Presentation about România

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A Presentation About România Peleş Castle - XIX Century Royal Castle

Transcript of Presentation about România

Page 1: Presentation about România

A Presentation About

România

Peleş Castle - XIX Century Royal Castle

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RomâniaI. Overview

II. Brief History

III. Recent History

IV. Political System

V. Security & Defense

VI. Famous Romanians

VII. Images

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Overview 7th most populous EU state

(19 million) 92,043 sq mi $282Bn GDP (2013 PPP)

($13K/capita, 46% EU avg.) Industry is 30% of GDP

(EU average is 15%) 89% Romanians, 7%

Magyar, 4% other Mostly Christian-Orthodox,

some Catholics & reformats Caucasians

România within the European Union (blue),and on the European continent

RomâniaLocation & Demographics

România

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Landmarks

1. Danube river (South)2. Carpathians

mountains(shape and position heavily influenced history)

3. Black Sea4. Capital București

(Bucharest)

RomâniaPhysical Map

Iași

Ploești

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RomâniaI. Overview

II. Brief History

III. Recent History

IV. Political System

V. Security & Defense

VI. Famous Romanians

VII. Images

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Dacia Kingdom (led by Decebal) conquered by Rome (led by Emperor Trajanus) and made part of Roman Empire

Dacians natives and Romans colonizers formed Romanians

Trajans’s Column in Rome, Italy, built by Trajan, can be seen today and depicts images from the war

Romanian is a Latin (Romance) language, just like Italian, French, Spanish, and Portuguese

RomâniaHistory - Antiquity

King Decebal

Emperor Trajanus

Bridge over Danube built by Apollodorus of Damascus Trajan’s Column in Rome

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3 Kingdoms (Moldavia in East, Wallachia in South, Transylvania in West)

Between Ottoman Empire, Austrian-Hungarian Empire, and Russian Empire

Kings Stephen and Vlad both fought against the Ottomans

Three Romanian kingdoms in 15th century

RomâniaHistory – Middle Ages

Stephen the Greatof Moldavia

Vlad the Impellerof Wallachia

Iancu de Hunedoaraof Transylvania

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King Michael the Brave unifies all Romanian kingdoms in1600 AD

Kingdom did not survived his assassination by foreigners, but set the precedent of a Romanian state

United Romanian Kingdom (1600)

RomâniaHistory – Middle Ages

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Alexandru Ioan Cuza forms personal union in 1859, creating the first modern Romanian state

Introduces modern reforms (Secularization, Agrarian & Land, Civil Code, Education, Universal Man Suffrage, Standing Army, etc.)

Cuza is authoritarian, forced to abdicated; Romanian elite select a German noble to establish a royal family (Carol I de Hohenzollern

Carol I lead and wins the 1877 Independence War Ottoman Empire, proclaims Kingdom of Romania

RomâniaHistory – XIX Century

Proclamation of Union (1859)

Alexandru Cuza

King Carol IIndependence War (1877) Industrialization

1850

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Carol I’s son, King Ferdinand I, leads Romania in WWI with Allies (Entante Cordiale)

Romanians in Transylvania proclaim the Great Union with Romania (1918)

Romanian Army conquers back Transylvania from imploding Habsburg Empire

The resulting Kingdom of Greater Romania confirmed by Trianon (Paris) Peace Treaty (1920)

RomâniaHistory – After World War I

Proclamation of Great Union Romanian Army in Budapest King Ferdinand I

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RomâniaHistory – 1920 to 1940Regional industrialpower

Main industries:1. Oil & Gas:

exploration &refining – 6th worldwide

2. Agriculture: major exporter

3. Heavy & light industry

4. Machinery construction

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At the end of the WWII, Romania:1) Lost Eastern Moldova to USSR, and 2) Was occupied by the Red Army and forced to embrace communism for the

next half century

Nazi Germany and USSR partition Eastern Europe in 1939-40. Soviets annex eastern Moldavia, Hungary occupies Northern Transylvania

Allies are powerless (France conquered, UK isolated), neutrality not an option

Between two evils, Romania chose to fight bolsheviks alongside Germany

RomâniaHistory – During World War II

City of Iaşi bombed by soviets; Red Army soldiers occupying Romania

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WWII Towards end of war, Romania switches sides to Allies;

Eastern Moldavia lost back to USSR, but conquers Transylvania back again

Falls under soviet and bolshevik occupation; Soviets pillaged the country savagely; mass rapes & deportations

After WWII: Forced communism Elites (capitalists, land owners, upper middle class)

imprisoned and executed, or (few) exiled;King Michael I abdicated and exiled

Properties (land, real estate, industrial, cash) confiscated, even small land from peasants

45 years of oppression, dictatorship, and isolation

RomâniaHistory – After World War II

Eastern Europe behind the Iron Curtain (USSR and occupied states)

România

USSR

Poland

Czechoslovakia

HungaryYugoslavia Bulgaria

East Germany

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RomâniaI. Overview

II. Brief History

III. Recent History

IV. Political System

V. Security & Defense

VI. Famous Romanians

VII. Images

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RomâniaOppressed by Soviets & Communists(1945-1989)

Eastern Europe behind the Iron Curtain(USSR and countries oppressed by the communist regimes)

România

USSR

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Three phases1) 1945-1955 USSR dismantle

former industrial base, pillage resources (via Sovroms “JV-s”); country planned as agriculture base only

2) 1955-Early 1980s National communists took over, distance from USSR, borrow funds from West for massive re-industrialization, especially heavy industry; small “openness” towards West

3) Early 1980s-1989 National communists isolated by West (due to direct USA-USSR talks & Gorbatchev’s Perestroika); Foreign debt paid through severe austerity; Little maintenance, no new investments leads to economic stagnation & collapse in 1989

RomâniaHistory: Communism (1945-1989)

Danube – Black Sea Canal

Rombac 1-11 (BAC license) Dacia 1300 (Renault license)

Cernavoda Nuclear Plant (CANDU)

Subway (Romanian design) Trucks (MAN license) Petromidia Refinery

Political prisoners in forced labor camps Nationalization of all property decreed

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Based on very austere life, only very basics covered very poorly: electricity rolling blackouts, rationalization of food and gasoline, one TV channel (only propaganda)

Severe political oppression by feared Security Police (“Securitate”), no free speech, propaganda and cult of personality (epoch claimed as “Golden Age”)

RomâniaHistory: Communism (1945-1989)

Daily commute Line for food ratios Line for heating gas

Palace “of the People” Bucharest street view (1960’s)

Ceausescu and forced “support” rallies Cult of personality at large scale (stadium show)

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Fighting and Dying for Freedom against CommunismMore than 1,100 heroes – Rest in Peace!

RomâniaRevolution Against Communism (1989)

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Free elections, new Constitution, new laws, multiple changes of power by democratic means

Land, most properties restituted Transition to free market

economy, liberalization of prices Mass privatizations Integration in European economy,

borders opened to capital, goods, services

Major foreign investments Received EU cohesion funds

(EU ‘s “Marshal Plan” for Eastern Europe)

World Trade Center in Bucharest

România1990’s and 2000’s

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1990 – 1999: Building Democracy

1999: Invitation to join EU 2000 – 2004: Negotiations

o 2004 Joined NATO 2005: Accession Treaty Signed 2005-2007: Accession Treaty

Ratifications by EU States 2007-Present: EU State

Romanian President Băsescu (left) and Prime Minister Tăriceanu (right) signing the Accession Treaty of Romania to the

European Union (Luxembourg, 2005)

RomâniaJoining the European Union (2007)

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RomâniaJoining the European Union (2007)

The European Union flag is officially raised in front of the Romanian Government seat in Bucharest, at midnight, 2007 New Year Eve

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RomâniaJoining the European Union (2007)

The Romanian Delegation joins theEuropean Parliament in Bruxelles, Belgium

Bruxelles, Belgium

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2007 New YearJoining EU – Ceremonies & Celebrations

RomâniaJoining the European Union (2007)

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RomâniaBenefits as EU StateThe European Union (EU) is a confederation of 28 sovereign states. The States remain sovereign but voluntarily delegate powers (competencies) to the EU government institutions for the purpose of achieving the Union’s goals (“Ever closer Union”)

1) Benefits for Romanian Citizens: True Freedom on a Continental Scale As EU Citizens (formal status): right and freedom to work, have residence and live,

study, invest, own properties and land, vote and be elected in any state of the Union (no visa, passport, or permits required other than for any national of that state)

Direct representation in the European Parliament (via direct elections) Protection from the embassy of any EU state outside Europe

2) Benefits for Economy and Romanian Enterprises: World’s Largest Market Freely move capital, goods, services and part of the largest economy in the world

($17.3Tn 2013 Est.) and one of the largest markets in the world (500 million citizens) Interests represented globally via EU’s representation in G7, G20, etc.

3) Benefits & Obligations for Romanian State: Western Discipline and Developing Grants Western (often German inspired) EU legislation rigor & regulations Access to EU Cohesion funds (grants; €34 Bn 2007-2013) Access to EU Agriculture Policy subsidies Anti-corruption and assistance for improved justice system from EU Obligation to implement EU Laws and European Court of Justice rulings Obligation to contribute to the EU Budget

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RomâniaThe Last 25 Years Story as Reflected by GDP

1. Former centralized economy collapsed (could not compete in capitalism)

2. 300+ % inflation, very high unemployment, massive deficits

3. Modest reforms (1996-2000)

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Romanians win Freedom(Dec 16th-22nd 1989)

Formal invitation to join EU (Helsinki EU Summit, Dec 1999)

1.Western companies invest in the future EU state

2.Visa-free travel makes it easier to Romanians to seek work and send money home, fueling consumption

Romania joins EU as the 27th state(Jan 1st, 2007)

1.More foreign investments2.More Romanians seek

opportunities across EU and send money home

3.EU cohesion funds (grants) add to economy

4.Economy connected to world’s economy suffers from recession and recovers

Romania joins NATO

(Apr 2004)

Note: Nominal GDP, not adjusted to PPP

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GDP $285 Bn (IMF 2013, PPP)GDP per Capita $13.4K (40% EU average)GDP Formation Services 52%, Industry 35%,

Agriculture 12% (2009 est.)Tax Rate 16% Flat RateInflation 1.5% (2013)Labor Force 9.3 million (2012)Unemployment 7.1% (2014/Jun)Exports $64 Bn (2012)

Source: IMF, Wikipedia

RomâniaEconomic Integration in the EU

Mercedes Powertrain Plant (Cugir)

Dacia Logan, European Best Seller

Softronic, Romanian High-Speed Train

OMV Petrobrazi Refinery

Ford Plant (Craiova)

New A3 Highway (segment)

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RomâniaToday

RomâniaToday

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RomâniaRomania & Republic of Moldova 2.5 million Romanians live in Republic of

Moldova (65% of country’s population); former Romanian territory occupied by USSR during WWII and made soviet republic

Moldova declared independence from USSR in 1991

Union not possible yet, but aspired by manyo Romania has EU and NATO obligations;

needs more economical powero Moldova held in-check by Russia, who has

troops and supports an unrecognized breakaway puppet “republic of Transnistria” in the East

o Unionists on both sides think that the best path towards some form of unification is within EU; Romania is actively supporting Moldova’s accession to the EU

o Moldova signed an EU free trade agreement in 2014 (early association step)

Romanians in Republic of Moldova attending a pro-EU rally

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RomâniaI. Overview

II. Brief History

III. Recent History

IV. Political System

V. Security & Defense

VI. Famous Romanians

VII. Images

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RomâniaPolitical System - Overview Romania is a democratic republic,

deriving its sovereignty from the people

Semi-presidential parliamentary representative democracy• President is Head of State• Prime Minister leads the Government

Multi-party system• Executive power is exercised by the

Government• Legislative power is vested in

both the Government and Parliament• Judiciary is independent of the

Executive and the Legislature

Provision in the Romanian Constitution formally establishing the legal link with EU Treaties and their precedence over national law (Adopted by public Referendum in 2004 by the Sovereign will of the Romanian people)1):

Title VI, Art. 148 from the Romanian Constitution“(2) As a result of the [EU] accession, the provisions of the constituent treaties of the European Union, as well as the other mandatory community regulations shall take precedence over the opposite provisions of the national laws, in compliance with the provisions of the accession act.

Note 1) This is the legal design of a supra-national union of sovereign states; Can theoretically be revoked also by Sovereign will.

Romanian Constitution(Supreme law of land)

EU Treaties

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EU Council President

EU Council (Senate)

Elects

RomâniaPolitical System – How It Works

RO President

RO Government

RO Prime Minister

Constitutional Amendments & Referendums Local Councils & Mayors County Councils & County Presidents

Vote of (No) Confidence

Appoints

European Commission (Government)

EU Commission PresidentAppoints

Vote of (No) Confidence

EU Level

State Level

Local & County

RO Parliament

EU Parliamentby Citizens from all EU States

Other Heads of EU States(Presidents or Prime-Ministers,

depending on state)

Sits in the EU Council as Head of State

Romanian Citizens

Direct Vote

Direct Vote

Direct Vote

Direct Vote

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Klaus Werner Iohannis President of Romania

(2014-2019) Liberal-Democrat Party (European

People’s Party) Former Mayor of Sibiu Ethnic German & Protestant

RomâniaPolitical Leadership - President

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Romanian Government Prime-Minister Dacian Cioloș

(2016) Agronomist engineer and

politician Former EU Commissioner for

Agriculture in the European Commissions (2009-2014 led by José Barroso)

RomâniaPolitical Leadership - Government

The Romanian Government led by Prime-Minister Dacian Cioloș after being sworn in by the President (center of the photo), following the vote of investiture by the Parliament

(Nov/2015)

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Romanian Parliament Chamber of Deputies & Senate Last elections Dec/2012

o Won by Social Liberal Union 60%

Next elections Dec/2016

RomâniaPolitical Leadership - Parliament

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RomâniaPolitical Leadership - Judiciary

Constitutional Court

High Court of Cassation and Justice

Constitutional Court• President: Augustin Zegrean (from 2010)

High Court of Cassation and Justice• President: Horaţiu Dumbravă (from 2011)

Superior Council of Magistrates• President: Livia Stanciu (from 2010)

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Mugur Isărescu Governor of Romania’s National

Bank Co-leads (with the Government)

the process to adopt the EURO currency (Target: 2019)

RomâniaPolitical Leadership - National Bank

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Corina Creţu Regional Policy Commissioner (Minister) in

the European Commission (Government) 2014-2019

Manages EU’s improving the economic well-being of regions by restructuring declining industrial areas and diversifying rural areas which have declining agriculture

33% of EU budget is dedicated to this policy area

RomâniaPolitical Leadership – EU Government

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Adina VăleanVice-President, European ParliamentEuropean People’s Party

RomâniaPolitical Leadership – EU Parliament1)

Ioan Mircea PaşcuVice-President, European ParliamentParty of European Socialists

Note:1) European Parliament has a total of 14 Vice-Presidents and 751 Members directly elected by EU Citizens every five years

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RomâniaI. Overview

II. Brief History

III. Recent History

IV. Political System

V. Security & Defense

VI. Famous Romanians

VII. Images

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RomâniaSecurity & Defense

NATO Member State since 2004

Frontier state with FSU space (Ukraine & Black Sea)

Stability factor in Balkans

Active participation in NATO/UN missionso Afghanistano Iraqo Angola (UNAVEM)o Former Yugoslavia (IFOR/SFOR)

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RomâniaSecurity & Defense Key US strategic partner in Europe

Romanian Air Base in Constanta (Kogalniceanu) to serve as the main US transit center for Afghanistan, replacing Manas in Kyrgyzstano “It is therefore no surprise that the U.S. has

opted to use the Mihail Kogalniceanu airbase, situated in south-east Romania 16 miles northwest of Constanta, the country’s principal port on the Black Sea, for transit of people into and out of Afghanistan. In 2003, it became one of four Romanian military facilities that have been used by U.S. military forces as a staging area for the invasion of and ongoing counter-insurgency efforts in Iraq, operated by the 458th Air Expeditionary Group, and it has become one of the main operating bases of US Army Europe's Joint Task Force East.”--Star & Stripes

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RomâniaSecurity & Defense

Romania’s Bold Eagles Battalion in Iraq (2006)

Romanian troops next to US/NATO Allies (Afghanistan)

NATO Summit in Bucharest, Romania (2008)

US & Romanian Navies performing joint exercises inBlack Sea, in the context of the Ukrainian Crisis (2014)

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RomâniaSecurity & Defense

Armed Forces Parading on the National Day (December 1st)

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RomâniaI. Overview

II. Brief History

III. Recent History

IV. Political System

V. Security & Defense

VI. Famous Romanians

VII. Images

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Nadia Comăneci (born 1961) – 1st Perfect “10”Winner of three Olympic gold medals at the 1976 Summer Olympics in

Montreal and the first female gymnast ever to be awarded a perfect score of 10 in an Olympic gymnastic event

RomâniaFamous Romanians

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Henri Coandă (1886-1972) - The Jet Engine Grand-DaddyBuild and flown the first ever jet engine and jet aircraft in 1910

RomâniaFamous Romanians

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Bran CastleVlad III, Prince of Wallachia (1431–1476)

Known as Vlad the Impeller was the basis of the fictional character Dracula in Bram Stoker’s famous novel

RomâniaFamous Romanians

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George Emil Palade (1912 – 2008)1974 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicinetogether with Albert Claude and Christian de Duve. The prize was granted for his innovations in electron microscopy and cell fractionation which together laid the foundations of modern molecular cell biology. [1], the most notable discovery being the ribosomes of the endoplasmic reticulum – which he first described in 1955.

RomâniaFamous Romanians

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Herta Müller (born 1953)Romanian-born German novelist, poet, essayist and recipient of the 2009 Nobel Prize in LiteratureMüller is noted for her works depicting the effects of violence, cruelty and terror, usually in the setting of Communist Romania under the repressive Nicolae Ceauşescu regime which she experienced herself. Many of her works are told from the viewpoint of the German minority in Romania and are also a depiction of the modern history of the Germans in the Banat, and Transylvania. Her much acclaimed 2009 novel The Hunger Angel (Atemschaukel) portrays the deportation of Romania's German minority to Stalinist Soviet Gulags during the Soviet occupation of Romania for use as German forced labor

RomâniaFamous Romanians

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Constantin Brâncuși 1876 – 1957)Sculptor; his abstract style emphasizes clean geometrical lines that balance forms

inherent in his materials with the symbolic allusions of representational art

RomâniaFamous Romanians

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RomâniaI. Overview

II. Brief History

III. Recent History

IV. Political System

V. Security & Defense

VI. Famous Romanians

VII. Images

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Sibiu (Nagyszeben / Hermannstadt)European Union’s Capital of Culture 2007

RomâniaImages

Sighişoara

Braşov

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RomâniaImages - Iaşi

Royal Palace & Palas City Center

National Theater

Old street car

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Putna Monastery – XV Century

RomâniaImages

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RomâniaImages - Landscapes

Danube Delta

Carpathians Mountains

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RomâniaImages – Rural Areas

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RomâniaImages – Rural Areas & Prince of Wales

In 2006 the Prince of Wales bought and restored an 18th Century Saxon house in Viscri, Romania, a designated UNESCO World Heritage Site.

His Royal Highness said: "Ever since I first visited Romania in 1998, I have been doing my utmost to ensure a sustainable future for the Saxon villages of Transylvania and their people. Tourism clearly has a vital role to play in this.“

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RomâniaImages – Traditional Costumes

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RomâniaImages – Urban Romania

Various citiesTypical cities built during communism

Street View

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RomâniaImages – Urban Romania

Modern apartment buildings

Various cities

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RomâniaImages – Bucharest (Capital)

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Photos of Every Day Romanians

România

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România

© 2001-2015 by Irina & Radu Filip. All right reserved. This presentation is not to be used for private commercial purposes. Modifications are permitted only if this notice is kept unchanged in its entirety. Permitted to be used for academic purposes.

Copyright of the photos shown belongs to their respective authors.