Pqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx dk ihtB ns/...

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Pqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx dk ihtB ns/ ebk^gqfefonk

fuZsoebk nkgDh y/so-fGzBsk ns/ dkfJo/ dh ftFkbsk ekoB j'oBK ebktK s'I

ftF/F wzBh iKdh j?. fJZe fuZsoeko nkgD/ wB ftZu T[Zmd/ ;{]w-GktK B{z ozr ns/

p[oF dh ;jkfJsk Bkb ekr}, eZgV/ iK bZeVh tor/ wkfXnw s'I fuZso pDk e/

nfGftnes eodk j?. w{osh-ebk s/ t;s{-ebk d/ w[ekpb/ fuZsoebk ftZu T[geoDK

dk gq:'r xZN wksok ftZu j[zdk j? idfe GktK B{z nfGftnes j'D dk nt;o tX/o/

j?. fuZsoekoh dh ftbZ]Dsk fJ; d/ ftFkb y/so dh bykfJe j?. fJ; dk ;zpzX

e[dos ns/ wB[Zy Bkb j?. fJj fe;/ rkEk dk toDB eo ;edh j?, fe;/

fJfsjkf;e fdqF B{z fdyk ;edh j? iK fJ; ftZu ;koh e"w iK Fq/Dh d/ tbtb/

Fkfwb j[zd/ jB.1

fuZsoebk tor/ ;{]w ;zebg d/ ;Zu/ nB[Gt bJh ngko FoXk, brB ns/

wB d/ fNekU dh b'V j?. wB[Zy d[nkok ;kj dh gqfefonk ftZu fBozso b?n ns/

;zs[bB ofjzdk j?. fJZe ;kXkoB wB[Zy fJ; gqshfefonk B{z ebkswe-fdqFNh s'I wfj;{;

BjhI eodk, e'Jh ftobk jh fJ;B{z fJ; fdqFNhe'D s'I t/ydk j?. gqf;ZX ftdtkB vkH

fti?beFwh i?B d/ ftuko nB[;ko ebk B{z F/q:; (efbnkDekoh) s/ gq/:; (fgnk;

bZrDk) d'jK sZEK Bkb gfog{oD j'Dk ukjhdk j?. ebk e/tb wkBf;e gZXo s/ fBoh

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tofiF jh BjhI j?, ;r'I fJj sK wB[Zy d/ wB'-GktK Bkb ;zpzX oZydh j?. fJj' ekoB

j? fe ebkeko ebk ftZu v[Zp iKdk j? s/ e[ZM ;w/I bJh T[j nzsow[Zyh j' e/ nzso-

fXnkB dh ;fEsh ftZu gj[zu iKdk j?.2

Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx ih fJZe nfijh jh ;]Fhns ;B, fijBK B/

fuZsoebk dh o{j B{z nkgDh or-or ftZu ;wkfJnk. T[jBK B/ nkgD/ nzdo{Bh GktK

B{z fuZsoebk o{gh nekF ftZu T[ZvD bJh yzG brk fdZs/. T[jBK d/ wB dhnK

v{zxkJhnK B/ ntu/sB ftub/ tbtfbnK ns/ ;'u B/ fuZsoebk ftZu y{p wBukjhnK

T[vkohnK brkJhnK. fi; ;dek T[jBK B/ fjzv'b ns/ T[sok-uVQk dh o{j nkfd

ftfFnK d/ fuZsoK dh ouBk ehsh. Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx ih dh ebk-feos

T[jBK dh ;]Fhns dk gqshfpzp j?, feT[Ife fJj ebk-feos T[jBK d/ f}zdrh Go d/

s}ofpnK ns/ j[Bowzdh dk fBu'V j?. T[jBK dh ebk sK fJZe ;Zu/ nB[Gt dk

nB[eoD j?. nfijh ebk ;kvh ;[zdosk ;zpzXh gqftosh B{z fsqgs ns/ FKs eodh j?.

ebk nfijh Gkt-nfGftnesh j? i' ebgBkwJh ;[zdosk d[nkok gq/fos j[zdh j?.3

Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx ih dh fuZsoebk d[nkok ;wkfie tosko/ ftZu

ngDZs tkb/ gZ]K dk g;kok do;kfJnk frnk j?. T[jBK dh fuZsoekoh ftZu wB[Zy

u/sB-wB dh ;KM s'I b? e/ nzsoht nu/s-wB Bkb nfdZy-Fesh d/ doFBK sZe g[Zi

iKdk j?. nfijh ebkswesk dk gZ] g{oB tkb/ ebkeko ftbZ]D jh j[zd/ jB.

T[jBK B/ ebk bJh bzp/ ;w/I sZe xkbDk-xkbh. T[jBK dk ihtB pugB s'I jh ebk

B{z ;wofgs ;h. T[jBK B/ nkgDh f}zdrh d/ jo w'V T[Zs/ ;w/I dh b'V nB[;ko

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fuZsoebk B{z BtK o{g fdZsk. T[jBK dh ebkswe ;'u fJzBh gqpb ;h fe f}zdrh

ftZu ftuod/ jo nzF B/ T[jBK bJh fuZsoebk dk nfBZyVtK o{g g/F eoB ftZu

;KM gkJh. T[jBK d/ ihtB ftZu ebk fJ; gqeko ouh j'Jh ;h fe T[jBK B/ pugB,

itkBh ns/ p[Ykg/ ftZu jo ozr Bkb s}op/ekoh ;KM gk e/ fuZsoekoh B{z ozrs

fdZsh. Fqh ;'jD f;zx ih dh ihtB-iku gqDkbh fJzBh ftbZ]D ojh fe T[jBK B/ ;[ZyK

ns/ d[ZyK d/ goSkt/I ftZu'I fuZsoekoh B{z i' ;[jZgD fdZsk T[j T[jBK bJh ihtB dks

pD rJh. T[jBK B/ w'uh p{N gkfbF eodk j'fJnk nkfd fBZs dhnK tos'I tkbhnK

uh}K B{z ebkwJh fdqFNhe'D s'I ;[zdosk dk XkoBh pDk e/ nkgD/ fuZsoK d/ ftfFnK

d[nkok g/F ehsk j?.4

ihtB dhnK ;kXkoB fefonktK B{z T[d'I sZe ebk BjhI fejk ik ;edk, id'I

sZe T[; ftZu ebk d/ sZs w"i{d Bk j't/. fuZsoekoh ebk-Gog{o ozr-o/yktK j[zdhnK

jB. jo/e ebkeko nkgD/ wB d/ ;{]w-GktK B{z gqrN eoB bJh fe;/ Bk fe;/

ebk-;o{g B{z nkgDh nfGftnesh dk wkfXnw pDkT[Idk j?. fi; d/ gq:'r fjZs }o{oh

sZs e/tb gq:'r ftZu nkT[D tkbk wkfXnw iK n"}koK dk fwnko jh BjhI pbfe

ebkeko dh nB[Fkf;s-ebgBkFhbsk, T[;ko{-f;oiD Fesh s/ fBZih-j[Bowzdh j?. gqf;ZX

:{oghB ftdtkB eKs dk ftuko j? fe id'I e'Jh ebkeko nkgDh feos B{z t/ye/

y[Fh nB[Gt eodk j?? sK }o{o jh T[j ebk-feos ;G bJh fJe' fizBh nkBzdwJh

f;ZX j't/rh, go ebkeko dk fB;tkoEh ns/ fBogZ] j'Dk }o{oh j?.5

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gzikp dh gktB-Xosh T[Zs/ ;fEs Fqh nzfwqs;o ;kfjp ftZu tZvw[Zb/ ns/

tZvGkrh wjkB fuZsoeko Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx ih B/ iBw fbnk. fJj ;EkB

f;Zy Xow dk jh BjhI, ;r'I ftFt wkBsktK dk th e/Ido j?.6 T[jBK B/ nkgDh

;[uZih-ebk ;dek gzikp dh Xosh B{z jo ozr Bkb ozfrnk. T[j fgsk tkbh

w'jokeFh tZb BjhI rJ/. T[jBK d/ nzdob/ ebkeko B/ w"fbe f;oiDk eoBh g;zd

ehsh. T[jBK B/ ib, s/b, g';No ns/ eod-T[xkV ozrK nkfd d/ wkfXnw d[nkok

bk;kBh fuZso pDk e/ nkgD/ ]kBdkB ns/ nzfwqs;o d/ ebk-fto;/ ftZu pj[w[Zbk

:'rdkB gkfJnk.

wjkokik oDihs f;zx dh ;ogq;sh nXhB fuZsoebk dk i'' ;e{b ti{d ftZu

nkfJnk ;h, T[j f;Zy oki d/ yasw j'D s'I fgZS'I nkgDk gqGkt g{oh soQK ekfJw BjhI

;h oZy ;fenk. nkgDh ftbZ]D-;{M, ebkswe-r[DK ns/ ;[uZih-F?bh d[nkok Fqh ;'jD

f;zx ih d/ fgsk GkJh frnkB f;zx BZekF ih B/ T[;/ ;e{b dhnK otkfJsK B{z

nkgDh ebk-f;oiDk okjhI nZr/ s'fonk. T[jBK B/ 32 ;kb Fqh jfowzdo ;kfjp

nzfwqs;o dh w[bkiaws ehsh Gkt nkgDh T[wo d/ pj[w[Zb/ ;kb Fqh jfowzdo ;kfjp

fty/ w'jokeFh ns/ BZekFh ftZu brk fdZs/.7 T[jBK B{z rZu, N[ZeVh, iZVsekoh s/

w'jokeFh dh ebk ftZu ek\h w[jkos ;h. T[j nkgD/ ezw Bkb Gkos d/ tXhnk

w'jokeFh BZekFK dh esko ftZu nk yb'Id/ jB. gfjb/ T[;skd BZekF wospkB ]kbh

jh SZvd/ ;B go GkJh ;kfjp ih B/ fJZe BthI bhj s'oh. T[jBK B/ wospkB T[Zs/

Fqh soBskoB, Fqh jfowzdo ;kfjp nkfd r[od[nko/ pDkJ/.8 T[jBK B/ fiZE/ BZekFh

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tZb g{o/ brB Bkb fXnkB fdZsk, T[ZE/ Fqh r[o{ rzqE ;kfjp, Fqh d;w rqzE, ;{oi-

gqekF, tkoK-GkJh r[odk; ns/ j'o rzqE th gVQ/ ns/ T[jBK B{z nkgDh ebw dh S'j

th fdZsh. r[opkDh d/ GktK B{z pVh FoXk Bkb T[bhfenk. GkJh frnkB f;zx BZekF

ih jh nfij/ gfjb/ ns/ n]hob/ BZekF ;B fiBQK B/ r[opkDh #u'I r{VQ-fynkb,

fJBebkph-Bkjo/ ns/ fwZmh p'bh B{z nkgDh ebw dk ftFk pDkfJnk s/ r[opkDh d/

n"y/ GktK B{z fuZsoK okjhI ;"yk ehsk.9 T[jBK B/ nkgD/ fuZsoK ftZu e[dos fit/I fe

c[Zb-gZs/, doZyas, dfonk, gjkV, pZdb, fpibh, gfozd/, B{z ft;a/;a wjZst fdZsk j?.

T[jBK d/ pj[s/ fuZso S'N/ neko d/ jB. gozs{ pDktN, fviakJhB, ;zs[bB ns/ ozr-

:'iBk gZ]'I w[|bhnk bx{-fuZsoK d/ B}dhe wfj;{; j[zd/ jB.10 BZekFh s'I fJbktk

T[jBK B/ BZeF/ ns/ r[opkDh dhnK s[eKL- chb-opkph, \ohdk r'o-fBwkDh.HH, feBko/-

feBko/ tfjzfdnK.HH, fJzBh fBZeh izxh.HHH nkfd w[skpe eJh fuZso T[bhe/ ;B. nkg

ih B/ nkgDh ebk d/ j[Bo B{z BZekFh dogD, ftFeowk ebk-g[;se, BZekFh ebk-

g[;se (Gkr-d{ik), ;[fBnkfonK tk;s/ rfjfDnK dk fv}kJhB ns/ eFhdkekoh ebk-

g[;se nkfd g[;seK b'eK ;kjwD/ g/F eoe/ j[Boh fgnkfonK bJh ;[uZik okj

ekfJw ehsk. T[jBK B/ Fqh jfowzdo ;kfjp ftZu 60 ch;dh ns/ Fqh nekb syas s/

25 ch;dh BZekFh ehsh ;h.11

fgos B{z nZr/ s'ofdnK T[jBK d/ ;g[Zso Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx ih dh

fuZsoekoh B/ f;Zy-fJfsjk; ftZu nfij/ whb-gZEo yV/ ehs/ fe ni/ sZe e'Jh

fuZsoeko T[jBK dh fuZsoekoh #u fyZuh beho B{z S{j BjhI ;fenk. nkgD/ fgsk

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frnkB f;zx d/ BK d/ nZyoK B{z nkgD/ BKt Bkb i'V e/ nkgD/ nkg B{z g{oB

wfj;{; eoB12 tkb/ wjkB fuZsoeko Fqh ;'jD f;zx ih dk iBw nr;s, 1914 JhH

B{z GkJh frnkB f;zx BZek;a ih d/ xo wksk rzrk d/th ih dh e[Z]'I e{uk-sqykDK,

piako-e;/fonK, Biadhe wzdo-jB{wkB, nzfwqs;o ftZu j'fJnk.13 nkg ih dhnK d'

gsBhnK ;B. gfjbh gsBh dk BK Fqhwsh wkfJnktsh ns/ d{;oh gsBh dk BK

Fqhwsh ;stzs e"o ;h. nkg ih d/ fszB g[ZsoL ;odko ;[fozdo f;zx, ;odko i;gkb

f;zx s/ ;odko ;sgkb f;zx dkfBF ns/ d' XhnK jB. ;odko ;[fozdo f;zx ns/

;odko ;sgkb f;zx dkfBF nkgD/ fgsk g[o]h ezw B{z ;zGkb oj/ jB.14

Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx ih B/ w[ZYbh f;Zfynk fJZe S'N/ fij/ ;e{b ftZu i'

rbh \eho ]kBk B/V/ p}ko-e;/fonK d/ e'b jh j?, fJZe S'Nh fijh jt/bh i' y{j d/

Bkb j?, ftZu gVQ/. pknd ftZu r[o{-p}ko d/ gk; jh p}ko r[o{ e/ wfjb ftZu

;oekoh uko iwksK d/ ;e{b ftZu gVQkJh ehsh. u"Eh iwks gk; eoB s'I pknd

fJjBK B{z NkT{B-jkb d/ e'b r"ofwzN ;e{b gzithI iwks ftZu dkyab eok fdZsk

frnk. T[; ;e{b ftZu fJjBK B/ f;o\ nZmthI ebk; sZe jh gVQkJh ehsh feT[Ife

fJjBK dk pj[sk fXnkB w{osK pDkT[D tZb jh ;h. ;e{b dhnK ekghnK-feskpK th

e'Jh Bk e'Jh behoK d[nkok FebK pDk e/ GohnK j[zdhnK ;B. T[; ;e{b s'I

pknd fJjBK d/ fgsk GkJh frnkB f;zx BZekF ih B/ bkbk pz;hXo ;e{b ftZu

gVQB bJh G/fink.15

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Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx ih dh gVQkJh ftZu tX/o/ o[uh Bk d/yd/ j'J/ T[jBK

d/ fgsk B/ nkgD/ e'b BZekFh dk ezw f;ZyD bJh fpmk fbnk. fJZe' c[Zb B{z s]sh

T[Zgo tko-tko pBkT[Dk, fwNkT[Dk, fco pBkT[Dk, ns/ eJh-eJh fdB nfGnk; eod/

ofjDk. BZek;ah d/ t/b-p{fNnK B{z T[bhed/-T[bhed/ T[jBK dk wB fJ; ebk tZb Bk

bfZrnk. T[jBK dk fXnkB f;oc wB[Zyh-;aebK, gzSh, ikBtoK, G{-fdqFK nkfd B{z

pDkT[D ftZu jh ;h. T[jBK d/ fgsk ih BZek;ah d/ ezw eoB t/b/ fJZe-fJZe c[Zb B{z

pDkT[D dk nfGnk; eJh-eJh fdB fJ; bJh eokT[Id/ ;B sK fe e'Jh th uhia

fsnko eoB s/ tko-tko pDkT[D s/ c/o tko-tko opV Bkb fwNkT[D tkbh rZb Bk

oj//. fJ; ;w/I d"okB T[jBK dh xo ftZu fuZsoekoh eod/ ofjD dh nkds ekoB

T[jBK B{z fuZsoebk dh ek\h ;{M-p{M j' rJh ;h Bkb jh T[j nkgD/ fgsk ih B{z

Fqh jfowzdo ;kfjp ftZu BZek;ah dk ezw eod/ d/yd/ j[zd/ ;B fi; Bkb fuZsoebk

;zpzXh T[jBK dk F"Ie j'o tZXdk ik fojk ;h. pugB s'I jh Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx

ih dh fB|kj sh]D j' rJh ns/ ntb'eB-Fesh tZXD bZr gJh ;h. T[jBK B/

pkjob/ w[beK d/ ebkekoK d/ fuZsoK B{z d/fynk fi; s'I T[j pj[s gqGkfts j'J//.

T[jBK d/ gqGkt s'I T[j fuZsoekoh tZb nkJ/. Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx ih d/ fgsk

ih T[jBK B{z nkgD/ tork ebkeko pBkT[Dk ukj[zd/ ;B Gkt i' th e'Jh uh}

T[bheD bZrd/ ;B p; ebw jZE ftZu \Vh BjhI s/ T[ZBk fuo BjhI uZ[eDh id sZe

fJZe pj[s jh ia'odko-c[Zb iK e'Jh gfozdk Bk #bhfenk ikt/. fJj' jh T[j nkgD/

g[Zso Fqh ;'jD f;zx ih s'I ukj[zd/ ;B.16

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T[jBK fdBK ftZu bkj"o d/ gqf;ZX fuZsoeko wk;No nZbkp]F ns/ wk;No Fqh

okw d[nkok wjkB rqzE okwkfJD T[Zs/ pDkJ/ rJ/ fuZsoK B{z d/ye// Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD

f;zx ih pj[s gqGkfts j'J/, fJE'I jh ;kv/ fJ; fuZsoeko dk iBw j'fJnk. nkgD/

g[Zso dh fuZsoekoh ftZu fdbu;gh B{z d/yd/ j'J/ GkJh frnkB f;zx BZekF ih B/

d{o-nzd/Fh s'I ezw b?IfdnK T[jBK B{z ;kJhB-g/IfNzr d/ ezw ftZu gk fdZsk. fJ; ezw d/

nfGnk; B/ T[jBK B{z jo soQK dh nZyo-b/yB ebk eoB ftZu wkjo pDk fdZsk.

;kJhB-g/IfNzr eofdnK T[jBK dk M[ekn fuZsoebk tZb j' frnk. T[j fuZso pDkT[D

dh brksko e'fFF eod/ ofjzd/. T[jBK d/ fgsk B/ T[jBK dh nrtkJh ehsh ns/

T[; ;w/I d/ gqf;ZX fuZsoeko ;odko joh f;zx e'b T[jBK B{z Fkfrod fpmk fdZsk.

T[j nkg th Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx ih B{z fuZsoekoh dh g{oh f;ybkJh d/ ;ed/

;B. go T[j @Fkj fpBK gZs BjhI s/ r[o{ fpBK rs BjhI# n;{b d/ XkoBh ;B.

T[jBK nB[;ko e'Jh ebk r[o{ dh FoB bJ/ fpBK g{oB-GKs f;Zyh BjhI ;h ik

;edh.17

;odko joh f;zx pj[s jh r[DtkB ebkeko ;B. T[j nkgD/ FkfrodK dhnK

o[uhnK B{z ;wMD dh g{oh ;woZEk oZyd/ ;B. ;odko joh f;zx T[jBhI fdBhI fJZe

EhJ/Noheb-ezgBh, fi; dk BK wdB EhJ/Noheb-ezgBh ;h, ftZu god/ fuZsoD dk ezw

eod/ ;B. ezgBh Ffjo-Ffjo iKdh s/ BkNeK dk gqdoFB eodh. T[; d/ Bkb-Bkb

nkgD/ T[;skd dh Fkfrodh ftZu Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx ih B{z th Ffjo-Ffjo

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x[zwD f\oB dk w"ek fwfbnk. T[jBK B/ fdZbh, ekBQg[o, byBT{, fJbkjpkd, pzpJh

s/ ebeZsk nkfd Gkos d/ gqf;ZX Ffjo d/y/.18

Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx ih d/ ;G s'I S'N/ p/N/ i' nZi eZbQ T[jBK dhnK

bhjK s/ uZb oj/ jB, ih B/ dZf;nk fe 1928 ftZu T[jBK dk nkgDk fJZe ;w{j

j[zdk ;h. fJ; ;w{j ftZu T[j nkg ns/ ;odko joh f;zx, n?;H ihH mkeo f;zx,

wZbk okw, |[bkw-Bth nkfd wjkB fuZsoeko j[zd/ ;B. T[j nizsk, fJb'ok dhnK

r[\ktK xz[w/ ns/ FfjoK d/ nikfJp-xoK s/ nkoN-r?bohnK ftZu rJ/. tZy-tZy

fuZsoekoK dhnK ebk-feosK d/yhnK. fuZsoebk dhnK tZy-tZy F?bhnK B{z ;wfMnk

ns/ BthI-g/qoBk gqkgs ehsh. T[j nkgD/ Yzr Bkb ozrK d/ ;[w/b ftZu'I eZ[M f;oiDk

ukj[zd/ ;B. eZ[M tfoQnK pknd T[jBK dh ezgBh pzd j'D ekoB, T[;skd ns/

Fkfrod d'jK B{z w[V nzfwqs;o nkT[Dk fgnk. T[jBK fdBK ftZu jh Fqh ihH n?;H

;'jD f;zx ih d/ fgsk GkJh frnkB f;zx BZekF ih B/ Fqh jfowzdo ;kfjp dh

B"eoh s'I ftdk b? bJh. d'jK fgT[ g[ZsoK B/ ;[szso s"o s/ ;aqh nzfwqs;o ftZu jh

tgkoe-ebk dk ezw F[o{ eo fdZsk. T[j vZfpnK d/ b/pb-fv}kJhB ns/ ftfdnkoEhnK

bJh ukoN pDkT[Id/. Xkofwe ftfFnK Bkb w/b yKd/ fuZso th fsnko eod/. fJjBK

s'I fJbktk T[j fuZsoK B{z FhF/-co/w bkT[D dk Xzdk th eoh iKd/.

fJjBK fdBK ftZu jh Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx ih B/ fuZso fsnko eoe/

T[jBK B{z SgtkT[D dk ezw th ;orowh Bkb F[o{ eo fdZsk ;h. jo toQ/ d'-uko

ozrdko-fuZso SZg e/ ftZeoh bJh p}ko ftZu nk iKd/. fJj fuZso Xkofwe j[zd/

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;B. T[jBK B/ fuZsoekoh ftZu Xkofwe ftfFnK B{z ]k; ;EkB fdZsk. ;wkfie wB[Zy

B{z Xow dh wjZssk do;kT[Id/ T[jBK tZb gq/fos j'D eoe/ Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx

ih B/ Xkofwe fuZso GrtkB fFt ih, Fqh r[o{ BkBe d/t ih dh ;z;kfoe :ksok,

Grsh eod/ j'J/ pkpk Fqh uzdq ih, wksk d[ork ih, GrtkB Fqh feqFB ih, nodk;,

Fqh r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih ;o;k Bdh gko eod/ j'J/ ns/ d; r[o{ ;kfjpkB d/

ftnesh-fuZso th pDkJ/. T[jBK dh Xkofwe fuZsoK ftZu f;oiD-gqfefonk fJzBh

ftFkb j? fe jo fuZsoekoh f;ZXh nksfwe-FKsh ns/ wkBf;e-fsqgsh tkbk gZ] g{odh

j?. T[jBK nB[;ko Xow T[j o;sk j?, i' wjKg[oFK B/ wB[Zyk ihtB d/ wB'oE dh

f;ZXh bJh dZf;nk j?. Xow wB[Zyh ihtB dh j'Id dk gqrNktk eodk j?.19

Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx ih B/ Xkofwe-fuZsoK d[nkok wB[Zyh ihtB bJh f;ZX/

o;s/ dh ;'Mh ftykJh ns/ nu/s-wB ftZu T[ZgidhnK p[ohnK GktBktK s'I w[es j'D

bJh f;ZXk okj ftykfJnk. Xkofwe-nB[G{sh ;EkJh j?l id'I fJ; B{z jk;b eo fbnk

iKdk j? sK fJj ebkeko d/ ufoZso dk fJZe fjZ;k pD iKdh j?. nfijh ;fEsh

ftZu ofjzfdnK j'fJnK f;oiDjko dh ;'u, T[; d/ nfj;k; s/ fdZy B{z s/} eodh

j?. f;oiD-gqfefonk ftZu f;oiDjko Gkt ebkeko Xow Bkb i[Vdk nfXnksfwe

okj bJh ;wki B{z gq/fos eodk j?. fJ; dk ;p{s g[okD/ rqzEK ftZu'I fwbdk j?.

gqf;ZX eth ekbhdk; B/ ;wki d/ nfXnksfwe fgS'eV ftZu ;[jinksfwe ehws

do;kJh i' Xow, noEK, ekw, w'eF okjhI wB[Zy B{z g{oBsk tZb b? iKdh j?.20

76

Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx ih B{z pugB s'I jh Xkofwe ftukoK tkbk wkj"b

fwfbnk. T[jBK dk o'}kBk Fqh jfowzdo ;kfjp ikDk T[jBK bJh Grsh-Gkt dh

T[Zsgsh B{z T[sFkfjs eodk fojk. T[jBK d/ dkdk ih GkJh skpk f;zx ih ns/ fgsk

GkJh frnkB f;zx BZekF ih B/ Fqh jfowzdo ;kfjp ftZu ;/tk dk :'rdkB fdZsk.

fi; ;dek T[jBK d/ wB ftZu th Grsh-Gkt ns/ ;/tk-Gkt tZXd/ oj/. T[jBK dh

f;oiD-gqfefonk ftZu nfXnksfwe-Xkofwe GktBktK gqpb jB. T[jBK B/ id ed/

th nfdZy-Fesh nZr/ nkgDh ebk dh g{oBsk ;zpzXh ;'u oZyh sK T[j fJZe nfsnzs

;[zdo s;tho pD e/ ;kjwD/ nkJh.

Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx B/ nkgD/ fgsk e'b'I sgh;o torh fJekrosk ns/

fdqVQsk gqkgs eo bJh ;h s/ nkgD/ T[;skd e'b'I god/ fuZso e/ ozrK dh ;[uZih

tos'I Bkb wkj"b-f;oiD s/ nB[gks ftXh Bkb fuZso ftZu shih fdFk ns/ v{zfxnkJh

fbnkT[D dh ftXh ;wM bJh ;h.21 ozrK dh nkswk ;wMD dh nB'yh ;{M T[jBK

ftZu iwKdo{ ;h. T[jBK B/ fJZe B[es/ s/ fJZe fBZeh fijh beho B{z :'r EK s/ bk

e/ Gkt f;oiD dh iku pj[s S'Nh T[wo ftZu jh f;Zy bJh ;h. BkNe fJZe nfijk

wzu g/F eodk j? fi; ftZu god/ dk fdqF BkNe B{z n;bhns o{g T[xkVB bJh

ftdfws j[zdk j?.22 Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx ih B/ tZy-tZy FfjoK ftZu ik e/ pj[s

;ko/ s}op/ jkf;b ehs/. T[j wB[ZyK d/ jkt-Gkt uzrh soQK ;wMD bZr/. BkNe

fJZe nfijh o{g ftXk j? i' ;wekbh gfo;fEshnK ftZu ;fEs ofjzdh j?. fJE'I sZe

fe fJfsjkf;e-BkNe th ;wekbh ;zdoGK B{z w[]kfsp j[zdk ofjzdk j?. gko;h BkNe

77

wzvbhnK ftZu ezw eoB ns/ T[jBK d/ fJfsjkf;e-BkNe t/yD Bkb Fqh ihH n?;H

;'jD f;zx ih B{z fJfsjkf;e ftneshnK d/ gfjokftnK dk F[ZX frnkB j' frnk

;h.23 T[jBK B{z wjkB-:'fXnK dh ;]Fhns ns/ fujfonK d/ gqGkt T[;koB dh iku

nk rJh ;h . fJe ;\b BkNe T[jh j? fi;d/ ebkeko doFeK dk Gog{o wB'oziB

eod/ j'J/ iB-;kXkoB d/ ihtB Bkb eohph foFsk pDkJh oZyD.24

Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx ih B/ BkNeK B{z fJzBh eohp s'I jzvkfJnk fe T[j

jo gkso d/ fujo/ d/ GktK B{z uzrh soQaK ;wMD bZr/. T[jBK B/ fizBh fFZds Bkb

BkNeh-wzu d/ god/ fsnko ehs/, T[ZBhI jh fFZds Bkb nkgDh ebk B{z fB]koB bJh

jo }o{oh sZs tZb fXnkB fdZsk. ebk dk Fkpfde noE ;[zdosk d/ gqrNkt/ B{z

wzfBnk frnk j?. ebk dk T[d/F e/tb nB[eoD wkso jh BjhI pbfe g{ot-

nfGftnesh j?. ebk-feos T[d'I jh ;\b o{g ftZu ;thekoh iKdh j?, id'I T[j

Gkt-ftF/F dh nfGftnziBk eoB ftZu ;woZE j't/. T[Zx/ ftdtkB Nkb;Nk: ebk

;zpzXh nkgD/ ftuko fJ; gqeko fdzd/ jBL- @@ebk T[j fefonk j? fi;d/ d[nkok

wB[Zy fJZe Gkt dk nB[Gt eoB T[gozs T[;dk nfj;k; d{;fonK sZe gj[zukT[Idk

j?.##25

;[zdowJh s}opk fJZe v{zxkJh j?, fijVh v{zx/ fXnkB s'I gqkgs j[zdh j?. fJj

s}opk i' ;kB{z gqkgs j'Jh ;wZroh dh g{oh ehws fdzdk j? T[j Gkt/I fe;/ th y/so

ftZu j't/ iK fe;/ th fdFk B{z gqrN eodk j't/, T[j fe;/ Bk fe;/ jZd sZe ;kjwD/

nkT[Idk j?. f;oiDjko nkgDh f;oiDk B{z T[Zsw pDkT[D bJh brksko gq:sBFhb

78

ofjzdk j?. Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx ih nkgDh f;oiDk B{z tX/o/ ftef;s eoB bJh

f;oiD-gqfefonk bJh brksko s}op/ tZb gq/fos oj/.

;zB 1932 JhL ftZu Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx ih B/ gfjbh tko pkpk pzdk

f;zx pjkdo dk ozrhB fuZso gqekfFs eotkfJnk ;h. T[jBK B/ f;oiDksfwe-

gqfefonk B{z do;kT[Id/ j'J/ pzdk f;zx pjkdo dh pjkdoh B{z ;kekokswe Yzr Bkb

do;kT[Id/ j'J/ fuZsfonk. b'eK B/ fJ; fuZso B{z pj[s ;bkfjnk fi; ;dek T[jBK B/

pkpk pzdk f;zx pjkdo d/ fuZso B{z fszB tko nbZr-nbZr fsnko ehsk, i' ozrdko

pbkeK d[nkok gqekfFs j'J/. fJ; soQK jo toQ/ Bt/I s'I Bt/I fuZso Fqh ihH n?;H

;'jD f;zx ih gqekfFs eokT[Id/ s/ gqFz;k gqkgs eod/. T[jBK B/ pjkdoh d/ fJZe

j'o fuZso ftZu ;odko iZ;k f;zx okwrVQhnk B{z izr d/ w?dkB ftZu do;kfJnk.

fi; ftZu ;odko iZ;k f;zx okwrVQhnk d/ fujo/ T[go i'Fhb/ gqGkt T[sFkj-g{oB

gqrNkJ/ rJ/ jB. 1932 JhL ftZu okwrVQhnk ;?INob-c?vo/FB dh ekB\oz; j'Jh. fJE/

fJ; fuZso B{z gfjbk fJBkw fwfbnk. T[jBK B/ ;odko iZ;k f;zx okwrVQhnk dk

1961 JhL ftZu fJZe j'o fuZso pDkfJnk i' nZi-eZbQ ;aqh jfowzdo ;kfjp d/ nikfJp

xo ftZu ;[F'fGs j?.26

Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx ih nkgD/ fuZsoK d/ pbke B{z i' 8%10 fJzu d/ j[zd/

;B, iowB dh n?\H vpfbT{H ezgBh s'I SgtkT[Id/ ;B. 1935-38 JhL d/ ;w/I d"okB

e'Jh fgqfNzr gq?; BjhI j[zdh ;h. wro'I iowB dh ezgBh j"bh-j"bh bkj"o nk rJh.

fco T[jBK B/ T[E'I fuZsoK d/ pbke SgtkT[D/ F[o{ eo fdZs/.27 Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD

79

f;zx ih gfjb/ fuZsoeko ;B fijBK B/ fuZsoK dh gqubsk eoe/ pbke B{z bkj"o s'I

pDtkfJnk.28 bkj"o ftZu T[jBK d/ fuZso NokJh-ebo okjhI Sgd/ ;B. nBkoebh-

p}ko ftZu feogk okw ns/ ro/to; j[zd/ ;B, fijV/ T[jBK d/ fuZsoK B{z Skgd/

;B. Fqh ;'jD f;zx ih T[jBK e'b ik e/ pbke fuZso bJh eZuk o/yk-fuZso

pDkT[IfdnK pbkeK dh ;'X nkgD/ Yzr nB[;ko eod/ ;B. (fuZso-1)

T[jBK B/ 1956 JhL ftZu nzfwqs;o ftZu nkgDk pbke w/fezr :{fBN

brkfJnk. nkw pbkeK Bkb'I T[jBK d/ pbkeK ftZu Nfuzr t/b/ eqwpzdh g?dk ehsh

iKdh ;h. eqwpzdh dk wsbp jbe/ s'I r{VQk ns/ r{VQ/ s'I jbek ft;sko Gkt fGzBsk

g?dk eoBk.29 (fuZso-2)

T[; ;w/I d"okB seohpB ;ko/ n]pko gzikph, T[od{, (nihs, toswkB, F/o/-

gzikp, gqskg, fwbkg, nekbh gZfsqek nkfd) i' bkj"o ftZu Sgd/ ;B, ;ko/ nzfwqs;o

ftZu SgD bZr gJ/. j"bah-j"bah ;a'jos d/ tZXD Bkb Fqh ;'jD f;zx ih B{z fwbD

tkb/ ezw ftZu th tkXk j[zdk frnk. o'}kBk ns/ j\s/tko n]pkoK dk ezw th u'yh

wksok ftZu T[jBK e'b nkT[D bZrk. nihs, tho-Gkos s/ F/o/-gzikp nkfd n]pkoK

d/ ;zgkde T[jBK s'I nkgD/ n]pkoK d/ ftF/F nzeK bJh w[Zy-fuZso nkfd fsnko

eotkT[D bZr gJ/. T[jBK B/ ;e{bK ftZu gVQkJhnK ikD tkbhnK g?g;{ dhnK gkm-

g[;seK d/ ftnkfynk-fuZso th pDkJ/ ;B. T[jBK B{z gqekFeK tZb'I g[;seK d/

f;ob/y, fv}kJhB ns/ g[;seK ftubhnK s;thoK d/ ftnkfynk-fuZso fsnko eoB

bJh th nkovo fwbD bZr/.30

80

Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx B/ g[;seK d/ w[Zy-fuZso ns/ g[;seK dhnK u'bhnK

th pDkJhnK. J/; ebk dk T[Zsw Bw{Bk ebi[fr oE[ nrfB ek dh u'bh j?. T[jBK

B/ fJ; u'bh ftZu s[e @ebi[fr oE[ nrfB ek e{V[ nr? oEtkj[# dk n;bh Gkt

g/F eoB dk ewkb jkf;b ehsk j?.31 (fuZso-3)

T[jBK B/ pj[s ;ko/ n]pkoK d/ w[`y gzB/ fsnko ehs/, feT[Ife T[; t/b/

fbE'rok\h pj[s gqufbs ;h. T[j fbE' ftZu ekghnK pDke/ ;koh oks w'wpZsh irke/

fuZso fsnko eod/ ;B. fco ;t/o/ nrb/ fdB 4 ti/ T[; fuZso dh ekgh d/Dh

j[zdh ;h. T[j f;o\ w[Zy gzBk nkg fbE'rokch d[nkok fuZso e/ fdzd/ ;Bl pkeh gzB/

Sg/ j[zd/ ;B. Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx ih d/ p[oF ftZu s/ ebw dh B'e ftZu

nB']k ftnzr th ;h. fJ; eoe/ eJh ;kb uzr/ B?fse gofunK bJh ftnzr-fuZso

th pDkT[Id/ oj/. T[jBK B/ ftnzr-fuZsoK okjhI ;wkfie, okiBhfse toskfonK B{z g/F

eoB bJh ftnzrnkswe YzrK Bkb ;ZukJh B{z fpnkB ehsk.(fuZso-4)

T[jBK dh f;oiD-gqfefonk fJzBh gqpb ;h fe T[jBK dhnK ;'uK ftZu ;wki

ns/ okiBhshtkBK gqsh i' tbtb/ wB ftZu T[God/, T[jBK B{z ftnzr-fuZsoK dk ikwk

gfjBk e/ g/F ehsk. T[jBK B/ tX/o/ eoe/ okiBhfse ftnzr-fuZso pDkJ/ ns/ T[jBK

B{z ;[jiksfwe Yzr Bkb tofDs ehsk.32(fuZso-5)

T[j ;gskfje nzeK ftZu okiBhfse ftnzr-fuZso ns/ Xkofwe f;ob/y n]pkoK

bJh pDkT[Id/ ;B. e[ZM n]pkoK B/ nkgD/ d\so ibzXo pDk bJ/ ns/ ibzXo s'I

jh T[j nkgDk ezw T[jBK s'I jh eotkT[Id/ oj/. T[; ;w/I p'bdhnK-f\bwK j[zdhnK

81

;B. ;G s'I gfjbh p'bdh-fcbw t/b/ Fqh ;'jD f;zx ih B{z T[;skd ;odko joh

f;zx ih ns/ fuZsoeko n?;H ihH mkeo f;zx ih Bkb ezw eoB dk w"ek fwfbnk.

T[; t/b/ T[j f;o\ ozr x'b e/ fdzd/ ;B. fJjBK fdBK ftZu r[o{-fFF gozgok ;h.

fFF nkgD/ r[o{ dh pVh edo eod/ ;B.33 (fuZso-6)

T[jBK d/ nkgD/ r[o{ ;odko joh f;zx ih Bkb pj[s B/Vb/ ns/ fgnko Go/

;zpzX ;B. T[j ed/ th Fqh ;'jD f;zx ih B{z fuZmh fbyd/ sK n}h} ftfdnkoEh

;'jD f;zx fbye/ ;zp'XB eod/ ;B.34 (fuZso-7)

Btzpo 1946 JhL ftZu Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx ih B/ s;thoK d/ co/wK

nkfd dk ezw SZfvnk s/ nkg fBo'b ebkswe-fuZso fsnko eoB tZb M[e rJ/.

fJ; s'I pknd JhL 1947 d/ oki-gbN/ s/ d/F d/ pNtko/ ftZu eko'pko mZg j'D s/

nkg B{z pj[s ;kok wkbh B[e;kB T[mkT[Dk fgnk. d/F dh tzv ;w/I nzfwqs;o s'I

gkfe;skB B{z ikD tkb/ ekcb/, T[jBK d/ xo e'b'I bzxd/ ;B. fi; ;dek T[jBK d/

wB T[Zs/ rfjok gqGkt fgnk. T[jBK B/ fJ; dodBke xNBk B{z nkgDh f;oiD-

gqfefonk d[nkok fuZso Bz{ ;keko o{g fdzd/ j'J/ ifbQnK tkb/ pk| dh xNBk B{z

nkgD/ fuZsoK d[nkok do;kfJnk.

Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx ih B/ ;[gB-nt;Ek ftZu f;oiDk-gqfefonk B{z wfj;{;

eod/ j'J/ nkgD/ ihtB ftZu ebk B{z ftbZ]D o{g gqdkB ehsk. ;[gB-nt;Ek ftZu

fuZsoeko B{z y[FhnK, dodK, ;fji-;[Gkn torhnK tZyohnK-tZyohnK tzBrhnK dh

gqkgsh j[zdh j?. fi; ;dek fuZsoeko nkgDh ebk-feos Bz{z pj[w[Zbk o{g fdzd/ jB.

82

;[gB-nt;Ek wB[Zyh-wB dk ntu/sB-g;ko b'e ihtB ftZu nfjw G{fwek fBGkT[Idk

j?. b'e-wB dhnK dZphnK-fJZSktK, GktBktK, vo ns/ ;[gfBnK dk Xoksb wB[Zyh-

ntu/sB j?. wB[Zyh-ntu/sB ftnesh ftF/F Bkb th ;zpzX oZydk j? ns/ ;w{j Bkb

th ;zpzfXs j?. ;[gB/ ftnesh-wB d/ ntu/sB-g;ko dk fJZe wjZstg{oB nzr jB.

;[gfBnK dk g;ko pj[fdFkth j[zdk j?. eJh t;s{nK dk ;[w/b Bt/I noEK s/ XkoBktK

dh f;oiDk eo ;edk j?. ;[gB/ dk ;Zu ftbZ]D-tzBrh dk ;Zu j[zdk j?. fJj ;Zu

Bk j[zdk j'fJnk th ;Zu j[zdk j?.35

ebgBk ohMK d/ fpzp xVdh j?. fJj fJZSs-;[gB/ ftneshrs s/ ;wkfie

;fEshnK Bkb pdbd/ ofjzd/ jB, Gkt/I fesB/ jh ftneshrs feT[I Bk j'D. gqf;ZX

ftdtkB cokJhv nu/s-wB dh fJZSk B{z ebk d/ o{g ftZu pdbD bJh ;jkfJe

dZ;d/ jB. T[jBK B/ wB[Zy d/ wB dhnK fszB nt;EktK dZ;hnK jBL u/sB, noX-

u/sB ns/ ntu/sB. u/sB-nt;Ek wB[Zy dh toswkB nt;Ek j[zdh j?. fi; toswkB

ekb ftZu T[j ihtB pshs eo fojk j[zdk j?. u/sB s'I ntu/sB dk d"o T[j j?

id'I e'Jh rZb u/sB-wB ftZu'I fBeb e/ G[Zb iKdh j? sK T[j ntu/sB wB ftZu ik

e/ mfjo iKdh j?. ntu/sB wB dk T[; B{z fXnkB BjhI ofjzdk. fi; nt;Ek ftZu

;zt/dBk, :kd, ebgBk s/ soe-fefonktK j[zdhnK jB, T[jh u/sBk j?. noX-u/sB

T[j nt;Ek j? fi; ftZu fXnkB BjhI ofjzdk. wB[Zy id'I phs/ :[Zr d/ nB[GtK B{z

:kd eoe/ T[;/ nt;Ek ftZu'I bzxdk j?, T[j noX-u/sB ftZu jh b[e/ gJ/ ofjzd/

jB. id'I n;hI T[jBK dh fJZSk eod/ jK sK ;G e[ZM TZ[Go e/ nZyK ;kjwD/ ;keko

83

j' iKdk j?.36 Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx ih d[nkok nu/s-wB ftZubhnK GktBktK B{z

;[gB/ ftZu gqshs j'D T[gozs, nfXnksfwe Fesh dk g;kok uko/ gk;/ B}ohI fgnk.

T[jBK d/ wB ftZu r[o{nK gqsh sKx ;[gB-nt;Ek s'I jh F[o{ j'Jh.

Fqh ;'jD f;zx ih B/ ;[gB-nt;Ek ftZu t/fynk fe T[jBK dh g[;se fijVh

w[ezwb j' rJh T[;B{z T[j r[od[nkok okw;o ;kfjp b? e/ rJ/. T[ZE/ ik e/ T[jBK

B/ T[j g[;se nkgD/ fgsk nZr/ G/IN ehsh. T[jBK t/yh s/ pVh g;zd ehsh ns/ T[;

g[;se s'I pknd T[jBK B{z fJZe j'o ;[gBk nkfJnk fe T[j pqfjwzv ftZu s[oh ik

oj/ jB, T[Zvd/ ik oj/ jB. T[Zvd/-T[Zvd/ t/fynk fe T[j ;Zuyzv d/ p{j/ nZr/ ub/

rJ/. T[ZE/ T[jBK d/ fgsk ih Fqh r[o{ rzqE ;kfjp ih skfpnk p?m/ j'J/ ;B. e'b jh

gzi f;zx ;B, fijBK d/ B{okBh fujo/, ;\?d-dkVQh ns/ ;\?d-eZgV/ B}o nkJ/.

T[jBK B/ Fqh ;'jD f;zx ih B{z fJZe g[;se tZb fJFkok eod/ j'J/ fejk fe fJ;

gqeko d/ fuZsoK dh ouBk eo'. id'I T[jBK B/ T[; g[;se d/ gzfBnK s/ d/fynk sK

T[jBK B{z iBw-;kyhnK s/ f;Zy-fJfsjk; dhnK s;thoK B}o nkJhnK. T[ZE'I T[jBK B{z

g/qoBk fwb rJh ns/ fJ; s'I pknd T[jBK dh ikr y[ZbQ rJh. Fqh ;'jD f;zx ih

B/ fuZso fuZsoeko dh ;[gB-nt;Ek ftZu nfij/ jh ;[gB-b'e dh f;qFNh ehsh j?

fi;B{z fe T[jBK B/ y[d ihn e/ nkgDh nkswk d[nkok nB[Gt ehsk j?. fJj fuZso

T[jBK bJh fJZe g/qoBk-;o's fuZso ;h.

fJ; g/qoBk s'I pknd jh T[jBK B/ r[opkDh ns/ f;Zy-fJfsjk; d/ fuZso

fsnko eoB/ F[o{ ehs/. f;Zy-fJfsjk; dk nfXn?B eoBk, T[jBK g[;seK d/ b/ye B{z

84

fwbDk fco T[jBK d/ fJZe d/ uko-uko, gzi-gzi o/yKeD eoB/ ns/ fco fJZe wB j'

e/ r[opkDh s/ nXkfos fuZso pDkT[Id/ ;B. jo uh} B{z T[j pkoheh Bkb pDkT[Id/

;B.37 Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx ih B/ b'eK dhnK GktBktK B{z w[Zy oZyfdnK r[opkDh

s/ nXkfos tX/o/ fuZso pDkJ/ jB.

Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx ih nfdZy-Fesh Bkb fbt bkJh FKswJh j' e/

fuZsoK ftZu ozrs B{z o{gwkB eod/ ;B. T[j nkgDh ;'u B{z ebw dhnK T[vkohnK

brk e/ gfjbK fJZe eZuk o/yk-fuZso fsnko eod/ ;B. T[; ftZu e[dosh ozrK ns/

nfdZ] ;aesh d/ skD/-pkD/ B{z f;oiDk eod/-eod/ Grsh GktK Bkb fJZe-fwe j' e/

T[j o/yk-fuZso, fsnko ehs/ fuZsoK ftZu ozrK dk ;[w/b God/ ;B. T[j gfjbK

fuZso dk fJZe gZ] nkgD/ wB-w;fse ftZu ;'u b?Id/l wro'I j'bah-j'bah nkgDh ebgBk

B{z nXko-fFbk pDk e/ T[; ftZu jo ozr B{z fdqFNhwkB eod/ ;B. T[jBK B/ nfdZ]

;aesh B{z w[Zy oZyd/ j'J/ rrB w? Ekb[ oft uzd[ dhge pB/ skfoek wzvb iBe

w'sh.. nkosh s/ nXkfos fuZso dh ouBk ehsh. fJj nkosh wzdo dh nkosh Bkb'I

ftbZ]D j'D eoe/, ft;wkde Gkt g?dk eoB d/ ;woZE j?. ft;wkd Fpd ;z;feqs

d/ ;qfw Xks{ s'I wzfBnk iKdk j?, fi; dk noE j?L w[;ekB. ft;wkd fJZe nzdobh

w[;ekB j?. 38

ebk dk f;ZXk ;zpzX Gkt Bkb j?, e/tb o{g, ;[zdosk Bkb jh BjhI. f;qFNh

ftZu fijVh t;s{ fuZsoeko B{z fij' fijh ftykJh fdzdh j?, T[; dh fiT[I dh fsT[I

Beb eo d/Dh, T[;dk fpbeZ[b n;b tork jh fuZso pDk d/D dh e[Fbsk B{z jh

85

T[j ebk dk do}k d/ fdzd/ jB i' fuZsoeko Gkt B{z w[Zy-t;s{ wzBdk j?, T[j Gkt-

ftF/F dh ;[zdosk bJh fuZso-nzeD d"okB Gkt-doFB d/ nB[o{g nkdoF-;'Mh B{z

nkgDh gqfsGk d/ ;kwoki s'I y'i-y'i e/ fbnkT[Idk j? s/ fJZe nkdoF doFh-ebk B{z

w{os o{g fdzdk j?. Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx ih dh ;];ahns ftZu fi; soQK d/

;z;eko Fkfwb ;B T[j' fijhnK GktBtK jh T[jBK d/ nkjko-ftjko ftZu Fkfwb

;B.

gzikp d/ izwgb j'D d/ Bks/ Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx ih dh fuZsoebk dhnK

iVQK gzikp dh Xosh ftZu v{zxhnK jB. gzikp d/ ibtk:{ ns/ u"frod/ B/ T[jBK B{z

ebk-f;oiDk dh Fesh s/ g/qoBk fdZsh j?. T[jBK B/ fiZE/ Xkofwe gqGkt tkb/ fuZso

pDkJ/ jB T[ZE/ gzikp d/ g/Iv{ s/ Ffjoh ;fGnkuko B{z th nkgDh ebk ftZu ;w'fJnk

j?. wB[Zy iksh dk ofjD-;fjD, ykX-][oke, gfjoktk, ezw-Xzd/, wB-goukt/, y/vK,

b'e-ebktK, b'e-Bku, b'e-;kfjs d/ fGzB-fGzB o{g ns/ B?fse edoK-ehwsK nkfd

;fGnkuko d/ w{b sZs jB.39 T[jBK B/ ftneshrs s"o s/ gzikp d/ ;fGnkuko ftZu

ihtB pshs ehsk s/ fJE'I d/ gfjokt/ s'I b? e/ ezw-XzfdnK sZe d/ ftfFnK B{z nkgDh

f;oiDksfwe-gqfefonk dh S'j d/ e/ fuZsfos ehsk. gzikp d/ w/b/, gzikphnK dhnK

;ZXoK s/ T[wzrK dk GktBksfwe ne; j[zd/ jB. fJ; ft;a/ B{z Fqh ;'jD f;zx ih B/

pk-]{ph Bkb fBGkfJnk j?. Y'b dh skb s/ BZud/, GzrVk gkT[IId/ rZGo{nK dk

fuZso gzikphnK dh Fesh ns/ i'F dk gqrNktk eodk j?. GzrVk gzikph rZGo{nK dh

;z;feqsh dk o'ue nzr ns/ iB-ihtB dk skb-pZX fpzp jB.40 fJ; fpzp B{z

86

T[jBK B/ nkgD/ fuZso GzrV/ dk fdqF ftZu Y'b dh skb s/ BZud/ rZGo{nK

B{z nkgD/ i}pks dk gqrNktk eod/ do;kfJnk j?.

uo]k-eZsDk s/ djhI-foVeDk nkfd fiZE/ g/Iv{ shthInK d/ o'} d/ XzfdnK ftZu

Fkfwb jB T[ZE/ fJjBK dk ;fGnkukoe wjZst th pj[s j?.41 fJjBK ftfFnK B{z th

Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx ih B/ g{oh o[uh ns/ brB Bkb fuZsfos ehsk j?. T[jBK

B/ okr-okrBhnK d/ nXko T[Zs/ fuZso pDkJ/. okr fJZe soQK dk otkfJsh sohek j?,

i' fe ;zrhs s/ nXkfos FKswJh ssekbh ouBk B{z do;kT[Idk j?.42

Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx ih B/ fjzv'b okr u[D e/ nkgDh f;oiDk d[nkok

fJ; B{z ftbZ]D o{g fdZsk. fjzv'b s'I Gkt j[bko/ iK M{bk j?. fjzv'b okr g[oF-

gqXkB okr j? ns/ fJ; ftZu S/ okrBhnK jB. T[jBK B/ fjzv'b Gkt M{b/ dh soQK

j[bko/ b?Idh n"os B{z ftdfws ehsk j?. jtk ftZu j[bko/ b?Idh n"os d/ wB d/ Gkt

T[; d/ fujo/ T[Zs/ ftdfws jB. fuZsoeko B/ fJ; fuZso B{z tX/o/ ;[jiksfwesk

fdZsh j?. ozr ns/ b?n fJ; fuZso B{z ftbZ]D o{g fdzd/ jB. fjzv'b v[ZbQ-v[ZbQ g?Idh

y[Fh dk okr j?. T[jBK B/ fJ; nkBzd-ftG'osk dk wkBtheoB ehsk j?.

1958 JhL ftZu foXw (Rhythm) w?r}hB SZgdk ;h. fJ; w?r}hB ftZu

ebkekoK pko/ ns/ T[jBK dh ebk pko/ e[ZM Bk e[ZM ftuko Sgd/ ofjzd/ ;B. fJ;

ftZu T[; ;w/I d/ d' nBw'b fuZsoeko pko/ ns/ T[jBK d/ fuZsoK pko/ f}eo ehsk

j'fJnk fwbdk j?. fi;B{z d[BhnK GkJh frnkB f;zx BZekF ih ns/ Fqh ihH n?;H

;'jD f;zx ih d/ Bkw Bkb ikDdh j?. T[jBK B/ fJ; w?r}hB ftZu fJZe fuZso oZph

87

ebk, i' gkDh tkb/ ozrK d/ wkfXnw ftZu pDkfJnk j?, dk f}eo ehsk j'fJnk

fwbdk j?. fJ; w?r}hB nB[;ko T[jBK B{z f\bk;\o fuZsoeko fejk frnk j?.

fi;B/ wB[Zy ns/ T[jd/ nkb/-d[nkb/ d/ tksktoB B{z fuZsod/ j'J/ T[jBK ftZu g{oh

fyZu Goh j? ns/ fJj wB[Zyh j'Id fi;dk e'Jh nzs BjhI, T[Zs/ gqGkt gkT[Idh j?.

Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx ih B/ nfXnksfwesk dh ftnkfynk bJh Xkofwe

fuZsoK B{z gqtkBsk fdZsh. r[o{-;kfjpkB dhnK s[eK s/ eEBK ftZu'I Xkofwe ftuko

nkgD/ fuZsoK d[nkok ;wki d/ ;BwZ[y g/F ehs/. Xow wB[Zy B{z gqEw o{g ftZu fJZe-

nfXnksfwe j'Id ;wMdk j? fi; ftZu e/Idoh ;EkB Xkofwe-ftFtk;K B{z gqkgs j?.

Xow dh w{b XkoBk fJj j? fe ;z;ko B{z fe;/ gqkfeofse-Fesh B/, fi;B{z JhFto,

gqwkswk nkfd eJh Bkw fdZs/ rJ/ jB, ti{d ftZu fbnKdk j?. fJE/ i' e[ZM ftdwkB,

tkgodk ns/ ftuodk j? T[j ;G e[ZM T[; Fesh d/ j[ew nB[;ko j?, i' nfdZy ns/

fBozeko j?, ;koh f;qFNh T[; d/ tZ; ftZu j?.43

20thI ;dh d/ gqshpZX fuZsoeko Fqh ;'jD f;zx ih B/ T[dk;h ;kX{nK d/

v/fonK tk;s/ pj[s fuZso pDkJ/l gozs{ f;Zy-oki t/b/ s'I Xkofwe f;Zfynk d/D ns/

ezX-fuZsoK B{z gqc[fbs eoB tkb/ wjzsK d/ n]kV/ th j[D nkgDk n;b ;o{g rtk

u[Ze/ jB. Fqh jfowzdo ;kfjp d/ Bkb bZrd/ n]kV/ pqjw p{Nk dh g[okDh fJwkos

rfbnkok ;ehw t/b/ ]sw j' u[Zeh j?. fJ; d/ fJZe fjZ;/ B/ BthI fJwkos dk o{g

Xko fbnk j? s/ ezX-fuZso nb'g j' rJ/ jB. fJ; d/ fpbeZ[b ;kjwD/ ;fEZs

n]kVk p/oh tkbk dh pkeh puh fJZe ewo/ dh fJwkos B{z d[pkok pDkfJnk frnk

88

j?. n]kVk pqjw p{Nk ftZu Gkt/I ezX-fuZso sK BjhI jB gozs{ Fqh ;'jD f;zx ih d/

jZEK dhnK pDhnK 33 ezX-fuZsoK dhnK s;thoK bZrhnK j'JhnK jB. fijBK ftZu

pkpk Fqh uzdq ih d/ ihtB Bkb ;zpzfXs bhbktK dk toDB do;kfJnk frnk j?.44

Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx ih B/ ;[jikswe e[dosh u"frod/ B{z ebkswe ozrK

Bkb f;ofink. p}ko ftZu ;G s'I tZX gqekfFs fuZso T[jBK d/ jh T[gbZpX ;B.

gfjbK fJjBK d/ e?bzvoK ftZu Sg/ fuZso jh xoK ftZu bZrd/ ;B.45 g[;se gkg{bo

f;Zy nkoN ftZu Bw{B/ ti'I 54 u'Dt/I p}koh f;Zy-fuZso fdZs/ rJ/ jB. fJjBK ftZu

Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx ih d/ p}ko dh wzr dh g{osh eoB tkb/ ;kXkoB gZXo d/

f;Zy-fuZso T[bhe/ jB. T[jBK d/ fJj ;ko/ jh fuZso fttXsk d/ bykfJe jB,

fijBK ftZu T[jBK B/ fJZe' fuZso ftZu nB/eK fdqF S'N/-fuZsoK d/ o{g ftZu do;kJ/

jB. f;Zy-p}koh fuZsoekoh ftZu T[jBK dk fJj tvw[Zbk :'rdkB j?.46

Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx ih B/ nkgD/ fuZsoK ftZu toswkB fuZsoekoh d/

Bkb-Bkb gqkuhB BZekFh d/ fuzBQK B{z th o{gwkB ehsk j?. fuZsoeko nB[Gt B{z ebk-

o{g ftZu f;oi e/ nkgDh ebgBk-Fesh okjhI ihtB dhnK edoK-ehwsK ns/ noEK

dk ;zuko eodk j?. T[jBk B/ f;oiD-gqfefonk okjhI wB[Zy d/ nzdob/ wB'GktK B{z

N[zfpnk j?. ebk okjhI wB[Zyh f]nkbK iK GktBktK B{z Feb fdZsh ik ;edh j?. T[j

wzBd/ ;B fe ebk e'Jh th j't/, nk]o T[;dk wB'oE wB[Zy eqw-ftek; dh wZdd

eoBk j?. ;ohoe s/ wkBf;e ;jkfJsk eoBk j?, i/ ebk nfijk BjhI eodh sK

fB;\b j?.47

89

T[jBK B/ nkgD/ fuZsoK ftZu feXo/-feXo/ ;kek-wJh ;orowhnK B{z th ftFk-

t;s{ pDkfJnk j?, feT[IIfe T[jBK B/ e[ZM fuZso p}ko dh wzr nB[;ko th fuZso/

jB. fJ; dk f}eo fJZe pj[s jh g[okDh gqkgs jZE-fbys fuZmh ftZu do} j? i'

fJZe fuZsoeko B/ fwsh 26-10-1950 B{z fdZbh s'I Fqh ;'jD f;zx ih B{z fbyh. fi;

soQK dk fuZso rkje B/ pDtkT[Dk j[zdk ;h. T[j gfjbK T[;dk fJZe eZuk o/yk-

fuZso T[jBK B{z d/ iKd/ s/ T[j j{-p-j{ T[;/ soQK dk fuZso fsnko eoe/ d/ fdzd/.

fJE'I sZe fe fejV/ ozr dh tos'I eoBh j?, fuZso fe; T[Zs/ pBkT[Dk j? ns/ T[;B{z

fejVk co/w eoBk j? nkfd ;kok e[ZM rkje dh wo}h w[skfpe fsnko eoe/ fdzd/

;B. fJ; fuZmh ftZu T[jBK s'I Fqh jfowzdo ;kfjp nkfd dk fuZso i' n?;H ihH

mkeo f;zx fuZsoeko dk fuZso ns/ okfpzdoBkE N?r'o d/ fuZso dh Beb fsnko

eotkT[D dk f}eo fwbdk j?. fJ; s'I fJbktk T[j fuZso dk neko, nkfeqshnK dk

fbpk;, fujok ns/ nzdk} fpbe[Zb j{-p-j{ jh ofjD fdzd/ ;B gozs{ fuZso dh fgZm-

G{wh B{z E'VQk pdb fdzd/ ;B sK fe fuZso ftZu E'VQk \oe wfj;{; j't/. T[jBK d/

eJh fuZso nfij/ fwb/ jB fijBK s/ T[jBK dk Bkw BjhI fbfynk j'fJnk. fJ; dk

tZvk ekoB rkjeK dh ]k; jdkfJs j[zdh ;h fe T[j nkgDk Bkw Bk fbyD.48

(fuZso-8)

Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx ih jZNh T[Zs/ GKs-GKs dhnk oktK ;[Dd/ j'J/ nkgD/

ezw ftZu iZ[N/ ofjzd/ ;B. T[jBK dh ebk ftZu j[Bo ns/ n;bhns dh fJe;kosk

Mbedh j?. T[jBK dh ebw n;bhns d/ B/V/ j?.49 pj[-w[yh ebk B{z ;wMD s/

eoB dh ;{M th T[jBK ftZu fe;/ Bkb'I xZN BjhIl gozs{ ebk B{z fJe' Feb ftZu

90

t/yD B{z fsnko BjhI. s[eK B{z ozrD t/b/ f]nkb, ;{M ns/ o;/ j'J/ p[oF dh b'V

jz[dh j?. fJ;h XkoBk B{z w[Zy oZyd/ j'J/ T[jBK tZb'I fJZe s[e Bw'-nzXeko/ B{z nkgD/

p[oF d[nkok e?Bt; s/ fuZsfos ehsk frnk j? ns/ f]nkb s/ ozr d/ ;[w/b Bkb

Bw'-nzXeko/ d/ doFB eotkT[D dh e'fFF ehsh rJh j?.50

T[jBK B/ s[eK s'I S[ZN gzikph d/ wFj{o F/no s/ p'bhnK B{z th nkgD/ p[oF

dk ftFk pDkfJnk. J/jh BjhI r[opkDh d/ f]nkb B{z T[j nkgD/ p[oF dh S'j

d[nkok ;gZFN eo rJ/ jB. T[j nkX[fBe fuZsoebk B{z fuZsoeko dh fwjBs Bk

eoB dh o[uh dk f;ZNk efjzd/ jB. T[j fuZso ftZu v{zfxnkJh fbnkT[D d/ jZe ftZu

sK jB, go T[j n?t/I ebk-ofjs ozr GoB Bkb n;gFNsk T[;koB d/ jZe ftZu

BjhI jB. n;b ftZu T[j f;Zy-fuZsoebk dh TZ[gi jB. fJ; bJh T[jBK d/ ;ko/

fuZsoK ftZu ;[ji-;[nkdh ;gFNsk s/ ebkswe v{zfxnkJh B}o nkT[Idh j?.51

fuZsoekoh d/ Bkb-Bkb T[j nkgD/ fgsk tKr BZeF/ th pDk e/ fdzd/ ;B.

Fqh r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp ih d/ iBw n;EkB Fqh BBekDk ;kfjp ih dk BeFk f;Zyh d/

wfjb Fq'wDh r[od[nkok gqpzXe ew/Nh d/ ;kpek gqXkB ;torh ;odko r[ouoB f;zx

N"jVk B/ gqf;ZX fuZsoeko Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx ih e'b'I fsnko eotkfJnk ;h

ns/ 1980 JhL ftZu fJj BeFk gkfe;skB d/ T[; ;w/I d/ ;do iBob ihnk-T[Zb-jZe

B{z nkg G/IN eoe/ iBw n;EkB fJ; BeF/ w[skfpe pDkT[D bJh ftuko-tNKdok

ehsk ;h. T[j fuZso iK fs}kosh ezwK ns/ BeF/ pDkT[D dh ebk ftZu th fBg[zB

;B.52 (fuZso-9)

91

Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx ih pZfunK B{z gqwkswk dk o{g wzBd/ ;B. T[jBK B/

pZfunK bJh eJh gqeko d/ b/pbK dh ouBk ehsh. T[jBK B/ nzro/}h d/ pZsh

nZyoK B{z th fuZsfonk. T[j pZfunK dh wB'fposh B{z GktBksfwe s"o s/ wfj;{;

eoB d/ ;woZE ;B. T[jBK B/ pZfunK dh o[uh nB[;ko nksw-gqrNkn ns/

;[szso f;oiDksfwe Yzr d/ fuZso pDkJ/. T[jBK B/ pZu/ d/ ;ohoe, p"fXe,

GktBksfwe, ;wkfie ns/ ;]Fhns d/ ftek; ftZu yk; wjZst fdZsk j?.

(fuZso-10)

Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx ih d/ fuZso ;k]osk-w[fjzw ftZu p}[or nkdwh bZeVh

dh cZNh T[Zs/ T-n gk e/ gVQB-fbyD dk :sB eo fojk do;kfJnk j?. wB[Zy ftZu

;[Gkfte jh f;ZyD dh gqftosh j[zdh j?. nzdo'I jh ftneshnK ftZu ftuko ns/

fefonktK g?dk j[zdhnK jB. ikDB dh ifrnk;k gfjb'I jh T[jBK ftZu w"i{d j[zdh

j?.53 ebkeko nkgD/ ;w/I s'I nZr/ j[zdk j? ns/ fJj T[;dh gfoGkFk dk o{g j?

feT[Ife T[j ;zGt edoK-ehwsK dk fgZSk eodk j?. nfij/ ebkeko ;fGnkuko d/

y/so ftZu ftuod/ j'J/ ;wekbh-;wki bJh ftek;wJh o;s/ bZGd/ jB. ebkeko

n;b ftZu nkgD/ ;wki B{z BthI FkB p]Fdk j?. T[j ;w[Zu/ ;wki dh gqkgsh dh

;zGktBk B{z gqrN eodk j?. T[j nkgD/ nkg ftZu ;wki bJh nkXko pD iKdk j?.

Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx ih B/ 30 e[ ;kb gfjbK jh ;k]osk dk Bknok nkgD/

fJ; fuZso d[nkok g/F ehsk. Gkos ;oeko B/ ;k]osk dk Bknok 20 e[ ;kb s'I

p[bzd ehsk j?. T[jBK B/ ;wki ftub/ jo uzr/ gqGkt B{z nkgDh fuZsoebk okjhI

Fkfwb eoB dk :sB ehsk j?. T[jBK dh f;oiD-Fesh ftZu ;wki bJh nZr/ tZXD

92

tk;s/ ;zd/F Fkfwb j?. ihtB ftZu e'Jh th w[Feb nk iKdh sK T[j fuZso d[nkok

nkgD/-nkg B{z ;zs[bB nt;Ek ftZu eo b?Id/ ;B.

28 cotoh, 1999 JhL B{z Fkw d/ ;Zs ti/ id'I Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx ih

nkgD/ xo nkgDh nk]oh-ouBk, nkosh T[Zs/ ezw eo oj/ ;B sK nukBe T[jBK dh

fdwk|h-B; cN rJh ns/ T[j ;kv/ s'I ;dk bJh ftZSV rJ/. T[jBK dh nk]oh

nX{oh-ouBk ni/ sZe T[jBK d/ gfotko B/ pVh ;KG e/ oZyh j'Jh j?. fi; d/

fgS'eV ftZu e[dos dk ft;wkd-Gog{o nkbw j?. nkgDh f}zdrh d/ nk]oh ;kjK

sZe T[j ebk Bkb Us-g's ;B. T[jBK B/ fuZsoebk ;dek f}zdrh d/ r[zM/-G/dK B{z

fpnkB ehsk fi; Bkb f}zdrh dk \b;\k ;wMDk nk;kB j' frnk.

ft;a/;a L fJ; nfXnkfJ ftZu ;aqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx ih d[nkok s/b, gkDh, g';No

ns/ g/;Nb ozrK d/ wkfXnw d[nkok T[bhe/ fuZsoK ;zpzXh t/otk

y'i-gqpzX d/ u"E/ nfXnkfJ L Pqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx dk ebkswe

ftPk^t;s{, seBhe ns/ P?bh

ftZu ft;Eko g{ote ehsk frnk j? ih.

93

jtkb/ ns/ fNZgDhnK

1- Hints for Self-Culture Lala Hardyal Publication - Jaico Publishing

house mumbai (2002), p. 163.

2- i?B, fti?beFwJh vkHl (1989), @@;zrhs doFB##, gqekFe-oki;EkBh

rozEkrko (fjzdh ftZu gqekFs) i'Xg[o, gzBk 3H

3- Coomaraswamy Ananda K. (1974), The Transformation of

Nature in Art, Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt, Ltd., New Delhi, p. 46.

4- Bo{bk, e[wkoh gqekF e"ol @@o/yk s/ ozr##, gpbhe/;aB fpT{o', gzikph

:{Bhtof;Nh, gfNnkbk, gzBk 3H

5- ;/y'I, fJzdogkb f;zxl (1970), @@Gkosh ebk dk fJfsjk;##, gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh,

gfNnkbk, gzBk 3H

6- Fhsb, ihs f;zx vkHl (1978), @@nzfwqs;o f;\sh dk xo##, gpbhe/;aB fpT{o',

gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh, gfNnkbk, gzBk 5H

7- fusoeko, nikfJpl (1995), @@gzikph fusoeko##, gpbhe/FB fpU{o', gzikph


8- o{g, jfozdo f;zxl (b/ye) (gjfbk ;z;eoD 1947), @@f;Zy s/ f;Zyh##,

gqekFeL f;Zy fJfsjk; oh;ou p'ov (Fq'wDh r[od[nkok gqpzXe ew/Nh),

Fqh nzfwqs;o, gzB/ 31,32,34H

9- -T[jh- gzBk 91H



11- @@Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx##, ih d/ ;ZG s'I S'N/ ;g[Zso ;odko ;sgkb dkfBF

Bkb fBZih okps/ okjh, fwsh 3-05-2006H

94

12- ioB?b f;zxl (b/ye-o{geko) (1990), @@gzikph fuZsoeko##, gpbhe/FB eoB?b

f;zx fEzd, gzikp ;N/N :{Bhtof;Nh N?e;N p[Ze p'ov uzvhrVQ, gzBk 18H

13- gqf;ZX fuZsoeko Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx ih dh ejkDh T[; dh nkgDh

iapkBh tZb'I ;aw;a/o f;zx n;a'e

14- @@Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx##, ih d/ ;ZG s'I S'N/ ;g[Zso ;odko ;sgkb dkfBF


15- @@Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx##, d/ jZEK dh fbZyh j'Jh T[jBK dh nkgDh ihtBh,

fszB gzB/ i'' nDSgh j?.

16- b/ye s/ fFFn @@Fqh goF{ okw towk##, d/ g[okD/ jZE fbyas gzfBnK @@ebk

dk ;'wk## ftZu'I gqkgs nBw'b ikDekoh, gzBk 4H



18- nkfi}, e/;o f;zxl (2003), @@gzikp d/ T[Zx/ fuZsoeko##, oth ;kfjas gqekFB,

jkb pk}ko nzfwqs;o, gzBk 31H

19- jT{ok, e[bdhg f;zxl (1992), @@f;Zy B?fsesk dh o{g-o/yk##, gpbhe/;aB-f;wo

;kfjas ;dB, nzfwqs;o, gzBk 17H

20- Sudhi, Padma Dr. (1988), Aesthetic Theories Of India: VOL. 2

Intellectual Publishing House, New Delhi, pp. 111-115.

21- @@Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx## ih d/ ;ZG s'I S'N/ ;g[Zso ;odko ;sgkb dkfBF


22- jodhg e"ol (2008), nkX[fBe p'X ns/ gzikph BkNel o{jh gqekFB 26-r[o{

s/r pjkdo Bro, vkeykBk ykb;k ekbi, nzfwqs;o, gzBk 7H

23- c[Zb, r[ofdnkb f;zx vkHl (b/ye) (1997), nwodhg gzikph gkm wkbk,

Gkr S/tK, nwodhg gqekFB, g[okDh o/bt/ o'v, ibzXo-8, gzB/ 13,14H

24- dk;, G[gkbl (1994), @@gzikph BkN-nb'uBK##, pbtzs gqekFB ibzXo,

gzBk 18H

95

25- mke[o, i?d/t f;zxl (1995), @@Gkosh: ;z;feqsh w/I bfbs ebk ek wjZst##,

F'X b/y nze, ;zrhs gfsqekl gzBk 130H

26- c[Zb, r[ofdnkb f;zx vkHl (b/ye) (1997), @@nwodhg gzikph gkm wkbk##,

Gkr S/tK, nwodhg gqekFB, g[okDh o/bt/ o'v, ibzXo-8, gzB/ 13,14H



28- @@Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx## ih d/ ;ZG s'I tZv/ p/N/ ;odko ;[fozdo f;zx Bkb

fBZih okps/ okjh, fwsh 24-5-2006H

29- - T[jh -

30- ihtB f;zxl (1994), @@pj[ ozr swkF/##, gqekFe bkj"o p[Ze Fkg, 2-bkigs

okJ/ wkofeN b[fXnkDk, gzB/ 69,197H


Gkr S/tK, nwodhg gqekFB, g[okDh o/bt/ o'v, ibzXo-8, gzBk 15H

32- - T[jh -

33- ;odko joh f;zx nkofN;N ih dh jZE fb]s gqkgs fuZmh, fwsh 18-3-39H

34- ;odko joh f;zx nkofN;N ih dh fJe j'o jZE fbyas fuZmh, fwsh 30-12-

1965H

35- ;zfsqgs e"ol (2008), @@b'eXkok nkXko s/ gk;ko##, wdkB gpbhe/;aB

gfNnkbk, gzB/ 161-165H

36- nkj{ik, o'FB bkb, vkHl (2003), @@;[ji Fk;so##, gpbhe/FB fpT{o', gzikph




38- pbekoI f;zxl (;zgkde) @@r[o{ BkBe Xow fuzsB##, gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh,

gfNnkbk, gzB/ 13,15H

96

39- ;[yd/t wkdg[ohl (2006), @@gzikph ;fGnkuko dh nko;h (;'w/ s/ gozgok)##,

bkj"o p[Ze Fkg, 2-bkigs okJ/ wkofeN b[fXnkDk, gzBk 9H

40- p/dh, ;'fjzdo f;zxl (1978), @@gzikp dh b'eXkok##, ftFte'F b'e gqekFB,

i/-11$80, oki'oh rkovB, BthI fdZbh, gzBk 190H

41- ShBk, e[bftzdo e'o vkHl (2004), @@gzikph b'erhsK ftu o;w-fotk}##, oth

;fjs gqekFB, jkb pk}ko, nzfwqs;o, gzBk 86H

42- Catherine Soanes, (2004), Oxford Reference Dictionary, Oxford

University Press, nineth impression, p. 687.

43- eoBihs f;zx vkHl (2001), @@b'e wB-u/sB ntu/sB##, wBgqhs gqekFB

ibzXo, gzBk 82H

44- -fBih ;ot/yD--

45- iZrh, osB f;zxl (1996), @@r[opyF f;zx gqhsbVh d/ gqshfBX b/y##, gzikph


45- wjkB nkofN;N @@c{bK okDh## s'I gqkgs ikDekoh nB[;ko, 10-5-06, ;wK 6H00

;akw s'I 6H45 ;akwH

46- Mcleod, W. H. (1991), "Popular Sikh Art," Delhi Oxford University

Press, Oxford New York, pp. 86-125.

47- ;H ;'Gk f;zxl (1991), @@ebk tkfjr[o{ dh (;'Gk f;zx ouBktbh)##, gqekFBL

Bt:[r gq?;, gbJhno rkovB wkofeN, uKdBh u"Ie fdZbh, gzB/ 18,19H

48- @@wfjzdo f;zx nkofN;N## ih dh gqkgs jZE fbys fuZmh nB[;ko,

fwsh 26-10-50H

49- o{g, jfozdo f;zxl (1971), @@o{g ohMK## gpbhe/FB fpT{o', gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh,

gfNnkbk, gzB/ 63, 64H

50- o{g, jfozdo f;zxl (b/ye) (gjfbk ;z;eoD 1947), @@f;Zy s/ f;Zyh##,

gqekFeL f;Zy fJfsjk; oh;ou p'ov (Fq'wDh r[od[nkok gqpzXe ew/Nh),

Fqh nzfwqs;o, gzBk 48H


Gkr S/tK, nwodhg gqekFB g[okDh o/bt/ o'v, ibzXo-8, gzBk 16H

97

52- @@Fqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx## ih d/ ;ZG s'I tZv/ p/N/ ;odko ;[fozdo f;zx Bkb

fBZih okps/ okjh, fwsh 25-5-2006H

53- Fowk, NhH nkoH vkHl (2001), @@f;fynk seBkb'ih##, gpbhe/FB fpT{o', gzikph


Pqh ihH n?;H ;'jD f;zx dk ihtB ns/...

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