Presentation about România
Transcript of Presentation about România
A Presentation About
România
Peleş Castle - XIX Century Royal Castle
RomâniaI. Overview
II. Brief History
III. Recent History
IV. Political System
V. Security & Defense
VI. Famous Romanians
VII. Images
Overview 7th most populous EU state
(19 million) 92,043 sq mi $282Bn GDP (2013 PPP)
($13K/capita, 46% EU avg.) Industry is 30% of GDP
(EU average is 15%) 89% Romanians, 7%
Magyar, 4% other Mostly Christian-Orthodox,
some Catholics & reformats Caucasians
România within the European Union (blue),and on the European continent
RomâniaLocation & Demographics
România
Landmarks
1. Danube river (South)2. Carpathians
mountains(shape and position heavily influenced history)
3. Black Sea4. Capital București
(Bucharest)
RomâniaPhysical Map
Iași
Ploești
RomâniaI. Overview
II. Brief History
III. Recent History
IV. Political System
V. Security & Defense
VI. Famous Romanians
VII. Images
Dacia Kingdom (led by Decebal) conquered by Rome (led by Emperor Trajanus) and made part of Roman Empire
Dacians natives and Romans colonizers formed Romanians
Trajans’s Column in Rome, Italy, built by Trajan, can be seen today and depicts images from the war
Romanian is a Latin (Romance) language, just like Italian, French, Spanish, and Portuguese
RomâniaHistory - Antiquity
King Decebal
Emperor Trajanus
Bridge over Danube built by Apollodorus of Damascus Trajan’s Column in Rome
3 Kingdoms (Moldavia in East, Wallachia in South, Transylvania in West)
Between Ottoman Empire, Austrian-Hungarian Empire, and Russian Empire
Kings Stephen and Vlad both fought against the Ottomans
Three Romanian kingdoms in 15th century
RomâniaHistory – Middle Ages
Stephen the Greatof Moldavia
Vlad the Impellerof Wallachia
Iancu de Hunedoaraof Transylvania
King Michael the Brave unifies all Romanian kingdoms in1600 AD
Kingdom did not survived his assassination by foreigners, but set the precedent of a Romanian state
United Romanian Kingdom (1600)
RomâniaHistory – Middle Ages
Alexandru Ioan Cuza forms personal union in 1859, creating the first modern Romanian state
Introduces modern reforms (Secularization, Agrarian & Land, Civil Code, Education, Universal Man Suffrage, Standing Army, etc.)
Cuza is authoritarian, forced to abdicated; Romanian elite select a German noble to establish a royal family (Carol I de Hohenzollern
Carol I lead and wins the 1877 Independence War Ottoman Empire, proclaims Kingdom of Romania
RomâniaHistory – XIX Century
Proclamation of Union (1859)
Alexandru Cuza
King Carol IIndependence War (1877) Industrialization
1850
Carol I’s son, King Ferdinand I, leads Romania in WWI with Allies (Entante Cordiale)
Romanians in Transylvania proclaim the Great Union with Romania (1918)
Romanian Army conquers back Transylvania from imploding Habsburg Empire
The resulting Kingdom of Greater Romania confirmed by Trianon (Paris) Peace Treaty (1920)
RomâniaHistory – After World War I
Proclamation of Great Union Romanian Army in Budapest King Ferdinand I
RomâniaHistory – 1920 to 1940Regional industrialpower
Main industries:1. Oil & Gas:
exploration &refining – 6th worldwide
2. Agriculture: major exporter
3. Heavy & light industry
4. Machinery construction
At the end of the WWII, Romania:1) Lost Eastern Moldova to USSR, and 2) Was occupied by the Red Army and forced to embrace communism for the
next half century
Nazi Germany and USSR partition Eastern Europe in 1939-40. Soviets annex eastern Moldavia, Hungary occupies Northern Transylvania
Allies are powerless (France conquered, UK isolated), neutrality not an option
Between two evils, Romania chose to fight bolsheviks alongside Germany
RomâniaHistory – During World War II
City of Iaşi bombed by soviets; Red Army soldiers occupying Romania
WWII Towards end of war, Romania switches sides to Allies;
Eastern Moldavia lost back to USSR, but conquers Transylvania back again
Falls under soviet and bolshevik occupation; Soviets pillaged the country savagely; mass rapes & deportations
After WWII: Forced communism Elites (capitalists, land owners, upper middle class)
imprisoned and executed, or (few) exiled;King Michael I abdicated and exiled
Properties (land, real estate, industrial, cash) confiscated, even small land from peasants
45 years of oppression, dictatorship, and isolation
RomâniaHistory – After World War II
Eastern Europe behind the Iron Curtain (USSR and occupied states)
România
USSR
Poland
Czechoslovakia
HungaryYugoslavia Bulgaria
East Germany
RomâniaI. Overview
II. Brief History
III. Recent History
IV. Political System
V. Security & Defense
VI. Famous Romanians
VII. Images
RomâniaOppressed by Soviets & Communists(1945-1989)
Eastern Europe behind the Iron Curtain(USSR and countries oppressed by the communist regimes)
România
USSR
Three phases1) 1945-1955 USSR dismantle
former industrial base, pillage resources (via Sovroms “JV-s”); country planned as agriculture base only
2) 1955-Early 1980s National communists took over, distance from USSR, borrow funds from West for massive re-industrialization, especially heavy industry; small “openness” towards West
3) Early 1980s-1989 National communists isolated by West (due to direct USA-USSR talks & Gorbatchev’s Perestroika); Foreign debt paid through severe austerity; Little maintenance, no new investments leads to economic stagnation & collapse in 1989
RomâniaHistory: Communism (1945-1989)
Danube – Black Sea Canal
Rombac 1-11 (BAC license) Dacia 1300 (Renault license)
Cernavoda Nuclear Plant (CANDU)
Subway (Romanian design) Trucks (MAN license) Petromidia Refinery
Political prisoners in forced labor camps Nationalization of all property decreed
Based on very austere life, only very basics covered very poorly: electricity rolling blackouts, rationalization of food and gasoline, one TV channel (only propaganda)
Severe political oppression by feared Security Police (“Securitate”), no free speech, propaganda and cult of personality (epoch claimed as “Golden Age”)
RomâniaHistory: Communism (1945-1989)
Daily commute Line for food ratios Line for heating gas
Palace “of the People” Bucharest street view (1960’s)
Ceausescu and forced “support” rallies Cult of personality at large scale (stadium show)
Fighting and Dying for Freedom against CommunismMore than 1,100 heroes – Rest in Peace!
RomâniaRevolution Against Communism (1989)
Free elections, new Constitution, new laws, multiple changes of power by democratic means
Land, most properties restituted Transition to free market
economy, liberalization of prices Mass privatizations Integration in European economy,
borders opened to capital, goods, services
Major foreign investments Received EU cohesion funds
(EU ‘s “Marshal Plan” for Eastern Europe)
World Trade Center in Bucharest
România1990’s and 2000’s
1990 – 1999: Building Democracy
1999: Invitation to join EU 2000 – 2004: Negotiations
o 2004 Joined NATO 2005: Accession Treaty Signed 2005-2007: Accession Treaty
Ratifications by EU States 2007-Present: EU State
Romanian President Băsescu (left) and Prime Minister Tăriceanu (right) signing the Accession Treaty of Romania to the
European Union (Luxembourg, 2005)
RomâniaJoining the European Union (2007)
RomâniaJoining the European Union (2007)
The European Union flag is officially raised in front of the Romanian Government seat in Bucharest, at midnight, 2007 New Year Eve
RomâniaJoining the European Union (2007)
The Romanian Delegation joins theEuropean Parliament in Bruxelles, Belgium
Bruxelles, Belgium
2007 New YearJoining EU – Ceremonies & Celebrations
RomâniaJoining the European Union (2007)
RomâniaBenefits as EU StateThe European Union (EU) is a confederation of 28 sovereign states. The States remain sovereign but voluntarily delegate powers (competencies) to the EU government institutions for the purpose of achieving the Union’s goals (“Ever closer Union”)
1) Benefits for Romanian Citizens: True Freedom on a Continental Scale As EU Citizens (formal status): right and freedom to work, have residence and live,
study, invest, own properties and land, vote and be elected in any state of the Union (no visa, passport, or permits required other than for any national of that state)
Direct representation in the European Parliament (via direct elections) Protection from the embassy of any EU state outside Europe
2) Benefits for Economy and Romanian Enterprises: World’s Largest Market Freely move capital, goods, services and part of the largest economy in the world
($17.3Tn 2013 Est.) and one of the largest markets in the world (500 million citizens) Interests represented globally via EU’s representation in G7, G20, etc.
3) Benefits & Obligations for Romanian State: Western Discipline and Developing Grants Western (often German inspired) EU legislation rigor & regulations Access to EU Cohesion funds (grants; €34 Bn 2007-2013) Access to EU Agriculture Policy subsidies Anti-corruption and assistance for improved justice system from EU Obligation to implement EU Laws and European Court of Justice rulings Obligation to contribute to the EU Budget
RomâniaThe Last 25 Years Story as Reflected by GDP
1. Former centralized economy collapsed (could not compete in capitalism)
2. 300+ % inflation, very high unemployment, massive deficits
3. Modest reforms (1996-2000)
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Romanians win Freedom(Dec 16th-22nd 1989)
Formal invitation to join EU (Helsinki EU Summit, Dec 1999)
1.Western companies invest in the future EU state
2.Visa-free travel makes it easier to Romanians to seek work and send money home, fueling consumption
Romania joins EU as the 27th state(Jan 1st, 2007)
1.More foreign investments2.More Romanians seek
opportunities across EU and send money home
3.EU cohesion funds (grants) add to economy
4.Economy connected to world’s economy suffers from recession and recovers
Romania joins NATO
(Apr 2004)
Note: Nominal GDP, not adjusted to PPP
GDP $285 Bn (IMF 2013, PPP)GDP per Capita $13.4K (40% EU average)GDP Formation Services 52%, Industry 35%,
Agriculture 12% (2009 est.)Tax Rate 16% Flat RateInflation 1.5% (2013)Labor Force 9.3 million (2012)Unemployment 7.1% (2014/Jun)Exports $64 Bn (2012)
Source: IMF, Wikipedia
RomâniaEconomic Integration in the EU
Mercedes Powertrain Plant (Cugir)
Dacia Logan, European Best Seller
Softronic, Romanian High-Speed Train
OMV Petrobrazi Refinery
Ford Plant (Craiova)
New A3 Highway (segment)
RomâniaToday
RomâniaToday
RomâniaRomania & Republic of Moldova 2.5 million Romanians live in Republic of
Moldova (65% of country’s population); former Romanian territory occupied by USSR during WWII and made soviet republic
Moldova declared independence from USSR in 1991
Union not possible yet, but aspired by manyo Romania has EU and NATO obligations;
needs more economical powero Moldova held in-check by Russia, who has
troops and supports an unrecognized breakaway puppet “republic of Transnistria” in the East
o Unionists on both sides think that the best path towards some form of unification is within EU; Romania is actively supporting Moldova’s accession to the EU
o Moldova signed an EU free trade agreement in 2014 (early association step)
Romanians in Republic of Moldova attending a pro-EU rally
RomâniaI. Overview
II. Brief History
III. Recent History
IV. Political System
V. Security & Defense
VI. Famous Romanians
VII. Images
RomâniaPolitical System - Overview Romania is a democratic republic,
deriving its sovereignty from the people
Semi-presidential parliamentary representative democracy• President is Head of State• Prime Minister leads the Government
Multi-party system• Executive power is exercised by the
Government• Legislative power is vested in
both the Government and Parliament• Judiciary is independent of the
Executive and the Legislature
Provision in the Romanian Constitution formally establishing the legal link with EU Treaties and their precedence over national law (Adopted by public Referendum in 2004 by the Sovereign will of the Romanian people)1):
Title VI, Art. 148 from the Romanian Constitution“(2) As a result of the [EU] accession, the provisions of the constituent treaties of the European Union, as well as the other mandatory community regulations shall take precedence over the opposite provisions of the national laws, in compliance with the provisions of the accession act.
Note 1) This is the legal design of a supra-national union of sovereign states; Can theoretically be revoked also by Sovereign will.
Romanian Constitution(Supreme law of land)
EU Treaties
EU Council President
EU Council (Senate)
Elects
RomâniaPolitical System – How It Works
RO President
RO Government
RO Prime Minister
Constitutional Amendments & Referendums Local Councils & Mayors County Councils & County Presidents
Vote of (No) Confidence
Appoints
European Commission (Government)
EU Commission PresidentAppoints
Vote of (No) Confidence
EU Level
State Level
Local & County
RO Parliament
EU Parliamentby Citizens from all EU States
Other Heads of EU States(Presidents or Prime-Ministers,
depending on state)
Sits in the EU Council as Head of State
Romanian Citizens
Direct Vote
Direct Vote
Direct Vote
Direct Vote
Klaus Werner Iohannis President of Romania
(2014-2019) Liberal-Democrat Party (European
People’s Party) Former Mayor of Sibiu Ethnic German & Protestant
RomâniaPolitical Leadership - President
Romanian Government Prime-Minister Dacian Cioloș
(2016) Agronomist engineer and
politician Former EU Commissioner for
Agriculture in the European Commissions (2009-2014 led by José Barroso)
RomâniaPolitical Leadership - Government
The Romanian Government led by Prime-Minister Dacian Cioloș after being sworn in by the President (center of the photo), following the vote of investiture by the Parliament
(Nov/2015)
Romanian Parliament Chamber of Deputies & Senate Last elections Dec/2012
o Won by Social Liberal Union 60%
Next elections Dec/2016
RomâniaPolitical Leadership - Parliament
RomâniaPolitical Leadership - Judiciary
Constitutional Court
High Court of Cassation and Justice
Constitutional Court• President: Augustin Zegrean (from 2010)
High Court of Cassation and Justice• President: Horaţiu Dumbravă (from 2011)
Superior Council of Magistrates• President: Livia Stanciu (from 2010)
Mugur Isărescu Governor of Romania’s National
Bank Co-leads (with the Government)
the process to adopt the EURO currency (Target: 2019)
RomâniaPolitical Leadership - National Bank
Corina Creţu Regional Policy Commissioner (Minister) in
the European Commission (Government) 2014-2019
Manages EU’s improving the economic well-being of regions by restructuring declining industrial areas and diversifying rural areas which have declining agriculture
33% of EU budget is dedicated to this policy area
RomâniaPolitical Leadership – EU Government
Adina VăleanVice-President, European ParliamentEuropean People’s Party
RomâniaPolitical Leadership – EU Parliament1)
Ioan Mircea PaşcuVice-President, European ParliamentParty of European Socialists
Note:1) European Parliament has a total of 14 Vice-Presidents and 751 Members directly elected by EU Citizens every five years
RomâniaI. Overview
II. Brief History
III. Recent History
IV. Political System
V. Security & Defense
VI. Famous Romanians
VII. Images
RomâniaSecurity & Defense
NATO Member State since 2004
Frontier state with FSU space (Ukraine & Black Sea)
Stability factor in Balkans
Active participation in NATO/UN missionso Afghanistano Iraqo Angola (UNAVEM)o Former Yugoslavia (IFOR/SFOR)
RomâniaSecurity & Defense Key US strategic partner in Europe
Romanian Air Base in Constanta (Kogalniceanu) to serve as the main US transit center for Afghanistan, replacing Manas in Kyrgyzstano “It is therefore no surprise that the U.S. has
opted to use the Mihail Kogalniceanu airbase, situated in south-east Romania 16 miles northwest of Constanta, the country’s principal port on the Black Sea, for transit of people into and out of Afghanistan. In 2003, it became one of four Romanian military facilities that have been used by U.S. military forces as a staging area for the invasion of and ongoing counter-insurgency efforts in Iraq, operated by the 458th Air Expeditionary Group, and it has become one of the main operating bases of US Army Europe's Joint Task Force East.”--Star & Stripes
RomâniaSecurity & Defense
Romania’s Bold Eagles Battalion in Iraq (2006)
Romanian troops next to US/NATO Allies (Afghanistan)
NATO Summit in Bucharest, Romania (2008)
US & Romanian Navies performing joint exercises inBlack Sea, in the context of the Ukrainian Crisis (2014)
RomâniaSecurity & Defense
Armed Forces Parading on the National Day (December 1st)
RomâniaI. Overview
II. Brief History
III. Recent History
IV. Political System
V. Security & Defense
VI. Famous Romanians
VII. Images
Nadia Comăneci (born 1961) – 1st Perfect “10”Winner of three Olympic gold medals at the 1976 Summer Olympics in
Montreal and the first female gymnast ever to be awarded a perfect score of 10 in an Olympic gymnastic event
RomâniaFamous Romanians
Henri Coandă (1886-1972) - The Jet Engine Grand-DaddyBuild and flown the first ever jet engine and jet aircraft in 1910
RomâniaFamous Romanians
Bran CastleVlad III, Prince of Wallachia (1431–1476)
Known as Vlad the Impeller was the basis of the fictional character Dracula in Bram Stoker’s famous novel
RomâniaFamous Romanians
George Emil Palade (1912 – 2008)1974 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicinetogether with Albert Claude and Christian de Duve. The prize was granted for his innovations in electron microscopy and cell fractionation which together laid the foundations of modern molecular cell biology. [1], the most notable discovery being the ribosomes of the endoplasmic reticulum – which he first described in 1955.
RomâniaFamous Romanians
Herta Müller (born 1953)Romanian-born German novelist, poet, essayist and recipient of the 2009 Nobel Prize in LiteratureMüller is noted for her works depicting the effects of violence, cruelty and terror, usually in the setting of Communist Romania under the repressive Nicolae Ceauşescu regime which she experienced herself. Many of her works are told from the viewpoint of the German minority in Romania and are also a depiction of the modern history of the Germans in the Banat, and Transylvania. Her much acclaimed 2009 novel The Hunger Angel (Atemschaukel) portrays the deportation of Romania's German minority to Stalinist Soviet Gulags during the Soviet occupation of Romania for use as German forced labor
RomâniaFamous Romanians
Constantin Brâncuși 1876 – 1957)Sculptor; his abstract style emphasizes clean geometrical lines that balance forms
inherent in his materials with the symbolic allusions of representational art
RomâniaFamous Romanians
RomâniaI. Overview
II. Brief History
III. Recent History
IV. Political System
V. Security & Defense
VI. Famous Romanians
VII. Images
Sibiu (Nagyszeben / Hermannstadt)European Union’s Capital of Culture 2007
RomâniaImages
Sighişoara
Braşov
RomâniaImages - Iaşi
Royal Palace & Palas City Center
National Theater
Old street car
Putna Monastery – XV Century
RomâniaImages
RomâniaImages - Landscapes
Danube Delta
Carpathians Mountains
RomâniaImages – Rural Areas
RomâniaImages – Rural Areas & Prince of Wales
In 2006 the Prince of Wales bought and restored an 18th Century Saxon house in Viscri, Romania, a designated UNESCO World Heritage Site.
His Royal Highness said: "Ever since I first visited Romania in 1998, I have been doing my utmost to ensure a sustainable future for the Saxon villages of Transylvania and their people. Tourism clearly has a vital role to play in this.“
RomâniaImages – Traditional Costumes
RomâniaImages – Urban Romania
Various citiesTypical cities built during communism
Street View
RomâniaImages – Urban Romania
Modern apartment buildings
Various cities
RomâniaImages – Bucharest (Capital)
Photos of Every Day Romanians
România
România
© 2001-2015 by Irina & Radu Filip. All right reserved. This presentation is not to be used for private commercial purposes. Modifications are permitted only if this notice is kept unchanged in its entirety. Permitted to be used for academic purposes.
Copyright of the photos shown belongs to their respective authors.