions with regard to the formation of oxide
layers on the copper surface during the electrochemical
oxidation and reduction in alkaline solution. In this paper,
we demonstrate a controllable and reproducible method to
fabricate electron transparent needle shape specimens for
transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis. A perfect
ultrasharp copper needle specimen with diameter of several
tens nanometers in tip has been fabricated successfully
utilizing an argon ion beam milling technique. This
proposed sample preparation procedure is applicable to a
wide variety of sharp needle shape samples for TEM
observation and other associated characterization method
such as scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM),
electron energy-loss spectrometry (EELS) and energy
dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Using the fabricated
copper needle specimen, the structure of oxide layers formed
on pure copper surface after electrochemical oxidation in
different limited anodic potentials in 0.1 M NaOH solution
was investigated by TEM observation directly. When anodic
potential sweeping end to lower potential (-0.25V), a poorly
crystallized and epitaxial Cu2O layer was observed to form
on the copper matrix. After electrochemical oxidation at
higher anodic potential (0.40V), it is evident that only the
stratification of Cu(II) species were found on the copper
surface. The Cu(II) layers consist of a well crystallized and
epitaxial CuO baselayer, a polycrystalline Cu(OH)2 outer
95
layer with random orientation, and an outermost scattered
deposit of the finger-like crystalline Cu(OH)2 nanoneedles,
here, the copper hydroxide was presumably formed by a
dissolution-precipitation mechanism.
15:10pm-15:30pm
4. Effect of Area Ratio on the Polarity Reversal of
Titanium-coupled Brass in 3.5 wt% Nacl Solution Kadek Trisna Surya Hariyantha, Szu-Jung Pan, Wen-Ta Tsai
(National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan)
Polarity reversal on the galvanic corrosion behaviour of
titanium-coupled brass in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution was
investigated. The roles of dissolved oxygen in the solution
and cathode/anode area ratio were explored in terms of the
changes of electrochemical polarity and the magnitude of
galvanic current. The presence of dissolved oxygen caused a
decrease in galvanic current compared with that measured in
de-aerated solution. Furthermore, a reversion of
electrochemical polarity was observed by varying the area
ratio of the coupling metals. At a higher titanium/brass area
ratio, titanium acted as an anode, while it became the
cathode at a lower area ratio owing to rapid passivation.
Thursday, November 6, 2014 Room 302 (3F)
THD2: Erosion Corrosion & FAC 2
Chair: Kyeongmo Hwang
(KEPCO E&C, Korea)
14:00pm-14:30pm
Keynote Speech
1. Pipe Wall Thinning Management Life Cycle in
Korea K.M. Hwang, C.K. Lee (KEPCO E&C, Korea)
A number of piping components installed in the secondary
system of nuclear power plants are exposed to aging
mechanisms such as Flow-Accelerated Corrosion (FAC),
Cavitation, Flashing, and Liquid Droplet Impingement
Erosion (LDIE). Those aging mechanisms may lead to
thinning of piping components and eventually replacement
of the wearing piping. Experience has shown that pipe wall
thinning at nuclear power plants caused by the aging
mechanisms can also lead to costly outages or repairs and
can affect plant reliability and safety. To manage the pipe
wall thinning in the secondary system of nuclear power
plants, Korea employs five wall thinning management stages,
such as the design, construction, pre-operation, commercial
operation, and experience feedback stages. This paper
describes the major features and contents in each stage.
14:30pm-14:50pm
2. Evolution of Surface Morphology during FAC Hong Pyo Kim, Myeong Jin Kim, Dong Jin Kim (Korea
Atomic Energy Research Institute, Korea)
Flow accelerated corrosion (FAC) of pipe is one of the most
frequent degradation mechanisms in nuclear and fossil
power plants. FAC may directly lead to a failure of a
secondary pipe in pressurized water reactor, for example, in
the Surry nuclear power plant in 1986 and Mihama 3 nuclear
power plant in 2003. Scallop pattern was developed on inner
surface of the pipes which were exposed to flowing single
liquid phase. The scallop pattern were reported for removed
tube which served for many years in plant or exposed to
laboratory FAC test facility for long time at high fluid
velocity. However, evolution of surface appearance
during early stage of FAC has not been paid attention to
probably because sound pipe may be not removed from
plant or FAC test should be interrupted to observe evolution
of surface appearance. In this work, evolution of surface
appearance was studied using rotating cylinder on which
FAC test specimens were attached to. 5 kinds of specimen
were used with chromium content ranging from 0.02 to 2.25
wt.%. To observe surface appearance during FAC, FAC test
was interrupted and then specimens were detached from
rotating cylinder and then examined with optical microscope
and SEM. It was found that non-metallic inclusion corroded
firstly and formed corrosion product of non-metallic
inclusion on specimen. And then the corrosion product of
non-metallic inclusion dissolved and left pit like
morphology. Finally, bulk materials began to corrode, which
was developed to scallop pattern.
14:50pm-15:10pm
3. Evaluation Method Using Limit Load Analysis
for Circumferential Weld Attack Caused by FAC in
Nuclear Power Plant Piping Dae Young Lee, Heung Bae Park (KEPCO E&C,, Korea),
Keun-Hyung Bae, Yoon-Jae Kim (Korea University, Korea)
Flow Accelerated Corrosion (FAC) is the main wall thinning
mechanism in secondary piping system of nuclear power
plant. FAC mechanism is that iron ions of oxide film on
metal pipe are dissolved in pipe flow and its dissolution is
accelerated by diffusion effect. In this dissolution process,
the chromium on oxide film has a strong role in prohibiting
the dissolution of metal pipe. 0.1% chromium in pipe
drastically reduces the wear rate of wall thinning caused by
FAC. Therefore, small difference of chromium contents in
the dissimilar metal weld makes the critical distinction in
wear rate of wall thinning. Chromium dependent wear rate is
called the Entrance Effect in FAC theory. Lower chromium
in weld compared to pipe makes the metal loss of notch type
in weld. In this paper, we suggested the evaluation method
for metal loss of notch type in weld using the limit load
analysis.
15:10pm-15:30pm
4. Cause Analysis of FAC&EC Cases in Korea NPPs Y.S. Lee, S.H. Lee (KHNP-CRI, Korea), K.M. Hwang
(KEPCO-E&C, Korea)
Significant piping wall thinning caused by Flow-Accelerated
Corrosion (FAC) & Erosion-Corrosion (EC) continues to
occur, even after the Mihama Power Station unit 3
secondary pipe rupture in 2004, in which five contract 2
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workers died and 6 were seriously injured. Nuclear power
plants of many countries have experienced FAC & EC-
related cases in steam cycle piping systems. Korea has also
experienced piping wall thinning cases that include the
straight pipe downstream of a check valve in a feedwater
pump line, the elbow downstream of control valve in a
feedwater flow control line, and the straight pipe failure
downstream of an orifice in an auxiliary steam return line.
Cause analyses were performed by the review of thickness
data using the UT (Ultrasonic Techniques), SEM (Scanning
Electron Microscope) image for the failure pipe, and
numerical simulation results to analyze the cause of FAC &
EC cases of Korea Nuclear Power Plants. As results of cause
analyses, it is concluded that the main cause for the pipe
wall thinning downstream of a check valve is FAC caused
by the water vortex flow due to internal flow shape of a
check valve, the main cause for the elbow wall thinning
downstream of a control valve is FAC caused by a thickness
difference with the upstream pipe, and the main cause of
wall thinning for the pipe downstream of an orifice is FAC
& EC caused by the liquid droplet and vortex flow. In order
to investigate more cases, additional analyses were
performed by the review of a lot of thickness data for
inspected pipes. At the results of additional analyses, pipe
wall thinning was also affected by operating condition of
upstream equipment. Management of FAC & EC based on
these cases will be focused on the piping downstream of
abnormal or unusual operated equipment.
15:30pm-15:50pm
5. Thinned Pipe Management Program of Korean
Nuclear Power Plants S.H. Lee, Y.S. Lee, S.K. Park, J.G. Lee (Korea Hydro &
Nuclear Power Co., LTD, Korea)
Local wall thinning and integrity degradation caused by
several mechanisms, such as flow accelerated corrosion
(FAC), cavitation, flashing and/or liquid drop impingements,
is a main concern in carbon steel piping systems of nuclear
power plant in terms of safety and operability. Thinned pipe
management program (TPMP) had been developed and
optimized to reduce the possibility of unplanned shutdown
and/or power reduction due to pipe failure caused by wall
thinning in the secondary side piping system. This program
consists of several technical elements such as prediction of
wear rate for each component, prioritization of components
for inspection, thickness measurement, calculation of actual
wear and wear rate for each component. Decision making
associated with replacement or continuous service for
thinned pipe components. Establishment of long-term
strategy based on diagnosis of plant condition regarding
overall wall thinning is also essential part of the program.
Prediction models of wall thinning caused by FAC had been
established for 23 operating nuclear plants. Long term
strategies to manage the thinned pipe component were
prepared and applied to each unit, which were reflecting
plant specific design, operation, and inspection history, so
that the structural integrity of piping system can be
maintained. An alternative integrity assessment criterion and
a computer program for thinned piping items were
developed for the first time in the world, which is directly
applicable to the secondary piping system of nuclear power
plant. The thinned pipe management program is applied to
all domestic nuclear power plants as a standard procedure
form so that it contributes to prevent the similar fatal
accident occurred in Mihama unit 3.
Tuesday, November 4, 2014 15:30pm-17:30pm Main Lobby (3F)
Poster Session
1. Standardized Technology for Buried Pipe Aging
Management of Korean Nuclear Power Plants S.K. Park, Y.S Lee, S.H. Lee (Korea Hydro & Nuclear
Power Co., LTD, Korea), B.T. Lim, K.M. Hwang (KEPCO-
E&C, Korea)
Degradation of buried pipes is a significant issue facing in
nuclear industry. Unlike aboveground piping systems, buried
pipes are corroded and fouled from the fluid inside piping
and corroded or experienced mechanical damage from the
soil outside piping. This continuing degradation is
challenging to assess since the buried pipes are difficult to
reach for inspection. Small leaks can be difficult to locate,
access, and repair in a timely manner. All types of leaks can
be also expensive to repair due to accessibility issues. KHNP
has developed a program for buried pipe ageing
management of Korean nuclear power plants based on the
BPWORKSTM Software. This paper represents the
standardized technology of Korea for buried pipe aging
management including the status of aging management
through the world, the construction of database, the risk
ranking methodology, and the inspecting and repairing
methodologies for buried pipes.
2. Corrosion Behaviors of Carbon Steel under 3.5%
NaCl Liquid Film Li Yang, Xiuzhou Lin, Xuejun Cui, Yue Li, Yong Du,
Mingjun Gu, Min Gong (Sichuan University of Science and
Engineering, China)
Corrosion behaviors of carbon steel under 3.5%NaCl thin
film were researched using a thin liquid film corrosion
experimental device of a three-electrode system. The
corrosion in different thickness of a thin liquid film was
measured using AC impedance and polarization curve
technique. The results of polarization curves showed that the
corrosion current density of carbon steel under the thin
liquid film is higher than that in full immersion condition, so
the corrosion of carbon steel under the thin liquid film is
more severe than that in full immersion condition. Data for
AC impedance show that corrosion process under the thin
liquid film is mainly controlled by the concentration
polarization and activation polarization control. When the
liquid film thickness is thinner, the corrosion process of
carbon steel is mainly controlled by the process of oxygen
diffusion control. Under the thick liquid film, corrosion
process turned to be mainly controlled by the activation
polarization control. The resistance of the solution reduced
97
quickly with the increase of film thickness and then the trend
becomes slow, finally tends to be stable.
3. Corrosion of Hot Dipped Zinc Coatings in Humid
Tropical Atmospheres Nguyen Nhi Tru, Le Khac Duyen, Tran Mai Han (Vietnam
Institute for Tropical Technology & Environmental
Protection, Vietnam)
Comparative results of corrosion testing in humid tropical
atmosphere in rural and coastal areas for hot dipped zinc
coatings are presented. The test was conducted in outdoor
conditions for four years. Mass loss and other performance
characteristics of two types of zinc coatings were determined
and discussed in relation with climatic and environmental
parameters.
Corrosion rates of the coatings in coastal conditions were
about three times higher than the rates in rural conditions.
The data show that the corrosion process obeys an equation
of the form M=Atn, where M is the loss of metal and t is the
time of exposure. A and n are constants which values
depend on the environmental characteristics and the
physicochemical behavior of the corrosion products
respectively. Corrosion is strongly influenced by
atmospheric time of wetness (TOW) and airborne salinity.
Nature and structures of corrosion products are also
considered. Simonkolleite, is a major crystalline phase,
found in the zinc corrosion products exposed at coastal
condition while zinc hydroxide and zinc hydrosulfate are
popular in rural condition.
4. Corrosion Behavior of 316L Stainless Steel
Exposed to Qinghai Salt Lake Atmosphere in China Zhenyao Wang (Chinese Academy of Sciences, China)
The atmospheric exposure test in Qinghai salt lake region of
China with duration of 96 months for 316L stainless steel
was performed, the corrosion behavior of 316L stainless
steel exposed to the atmosphere were investigated by SEM,
EPMA,IRS, XPS, and the relations between the corrosion
dynamics and the rust composition and structure were
researched, and the corrosion evolution process was
discussed. The results showed that the pitting corrosion of
316L stainless steel exposed to Qinghai salt lake atmosphere
for 6 months was observed, and corrosion rate of them
decreased with exposure time. The rusts, which were mainly
composed of β-FeOOH, γ-FeOOH, α-FeOOH, δ-FeOOH,
Fe3O4 and the compounds containing Cr, suppressed the
anodic and cathodic reactions and caused the increase of the
value of charge-transfer resistance Rt. The dust and
deposition containing Cl- on the surface of samples
promoted the pitting corrosion of 316L stainless steel.
5. Peculiarities and Uncertainties of Mild Steel
Corrosion in Very Severe Marine Atmospheres M. Morcillo, B. Chico, J. Alcántara, I. Díaz, J. Simancas, D.
de la Fuente (National Centre forMetallurgicalResearch,
Spain)
Corrosion of carbon steel in marine atmospheres of different
aggressivities has been the subject of very many research
studies. Nevertheless, in very severe marine atmospheres
numerous issues remain unexplained and more basic
knowledge is needed in order to further our understanding of
corrosion mechanisms in this type of atmosphere. This paper
describes the peculiarities of mild steel corrosion in very
severe marine atmospheres and points out a number of
uncertainties that still need to be explained. The present
work addresses these questions in the light of results
obtained in a study of mild steel atmospheric corrosion
carried out in two very severe marine atmospheres at
CaboVilano, Spain.
6. Effect of Tropical Atmosphere on Corrosion of
Different Metals Sudesh Wijesinghe, Tan Zixi (Singapore Institute of
Manufacturing Technology, Singapore)
Atmospheric corrosion is clearly the most noticeable of all
corrosion processes. Tremendous amount of economic losses
are caused by atmospheric corrosion. Thus it is imperative to
know the level of atmosphere‟s aggressiveness or in other
words “corrosivity”, before anyone designs or plans any
corrosion prevention strategy. Corrosivity values were not
recorded before in Singapore though those were measured
and recorded in other countries. In the aim of filling this gap,
three test sites were setup at three locations of Singapore to
represent marine, industrial and urban atmospheres or their
mixtures. Subsequently, corrosivity readings were measured
and recorded according to ISO 9223:2012 for the first time
in Singapore. Salient atmospheric constituents or parameters
like time of wetness (TOW), Cl-, SO2, NO2, O3, HNO3 have
been measured in all sites over a period of time to categorise
corrosivities of particular atmospheres. The effect of
atmosphere on corrosion of steel, Cu, Al and Zn also has
been investigated and quantified. “Estimated” and
“determined” corrosivities were quantified and compared
according to ISO 9223 standard. Results together with final
corrosivity measurements will be presented and discussed.
7. A Study on the Corrosion Behavior and Lifespan
Prediction Methodology of Galvanized Steels with
Outdoor Exposure Test for 24 months
Jin Woo Kim, Young Sik Kim (Andong National University,
Korea), B. J. Goo, M. B. Moon (Hyundai Steel Company,
Korea)
Generally, the atmospheric corrosion is an electrochemical
degradation of the metal that can be caused by various
corrosion factors of atmospheric component and weather, air
pollutants. In particular, the moisture and particles of sea salt,
sulfur dioxide is a major factor in the atmospheric corrosion.
Galvanized steel is one of the most efficient ways to protect
iron from corrosion by zinc plating on the surface of the iron.
Galvanized steels are being widely used in automobiles,
building structures, roofing, and other industrial structures
due to their high corrosion resistance compared to iron.
Atmospheric corrosion of galvanized steel is shown complex
corrosion behavior depending on Plating, coating thickness,
and atmospheric environment, air pollutants. In addition,
98
corrosion products are produced differently types and kinds
for environment. Also lifespan of galvanized steels may vary
depending on the use environment. Therefore, this study did
a research on the corrosion behavior of galvanized steel
under atmospheric corrosion for six locations in Korea and
the possibility of life prediction of galvanized steel by
approaches to the acceleration test and electrochemical test.
8. The Atmospheric Corrosion of Zinc under
External Electric Field Junxi Zhang, Xujie Yuan, Shiming Zhang, Qimeng Chen
(Shanghai University of Electric Power, China)
The effect of external DC electric field on the atmospheric
corrosion behavior of zinc under a thin electrolyte layer
(TEL) was investigated by open circuit potential
measurements, cathodic polarization and electrochemical
impedance (EIS). Results indicate that the external DC
electric field can accelerate the corrosion of Zinc in a
simulated atmospheric environment. The application of
external DC electric field resulted in a negative shift of
corrosion potential of Zinc, and accelerated the diffusion of
dissolved oxygen.
9. Weathering Steels: Atmospheric Behavior in a
Wide Range of Alloying Elements Concentration H. Cano (University Antonio Nariño, Colombia), M.
Morcillo, I. Díaz, D. de la Fuente (National Centre for
Metallurgical Research, Spain)
The High Performance Steels (HPS) are showing an
increasing development worldwide, especially those called
Weathering Steels (WS), also known as low-alloy steels,
with a carbon content of less than 0.2 wt.% to which mainly
Cu, Cr, Ni, and P are added as alloying elements to a total of
no more than 3–5 wt%. It is interesting to advance in the
development of these weathering steels in order to
understand their atmospheric behaviour in a wide range of
alloying elements concentration, as well as to study its
influence acting jointly. In particular, it is of great
importance to study, in the case of advanced weathering
steels, the effect of Ni at higher concentrations (1-3 wt%).
All the weathering steels used in the present research have
been manufactured at the National Centre for Metallurgical
Research (CENIM). Starting from a reference copper steel
(Cu 0.29 wt%), its composition was modified for Cu
(0.29-1.06 wt%), Cr (0.08-0.54 wt%) and Ni (0.12-2.92
wt%) contents in order to study the effect of different
alloying elements, acting either singly or in combination,
trying to find synergisms in its behaviour. This research has
been conducted into a broad spectrum of atmospheric
conditions, from the less aggressive (rural and urban
atmospheres of El Pardo and Madrid respectively) and
industrial atmospheres of Aviles and Kopisty (Czech
Republic). The results obtained in this research indicate that
no substantial differences were observed in the resistance to
atmospheric corrosion by increasing the copper content of
the alloy from 0.29 wt% to 1.06 wt% or chromium from
0.08 wt% to 0.50 wt%. This is not the case of nickel,
particularly for 2-3 wt% content of this element.
10. Study on Problems of Off Potenial by
Comparing CIPS with Coupons Feng Zhang (Petrochina Pipeline R&D Center, China)
After field survey using CIPS equipments and coupon has
been done,the different results of two methods leads to a
confuse.After analysis by electrostatics theory and numerical
simulation,a conclusion could be made that while off
potential of CIPS reaches -850mV,the real potential of
protected pipeline may nearly reach its on potential
especailly for 3LPE pipeline.Not the evaluation of protection
level but coating holiday finding should be the main purpose
of CIPS.Also,from numerical simulation,it is found that a
rectifier could provide protection accross its adjacent rectifie
along the pipeliner when they are all turned on.But during
the on and off interruption circle in the CIPS survey,if only
two adjacent rectifiers are interrupted which is a common
practice in recent ECDA practice in China ,the remote
rectifiers nearby would provide protection-on potential
instantly reaching the pipe section between the interrupted
rectifiers which indeed produce a large IR drop error not
eliminated such as 200mV in the survey results.The field
experiment and numerical simulation have been done to
illustrate the phenomenon.
11. Regional Cathodic Protection Design of a
Natural gas Distribution Station Yabo Hu (Petrochina Pipeline Company Shenyang
Longchang Pipeline Survey Centre, China), Feng Zhang, Jun
Zhao (Petrochina Pipeline R&D Centre, China)
Regional cathodic protection has great impact on pipeline
integrity management. After risk analyses of a newly built
gas distribution station constructed in area with large
dwelling density, the risk score was high because of a
potential threat caused by galvanic corrosion. Except the
reinforced steel in concrete, there are four kinds of metal
buried under earth: carbon steel, galvanized flat steel, zinc
rod and graphite module. In order to protect buried pipeline
from external corrosion, the design and construction of
regional cathodic protection was put forward. BEM method
was used to calculate the current requirement and optimize a
best anode placement during design. The anode grounding
resistance and earth potential gradient was also calculated.
12. Optimal Approach to Secure Long Term
Integrity of Steel Piles Buried at Reclaimed Shore
Area HongSeok Song, YoungGeun Kim (Korea Gas Corporation,
Korea)
Steel piles to support LNG storage tank have been buried at
reclaimed shore area. Landfill soils consist of either onshore
soil or drudged soil. The chloride content in reclaimed soil is
relatively higher than that in onshore soil because landfill
soil is put in sea water. The oxygen content in the reclaimed
soil is also higher than that in undisturbed soil. These two
factors are contributing to increase corrosion rate, so,
cathodic protection has been adopted optionally. However,
thickness compensation method could be an alternative in
99
the condition corrosion rate is tolerable within given
compensated thickness over lifetime since required cost of
thickness compensation method is cheaper than CP method.
In order to establish adequate measures coping with
corrosion problem of steel piles buried reclaimed shore area,
corrosivity test like soil resistivity measurement with depth
and SRB concentration test were carried out, and literature
and case histories were reviewed. Computer simulation
using commercial package has been done to get
economically and technically effective CP design. The
comparison has been performed between CP and
conventional thickness compensation in terms of cost,
lifetime. The concluded optimal way to secure long term
integrity of steel piles buried at reclaimed shore area will be
presented.
13. Study of Sacrificial Anodes to Mitigate Galvanic
Corrosion of SnPb Solder in Crystalline Sillicon
Photovoltaic Module Wonwook Oh, Soohyun Bae, Haeseok Lee, Donghwan Kim
(Korea university, Korea), Nochang Park (Korea Electronics
Technology Institute, Korea)
Investigations of the degradation of photovoltaic (PV)
modules have been widely performed under various
conditions to provide the insights for enhancing the
reliability and durability of PV modules. Accelerated stress
tests become increasingly important for PV modules to
ensure the reliability for over 25 years. To identify the
degradation or failure modes of PV modules, damp heat
(DH) tests are commonly performed to evaluate the effect of
degradation by corrosion. Lower performance is usually
observed after long-term DH test. It is known that the
phenomenon of degradation results from fill factor (FF) loss
by high series resistance. The cause for the series resistance
increase is reduction of PV ribbon on front Ag busbar after
DH test. We focused on the mitigation of corrosion of Sn
and Pb on to the Ag busbars of crystalline Si solar cells in
photovoltaic modules. The solder ribbon releases Sn and Pb
via galvanic corrosion. In order to mitigate the degradation
by galvanic corrosion, sacrificial anodes were attached on
the PV ribbon. After damp heat test for 2000h, we measured
L-IV, EL, SEM & EDX. Solar cells which attached
sacrificial anodes were less degraded. As the sacrificial
anodes, Al, Zn, Al alloy and Zn alloy were used by
attachment on PV ribbon. Additionally, Zn was sprayed on
PV ribbon at back side of solar cells in order to apply easily
lamination process of PV module.
14. Cold-Spraying of Al-Zn Coating: Coating
Characteristics and Heat Treatment Xiaoyun Zhang, Feng Lu, Bo Yu, Zhihua Sun (Beijing
Institute of Aeronautical Materials, China), Xiaorong Zhou
(The University of Manchester, UK)
There sets of Al-Zn coating were prepared using Cold Spray
(CS) process. Microstructure of coatings was investigated to
understand the properties of coating produced by CS and
improve the CS technology parameters. The effect of
technical parameters on surface morphology and interface
integration of coating was analysed, coating micro-hardness
were also characterized. The results show that the coatings
are very dense and no significant inherent defects. The
coating/substrate interface exhibit excellent bonding without
voids or areas of delamination. The salt fog test results were
consistent with the result of electrochemical measurement,
Anti-corrosion performance of Al-Zn coating is decreased
with increasing of Zn content in coatings.
15. Evaluation of Steel Bridge Maintenance Coating
Performance with Surface Preparation Conditions C.Y. Lee, T.S. Chang, B.D. Lee (Korea Expressway
Corporation, Korea)
Generally, surface preparation is the most influential factor
of all such as paint type, film thickness or number of coat,
and surface preparation on coating performance. In steel
bridge maintenance coating, there are a lot of cases that
surface preparation is not carried out perfectly, because
maintenance coating is absolutely field work whereas new
coating is carried out in factory for most procedures. If
abrasive blasting is carried out for perfect surface
preparation, tremendous cost will be required for
containment facility to protect environment. Accordingly,
power tool or hand tool cleaning is generally carried out
simply in most of maintenance coating, and therefore
decline of coating performance often occurs by poor surface
preparation. In this study, surface-tolerant maintenance
coating systems, performance of rust converters, and new
surface preparation methods were investigated. From the
study results, superior maintenance coating systems were
derived, and applicability of rust converter and 2 kinds of
new surface preparation methods was verified. In the near
future, new guidelines for steel bridge maintenance coatings
will be established that can provide against fast-growing
steel bridge maintenance coating quantity on the basis of this
study results.
16. Corrosion Behavior of Metal Substrate under
Water Repellent H. Saito (Tokyo Denki University, Japan)
A paint film or coating protects a metal substrate from
corrosion. Since a water-repellent coating is hydrophobic,
the coating must serve as higher barrier than other
conventional coatings. We electrochemically investigated
the steel corrosion under water-repellent coating and that
water penetrates into water-repellent coatings as well as
conventional coatings and the steel substrate is corroded. In
this report, we show the same phenomenon of zinc substrate,
though the oxide film on zinc substrate is more compact than
that on steel.
17. Oxide Nanolayers Grown on New Ternary Ti
Based Alloy Surface by Galvanic Anodizing –
Characteristics and Anticorrosive Properties J. M. Calderon Moreno, P. Drob, C. Vasilescu, S. I. Drob, M.
Popa, E. Vasilescu (Institute of Physical Chemistry,
Romania)
100
The surface of new Ti-15Zr-5Nb alloy was processed by
galvanic anodizing in 0.3M H3PO4 solution at a current
density of 10 mA/cm2 for 45 min. SEM micrographs showed
that the electrodeposited nanolayer has hill-like
protuberances (wide 5-10 µm) and nanotube like porosity
(diameter hundred nanometres). The chemical analysis by
EDS determined that the anodizing nanolayer contains
significant amount of P and O, as well as the alloying
elements; Raman micro-spectroscopy identified TiO2
anatase oxide and phosphorous as P2O74-
ion in
phosphotitanate compound. It results that the obtained
nanolayer having porosity and comprising phosphorous ions
can provide bioactivity and bone cell attachment.
Electrochemical cyclic potentiodynamic curves in artificial
Carter-Brugirard saliva of acid (3.96), neutral (7.84),
alkaline (9.11) pH values and doped with 0.05M NaF (pH =
8.21) revealed a nobler behaviour of oxidizing alloy due to
the thicker, more compact, resistant nanolayer. The corrosion
rates for the processed alloy are lower than those of the bare
one, even in more aggressive saliva of acid and alkaline pH
values or doped; implicitly, it resulted that the covered alloy
released less ions into saliva, having more reduced toxicity.
High values for the alloy polarization resistances attested the
protective, barrier character of the electrodeposited
nanolayer. Impedance Nyquist spectra as open arches had
bigger curvature radii and Bode phase angle spectra revealed
higher angles for the anodizing alloy in comparison with
bare one; these facts ascertain a thicker, more protective,
insulating nanolayer existing on the processed alloy surface.
The electrodeposited film consists from two layers: an inner,
compact, barrier, resistant layer and an outer, less protective,
porous layer. For 1000 immersion hours in Carter-Brugirard
saliva, the open circuit potentials more ennobled over time
for the anodizing alloy, indicating the thickening of its
passive layer; SEM analysis confirmed new depositions on
the covered alloy surface, namely, its bioactivity.
18. Hydroxyapatite Coating for Long-term
Corrosion resistance and Bioactivity of Ti Alloy Monica Popa, Cora Vasilescu, Silviu Iulian Drob, Jose Maria
Calderon Moreno (Institute of Physical Chemistry,
Romania)
Hydroxyapatite (HA) coating was deposited on the new Ti-
15Zr-5Nb alloy surface by chemical method. The formation
of HA was proved by Raman micro-spectroscopy and X-ray
photoelectron spectroscopy, which identified the
characteristic features for the crystalline HA. This coating
has optimal microstructure and morphology (from scanning
electron microscopy). Also, pronounced roughness was
indicated by 2D and 3D atomic force microscopy images
suggesting a very proper surface for the adherence of bone
cells. In Ringer physiological solutions of different pH
values, the main electrochemical parameters for the coated
alloy had more favorable values showing that the HA
coating thickened the alloy native passive film and together
acted as barrier layer against to the attack of the aggressive
ions from biofluid.The HA coating reduced very much the
corrosion current density and total quantity of the ions which
cross through it, conferring to the new alloy very low
toxicity; also, the higher polarization resistance values for
the covered alloy revealed a higher protection degree of HA
coating.The impedance spectra depicted an electric
equivalent circuit with two time constants for the bare alloy
and with three time constants for the HA protected alloy.
Parameters, which characterize the electric equivalent circuit
for the covered alloy showed that the HA layer is porous,
permitting the interactions with the species from the human
biofluid, namely, bioactivity.The more positive values and in
time ennobling of the open circuit potentials proved the
thickening of HA coating and its superior protective
characteristics.All results confirmed that the HA coating on
the new Ti-15Zr-5Nb alloy surface has strong passivation
ability, protects the surrounding tissues from ion release or
harmful compounds, avoiding the adverse reactions,
stimulates alloy stabilization within the bone and shortens
the ossteointegration time.
19. Effect of the Chemical Composition on the
Corrosion Resistance of the Zn-Mg Thin Films JoungHyun La, KyuSung Kim, HoeKun Kim, SangYul Lee
(Korea Aerospace University, Korea)
The Zn coating on steel has been widely used to protect the
surface of steels against the corrosive environment. However,
the Zn coating shows relatively poor corrosion resistance in
harsh environments. Recently, various binary alloy coatings
containing Zn such as Zn-Al, Zn-Ni, and Zn-Mg have
attracted much attention for the enhanced corrosion
resistance. In this work, Zn-Mg coatings with various Mg
contents were synthesized using unbalanced magnetron
sputtering process and their microstructure, crystal phase,
and corrosion resistance were investigated by field emission
scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and salt
spray test. As Mg content of Zn-Mg coating increased, the
microstructure gradually changed from open woollen-like
microstructure to featureless microstructure. The Zn-Mg
coatings with high Mg content exhibited higher corrosion
resistance than those with low Mg content since dense and
featureless microstructure blocked the corrosive pathway.
The formation of Zn5(OH)8Cl2·H2O phase (simonkolleite)
was confirmed from the corrosion product of the Zn-Mg
coatings after corrosion test. It was noted that the
simonkolleite improved the corrosion resistance of the
coatings by forming a dense and stable protection layer on
the surface of the Zn-Mg coatings.
Acknowledgement
This study is financially supported by the Smart Coating
Steel Development Center, WPM (World Premier Materials)
Program of the Korea Ministry of Knowledge Economy.
20. Local Electrochemistry Study of the Acrylic
Polyurethane Coating after Exposure to Ultraviolet
Radiation Jin Gao, Hongxia Jiang, Yingchao Li, Yingchao Li, Lin Lu,
and Xiaogang Li (University of Science and Technology
Beijing, China)
Acrylic polyurethane coating is exposed in artificial
weathering environment produced by a fluorescent
UV/condensation weathering device. In our work, the
mechanism of failure of coating under the UV conditions
can be revealed by using Fourier transform infrared
101
spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM)
and scanning Kelvin probe (SKP). The results show good
uniformity between the different measurements. The
tendency of the Kelvin potential reveals the three stages of
coating aging process. During early aging stage, with the
effect of UV light irradiation, polymer degradation occurs
which results in the density of the coating decreasing. Water
and corrosive medium seep into the inner coating via holes
which form by coating degradation and then corrosion
reaction occurs. In the mid-term, the corrosion product
accumulated forms rust layer which thickens with exposure
time increased. During the later stage, the corrosion reaction
is more serious. Defects form as the degree of aging
increases. Meanwhile, the surface morphology, gloss and
chemical structure of the aging coating show a good
correlation with the Kelvin potential. The results measured
by FT-IR, gloss loss and SEM indicate that under the
irradiation of UVA-340, more free carbonyl groups form
either through the direct chain scission or from radical-
induced process.KEYWORDS organic coatings; acrylic
polyurethane coating; anticorrosion protection; accelerated
aging; scanning Kelvin probe.
21. Field Joint Coating with HSS Based on
Mechanized Equipment Lin Zhu, Shubin Bai, Changxue Xu (Pipeline Research
Institute of CNPC, China)
HSS is widely used in field joint coating for 3 layers
polyethylene (3LPE). The similarity in structure compared
to 3LPE coating and the compatibility are the most notable
advantages for the using of heat shrinkable sleeve (HSS) in
3LPE field joint coating. With the development of large
diameter and thick wall thickness 3LPE coated pipelines,
issues on field joint coating adapting to 3LPE such as HSS
are increasingly reported. In recent years, investigations
revealed the failure in HSS field joint coating, which have
drawn attention of the constructors and the operators. HSS
application quality is one of the important factors that
influence the long-term reliability. To solve this problem
with application methods, a set of equipment has been
developed, which has mechanized the processes of blast
cleaning, preheating, shrinking and post heating. The quality
of field joint coating using HSS can be guaranteed with this
set of equipment. This article presents the developing of
field joint coating with HSS based on mechanized
equipment.
22. Bilayer Conducting Polymer Coatings for
Corrosion Protection of Carbon Steel in Different
Media Florina Branzoi (Institute of Physical Chemistry, Romania),
Viorel Branzoi, Zoia Pahom (University Politehnica of
Bucharest, Romania)
Bi-layered composites of polydiethylaniline (PDEA) and
polypyrrole (PPY) were investigated for corrosion protection
of carbon steel. In this work, PNDEA, PPY and PNDEA-
SDS/ PPY coatings have been electropolymerization on
carbon steel by potentiodynamic and galvanostatic synthesis
techniques from aqueous solutions 0.1 M diethylaniline,
0.1M pyrrole, 0.05 M sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and
0.3 M oxalic acid. In order to include dodecyl sulphate ions
as dopant in the diethylaniline, SDS was also added to the
polymerization solution of diethylaniline. Characterization
of monolayer and bilayer polymer coatings was carried out
by cyclic voltammetry, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR)
spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
techniques. Corrosion behaviour of PDEA-SDS/PPY coated
carbon steel was investigated by potentiodynamic
polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
(EIS) techniques in 0.5M H2SO4 solutions. The results of
the corrosion tests showed that PDEA-SDS/PPY coatings
ensure good corrosion protection of carbon steel in
aggressive media. Bilayer coatings revealed better corrosion
inhibition efficiencies than monolayer coatings.
23. Modified Electrodes with Nanocomposite Films
Based on Conducting Polymers and Functionalized
Carbon Nanotubes Florina Branzoi (Institute of Physical Chemistry, Romania),
Viorel Branzoi, Zoia Pahom (University Politehnica of
Bucharest, Romania)
Conducting polymers can be doped and dedoped rapidly to
high charge density and as a result are potential active
materials for use in various electrochemical
applications. Thus an important application is the
fabrication of modified electrodes. For this reason, the
nanocomposite materials based on the functionalized carbon
nanotubes, conducing polymers and different anionic
dopants (sodium dodecyl sulphate -SDS, sodium dioctyl
sulfosuccinate - AOT) were grown electrochemically onto a
platinum substrate from an aqueous solution of 0.1M LiClO4,
functionalized carbon nanotubes, surfactants and the
corresponding monomer (3,4 ethylen-dioxythiophene). All
the obtained composites showed improved mechanical
integrity, higher electronic and ionic conductivity and
exhibited larger electrode specific capacitance than the
polymer alone. The negatively charged FCNTs served as
anionic dopant during the electropolymerization to
synthesize PEDOT/FCNTs composite films. The synthetic,
morphological and electrochemical properties of
nanocomposite materials type PEDOT / FCNTs / surfactants
were compared. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
(EIS), cyclic voltammetry and scanning electron microscopy
(SEM) were used to investigate the electrochemical
properties of the composite films.
The specific electrochemical capacitance of the composite
films is a significantly greater value than that for pure
polymer films prepared similarly. Using these composite
films, the modified electrodes with improved properties
were obtained.
24. Evaluation of the Micro Oxidation Treatment
Effect on the Anticorrosive Performance of a Mg-
Rich Epoxy Coating on AZ91D Magnesium Alloy Xiangyu Lu, Sheng Lu (Jiangsu University of Science and
Technology, China), Xingguo Feng (Hohai University,
China), Yu Zuo (Beijing University of Chemical
Technology, China)
102
A micro-arc oxidation (MAO) film is prepared on AZ91D
magnesium alloy and the effects of the micro-arc oxidation
treatment on the performance of the Mg-rich primer on
AZ91D alloy are studied. After micro-arc oxidation
treatment, an oxidation film with high porosity forms on
magnesium substrate. Therefore, the adhesion of the Mg-
rich primer to AZ91D substrate increases obviously. The
micro-arc oxidation significantly improves the performance
of the Mg-rich primer on AZ91D alloy, which is attributed
to the corrosion resistance of the MAO film. The coating
system with micro-arc oxidation pre-treatment had good
barrier effect after 2400 h of salt spray test and could
provide good protective performance to AZ91D alloy.
25. Effect of Annealing Ambient Condition on
Transition of External to Internal Oxidation of Fe-
Mn-(Si, Al) TRIP Steels Seonghwan Kim, Joo-Youl Huh (Korea University, Korea),
Jong-Sang Kim (POSCO, Korea)
Transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) steels possess
high strength and high formability. Thus, TRIP steels are
suitable for the automotive industry as producing lighter car-
bodies. In order to use TRIP steels for automotive
application, the corrosion resistance by means of hot dip
galvanizing has to be achieved. However, it is well known
that the selective oxidation of alloying elements such as Si
and Mn is occurred at steel surface during inter-critical
annealing prior to hot dip galvanizing and the surface oxide
deteriorates the galvanizability of TRIP steels. Therefore,
there are many studies on selective oxidation of TRIP steels
to improving galvanizability of TRIP steels. However,
though the oxygen source for selective oxidation could be
both of oxygen and water vapor, these studies explain the
selective oxidation mainly focusing on oxygen partial
pressure. Thus, this study examined the each effect of PH2O
and PO2 on selective oxidation behavior and transition of
external to internal oxidation of Fe-Mn-(Si, Al) TRIP steels
using varied dew point and H2/N2 ratio. The PO2 of
annealing ambient condition was controlled by mainly H2
addition. By addition of H2, the PO2 was reduced as several
orders. Especially, the samples annealed under high PO2
with low dew point and the samples annealed under low
PO2 with high dew point will be compared to examine that
which one is predominantly influenced on the external to
internal oxidation transition of Fe-Mn-(Si, Al) TRIP steels.
In addition, the galvanizability of Fe-Mn-(Si, Al) TRIP
steels was examined after inter-critical annealing under
various annealing ambient conditions.
26. Anti-corrosion Coating Optimization by Self-
assembled APTS Monolayer Joo-Young Lee, Joo-Hyung Lee, Yong-Kyu Lee, Joon
Hwang (Korea National University of Transportation,
Korea)
3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (coded as APTS) was utilized
for improving anti-corrosion on Zn-Al thermal diffusion
coated substrates. The experiments were carried out by
Taguchi method under L9 orthogonal array for optimization
of anti-corrosion coating process experimental factors. In
this study, the method of forming self-assembled monolayer
(coded as SAM) has been used for creating monolayer on
substrates. We found that APTS coated substrates were
improved against corrosion. The formation of APTS
monolayer on substrates was analysed by environmental
scanning electron microscope and EDX analysis. And anti-
corrosion property of APTS monolayer was checked through
salt spray test for 300 hours. In a word, additional coatings
using chromate solution as environmental regulation
material were replaced with APTS monolayer so we can use
non-chromate solution for providing good anti-corrosion.
We have also confirmed better anti-corrosion of APTS
monolayer against Zn-Al thermal diffusion coating layer in
moist environmental like a seawater.
27. Anticorrosive Pigments Based on Smart Silica
Nanocontainers D. de la Fuente, R. Barranco, C. Zea, B. Chico, J. Simancas,
M. Morcillo (National Centre for Metalurgical Research,
Spain)
Nowadays there is a special interest to study and develop
new smart anticorrosive pigments in order to increase the
protection life time of organic coatings, and simultaneously,
to find alternatives to conventional toxic and carcinogenic
hexavalent chromium compounds.
In this respect, the great development of nanotechnologies in
recent years has opened up a range of possibilities in the
field of anticorrosive paints through the integration of
encapsulated nanoscale containers loaded with active
components into coatings. By means of a suitable design of
the capsule, the release of the encapsulated corrosion
inhibitor can be triggered by different external or internal
factors (pH change, mechanical damage, etc.) thus
preventing spontaneous leakage of the active component and
achieving more efficient and economical use of the inhibitor,
which is only released upon demand in the affected area.
In the present work, the improved anticorrosive behaviour
achieved by encapsulated mesoporous silica nanocontainers
filled with an environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitor
has been evaluated. It has been proven that a change in the
pH allows the rupture of the capsules, the release of the
inhibitor and the successful protection of the carbon steel
substrate.
28. Characterization of the Amorphous NiP Alloy
Thin Film Prepared by Electroplating Thuy Hoang, Tung Mai, Huyen Nguyen (Hanoi University
of Science and Technology, Vietnam)
NiP alloys were electrodeposited from sulfate electrolyte
baths at various sodium hypophosphite concentrations.
Influences of hypophosphite concentration and temperature
on the plating process were investigated. Electrochemical
behavior of the plated thin films was characterized by
potentiodynamic polarization curves and electrochemical
impedance spectroscopies (EIS). The composition,
morphology and structural properties of the thin films were
analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy-
dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray diffraction
(XRD) measurements. Mechanical properties of the plating
103
such as adhesion, hardness, wear were also tested.It was
seen that the current efficiency of electroplating was
decreased with the increase of sodium hypophosphite
concentration. Increasing temperature increased current
efficiency but dendrite arose at the higher temperatures. The
properties of the NiP alloy thin films were strongly
influenced by sodium hypophosphite concentrations in the
electrolyte. This is attributed to the fact that the increase of
sodium hypophosphite concentration led to a change of the
structure of plating thin film into amorphous. The effect of
hypophosphite concentrations on the composition,
electrochemical and structural properties of the NiP alloy
thin films is discussed in this paper.
29. Evaluation of Niobium Pentoxide Coatings
Applied by Thermal Spraying Eduardo S. A. Conde, Simone L. D. C. Brasil, Ladimir J.
Carvalho (Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil)
Niobium, whose largest ore reserves are found in Brazil,
presents high corrosion resistance due to the formation of an
oxide film. In aqueous environment, the most
thermodynamically stable oxide is niobium pentoxide
(Nb2O5). Aiming to protect steel structures against corrosion,
the use of this oxide as a barrier is a possibility. The oxide
can be applied by thermal spraying and the film usually
presents good adhesion and very protective features.
Experimental tests were carried out to evaluate niobium
pentoxide as a coating and its corrosion resistance. A set of
AISI 1020 carbon steel coupons, previously prepared in
accordance with current standards, was coated with Nb2O5
by thermal spraying. Different substrate roughness profiles
were used to verify the anchoring of the coating and, to
assess the porosity of the sprayed layer, different thicknesses
were considered. Adhesion (pull-off) test, scanning electron
microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS),
allowed the evaluation of niobium pentoxide coating. The
results showed that it is possible to obtain coatings of
niobium oxide with high mechanical strength, proper
morphology and corrosion resistance, and thus, niobium
oxide is a good alternative to protect carbon steel.
30. Corrosion Properties of Zn Alloy Coated Steel
Sheet for Automotive Pannels B.J. Goo, B.R. Lee, M.B. Moon (Hyundai Steel Company,
Korea), S.J. Oh (Hyundai Motor Company, Korea)
Since the consumer needs to extend anti-corrosion warranty
period for automobile body were continuously grown up in
these days, highly corrosion resistant Zn-Al-Mg alloy coated
steel has been focused as a good alternative materials. In this
work, phosphated or electro-painted on phosphated hot-
dipped Zn-Al-Mg coated and galvannealed steel sheet were
investigated for comparison of their corrosion properties.
The results show that electro-painted Zn-Al-Mg coated steel
has a weak paint blistering resistance compared with electro-
painted galvannealed steel because of the fast delamination
of phosphate coating layer and poor electro-paint adhesion
due to low surface roughness of phosphate coating.
31. Structure Change and Corrosion Properties of
Al Films Prepared by Oblique Angle Deposition Jae-In Jeong, Ji-Hoon Yang, Jae-Hun Jung, Min-A Song,
Sung-Hwan Kim (Research Institute of Industrial Science &
Technology, Korea)
Oblique Angle Deposition (OAD) is a physical vapor
deposition (PVD) method which utilizes non-normal angle
deposition between the substrate and the vaporizing source.
It can be used to control the morphology and is expected to
be able to prepare the very dense film structure, which
results in the enhancement of film properties. In this study,
OAD has been applied to prepare single or multi-layered
aluminum (Al) films by un-balanced magnetron sputtering.
The change of microstructure, optical properties and
corrosion characteristics of the prepared films were
investigated according to the deposition conditions. The Si
wafer, cold-rolled steel sheet and stainless steel sheet were
used as the substrates. The incidence angles between the
substrate surface and vapor were 30, 45, 60, and 90 degree,
respectively, and normal deposition was also carried out to
compare the structure and the properties of the films. The
microstructures, orientations and pore densities of the
prepared films were investigated using scanning electron
microscopy (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and Ferroxly
test, respectively. The density of the film was also calculated
from the deposited Al weight and the mechanical thickness
measured with SEM or stylus profiler. Salt spray test (SST)
was employed to investigate the corrosion properties of the
films. The films grown at oblique angle showed very dense
structure, increased reflectivity, and decreased roughness. At
the salt spray test, the Al film prepared with OAD has been
found to show the increased outbreak time of red-rust.
32. Study on Corrosion Resistant Cr-free-coated
Zn-Ni Electrodeposits for Autumotive Fuel Tank
Applications Moonjae Kwon, Jong Sang Kim, Du-hwan Jo (POSCO
Technical Research Laboratories, Korea), Jong Myung Park
(POSTECH, Korea)
For a fuel tank material, a Pb-Sn alloy-coated steel (which is
known as terne sheet) has been widely used in terms of
reliable corrosion resistance and press formability, etc.
However, due to strict regulations on the use of lead, other
alternatives such as Sn-Zn, Al-Si and Zn-Ni have been
proposed recently. In this study, a Zn-Ni alloy-coated steel
sheet with environmentally friendly Cr-free coating to
achieve excellent corrosion resistance was investigated. The
electrodeposited Zn-Ni alloy followed by 1μm-thick Cr-free
coating as a post-plating treatment was fabricated. It is well
known that the overall properties of electroplated Zn-Ni are
strongly dependent on the phase structure of the deposit
layer and the pure γ-phase is preferred due to its good
corrosion resistance, formability and paintability. From this
point of view, a Zn coating alloyed with 10wt% Ni was
investigated in this study. To investigate the fuel tank
application of the Zn-Ni electrodeposits with Cr-free
treatment, fuel resistance in a typical gasoline-ethanol
mixture was verified and extremely low dissolution rates of
metal elements were obtained. Especially, the corrosion
behaviors of Zn-10wt% Ni indicate that improved corrosion
104
resistance is obtainable due to the main corrosion product of
Zn (OH)2, and delayed dehydration of Zn(OH)2 to ZnO
which accelerates the corrosion rate. On the contrary, in
lower Ni content specimen, the time to form a conductive
corrosion product, ZnO, was relatively shorter than Zn-
10wt% in salt spray test, which may explain their different
corrosion behaviors.
33. Mechanical Property of Ni-Mn Electrodeposed
Layers from a Sulfamate Bath Ji Wung Shin, Seung Gi Yang, Woon Suk Hwang (Inha
University, Korea)
Nickel sulfamate bathhas several benefits such as low
internal stress, high current density and goodductility.
Generally in nickel deposited layers, sulfur induces
hightemperature embrittlement. Sulfur makes Ni-S
compounds which show lower meltingpoints than nickel. Ni-
S compounds lead to embrittlement above 200℃.To
improve this problem, adding manganese,magnesium or
zirconium is one of the good methods. Instead of nickel,
theseelements make sulfate having high melting point above
1500℃.This study deals with mechanical properties and
effect of improvingembrittlement of Ni-Mn deposited layers
with process variables. As increasing Mn (NH2SO3)2,
internal stress and hardness wereincreased. And contents of
manganese and sulfur in nickelelectrodeposited layers were
increased. According to increasing bathtemperature from 45
to 65℃, internal stress and contentsof manganese and sulfur
were decreased. By increasing current density from 1A/dm2
to 5A/dm2, internal stress and hardness were decreased.
34. A Study on Cu Separation and Recovery from
Cu/Ni Electroplating Scrap Seung Gi Yang, Ji Wung Shin, Woon Suk Hwang (Inha
University, Korea)
The Cu/Ni electrodepositions have been applied to several
components industry for corrosion resistance and wear
resistance. However, the development of those industries
inevitably induces the formation of Cu/Ni scraps. Therefore,
the recycle of Cu/Ni scraps would provide the advantage of
environmental and economic aspects. (NH4)2S2O8 is an
effective and fast etchant for copper. Thus,
(NH4)2S2O8 could be possible to dissolute copper selectively
from the Cu/Ni scrap by controlling the pH of etchant.
Copper was dissolved more 104times than nickel in pH2
condition. To improve the recovery efficiency of copper
from the solution, the influences of applied current density
and bath temperature were investigated. In accordance with
decrasing current density, the recovery efficiency of copper
was increased. Besides, as the bath temperature was
dropping, the recovery efficiency of copper was increased. It
was possible to increase the recovery efficiency of copper,
when the current density was controlled according to the
residual copper concentration in the bath, without the copper
oxide formation which depends on overvoltage.
35. Electrochemical Evaluation of Corrosion
Inhibition Property of a Schiff's Base in the
Corrosion of Mild Steel in Hydrochloric Acid
Medium Kumaravel Mallaiah, Thanapackiam Palanisamy,
Rameshkumar Subramaniam (India)
The Schiff base, 1, 3-bis (2-aminobenzilidineimino)ethane
has been synthesized and its corrosion inhibition
performance on the corrosion of mild steel in 1MHCl has
been studied by electrochemical methods. It has been
observed that the inhibition efficiency increased with
inhibitor concentration and showed maximum inhibition
efficiency of 94% at an optimum inhibitor concentration of
600ppm. Tafel polarization curves showed that the Schiff
base was mixed type inhibitor. The adsorption of the
compound on the mild steel surface obeyed Langmuir
adsorption isotherm. The potential zero charge was
measured to find the corrosion inhibition mechanism in the
corrosive medium.
36. Synergistic Effects Cystein - Ammonium
Heptamolybdate and Cystein - Natrium Molibdate
Mixtures as Carbon Steel Corrosion Inhibitor in
NaCl 1% Solution Sarah Fauzani (Institute Technology Bandung, Indonesia)
Carbon steel is the material that is used in many industries
especially used as material oil and gas pipelines. The carbon
steel pipe corroded vulnerable from the internal surface due
to the flow of the oil is a multi-phase and contain dissolves
salts. The corrosion from the internal surface can be
prevented using an inhibitor. This study examined the
efficiency of inhibitor cysteine, ammonium heptamolybdate
and sodium molybdate. The influence of cysteine,
ammonium heptamolybdate and sodium molybdate on
inhibition of carbon steel in NaCl 1% saturated by CO2 was
investigated by weight loss, Electrochemical Impedance
Spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization
(Tafel). The investigation was conducted by varying the
concentration at temperatures 25°C and 65°C. Weight loss
measurement at 65°C, showed that inhibition efficiency of
cysteine 25 ppm reached 72.6%, ammonium heptamolybdate
50 ppm reached 96.3% and sodium molybdate 50 ppm
reached 67.4%. The experimental result showed that the
inhibition efficiency increases while increasing the inhibitors
concentrations. Potentiodynamic polarization (Tafel) curve
showed that cysteine, ammonium heptamolybdate and
sodium molybdate acted as anodic inhibition in NaCl 1%
saturated by CO2, however, cysteine became a cathodic
inhibition at higher temperature. The increasing of
inhibitions efficiency was supported by EIS measurements.
Thermodynamic function of adsorpsion processes were
calculated from weight loss methods that cysteine,
ammonium heptamolybdate and sodium molybdate are
chemical adsorpsion processes. Inhibition efficiencies of
mixed inhibitors were also calculated by weight loss
methods. The results showed that at 65°C cysteine 25 ppm
and ammonium heptamolybdate 25 ppm reached 84.97%,
cysteine 15 ppm and sodium molybdate 35 ppm reached
99.2%. According to the results, it has been concluded that
there is a synergistic between mixed inhibitors of cysteine –
105
ammonium heptamolybdate and also cysteine – sodium
molybdate compared with single inhibitor.
37. Corrosion Inhibtion of Carbon Steel by Using
New Organic Polymers as Green Inhibitors for
Cooling Water System Florina Branzoi (Institute of Physical Chemistry, Romania),
Viorel Branzoi, Mihai Iordoc (University Politehnica of
Bucharest, Romania), Angela Stanca (Energy Research and
Modernizing Institute, Romania)
Pure metals and alloys react chemically/electrochemically
with corrosive medium to form a stable compound, in which
the loss of metal occurs. The compound so formed is called
corrosion product and metal surface becomes corroded.
Among the several methods of corrosion control and
prevention, the use of organic corrosion inhibitors is very
well known.
Using the microwaves energy new organic polymers were
synthesized by radicalic polymerization. These new organic
compounds have anticorrosive and antiscale properties and
for this reason, were used for cooling water systems
protection. The inhibition activity analysis of these new
organic polymers was made by assuming that the
mechanism of inhibition by organic molecules is
chemisorptions and that the energetic of the corrosion
process per se is unaffected by the addition of substituents
on the parent compound. We presume that, these new
organic polymers inhibit corrosion of carbon steel by a
protective mechanism, forming insoluble iron complexes
and repairing the porous oxide layers. The methods
employed were potentiodynamic polarization,
electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, scanning electron
microscopy (SEM) and metallurgical microscopy techniques.
The addition of the organic inhibitors led in all the cases to
inhibition of the corrosion process. The inhibition efficiency
was high in all the studied cases. The corrosion parameters
obtained from polarization curves and from EIS spectra are
in good concordance and point out the inhibitory action of
these new organic polymers. The adsorptions of the organic
compounds on the carbon steels surface obeyed Langmuir‟s
isotherm. Further characterization using Fourier transform
infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) demonstrates the adsorption
of organic inhibitors and the formation of corrosion products
on the carbon steels and the brass surface.
The inhibition process was attributed to the formation of the
adsorbed film on the metal surface that protects the metal
against corrosive agents. The EIS measurements have
confirmed this protection and pointed out the formation of
adsorption layers on the electrode surface.
38. Corrosion Behavior of New Advanced Ti-15Ta-
5Zr Alloy in Oral Environment Silviu Iulian Drob, Cora Vasilescu, Paula Drob, Jose Maria
Calderon Moreno, Ecaterina Vasilescu (Institute of Physical
Chemistry, Romania)
The new Ti-15Ta-5Zr alloy with low density, proper elastic
modulus, suitable mechanical properties was elaborated.
Optical and SEM micrographs revealed homogeneous bi-
phase, α + β microstructure with lamellas of α and β phases
(thickness of tens nanometers). Alloy native passive film
contains both Ti2O3 and TiO2 oxides and very resistant
Ta2O5 and ZrO2 oxides; the thickness of this film was 8.5
nm (XPS data), thicker than that on Ti surface. All main
electrochemical parameters in artificial Carter-Brugirard
saliva of different pH values and doped with 0.05M NaF had
more favorable values comparing with Ti and other implant
alloys (Ti-xTa for example), due to the Ta and Zr alloying
elements, which contributed with their protective oxides to
the passive native layer and due to the alloy very
homogeneous microstructure. The corrosion current
densities decreased of about 10 times for alloy in
comparison with Ti and similar alloys, as result of the alloy
more resistant passive film; correspondingly, the total
quantity of ions released into Carter-Brugirard saliva was
very low, namely, Ti-15Ta-5Zr alloy has a much reduced
toxicity. The acid, alkaline pH and the existence of fluoride
ion in Carter-Brugirard saliva conducted to the slightly more
unfavorable values of corrosion parameters as result of the
interactions of these saliva with the passive layer; however,
the alloy remained “Perfect Stable” in these environments.
Nyquist and Bode spectra indicated a passive film formed by
two layers: an inner, insulating, barrier layer that assures the
high corrosion resistance and an outer less protective, porous
layer that permits the absorption of ions and species from
surrounding environment into its pores, favoring
bioactivity.The continuous increase of the alloy open circuit
potentials shows that its passive film is resistant to the attack
of the aggressive ions from Carter-Brugirard saliva and
thickened over time.
39. Synthesis, Characterization and Anticorrosion
Performances Study of Different Acid Dopping
Polyaniline Hong Wang, Min Gong, Ying Wang (Sichuan University of
Science & Engineering, China)
Different polyaniline micro/nanostructures were prepared in
by oxidative polymerization doped with different acids like
H3PO4, HCl and citric acid (C6H8O7). The samples were
characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM),
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), UV–
visible spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry
(DSC). The nanoparticles and hollow microspheres of
polyaniline could be synthesized by different doting, and is
different from nothing doting. The corrosion studies were
carried out on steel plates coated with epoxy coatings
containing polyaniline prepared with acid doping and no
acid doing. Corrosion protection of these epoxy coatings
containing prepared polyaniline (PANI) on steel was studied
by Tafel polarization test in 3.5wt% sodium chloride (NaCl)
aqueous solution. The results indicated that coatings
prepared from acid doped polyaniline particles were found
to exhibit excellent corrosion resistance much superior to no
acid doped PANI in aggressive environments, and the epoxy
coating containing PANI obtained in HCl doping had the
best performance of the corrosion protection in all systems
under investigation. Moreover, the effects of doping
concentration on the Corrosion protection performance of
the products were also investigated. The possible protective
mechanism of PANI was discussed.
106
Acknowledgements: This work is supported by NSF of
China (51272165 and 51303115).
40. A Rapid and Facile Method for Measuring
Corrosion Rates Using Dynamic Light Scattering
and Standardization Sungnam Kim, Dong Gil Lee, and Jaihyun Park (Research
Institute of Industrial Science & Technology, Korea)
A dynamic light scattering (DLS) method was adopted for
measuring the corrosion of iron nanoparticles. The average
diameter of the nanoparticles in a sodium chloride
suspension increased linearly with time as iron oxide layers
formed around the nanoparticles. The nanoparticle corrosion
rate determined by DLS was found to be almost identical to
the value obtained by conventional immersion tests (ASTM
G31). The DLS method offers the advantage that
measurements may be completed within several hours under
natural corrosion conditions whereas the conventional
immersion method requires several months. Application of
the DLS method to alloy nanoparticles with a variety of
chromium compositions showed that the nanoparticle sizes
changed nonlinearly over time, and the curves were best fit
by a first order exponential function. The first order time
constants were found to be linearly related to the corrosion
rates determined by ASTM G31.
41. Surface Modification of ZrO2 Nanoparticles
with Sodium Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonate and the
Effect on the Corrosion Behavior of Epoxy Coating X.Zhao, B.R. Hou (Chinese Academy of Sciences, China)
The surface of ZrO2 nanoparticles was modified by sodium
dodecyl benzene sulfonate to improve the dispersion and
interaction of ZrO2 nanoparticles with epoxy coating. The
modified effect and microstructure of nano-ZrO2/epoxy
coating were analyzed by Fourier transformation infrared, X-
ray diffraction. The modified ZrO2 nanoparticles were used
as an additive in epoxy coating. The corrosion behavior of
nano-ZrO2/epoxy coating on mild steel was evaluated in
neutral 3.5 wt% NaCl solution using electrochemical
impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Both the coating capacitance
and coating resistance fitted by the equivalent circuit from
EIS were used to evaluate the protective performance of
mild steel. The results showed a superior stability and
efficient corrosion protection by the modified ZrO2
nanoparticles. Epoxy coating with 1 wt% modified ZrO2
nanoparticles presented the best corrosion performance
among all the coating specimen.
42. IR Thermography Evaluation for Corroded
Steel in Concrete S.Y. Jang (Korea Railroad Research Institute, Korea), K.T.
Park (The Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building
Technology, Korea), Y.Y. Kim (Chungnam National
University, Korea), S.-J. Kwon (Hannam University, Korea)
A system with electromagnetic heat induction and infrared
(IR) thermography is proposed for corrosion detection in RC
(Reinforced Concrete) in the present paper. Inductive heater
is developed to remotely heat the steel rebar from concrete
surface, which is integrated with an IR camera. RC member
samples with different cover depths are prepared. Each RC
sample is embedded with a single steel rebar in the middle,
resulting an identical cover depth from the front and the
back surfaces, which enables heat induction from one
surface and IR thermogrphay from the other simultaneously.
Through impressed current method, steel corrosion is
accelerated and IR video images are recorded during both
heating and cooling periods. The corroded RC samples show
higher rates of heating and cooling as well as a higher peak
IR intensity than those of the non-corroded samples, which
shows a feasibility of corrosion detection.
43. Tensile Strength and Oxide Analysis of Carbon
Steel in Concrete Exposed in Atmospheric
Environment for 53 Years Xingguo Feng, Da Chen (Hohai University, China), Xiangyu
Lu (Jiangsu University of Science and technology, China),
Yu Zuo (Beijing University of Chemical Technology,
China)
The tensile strength of a corroded rebar in a 53-year-old
concrete structure was studied. The microstructure of the
metallic substrate, the fracture surface, and the corrosion
product layers were investigated. The tensile test results
indicated that the corroded rebar presented low strength and
elongation. In addition, the fracture surface of the rebar in
the tensile test displayed dimple fracture behavior. The
Raman spectroscopy results indicated that corrosion
products at the general corrosion zone are obviously
different from those at the localized corrosion zone.
However, the general tendencies that the corrosion products
were constituted of a mix of oxides and hydroxides, the
oxides mainly existed in the internal part and the hydroxides
more presented in the external layer have been observed.
44. Diffusion Characteristics of Concrete for Using
Anticorrosion Material and under Several Curing
Conditions Seung Bong Shin, Gyu Yong Kim (Chungnam National
University, Korea)
Factors such as the surface chloride content, the critical
chloride content for steel corrosion, and the diffusion
coefficient for chloride ion in concrete may significantly
influence the service life of concrete structures exposed to
chloride environment. In this paper, the effects of water-
cement (W/C) ratios on the critical chloride content for steel
corrosion and the diffusion coefficient for chloride ion were
investigated through the laboratory of artificial accelerating
method. For this purpose, the test specimens were made of
concrete with W/C ratios of 28%, 35%, and 50%, and then
chloride ion diffusion and critical chloride content tests were
carried out for them. It was observed from the test result that
both the critical chloride content for steel corrosion and the
diffusion coefficient for chloride ion were strongly
influenced by W/C ratio. Finally, the service life of existing
concrete structures was predicted by using the measured
values for the chloride ion diffusion coefficient and critical
chloride content.
107
45. Raman Spectroscopy for Iron Phases Detection
in Ancient Metal Artifacts A.L Barbosa, C.Jimenez, J.A. Mosquera (University of
Cartagena, Colombia)
Iron artillery pieces from Cultural Heritage, they are
exposed to atmospheric corrosion after to be excavated or
subtracted from shipwrecks. Its impairment is associated
with the presence of oxyhydroxides type -FeO(OH), α-FeO
(OH) and oxyhydroxides nonstoichiometric Fe (II +/III
+),
which they are earlier corrosion indicators, whereas the
presence of maghemite magnetic is characteristic of high
corrosion in marine environment, which is difficult to
determine in actual samples. For this reason that in this work
we synthesized lepidocrocite phase which is a precursor of
maghemite, studying its decomposition by Raman analysis,
with the purpose of determine their presence in
archaeological samples excavated in insular zone of
Bocachica-Colombia. For analysis Raman microscopy
spectra pellets of archaeological samples made from powder
were measured using an InVia Renishaw Ramanscope
system. The measurements were carried out in air using the
He-Ne excitation line of 633 nm, the power of the laser
source on the sample was about 0.24 mW to avoid structural
transformations of the iron phases due to laser. Analysis
showed that the layers of corrosion products in the ancient
samples consist of a goethite matrix that contains small
quantity of lepidocrocite and akaganeite are characteristic of
earlier corrosion. The decomposition of lepidocrocite phase
examined by Raman showed the following sequence -
FeO(OH) → α-FeO(OH) + -FeO(OH), →–Fe2O3+ Fe3O4.
46. The Study of Anti-corrosion Structure of GFRP
Chimney Liners J.N. Liu, R.G. Hou (East China University of Science and
Technology, China), D.S. Li (East China Electric Power
Design Institute, China)
Sulphur dioxide emissions from coal-fired power plants is
one of the reasons for the formation of acid rain, which plays
an important role in global environmental pollution. At the
same time, with the gradual improvement of the worldwide
environmental standards and environmental protection
consciousness enhancement, the world are carrying out wet
flue gas desulfurization process, in order to achieve the
requirement of the permitted emission levels. Since
chimneys are necessary facilities to discharge flue gas, their
inner surface also corroded by the wet flue gas or sulphuric
acid in the process of desulfurization. In the face of the new
technology, the traditional material is hard to meet the anti-
corrosion requirements, chimneys in the power plants are
faced with new or replacement by more anti-corrosion liners.
Glass fiber reinforced plastics(GFRP) as one kind of
composite material, it possesses many advantages such as
strong design ability, light weight, high specific strength,
excellent corrosion resistance to acid, alkali, oil, excellent
manufacturability, reasonable performance-price ratio and
other excellent performance, so GFRP is one of the ideal
materials for chimney liners. It is against above background,
combined with the actual situation of a new 2 × 660 MW,
double row pipe power plant project, selection of epoxy
vinyl ester resin as matrix, boron-free and alkali-free glass
fiber as the reinforced material, through the scientific
experiment, this paper studied the anti-corrosion structure of
GFRP chimney liners. For the problems that encountered in
the production and installation process of GFRP chimney
liners, we proposed the corresponding solutions.
47. Effect of Induction Heat Bending Process on the
Properties of ASME SA106 Gr.C Carbon Steel
Pipes Ki Tae Kim, Young Sik Kim (Andong National University,
Korea), Hyun Young Chang, Young Jin Oh (KEPCO E&C,
Korea), Gi Ho Sung (Sungil SIM, Korea)
Recently, the bending process is greatly applied to fabricate
the pipe line. Bending process can reduce welding joints and
then decrease the number of inspection. Thus, the
maintenance cost will be down and saved. Induction heat
bending process is composed of bending deformation by
repeated local heat and cooling. By this thermal process,
corrosion properties and microstructure can be changed.
This work focused on the effect of induction heating
bending process on the properties of ASME SA106 Gr.C low
carbon steel pipes. Tests were performed for base metal and
bended area including extrados, intrados, crown up, and
down parts. Microstructure analysis, hardness measurement,
immersion corrosion test were performed. Microstructure
was analyzed using an optical microscope and SEM.
Hardness was measured using a Rockwell B scale. In order
to determine corrosion resistance, a boric acid corrosion test
was done, and also anodic polarization test was performed in
boric acid solutions. The hardness was similar to that of base
metal. Every area of induction heat bended pipe revealed
low boric acid corrosion rate and the boric acid corrosion
rate was similar to that of base metal.
48. Effect of Induction Heat Bending Process on the
Properties of ASME SA312 Gr.TP304 Stainless Steel
Pipes Nam In Kim, Young Sik Kim (Andong National University,
Korea), Kyung Soo Kim, Hyung Young Chang, Heung Bae
Park (KEPCO E&C, Korea), Gi Ho Sung (Sungil SIM,
Korea)
Since many industries such as automobile, aerospace,
shipbuilding, and chemical plants need the application of
pipings, the usage of bending products recently have
increased. Bending process is one of the inevitable steps to
fabricate the facilities. Induction heat bending is composed
of compressive bending process by local heating and cooling.
This work focused on the effect of induction heat bending
process on the properties of ASME SA312 Gr. TP304
stainless steel pipes. Tests were performed for base metal
and be`nded area including extrados, intrados, crown up, and
down parts. Microstructure was analyzed using an optical
microscope and SEM. In order to determine intergranular
corrosion resistance, DL-EPR(Double Loop Electrochemical
Potentiokinetic Reactivation) test and ASTM A262 practice
A and C tests were done. Every specimen revealed non-
metallic inclusion free under the criteria of 1.5i of the
standard and induction heat bending process does not affect
108
the non-metallic inclusion in the alloys. Also, every
specimen showed finer grain size than ASTM grain size
number 5 and thus its grain size is acceptable even induction
heat bending process. Hardness of transition start, bend,
transition end areas of ASME SA312 TP 304 stainless steel
was a little higher than that of base metal. Intergranular
corrosion behavior was determined by ASTM A262 practice
A and C and DL-EPR test and respectively step structure,
corrosion rate under 0.3 mm/y, and DOS(Degree Of
Sensitization) 0% were obtained. That is, induction heat
bending process didn‟t affect the intergranular corrosion
behavior of ASME SA312 TP 304 stainless steel.
49. Degradation Behavior of a Polymer Electrolyte
Membrane Fuel Cell Employing Metallic Bipolar
Plates under Reverse Current Condition KwangSup Eom, MinJoong Kim, EunAe Cho (KIST, Korea),
BoKi Hong, YooChang Yang (Hyundai-Kia Motors, Korea)
To examine durability of metallic bipolar plates (BPs) under
reverse current conditions, the degradation of PEMFC
employing graphite, bare 316L, and MN-coated 316L BPs is
investigated via a 1.4 V pulse cycling test. After 20 cycles,
the average voltage decay rate at 160 mA.cm-2 is 6.8, 16.8,
and 12.0 mV/cycle for the single cell using graphite, bare
316L, and MN-coated 316L BPs, respectively. SEM, EPMA,
and TEM analyses of the cathodes that experienced an
extraordinary high voltage of 1.4 V show that carbon
corrosion and Pt migration/agglomeration occur similarly for
the single cells, irrespective of the bipolar plate material. In
contrast, in the membrane tested with bare 316L and MN-
coated 316L, Fe and Cr are detected; the amounts of Fe and
Cr in the membrane are higher for bare 316L than for MN-
coated 316L. The membrane contamination results in a
decrease in the ionic conductivity of the membranes, which
mainly contributes to the faster performance decay of the
single cells employing bare 316L and MN-coated 316L
bipolar plates. Thus, if automotive PEMFCs using metallic
BPs are exposed to reverse current conditions upon start/stop
cycles, metal contamination of the membrane could
accelerate the performance decay in addition to the cathode
degradation, such as carbon corrosion and Pt
migration/agglomeration.
50. Performance Degradation of Polymer
Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell through Fuel
Starvation Induced by Anode Flooding Namgee Jung, Mansu Kim, KwangSup Eom, MinJoong Kim,
EunAe Cho (KIST, Korea), BoKi Hong, YooChang Yang
(Hyundai-Kia Motors, Korea)
Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) stack in a
fuel cell vehicle can be exposed to the flooding conditions
induced by direct flow of condensed water into the
electrodes through the cooled gas lines during winter.
Therefore, the anode flooding was intentionally and
repeatedly caused by introduction of the condensed water
through the cold anode gas line during long-term operation,
which resulted in considerable performance degradation of
PEMFC. After the long-term test, the anode thickness was
decreased, and the ratio of Pt to carbon in the anode was
increased. In addition, the simulated and repeated fuel
starvation situation in half-cell made the carbon surface of
Pt/C catalyst severely oxidized due to induced high potential
(> 1.5 VRHE). The cyclic voltammogram (CV) of the anode
in the single cell after long-term test under the anode
flooding condition indicated similar feature of oxidized
carbon surface like the CV in the half-cell. Therefore, the
repeated fuel starvation by the anode flooding generated the
severe carbon corrosion in the anode since the electrode
potential locally rose up higher than 1.0 VRHE.
Consequently, the tri-phase boundaries were reduced due to
the carbon corrosion in the anode.
51. Effect of Carbon Corrosion on Electrochemical
Performance of Lithium-air Batteries Ramchandra S. Kalubarme, Yong-Han Kim, Ga-Eun Park,
Chan-Jin Park (Chonnam National University, Korea)
The rechargeable Li-air battery is an attractive energy
storage device for the application in electric vehicles due to
the high theoretical energy density of the battery. In contrast
to fuel cell applications where only the properties for oxygen
reduction are important, the catalytic behavior for oxygen
evolution is one of the major challenges in rechargeable Li-
air cells, because the electrochemical decomposition of the
solid lithium peroxide product involves a large anodic
polarization even at moderate current density at very high
discharge capacities. Lowering the anodic overpotential
during charge is of prime importance in order to avoid
carbon corrosion and to diminish electrolyte oxidation.
Hence the use of an active cathode catalyst would reduce
both discharging and charging over voltages by facilitating
the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) during discharging and
the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) during charging.
Although carbon is generally considered as a good electrode
material in lithium–air batteries, it may undergo corrosion/
oxidation at high potentials and result in some possible side
reactions in discharge/charge process in lithium–air batteries.
In the present work, the effect of bifunctional catalyst on the
corrosion of carbon substrates in an aprotic electrolyte is
studied. The electrodes for the experiments are prepared on a
carbon substrate using a hydrothermal synthesis. The cyclic
voltammograms were recorded for carbon electrodes with
and without catalyst at various temperatures, to investigate
the carbon corrosion potentials and rate. The changes in the
microstructure and the composition of carbon electrode
during cycling process were monitored. The effect of carbon
corrosion on the performance of the Li-air cells was
systematically analyzed and presented.
52. Electrochemical Carbon Corrosion of the
Commercial Carbon Support in Proton Exchange
Membrane Fuel Cell by Electrochemical Quartz
Crystal microbalance Method Chih Cheng Hung, Jiann-Ruey Chen, Han C. Shih (National
Tsing Hua University, Taiwan)
Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is a
promising alternative energy for use in applications such as
stationaries and automobiles. Carbon black is the most
commonly used as a support for the nanoparticle catalyst for
109
the PEMFC. However, researches on the PEMFCs have
found that corrosion of carbon support caused problems for
the performance and lifetime of PEMFCs.The purpose of
this study was to investigate the effects of electrochemical
carbon corrosion for commercial carbon support XC-72. We
applied a unique technology by using an electrochemical
quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) combined with cyclic
voltammetry (CV) method. The experiments were conducted
in 0.5M H2SO4 solutions to simulate the environment in the
cathode of PEMFCs. The results of mass change indicated
that the weight loss rate was increased due to the
electrochemical carbon corrosion which was accelerated and
shifted to an earlier onset potential at 0.87 V by increasing
temperature from ambient temperature to 60℃. The
electrochemical carbon corrosion behaviors were only
slightly different in the nitrogen purged and oxygen purged
0.5M H2SO4 solution separately. The result indicated that
the oxidation source of the electrochemical carbon corrosion
was from water instead of gas in the solution. Due to the
hydrophobic surface which lowers the mass transfer, the
carbon film covered by PTFE binder has a higher corrosion
onset potential at 1.15V and shows an obvious resistance to
corrosion. The solution temperature and carbon surface
condition were discovered to be associated with the
electrochemical carbon corrosion. Carbon support
electrochemical stability has been recognized as a key issue
for the commercialization of the proton exchange membrane
fuel cells (PEMFCs). This study may be of importance in
providing a better understanding of the electrochemical
carbon corrosion behavior for the PEMFCs by a simple and
time-effective screening method.
53. Environmental Effects on Chemical Reaction
Mechanisms of Printed Ag / Polyimide Films Byung Hyun Bae, Min Su Jeong, Young Bae Park (Andong
National University, Korea), Chung Ham Kim, Joung Hoon
Choo, Eun Kuk Choi (HICEL, Korea)
Future flexible electronic devices have increasingly expected
to require fabricationtechnology of micro-scale active or
passive components on flexible organic substrate. Polyimide
has properties of flexible, high temperature resistance,good
mechanical strength, good chemical stable and low dielectric
constant. Therefore metal thin film/polyimide structure
systems are commonly used as PrintedPatterned Flexible
Circuit (PPFC). Therefore, polyimide, as flexible substrate,
has been investigated for the development of low-cost
flexible electronicsystems. Silver is one of the best
conductor in electronic systems, but during silver
metallization on polyimide substrate, silver/polyimide
structure has poor interfacial adhesion. Alsothere is the other
largest problem during developing this technology, which is
long-term interfacial adhesion and reliability. Therefore, in
this study, in order to understand the effect of annealing and
temperature/humidity treatments, the interfacial adhesion
energy between screen-printed Ag film and
polyimidesubstrate structure was evaluated by 180º peel test.
The temperature/humidity treatment in previous reports was
performed mostly at 85ºC/85% relative humidity as an
acceleration test tosimulate a long-term. The annealing
treatment was carried out at 200ºC. The measured peel
strength values were decreasing after annealing and
temperature/humidity treatments. The major reliability
concerns of the metal/polyimide systems are the degradation
of the interface adhesion after annealing and
temperature/humidity treatments. In order to understand the
interfacial adhesion mechanism of screen printed Ag
onpolyimide after annealing and temperature/humidity
treatments, the peeled surfaces of metal and polyimide
substrate are analyzed by energy dispersivespectroscopy
(EDS), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray
photoemissionspectroscopy (XPS). Additionally, in order to
understand the correlation between microstructure and
electrical properties as increasing annealing time, resistivity
of the screen-printed Ag surface was measured by 4-point
probe tests.
54. Evaluation of Corrosion Resistance by
Electrochemical Method for Metals Used in Road
Subsidiary Facilities T.S. Chang, C.Y. Lee, N.Y. Kim, J.W. Shim (Korea
Expressway Corporation, Korea), K.Y. Yeau, M.H. Noh
(POSCO, Korea)
Hot-dip Zn-coated steel sheets are usually used in road
structures and subsidiary facilities. In recent years, the
frequency of heavy snowfall events and the amount of road
de-icing salt have been increasing in Korea. Extensive use of
road de-icing salt is the source of substantial cost penalties
due to their corrosive action, and the corrosion of some
metals makes it hard to reach target service life of road
facilities. In order to establish the guidelines for corrosion
resistance of metals used in corrosive road environments
such as costal area and heavy snowfall region, we have
conducted accelerated test involving cyclic exposure to salt
mist up to 2,000 hours for hot-dip Zn-Al-Mg alloy-coated
steel sheets. A conventional Hot-dip Zn-coated steel sheet
was also tested for comparison. The analysis of the surface
condition of specimens was carried out with visual
inspection. Corroded areas were obtained by digital image
analysis for each specimen. And, potentiodynamic
polarization was used to measure their corrosion rates. Red
rust occurred on the surfaces of Zn-coated steel sheets and
Zn-Al-Mg alloy-coated steel sheets after 260 hours and
1,100~1,500 hours, respectively. Corrosion rates of Zn-Al-
Mg alloy-coated steel sheets were much lower than those of
Zn-coated steel sheets.
55. Effects of Operation Parameters on the
Galvanic Corrosion of Coupled Cu-Au in Organic
Surface Preservative Process of Printed Circuit
Board Manufacturing Young Jun Kim, Se Kwon Oh, Hyuk Sang Kwon (KAIST,
Korea), Min Young Shon (Pukyong National University,
Korea)
In present study, composition of electrolytes, anode to
cathode area ratio and stirring condition were considered to
evaluate the galvanic corrosion of Au-Cu coupled system in
organic solderability Preservative (OSP) and organic
solderability preservative soft etching (OSP S/E) solution of
print circuit board (PCB) fabrication process.
Electrochemical polarization test, zero rate ammeter (ZRA)
110
test and scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation
were conducted to evaluate the corrosion behavior of Cu and
Au-Cu coupled system. The higher corrosion rate of Cu was
observed in immersion of OSP S/E solution rather than OSP
solution due to the Oxone (KHSO6). The higher corrosion
rate of Cu was monitored in OSP S/E solution with higher
concentration of H2SO4 and KHSO6. And the increase of
Au to Cu area ratio showed higher corrosion rate of Cu in
Au-Cu coupled system in OSP S/E solution. Finally, it was
confirmed that the initial increase of stirring speed mainly
affect the corrosion rate of Cu in OSP S/E solution.
56. Corrosion Behavour of Steel-alluminium Sheet
Produced by Roll Bonding in a Chloride Influenced
Medium Nhi Tru Nguyen, Phuong Chien Tran, Quoc Nghiep Pham
(Vietnam Institute for Tropical Technology &
Environmental Protection, Vietnam)
The composite sheet, produced by roll bonding, is consisted
of nickel-chromium steel (approx. 18% Cr, 10% Ni) and
high magnesium aluminium alloy (>6.0% Mg) components
with thin pure aluminium layers at metals interface and on
the outer surface of aluminium alloy substrate. Physico-
chemical properties and chemical contents of the sheet
determined by standard methods show high bond strength
between layers and good weldability of the substrate metals
to the ship structuresCorrosion behavior of the sheet in a
3.5% NaCl solution was investigated. The changes in
structure and composition of the layers were characterized
by visual appearance observation as well as by different
techniques such as metallography, XRD analysis. A
corrosion attack at pure aluminium intermediate layer of the
sheet is caused by a galvanic effect of steel and aluminium,
and due to presence of various intermetallic compounds
along steel aluminium interface. Meanwhile, the pure
aluminium layer on the outer surface can serve as sacrificial
anode to mitigate corrosion at steel-aluminium interface,
thereby protect the sheet from damage during application in
a chloride influenced medium.
57. Effect of Iron Dilution on the Corrosion
Resistance for Alloy 625 Overlay Weld Rock-Hoon Jung, Hyo-Jin Song, Dong-Hee Jung, and Hak-
Soo Shin (Samsung Heavy Industries Co., Ltd, Korea)
Overlay welding of nickel alloys on the carbon and low
alloy steels is a widely used process for corrosion protection.
One of the major concerns in weld overlay is the iron
dilution or the change in chemistry of weld metal by mixing
with backing steel. It is necessary to keep the overlay layer
as thin as possible to reduce cost while it may result in the
changed chemical composition of cladding material. The
changed chemical composition of the cladding material will
reduce the corrosion resistance. For the present work,
several specimens having different iron dilution are prepared
by single layer Electro Slag Welding (ESW) on carbon steel.
The pitting potential test with 3.5% NaCl solution was
carried out. The corrosion resistance depending on the iron
dilution will be discussed.
58. Oxidation and Embrittlement Behavior of a γ-
α2 Titanium Aluminide Alloy at High Temperature Elvira Alexandrescu (Romanian Research and Development
Institute for Gas Turbines COMOTI, Romania), Alexandra
Banu (POLITEHNICA University from Bucharest,
Romania), Maria Marcu (Institute of Physical Chemistry,
Romania), Alexandru Paraschiv (Politehnica University
from Bucharest, Romania)
The oxidation behavior of a titanium aluminide alloy, during
exposure to heat treatment temperature (1350oC) was
evaluated. The scale oxides identification was made by
SEM+EDS and RAMAN spectroscopy, in transversal
section and on external surfaces. The embrittlement due to
the oxygen and nitrogen absorption was determinated by
microhardness indentation, below the oxides scale.This
study intends to evaluate the oxidation phenomena that
occur during two steps heat treatment, at temperatures of
1300-13500C and to estimate the embrittlement effects, in
depth of the material, starting from the exposed surfaces.
Chemical composition of studied titanium aluminide is
presented in the table 1.Table 1. Chemical composition of
the titanium aluminide alloy used in this studyElem. AlK
NbL TiK VK FeKAt % 40,27 4,70 52,36 2,48 0,19Two
steps of heat treatment were applied, acc. Table 2, in air.
Table 2. Heat treatment parametersStep ParametersHT1
1310oC/2h/furnace coolingHT2 1354C/1h/air coolingAfter
each step, a spalled oxide foil resulted. Both material and
scale foil were investigated by scanning electron microscopy,
using a field emission gun FEI Inspect F 50 SEM, associated
to an EDAX EDS spectrometer. Identification of oxides
were performed with a Horiba Jobin Yvon La. Ra.HR
Raman, on scale foil and on an adherent portion of the scale
on the metal.SEM-BSE image showing the internal surface
of the spallated scale. Lamellas of Al2O3, formed by the
oxidation of Υ and particles of TiO2+ Al2O3, formed by
oxidation of α2 phase.The results of microhardness tests
made on transversal section of the high temperature exposed
samples show that the embrittlement of titanium aluminide
is cumulative for diferent heat treatment stages, in the range
of 1300-13500C. Selected ReferencesC. Leyens, "Oxidation
of Orthorombic Titanium Aluminide Ti-22Al-25Nb in air
between 650 and 1000oC, JMEPEG, vol. 10(2), 2001.
59. Corrosion Behavior of PEO Film-covered AZ31
Mg Alloy Sungmo Moon (Korea Institute of Materials Science, Korea)
Corrosion behavior ofAZ31 Mg alloy covered with anodic
oxide films prepared by PEO (plasmaelectrolytic oxidation)
method was investigated in view of the role of second-
phaseparticles and passivation under wet and dry conditions
of various electrolytes ofdeionzed water, 1 M NaF and 1 M
NaOH solutions. Gas evolution on the AZ31 Mgalloy
surface was observed during the immersion in the solutions
and salt spray test and potentiodynamic tests wereconducted.
Gas evolution in deionized water was observed tooccur very
slowly over the entire specimen surface but it was
generatedrelatively fast in 1 M NaF and 1 M NaOH
solutions. The gas generation in 1 MNaF solution occurred
uniformly over the entire surface, while it occurredlocally in
111
1 M NaOH solution. Large size second-phaseparticles were
observed at the sites where gas evolved locally and
continuously. The second-phase particles wereobserved to
contain large amount of Fe which act as effective cathodes
duringthe immersion in 1 M NaOH solution. In this
presentation, corrosionbehavior of AZ31 Mg alloy will be
discussed in detail.
60. Effect of the Concentration of Impurity
Elements on the Corrosion Resistance of
Magnesium Alloy Byoung-Gi Moon, Sang-Eun Lee, Bong Sun You, Yu-Dong
Hahn (Korea Institute of Materials Science, Korea), Ki-Ho
Koh, Keun Yong Sohn, Won-Wook Park (Inje University,
Korea)
The application of magnesium in the automotive industry
has been expanded by the growing necessity of automotive
weight restrictions and reduction. With the increased use of
magnesium for automotive components, the development of
more effective magnesium recycling technology for all types
of scrap becomes more important. Thus far, magnesium
recycling for magnesium alloy production is done only for
clean scrap, which is also referred as Class-1 scrap,
consisting of sprues and runners from magnesium die casters.
Most end-of-life scrap has been used for desulphurization of
steel and the alloying of aluminum because of the high
concentration of impurity elements. The recycling of
magnesium alloys contaminated by impurity elements such
as iron, copper and nickel is very complicated. For
successful pyrometallurgical refining of contaminated
magnesium alloy with additives, the refining agent must be
able to form intermetallic compounds with the impurities of
the contaminated magnesium melt. The typical additives
available for eliminating iron are manganese, beryllium, or
boron additives. Manganese can be added as a metallic form
such as pure manganese or Al-Mn master alloy, or as a
reagent form such as manganese chloride (MnCl2), whereas
boron can be added as boron oxide (B2O3). In this research,
the variation of iron concentration with the amount of three
types of additives, Al-10Mn master alloy, MnCl2, and B2O3
and its influence on the corrosion resistance of commercial
pure magnesium and magnesium alloy containing high
concentration of iron were investigated. The corrosion
resistance was measured by immersion test in NaCl 3%
aqueous solution for 72 hours. The effect of another
important element, nickel, was also analyzed. Commercial
pure magnesium and magnesium alloy containing high
concentration of nickel was treated by zirconium or misch
metal in order to reduce the concentration of nickel. The
effects of the concentration of nickel and residual zirconium
or misch metal on the corrosion resistance were analyzed by
the same method.
61. Determining Factor for the Corrosion Rate of
Extruded Mg-5Sn-(1-4)Zn Alloys Heon-Young Ha, Jun-Yun Kang, Chang Dong Yim, Bong
Sun You (Korea Institute of Materials Science, Korea)
The effects of Zn addition on the corrosion behavior of
extruded Mg-5Sn-(1-4)Zn ternary alloys (TZ51, TZ52, TZ53
and TZ54, respectively) were investigated using an
immersion test, a zero resistance ammeter (ZRA) technique,
and a potentiodynamic polarization test in 3.5 mass% (0.6
M) NaCl solution. The corrosion type and dissolution rate
(or weight loss) of the alloys were evaluated using the
immersion test. The corrosion of the alloys was initiated in
the pitting corrosion and progressed in a mix of pitting and
filiform corrosion. In addition, the lowest dissolution rate (or
weight loss per unit area) was observed in TZ52 among the
alloys. The polarization tests showed that passive current
density and H2 evolution rate were changed with increase in
the Zn addition. The addition of Zn enhanced the
protectiveness of the passive film, which was confirmed by
continuous decrease in the passive current density as a
function of Zn content. In addition, the hydrogen gas
evolution rate initially decreased with the Zn addition of up
to 2 wt% (TZ52) and then increased with further addition.
The ZRA results presented that all the alloys exhibited
passivity at their open circuit potential, and the induction
time to passivity breakdown gradually decreased with
increase in the Zn addition. In this presentation, the results
from the electrochemical tests were analyzed in
consideration of the microstructure characteristics, and we
proposed the determining factor for the corrosion rate of the
TZ51-54 alloys.
62. Corrosion Resistance of Thermally-Coated
Layers in Non-Flammable Mg-Al-Ca-Y Alloys Su Mi Jo (University of Science and Technology, Korea),
Young Min Kim, Heon-Young Ha, Bong Sun You (Korea
Institute of Materials Science, Korea)
Newly-developed non-flammable Mg alloys have high
safety and reliability and don‟t need to use harmful SF6 gas
during melting, hot-working, and machining. It was
confirmed that the combined addition of cacium and yttrium
into magnesium alloys was able to lead to the formation of
multi-layered protective oxide layers consisting of CaO,
Y2O3 and MgAl2O4 on the surface of a melt, resulting in
effectively preventing the reaction with oxygen in the air. In
addition, according to the potentiodynamic polarization test,
cacium and yttrium can reduce the hydrogen evolution rate,
and resultantly the corrosion current density become much
lowered. Therefore the magnesium alloys containing
calcium and yttrium have excellent non-flammability and
corrosion resistance. In this study, we have investigated the
effect of calcium and yttrium on the corrosion resistance of
magnesium alloys thermally-coated at the range of 200-
500℃, putting more attention to investigate the
characteristics of the oxide layers containing calcium and
yttrium. The corrosion behavior of such oxide layers was
examined by potentiodynamic polarization test and the
cross-sectional analysis was also performed by using
electron microscopy.
63. Corrosion Behaviors of High-strength Pipeline
Steels in the Circumstances of China Typical
Littoral Saline-sodic Soil FangWei Luo, Shuang Liang (CNPC Research Institute of
Safety & Environment technology, China)
112
Large numbers of high-strength pipeline steels have been
used in the construction of new pipeline engineering with
the expanding of China‟s oil-gas import scale. The soil
corrosion behavior of this kind of pipe has became research
hotpots increasingly. The method of simulating soil
corrosion circumstance in the laboratory is adopted in this
paper to study comparatively the corrosion behaviors of two
kinds of high-strength pipeline steels, X70 and X100, in the
circumstances of China typical littoral saline-sodic soil.
After 1400-hour immersing experiment and based on the
research tools of electrode voltage, polarization curve and
alternating current impedance, research has shown that:
X70‟s electrode voltage is about 4mv less than X100‟s; both
of them are uniform corrosion; the rate of corrosion in
saline-sodic soil of X70 is slightly higher than that of X100.
64. The Specific Case Analysis of Biomineralization
Induced by Sulfate Reducing Bacteria Hongwei Liu, Shuang Qin, Chaoyang Fu, Fei Xiao, Deli
Wang, Hongfang Liu (Huazhong University of Science and
Technology, China), Xia Han, Tianli Wang (Sinopec
Oilfield engineering design Corporation, China)
The effect of sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) on the
corrosion and scaling of the Q235 carbon steel has been
investigated in the simulated sewage water and oil field
gathering pipelines production water, using scanning
electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive x-ray
spectrometry (EDS) and three-dimensional stereoscopic
microscope. Results indicated that the amounts of SRB
reached the maximum value at ninth day and amounts of
sheets scaling was observed on the surface of specimen in
the simulated sewage water. In the oil field gathering
pipelines, amounts of scaling and mineralization of mineral
salts and thick deposition of extracellular polymeric
substance (EPS) layers were observed on the surface of
specimen, and the thickness of biofilm was about 245 μm
within 30 days. However after adding microbicides, the
thickness of corrosion products film was only up to 48-106
μm within 30 days, which suggested that SRB could induce
the biomineralization. In addtion, under-deposit corrosion
morphology was uniform in the absence of microbicides,
and local corrosion was observed in the presence of
microbicides.
65. Deterioration in Seismic Performance of
Telecommunication Conduits Akira Ito, Katsumi Sakaki, Kouji Tanaka (NTT, Japan),
Takanobu Suzuki (Toyo University, Japan)
To take efficient earthquake countermeasures, deterioration
in seismic performance due to corrosion must be taken into
account. Old standard conduits, of which many remain in
use, consist of steel pipes and screw joints. It is well known
that joints are weaker than pipe bodies against earthquakes;
therefore, the seismic performance of conduits depends on
joints performance. We conducted preliminary joint
experiences to examine the axial direction strength of screw
joints that had been buried for 30-49 years. According to the
results of these experiments, the seismic performance of
some screw joints deteriorated. The test pieces that exhibited
overall corrosion on the inside of pipe exhibited about 89%
performance compared to that of screw joints without
corrosion. It is clear that there is a relationship between
water level in a manhole and corrosion state. In addition,
corrosion tended to occur in conduits near ducts.
66. Influence of Microstructure on Stress Corrosion
Cracking of Electrical Resistance Seam Welded
Pipeline Liwei Wang (Beijing University of Technology, China),
Xiaogang Li, Zhongyu Cui, Zhiyong Liu, Cuiwei Du, Lin
Fan (University of Science and Technology Beijing, China)
The electrical resistance seam welded pipes are made by
rolling a plate between clamps and pushing the two edges
until electric contact is made. Stress corrosion cracking
behavior of electrical resistance seam welded X60 pipeline
steel in an acidic soil simulation solution was investigated
by scanning vibrate electrode technique and in-situ scanning
electron microscopy observation. The microstructure of the
welded steel was observed by scanning electron microscopy
and the micro-hardness was measured. It is demonstrated
that electrical resistance seam welding deteriorates
microstructure of the X60 steel, which has a typically ferrite
and pearlite microstructure. The heat affected zone has
larger ferrite grain size and more defects (inclusions, hook
cracks) than the base metal. The micro-hardness of the
welded steel decreases from the base metal to the heat
affected zone. Scanning vibrate electrode measurement
results show that maximum current is observed in heat
affected zone, and increases with the increase of applied
stress. In-situ SEM observation illustrates that no apparent
differences are observed in the welded steel before and after
immersion in the acidic soil simulation solution for 15 days.
The heat affected zone has higher plastic deformation than
the base metal before and after immersion and stress cracks
prone to initiate from heat affected zone. The non-metallic
inclusions, the ferrite/pearlite phase boundaries and the
sliding bands are the crack nucleation spots.
67. Effect of Ca Teatment on Hdrogen Iduced
Cacking of High Strength Low Alloyed API Steels in
Acid Sour Media Joonoh Moon (Korea Institute of Materials Science, Korea),
Seong-Ju Kim (Hyundai Steel Company, Korea)
Hydrogen Induced Cracking (HIC) is one of main failure of
API linepipe steels used for oil and natural gas
transformation related with exposure to H2S-containing sour
media. In this study, the effect of Ca treatment on HIC of
API steel was explored through HIC tests in acidic condition
according NACE standard. The results clearly showed that
HIC resistance was very sensitive to Ca/S ration, i.e. if Ca/S
ratio was lower than stoichiometric ratio, HIC occurred
regardless of the S content. SEM observation indicated that
Ca addition can improve the HIC resistance by formation of
spherical CaS inclusions instead of elongated MnS
inclusions.
113
68. Evaluation of the Corrosion Rate of an A335-P9
Steel Gradeused in Processing Opportunity Crudes J.A. Sanabria, D.A. Laverde (Industrial University of
Santander, Colombia)
In this research, the effect of the percentage by weight sulfur
opportunity crude was determined in the corrosion rate of
the steel grade ASTM A335-P9 by gravimetric technique
and electrochemical measurements such as electrochemical
impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The temperatures used for all
techniques were: 200, 230, and 260°C, with exposure times
of 3, 6 and 9 hours respectively. Electrochemical and
gravimetric tests were conducted on a glass system that
simulates processing an opportunity crude, they were made
with a single 1,5 weight percent sulfur and a single agitation
speed of 15 [RPM]. It was determined the morphology of
the layer of corrosion products of ASTM A335-P9 steel
grade using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron
microscopy, under the conditions described above. The
results of gravimetric and electrochemical impedance
spectroscopy represented by Nyquist diagrams showed an
increase in the corrosion rate of ASTM A335-P9 steel grade
with increasing temperature. The system has gas washing
bottles, of which the mass of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) was
determined produced in developed experimental tests.
Electrochemical techniques currently have little application
in the evaluation of corrosion rates at high temperatures, this
being a possible tool to determine in-situ corrosion
mechanisms.
69. Smart Gas Grid Design for Optimization of
Operation Cost and Efficiency Youngsuk Lee, Seongmin Lee, Younggeun Kim (KOGAS,
Korea)
Gas Smart Grid was proposed to introduce new possibility in
traditional natural gas distribution system by employing
progress of information, communication and computing
technology. The optimization of operation cost and
efficiency is the main goal of these activities. Four subjects
were proposed to materialize the gas smart grid. Those are
the intelligent platform for pipeline data management,
integrated structure health management system, pipeline
operation system based on sensor data network and
integrated energy solution for building. The feasibility of the
proposed technologies was estimated and summarized.The
every country has unique energy industry structure. In Korea,
Electric smart grid has been a hot topic of study. Many
aspect of smart grid technology have been developed and
implemented in large scale demonstration complex. The gas
industry has not been a member of various consortia for
smart grid technology. The role of natural gas in smart grid
is important in many other demonstration complexes. More
flexibility can be introduced in the energy system by
employing gas as a combined source of energy. The market
environment was studied to understand the difference in
Korea. The possible road map to develop all the aspects of
smart gas grid bas been proposed.
70. A study on Corrosion Factors of Steel Pipes in
Agricultural Water Young-Wha Kim (Korea Rural Community Coorperation,
Korea), Dal-Sik Woo, Hak-Soo Lee (Korea Interfacial
Science and Engineering Institute, Korea)
With the frequent unusual weather such as global warming
due to dire environmental pollution, the difficulty in water
resources is on the rise. Thus, various research and
development on water resources technology is under way,
and most of them is about the investment for maintenance
technology which can minimize the loss of water. While the
maintenance technologies such as corrosion resistant, leak
detection, etc have been developed and applied focusing on
water supply, as the percentage of water for living only
accounts for about 23% of the total water resources in Korea,
it still has a certain limit as an alternative for water resources.
On the other hand, agricultural water accounts for
approximately 48% of the total water resources, so the
application of maintenance technology for water resources is
deemed necessary. According to the recent diversification of
land use, the agricultural water supply system is being
changed from the form of open channel to pipe channel with
the change from the paddy field irrigation system to upland
irrigation system, and steel pipes are being widely used
accordingly, thus, in this study the corrosion characteristic of
steel pipe by agricultural water is investigated. Consequently,
fresh water shows the highest corrosion rate, followed by
reservoir, river water and groundwater. Therefore, it means
the pipe channels applied to reclaimed land are more
susceptible to corrosion.
71. High Temperature Sensitization of Low Carbon
Ferritic Stainless Steels to Intergranular Corrosion A Banu (Politehnica University from Bucharest, Romania)
The aim of present work is to study the effect of dislocation
density accumulated by dislocation motilities, at the
interface on the phase precipitation of new phases of two
ferritic stainless steels (FSSs) in heat-affected zone (HAZ),
especially on intergranular corrosion, because of interaction
between dislocation density and chemical composition of
alloys. The Heat- affected zone (HAZ) was simulated using
thermal shock by a welding simulating machine, the
electrochemical and corrosion properties of sensitized
samples were checked using electrochemical devices and
procedures (Gamry potentiostat reference 600, anodic
potentiokinetic polarization and electrochemical
potentiokinetic reactivation methods) and the structural
changes after high temperature heat treatment were analysed
by transmission electron microscopy and XRD technique.
The most important conclusion of this study is that the
intergranular corrosion failure of ferritic stainless steels
occurs in the heat affected zone due to nano and
microstructural changes that take place in these areas during
welding.
114
72. Improvement on the General and Pitting
Corrosion Resistance of the Hyper Duplex Stainless
Steels by Addition of Cu and Ce Soon-Hyeok Jeon, Hye-Jin Kim, Yong-Soo Park (Yonsei
University, Korea), Do Haeng Hur (Korea Atomic Energy
Research Institute, Korea)
Duplex stainless steels (DSSs) have been used for various
industrial applications such as power plants, desalination
facilities and chemical plants due to the excellent
combination of mechanical and corrosion properties [1-3]. In
a heat exchanger application, the pitting corrosion resistance
of super duplex stainless steel (SDSS) is insufficient for a
higher temperature service or for a longer service life, so
materials with the even higher resistance to the pitting
corrosion are needed. Hence, hyper duplex stainless steels
(HDSSs) were developed to meet the industrial demands for
higher operating temperatures and longer run times, and to
replace the costly super austenite stainless steel (SASS) that
has high levels of Ni and Mo contents [4].Effects of Cu and
Ce addition on the general and pitting corrosion resistance of
the HDSSs were investigated in sulfuric acid solution and
high concentrated chloride solution using electrochemical
tests, a scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive x-
ray spectroscope (SEM-EDS) and an X-ray photoelectron
spectroscopy (XPS) analyses. In sulfuric acid solution, Cu
and Ce addition to the alloy improves the general corrosion
resistance compared with that of the base alloy due to the
addition of noble Cu. In neutral chloride solution, Cu and Ce
added alloy increases the pitting corrosion resistance
compared with that of the base alloy and Cu added alloy due
to the formation of stable Ce oxides. An improvement of the
corrosion resistance in both media was observed with
addition of Cu and Ce. In considering the wide application
of industrial products in various severe corrosion
environments such as the sulfuric acid and the chloride
solution, it is certainly worthwhile for industrial purposes if
the both the general and pitting corrosion resistance can be
improved through optimizing alloy design by the addition of
Cu and Ce to HDSS with a PREN value above
45.References [1] J. Olson, S. Nordin, in Duplex Stainless
Steels Symp. Proc., The Hague, 1986, pp. 219.[2] E.
Perteneder, J. Tosch, P. Reiterer, G. Rabensteiner, in Duplex
Stainless Steels Symp. Proc., The Hague, 1986, pp. 48.[3] J.
O. Nilsson, Mater. Sci. Technol. 8 (1992) 685.[4] J. Olson, S.
Nordin, in: Duplex Stainless Steels Symp. Proc., The Hague,
1986, pp.219-225.
73. Investigation of the Sensitization and
Intergranular Corrosion of Tube-to Tube Sheet
Welds of Hyper Duplex Stainless Steel Using an
Electrochemical Reactivation Method Hye-Jin Kim, Soon-Hyeok Jeon, Soon-Tae Kim, In-Sung
Lee, Yong-Soo Park (Yonsei University, Korea)
Duplex stainless steels (DSSs) have been increasingly used
for various applications such as desalination facilities, power
plants, off-shore petroleum facilities and chemical industries
owing to their high resistance of corrosion in the harsh
environment and great mechanical properties [1-3]. Hyper
duplex stainless steels (HDSSs) are defined as highly
alloyed DSSs with a pitting resistance equivalent number
(PREN = wt.% Cr + 3.3 (wt.% Mo + 0.5 wt.% W) + 16
wt.% N) of 45-50 [2]. Regardless of the superior corrosion
property of HDSSs, their resistance to corrosion is
significantly deteriorated in HDSS welds during
solidification after welding. In the heat affected zone (HAZ)
and the weld metal (WM), the microstructure undergoes
rapid heating and cooling cycles, which results in excessive
ferritization. Furthermore, undesirable phases such as
chromium carbides, chromium nitrides [4,5], are prone to be
formed during the welding process.In this work, to elucidate
the sensitization and intergranular corrosion of tube-to-tube
sheet welds of hyper duplex stainless steel, thermodynamic
calculations of the phase diagram and equilibrium fractions
of each phase, optical microscopy (OM), X-ray diffraction
(XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) attaching the
energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and transmission
electron microscopy (TEM) analyses of the Cr2N
precipitates and a DL-EPR test were carried out. The
susceptibility to sensitization of the hyper duplex stainless
steel tube-to-tube sheet welded with an Ar shielding gas
supplemented with N2 decreased owing to a decrease of the
α-phase fraction and chromium nitride quantity, thereby
increasing the interganular corrosion resistance. The
interganular corrosion in the hyper duplex stainless steel
welds was selectively initiated at the Cr-depleted regions
adjacent to the chromium nitride precipitates in the α-
phases.Reference[1] J. Olson, S. Nordin, Duplex stainless
steel ‟86, The Hague, Netherlands, 1986. pp.219-225.[2] H.
Okamoto, Applications of stainless steels ‟92, vol. 1,
Stockholm, Sweden, 1992.pp. 360-368.[3] S.T. Kim, S.H.
Jang, I.S. Lee, Y.S. Park, Corros. Sci. 53(2011) 1939-
1947.[4] S.D. Brandi, A.J. Ramirez: Duplex Stainless Steels
‟97, Proc. Conf., KCI, Maastricht,The Netherlands, 1997, pp.
405-410.[5] H. Kokawa, E. Tsory, T. H. North, ISIJ
International 35 (10)(1995) 1277-1283.
74. Ivestigation of the Phase Transformation and
Localized Corrosion of Tube-to-tube Sheet Welds of
Hyper Duplex Stainless Steel in Chloride
Environments In-Sung Lee, Soon-Tae Kim, Yong-Soo Park (Yonsei
University, Korea), Kwang-Tae Kim (POSCO Technical
Research Laboratories, Korea), Young-Sub Kim (Research
Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, Korea)
To elucidate the phase transformation and localized
corrosion of tube-to-tube sheet welds of hyper duplex
stainless steel (HDSS) in chloride environments, a
potentiodynamic polarization test, critical pitting and crevice
temperature tests, scanning electron microscope and energy
dispersive spectroscope analyses, a scanning Auger multi-
probe analysis of the γ-phase and the α-phase, and a
transmission electron microscope analysis of Cr2N
precipitates were carried out. The localized corrosion
resistance of the HDSS tube-to-tube sheet welded with an Ar
shielding gas supplemented with N2 increased greatly due to
a decrease in the α-phase fraction and Cr2N, and a decrease
in the pitting resistance equivalent number (PREN)
difference between the α-phase and γ-phase in the weld
metal and heat-affected zone. The localized corrosion in the
WM and HAZ in the HDSS tube-to-tube sheet welds was
115
selectively initiated at the Cr-depleted zones around the α-
phases. The localized corrosion was finally propagated from
the α-phase to the γ-phase because the PREN value of the γ-
phase is much larger than that of the α-phase, irrespective of
the shielding gas composition.
75. The Influence of Heat Input and the
Composition of Shielding Gas on Corrosion
Resistance of TIG Weld Metal of New Lean Duplex
Stainless Steel S82441 J. Niagaj (Institute of Welding, Poland), Z. Brytan (Silesian
University of Technology, Poland)
This paper presents results of investigation of microstructure
and pitting corrosion resistance of the welded lean duplex
stainless steel S82441, performed according to ASTM G48,
where autogenous TIG welding process was applied using
different amounts of heat input and shielding gases like Ar
and Ar-N2 and Ar-He mixture. Stainless steel type S82441 is
one of the recently developed and introduced to the steel
market grade of a lean duplex stainless steel. The results of
pitting corrosion resistance of the welded joints of lean
duplex stainless steel S82441 were studied in as weld
conditions and after different mechanical surface finish
treatments.
76. Corrosion Behavior in the Weld Heat-afftected
Zone of a Nitrogen-alloyed Fe-18Cr-10Mn-N
Austenitic Stainless Steel Joonoh Moon, Heon-Young Ha, Tae-Ho Lee, Chang-Hoon
Lee (Korea Institute of Materials Science, Korea)
Recently, a high-nitrogen stainless steel (HNS) has been
developed as a possible candidate for substitution of a
commercial austenitic stainless steel. In this study, a
metastable high-nitrogen Fe-18Cr-10Mn-N austenitic
stainless steel was fabricated by a commercial pressurized
vacuum induction melting, and its weld heat-affected zone
(HAZ) was simulated with different peak temperatures by a
Gleeble simulator. δ-ferrite was formed in the HAZs and its
volume fraction increased with increasing peak temperature.
The pitting corrosion and interphase corrosion behavior of
the HAZs were evaluated through electrochemical tests. The
results showed that both pitting corrosion and interphase
corrosion were seriously deteriorated by δ–ferrite formation,
while their aspects were different with increasing δ–ferrite
fraction. That is, the pitting corrosion resistance didn‟t
depend on δ–ferrite fraction, while the interphase corrosion
resistance was continuously decreased with increasing δ–
ferrite fraction.
77. Increased Hydrogen Gas Evolution Rate of Ni-
Free Fe18Cr10Mn-based High Nitrogen Stainless
Steels by Carbon Alloying Heon-Young Ha, Tae-Ho Lee (Korea Institute of Materials
Science, Korea), Sung-Joon Kim (POSTECH, Korea)
In order to substitute commercial austenitic stainless steels
containing high content of nickel (8~12 wt%), high
interstitial alloys (HIAs) have recently been proposed. HIA
is defined as iron-based alloy with substantial amount of
interstitial alloying elements, nitrogen and carbon. Similar to
nitrogen, carbon is a strong austenite stabilizer and
beneficial to increase the mechanical properties including
wear resistance. In addition, the addition of carbon to
nitrogen-bearing stainless steels would retain the high
nitrogen content up to approximately 0.4 wt% by avoiding
the formation of ferrite during the solidification, hence, it is
possible to produce the HIAs containing approximately 0.4
wt% nitrogen via the conventional melting process without
pressurizing process. Generally, the amount of carbon in
stainless steels has been strictly restricted so far, in spite of
its desirable effect on characteristic properties of the steels,
because carbon is easily combined with M to form M23C6
(M: metallic constituent, usually chromium or molybdenum)
that degrades the mechanical as well as corrosion properties
of the matrix. For this reason, only a limited work has been
conducted on the role of alloyed carbon in the corrosion
properties of stainless steels.Recently, the authors reported
that the solutionized carbon improves the resistance to
localized corrosion of Fe18Cr10Mn0.4N-based stainless
steels in aqueous chloride solutions. In addition, we also
found that the alloying carbon was revealed to be beneficial
to increase the general corrosion resistance of the stainless
steels with less than 2 wt% nickel in highly acidic solution.
In this presentation, the effects of solutionized carbon on the
H2 evolution rate and corrosion potential of Fe18Cr10Mn-
based stainless steels with carbon (more than 0.15 wt%) and
nitrogen (more than 0.33 wt%) were closely investigated.
78. Catalytic Effect of Pt, Pd and Pt-Pd
Nanoparticle on the Hydrogen Water Chemistry Ah Rong Cho, Sung Min Kim, Ki Tae Bae, Sang Yul Lee
(Korea Aerospace University, Korea)
Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of alloy 600 in the nuclear
power plant is closely related to the increment of
electrochemical potential (ECP) with high oxidizer
concentration such as O2 and H2O2 generated by radiation.
In order to mitigate SCC, the most effective way is to reduce
the ECP by the modification of water chemistry which
includes the injecting H2 into the feedwater, so called
hydrogen water chemistry (HWC). However, a lot of
hydrogen injection for protecting the internals of reactor
vessel will cause steam activity levels that result in an
excessive operational exposures and unacceptable radiation
levels outside the plant from direct radiation. Noble metal
chemical application (NMCA) is a method for preventing
the SCC by adding noble metals (Pt, Pd, Rh, Os, and Ru)
with low hydrogen concentration. Especially, Pt and Pd
nanoparticles can catalyze the recombination of oxygen and
hydrogen peroxide with hydrogen, resulting in the reduction
of the ECP.
In this study, Pt, Pd and Pt-Pd nanoparticles for the
application of SCC mitigation were synthesized using arc
discharge method in aqueous solution between two
electrodes composed of Pt and/or Pd. The morphology and
structure of Pt, Pd and Pt-Pd nanoparticles were
characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The electrocatalytic activities
of Pt, Pd and Pt-Pd nanoparticles were investigated by cyclic
voltammetry (CV), ECP, and Tafel analysis in the presence
116
of H2O2. The minimum ECP value of alloy 600 was
observed when Pt-Pd nanoparticles were injected in water
containing H2O2. The detailed results will be presented.
79. Prediction of the Degradation of Thin Organic
Coatings by Galvanic Corrosion Fan Hu, Zhao Li, Fa Huang (Baosteel Group Corporation,
China)
In the present work, the corrosion performance of anti-
fingerprint thin organic coating on a hot dip galvanized steel
sheet was evaluated by both salt spray test (SST) based on
ASTM B117 and galvanic coupling corrosion/Zero-
Resistance Ammeter (ZRA) technique. For SST, the
corrosive failure time is used to assess the corrosion
resistance of the coating, which is defined as the time when
5%-10% area of the coated specimen surface is covered by
white rust. For ZRA test, the quantity of electric charge (Q)
is used to estimate the corrosion resistance of the coating.
The greater the Q is, the worse the corrosion performance of
the coating is. The tested corrosion resistances of several
different coatings were compared. It showed that the results
derived from the two mentioned test methods are consistent.
The results of ZRA for several different coatings were
observed. It was found that the Q vs. corrosion time curve is
not linear at the initial stage. This relationship becomes
linear after about 2 hours or later. If the initial stage is
ignored, the corrosion rate is constant. Therefore, short term
(about a few hours) ZRA could be used to predict Q of the
future. By fitting the linear relationship between Q and
corrosion time obtained from short term test, the linear
equation of the two quantities could be obtained. By
bringing corrosive failure time of the coating derived in SST
into this equation, Q is extrapolated. The calculating results
indicated that Q value of different coatings is similar at that
time when the coatings just started corrosive failure. This
means, when Q reached this value, the corrosion degree of
ZRA is equivalent to the corrosive failure time of coatings in
SST. Therefore, short term galvanic coupling corrosion test
could be used to predict the degradation of organic coatings.
80. The Critical Pitting Temperature of the Multi-
component High Entropy Alloy:
Al5Cr12Fe35Mn28Ni20 in Aqueous Environments HanChang Shih, ChuenHuei Tsau, ShengKun Chen,
BoChen Lee, WeiChen Lin, SzuYen Lin (Chinese Culture
University, Taiwan), ChunWei Yeh (National Tsing Hua
University, Taiwan)
Multi-component high entropy alloys (HEAs) have been
known for their unique properties in mechanical strength,
crystalline structure, especially the corrosion resistance and
therefore have various potential applications in materials
technology. In this study, a multi-component alloy of
Al5Cr12Fe35Mn28Ni20 was designed and fabricated using
vacuum arc melting, and subsequently tested in aqueous
environments of SO42-, Cl-, F-, as well as the cations of
Na+ and NH4+ .The results indicate that a cold reduction up
to 60% of this particular alloy system can be achieved in
attempt to homogenize its cast structure. General corrosion
is significant as compared with the conventional stainless
steels in all these environments. The pitting behaviour
however is most severe in Cl- and in F- environments. No
effect of cold work on anodic dissolution was observed in
SO42- environments, and owing to its low passive current
density(~4μA/cm2) it is possible to be used as an efficient
anode material for the production of oxygen in fuel cells.
Cold work effectively increases the critical pitting potential
notably in Cl- and particularly in F-environment. The pit
size and its distribution decrease as the increase of cold work.
The critical pitting potential notably in Cl- and particularly
in F-.The NH4+ could readily complex the elements of this
HEA, thus reducing the relevant ion‟s activity and extending
the passive potential to 0.3V in a temperature range of 20-
80℃. Two distinct anodic peaks in the passive range prior to
the O2 evolution were observed particularly pronounced in
F- environments. Deaeration could reduce the corrosion
potential of form 0 V(aerated) to -0.5V,thus promoting the
passivity to a range of 1.8V.The critical pitting temperatures
(CPT) are less pronounced in Cl- was,i.e., no substantial
change in varying with the temperature, However, such
difference in F- are quite significant, e.g., the CPTs take
place at 65℃ for 0% cold work, but increases to 75℃ at
60% cold work. Cold work on this particular alloy of
A15Cr12Fe25Mn28Ni20 enhances the CPT accounting for
the microstructural changes of the cast structure. Keywords:
High entropy alloy , Aqueous environments , Critical pitting
temperature Y.L. Chou, J.W. Yeh, H. C. Shih,”The effect of
molybdenum on the corrosion behaviour of the high-entropy
alloys Co1.5CrFeNi1.5Ti0.5Mox inaqueous environments”,
Corros Sci.,52(2010)1581Y. Y. Chen, T.Duval, U.D.Hung,
J.W.Yeh, H. C. Shih,”Microstructure and electrochemical
properties of high entropy alloys a comparison with type-
304 stainless”, Corros.Sci.47(2005).
81. New Test Method for Critical Crevice Corrosion
Temperature Measurement of Stainless Steel
Showing Tubular Shape or Round Bar Hae Woong Kim, Young Sik Kim (Andong National
University, Korea), Hyun Young Chang (KEPCO E&C,
Korea)
Stainless steel has excellent corrosion resistance by a passive
film formed on the surface. However, the passive film can
be locally destroyed by chloride-containing environments
and then pitting or crevice corrosion occurs. In general,
crevice corrosion occurs by anodic reaction in corrosive
environments if there is a crevice. ASTM G48 standard
method is commonly used to determine CCT (Critical
Crevice Corrosion Temperature). However, this standard can
not be applied to test crevice corrosion of tubular shape or
round bar. Therefore, this study focused on the fabrication of
test kit for crevice corrosion determination of stainless steel
round bar. 3 kinds of stainless steels showing different PRE
(Pitting Resistance Equivalent) numbers were used - SR-
50A(PRE 52), D2002(PRE 47), D2300(PRE 43). Specimen
shapes were plate and round bar. CCT determination for
plate specimen was done by ASTM G48-03 and the test
condition was modified to find that CCTs of the plate and
the round bar can be same value. Also, stress analysis to find
the condition showing the homogeneous stress distribution
on round surface was performed. This work derived new test
117
method showing the same CCT value for the plate and the
round bar of different PRE‟s stainless steels.
82. SEM Analysis of Pitting Morphologies for
Carbon Steel and Stainless Steel Y.T. Tan, D.J. Blackwood (National University of
Singapore,, Singapore), S.L. Wijesinghe (SIMTech,
Singapore)
Pitting that occurs on carbon steels and stainless steels have
different morphologies and mechanisms. Pits on AISI 1020
low-carbon steels were broad and shallow, becoming
interconnected when the areal pit density was high. The
lateral growth of pits on carbon steel may be due to a form
of crevice corrosion underneath porous pit covers. SEM
analysis of AISI 416 stainless steel samples,where the
sulphide inclusion sizes were varied through the use of laser
surface melting, showed that pitting initiated in regions with
large sulphide inclusions while regions on the same sample
with smaller sulphide inclusions did not pit. Pits were
narrow and deep with each pit spatially separated from one
another. The SEM images offer support that the MnS
inclusions play a major role in the pitting of stainless steels
and are consistent with the hypotheses where sulphide
dissolution leads to pit initiation.
83. Passive Film on New Ti-15Zr-10Nb Alloy
Surface – Characterization and Electrochemical
Behavior in Artificial Saliva Paula Drob, Cora Vasilescu, Silviu Iulian Drob, Monica
Popa, Ecaterina Vasilescu, Jose Maria Calderon Moreno
(Institute of Physical Chemistry, Romania)
The new Ti-15Zr-10Nb alloy has α + β Widmanstatten type,
biphase microstructure with good compositional and
structural homogeneity demonstrated by optical microscopy,
SEM and XRD. The new alloy revealed very good
mechanical properties: Young‟s modulus of 64 GPa, very
close to that of the human bone; superior ultimate tensile
strength, appropriate 0.2% yield strength and strain to
fracture to those of Ti. XPS analysis identified that the
native passive film on the new Ti-15Zr-10Nb alloy surface
contains very protective TiO2, ZrO2 and Nb2O5 oxides and
has a thickness of 5.5 nm that is higher comparing with Ti
and other similar alloys.The electrochemical behavior of this
passive film in Carter-Brugirard artificial saliva of different
pH values (3.96, 7.84, 9.11) and doped with 0.05M NaF (pH
= 8.21), simulating the real oral environment was examined.
The anodic polarization curves presented a large current
plateau that denotes a progressive thickening of the passive
film; also, better values of the electrochemical parameters
characterized a lower electrochemical activity of the Ti-
15Zr-10Nb alloy in comparison with Ti, due to the
reinforcement of the alloy passive film with protective
oxides of Zr and Nb alloying elements. The pH value and
presence of NaF slightly negatively influenced the alloy
behavior.Impedance Nyquist spectra showed that the passive
film on the alloy surface is like an insulator with higher
dielectric properties than those of Ti. Bode phase angle
spectra displayed two distinct phase angles with higher
values for alloy, indicative of the higher protective passive
film. Impedance values had very high values for alloy,
which represent a more resistant passive film.Monitoring of
the open circuit potentials denoted the thickening over time
of the alloy passive film; SEM micrographs and EDS spectra
detected the deposition of the phosphates, precursors of
hydroxyapatite, the main inorganic component of the human
bone, proving the alloy bioactivity.
84. A Comparison of Diamond-like Carbon Films
Properties Obtained by Plasma Enhanced Chemical
Vapor Deposition and Electro-deposition J. Wang, N. Wang, B. R. Hou (Chinese Academy of
Sciences, China)
This paper compares the microstructure and electrochemical
properties of the diamond-like carbon films obtained by two
different deposition methods - microwave electron cyclotron
resonance plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition
(MWECR-PECVD) techniques and electro-deposition –
chosen for their low cost and capacity to produce films. The
microstructure of the DLC films are investigated by Raman
spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, and electrochemical
behavior is investigated by potentiodynamic and
electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Raman
spectroscopy indicates that all the films deposited by
different techniques show amorphous structure and typical
characteristic of DLC film. FTIR spectrum results indicate
that these DLC films are a-C:H films. As a result of EIS, the
DLC films made by different methods showed obviously
different electrochemical characters. The obtained results
show that the DLC films deposited using the PECVD
methods provided the better results, presenting a high
corrosion resistance , high adherence to substrate, and a
denser and more uniform surface.
85. The Effect of Cathodic Potential on Stress
Corrosion Cracking Behaviors of E690 Steel in
Simulated Seawater Hongchi Ma, Zhiyong Liu, Cuiwei Du, Xiaogang Li,
Shengrong Wang (University of Science and Technology
Beijing, China)
With the extending exploitation of ocean resources, steels
used in ocean engineering have been continuously
developed towards the goals of high strength, large size,
good welding performance and high corrosion resistance.
E690 steel, mainly used for ocean platform, is a newly-
developed high-strength steel with a low carbon content and
high yield strength over 690MPa. However, little research
has been reported so far on its corrosion and stress corrosion
cracking (SCC) behaviors in seawater.Electrochemical
measurement, slow strain rate test (SSRT) and fracture
morphology analysis were used to study the SCC behaviors
of E690 steel in simulated seawater containing the main
species in natural seawater, . Particularly, the influence of
cathodic protection potential on SCC susceptibility and
mechanism was studied. The aim of this work is to provide
guidance for choosing the optimal cathodic protection
potential and for other applications in natural seawater.SSRT
experiments in dry air and in simulated seawater in open
circuit potential and in an applied potential of -1050mV
118
(Vs.SCE) have been finished. The results showed that the
elongation and percentage reduction of area are respectively
9.7% and 58.8%, while those of E690 in simulated seawater
in open circuit potential are 8.6% and 43.5%, revealing that
the E690 steel has a considerable SCC susceptibility in
simulated seawater. The elongation in an applied potential of
-1050mV was 11.1%, which was even a little larger than that
in dry air. This may be explained by the effect of hydrogen
which was reported to have the effect of hydrogen-enhanced
local plasticity. The true reason and the SCC behaviors in
other cathodic potentials are to be studied.
86. Effect of Microstructure on Hydrogen-induced
Cracking in TM210 Maraging Steel G. Wang, J.X. Li, Y. Yan, Y.J. Su, L.J. Qiao (University of
Science and Technology Beijing, China)
Due to the ultra-high strength, the maraging steels are more
prone to suffer hydrogen embrittlement (HE). The effect of
the strength and the content of the reverted austenite on
hydrogen induced cracking in a maraging steel was studied
in this paper. For SSRT during charging, the specimen failed
in the elastic range, and all of the mechanical properties
have a dramatic reduction compared with that in air. The HE
susceptibility does not increase with increasing of the
strength. The relative elongation loss has the same value for
three aging conditions. However, the relative loss of
reduction in area and the relative strength loss were the
smallest which indicated that the over-aged condition
exhibiting the best resistance to HE. It suggested that HE
susceptibility of the maraging steel does not depend on the
strength, but rather on the content of reversed austenite
content. The hydrogen concentration, observed by scanning
Kelvin probe force microscopy (SKPFM), was enriched in
the reverted austenite at the grain boundaries and martensite
lath boundaries, resulting in hydrogen-induced cracking
initiated from the surface, and propagated along the grain
boundaries and martensite lath boundaries.
87. Study of the Effectiveness of Different Types of
Surface Protection Materials Applied in Concrete
Structures Eliana Monteiro (Universidade de Pernambuco, Brazil),
Kalline Almeida (Faculdade Mauricio de Nassau, Brazil),
Manuela Oliveira (Instituto Federal de Pernambuco, Brazil)
Nowadays one of the main problems encountered in
concrete structures is corrosion, usually caused by the
ingress of aggressive agents from the outside environment.
This has led to the development of products designed to
prevent the penetration of these agents, one of which is the
surface treatment of concrete. Within this context, we tried
to analyze three types of surface protection systems (water
repellent, pore blockers and film formers), usually applied in
reinforced concrete structures located in marine
environments. Water absorption tests by immersion and by
capillary action were used, and accelerated corrosion tests in
order to compare the performance of materials. With this
adopted procedure, clear advantages were found for using
the water repellent as a surface product protection in the
structures. It also showed that the water repellent
performance was comparatively better than other materials.
88. The Composition of the Rare Earth Based
Conversion Coating Formed on AZ91D Magnesium
Alloy Menglei Chang, Jianfeng Wu, Dongchu Chen, Shulin Ye
(Foshan University, China)
Rare-earth based conversion coating on AZ91 magnesium
alloy was prepared in the ceric sulfate and hydrogen
peroxide contained solution. The element composition and
valence as well as their distribution in the coating were
analyzed with the equipments of energy dispersive X-ray
spectroscopy (EDS), Electron probe micro-analyzer(EPMA),
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS), and the effect of
treating process on the element composition were also
studied. It was found that the conversion coating surface
consists of Mg, Al, O, Ce, and the weight content of Ce in
the coating is affected by the treating solution concentration
and immersion time; The Ce element distributes in the
coating nonuniformly, and exists in the form of Ce+3
and
Ce+4
, while the O element existing in the form of OH-, O
2-,
H2O. Based on the microscopic analysis results, the
electrochemical deposition mechanism on the micro-anode
and micro-cathode in the process of the coating growth was
suggested.
89. Surface Protection Obtained by Anodic
Oxidation of New Ti-Ta-Zr Alloy C. Vasilescu, S. I. Drob, J. M. Calderon Moreno, P. Drob, M.
Popa, E. Vasilescu (Institute of Physical Chemistry, Romania)
The surface of new Ti-15Ta-5Zr alloy was protected by
anodic oxidation in phosphoric acid solution. The obtained
oxidation layer has a thickness of 15.5 nm (calculated from
XPS depth profiling spectra) and contains both protective
TiO2, ZrO2 and Ta suboxides and PO43- ions (high
resolution XPS spectra) incorporated from the solution. The
AFM analysis determined a high roughness and SEM
detected pores (20-50 nm diameter); these characteristics
and presence of PO43- ions favour the reactions of ion
exchange and electrostatic bonds with the ions and species
from the human fluid, inducing the growth of the bone cells
into pores and their strong adhesion. The electrochemical
studies of the bare and anodically oxidation Ti-15Ta-5Zr
alloy in artificial Carter-Brugirard saliva of different pH
values and doped with 0.05M NaF evinced a nobler surface
for the protected alloy due to the thicker, denser
electrodeposited oxide layer that acts as an effective barrier
against to the aggressive ion entrance through it. A
pronounced decrease of the corrosion current densities and
total quantity of ions released into the oral environment
resulted for the oxidation alloy in comparison with bare one,
due to the higher polarisation resistance and protective
capacity of the electrodeposited layer. Impedance data
revealed a bi-layered oxidation film formed from: a dense,
compact, barrier layer in contact with the metallic substrate,
capable to decrease the potential gradient across the
metal/oxidation layer/solution interface, so, reducing the
anodic dissolution; a more permissive, porous layer in
119
contact with the electrolyte that activates the adhesion of
cells. The open circuit potentials for the protected alloy
shifted to nobler values, showing the thickening of the
oxidation film that means long-term protection,
minimisation of the adverse reactions. Taking into account
the dual character of the oxidation layer of barrier and
porous layer, it results its protective and in the same time
bioactive abilities.
90. Evaluating Internal Corrosion Control for
Water Distribution System Byung-Gi Hwang (SangMyung University, Korea), Dal-Sik
Woo (Korea Interfacial Science and Engineering Institute,
Korea)
A numerical model was developed to evaluate the effect of
internal corrosion control for water quality stabilization. The
model that composed of eight sub programs is capable of not
only calculating principal indices, but also can calculate the
effects of various conditioning chemicals for the water to be
stabilized. The model was applied to evaluate water quality
parameters including acidity, C2, alkalinity, pH, and calcium
ion for raw water and to predict the variation of water
quality for interim water according to injection of stabilizing
chemicals in case the water is corrosive. If slightly more
than 10 mg/L of calcium hydroxide is injected as a
conditioning chemical, the optimum condition for the
interim water is satisfied and the water turns out to be non-
corrosive. In case of using sodium hydroxide as conditioning
chemicals, the amount of more than 10 mg/L is necessary to
satisfy the optimum water quality condition. Both chemicals
are possible to use for caustic water to be noncorrosive by
the formation of a protective film. Conclusively, the
developed program can serve as a useful tool for controlling
internal corrosion in water distribution system.
91. Characterization of Tribocorrosion Behaviour
of CoCr Alloy by Electrochemical Techniques in
Several Corrosive Media I. Díaz, M.L. Escudero, J. F. Martínez Lerma, R. Montoya,
M.C. García-Alonso (National Center for Metallurgical
Research, Spain)
As permanent biomaterials in the substitution of hip and
knee joints CoCr alloys are characterized by their high wear
resistance, good biocompatibility and excellent mechanical
properties In the specific case of trying to simulate the real
case of joints, wear-corrosion tests must be considered.
The objective of this work is the study of the tribocorrosion
behaviour of the CoCr alloy by the measurement of the
friction coefficient and the application of electrochemical
techniques in several corrosive media. Tribocorrosion tests
were carried out on a pin-on-disk tribometer with an
integrated electrochemical cell. The counterpart (pin) was an
alumina ball. A normal load of 5N was applied on the
counterpart. Rotation rate of 120 rpm was selected. The
corrosion potential, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
and anodic polarization curves versus immersion time were
performed on the CoCr alloy in different corrosive media: 1)
NaCl 0.9%, 2) Na2HPO4 0.91 mM, CaCl2 1.8 mM (PBS)
and 3) hyaluronic acid 0.3% in PBS. The results show that
as a result of wear-corrosion the passive film is always
destroyed independently of the corrosive media, but it is
quickly formed when the wear is finished. This result is
verified by the recovery of the corrosion potential values and
the increase in the impedance modulus at the end of the tests.
The main conclusion is that CoCr alloy immersed in PBS +
hyaluronic acid shows the best tribocorrosion behaviour.
This corrosive medium properly simulates the synovial fluid
of the joints.
92. Corrosion Characteristics of Ti-25Ta-xHf Alloys
for Dental Applications Jeong-Jae Kim, Yeong-Mu Ko, Han-Cheol Choe (Chosun
University, Korea)
1. Introduction
Commercial pure titanium (CP-Ti) and Ti-6Al-4V ELI
alloys have been used as implant materials due to their very
good mechanical and corrosion resistance and
biocompatibility. However, the Ti-6Al-4V alloy may have
toxic effects. This newly developed Ti-25Ta-xHf (x = 0, 3, 7,
10, and 15 wt.%) alloy is expected to demonstrate better
biocompatibility because it is composed of non-toxic and
non-allergic elements such as Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf, Mo, and Sn. In
addition, its mechanical compatibility is better than that of
the Ti–6Al–4V alloy. Ti–25Ta alloy exhibits the best
mechanical compatibility among Ti–Ta alloys and is a
promising candidate for future metallic biomaterials. Hf
belongs to the same group as Ti in the periodic table of
elements, so Ti alloyed with this element is expected to
demonstrate good corrosion characteristics.
In this study, Ti-25Ta-xHf alloys are chosen as sample alloys
in order to investigate the effect of Hf on the corrosion
resistance of Ti-25Ta-xHf alloys and to examine their
potential use in biomedical applications.
2. Experimental Methods
Ti-25Ta-xHf alloys (x=0, 3, 7, 10, and 15 wt.%) alloys were
initially formed in arc-melting vacuum furnace,
homogenized for 2 h at 1000 ℃ in argon atmosphere and
followed by water-quenched. The electrochemical
potentiodynamic polarization and AC impedance studies for
corrosion characteristics were carried out in 0.9% NaCl
solution at 36.5 ± 1 °C using a potentiostat. The
potentiodynamic polarization test with a scan rate of 1.67
mV/s was carried out from −1500 mV to 2000 mV and AC
impedance was performed at frequencies ranging from 10
MHz to 100 kHz. The crystallinity and morphology of
surface were examined by OM, FE-SEM, EDX, and XRD.
3. Results
From the study of corrosion characteristics of Ti-25Ta-xHf
alloys for dental applications. Electrochemical
characteristics of Ti-25Ta-xHf alloys were improved with
increase in Hf content and it can be an important factor for
the improvement of corrosion resistance. (This work was
supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea
(NRF:No.2008-0062283:[email protected]*).
References
W. G. Kim and H. C. Choe, Appl. Surf. Sci. 258 (2012) 1929.
120
Y. L. Zhou and M. Niinomi, Mater. Sci. Eng. C 29 (2009)
1061.
93. Electrochemically Approached Estimation of Ti-
(10~50) Nb Alloys for Biocompatibility In-Seop Byeon, Han-Cheol Choe (Chosun University, Korea)
1. Introduction
Commercially pure (CP-Ti) titanium alloys are widely used
as dental implant materials, especially the Ti-6Al-4V alloy
(α + β type) are the most attractive biocompatible alloys
due to their favorable mechanical properties, excellent
corrosion resistance. For this reason, Ti alloys and CP-Ti is a
good material for surgically implanted parts and good
biocompatibility. However, the V element in Ti-6Al-4V
alloy has been found severely to react with tissues in humans
because of toxicity. Also, the Al is has Alzheimer‟s disease
effect. Therefore, to solve this potential problem, we need to
improve this effect by manufacture of Ti-type alloys
consisting of non-toxic elements such as Nb, Ta, Zr, and Hf
alloying elements. The β-titanium alloys have lower elastic
modulus, and recently, new β-titanium alloys made up of
non-toxic and β-stabilizing elements such as Nb have been
developed as alloys. Also, Nb is found to reduce the
modulus of elasticity when alloyed with better corrosion
resistance due to the formation of a stable oxide surface
layer. Especially, the low elastic modulus for an orthopedic
implant is desired to minimize bone resorption from stress
shielding, which results from bone supporting a much
smaller portion of functional stress than the surrounding
metallic implant.
In this study, in order to improve the corrosion
resistance of bio-implant for biocompatibility, we
investigated the electrochemical behaviors of Ti-Nb(10%,
20%, 30%, 40% and 50% in mass fraction) alloys.
2. Experimental Methods
In this study, Ti-xNb alloys were melted to improve
chemical homogeneity in a vacuum arc melting furnace.
Heat treatment was carried out at 1000℃ for 2h for
homogenization in argon atmosphere. Microstructures of the
alloys were examined by optical microscope (OM) and field
emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). In order
to identify the phase constituents of the Ti-xNb alloys, X-ray
diffractometer (XRD) with a Cu Kα radiation was used. The
corrosion behaviors were investigated by potentiodynamic,
potentiostatic and galvanostatic methods using potentiostat
(Model 2273, EG&G Co., USA) in NaCl solution at
(36.6±1.0)℃. A conventional three-electrode system with
high-density graphite as counter electrode and saturated
calomel electrode (SCE) as reference was used. After
corrosion test, all morphologies were by FE-SEM.
3. Results
The microstructures of the Ti-xNb alloys with different Nb
contents(10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 wt. %) show that the apparent
volume fraction of martensite decreased with increasing Nb
content in the Ti-xNb alloys. And Icorr for the samples
decreases with increasing Nb content, and the lowest Icorr
observed for the Ti-50Nb alloy. The increase in corrosion
resistance with Nb content is attributed to rapid formation of
a passive mixed TiO2 and Nb2O5 film of a few nanometers
thickness on the specimen surface.(This work was supported
by funds from NRF: 2013 R1A1A 2006203).
References
S. H. Jang, H. C. Choe, Y. M Ko and W.A. Brantley, Thin
Solid Films. 517 (2009) 5038.
V. S. Saji, H. C. Choe, Corrosion Science. 51 (2009) 1658.
94. Effects of Nb Content on the Corrosion
Behaviors of Ti-35Ta-xNb in Simulated Body Fluids Chae-Ik Jo, Yeong-Mu Ko, Han-Cheol Choe (Chosun
University, Korea)
1. Introduction
The Ti alloys and Cp-Ti were widely used for biomedical
implant due to its excellent strength and low density.
Especially, Ti-6Al-4V alloy was widely used for an
orthopedic and dental implant material because this alloy has
excellent combination of biocompatibility, corrosion
resistance, and mechanical properties. However Ti-6Al-4V
alloy has some problem to biomaterials because it has
potential cytotoxic and allergy. Recently, β-type Ti alloys
were applicable to biomedical materials because of their
superior properties such as low Young‟s modulus, super-
elasticity, and good biocompatibility.
In this study, effects of Nb content on the corrosion
behaviors of Ti-35Ta-xNb in simulated body fluids was
researched using various experiments.
2. Experimental Methods
Ti alloys containing 35 wt.% Ta and Nb up to 0 wt. %, 5
wt. %, 10 wt. % and 15 wt. % were melted ten times to
improve chemical homogeneity in a vacuum arc melting
furnace. Heat treatment was carried out at 1000 ˚С for 12 h
for homogenization in argon atmosphere. The samples for
electrochemical test were prepared by using SiC paper grade
#100 ~ #2,000. Microstructures of the Ti-35Ta-xNb alloys
were examined by optical microscope (OM) and field
emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). In order
to identify the phase constituents of the Ti-35Ta-xNb alloys,
X-ray diffractometer (XRD) with a Cu Kα radiation was
used. The corrosion behaviors were investigated using
potentiostat in simulated body fluid solution at 36.5 ˚С. A
conventional three-electrode cell, with a highly dense carbon
as counter electrode and saturated calomel (SCE) as
reference electrode, and sample as working electrode,
connected to a potentiostat, was used to conduct the
potentiodynamic test. AC impedance test was performed
from 10 mHz to 100 kHz in 0.9% NaCl solution at 36.5 ˚С.
An equivalent circuit was assigned for the acquired data, and
the data were curve fitted using ZSimpWin software. After
corrosion test, surface characteristics were investigated by
FE-SEM, EDS, and XPS.
3. Results
Microstructure of Ti-35Ta-xNb alloys were changed needle-
like structure to equiaxed structure. The β-peak of XRD
result increased, also, corrosion resistance increased as Nb
contents increased.(This work was supported by the National
Research Foundation of Korea (NRF:No.2008-
0062283:[email protected]*).
121
References
W. G. Kim and H. C. Choe, Appl. Surf. Sci. 258 (2012)
1929.
Y. H. Jeong, H. C. Choe and W. A. Brantley, Appl. Surf. Sci.
258 (2012) 2129.
T. Ozaki, H. Matsumoto, S. Watanabe and S. Hanada, Mater.
Transact. 45 (2004) 2776.
95. Research for Field Corrosion and Test Method
of Chassis Press Part S.S. Kim (Hyundai Motor, Korea)
The chassis press part of vehicle such as sub frame or lower
arm is generally made from press forming the hot rolled
steel plate. After forming the plate it is commonly produced
by arc welding and painted with electro deposition coating
to get corrosion resistance. But in the field it is corroded due
to the weak area such as welding point. In this research the
corrosion origin of chassis press part is surveyed and
tendency of field corrosion is analysed the. And the complex
corrosion test method is developed for simulating this field
corrosion in the lap.
96. Study on Relationship between Free Chloride
and Total Chloride Diffusivity in Concrete Congtao Sun, Baorong Hou (Academy of Sciences, China)
The diffusion properties of free chloride andtotal chloride in
concrete with different water-binder ratio and different
volume offly ash were studied by natural diffusion method
in our laboratory. The results show that,water-binder ratio
has no significant influence on chloride content in
adsorption zone, but the contents of both free chlorideand
total chloride in diffusion zone increase with the water-
binder ratio. The volume of fly ash also has no significant
influence on chloride content in adsorption zone, just
theopposite for chloride content in the initial section
diffusion zone. The contents of both freechloride and total
chloride increase with the volume of fly ash, but
theinfluence declines with the depth. Both the
relationshipbetween free chloride and total chloride content
and the relationship between freechloride diffusion
coefficient and total chloride diffusion coefficient are linear.
The relationship coefficientbetween free chlorideand total
chloride content decreases with the increase of water-binder
ratio orwith the increase of volume of fly ash when the
volume of fly ash isnot high than 30%, but soakingtime has
no significant influence on the coefficient. The attenuation
index of free chloridediffusion coefficient is similar to that
of total chloridediffusion coefficient. The influence of water-
binder ratio on attenuation index isnot apparent, and
attenuation index increases with the volume of fly ash. The
relationship between attenuation index of chloridediffusion
coefficientand volume of fly ash can be expressed as:
me =0.0126f +0.182
ma=0.0105f+0.2278
where me is attenuation index of free chloridediffusion
coefficient; mais attenuationindex of total chloride diffusion
coefficient; fis volume of fly ash.
97. Design of Corrosion Control System and
Computer Simulation of Buried Pipes for Nuclear
Power Plant Hae Woong Kim, Ki Tae Kim, Nam In Kim, Jin Woo Kim,
Young Sik Kim, (Andong National University, Korea),
Hyun Young Chang, Bu Taek Lim, Heung Bae Park
(KEPCO E&C, Korea)
Since the operating time of nuclear power plants has
increased, the degradation of buried pipes gradually
increases and recently it seems to be one of the emerging
issues. Maintenance on buried pipes needs high grade‟s
management system because outer surface of buried pipe
contacts the various soils but inner surface reacts with
various electrolytes having the velocity. In the USA,
USNRC and EPRI have tried to manage the degradation of
buried pipes. However, there is little about the inspection
procedure and test and program in the domestic plants. This
paper focused on the development and build-up of real-time
monitoring and control system of buried pipes. Pipes to be
tested are tape-coated carbon steel pipe for primary
equipment cooling system, asphalt-coated cast iron pipe for
fire protection system, and pre-stressed concrete cylinder
pipe for sea water cooling system. Cathodic protection
control system was installed on every pipeline and
monitored and controlled. For the calculation of protection
range and optimization, computer simulation was performed
using COMSOL Multiphysics (Altsoft co.).
98. Anodization of Aluminium Samples by Fabry-
Perot Interferometry Farzia Karim (Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand),
Khaled Habib, Fathi Al-Sabti (KISR, Kuwait), Waleed
Mohammed (Bangkok University, Thailand), Joydeep Dutta
(Sultan Qaboos University, Oman)
A novel experimental scheme for real time measurement of
aluminium oxide film during anodization was developed for
the first time. The scheme was established based on a
combination of a fiber optic sensor of Fabry-Pérot
interferometry and direct current (DC) electrochemical
methods. The scheme was assembled in a way to
simultaneously anodize the aluminium samples and to
measure the thickness of the aluminium oxide film. The
anodization process of aluminium sample was carried out in
4% sulphuric acid (H2SO4) solution by the DC methods at
room temperature. The estimated thickness of the aluminium
oxide film by the novel scheme was verified by scanning
electron microscopy (SEM) and electrochemistry
measurements. This study shows that real time measurement
of the thickness of aluminium oxide film is feasible as it
closely matched the thickness determined by SEM and other
electrochemistry techniques.
122
99. Corrosion Characteristics of Water Pipe
Material According to Corrosive Water Control in
Metal Coupon Test D.H. Kim, S.M. Bae, I.S. Kim, D.H. Choi, D.C. Ryu (Busan
Water Authority, Korea)
The objective of this study is the corrosive water control and
the research of characteristic for metal pipe using calcium
carbonate precipitation potential (CCPP) in lab scale coupon
test reactor by air contact or not. The corrosion rates for
galvanized steel pipe coupons were faster than other
coupons. But, the corrosion rates for stainless steel pipes
were slower than others. The corrosion characteristics of
metal pipes were different according to CCPP concentration.
The range of CCPP concentration for effects of corrosion
protection were between 0.0 ~ 1.5 mg/L. The release of
metal concentration decreased at above pH 8.0. The release
of copper, zinc, and iron concentration were decreased in the
positive concentration of CCPP (CCPP ≥ 0.0 mg/L). The
CCPP concentrations were correlated with copper, zinc, and
iron release in coupon test.
123
A
Abdul Rahman, Muhammad Sayuzi TE1-3
Abe, H. THB2-1
Abreu, D. MC1-1
Abud, S.E. MG3-3
Ahn, H.M. TG1-5, TH1-4
Ahn, S.H. TC2-3, TG1-5, TH1-4
Ahn, SooHoon MD1-3, THC2-2
Akbar, B. H TC2-4
Alcántara, J. P-5
Alelyani, Mansour TD1-2
Alexandrescu, Elvira P-58
Al-Hashem, A. WG2-4, THD1-4
Almarshad, Abdullah I. TH1-1
Almeida, Kalline P-87
Al-Mutlaq, Fahad MF1-2
Al-Sabti, Fathi P-98
Alshater, Abdulla MD1-1
Ambat, Rajan THC1-4, THG1-1
Ambrosi, D. WG3-2
Anawati, Anawati WF3-3
Andrews, Jeffery TD1-2
Angelini, E. THF1-3
Aperador, David MH3-2
Arbeláez, L. MC2-1
Arroyave, Carlos Plenary-6, MH3-2
Asmara, Yuli Panca MC3-5
Asoh, Hidetaka WF3-3
Atrens, A. ME2-1
Attar, H. MG2-2
Aviananto, Secta Ariardi TC1-1
Aydin, T.B. TC1-2
Ayyasamy, Kiruthika WC2-2, WC2-4, WC3-2
B
Babu, Narendra WE2-2
Bae, Byung Hyun P-53
Bae, DuckHwan THA2-1
Bae, Keun-Hyung THD2-3
Bae, Ki Tae P-78
Bae, S.H. MF2-3
Bae, S.M. P-99
Bae, Soohyun P-13
Bae, Sung Geun TF1-2
Bahn, C.B. WB2-3
Bai, Shubin P-21
Bai, Shu-Lin MA2-1
Baiger, Ronald WE3-2
Bang, Y.S. THE1-3
Banu, A P-71
Banu, Alexandra P-58
Barbosa, A. L. WH3-3, P-45
Barboza, G. WH3-3
Barranco, R. P-27
Batsch, T. WF2-1
Behnamian, Yashar MG2-1
Bender, Roman TF2-2
Ben-Hamu, G. ME1-1, TF2-4
Bi, Wuxi MG1-3
Bischof, M. MD3-2
Björkbacka, Å sa TB2-1, TB2-2
Blackwood, D.J. MF1-3, WG1-2,
WH3-1, P-82
Bomberg, M. TB2-3
Bonanos, N. WD3-3
Borchert, M. MD3-2
Branzoi, Florina P-22, P-23, P-37
Branzoi, Viorel P-22, P-23, P-37
Brasil, Simone L. D. C. THH1-4, P-29
Brytan, Z. P-75
Burns, W. TE2-5
Byeon, In-Seop P-93
C
Cabrini, M. TF1-1
Calderon Moreno, Jose Maria P-17, P-18, P-38,
P-83, P-89
Calderón, J. A. MC2-1
Callone, E. TE2-2
Canderyd, C. MD1-4
Cano Gurrión, Carlos THE1-2
Cano, H. P-9
Cao, F. ME2-1
Cao, Tie Shan MD3-3, THD1-1
Carpén, L. TB2-3, WB2-2
Carreño, J. A. MC2-1
124
Carvalho, Ladimir J. P-29
Cha, Soo Won MF3-2, TF1-2
Chan, Sammy TD1-2
Chang, Hyun Young WD1-1, P-47, P-48,
P-81, P-97
Chang, Menglei P-88
Chang, T.S. P-15, P-54
Chaturvedi, Amitabh TG1-2, TG1-3
Chaudhary, Zia MF1-2
Chen, Da P-43
Chen, Dongchu P-88
Chen, Hongyuan MG1-3, THH1-2
Chen, Jiann-Ruey P-52
Chen, Jing TA2-2, WF2-4
Chen, Jinping WH1-2, WH1-3
Chen, M. WD3-3
Chen, Peter TB2-4
Chen, Qimeng P-8
Chen, ShengKun P-80
Chen, Wei Sheng TB1-2
Chen, Zhanghua MH1-3
Cheng, Cong Qian MD3-3, THD1-1
Cheong, Yong-Moo TG1-1
Chico, B. P-5, P-27
Ching-Hsuan Hung, TB2-4
Cho, Ah Rong P-78
Cho, B.S. MF2-1
Cho, EunAe P-49, P-50
Cho, J-Y MF3-1
Cho, S.K. WB3-4
Choe, Han-Cheol P-92, P-93, P-94
Choi, D.H. P-99
Choi, E.J. MF3-1
Choi, Eun Kuk P-53
Choi, K.J. WE2-1, THB1-3
Choi, M.J. THB1-1
Choi, MyungHee WA3-3
Choo, Joung Hoon P-53
Chowan, Raju THA2-2
Chung, Hansub WB2-1
Codolar, Santiago Arias MA3-4
Coelho, Jorge F. THH1-4
Conde, Eduardo S. A. P-29
Cottis, R.A. Plenary-3, TF2-1
Cui, Mengmeng TH1-2
Cui, Xuejun P-2
Cui, Yu WA2-3
Cui, Zhongyu MH1-1, P-66
D
Daas, M.A. TC1-2
Dafter, Matthew MB1-3
Darwin, A. MC1-3
de Freitas, Denise S. THH1-4
De Graeve, Iris MB1-1, TA2-1
de la Fuente, D. P-5, P-9, P-27
Deflorian, F. TE2-2, WG3-2, THA1-1
Deo, Chaitanya S. WB3-3
Dewangan, Bhupendra WE2-2
Díaz, I. P-5, P-9, P-91
Din, Rameez Ud THC1-4
Ding, K. MB3-1
Ding, Minzhen MB3-3, TA2-4
Dingeldein, E. WF2-1
Dirè, S. TE2-2
Dmitrieva, E.E. WH2-3
Dobrzhansky, V.G. WH2-3
Dong, C. MB3-1
Dong, Chaofang MH1-1, MH1-3, THC1-3
Dong, K.H. ME1-2
Dong, Lixin WA1-1
Dong, X.Q. MB3-2
Dong, Xueqiang MA1-2
Drob, P. P-17, P-38, P-83, P-89
Drob, S. I. P-17, P-18, P-83, P-89
Droesbeke, B. MD1-4
Du, Cui-lin WF2-4
Du, Cuiwei WE2-3, WE3-4, P-66,
P-85
Du, Min WG1-3
Du, Yong P-2
Dun, Yuchao MF2-2
Dupoiron, F. MD1-4
Dutta, Joydeep P-98
125
E
Eduok, Ubong WA2-2
Egorkin, V.S. TA1-3
ElAli, Bassam WA2-2
Eliezer, A. TF2-5, WF2-1
Eliezer, D. ME1-1
El-Sherik, A. M. MG2-2
Enezi, A. MG2-2
Eom, KwangSup P-49, P-50
Escudero, M.L. P-91
Espedal, M. TC1-2
Ettelaie, Hamidreza WA1-2
F
Fabbian, M. TE2-2
Faderl, Josef WE3-2
Fan, Lin P-66
Fang, Baiyou MB3-3
Fanica, A. MD1-4
Faraji, Fatemeh WA1-2
Fatah, M.C. MC1-3
Fauzani, Sarah P-36
Fedel, M. TE2-2, WG3-2, THA1-1
Feng, Xingguo P-24, P-43
Feriotti, A. THA1-1
Féron, Damien WB3-1
Ferroni, Paolo WB3-3
Forsyth, Maria MB2-5, MC1-1, MG3-1
Frankel, Gerald S. Plenary-1
Fu, Chaoyang P-64
Fushimi, K. MB1-2
Fushimi, Koji MD3-1
G
Gandhi, Amish TG1-3
Gao, Jin TA2-4, P-20
Gao, K. WG2-1
Gao, L.X. WD3-1
García-Alonso, M.C. P-91
Gasqueres, C. WF2-1
Ge, Hong-Hua WD2-4
Gebarowski, W. TA1-2
Georgiza, E. THF1-4
Georgiza, Elsa MA1-3
Gnedenkov, A.S. MG1-2
Gnedenkov, S.V. MG1-2, TA1-3, WA2-1
Gong, Jeung-Gug THG1-2
Gong, Min P-2, P-39
Gonzalez-Garcia, Yaiza MB1-1, TA2-1, WG2-2
Goo, B. J. P-7, P-30
Gouda, V. THF1-4
Govindarajan, Saranya WC2-2
Goyal, V. ME3-2
Grassini, S. THF1-3
Groysman, Alec MG1-1, TC2-1
Gu, Mingjun P-2
Guan, L. WG1-4
Guan, Xiaorui WH3-2
Guo, Liqiu WG3-1
Guo, T.X. MB3-2
Guo, Taixiong MA1-2
Guo, X. P. MC3-4
Guo, Yanfei WA1-1
Gupta, R. MC1-1
H
Ha, Heon-Young WD3-2, P-61, P-62,
P-76, P-77
Ha, Jeong-Hyeon THG1-3
Habib, Khaled P-98
Hadinata, Samuel-Sudibyo WH2-1
Hahn, Yu-Dong P-60
Han, En-Hou ME1-2, ME2-2, MG1-4,
TF2-3, TF2-5, WC1-2,
WD1-2, WG1-4,
THB2-2, THC2-1
Han, Jing WA1-1
Han, Xia P-64
Harada, Hiroki TH1-3
Hariyantha, Kadek Trisna Surya THC2-4
Hasegawa, Y. MB1-2
Hasegawa, Yasuchika MD3-1
Hashim, Nabihah TE1-3
Hassan, Mohd Rezadzudin TE1-3
Havlik, W. TC2-2
Hays, G. TF2-5
Hedberg, Y.S. TD1-3
126
Heimann, L. WF2-1
Heiner, Tako TD1-4
Her, Jae-young WF1-1
Hernández Gayosso, Mónica Jazmín THE1-2
Hinton, B. MC1-1, MG3-1
Hlede, E. WG3-2
Hoang, Thuy P-28
Hoffman III, Richard T. WB3-3
Holzer, Christoph WE3-2
Hong, BoKi P-49, P-50
Hong, J.-D. THB2-3
Hong, Jong-Dae WG1-1
Hönig, S. TC2-2
Hoshi, Y. MB2-2
Hoshi, Yoshinao MB2-3
Hosseini, Seyed Mohammad Kazem TG1-4
Hosseinpour, Saman TB2-2, WC3-1
Hou, B.R. WH2-2, P-41, P-84
Hou, Baorong P-96
Hou, R.G. P-46
Hu, Fan P-79
Hu, Qi WA1-1
Hu, Yabo P-11
Huang, Fa P-79
Huang, Her-Hsiung WF3-1
Huang, Yizhong THC2-3
Huh, Joo-Youl MA1-4, P-25
Huh, Mock THG1-2
Hung, Chih Cheng P-52
Huo, Y. MC1-1
Hur, Do Haeng P-72
Hwang, Byung-Gi P-90
Hwang, H.A. TD2-1
Hwang, Hyun-sik THG1-3
Hwang, Joon P-26
Hwang, K.M. THD1-3, THD2-1,
THD2-4, P-1
Hwang, S.S. THB1-1
Hwang, Seong Sik WB3-2
Hwang, W.S. TC2-3
Hwang, Woon Suk P-33, P34
Hyun, Youngmin WH1-1
I
Ibrahim, Mohd Saiful Bahri TE1-3
Idrus, Muhammad Amin TE1-3
Igarashi, T. WB1-2
Iordoc, Mihai P-37
Ishibashi, R. THB1-4
Ishihara, S. THH1-3
Ishikura, J. THB2-1
Ismail, M.C. TC2-5
Isobe, Koichiro MB2-3
Itagaki, M. MB2-2, THA1-2
Itagaki, Masayuki MB2-3
Ito, Akira P-65
Itoi, Y. MA2-4
J
Jadhav, Harsharaj S. WD3-4
Jagadeesan, Saranya WC2-2, WC3-2
Jamali, Sina S MB2-5
Jang, C. THB2-3
Jang, Changheui WG1-1
Jang, Min-Ho WD3-2
Jang, S.Y. MF3-1, P-42
Jang, Seung Yup MF3-2, TF1-2
Jang, Y.Y. WD1-1
Jellesen, Morten THC1-4, THG1-1
Jeon, Soon-Hyeok P-72, P-73
Jeong, Hi-Won WD1-3
Jeong, Jae-In P-31
Jeong, Min Su P-53
Jeong, Min-yeong MA3-2
Ji, SangKi THA2-1
Jiang, Hongxia P-20
Jiang, Yiming MD2-4
Jiang, Youwen MG1-3
Jimenez, C. P-45
Jin, Chung Keun WA3-4
Jin, H. H. THB1-1
Jin, Ying TH1-2
Jin, Zhi-Hao WD2-4
Jo, Chae-Ik P-94
Jo, D.-H. TA2-3
127
Jo, Du-hwan P-32
Jo, Su Mi ME3-5, P-62
Johansson, E. MD1-4
Johnson, Magnus TB2-2, WC3-1
Jonsson, Mats TB2-1, TB2-2
Jung, Dong-Hee P-57
Jung, Hwa Chul ME3-1, TE1-2
Jung, Jae-Hun P-31
Jung, Ji-Chul THG1-3
Jung, KiMin MD1-3, THC2-2
Jung, Namgee P-50
Jung, Rock-Hoon P-57
Jung, S.H. MF2-3
Jung, Su Jin TB1-1
Jung, Y.D. TC2-3
K
Kai, Jhih Jhong TB1-2
Kai, Wu TB1-2
Kainuma, S. THH1-3
Kajiyama, Hiroshi TH1-3
Kalubarme, Ramchandra S. WD3-4, P-51
Kandasamy, Parameswari WC2-2, WC2-3,
WC2-4, WC3-2
Kaneko, A. THH1-3
Kang, Jun-Yun WD3-2, P-61
Kang, Yong-Seok WB2-1
Kao, Ruey-Chy WH2-1
Karim, Farzia P-98
Karpe, Sameer THA2-2
Karplus, E. WG2-2
Katakami, S. MH3-1
Katayama, H. THA1-2
Kawano, Takashi TH1-3
Kawk, Jai-Hyun MA1-4
Ke, W. WD1-2, WG1-4, THB2-2
Kestens, Leo MB1-1
Khayer, E. THE1-1
Khrisanfova, O.A. TA1-3
Kim, B.S. THE1-3
Kim, Chan-Su WB1-1
Kim, Choon-Woo THG1-2
Kim, ChulJung THA2-1
Kim, Chung Ham P-53
Kim, D.H. P-99
Kim, Donghwan P-13
Kim, Dong-Jin TB1-1, THD2-2
Kim, DongYun WA3-3
Kim, G.Y. MF2-1
Kim, Gyu Yong P-44
Kim, Hae Woong P-81, P-97
Kim, HanJoong WA3-3
Kim, Heesan WH1-1
Kim, HoeKun P-19
Kim, Hong Pyo TB1-1, TG1-1, THD2-2
Kim, Hong-Deok WB2-1
Kim, Hye-Jin P-72, P-73
Kim, I.S. P-99
Kim, J.G. TH1-4
Kim, J.H. WE2-1
Kim, J.I. THE1-3
Kim, J.S. TA2-3, THE1-4
Kim, Jae-Woong THG1-2
Kim, Jeong-Jae P-92
Kim, Ji Hyun THB1-3
Kim, Jin Woo P-7, P-97
Kim, Jong-Sang MA1-4, P-25, P-32
Kim, Jung-Gu WD2-2
Kim, K.S. WD1-1
Kim, Ki Hyun MF3-2, TF1-2
Kim, Ki Tae P-47, P-97
Kim, Kwang-Tae P-74
Kim, Kyoo Young Plenary-4, MC3-2,
WD1-4
Kim, Kyung Soo P-48
Kim, KyuSung P-19
Kim, Mansu P-50
Kim, MinJoong P-49, P-50
Kim, Myeong Jin THD2-2
Kim, N.Y. P-54
Kim, Nam In P-48, P-97
Kim, R.H. MF2-1
Kim, S.H. WE2-1, THB1-3
Kim, S.S. P-95
Kim, S.W. THB1-1
Kim, Seong-Cheol WB1-1
128
Kim, Seong-Hwan MA1-4, P-25
Kim, Seong-Ju P-67
Kim, Seon-Hong WD2-2
Kim, Soon-Tae P-73, P-74
Kim, Sung Min P-78
Kim, Sung Woo TB1-1, WB3-2
Kim, Sung-Hwan P-31
Kim, Sung-Joon P-77
Kim, Sung-Min WB1-1
Kim, Sungnam P-40
Kim, T.H. WE2-1, THB1-3
Kim, Y.S. WD1-1
Kim, Y.Y. P-42
Kim, Yeong Ho MD2-1
Kim, Yong-Han WD3-4, P-51
Kim, Yoon-Jae THD2-3
Kim, Young Jun P-55
Kim, Young Min ME3-5, P-62
Kim, Young Sik P-7, P-47, P-48, P-81,
P-97
Kim, Younggeun WF1-1, P-12, P-69
Kim, YoungJun THC2-2
Kim, Young-Sub P-74
Kim, Young-Wha P-70
Kimura, Mitsuo TH1-3
Klein, Lorena MB1-1
Klimas, Stan MG2-1
Ko, Yeong-Mu P-92, P-94
Koh, Ki-Ho P-60
Koleva, D.A. TF1-3
Komatsu, A. WB1-2, THB1-2
Konys, Juergen MA1-1
Kouril, M. MF3-3
Krecanova, E. WD2-3
Krishnan, Ajay ME1-3
Kriz, P. MA2-2
Kumar, Arumugam Madhan TE1-2
Kurauchi, K. MB1-2
Kwon, HyukSang MD1-3, THC2-2, P-55
Kwon, Moonjae P-32
Kwon, S.-J. P-42
Kwon, S.O. MF2-3
L
La, JoungHyun P-19
Lapeire, Linsey MB1-1
Laverde, D.A. P-68
Laverde, Dionisio MG2-3, MG2-4
Le Gac, A. MD1-4
Le Manchet, S. MD1-4
Le, Khac Duyen P-3
Lee, B.D. P-15
Lee, B.K. MF2-1
Lee, B.R. P-30
Lee, BoChen P-80
Lee, C.K. THD2-1
Lee, C.Y. TC2-3, P-15, P-54
Lee, Chang-Hoon P-76
Lee, Dae Young THD2-3
Lee, Dong Gil P-40
Lee, EunKyoung TG1-2, TG1-3
Lee, H. O. THB1-1
Lee, H.J. MF2-3
Lee, Haeseok P-13
Lee, Hak-Soo P-70
Lee, In-Sung P-73, P-74
Lee, J. THB2-3
Lee, J.G. WB3-4, THD2-5
Lee, Jae Bong THF1-1
Lee, Joo-Hyung P-26
Lee, Joo-Young P-26
Lee, Junho WG1-1
Lee, Jun-Seob MD3-1
Lee, K.M. MF2-3
Lee, K.Y. WD3-1
Lee, Kukhee WB2-1
Lee, S.H. TC2-3, THD2-4,
THD2-5, P-1
Lee, Sang Yul WB1-1, P-19, P-78
Lee, Sang-Eun P-60
Lee, Seong-min WF1-1, P-69
Lee, Soongi WH1-1
Lee, Tae-Ho WD3-2, P-76, P-77
Lee, Y.S. THD2-4, THD2-5, P-1
Lee, Yong-Kyu P-26
Lee, Youngsuk P-69
129
Leining, E. TF2-5
Leite, Eduardo G. B. THH1-4
Leygraf, Christofer TB2-1, TB2-2, WC3-1
Li, D.S. P-46
Li, En-tian THH1-1
Li, Feng MA1-2
Li, Hong MA3-1
Li, Huiyan THC1-3
Li, J.X. P-86
Li, Jin MD2-4
Li, M.C. MD2-2
Li, Songmei WE3-1
Li, X. MB3-1
Li, Xiaogang MB3-3, MH1-1,
MH1-3, TA2-4,
WE2-3, WE3-4,
THC1-3, THC2-3,
P-20, P-66, P-85
Li, Y.T. WH2-2
Li, Yan WH3-2
Li, Ying WA2-3
Li, Yingchao P-20
Li, Yue P-2
Li, Zhao P-79
Liang, Shuang P-63
Liang, Zhishan TC1-3
Liao, Haixue MF3-4
Lim, B.T. P-1
Lim, Bu Taek P-97
Lim, C.S. TD2-1
Lim, Sung Hyung WA3-4
Lim, Y.S. THB1-1
Lim, Yun Soo WB3-2
Lin, Chang-Liang WE3-3
Lin, M.D. MH2-3
Lin, Meichao WG3-1
Lin, P.H. THB1-5
Lin, SzuYen P-80
Lin, WeiChen P-80
Lin, Wei-Wei WD2-4
Lin, Xiuzhou P-2
Lips, K. S. WF2-1
Liu, C. WG2-1
Liu, C.F. MB3-2
Liu, C.S. MB3-2
Liu, Fuchun WC1-2
Liu, Hongfang P-64
Liu, Hongwei P-64
Liu, J.G. WH2-2
Liu, J.N. P-46
Liu, Jianhua WE3-1
Liu, Li WA2-3
Liu, Lingli MG1-3
Liu, Ling-li THH1-2
Liu, Meng THH1-2
Liu, Ming ME3-4, MH1-2
Liu, Minghui MH1-2
Liu, Q. WG2-1
Liu, Ying WA2-3
Liu, Zhiyong WE2-3, WE3-4,
P-66, P-85
Liu, Zong-De MA2-1
Lo, C.M. MH2-3
Lojewski, C. MD1-4
Lorenzi, S. TF1-1
Lu, Er-lin TA2-2
Lu, Feng MH1-2, P-14
Lu, Lin MB3-3, TA2-4, P-20
Lu, Sheng TA2-2, WF2-4, P-24
Lu, Xiangyu P-24, P-43
Luckachan, G.E. MA3-3
Luckeneder, Gerald WE3-2
Luna, Jose MA3-4
Luo, FangWei P-63
Luo, Jing-Li MG2-1
Lutz, A. TA2-1
M
Ma, Hongchi P-85
Ma, R.Y. MD2-2
Maas, F. MD1-4
Macak, J. WD2-3
Mahdavi, F. MC1-1
Mai, Tung P-28
Mallaiah, Kumaravel P-35
Marcu, Maria P-58
Marcus, Philippe MB1-1
130
Marinin, D.V. WH2-3
Markin, A.N. MC2-2
Marrugo, M. WH3-3
Martínez Lerma, J. F. P-91
Martinez-Lombardia, Esther MB1-1
Mashtalyar, D.V. MG1-2
Mataqi, K.Y. TC2-4
Mathan, Bobby Kannan WF3-2
Maurice, Vincent MB1-1
Mazinanian, N. TD1-3
Medvedev, I.M. MH2-2
Meier, Willi TF2-2
Meng, H.M. TD2-2
Mills, A. MC1-3
Min, B.H. TH1-4, THE1-3
Miranda, Carlos Mejía MG2-3, MG2-4
Mittal, V. MA3-3
Mobin, Mohd. WC3-3
Mohammed, Waleed P-98
Mol, Arjan MB1-1
Mol, J.M.C. WG2-2
Molin, S. WD3-3
Molina, Daniel MG2-4
Monteiro, Eliana P-87
Montoya, R. P-91
Moon, Byoung-Gi P-60
Moon, Byung Hak TB1-1
Moon, Joonoh P-67, P-76
Moon, Joon-Oh WD3-2
Moon, M.B. TC2-3, P-7, P-30
Moon, S.J. THD1-3
Moon, Sungmo ME3-3, TA1-1, P-59
Morcillo, M. P-5, P-9, P-27
Mori, G. MD3-2, TC2-2, TD2-3,
WE3-2
Morishita, Tetsunori WB1-1
Mosquera, J.A. P-45
Motooka, T. WB1-2
Moulton, Simon E MB2-5
Moyo, F. MD2-3
Mraczek, Klemens WE3-2
Muhr, Andreas WE3-2
Mukadam, S. WG2-4
Mukhopadhyay, A. K. ME1-3
Murthy Ch, S N WC1-3
N
Na, K.H. WB3-4
Nakanishi, T. MB1-2, MD3-1
Nakano, J. THB1-2
Nam, Minwoo WB2-1
Nazarov, A. MA2-2
Nemoto, Shimpei WB1-1
Nesic, S. TC2-5
Nguyen Van, Phuong ME3-3
Nguyen, Huyen P-28
Nguyen, Nhi Tru P-3, P-56
Nguyen, T.D. MD1-2
Niagaj, J. P-75
Nishikata, A. MH3-1
Niu, Hao MC2-3
Noh, M.H. P-54
Noori, Sahar WC3-3
Nor, A. TC2-5
Novakovic, J. THF1-4
Novakovic, Jelica MA1-3
O
Odnevall Wallinder, I. TD1-3
Oh, H.-W. TA2-3
Oh, I.W. THE1-3
Oh, KkochNim WB3-3
Oh, S.J. TC2-3, TH1-4, THE1-3,
THE1-4, P-30
Oh, Se Kwon P-55
Oh, TaeJin THA2-1
Oh, Wonwook P-13
Oh, Young Jin P-47
Ohtsuka, T. MB1-2
Oliveira, Manuela P-87
Omoda, Masataka TH1-3
Ono, Sachiko WF3-3
Oswald, J. MA2-2
131
P
Pahom, Zoia P-22, P-23
Palanisamy, Sounthari WC2-2, WC2-4, WC3-2
Palanisamy, Thanapackiam P-35
Pan, Hongtao WD2-1
Pan, Jinshan MB2-1
Pan, Szu-Jung WE3-3, WH2-1, THC2-4
Pang, J.J WH3-1
Pang, X. WG2-1
Panin, S.V. MH2-2
Panossian, Z. MG3-3
Panzenböck, M. TD2-3
Paraschiv, Alexandru P-58
Park, B.S. MF3-1
Park, Chan-Jin WD3-4, P-51
Park, E.Y. TC2-3
Park, Ga-Eun P-51
Park, H.B. WD1-1
Park, Heung Bae THD2-3, P-48, P-97
Park, J.-T. TA2-3
Park, Jaihyun P-40
Park, Jin Ho MC3-2
Park, Jong Myung P-32
Park, Jun Young MC3-2
Park, K.T. P-42
Park, Ki-won THG1-3
Park, Nochang P-13
Park, S.K. THD2-5, P-1
Park, Sun-Ah WD2-2
Park, Sung-ho Plenary-7
Park, Won-Wook P-60
Park, Yong-Soo Plenary-2, MD3-1,
P-72, P-73, P-74
Park, Young Bae P-53
Park, Young Hee TE1-2
Parravicini, David TD1-4
Parvis, M. THF1-3
Pastore, T. TF1-1
Paulose, Neeta WE2-2
Pellegrini, S. TF1-1
Pereyra, E. TC1-2
Persson, D. MA2-2
Petrovic, Bojan WB3-3
Pham, Quoc Nghiep P-56
Pietrzyk, S. TA1-2
Pippan, R. TD2-3
Pokorny, P. MF3-3
Popa, M. P-17, P-18, P-83, P-89
Popela, T. WD2-3
Prethaler, A. TC2-2
Prokuda, N. A. MC2-2
Prosek, T. MA2-2, MD1-4
Pustode, Mangesh D. WE2-2
Puz, A.V. TA1-3
Q
Qian, Zhichao TA2-4
Qiao, L.J. P-86
Qiao, Lijie WG3-1
Qin, Shuang P-64
Qu, S. WA3-1
R
Rahman, Mohammad Mizanur WA3-2
Raja, V. S. ME1-3, TE1-1, WE2-2
Rajala, P. TB2-3, WB2-2
Rajeev, P WC1-3
Rajendran, Nallaiyan ME3-1, WF2-3, WF3-4
Rathousky, J. THF1-2
Raulio, M. WB2-2
Rehrl, Johannes WE3-2
Remzova, M. THF1-2
Restrepo-Suarez, A. WH3-3
Rifandi, Ifan MC1-2
Rios, John MH3-2
Rjendran, Nallaiyan TE1-2
Romero Hernández, César Armando THE1-2
Rosenberg, E. TC2-2
Rossi, S. WG3-2, THA1-1
Rudnev, V.S. WH2-3
Ryu, D.C. P-99
S
Saito, H. P-16
Sakairi, M. ME3-2
132
Sakaki, Katsumi P-65
Sanabria, J.A. P-68
Sarica, C. TC1-2
Satoh, T. THB1-2
Sattig, C. WF2-1
Savin, K.I. MC2-2
Scharf, Roland WE3-2
Schmitt, Guenter WC1-1
Schroer, Carsten TB1-3
Seki, K. THA1-2
Selman, C. MC1-3
Seo, Hyung Suk MC3-2, WD1-4
Seo, J.W. TH1-4
Seo, Seong-Moon WD1-3
Sergienko, V.I. MG1-2, WA2-1, WH2-3
Seyf, Siamak WA1-2
Shamsudin, Shaiful Rizam TE1-3
Shan, D.Y. ME1-2
Shan, Guoliang MF1-1
Shen, Mingxia MF1-1
Shi, Hongwei WC1-2
Shi, Z. ME2-1
Shibata, Toshio Plenary-5
Shifler, D. A. WH2-4
Shih, Han C. P-52
Shih, HanChang P-80
Shim, J.W. P-54
Shim, Y.B. THE1-4
Shimada, Toru WF3-5
Shin, Hak-Soo P-57
Shin, Ji Wung P-33, P-34
Shin, K.S. ME1-1
Shin, Kee-Sam WD2-2
Shin, Kwagn Seon ME3-1, TE1-2, WF2-3
Shin, M.C. WD1-1
Shin, PyoungHwa THA2-1
Shin, Seung Bong P-44
Shinoda, Nobuyasu WF3-5
Shitanda, I. MB2-2, MB2-3, THA1-2
Shon, MinYoung THA2-1, P-55
Silviu Iulian Drob, P-38
Simancas, J. P-5, P-27
Simillion, H. TA2-1
Sinebryukhov, S.L. MG1-2, TA1-3, WA2-1
Singaram, N.Palaniappan THA2-2
Singer, M. TC2-5
Singh Raman, R.K. TE2-1
Singh, Man THA2-2
Singh, P.M. WB3-3, WG2-3
Skoumalova, Z. WD2-3
Snauwaert, T. MD1-4
Sohn, Keun Yong P-60
Song, Chiwon MA1-4
Song, Dongdong TA2-4
Song, Guan Yu THD1-1
Song, HongSeok P-12
Song, Hyo-Jin P-57
Song, Min-A P-31
Song, Y.W. ME1-2
Srinivasan, Arthanari ME3-1, TE1-2, WF2-3
Stanca, Angela P-37
Startsev, O.V. MH2-2
Stellnberger, Karl-Heinz WE3-2
Stoulil, J. MA2-2, MF3-3
Su, Y.J. P-86
Su, Yan MH3-3
Subekti, Norman MC1-2
Subramaniam, Rameshkumar P-35
Subramanian, Chitra WC2-2, WC2-3,
WC2-4, WC3-2
Suhor, F. TC2-5
Sukhoverkhov, S.V. MC2-2
Suleiman, Rami WA2-2
Sun, Congtao P-96
Sun, D.B. TD2-2
Sun, Dingbai MC2-3, WF1-3
Sun, Hongyao MF1-1
Sun, M.C. WD1-2
Sun, Min MD2-4
Sun, Ying-Sui WF3-1
Sun, Zhihua MH1-2, MH2-1, P-14
Sung, E.C. THE1-3
Sung, G.H. WD1-1
Sung, Gi Ho P-47, P-48
Surendranathan, A O WC1-3
133
Suriani, M.J. MC2-4
Suzuki, Takanobu P-65
T
Tabei, K. MB2-2
Tada, E. MH3-1
Take, S. MA2-4
Tan, M. YJ MC1-1, MG3-1
Tan, Y.T. MF1-3, P-82
Tanaka, Kouji P-65
Tang, Y.M. WA3-1
Tang, Yuming MF2-2
Tang, Zhihui MH1-2
Tanoli, N. THD1-4
Tanto, Iryanni Dewi TC1-1
Tarish, H. THD1-4
Tatis, R. D. WH3-3
Terryn, H. MB1-1, TA2-1, WG2-2
Thierry, D. MA2-2, MD1-4
Tian, Li-hui TA2-2
Tomandl, A. MD3-2
Torres, R. WH3-3
Traidia, A. MG2-2
Tran, Mai Han P-3
Tran, Phuong Chien P-56
Tsai, C.J. THB2-4
Tsai, L.H. MH2-3
Tsai, Wen-Ta WE3-3, WH2-1, THC2-4
Tsau, ChuenHuei P-80
Tsukada, T. THB1-2
U
Uchida, D. THH1-3
Ueda, M. MB1-2
Ueno, F. WB1-2
V
van der Merwe, J.W. MD2-3
Varela, F. MC1-1, MG3-1
Vasilescu, C. P-17, P-18, P-38, P-83,
P-89
Vasilescu, E. P-17, P-38, P-83, P-89
Vásquez, F. A. MC2-1
Vassiliou, P. THF1-4
Vassiliou, Panayota MA1-3
Venkatesan, Hemapriya WC2-3
Verbeken, Kim MB1-1
Verdingovas, Vadimas THG1-1
Villa, W WH3-3
Visser, A. TD2-3
VS, Simi WF3-4
W
Wallace, Gordon G MB2-5
Wan Abdullah, Wan Razli TE1-3
Wan Nik, W.B. MC2-4
Wang, Bo THH1-2
Wang, C.P. MD2-2
Wang, Deli P-64
Wang, G. P-86
Wang, Guan MC2-3
Wang, Haitao MG1-4
Wang, Hong P-39
Wang, J. P-84
Wang, J.Q. WG1-4
Wang, Jianqiu THB2-2
Wang, Liwei P-66
Wang, M.Y. THB1-5, THB2-4
Wang, Mei-Ya TB2-4
Wang, N. P-84
Wang, Peng TC1-3, THA1-3
Wang, Qin-Ying MA2-1
Wang, Rongguang TD1-1
Wang, Shengrong P-85
Wang, Shuli MC3-1, MC3-3, THH1-1
Wang, Tianli P-64
Wang, Xianzong WE2-3
Wang, Y.S. WG2-3
Wang, Yi WC2-1
Wang, Ying P-39
Wang, Ze-xin WF2-4
Wang, Zhenyao P-4
Watanabe, Y. THB1-4, THB2-1
Weber, Jan MB2-5
Wei, Xin MH1-3
134
Wen, Chen WE3-1
Wen, Chuang MC3-1, MC3-3
Wen, Lei TH1-2
Widyanto, Bambang TC1-1
Wijesinghe, S.L. MA2-3, MF1-3, P-6,
P-82
Won, Deok Soo WF1-1
Woo, Dal-Sik P-70, P-90
Woo, S.K. ME2-4, WF2-2
Woo, Sang Kyu ME3-5
Wu, Anqi WF1-3
Wu, Jianfeng P-88
Wu, Junsheng THC2-3
Wu, X.Q. WD1-2
X
Xanchão, Gustavo THH1-4
Xia, Da-Hai MG2-1
Xia, T.F. WD3-1
Xiao, Fei P-64
Xiao, K. MB3-1
Xiao, Kui MH1-1, MH1-3, THC1-3
Xu, Changxue P-21
Xu, Daokui ME2-2
Xu, H.S. TD2-2
Xu, Lei WF2-4
Xu, Qunjie WD2-1
Xu, Z.H. MD2-2
Xue, Zhiyuan MG1-3
Xue, Zhi-yuan THH1-2
Y
Yamamoto, M. WB1-2, THB1-2
Yamauchi, T. THH1-3
Yan, Y. P-86
Yanagita, M. MA2-4
Yang, Jie ME2-3
Yang, Ji-Hoon P-31
Yang, Li P-2
Yang, Seung Gi P-33, P-34
Yang, W.S. TC2-3, TH1-4
Yang, Yan MC3-1, MC3-3, THH1-1
Yang, YooChang P-49, P-50
Yang, Zheng MF1-1
Ye, Mo-xi THH1-2
Ye, Shulin P-88
Yeau, K.Y. P-54
Yeh, ChunWei P-80
Yeh, T. K. THB1-5, THB2-4
Yeh, Tsung-Kuang TB2-4
Yi, P. MB3-1
Yi, Yongsun WG1-1
Yim, Chang Dong ME2-3, ME2-4, ME3-5,
WF2-2, P-61
Yin, Litao TH1-2
Yoo, S.C. WE2-1, THB1-3
Yoo, Young-Soo WD1-3
Yoon, Jung-Bong WD2-2
Yoshinaga, S. MA2-4
You, Bong Sun ME2-3, ME2-4, ME3-5,
WF2-2, P-60, P-61,
P-62
Young, D.J. MD1-2
Yu, Bo P-14
Yu, H.Y. TD2-2
Yu, Hongying MC2-3, WF1-3
Yu, Mei WE3-1
Yu, Q. WG2-1
Yuan, P. MB3-2
Yuan, Xujie P-8
Yuan, Zongyang MF1-1
Yun, Dae Won WD1-3
Yun, H. THD1-3
Yun, J.T. TD2-1
Yuvarani, S WC2-2
Z
Zadorozhny, P.A. MC2-2
Zander, André WF1-2, THD1-2
Zanella, C. WG3-2
Zavala Olivares, Gerardo THE1-2
Zavidnaya, A.G. TA1-3
Zea, C. P-27
Zehethofer, G. TC2-2
Zeng, L. MC3-4
Zhang, B. WG1-4
Zhang, Bo WG3-3
135
Zhang, Chunyan TE1-4
Zhang, D.Q. WD3-1
Zhang, Dalei WH3-2
Zhang, Dun WC2-1, THA1-3
Zhang, Fan MB2-1
Zhang, Feng P-10, P-11
Zhang, G. A. MC3-4
Zhang, Guodong MF2-2
Zhang, J. MD1-2
Zhang, Jin MA3-1
Zhang, Junxi P-8
Zhang, Kun WA1-1
Zhang, L. WD3-1
Zhang, Shiming P-8
Zhang, Tao TE1-4
Zhang, Xiaoyun P-14
Zhang, Xuesong WH1-2, WH1-3
Zhang, Yanli WG1-3
Zhang, Yong-fei THH1-1
Zhang, Zhiming THB2-2
Zhang,Xiaoyun MH1-2
Zhao, Jie MD3-3, THD1-1
Zhao, Jun THH1-2, P-11
Zhao, Junwen WA1-1
Zhao, Shu-hua THH1-1
Zhao, X. P-41
Zhao, X.H. WA3-1
Zhao, Xuhui MF2-2
Zhao, Yu-Zeng WD2-4
Zheng, Xuebin WA1-1
Zhong, Ping THC1-3
Zhong, X.Y. WD1-2
Zhou, Xiaorong P-14
Zhou, Xing-tao THH1-2
Zhou, Y. THC1-1, THC1-2
Zhu, Lin P-21
Zhu, Min WE3-4
Zhu, Yuqin MB2-4, MG3-2
Zixi, Tan MA2-3, P-6
Zong, Yang-Wei WD2-4
Zou, S. MB3-1
Zouzelka, R. THF1-2
Zubeir, Hosni MD1-1
Zucchi, F. THF1-3
Zuhair, Gasem WA3-2
Zukowski, D. WF2-1
Zuo, Y. WA3-1, THC1-1,
THC1-2
Zuo, Yu MF2-2, P-24, P-43
Zychová, M. WD2-3