Pretreatment Biologi dengan Jamur Pelapuk Putih
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Transcript of Pretreatment Biologi dengan Jamur Pelapuk Putih
Pretreatment/Treatment Biologi
Dr. Isroi, SSi., MSi
Mengubah Tumpukan LimbahLignoselulosa Menjadi Tumpukan Duit
Balai Penelitian Bioteknologi Perkebunan Indonesia
Limbah Lignoselulosa
Limbah Lignoselulosa adalahlimbah dari pengolahan/industripertanian/perkebunan/kehutanan yang komponen utamanyaadalah lignin, selulosa, danhemiselulosa.
Serabut Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit Padi Jerami, sekam
Jagung tongkol, klobot, batang
Tebu Blotong, bagase, batang, seresah
Sawit tkks, pangkasan, canngkang
Kayu Serbuk kayu
Sampah sampah organik dari tanaman
Lignin:
• Bahan organik no-2 yang paling melimbah di alam
• Produc dari lintasanphenylpropanoid
• Lignin – monolignol/lignin-tahapanlintasan pembentukan lignin dimulai dari massa transisitanaman dari habitat air ke habitat daratan
Hemiselulosa:
• Bahan organik no-3 yang paling melimpah di alam• Polimer dari gula C6 dan C5:
glukosa, xylosa, mannosa, galaktosa, arabinosa• Rantai polimernya bercabang
Sellulosa:
• Bahan organik yang paling melimpah di alam• Polimer glukosa rantai lurus/tidak bercabang• Lignin – monolignol/lignin-forming pathway steps
evolved during transition (evolution) of plants from the water habitat to the land habitat.
Kandungan Limbah Lignoselulosa
BiomassaKlason
Lignin (%)
Selulosa
(%)
Hemiselulosa
(%)Referensi
Rice straw 21 38 25 Taniguchi et al (2005)
Oil palm empty fruit bunches 10 50.4 21.9Umikalsom et al
(1997)
Hardwoods stems 18 40 24 Sun and Cheng (2002)
Softwoods stems 25 45 25 Sun and Cheng (2002)
Nut Shells 30 25 25 Sun and Cheng (2002)
Corn cobs 15 45 35 Sun and Cheng (2002)
Grasses 10 25 35 Sun and Cheng (2002)
Paper 0 85 0 Sun and Cheng (2002)
Wheat straw 15 30 50 Sun and Cheng (2002)
Sorted refuse 20 60 20 Sun and Cheng (2002)
Leaves 0 15 80 Sun and Cheng (2002)
Kandungan Limbah Lignoselulosa
BiomassaKlason
Lignin (%)
Selulosa
(%)
Hemiselulosa
(%)Referensi
Cotton seed hairs 0 80 5 Sun and Cheng (2002)
Newspaper 18 40 25 Sun and Cheng (2002)
Waste papers from chemical
pulps5 60 10 Sun and Cheng (2002)
Primary wastewater solids 24 8 0 Sun and Cheng (2002)
Swine waste 0 6 28 Sun and Cheng (2002)
Solid cattle manure 2.7 1.6 1.4 Sun and Cheng (2002)
Coastal Bermuda Grass 6.4 25 35.7 Sun and Cheng (2002)
Switch grass 12 45 31.4 Sun and Cheng (2002)
Baggase 24.05 42.64 25.4 Bransby (2007)
Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit
Oil Palm Tree
Fresh Fruit
Empty Fruit Bunches (EFB)CPO
Kernel
Fiber
Volume beberapa limbah lignoselulosa
Produksi TKKS di Indonesia
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
TKK
S (x
10
00
to
n)
Tahun
20.7 Juta Ton TKKS
200 – 600 ton TKKS/hari
1 ton TBS
230 kg TKKS
Volume beberapa limbah lignoselulosa
Jerami
Sekam
• Setiap 1 ton gabah akan menghasilkan 1.5 ton jerami
• Rata-rata panen 6 ton/ha, jadi dalam 1 ha = 8.5 ton jerami (kering)
• Total panen di Indonesia 69.05 juta ton Gabah(http://www.deptan.go.id/news/detail.php?id=1090;)
• Setiap 1 ton gabah akan menghasilkan 0.2 ton sekam
• Rata-rata panen 6 ton/ha, jadi dalam 1 ha = 1.2 ton sekam (kering)
http://www.irri.org/science/ricestat/pdfs/WRS2005-Table01.pdf
103.575 juta ton jerami
13.81 juta ton sekam
Produk Turunan Lignoselulosa
Produk paling sederhana dari lignoselulosa dengan perlakuan biologi
Kompos
Pakan Ternak
Sederhana tetapi tidakselalu mudah
Coba hitung berapa potensi uangyang bisa dihasilkan dari limbahlignoselulosa
Kompos dan pupuk organik
Pakan Ternak
Pulp/Kertas
Bioethanol
Bioplastik
Konversi Lignoselulosa Tidak Mudah
Lignoselulosa ProdukTidak mudah
Limbah lignoselulosa memiliki karakteristik yang bermacam-macam
Limbah lignoselulosa membutuhkan perlakuanyang berbeda untuk menghasilkan produk tertentu
Hambatan struktural lignoselulosa
Permasalahan Digestibilitas TKKS
Kandungan (%)
Lignin 23,89
Selulosa 40,37
Hemiselulosa 20,06
Ekstraktif & abu 15,69
Permasalahan
Digestibilitas Selulosa TKKS Sangat Rendah
Permasalahan Digestibilitas TKKS
Tubuh Silika
Law et al. (2007)
LigninSelulosa
Hemiselulosa
Bagian Kristalin
Bagian Amorph
Tubuh Silika
Ikatan silang antara lignin dengan polisakarida dalambiomassa lignoselulosa
(Biomass Recalcitrans, Himmel. 2008)
(Kolpak & Badwell, 1976)
Kristalinitas & Ikatan Hidrogen Selulosa
Daerah kristalin
http://a.purposefulprocess.org/2012/09/03/words-wood-pulp-carbon-fiber-and-kevlar/
Daerah amorf
Pretreatment of Lignocelullose
Mosier et al. (2005)
Pretreatment:• Mechanical • Physical• Chemical
• Biological• Combination
Pretreatments have as a goal to improve the digestibility of the lignocellulosic biomass (Hendriks and Zeeman, 2008).
Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages Disadvantages
• No chemical added • Take more times
• Less energy used • Need more places
• More environmentalfriendly
Biological pretreatment of EFB by white-rot fungi compared with physical/chemical pretreatment
White-rot Fungi
Enzymes produced by lignocellulytic fungi:• Laccase • Mangan Peroxidase (Mn P)• Lignin Peroxidase (Li P)
White-rot fungi are the only known organisms that, to any extent, mineralize lignin to CO2 and water in pure culture (Gold and Alic, 1993)
Purpose White-rot fungus Substrates ReferencesEnzymatic Hydrolysis Phanerochaete
chrysosporium, cotton stalks, corn stover, [Rodríguez et al. 1997]
Pleurotus ostreatus, rice straw,
[Shi,Chinn & Sharma-
Shivappa 2008b]
Ceriporiopsis
subvermispora, Bamboo, [Taniguchi et al. 2005]
Coriolus versicolor, corn stover, [Zhang,Xu & Wang 2007]
Cyathus stercoreus,
leafs of Achras zapota,
Bamboo
[Ganesh Kumar,Sekaran &
Krishnamoorthy 2006]
Irpex lacteus, Japanese rep pine [Hatakka 1983]
Ceriporia lacerata, Stereum
hirsutum, and Polyporus
brumalis [Dias et al. In Press]
[Lee et al. 2007]Biopulping Ceriporiopsis
subvermispora, Wood chips, [Akhtar et al. 1992]
Trametes hirsute, wood chips,
[Yaghoubi,Pazouki &
Shojaosadati 2008]
Phanerochaete
chrysosporium, rice straw,
[de Jong,Chandra & Saddler
1997]
Panus cochatus, hemp stemwood [Chen,Xu & Li 2002]
Bjerkandera sp. softwood
[de Jong,Chandra & Saddler
1997]
Physisporinus rivulosus Wheat straw [Mosai et al. 1999]
Phanerochaete
chrysosporium ME446, [Yu et al. 1994]
[Rodríguez et al. 2008a]
[Maijala et al. 2008]
[Qin et al. 2009]
Purpose White-rot fungus Substrates ReferencesBiobleaching
Tremetes versicolor, Kraft pulp
[Archibald et al. 1997]
[Moreira et al. 1998]
Ceriporiopsis
subvermispora, pulp [Christov,Akhtar & Prior 1996]
Phanerochaete sordida,
Phlebia radiata,
Stereum hirsutum
Bjerkandera sp.Animal Feed Trametes versicolor wheat straw [Rodríguez et al. 2008b]
Bjerkandera adusta straw [Akin et al. 1996]
Fomes fomentarius, plant residue
[Valmaseda,Martinez &
Martinez 1991]
Pleurotus ostreatus, wheat straw [Agosin & Odier 1985]
Cyathus stercoreus, beech sawdust [Basu et al. 2002]
Dichomitus squalens, reed [Zadražil 1980]
Ceriporiopsis
subvermispora, rape [Graminha et al. 2008]
Phanerochaete
chrysosporium, sunflower straw [Kamara & Zadrazil 1988]
Pycnoporus cinnabarinus, rice husks [Okano et al. 2007]
Sporotrichum
pulverulenturn, baggase [Okano et al. 2009]
Bjerkandera adusta, bamboo [Ortega et al. 1992]
Dichomitus squalens
Stropbaria rugosoannulata
Pleurotus sp. Florida
Pleurotus cornucopiae
Agrocybe aegerita
Pleurotus eryngiiEnzymes production Trametes hirsuta Grape seed [Membrillo et al. 2008]
Purpose White-rot fungus Substrates ReferencesEnzymes production Trametes hirsuta Grape seed [Membrillo et al. 2008]
Pleurotus ostreatus wheat straw [Rodríguez et al. 1997]
Phanerochaete
chrysosporium corn cob [Couto & Toca-Herrera 2007]
Pleurotus sajor-caju bagase
[Rivela,Couto & Sanromán
2000]
Panus tigrinus olive-mill wastewater [Camassola & Dillon 2008]
Phlebia radiata rice husk [Couto et al. 2002]
Nematoloma (Hypholoma)
frowardii oat husk [Fenice et al. 2003]
Clitocybula dusenii paper sludge
Trametes versicolor
Cerrena unicolor
C. unicolor
Generalized biomass to ethanol process
PurificationPretreatment Hydrolysis Fermentation
Power Generation
Ethanol
Waste water
Electricity
Biomass
SteamSolid residuals
Hamelinck et al., 2005
SSF
PENUTUP
Limbah Lignoselulosa Sangat Melimpah diIndonesia.
Limbah Lignoselulosa berpotensi untuk menjadibahan baku berbagai produk yang memiliki nilaiekonomi tinggi.
Pretreatment/treatment biologi bisadimanfaatkan untuk meningkatkan nilai tambahlimbah lignoselulosa menjadi produk-produkyang memiliki nilai ekonomi tinggi.