POWER GENERATION

تحت اشراف د/عمر سالم

: إعداد ابراهيم جمال ابراهيم عبدالحميد 1سكشن:

احمد نبيل عبدالرازق الرفاعى 1سكشن:

عبدالله احمد شحاته محمود احمد 2سكشن: احمد سعيد 1سكشن:

حسين عبد الرحمن

Static Electricity – Ancient Greeks

Franklin Invents Lightning Rods - 1752

Faraday Discovers Electromagnetic Induction – early 1800’s

Edison Invents the Light Bulb and Generating Stations in NYC – 1882

Tesla Invents Alternating Current Motor for Westinghouse - 1888

History Of Electricity

Moving a magnet through a wire loop produces an electric current.

Called “electromagnetic” induction.

Faraday’s Law

Power generation

Mechanical method

Flow energy

Steam flow

Water flow

Air flow(wind)Gas Turbine

Photovoltaic energy

Electrochemical energy

Untraditional method

Solid-state generation

Osmotic power

Brilliant methods

speed breakers

Footstep

FLOW ENERGY In this method we a use a rotary mechanical device that extracts energy from a fluid flow and converts it into useful work; this device called “Turbine”

This fluid may be 1) Steam 2) Water 3) Gas

Steam TurbineSteam turbines have historically been the prime source of power for electric power generation. Turbines come in a variety of types with regard to inlet and exhaust steam conditions, casing and shaft arrangements and flow directions.

Any discussion of steam turbines should include some thermodynamic concepts. The first law leads to the writing of the general energy equation for a steady flow processes.(PE)1+ (KE)1+ u1+ (pv)1+ Q = (PE)2+ (KE)2+ u2+ (pv)2+ WWhere:PE = the gravitational or stored mechanical energy of the fluidKE = the mechanical kinetic energy of the fluidu = the internal energy of the systempv = the pressure volume product or flow workQ = heat addedW = shaft work

Steam Turbine

Steam Turbine

Power Plants Using Steam TurbineTypes of steam power plants :1) Fossil-fueled2) Nuclear-fueled3) Biomass-fueled 4) Geothermal5) Solar concentration

Fossil-fueled PlantsIn a fossil fuel power plant the chemical energy stored in fossil fuels such as coal, fuel oil, natural gas or oil shale and oxygen of the air is converted successively into thermal energy, mechanical energy and, finally, electrical energy. Each fossil fuel power plant is a complex, custom-designed system. Construction costs, as of 2004, run to US$1,300 perkilowatt, or $650 million for a 500 MWe unit. Multiple generating units may be built at a single site for more efficient use of land, natural resources and labor. Most thermal power stations in the world use fossil fuel

Fossil-fueled Plants

Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel on the planet. It is a relatively cheap fuel, with some of the largest deposits in regions that are relatively stable politically, such as China, India and the United States. This contrasts with natural gas and petroleum, the largest deposits of which are located in the politically volatile Persian Gulf. Solid coal cannot directly replace natural gas or petroleum in most applications, petroleum is mostly used for transportation and the natural gas not used for electricity generation is used for space, water and industrial heating. Coal can be converted to gas or liquid fuel, but the efficiencies and economics of such processes can make them unfeasible. Vehicles or heaters may require modification to use coal-derived fuels. Coal can produce more pollution than petroleum or natural gas.As of 2009 the largest coal-fired power station is Taichung Power Plant in Taiwan. The world's most energy-efficient coal-fired power plant is the Avedøre Power Station in Denmark.

Fossil-fueled Plants (coal)

Fossil-fueled Plants (coal)

Fossil-fueled Plants (Natural gas or oil)In the 1990s was the dash for gas where 30 gas-fired power stations were built in Britain due to plentiful gas supplies from North Sea oil wells. According to the 2012 forecast by the U.S. Energy Information Administration, 27 gigawatts of capacity from coal-fired generators is to be retired from 175 US coal-fired power plants before 2016.Natural gas showed a corresponding jump, increasing by a third over 2011. Some coal power plants such as the 1200 MW Hearn Generating Station have stopped burning coal by switching the plant to natural gas. Coal's share of electricity generation dropped to just over 36%. Natural gas accounted for 81% of new power generation in the US between 2000 and 2010. Coal-fired generation puts out about twice the amount of carbon dioxide - around 2,000 pounds for every megawatt hour generated - than electricity generated by burning natural gas at 1,100 pounds of greenhouse gas per megawatt hour

As the fuel mix in the United States has changed to reduce coal and increase natural gas generation, carbon dioxide emissions have unexpectedly fallen. Carbon dioxide measured in the first quarter of 2012 was the lowest recorded of any year since 1992.Natural gas fracking and increased distribution leak methane into the atmosphere which may be 10-25 times more potent a greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide. The list of natural gas power stations has over 100 power stations that generate between 100MW and 5,600MW of electricity. Natural gas plants are increasing in popularity and in 2014 generated 22% of the worlds total electricity.

Fossil-fueled Plants (Natural gas or oil)

Fossil-fueled Plants (Natural gas or oil)

EfficienciesTaking into consideration the three conversion processes, thermal, mechanical and electrical, used to extract the energy from fossil fuels the overall efficiency of a modern fossil fuelled electrical power generating plant will be about 40%. This means that 60% of the energy input to the system is wasted. Efficiencies may be as low as 30% in some older plants.Not all plants are typical however and the actual efficiencies obtained depend on the fuels used and the technical sophistication of the generating plant and processes. More details about overall system efficiencies can be found in the section on energy efficiency .

Fossil-fueled Plants (Natural gas or oil)

Fossil-fueled Plants Electricity Generating CostThe average electricity production cost in 2005 for nuclear energy was 1.72 cents per kilowatt-hour, for coal-fired plants 2.21 cents / kWh, for oil 8.09 cents / kWh, and for natural gas 7.51 cents / kWh. (Source - Nuclear Energy Institute NEI). See Electricity Generating Costs for a comparison with the cost of other fuels.

Environmental IssuesGlobal WarmingAnother unavoidable consequence of burning any fossil fuel is that the process generates greenhouse gases, mostly Carbon dioxide (CO2) but also Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and Methane (CH4), all of which contribute to global warming. If we want to eliminate this risk to the environment, we must either find alternative ways of generating electricity or find some way of capturing the massive quantities of CO2generated by the world's fossil fuelled electricity generating plants. While a start has been made, we are far from having practical solutions to these problems. See also Carbon Footprints

Fossil-fueled Plants Environmental IssuesAir QualityThe combustion process is notorious for its potential to release unpleasant gases and solids into the atmosphere. Naturally occurring fuels are not pure by any standards and contain uncontrolled amounts of other elements and compounds which may be left as residues when the fuel is burned. The combustion process itself can create noxious gases from the fuel or from impurities in the fuel if not properly controlled.Coal is considered to be a particularly dirty fuel, releasing from combustion, Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) and Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx), which both contribute to acid rain, as well as particulates which may contain trace metals such as Cadmium, Mercury and Lead.Fortunately methods for containing these pollutants have been developed over the years and most nations enforce their use by setting basic environmental standards. There is of course a cost involved in implementing the necessary controls and this all adds to the price of electricity. 

Nuclear PlantsIn a nuclear power plant, many of the components are similar to those in a fossil-fueled plant, except that the steam boiler is replaced by a Nuclear Steam Supply System (NSSS). The NSSS consists of a nuclear reactor and all of the components necessary to produce high pressure steam, which will be used to turn the turbine for the electrical generator.

The combustion of fossil fuels produces carbon dioxide, now notorious for the threat of global warming. Nuclear power plants produce neither carbon dioxide nor oxides of sulfur and nitrogen, as does the burning of fossil fuels. Thus nuclear power reduces the global production of carbon dioxide and other pollutants, and helps to alleviate many of the pervasive problems of fossil fuel supply.

The basic nuclear generating station energy cycle is shown in Figure. Fuel containing fissile material (Uranium) is fed to the reactor where fission takes place. The energy liberated appears in the form of heat, which is used to boil water. The steam produced from the boiling water spins a turbine-generator set, where the heat is converted first to kinetic energy in the turbine and to electricity by the generator; the electricity produced (denoted as megawatts) is supplied to the electric power system.

Nuclear Plants

Nuclear Plants

Nuclear Plants

Nuclear Plants

Typical values:

Weight: 400 tons

Thickness: 8 inches

Safety By Design: Reactor Vessel

Fuel Assemblies (Core)

Safety By Design: PWR Containment

Initial Construction

Completed Concrete Dome

Multiple Layers of Protection

442 Nuclear Plants Worldwide

25% in the United States

Strong growth internationally, China is the fastest growing market

Source: International Atomic Energy Agency

Global Nuclear Power

103 Nuclear Power Reactors

Safety and accidentsn his book, Normal accidents, Charles Perrow says that multiple and unexpected failures are built into society's complex and tightly-coupled nuclear reactor systems. Such accidents are unavoidable and cannot be designed around. An interdisciplinary team from MIT has estimated that given the expected growth of nuclear power from 2005 – 2055, at least four serious nuclear accidents would be expected in that period. However the MIT study does not take into account improvements in safety since 1970.To date, there have been five serious accidents (core damage) in the world since 1970 (one at Three Mile Island in 1979; one at Chernobyl in 1986; and three at Fukushima-Daiichi in 2011), corresponding to the beginning of the operation of generation II reactors. This leads to on average one serious accident happening every eight years worldwide.

Nuclear Plants

Geothermal PlantsAll geothermal power plants use steam to turn large turbines, which run electrical generators. In the Geysers Geothermal area, dry steam from below ground is used directly in the steam turbines. In other areas of the state, super-hot water is "flashed" into steam within the power plant, and that steam turns the turbine.

Geothermal Plants

Geothermal PlantsDirect Dry SteamSteam plants use hydrothermal fluids that are primarily steam. The steam goes directly to a turbine, which drives a generator that produces electricity. The steam eliminates the need to burn fossil fuels to run the turbine. (Also eliminating the need to transport and store fuels!)This is the oldest type of geothermal power plant. It was first used at Lardarello in Italy in 1904. Steam technology is used today at The Geysers in northern California, the world's largest single source of geothermal electricity. These plants emit only excess steam and very minor amounts of gases.

Geothermal Plants

Geothermal Plants

Flash and Double Flash CycleHydrothermal fluids above 360°F (182°C) can be used in flash plants to make electricity.Fluid is sprayed into a tank held at a much lower pressure than the fluid, causing some of the fluid to rapidly vaporize, or "flash." The vapor then drives a turbine, which drives a generator.If any liquid remains in the tank, it can be flashed again in a second tank (double flash) to extract even more energy.

Geothermal Plants

Geothermal PlantsBinary CycleMost geothermal areas contain moderate-temperature water (below 400°F). Energy is extracted from these fluids in binary-cycle power plants.Hot geothermal fluid and a secondary (hence, "binary") fluid with a much lower boiling point than water pass through a heat exchanger. Heat from the geothermal fluid causes the secondary fluid to flash to vapor, which then drives the turbines.Because this is a closed-loop system, virtually nothing is emitted to the atmosphere. Moderate-temperature water is by far the more common geothermal resource, and most geothermal power plants in the future will be binary-cycle plants.

Geothermal Plants

Solar concentrationSolar energy has a high exergy value since it originates from processes occurring at the sun’s surface at a black-body equivalent temperature of approximately 5777 K. Because of this high exergetic value, more than 93% of the energy may be theoretically converted to mechanical work by using thermodynamic cycles [8], or to Gibbs free energy of chemicals by solarized chemical reactions [9]. According to thermodynamics and Planck’s equation, the conversion of solar heat to mechanical work or Gibbs free energy is limited by the Carnot efficiency, and, therefore, to achieve maximum conversion rates, the energy should be transferred to a thermal fluid or reactants at temperatures close to that of the sun.

Solar concentrationEven though solar radiation is a source of high temperature and exergy at origin, with a high radiosity of 63 MW/m^2, sun-to-earth geometrical constraints lead to a dramatic dilution of flux and to irradiance available for terrestrial use; only slightly higher than 1 kW/m^2 with a consequent supply of low temperatures to the thermal fluid. It is, therefore, an essential requisite for solar thermal power plants and high-temperature solar chemistry applications to make use of optical concentration devices that enable the thermal conversion to be carried out at high solar fluxes and with relatively low heat losses. A simplified model of a STE plant is depicted in this Fig 3-1

Solar concentration

Solar concentrationSolar Thermal Power Plant Technologies :- Four concentrating solar power technologies are today represented at pilot and commercial-scale [13]: parabolic trough collectors (PTC), linear Fresnel reflector systems (LFR), power towers or central receiver systems (CRS), and dish/engine systems (DE). All the existing pilot plants mimic parabolic geometries with large mirror areas and work under real operating conditions (Fig. 3.5)

Solar concentration

Solar concentration

Solar Power Plant

Power Plants Using Water Flow Energy

In these plants the water flow converted to mechanical energy which converted to electric energy :-1) Hydroelectric power2) tidal energy 3) CETO

Hydroelectric hydropower plants capture the energy of falling water to generate electricity. A turbine converts the kinetic energy of falling water into mechanical energy. Then a generator converts the mechanical energy from the turbine into electrical energy.Hydroplants range in size from "micro-hydros" that power only a few homes to giant dams like Hoover Dam that provide electricity for millions of people.

Parts of a Hydroelectric PlantMost conventional hydroelectric plants include four major components (see graphic below):Dam. Raises the water level of the river to create falling water. Also controls the flow of water. The reservoir that is formed is, in effect, stored energy.Turbine. The force of falling water pushing against the turbine's blades causes the turbine to spin. A water turbine is much like a windmill, except the energy is provided by falling water instead of wind. The turbine converts the kinetic energy of falling water into mechanical energy.Generator. Connected to the turbine by shafts and possibly gears so when the turbine spins it causes the generator to spin also. Converts the mechanical energy from the turbine into electric energy. Generators in hydropower plants work just like the generators in other types of power plants.Transmission lines. Conduct electricity from the hydropower plant to homes and business.

Hydroelectric

Hydroelectric

Hydroelectric

Hydroelectric

TYPES OF HYDROPOWER PLANTS

There are three types of hydropower facilities: impoundment, diversion, and pumped storage. Some hydropower plants use dams and some do not. The images below show both types of hydropower plants.

Many dams were built for other purposes and hydropower was added later. In the United States, there are about 80,000 dams of which only 2,400 produce power. The other dams are for recreation, stock/farm ponds, flood control, water supply, and irrigation.

Hydropower plants range in size from small systems for a home or village to large projects producing electricity for utilities.

Hydroelectric IMPOUNDMENTThe most common type of hydroelectric power plant is an impoundment facility. An impoundment facility, typically a large hydropower system, uses a dam to store river water in a reservoir. Water released from the reservoir flows through a turbine, spinning it, which in turn activates a generator to produce electricity. The water may be released either to meet changing electricity needs or to maintain a constant reservoir level.

Hydroelectric DIVERSIONA diversion, sometimes called run-of-river, facility channels a portion of a river through a canal or penstock. It may not require the use of a dam.

Hydroelectric

PUMPED STORAGEAnother type of hydropower called pumped storage works like a battery, storing the electricity generated by other power sources like solar, wind, and nuclear for later use. It stores energy by pumping water uphill to a reservoir at higher elevation from a second reservoir at a lower elevation. When the demand for electricity is low, a pumped storage facility stores energy by pumping water from a lower reservoir to an upper reservoir. During periods of high electrical demand, the water is released back to the lower reservoir and turns a turbine, generating electricity. 

Hydroelectric SIZES OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANTSFacilities range in size from large power plants that supply many consumers with electricity to small and micro plants that individuals operate for their own energy needs or to sell power to utilities.LARGE HYDROPOWERAlthough definitions vary, DOE defines large hydropower as facilities that have a capacity of more than 30 megawatts.SMALL HYDROPOWERAlthough definitions vary, DOE defines small hydropower as facilities that have a capacity of 100 kilowatts to 30 megawatts.MICRO HYDROPOWERA micro hydropower plant has a capacity of up to 100 kilowatts. A small or micro-hydroelectric power system can produce enough electricity for a home, farm, ranch, or village.

Tidal Power

Tidal PowerTidal energy is produced by the surge of ocean waters during the rise and fall of tides. Tidal energy is a renewable source of energy.

During the 20th century, engineers developed ways to use tidal movement to generate electricity in areas where there is a significant tidal range—the difference in area between high tide and low tide. All methods use special generators to convert tidal energy into electricity.

Tidal energy production is still in its infancy. The amount of power produced so far has been small. There are very few commercial-sized tidal power plants operating in the world. The first was located in La Rance, France. The largest facility is the Sihwa Lake Tidal Power Station in South Korea. The United States has no tidal plants and only a few sites where tidal energy could be produced at a reasonable price. China, France, England, Canada, and Russia have much more potential to use this type of energy.

Tidal PowerIn the United States, there are legal concerns about underwater land ownership and environmental impact. Investors are not enthusiastic about tidal energy because there is not a strong guarantee that it will make money or benefit consumers. Engineers are working to improve the technology of tidal energy generators to increase the amount of energy they produce, to decrease their impact on the environment, and to find a way to earn a profit for energy companies.

Tidal Energy GeneratorsThere are currently three different ways to get tidal energy: tidal streams, barrages, and tidal lagoons.

For most tidal energy generators, turbines are placed in tidal streams. A tidal stream is a fast-flowing body of water created by tides. A turbine is a machine that takes energy from a flow of fluid. That fluid can be air (wind) or liquid (water). Because water is much more dense than air, tidal energy is more powerful than wind energy. Unlike wind, tides are predictable and stable. Where tidal generators are used, they produce a steady, reliable stream of electricity.

Tidal Power

Tidal Energy GeneratorsPlacing turbines in tidal streams is complex, because the machines are large and disrupt the tide they are trying to harness. The environmental impact could be severe, depending on the size of the turbine and the site of the tidal stream. Turbines are most effective in shallow water. This produces more energy and allows ships to navigate around the turbines. A tidal generator's turbine blades also turn slowly, which helps marine life avoid getting caught in the system.

The world's first tidal power station was constructed in 2007 at Strangford Lough in Northern Ireland. The turbines are placed in a narrow strait between the Strangford Lough inlet and the Irish Sea. The tide can move at 4 meters (13 feet) per second across the strait.

Tidal Power

Tidal Power

Tidal Power

Tidal Power

CETO (Waves Energy)CETO is a wave-energy technology that converts kinetic energy from ocean swell into electrical power and (in CETO 5) directly desalinates freshwater through reverse osmosis. The technology was developed and tested onshore and offshore in Fremantle, Western Australia. In early 2015 a CETO 5 production installation was commissioned and connected to the grid. As of January 2016 all the electricity generated is being purchased to contribute towards the power requirements of HMAS Stirling naval base at Garden Island, Western Australia. Some of the energy will also be used directly to desalinate water.CETO is designed to be a simple and robust wave technology. As of January 2016 CETO is claimed to be the only ocean-tested wave-energy technology globally that is both fully submerged and generates power and or desalinated water onshore. The CETO technology has been independently verified by Energies Nouvelles (EDF EN) and the French naval contractor DCNS.

CETO

CETO

CETO Characteristics1- Wave energy is a renewable, high availability source of power.2- About 60% of the human population lives within 60 kilometers of a coastline, minimizing transmission issues.3- Since water is about 800 times denser than air, the energy density of waves exceeds that of wind and solar, increasing the amount of energy available for harvesting.4- Waves are predictable in advance, making it easier to predict mismatches between supply and demand.5- CETO does not stand for Cylindrical Energy Transfer Oscillating unit – a popular misconception. The name refers to Ceto, a Greek sea goddess.6- CETO sits underwater, moored to the sea floor, with minimal visual impact above the water. In practice, buoys have been fitted with warning lights on a mast above water.7- CETO units operate in deep water, away from breaking waves, meaning there is minimal impact on popular surfing sites.8- CETO units are designed to operate in harmony with the waves. This means, apart from anchor points, there is no need for massive steel and concrete support structures to be built.

Wind Energy

Wind EnergyWind power captures the natural wind in our atmosphere and converts it into mechanical energy then electricity. People started using wind power centuries ago with windmills, which pumped water, ground grain, and did other work. Today's wind turbine is a highly evolved version of a windmill. Modern wind turbines harness wind's kinetic energy and convert it into electricity. Most wind turbines have three blades and sit atop a steel tubular tower, and they range in size from 80-foot-tall turbines that can power a single home to utility-scale turbines that power hundreds of homes. Learn more about the history of wind energy.

Wind is a type of renewable energy, and there are three major types of wind power.

Wind EnergyThe major types of wind power are:

Utility-scale wind, wind turbines larger than 100 kilowatts are developed with electricity delivered to the power grid and distributed to the end user by electric utilities or power system operators;Distributed or "small" wind, which uses turbines of 100 kilowatts or smaller to directly power a home, farm or small business as it primary use;Offshore wind, which are wind turbines erected in bodies of water around the world, but not yet in the United States.

Wind EnergyHow wind energy works?

When wind blows past a turbine, the blades capture the energy and rotate. This rotation triggers an internal shaft to spin, which is connected to a gearbox increasing the speed of rotation, which is connect to a generator that ultimately produces electricity. Most commonly, wind turbines consist of a steel tubular tower, up to 325 feet, which supports both a "hub" securing wind turbine blades and the "nacelle" which houses the turbine's shaft, gearbox, generator and controls. A wind turbine is equipped with wind assessment equipment and will automatically rotate into the face of the wind, and angle or "pitch" its blades to optimize energy capture.

Wind Energy

Wind Energy

Gas TurbineThe use of gas turbines for generating electricity dates back to 1939. Today, gas turbines are one of the most widely-used power generating technologies. Gas turbines are a type of internal combustion (IC) engine in which burning of an air-fuel mixture produces hot gases that spin a turbine to produce power. It is the production of hot gas during fuel combustion, not the fuel itself that the gives gas turbines the name. Gas turbines can utilize a variety of fuels, including natural gas, fuel oils, and synthetic fuels. Combustion occurs continuously in gas turbines, as opposed to reciprocating IC engines, in which combustion occurs intermittently.

Gas Turbine

How Do Gas Turbines Work?Gas turbines are comprised of three primary sections mounted on the same shaft: the compressor, the combustion chamber (or combustor) and the turbine. The compressor can be either axial flow or centrifugal flow. Axial flow compressors are more common in power generation because they have higher flow rates and efficiencies. Axial flow compressors are comprised of multiple stages of rotating and stationary blades (or stators) through which air is drawn in parallel to the axis of rotation and incrementally compressed as it passes through each stage. The acceleration of the air through the rotating blades and diffusion by the stators increases the pressure and reduces the volume of the air. Although no heat is added, the compression of the air also causes the temperature to increase.

Gas Turbine

Gas TurbineThe compressed air is mixed with fuel injected through nozzles. The fuel and compressed air can be pre-mixed or the compressed air can be introduced directly into the combustor. The fuel-air mixture ignites under constant pressure conditions and the hot combustion products (gases) are directed through the turbine where it expands rapidly and imparts rotation to the shaft. The turbine is also comprised of stages, each with a row of stationary blades (or nozzles) to direct the expanding gases followed by a row of moving blades. The rotation of the shaft drives the compressor to draw in and compress more air to sustain continuous combustion. The remaining shaft power is used to drive a generator which produces electricity. Approximately 55 to 65 percent of the power produced by the turbine is used to drive the compressor. To optimize the transfer of kinetic energy from the combustion gases to shaft rotation, gas turbines can have multiple compressor and turbine stages.

Gas Turbine

Gas Turbine

Photovoltaics (PV) is the name of a method of converting solar energy into direct current electricity using semiconducting materials that exhibit the photovoltaic effect, a phenomenon commonly studied in physics, photochemistry and electrochemistry. A photovoltaic systememploys solar panels composed of a number of solar cells to supply usable solar power. The process is both physical and chemical in nature, as the first step involves the photoelectric effect from which a second electrochemical process takes place involving crystallized atoms being ionized in a series, generating an electric current. Power generation from solar PV has long been seen as a cleansustainable energy technology which draws upon the planet’s most plentiful and widely distributed renewable energy source – the sun. The direct conversion of sunlight to electricity occurs without any moving parts or environmental emissions during operation. It is well proven, as photovoltaic systems have now been used for fifty years in specialized applications, and grid-connected PV systems have been in use for over twenty years. They were first mass-produced in the year 2000, when German environmentalists including Eurosolar succeeded in obtaining government support for the 100,000 roofs program.

Photovoltaic Energy

Electricity can be produced directly from the Sun’s radiation.

Photovoltaic Energy

Future Energy Need

Increase energy supply

Optimize available resources

Develop new technology

Limiting environmental impact

Energy Policy Goals

COAL

HYDRO

NATURAL GAS

SOLAR & WIND

Pros & Cons

Each person in the United States uses either:

4 tons of coal or a few ounces of

uranium

1 pellet = 150 gallons gasoline

1780 pounds coal 16,000 ft3 natural gas 2.5 tons wood

High Energy Density

No Air Pollution.

1- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbine2- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generation3- http://www.slideshare.net/faizy86221/steam-power-plant-complete?qid=9cd8bfdc-3b8c-4745-87d0-258cc4dc1cd5&v=&b=&from_search=34- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil-fuel_power_station5- http://www.mpoweruk.com/fossil_fuels.htm6- https://canteach.candu.org/Content%20Library/20071000.pdf7- http://www.personal.utulsa.edu/~kenneth-weston/chapter10.pdf8- http://energyalmanac.ca.gov/renewables/geothermal/types.html9- http://water.usgs.gov/edu/hyhowworks.html10-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CETO#Perth_Wave_Energy_Project11-http://energy.gov/eere/water/types-hydropower-plants12-http://education.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/tidal-energy/13-http://www.awea.org/Resources/Content.aspx?ItemNumber=90014-http://www.wartsila.com/energy/learning-center/technical-comparisons/gas-turbine-for-power-generation-introduction

References

References15-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics16-Energy and Power Generation Handbook Established and Emerging Technologies ; Editor K. R. Rao17-thermodynamics: an engineering approach ; by yunus cengel