processos externs
description
Transcript of processos externs
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AIGÜES CONTINENTALS
1- Aigües superficials
- Aigües d’aixaragallament
- Torrents- Rius- Glaceres
2- Aigües subterrànies
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AIGÜES D’AIXARAGALLAMENT
Aigües provinents de precipitacions i que circulen per la superfície
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La seva acció és erosiva
Originen:-Xaragalls
-Barrancs
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La intensitat de l’erosió depèn de:
- Erosivitat
-Erosionabilitat
Vegetació
Tipus de terreny
Pendent
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En terrenys argilosos i sense vegetació originen Bad- lands
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Torrents
- Llera fixa
- Poca longitud
- Fort pendent
Poden ser:
- Permanents- Estacionals com les rieres
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Parts d’un torrent
- Conca de recepció- Canal de desguàs- Con de dejecció
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Acció geològica
Erosió (capacitat>càrrega)
Lineal Valls en VMarmites de gegantCascades i ràpids ( sobre roques més dures)
Sedimentació
Origina Cons de dejeccióPeus de mont
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RiusLlera fixaCirculació més constant
Acció geològicaDepèn de l’energia cinètica del curs d’aigua
L’energia cinètica s’inverteix en:
- Superar el fregament
- Erosió de la llera
- Transport de materials
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Perfil longitudinal d’un riu
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Capacitat de transport: màxima càrrega que pot transportar per un cabal i velocitat donats
Depèn de:
Cabal
Velocitat
Càrrega: materials transportats en un moment donat
Càrrega < capacitat _________ Erosió
Càrrega > capacitat___________ Sedimentació
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Perfil longitudinal
Perfil d’equilibri
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Canvis en el nivell de base:
Descens_____________ Erosió remuntant
Ascens_______________ Sedimentació remuntant
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Trams en el curs d’un riu
Curs alt
Curs mig
Curs baix
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Formes fluvialsCurs alt-Valls en V
-Marmites de gegant-Cascades i ràpids
-Gorges
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Curs mitjà i curs baix
Planes d’inundació
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Traçats sobre la plana d’inundació
Cursos anastomosats
Mecanismes que garanteixen el transport dels materials
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Meandres
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Terrasses
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Les terrasses poden ser:
a) Encaixades
b) Escalonades
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Transport fluvial
- Càrrega de fons
- Càrrega en suspensió
- Càrrega en sol.lució
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Sediments al.luvials
- Maduresa textural
- Maduresa composicional
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Efecte Hjülstrom
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Evolució dels cursos fluvials
- Joventut
- Maduresa - Vellesa
- Canvis en el nivell de base
Rojeveniment i nou cicle erosiu
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Desembocadures
Estuaris
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Deltes
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Delta Mississipi
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Delta del Nil
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Delta de l’Ebre
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Glaceres
Massa gruixuda de gel que flueix
Originats per:
- Acumulació
- Compactació- Recristal.lització
Processos que transformen la neu en gel de glacera
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Tipus de glaceres
- De vall
- De circ
-Casquets glacials o indlandsis
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Glacera de vall
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Glacera de circ
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Casquet glaciar
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Acció geològica de les glaceres.
Erosió- Desgast produït pels materials arrossegats
- Arrencant fragments rocallosos del substrat
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Formes d’erosió glaciar
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- Circs
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La unió de diversos circs origina Horns
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Valls glaciars
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Valls penjades
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Nunataks
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Transport i sedimentació
- Morrenes
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Morrena frontal
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Blocs erràtics
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Tillites
Poca maduresa textural
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Llacs glacials
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Aigües subterrànies
Acció sobre roques:
- Carbonatades
- Evaporítiques
Erosió per dissolució sobre:
- Superfície . Origina formes exocarstíques-Interior. Origina formes endocarstíques
El resultat és la formació d’un paisatge anomenat carst
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Ca CO3 + H2CO3 ______________> Ca (CO3H)2
CaCO3 insoluble
Ca(CO3H)2 soluble
Disolució: Concentració de CO2
Pressió
Precipitació: Temperatura
Presència d’altres sals.
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Formes exocàrstiques:Rasclers
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Dolines
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Formes endocàrstiques
Avencs
Galeries
Coves
Travertins
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vent
Erosió per:
Deflació
Corrasió
Transport
Sedimentació: Ripples
Dunes
Loess
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Reg
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Erg: camp de dunes
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Ripples
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Distribució dipòsits de loess
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La línea de costa: acció geològica del mar
Processos azonals
Acció geològica sobre la línia de costa
Depèn de:
•Tipus i disposició de les roques•Alçada i direcció de les onades•Intensitat de marees i corrents
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Formes d’erosióHeretades: Fiords i Ries
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Penya-segats
Evolució d’un penya-segat
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Penya-segat i faralló
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Sedimentació
•Platges•Barres: cordons i fletxes•Tòmbols