PRINSIP & AMALAN KEWARTAWANAN [Second Face-To-Face KOJ 3332] Saiful Nujaimi Abdul Rahman
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Transcript of PRINSIP & AMALAN KEWARTAWANAN [Second Face-To-Face KOJ 3332] Saiful Nujaimi Abdul Rahman
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PRINSIP & AMALAN KEWARTAWANAN[Second Face-To-Face KOJ 3332]
Saiful Nujaimi Abdul Rahman
Universiti Putra Malaysia
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UNIT-UNIT
VI: Format Piramid Terbalik
VII: Peranan Bilik Berita
& Cabaran Media Yg Berubah
VIII: Pemberitaan Penyiasatan
IX: Etika Kewartawanan
X: Teori Persuratkhabaran
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Unit VI
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FORMAT PIRAMID TERBALIK
“Memahami format penulisan berita bagi media cetak dan elektronik.”
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Pendahuluan
Dua format menulis berita: Format Piramid Terbalik
Format Segi Empat Sama
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Huraian berhubung format:
Format Piramid Terbalik Meletakkan fakta penting di awal, sederhana
penting di tengah, dan kurang penting di hujung teks berita.
Merupakan format standard bagi HARD NEWS media cetak.
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Huraian berhubung format:
Format Segi Empat Sama Meletakkan fakta secara seimbang. Kesemua fakta itu sama pentingnya. Format standard HARD NEWS media penyiaran
– faktor masa! Format standard bagi SOFT NEWS media cetak.
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Ringkasnya:
Media Cetak: Hard news – piramid terbalik Soft news – segi empat sama Investigative – bergantung kpd editor / agensi
Media Penyiaran: Hard news – segi empat sama Soft news – segi empat sama / piramid terbalik Investigative – bergantung kpd editor / agensi
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Kesimpulan:
Meskipun dua format ini sering dikritik, namun ia masih relevan sejak media menadi massa dan berkembang ke era digital hari ini.
Kita tidak menolak kemungkinan format lain lebih popular di masa depan.
Antara format yang tercipta tetapi belum menjadi amalan hari ini ialah: Penggunaan pendulu berita (berbentuk kesimpulan)
sahaja – seperti yg diamalkan oleh pengguna SMS, Chatters, dan Bloggers hari ini.
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Unit VII
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PERANAN BILIK BERITA & CABARAN MEDIA YANG BERUBAH
“Memahami peranan wartawan dan agensinya terhadap negara, agensi, dan
masyarakat dalam iklim dunia kewartawanan tanpa sempadan.”
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Bidang tugas wartawan:
Kemahiran yg perlu ada: Kemahiran ‘mencerap’ dan ‘memerhati’ Kemahiran mencatat nota & mencari informasi Kemahiran bertanya soalan yg relevan Kemahiran ‘checking & verifying information Kemahiran menganalisa & mentafsir informasi Kemahiran menulis – penguasaan bahasa!!!
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PERLU TAHU PERBEZAAN:
Kewartawanan ONLINE Menulis utk akhbar harian tetapi berita tersebut
dipaparkan di laman-laman web Rasmi (punyai agensi berdaftar)
Kewartawanan INTERNET Menulis secara khusus untuk paparan di laman-
laman web sahaja Rasmi (punyai agensi berdaftar) Tidak Rasmi (punyai BLOG, FREELANCE, etc.)
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Penulisan berita masa depan:
Berita spjg masa Tiada istilah morning/evening. Keperluan mahir undang2, norma2 global. Kemahiran pelbagai bahasa. Fokus kpd pembaca sasaran. Lebih terperinci kandungannya. Penggunaan alat telekomunikasi. Design begitu relevan (IKEA, etc.)
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Cabaran Media Yang Berubah
Terdapat 4 Aspek yg Perlu Diberi Perhatian
1. Fleksibiliti
2. Penyesuaian dan Perundingan
3. Tanggungjawab dan Akauntabiliti
4. Sensitiviti dan Inisiatif Yang Tinggi
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Fleksibiliti
Wartawan masa depan juga perlu fleksibal atau anjal dengan tuntutan persekitaran. Kesemua tuntutan itu lahir ekoran drpd perkmbngan pesat teknologi komunikasi maklumat (Paul Kennedy, 1993).
Para wartawan masa depan dan pengamal media perlu bersedia menghadapi sebarang kemungkinan - apa yg betul boleh menjadi salah dlm sekelip mata.
Prinsip & etika juga berkadar masa dgn tempat dan fokus berita. Kerjaya masa depan menuntut tahap fleksibaliti yang tinggi drpd para wartawannya.
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Penyesuaian dan Perundingan
Wartawan perlu sesuaikan diri secara pantas dgn persekitaran teknologi terbaru. Sekiranya terdapat perkara yg begitu bertentangan dgn diri dan prinsip wartawan itu, maka hendaklah berunding.
Ini kerana stail dan kemahiran pemberitaan berubah mengikut masa ekoran perkembangan teknologi, peperangan dll.
Wartawan perlu mahir menangani isu kesetiaan / prinsip2 – di peringkat global / nasional.
Contoh: Cable News Network (CNN), Peter Arnett ketika Perang Teluk.
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Tanggungjawab dan Akauntabiliti
Konsep dunia tanpa sempadan dan “penerbitan global” hanya akan memberi makna sekiranya mempunyai nilai2 kemanusiaan – bukan sekadar kemajuan teknologi semata2.
Dunia kini tiada sempadan maklumat. Setiap individu bebas mendptkan apa jua maklumat
Setiap individu punyai kuasa yg besar dlm membuat pilihan, membuat keputusan dan sebagainya – bukan lagi ahli2 politik dan individu tertentu sahaja.
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Sensitiviti dan Inisiatif Yang Tinggi
Wartawan perlu bersedia menghadapi impak maksimum globalisasi terhadap nilai2 masyarakatnya.
Pendekatan pemberitaan juga perlu lebih peka dgn pertembungan nilai budaya ini.
Kewartawanan masa depan juga sukar menjangkakan sesuatu yg universal – khususnya yang melibatkan sensitiviti masyarakat dunia.
Contoh: PORNOGRAFI - kebanyakan negara mengharamkan; sesetengah membenarkannya.
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KESIMPULAN:
Perlu sentiasa INGAT bahawa menjadi wartawan global / maya tidak seharusnya menjadikan wartawan / pengamal media itu menjadi warganegara global / maya.
Kita tetap menjadi warganegara kepada sesebuah negara dunia – sekaligus tertakluk kpd perlembagaan negara berkenaan.
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Unit VIII
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PEMBERITAAN PENYIASATAN
Pemberitaan penyiasatan lebih sinonim dgn pemberitaan perisikan…yg dilakukan:
(1)Persemukaan (bold investigation) (2)Penyamaran (undercover investigation)
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Pendekatan melakukan pemberitaan perisikan:
Research the records & interview in depth Don’t wait to be assigned Be cautious, tactful, patience and
perseverance. Repetitious work on checking documents Remember OSA! Practise ‘smart interviewing’ Stay focus – be independent (don’t
become a police, etc.)
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PEMBERITAAN PERISIKAN
Pemberitaan perisikan terbahagi dua:
(1) Orientasi manusia (kes/ skandal)
(2) Orientasi peristiwa (bencana/ jenayah/ kemalangan)
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PEMBERITAAN PERISIKAN:ORIENTASI MANUSIA (KES/ SKANDAL)
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Sumber2 pemberitaan perisikan (orientasi manusia):
Terbahagi dua:Sumber berorientasikan manusiaSumber bukan berorientasian manusia
Public records Non-public records
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Sumber2 berorientasikan manusia:
Enemies Friends Losers Victims Experts Police /authorities People in trouble
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Sumber2 bukan berorientasikan manusia:
Public records: Property records Corporation records Court records Campaign and conflict-of-interests reports Loan records Minutes and transcripts
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Sumber2 bukan berorientasikan manusia:
Non-Public records: Investigative filesPast arrests and convictionsBank records Income tax recordsCredit checks
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Halangan2 utama dalam pemberitaan perisikan:
MoneyStaffingLack of courage
(Find ‘All President’s Men”)
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Menguruskan bahan beritaperisikan (yang diragui kredibilitinya!):
Stories that good reporters avoid: Maklumat drpd sumber yg punyai rekod penafian Maklumat berisiko tinggi drpd sumber yg kabur Maklumat yg berasaskan andaian publik Maklumat yg memaparkan ‘teori konspirasi’ Maklumat sulit yg tidak diperakukan
(unauthorized confidential documents)
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PERINGATAN!:
Kenal pasti apa yg anda mahukan dan kaedah terbaik mendapatkan bahan (undercover / straight forward) sebelum anda melakukan sebarang perisikan
Kemahiran bertanya perlu dilatih tubi “There is no lousy news; there are only lousy
reporters”
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Garis panduan umumbertanyakan soalan ketika merisik:
Kenal pasti objektif anda Lakukan rujukan sblm wawancara Ringkaskan soalan (open-ended) Pastikan anda tahu kronologi ‘event’ Pastikan jawatan & nama dieja tepat Dapatkan sebanyak mungkin ‘contacts’ Dapatkan sebanyak2nya maklumat.
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Minta penjelasan jika ragu2. Bertanya utk info –not opinions/reactions Elakkan bertanya soalan ‘cliché’ Jgn biarkan diri diperbodohkan sumber Amati & perhalusi setiap jawapan sumber Elakkan berjanji kpd sumber tentang ‘angle’
berita anda –kecuali kes tertentu spt supplement, perubatan..& few others.
Garis panduan umumbertanyakan soalan ketika merisik (smbgn):
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Pelbagai cabaran yang biasa dihadapi wartawan perisikan (orientasi manusia):
Sumber setuju tetapi sentiasa tunda Sumber ‘lari / keluar’ drpd topik Sumber seringkali ‘off-the-record’ Sumber ingin semak artikel sblm dicetak Sumber meminta senarai soalan Sumber punyai banyak perantaraan
(protokol, setiausaha, etc.)
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PEMBERITAAN PERISIKAN:ORIENTASI PERISTIWA
(BENCANA/JENAYAH/ KEMALANGAN)
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Bagaimana melakukan liputan perisikan berhubung bencana alam:
Remember!The ‘stronger’ / the ‘bigger’ the story,
the easier it is to write.HOWEVER, writing is easier than
gathering credible sources!
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Ciri-ciri ‘Natural Calamities’ (Cth: Tsunami / Earthquake):
ChaoticWitnesses are traumatizedWitnesses are confusedWitnesses are visualizing thingsMostly are ‘urban legend’ stories.
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Bagaimana melaporkan angka kematian / korban?
Penggunaan / pemilihan kata2 yg tepatAt least / Sekurang2nya…Approximately / Dianggarkan…Until to date / Sehingga kini…
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INGAT!Bagaimana menjadikan liputan berita
orientasi peristiwa berkredibiliti?
Semak kronologi peristiwa Dptkan LAPORAN saksi Semak dokumen / rekod sedia ada Dptkan anggaran jumlah yg terkorban Dptkan pandangan pakar/ intelektual Dptkan ‘anchor piece’ (Cth: Black box) Semak senarai korban – kalau2 ada individu yg
terkenal terlibat / terbabit
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Bagaimana menyampaikan berita negatif kpd keluarga mangsa
(seiring pengumpulan bahan)?
The golden rule is TO EMPHATISE Berikan ruang dan ‘sense of control’ Tinggalkan nombor hp anda Bersedia secara fizikal & spiritual Jgn sekali-kali bawa ‘buku nota’ Dtg sebagai manusia! – simpati, empati,
berhemah, non-verbal yg tepat, etc. Dlm apa keadaan, pemberita perlu fokus –
never to be diverted from his task!
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Unit IX
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ETIKA KEWARTAWANAN
“Mempelajari apakah ETIKA, dan bagaimanakah amalan etika berbeza
mengikut amalan sesebuah masyarakat.”
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PENDAHULUAN:
Setiap wartawan memiliki DUA KONTRAK: KONTRAK SOSIAL / KEMASYARAKATAN KONTRAK PERUNDANG-UNDANGAN
Wartawan perlu tahu: (1) Hak2nya sbg wartawan (2) Hak2 sumbernya dlm kewartawanan
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KONTRAK SOSIAL / KEMASYARAKATAN
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Guiding questions for ethics:
TWO MOST IMPORTANT: Whom does it hurt? Whom does it help?SIX ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS:1. What do we usually do in cases like this?2. Are there better alternatives?3. Can I look myself in the mirror tomorrrow?4. Can I justify this to family, friends, & the public?5. What principles or values can I apply?6. Does this decision fit the kind of journalism I
believe in and the way people should treat one another?
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21 RIGHTS OF VICTIMS:THE RIGHT... To say ’NO!’ to an interview To select a spokeperson / advocate To select time and location for interview To request a specific reporter To refuse an interview if you disagree with the reporter To say ’NO!’ to an interview though you already agree To release a written statement through a spokesperson To exclude children from interviews To refrain from answering questions (uncomfortable /
inapproprite) To know in advance the direction of the news
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21 RIGHTS OF VICTIMS (cont’d):THE RIGHT... To ask for review of your quotations To avoid press PC atmosphere & 1 reporter at a time To demand retraction of inaccurate information To ask that offensive photo / visuals be omitted from airing /
publication To conduct a TV interview using silhouette / without photo To completely give your side of the story To refrain froma nswering reporters’ questions during trial To file a formal complaint against a reporter To grieve in privacy To suggest training about media & victims for media in your
community AT ALL TIMES TO BE TREATED WITH DIGNITY AND
RESPECT BY THE MEDIA!
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Kod2 Etika di Malaysia:
Wartawan Malaysia memiliki dua (2) kod etika: 1.Kod Perilaku Profesional Anggota Kesatuan
Kebangsaan Wartawan Malaysia (NUJ)
2.Tatasusila Kewartawanan Malaysia (terkemudian sedikit berbanding NUJ)
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KONTRAK PERUNDANG-UNDANGAN
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Antara Undang2 & Akta Media di Malaysia :
1. Akta Hasutan, 1948 (Pindaan 1971) 2. Akta Mesin Cetak 1948 (Pindaan 1974) 3. Akta Kawalan Kemasukan Bahan2
Bercetak 1958 (Pindaan 1972) 4. Akta Keselamatan Dalam Negeri,1960 5. Akta Rahsia-Rahsia Rasmi, 1972
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Permasalahan etika yg dihadapi wartawan kontemporari:
1. Deciet (menipu utk dptkan berita)2. Conflict of interest (kepentingan diri, politik, dll.)3. Friendship (antara berita dan setiakawan)4. Payola (’dibayar’ melalui freebies, junkets, dll.)5. Checkbook journalism (supplements, etc.)6. Participation in the news (dlm kempen parti, dll.)7. Invasion of privacy (practiced by rporters that are
low in educational qualification and social status) 8. Withholding information (rahsiakan info utk
tujuan tersendiri)9. Plagiarism (menciplak berita orang lain tanpa
memberi kredit yg sewajarnya)
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Antara konflik2 etika yg kritikal: Newsworthy vs Popularity
Profit-makings or objetctivity? Private individuals vs Public figures
Invasion of privacy for the RIGHTS / WANTS of the public? News clarity vs Source’s dignity
When to publish names esp of juveniles / sexual victims Independent reporting vs Establishing source’s r/ship
Freebies (door gifts, etc), Junkets (trips), etc. Electronic gadgets vs Legalities
MP4, CCTV, etc – unauthorized footage of Saddam Hussain Recorded interview vs Edited interview
What interview should be edited.. And what not?
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KESIMPULAN: Tiga Garispanduan Utama
Mengamalkan Etika
Bersikap bebas! obligasi utama wartawan ialah ‘bebas’
Berlaku adil! kanak2 sekalipun tahu erti keadilan
Berusaha memiliki ‘good taste’ dlm pemberitaan Some actions and stories may be ethical, but they
may be in bad taste
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Unit X
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TEORI PERSURATKHABARAN:TEORI-TEORI NORMATIF MEDIA
1. Teori Akhbar Autoritarian
2. Teori Akhbar Libertarian
3. Teori Akhbar Komunis Soviet
4. Teori Akhbar Tanggungjawab Sosial
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Teori Akhbar Autoritarian
Teori ini menjadi doktrin asas di kebanyakan tempat di dunia. Teori tertua wujud di akhir zaman pembaharuan (kurun ke 17) hingga penghujung kurun ke-17.
Akhbar berfungsi dari atas ke bawah. Pemerintah bertggjwb menapis berita dan pastikannya sokongan rakyat berterusan kpd pihak pemerintah.
Akhbar jadi alat pemerintah dlm menerajui negara/kerajaan.
Contoh:Keluarga Tudor di England, Empirial Rusia – Rusia, Empirial Jepun - Jepun
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Antara Prinsip Teori Akhbar Autoritarian
- Akhbar tidak boleh mengeluarkan berita yg bertentangan dgn pemerintah
- Akhbar perlu menangkis segala perkara negatif yg memburukkan kerajaan
- Akhbar perlu pastikan berita tidak mengganggu ketenteraman awam
- Akhbar perlu mengambil hati rakyat supaya ketidakpuasan hati orang ramai dielakkan
- Berita2 yg ditapis perlu bertujuan memberi sokongan kpd kerajaan.
- Wartawan / media tiada kebebasan mengumpul, menapis dan menerbitkan maklumat/berita.
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Teori Akhbar Libertarian
Ia mula berkembang pada awal abad ke-18... lahir ekoran pertentangan dgn teori autoritarian (kebebasan dlm mendptkan maklumat).
Ia menganggap setiap manusia sbg makhluk yg rasional (berakal). Oleh itu, pertimbangan baik & buruk bukan milik pemerintah sahaja.
Teori ini mendesak akhbar agar bebas drpd pengaruh dan penguasaan pihak pemerintah dan akhbar miliki kebebasan mutlak – sehingga mustahil untuk dilaksanakan secara efektif.
Contoh: USA (Bill of Rights), Britain, Sweden.
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Antara Prinsip Teori Akhbar Libertarian
- Akhbar hendaklah bebas sepenuhnya drpd pengaruh pihak ketiga.
- Akhbar dimiliki individu / kumpulan yg boleh bergerak bebas tanpa dipengaruhi pemerintah.
- Tiada sebarang tekanan / sekatan / paksaan, (dll) terhadap sebarang berita yang disebarkan.
- Tiada sebarang sekatan berhubung pengimportan dan mengeksportan maklumat.
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Teori Akhbar Komunis Soviet
Berlandaskan teori Autoritarian. Media beroperasi semata2 utk kepentingan pihak pemerintah.
Akhbar milik pemerintah sepenuhnya (tiada lesen individu / kumpulan).
Akhbar tidak bermotifkan keuntungan dari segi wang / material.
Contoh:Kerajaan Soviet Union satu ketika dahulu.. (Khususnya ketika pemerintahan Lenin & Stalin)
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Antara Prinsip Teori Akhbar Komunis Soviet
- Media berperanan menanam unsur2 positif dlm masyarakat seperti yg ditetapkan pemerintah- Akhbar sbg agen utama yg memberikan gambaran positif terhadap fahaman Marxist-Lenist .- Akhbar perlu sokong segala tindakan kerajaan tanpa berbelah bahagi.- Tiada berita yang lewat / cepat – yang utama ialah penyaluran yg tepat dgn waktunya. - Berita boleh ditulus sblm berlaku / ditulis walaupun telah lama berlaku – TRAGEDI CHERNOBYL.
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Teori Akhbar Tggjwb Sosial
Ia berkembang pada abad ke 20.. Tercetus ekoran masyarakat luntur kepercayaan terhadap Teori Libertarian (berlaku monopoli peribadi dlm pemilikan media).
Juga lahir kerana masyarakat mula sedar bahawa pihak akhbar tidak lagi melaksanakan tanggungjawab awam.
Pendirian utama: Kebebasan perlu seiring dengan tanggung jawab.
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Antara Prinsip Teori Akhbar Tggjwb Sosial
- Asasnya sama dgn teori Libertarian. Media perlu bertggjwb dlm menyebarkan maklumat.
- Berita2 yg disebarkan perlu profesional, tepat, berobjektif, dan berfokus.
- Akhbar perlu berkecuali dalam hal-hal keganasan / jenayah / provokasi.
- Masyarakat punyai hak & ruang utk kemukakan pendapat. Wartawan & media punyai tggjwb kpd masyarakat, majikan, kerajaan & pasaran.
· Contoh: Malaysia, beberapa agensi media Britain dan Amerika Syarikat – (Post-Dispatch, Courier-Journal, Milwaukee journal).
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Kesimpulan Unit 10
Teori-teori akhbar normatif yang paling utama terbahagi kpd empat (4).
Setiap satunya bertujuan membentuk operasi media massa mereka agar berfungsi dengan baik dan menepati keperluan masyarakat.
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Terima kasih & Wassalamualaikum