High accumulation of γ-linolenic acid and Stearidonic acid ...
Prezentace aplikace PowerPoint · Aspartic Acid Asp D Glutamic Acid Glu E Phenylanine Phe F Glycine...
Transcript of Prezentace aplikace PowerPoint · Aspartic Acid Asp D Glutamic Acid Glu E Phenylanine Phe F Glycine...
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BiológiaPrednášky - zimný semester 2015
1. Ročník - Magisterské štúdium
28. september 2015
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3. Prednáška
3. Chemické zloženie živej hmoty – chemický základ života. Atómy, molekuly, organické látky – cukry, tuky, bielkoviny, nukleové kyseliny
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Atómy-protóny, neutróny, elektróny
Jadro Jadro
elektróny
elektrónový obal
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Makroelementy
Mikroelementy
H,O,C,N,P,S,Ca,Na,K,Cl,Fe,Mg
I,Mn,F,Zn,Cu,Co,Se,.......
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Väzby atómov
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MolekulyIónová, kovalentná, polárna a nepolaárna väzba
metán
Sodík Chlór NaCl
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H2O
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H2O
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ATP
- energia
- stavebnájednotka
NK
- signálnamolekula
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Uhlík je centrálny atóm života
glukóza
amino kyseliny
tuky
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Makromolekuly
- cukry
- tuky
- proteíny
- nukleové kyseliny
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Cukry
Monosacharidy
- pentózy – ribóza, deoxy ribóza- hexózy – glukóza, fruktóza, galaktóza
glukóza fruktóza galaktóza deoxyribóza ribóza
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Cukrydisacharidy - sacharóza, maltóza
glukóza fruktóza sacharóza
galaktóza+galaktóza galatóza+ glukózamaltóza laktóza
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CukryPolysacharidy - škrob, glykogén, celulóza
glukóza jednotka
glukóza jednotka
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Polysacharidy - škrob, glykogén, celulóza
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Lipidy - tuky
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Lipidy existujú v troch základných formách
Sterol
FatPhospholipid
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Schématické znázorneniefosfolipidovej molekuly
(fosfatidylcholíne)
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Saturovaná mastná
kyselina
Nenasýtená mastná
kyselina
Cholínová skupina
Polárna
Nepolárna
fosfatidylcholín
Fosfolipid
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Lodish et al, Fig 5-30
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A, vzorec
B, schéma
C, 3-D model
Cholesterol
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Cholesterol je orientovaný v membráne medzi fosfolipidmi –s polárnym koncom smerom k vonkajšiemu povrchu a hydrofóbnou časťou do vnútra membrány
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Proteíny
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Proteíny
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Aminokyseliny
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Aspartic Acid Asp D Glutamic Acid Glu E Phenylanine Phe F Glycine Gly G Alanine Ala A Cystine Cys C Histidine His H Isoleucine Ile I Lysine Lys K Leucine Leu L Methionine Met M Asparagine Asn N Proline Pro P Glutamine Gln Q Arginine Arg R Serine Ser S Threonine Thr T Valine Val VTryptophan Trp W Tyrosine Tyr Y
biogénne aminokyseliny, meno a kódy
Proteíny
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Sekvencia aminokyselín
3-D Štruktúra
Funkcia proteínov
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Genetickýkód
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Proteíny
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Ako sa proteíny skladajú (balia)
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Ako sa proteíny skladajú (balia)
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Ako sa proteíny skladajú (balia)
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Konformačná úprava proteínov
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a, b-Helix skladaný list
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Komformačná štruktúra proteínov
1. Primárna štruktúra – sekvencia aminokyselín (determinovaná podľa mRNA)
2. Sekundárna – a-alebo b-helix; skladaný list
(vodíkové mostíky)
3. Terciálna – 3-D usporiadanie proteínu
(S-S mostíky)
4. Kvartérna –konečné priestorové usporiadanie
(podjednotky, prostetické časti a pod.)
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Konformačné tvary proteínov
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Tri spôsoby väzby proteínov
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Proteíny sú hladné
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Amino Acid Sequence
3-D Structure
Protein Function
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Nukleové kyseliny
DNA-RNA
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Nukleové kyseliny
DNA
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Chromozómy
V jadro eukaryontov obsahuje jednu alebo viaceré molekuly DNA organizované do štruktúry chromozómov
Človek má:
– 22 párovautozómov
– 1 pár sexchromozómov
Ľudský karyotyp
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Human and mouse chromosomes:
global orthology
Chromozómy
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DNA Chemická štruktúra
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Dvojitá špirála DNA
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Dvojšpirála
• Dve komplementárne DNA reťazce tvoria veľmi stabilnú dvojšpirálu DNA
• Na jar sme oslávili jej 55. výročie objavenia
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Spôsoby detekcie DNA
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Spôsoby detekcie DNA
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Affymetrix GeneChip®
Affymetrix GeneChip®
Limits: 1: 100,000
transcripts
~ 5 transcripts/cell
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Nuclear membrane
Chromatin
fiber
} Other Chromatin
factors
H1
H1
Nuclear matrix
Nuclear
pore
Nucleosomes
DNA
Chromatin fiber
(30 nm dia.)
Štruktúra DNA v jadre
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Nukleo-proteínový komplex DNA
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DNAzbalenie
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Organizácia chromatínu
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DNA is wrapped around histone proteins as chromatinOrganizácia chromatínu
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Históny hrajú kľúčovú úlohu v regulácií génovej expresie
• Ovplyvňuje transkripčnú aktivitu• Spája proteíny do špeciálnych lokusov• Zabraňuje funkcii určitých genetických oblastí
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Všetky bunky majú rovnakú DNA, ale tá istá knižnica génov je predlohou rozdielnych mRNA tvoriacich sa v rozdielnych bunkách
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Transcription and Processing
DNA -modráPolyA+RNA -červená
PolyA+RNA červená (a spliceosomal component) zelená prekrytie (červená + zelená) = žltá
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RNA• Ribonukleová kyselina
• Podobná s DNA
• Tymín (T) je nahradený uracil (U)
• RNA môže byť:– Jednovláknová– Dvojvláknová– Hybridizovaná na DNA
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RNA
• RNA je všeobecne jednovláknová
• Tvorí sekundárnu a terciálnu štruktúru
• Dôležitá je jej rozmanitosť – tvorba rozdielnych proteínov
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tRNA: sekvencia, sekundárna a terciálna štruktúra
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mRNA
• Messenger RNA
• Lineárna molekula kódujúca genetickú informáciu odkopírovanú z DNA
• Transkripcia: proces počas ktorého sa z DNA odkopíruje RNA molekula
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mRNA úpravy
• Eukaryotické gény sú väčšinou tvorené:
• Exóny: kódujúce oblasti• Intróny: nekódujúce oblasti
• Zostrih, splicing: odstránenie intrónov z molekuly mRNA a spojenia exónov
• Takto upravená mRNA môže byť prepísaná do poradia aminokyselín v proteíne
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mRNA úpravy
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tRNA
• Transferová RNA
• Dobre definovaná trojrozmerná štruktúra
• Kľúčové pre tvorbu proteínov
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tRNA štruktúra
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tRNA
• Špecifická tRNA pre každú aminokyselinu
• Determinovaná sekvenciou 3 báz antikodónu(komplementárna s mRNA)
• Translation: dej prepisu poradia kodónov mRNA do sekvencie aminokyselín v proteíne
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tRNA
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tRNA: sekvencia, sekundárna a terciálna štruktúra
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rRNAsekundárna štruktúra
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16S ribosomal RNA
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Lipidy - tuky
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Lipidy existujú v troch základných formách
Sterol
FatPhospholipid
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Schématické znázorneniefosfolipidovej molekuly
(fosfatidylcholíne)
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Saturovaná mastná
kyselina
Nenasýtená mastná
kyselina
Cholínová skupina
Polárna
Nepolárna
fosfatidylcholín
Fosfolipid
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Lodish et al, Fig 5-30
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A, vzorec
B, schéma
C, 3-D model
Cholesterol
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Cholesterol je orientovaný v membráne medzi fosfolipidmi –s polárnym koncom smerom k vonkajšiemu povrchu a hydrofóbnou časťou do vnútra membrány
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