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LPQIVES is co-finaced by:

Power Quality

Training Courses

Compensation of reactive power,

Voltage and current unbalance

LPQIVES is a programme of:

LPQI is part of:

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Module 8

Compensation of reactive power, Voltage and currentunbalance

1 INTRODUCTIONReactive power control, which is the theme of this seminar, has grown in importance for a numberof reasons. First, the requirement for more efficient operation of power systems has increased withthe price of fuels. Second, the requirement for a high quality of supply has increased because ofthe increasing use of electronic equipment and because of the growth in continuous-processindustries.

1.1 General aimsBecause of the fundamental importance of reactive power control this seminar should appeal to abroad cross section of electrical, electronics, and control professionals. Practising engineers in theutility industry, and in industrial plants can find both the theory and the description of the reactivepower control equipment invaluable in solving problems in power-factor correction (from the simplepower-factor correction capacitor used with a single inductive load, to the sophisticated algorithmsin Static VAR compensators), voltage control/stabilization, and phase balancing. The subject ofreactive power control is closely connected with the subject of harmonics, because reactive powercompensation and control is often required in connection with loads which are also sources ofharmonics. It is important that compensation systems be deployed in such a way as to avoidproblems with harmonic resonances. On of the session deals with these matters and includes atreatment of filters with practical examples.

1.2 Target groupsThis modules target group are mainly: end-users of equipment; designers; installers or contractor of installations; electric networks operators; equipment sellers and services providers in the electricity sector.

2 SPECIFIC AIMS AND TOPICSThe pathway of learning consists of a 2 days course, subdivided in sections (with differentduration), with these contents and related aims.

1st

dayContents Power theories in electrical circuits, Capacitor banks and reactive power supply, power

factor correction, Capacitor ratings, Harmonic amplification, Resonance (series andparallel), Capacitor arrangements and protection, Capacitor switching process, harmonicelimination, harmonic filters, voltage support, Series compensation

Aims The first day lessons aim to provide the user the basic knowledge about powercapacitors and power factor correction, and about harmonics filtering

2

nd

dayContents Rotating compensator (synchronous motor), Static VAR compensators, Automatedcontrols, TSC, FC/TCR, STATCOM, Voltage/current unsymmetry, Description of thephenomenon, definitions, sources of the unbalance, Effects of the unbalance, Principle of

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symmetrization Improving symmetry in supply networks, Limit values, Methods forcalculation and measurement of unbalance factors, Calculation of the unbalance factor,Principles of measurement , Assessment of equipment immunity

Aims The first day lessons aim to provide the user the basic knowledge about static and

rotating compensators, and about voltage and current unbalance related issues. Use ofthe obtained knowledge to analysis and solving problems related to the topics.

Below theres a detailed overview of the course contents.

2.1 Pathway of learning flow chart

Time progression(hours)

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3 COURSE DETAILED PROGRAM

First day:

60 mins Participants registration

5 mins Openning, informations, course introduction, course introduction

60 mins Section 1: Power theories in electrical circuitsModality: Lesson and discussion

60 mins POWER CAPACITORS AND THEIR APPLICATION Capacitor banks and reactive power supply, power factor

correction

Capacitor ratings Harmonic amplification

Resonance (series and parallel)

Capacitor arrangements and protectionModality: Lesson and discussion

15 mins Coffee Break

60 mins Section 2: CAPACITOR SWITCHING PROCESSModality: Lesson and discussion

Second day:60 mins Section 3: HARMONICS ELIMINATION, HARMONIC FILTERS

Series-tuned filters Double band-pass filters

Damped filters Detuned (anti-resonant) filters

An example of harmonic filter designModality: Lesson and discussion

30 mins VOLTAGE SUPPORTSeries compensationModality: Lesson and practical training

15 mins Coffee Break

60 mins Section 4: Rotating compensator (synchronous motor) Static VAR compensators Automated controls TSC

FC/TCR STATCOMModality: Lesson and discussion

60 mins Section 5: VOLTAGE/CURRENT UNBALANCE Description of the phenomenon, definitions

Sources of the unbalance

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Effects of the unbalanceModality: Lesson and discussion

15 mins Coffee Break

45 mins Section 6: Principle of symmetrization

Improving symmetry in supply networks

Limit valuesModality: Lesson and discussion

60 mins Methods for calculation and measurement of unbalance factors Calculation of the unbalance factor

Principles of measurement Assessment of equipment immunity Unbalanced loads - case analysisModality: Lesson and practical training

45 mins Final discussion and conclusionsEnd of the course - user satisfaction survey (users questionnaire)Confirmations of attendance

4 GENERAL NOTES

each day there will be two coffee breaks according to the seminar program; at the beginning of the course the lecturer will explain course aims and at the end he will verify

their fulfilment;

the course will be divided in theoretical and practical sections; at the end of the lessons, a user satisfaction survey will help the lecturer in monitoring the course

quality.

5 TEACHING METHODS

Teaching methods are summarized in three main moments:

knowledge transfer (Lesson)topics exposure by the lecturer with the help of slides and presentation of practical cases;

deepening/learning verification (Discussion)

general discussion stimulated by the lecturer (also during the lesson) to verify knowledgetransfer;

practical training, laboratory activities; group work

During all the sections, the lecturer will always attend, with teaching and/or activity coordinationduty.

6 DIDACTIC MATERIAL AND TOOLS

The didactic tools which will be used by the lecturers will be:

Blackboard

Video-projector

Notebook Microphone

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The lecture room will be suitable to allow the use of all the above listed didactic tools and to enablegroup work for the attendants.

Each user will receive, during the registration, a folder containing: course program;

lecture notes containing all or part of the lecture slides.

Some additional electronic tools will be available also in electronic format at: http://www.leonardo-energy.org/drupal/.

The folder will also include a user satisfaction questionnaire and a knowledge test (which will beboth filled and submitted at the end of the course).

7 EXISTING KNOWLEDGE REQUIREMENTS

The following (on the basic level) shall be prerequisite for the participant:

electric circuits theory: AC circuits; electric machines; electric power engineering; power system; power electronics; electric metrology.

8 ACQUIRED COURSE KNOWLEDGE

The knowledge acquired during the course should be sufficient for:

design of capacitor bank used for power-factor correction, voltage control/stabilization, andphase balancing;

elimination the over- current and over-voltages during the capacitor switching process; design of passive harmonic filters ; proposing other compensation systems.

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