POMORSKI PREVOZI UVOD - dpps-mlas.si -PIRAN.… · ' 1. pomorsko pravo 2. pravo notranje plovbe 3....

Borde Ivkovid

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POMORSKI P R E V O Z I

U V O D

S K R I P T A

ViSja pornorska 5o!a P i r a n - Portoror 1973

1. DELITEV PROMETA

Pomorski p r e v o z i s o d e l 8,irokega pojma, prometa. Promet v na j s i rbem pomenu obsega prenos d o b r i n , oseb , nov i c , s l i k i n krogotok ( c i r k u l a c i j o ) d e n a r j a , v o i j em pomenu pa obsega p renos s t v a r i i n oseb.

Prvo d e l i t e v prometa l ahko izvrbimo g l e d e na p o t i po k a t e r i h s e o p r a v l j a , t a k o d a .imamo:

.. pomorski - VOdn' n o t r a n j a

- kopni i e l e z n i z k i c e s t n i

2 . DELITEV PRAVNIH PREDPISOV V Z V E Z I S PROMETOM

Pravn i p r e d p i s i s o s p e c i f i E n i z a vsako panogo prometa, t a k o da imamo: ' 1. pomorsko pravo

2 . pravo n o t r a n j e plovbe 3 . pravo i e l e z n i b k e g a prometa 4 . pravo c e s t n e g a prometa 5 . pravo zraEnega prometa.

Vsako od g o r n j i h p rav lahko razde l imo Se na :

A . MEDNARODNO PRAVO: mednarodno javno pravo mednarodno zasebno pravo

B. NOTRANJE PRAVO: upravno pravo premoienjsko pravo

Mednarodno javno pravo u r e j u j e odnose med rnednarodnimi osebami t e r je posebno r a z v i t o v pomorskem i n zraEnem pravu.

Mednarodno zasebno pravo u r e j u j e vp ra8an j e k o l i z i j e zakonov v s p o r i h i n v sebu j e p r e d p i s e , k l s o u n i f i c i r a n i z mednarodnimi konvenci j ami .

Notran je upravno pravo predvsem u r e j u j e v a r n o s t prometa, o r - g a n i z a c i j o prometa i n podobno.

Not ran je premoienjsko pravo u r e j u j e s p e c i f i E n e premoE2njsko- -pravne odnose z a vsako panogo, vendar j e v modernem Easu p r i b l o do t e g a , da s e t e t e o r e t i E n o j a sne meje v se b o l j i z g u b l j a j o .

Pogodbe o i zkor ibEavan ju morskih l a d i j spada jo v t o z zdn j c skupino, t o j e v n o t r a n j e prenloienjsko p ravo , po t rebno pa j e o p o z o r i t i , d a s e d a n j i za!:cn vsebu je t u d i p r e d p i s e o k ~ i i z i j s k i h normah.

s e imenuje: ~ a k o n o pogodbah o i z k o r i 5 E a n j u morskih l a d i j (Uradni l i s t FNRJ S t . 25/59 i n U r . 1 . SFRJ S t . 20/69) .

Ta zakon t o r e j p r e d s t a v l j a p r e d p i s n o t r a n j e g a prava . Pomorslci prevoz pa i e n a i p o ~ o s t e i e pcvezan z elementom med-

p r e d p i s o v , med k a t e r i m i j e n a j b o l j znana Mednarodna k o n v e n c i j a o izenaEenju n e k a t e r i h p r a v i l o konosamentu, s k l e n j e n a v Bruxe l l e su 25.8.1924, i n k i j e b o l j znana pod imenom HaGka p ra - v i l a . J u g o s l a v i j a j e HaGka p r a v i l a r a t i f i c i r a l a 29.10.1958 (Mednarodne pogodbe S t . 7 /59 z dne 21.7 .1959) .

Kakor j e t o r e j r a z v i d n o , o b s t o j a j o :

1. mednarodni ~ r a v n i v i r i

I 4.RAZPOREDITEV NASEGA ZAKONA

ZAKON o POGODBAH o IZKORISCANJU MORSKIH LADIJ

Razporedi tev zakona j e n a s l e d n j a :

PRVI DEL

D R U G 1 DEL

Frvo poglav j e

1. Splosne doloEbe a prevozu s t v a r i , E l . 9 - 28 2 . Nakladnica , E l . 2 9 - 35 3. Vkrcavanje i n i s k r c a v a n j e , E l . 36 - 42

5 . Odgovornost z a t o v o r , E l . 53 - 64 6. D i r e k t n i i n meGani prevoz , E l . 65 - 66 7 . I z r o E i t e v t o v o r a ~ r e i e m n i k u , E l . 67 - 75

I i Drugo poglav j e

5 .01 - STRANKI Pogodbe o i zko r i5Ean ju morskih l a d i j s k l e p a j o pogodbene

s t r a n k e . Pogodba j e s k l e n j e n a t a k r a t , ko s t r a n k e sog lasno i z j a - v i j o s v o j o v o l j o i n ko s e sporazurnejo o b i s t v e n i h e lement ih pogodbe. Potrebna s t a t o r e j dva pogoja:

a ) sog l a snos t v o l j e b ) b i s t v e n i e l e m e n t i pogodbe.

5.02 - VOLJA

C e ~ r a v i e v i d e t i . da i e enostavno u ~ o t o v i t i . kdai s t r a n k e

Predhodno moramo na k r a t k o o p o z o r i t i na b i s t v e n o pomembno o k o l i s - Eino, t . j . v Eigavem imenu oseba i z r a i a s v o j o v o l j o , v svojem imenu a l i v imenu p r avne ,o sebe (p ravne o sebe ' so n a j p o g o s t e j e --, p o d j e t j a ) , Z a p r a v n o v e ~ ~ a v n ~ i z j a v o posameznika, f i z i E n e osebe j e d o v o l j , da j e t e j o s e b i p r i z n a n a pravna sposobnost z zakonom. Pravna sposobnost j e v r a z n i h d r i a v a h r a z l i E n o u r e j e n a , t a k o da se recimo v n e k a t e r i h d r i a v a h pravna sposobnost p r i d o b i s p o l n o l e t n o s t j o , k a t e r a pa s e zopet nek j e p r i d o b i p r e j , drugod ka sne i e . D a l i e , v n e k a t e r i h d r i a v a h ienam 5e do danes n i p r i z -

I nana pravna sposobnost a l i pa jim j e p r i znana v manj5em obsegu. Navajamo pr imer : j ugos lovansk i d r i a v l j a n z dopo ln jen imi 1 8 l e t i , k i j e l a s t n i k j a d r n i c e a l i motornega Eolna , l ahko pravnovel javno s k l e n e pogodbo ( o p r o d a j i Eolna a l i j a d r n i c e ) , doeim t u j d r i a v l j a n , k i 5e n i d o p o l n i l 24 l e t , E e s e v n j e g o v i d r i a v i po lno l e tnos t p r i d o b i s 24 l e t i , z n j im ne bo mogel s k l e n i t i pogodbe. Prav t a k o o b s t o j a j o v r a z n i h d r i a v a h r a z l i E n i s i s t e m i g l e d e o seb , k i s k l e p a j o pogodbe v imenu pravne osebe . Tako r a z l i E n a pravna u r e d i t e v p o d j e t i j v s o c i a l i s t i E n e m i n k a p i t a l i s t i 5 n e m druibenem r edu lahko p r ivede do r a z l i k v p r i s t o j n o s t i o seb , pooblaSEenih za s k l e n i t e v pogodbe, kakor t u d i do r a z l i k g l e d e o b l i k pogodb. Na s reEo s e v p r a k s i t i ~ r o b l e m i ne ~ o i a v l i a i o t a k o ~ o p o s t o ,

1 Vaien j e t u d i Sam naEin s k l e p a n j a pogodb 3 c i j e p rav t a k o v i d e t i enos taven , vendar n i . Kadar s t a obe pogodbeni s t r a n k i p r i s o t n i , j e j a sno , da s e pogodba lahko s k l e n e . V nagen pravnem s i s t emu s e smatra . da i e ~ o ~ o d b a s k l e n i e n a t a k r a t , ko ena od pogodbenih s t r a n k sprejme ponudbo, k i j i jo j e d a l a druga pogodbena s t r a n k a .

Kako bo v p r imeru , kada r s t a pogodbeni s t r a n k i o d s o t n i , k a r j e n a j p o g o s t e j S i pr imer p r i sk l epan ju pogodb o prevozu b l aga po morju? Ce f i g u r a t i v n o pr ikaiemo s k l e p a n j e pogodb v pomorstvu, vidimo, da imamo dve osnovni o s e b i :

---.--- -. ---.- --- L- . - - - . I j LADJAR I I N A R o e N I K PRzvozA i ! ! - a. - -- I

I Povsem normalnc j e , da j e veElna t e h s t r a n k v r a z n i h d r i a - vah. N.pr . : naroEnik prevoza j e A v s t r i j e c , S p e d i t e r I t a l i j a n , agen t Jugos lovan , l a d j a r Jugoslovan ( p r i m e r prevoza p o z i l j k e i z A v s t r i j e preko S p e d i t e r j a v T r s t u s tern, da j e b i l a pogodba s k l e n j e n a p reko jugoslovanskega a g e n t a i n j e prevoz o p r a v i l jugo- s l o v a n s k i l a d j a r 1.

Na tem mestu opozariamo n a t a problem z a r a d i t e g a , d a b i s e b o l j e razumela povezanost pomorskih prevozov z mednarodnim pravom.

S tem smo na k r a t k o p o d a l i n e k a j besed o v o l j i , z d a j pa 6e neka j besed o b i s t v e n i h e l e m e n t i h popodbe.

5 . 0 3 - BISTVENI ELEMENT1 POGODBE

B i s t v e n i e l e m e n t i pogodbe s e d e l e na t r i skupine:

A) s t v a r n i b i s t v e n i e l e m e n t i , B) p r a v n i b i s t v e n i e l e m e n t i , C) b i s t v e n i e l e m e n t i po dogovoru s t r a n k .

Ad A) S t v a r n i b i s t v e n i e l e m e n t i pogodbe a ) b lago , k a t e r o s e l a d j a r obvezuj e p r e p e l j a t i , b ) p o t prevoza , s e p r a v i v k r c a j n a i n i z k r c a j n a l u k a

Ad B) P r a v n i b i s t v e n i e l e m e n t i a ) naEin p l a E i l a , p r e v o z n i n a ,

Ad C ) B i s t v e n i e l e m e n t i po dogovoru s t r a n k a ) t o s o t i s t i e l e m e n t i , s k a t e r i m i s t r a n k a n a p r a v i

odv i sno pogodbo. - N . p r . : l a d j a , s p e c i a l n a l a d j a , k o t h l a d i l n i k i n poddbno. -

3lago b i s e l ahko p ~ e p e l j a l o t u d i - z druqo l a d j o , vendar s t r a n k a zah teva l a d j o - h l a d i l n i k ( f r i g o l a d j o ) i n z - n j o n a p r a v i odv i sno pogodbo. Vsekako? j e lahko t a l a d j a t u d i i n d i v i d u a l i z i r a n a t a k o , da s e navede n jeno ime i n zakon d a j e t e j k l a v z u l i t a k o rnoE, da s e smat ra k c t ena izmed b i s t v e n i h elementov pogodbe. Ce l a d j a r ne da v v k r c a j n i l u k i n a razpolago prav t o , z imenom dogovorjeno l a d j o , p r e k r s i s tem pogodbo i n z a t o p r e k r g i t e v odgovar ja .

Na koncu l ahko povemo, da j e pogodba s k l ~ n j e n a t a k r a t , ko s t r a n k e s o g l a s n o i z j a v i j o v o l j o o t o v o r u , p r e v o z n i n i i n po tovan ju . Jasno j e , d a poleg t e h elementov l ahko p r i d e t u d i v r s t o d r u g i h , k o t smo z g o r a j na k r a t k o o m e n i l i .

K o r i s t n o j e na tem mestu o p o z o r i t i 6e na n e k a t e r e o k o l i S E i n e , I k i bod0 pomapale, da s e ho p rob lemat ika v z v e z i s pogldbami l a i j e I 1

razurnela.

Za s k l e p a n i e pogodb s t a p r i n c i p i e l n o p o t r e b n i dve s t r a n k i . .

l a d j e . Vendar j e s k l e p a n j e pogodb o pomorskem prevozu z e l o pogosto

zamotana, ko j e naroEnik prevoza p r o d a j a l e c t o v o r a i n j e v s k l a d u z doloEbami kupoprodajne pogodbe d o l i a n p r e d a t i t o v o r na prevoz preko S p e d i t e r j a . S p e d i t e r ( k i d e l a v svojem imenu), de jansko pa m a n i p u l i r a s t u j i m tovorom, n a j p o g o s t e j e k o n t a k t i r a z l a d j a r j e v i m agentom, k i pa zopet d e l a v imenu i n za raEun l a d j a r j a , i n t a k o s e s k l e n e pogodba. Dodaimo Se t o , d a s e v r a z k l a d a l n i l u k i k o t

S p e d i t e r , t a k o da lahko f i g u r a t i v n o t o prikaiemo t a k o l e : -

I

I PRODAJALEC T O V O R A ( I KUPEC 1 '-I

-----. l SPEDITER I . j FAGENT 1 ] SPEDITER 11. /

i LADJAR i - - - - 8 I V z g o r n j i shemi j e prevozna pogodba s k l e n j e n a med SPEDITER-

JEM I . i n LADJARJEM preko AGENTA. Vendar t u d i med o s t a l i m i osebami po p a r i h o b s t o j a v r s t a ' p o g o d b , t a k o na p r . :

P r o d a j a l e c i n kupec - kupoprodajna pogodba P r o d a j a l e c i n S p e d i t e r I . - pogodba o S p e d i c i j s k i u s l u g i S p e d i t e r I . i n l a d j a r - prevozna pogodba Agent i n l a d j a r - pogodba o a g e n c i j s k i u s l u g i Kupec i n S p e d i t e r 11. - pogodba o S p e d i c i j s k i u s l u g i

To s o pogodbe, p a r a l e l n o pa n a s t a n e v r s t o p r a v n i h odnosov,

kupec i m a n a o s n c v i prevozne pogodbe doloEeno p r a v i c o n a s p r o t i l a d j a r j u , Ee j e p r o d a j a l e c p r e n e s e l p r a v i c o na kupca k o t prejem- n i k a , t a pa j e s v o j o p r a v i c o p r e n e s e l na S p e d i t e r j a 11. i t d . I

Po t e o r i j i spada jo pogodbe o prevozu s t v a r i med tarko imenovane konsenzualne d v o s t r a n s k e pogodbe. I z r a z konsenzua ln i pomeni, I

J. LJ

s k i h l a d i j p o j a v l j a v r s t a o s e b , i a t o j e naS zakon v E1.8 d o l o e i l nekaj d e f i n i c i j , k i pomagajo p r i u p o r a b i zakona. Te d e f i n i c i j e

d e f i n i c i j e v e l j a t i v zunanj i p r a v n i u r e d i t v i . To, k a r j e p r a v k a r povedano za d e f i n i c i j o o s e b , v e n a k i mer i v e l j a t u d i z a pojme pogodb, kakor j i h j e d e f i n i r a l na5 zakon, t o j e , t u d i t e d e f i n i - c i j e ne v e l j a j o avtomatiEno v z u n a n j i p r a v n i u r e d i t v i .

D e f i n i c i j e , k a k o r j i h doloEa 8 . E l . nabega zakona , s o n a s l e d n j e :

LADJAR j e f i z i E n a a l i p r a v n a o s e b a , k i j e k o t p o s e s t n i k l a d j e n o s i l e c p lovbnega podjema.

NAROCNIK j e popodbena s t r a n k a , k i p r i l a d j a r j u n a r o E i prevoz s t v a r i , v l a E e n j e l a d j e a l i i z v r b i t e v kakSnega d rugega plovbnega p o s l a .

VKRCEVALEC j e naroEnik a l i od n j e g a doloEena o s e b a , k i na p o d l a g i prevozne pogodbe p r e d a l a d j a r j u s t v a r i z a p r e v o z .

PREJEMNIK j e t i s t i , k i j e up rav iEen s p r e j e t i s t v a r i od l a d j a r j a .

PREVOZNI UPRAVICENEC j e t i s t i , k i i m a po pogodSi o prevozu s t v a r i n a s p r o t i l a d j a r j u doloEene p r a v i c e ( t o je skupno ime z a na roEn ika , v k r c e v a l c a i n p re j emnikaa .

POTNIK j e o s e b a , k i Fma po pogodbl o prevozu p o t n i k a po morju p r a v i c o do p r e v o z a z l a d j o .

I z t e g a t o r e j i z h a j a , d a j e pogodba o p o s l u pomorske p lovbe s k l e n j e n a med:

LADJARJEM i n N A R O C N I K O M

Pogodba o zakupu j e s k l e n j e n a med:

ZAKUPODAJALCEM i n ZAKUFNIKOM

Po leg o s e b , k i j i h d e f i n i r a 8 . E l . z akona , s e p o j a v l j a j o t u d i d ruge o s e b e , k i p a p r i p o ~ o d b a h o i z k o r i 5 E a n j u morsk ih l a d i j n i s o s p e c i f i E n e , s o p a d e f i n i r a n e z d r u g h i p r e d p i s i . Tako. n a pr.agent,pretovornik(stivador), S p e d i t e r , p o v e l j n i k , s k l a d i 5 E n i k i n d r u g i .

N a k r a t k o bomo o b d e l a l i posamezne, z o g r a j navedene osebe :

6 . 0 1 - LADJAR

"LADJAR JE FIZICNA A L I PRAVNA OSEBA, K I J E KOT POSESTNIK LADJE NOSILEC PLOVBNEGA PODJEMA"

I z s o r n j e d e f i n i c i j e l ahko z a k i j u e i m o n a s l e d . n j e : - n l obvezno, d a j e l a d j a r l a s t n i k l a d j e ; b i s t v e n o j e , d a

j e p o s e s t n i k l a d j e , v e n d a r j e n a j p o g o s t e j e l a s t n i k l a d j e i s t o E a s n o t u d i l a d j a r .

- l a d j a r o p r a v l j a p lovbo po morju - p l o v b e n i podjem - v l a s t n e m imenu, za l a s t e n raEun.

- l a d j a r j e pogodbena s t r a n k a , ki se j e z z v e z a l a , da bo v l a s tnem imenu, z a s v o j raEun, s s v o j o alF t u j o l a d j o , i z v r s i l a dogovorjeno obveznost .

- l a d j a r n a j p o g o s t e j e odgovar j a po leg popodbenih o b v e z n o s t i t u d i z a t a k o imenovano izvenpopodbeng odSovornost .

- navedemo n a i , d a naS ~ o i e m LADJAR ne u s t r e z a Dovsem

6.02 - NAROCNIK

€1. 8 , o d s t . 1 , t o E . 3 s e g l a s i :

~ INAROCNIK JE PQGODBENA STRANKA. KI PRI LADZARJU NAROCI I DRUGEGA PLOVBNEGA POSLA".

I z t e g a t o r e j i z h a j a , da je l a d j a r e n a pogodbena ~t ran . ; . ; : :~ , I - - -

roEnik k o r i s t i u s l u g e l a d j a r j a , doloEene s pogodbo, k i pa s o l a h k o r a z l i E n e n a r a v e , k o t prevoz s t v a r i , v l a E e n j e i t d . (Kadar n a j b i b i l a u s l u g a prevoz osebe , potem naroEnik p o s t a n e p o t n i k ) . I

Na d i r e k t n i naEin s e k o r i s t i j o u s l u g e t a k r a t , k a d a r g r e I I

rec imo z a i z v r S i t e v p revoza l a s t n i h naroEnikovih s t v a r i .

l ahko p o s t a v i v p r a S a n j e , a l i naroEnik p o s t a n e p r o t i t r e t j i m osebam l a d j a r a l i n e , vendar na tem mestu o tem ne bomo razprav- 1 j a l i .

V vsakodnevnem pogovoru s e t akega naroEnika pogosto imenuje c h a r t e r e r , vendar , kakor bomo k a s n e j e v i d e l i , n i nu jno , da j e a n g l e s k i i z r a z c h a r t e r e r enak pojmu naroEnika .

Lahko napravimo n a s l e d n j i s k l e p :

- naroEnik 3e lahko vkrceva lec a l i p re jemnik , n i pa nujno. - v imenu i n z a raEun naroEnika s e p r e d a t o v o r z a p revoz ,

plaEa p revozn ina i n o s t v a r j a j o o s t a l e p r a v i c e po pogodbi.

6 .03 - VKRCEVALEC

€1. 8 , o d s t . 1 , toE .4 s e g l a s i : 1

NA PODLAGI PREVOZNE POGODBE PREDA LADJARJU STVARI ZA PREVOZ".

t I

- v k r c e v a l e c i e i a h k o i s t o E a s n o na roEn ik . l a h k o D a naroE- . . n i k d o l o E i drugo o s e b o z a v k r c e v a l c a , n a j p o g o s t e j e j e .

t o S p e d i t e r . - v k r c e v a l e c s e l a h k o p c j a v i samo p r i p r e v o z u s t v a r i ( n e

p a p r i v laEer , ju i n podobnih - . p o s l i h ) . - f u n k c i i a v k r c e v a l c a ie samo p r a v n e n a r a v e , n e pa t e h -

n iEne . F i z iEno vkrcevan i e o b i E a i n o l z v r S u i e i o ~ r e t o v 6 r -

- shematsko l a h k o p r ikaZexo t a k o l e :

VKRCEVALEC ( b p e d i t e r v l u k i , k a t e r i d e l a po n a l o q u n a r o E n i k a )

- pogodba j e s k l e n j e n a med naroEnikom i n l a d j a r j e m , v e n d a r

je p r i p r a v l j e n p r e v z e t i t o v o r od v k r c e v a l c a , p r i d o b i v k r c e v a l e c p r o t i l a d j a r j u s a m o s t o j n e p r a v i c e i n obvez- n o s t i

LADJAR VKRCEVALEC

11 ( s a m o s t o j n e p r a v i c e i n o b v e z n o s t i )

- je v k r c e v a l e c po p r e d a j i t o v o ~ a poobla5Een z a h t e v a t i od l a d j a r j a n a k l a d n i c o ( E 1 . 2 9 z a k o n a ) .

- E e se i z d a n a n a k l a d n i c a g l a s i po o d r e d b i , j o i m a v k r c e v a l e c p r a v i c o p r e n e s t i n a d rugo osebo .

- v v k r c a j n i l u k i irria v k r c e v a l e c 2 r a v i c o d o l o E i t i p r i s t a - j a l i S E e a l i s i d r i 5 E e ( E 1 . 3 8 ) .

- v v k r c a j n i l u k i j e n a s l o v n i k pisma o p r i p r a v l j e n o s t i v k r c e v a l e c (E1.39) .

- v k r c e v a l e c j e pooblaSEen p r i v ~ l i t i , da se t o v o r v k r c a n a l a d i j s k i k rov ( E1 .42 ) .

- v k r c e v a l e c mora l a d j a r j u na nj egovo z a h t e v o p o d p i s a t i n a k l a d n i c o (E1.34) .

- v k r c e v a l e c i m a posebnz p r a v i c e go E l . 2 4 - 2 6 . - p r i p revozu z l a d j a m i r e d n e p r o p e a - l i n i j s k i prevo'z,

g o r a v k r c e v a l e c p r e a a j a t i t o v o r s t i s - t o h i t r o s t j o , s k a t e r o g a more l a d j a p r e v z e m a t i ( E l . 5 0 ) .

- v k r c e v a l e c j e dolZan i z r o E i t i l i s t i n e ( c a r i n s k e i n druge) (E1 .51 ) .

V a n g l e 5 E i n i s e v k r c e v a l e c imenuj e : s h i p ~ c ~ > . I

€1.8 , o d s t . 1 , t o E . 5 , s e g l a s i :

I z t e d e f i n i c i j e s e l ahko z a k l j u E i n a s l e d n j e : 4 y - pre jemnik j e l ahko naroEnik a l i vkrceva lec a l i neka

t r e t j a o s e b z , k i u v e l j a v l j a s v o j e p r a v i c e i z same po- l godbe o prevozu a l i na o s n o v i nak ladn ice . - moien j e t u d i prevoz b r e z p re jemnika , na p r i m e r , kadar

s e dogovor i za prevoz odpadkcv, k a t e r e j e t r e b a v r e E i v mor je .

- k a d a r s e k o t pre jemnik ne p o j a v i n i t i naroEnik n i t < v k r c e v a l e c , temveE neka t r e t j a o s e b a , potem g r e z a posebno v r s t o pogodbe, t a k o imenovane pogodbe v k o r i s t t r e t j e osebe ( v t e o r i j i s e zavzemajo t u d i drugaEna s t a l i 5 E a ) .

- p r o t i l a d j a r j u p r i d o b i p r e j ~ m n i k doloEene p r a v i c e i n o b v e z n o s t i , na p r imer :

- p r a v i c o z a h t e v a t i s t v a r i od l a d j a r j a ( E l . 6 7 ) . - d o l o E i t i p r i s t a j a l i 5 E e a l i s i d r i 5 E e ( E1.38 d d s t . 2 ) .

- p r e j e t i pismo o p r i p r a v l j e n o s t i ( E l . 39 ) . - z a h t e v a t i povraEi lo 5kode poskodovanih s t v a r i . - pre jemnik j e d o l i a n v r n i t i nak ladn ico l a d j a r j u ( E 1 , 6 8 ) . - pre jemnik j e dolZan na l a d j a r j e v o zahtevo i z d a t i

p o t r d i l o , da j e t o v o r p r e j e l (E1 .68) . - prevzemat i t o v o r s t i s t o h i t r o s t j o , s k a t e r o ga more

l a d j a r p r e d a j a t i (E1 .50) .

Po jmovno moramo r a z l i k o v a t i :

LUSKEGA AGENTA - k i v lukah n u d i l a d j i r a z n e u s l u g e t e r pomaga p r i o p r a v l j a n j u r z z n i h o p r a v i l i n

imenu s k l e p a pogodbe, i n t o t a k o l a d j a r - ske k o t ~ r e v o z n i s k e ( ~ e n e r a l n i t o v o r ) .

O b s t o j a j o 5e n e k a t e r e v r s t e agen tov , na p r . menaging a g e n t , g e n e r a l agen t i t d , vendar s e n a j p o c o s t e j 5 e a k t i v n o s t i lu5kega i n pomorskega a g e n t a o p r a v l j a j o s s t r a n i i s t i h p r a v n i h a l i f i z i E n i h o s e b , t e r t a k o p r i h a j a do zmot g l e d e t e h pojmov.

f i l i j a l e pa p o s l e lu5ke a g e n c i j e , Eeprav t u d i t o n i n u j n o , da s e v i d i na p r v i pogled .

I -

Kadar govorimo o pogodbah o i zkor iSEan ju morskih l a d i j , misl imo na pomorskega a g e n t a , k i s k l e p a pogodbe v imenu i n z a raEun l a d j a r j a . Znani pa s o p r i m e r i , ko a g e n t s k l e n e pogodbo t u d i v imenu i n z a raEun naroEnika , vendar s e p r i prevozu s t v a r i t o zgod i redko. Zgodi pa s e , da agent podpibe pogodbo t a k o z a eno k o t z a a rugo s t r a n , t o j e z a l a d j a r j a i n z a naroEnika. To o b l i k o j e p raksa s p r e j e l a na osnov i ang leskega p- nava.

Lahko t o r e j reEemo, d a : - j e a g e n t poobla5Eenec l a d j a r j a , k i n a s t o p a samo v mejah

p o o b l a s t i l a , - j e agen t pooblasEenec , k i n a s t o p a p r o t i t r e t j i m osebam

v imenu l a d j a r j a , - zavezu je d i r e k t n o l a d j a r j a , ne s e b e , - a g e n t n i p r e d p o s t a v l j e n p o v e l j n i k u , temveE o b r a t n o , - z a s v o j e d e l o prejema agen t posebno riagrado, k e r z

l a d j a r j e m n i v delovnem r a z m e r j u , temveE v pogodbenem razmer ju ,

- o b s t o j a j o ob iEa jno meje p r a v i c i n d o l i n o s t i a g e n t a .

6.06 -PRETOVDRNIKI ( STIVADORJI)

To s o osebe , k i o p r a v l j a j o f i z E n i d e l v k r c a n j a ,- z l a g a n j a i n i z k r c a n j a t o v o r a . Ker j e moderni promet zah teven g l e d e s t r o - k o v n o s t i i n h i t r o s t i , o p r a v l j a j o omenj ene p o s l e posebna pod . j e t j a ( s t i v a d o r j i ) , k i imajo z n a n j e , m a t e r i a l n a i n t e h n i E n a s r e d s t v a z a t a s t r o k o v n i p o s e l . V v e E i n i l u k o p r a v l j a j o s t i v a d r o s k e p o s l e obvezno s t i v a d o r j i i n n i dovo l j eno , d a t e p o s l e o p r a v l j a j o E l a n i posadke, vkrceva lec a l i pre jemnik .

Y . . . , . 7 . .. i

I l a d j a r a l i - k o r i s t n i k prevoza . Poleg t e g a l ahko k o r i s t n i k p re - voza p o o b l a s t i l a d j a r j a , d a s k l e n e s s t i v a d o r j e m pogodbo v ime-

I nu i n z a raEun k o r i s t n i k a prevoza a i i pa samo v imenu k o r i s t - n i k a prevoza . To u s t v a r j a v e l i k o kompl ikac i j , o Eemer bomo g o v o r i l i v pog lav ju o prejemu i n i z r o E i t v i t o v o r a .

Mimogrede n a j omenimo, da z l a g a n j e t o v o r a v l a d i j s k a s k l a d i g E a , Eeprav g a o p r a v l j a j o s t i v a d o r j i, p r e d s t a v l j a odgovor- n o s t t u d i z a l a d j a r j a , k e r j e od naEina z l a g a n j a o d v i s n a ne samo sposobnost l a d j e z a p lovbo , ampak t u d i odgovornos t za Skode na t o v o r u .

I 6.07 - SPEDITER

S p e d i t e r j e pravna a l i f i z i E n a o s e b a , k i s e u k v a r j a z o r g a n i z a c l j o odprave t o v o r a s v o j i h komintentov s pomoEjo p re - v o z n i k a , kakor t u d i z d rug imi p o s l i , k i s o s tem v z v e z i .

Na sploSno s e smatra, da S p e d i t e r p o s l u j e v svojem imenu i n z a t u j raEun i n s e v tem r a z l i k u j e od a g e n t a , k i pos- l u j e v tu jem imenu, z a t u j raEun.

V p r a k s i s e n a j p o g o s t e j e d o g a j a , d a S p e d i t e r n a s t o p a k o t naroEnik p revbza , k o t v k r c e v a l e c i n k o t pre jemnik . I z t e g a i z h a j a , d a i m a l a d j a r pogos te s t i k e s Sped i t e r j em. 0 5 p e d i c i j i s e na VPS uEi v posebnem predmetu, z a r a d i t e g a j e na tem mestu ne bomo n a d a l j e o b r a v n a v a l i .

N a koncu n a j ponovimo, da o b d e l a n i pojmi n i s o do d e t a l j e v i d e n t i E n i v r a z n i h p r a v n i h s i s t e m i h .

POMORSKI PREVOZNIKI POSEL i n LADJARSKO POGODBO

ZAKUP pa j e posebna k a t e g o r i j a pogodb o i z k o r i 5 E a n j u morskih l a d i j .

S t r a n k e , o k a t e r i h smo doseda j g o v o r i l i , svobodno s k l e - ? a j o r a z n e v r s t e pogodb i n s o v svobodnem d o g o v a r j a n j u omejene samo v n e k a t e r i h toEno doloEenih p r i m e r i h . V k o l i k o r s e s t r a n k e ne d o g o v o r i j o o n e k a t e r i h pogbj ih . -* , p r i d e do uporabe s u b s i d i a r - n i h p redp i sov . S tem v z v e z i j e po t rebno r a z l i k o v a t i n a s l e d n j e :

F. NAEELO DISPOZICIJE /

k a r pomeni, d a s e s t r a n k e svobodno d o g o v a r j a j o i n so omeiene samo z n a E e l i javnega r e d a i n pos lovne morale . 0 naEelu d i s p o z i c i j e g o v o r i zakon v 8 1 . 5 , k i s e g l a s i :

"RAZMERJA, K I SO UREJENA S TEM ZAKONOM, SE SMEJO S POGODBO 1

7.02 - STROGI ZAKONSKI PREDPISI i!

p r i m e r i h nimajo svobode d o g o v a r j a n j a , temveE sc vezane na za- k o n s k i p r e d p i s . V k o l i k o r b i s t r a n k e d o g o v o r i l e drugaEe k o t doloEa zakon, t a n j i h o v a pogodbena obveznost ne b i b i l a ~ e l j a v n a . Nag zakon i m a na veEih m e s t i h t a k e s t r o g e p r e d p i s e :

- E l . 36 o s p o s o b n o s t i l a d j e za p lovbo. - odgovornost z a t o v o r i z E l . 53, 5 4 i n 56 z iz jemo i z

E l . 58, k j e r s e i z r e c n o n a v a j a , da sporazurn, s k l e n j e n

- El. 117, k i doloEa, da pogodba 9 zalcupu l a d j e , k i r.i s e s t a v l i e n a v p ismeni o b l i k i , nima pravnega uEinka.

- 15 -

- -- -

Tekom t i s o E l e t i j s o s e r a z v i l e r a z n e v r s t e pogodb. V srednjem veku se je pismena pogodba, kc s e j e s e s t a v i l a , prepo- l o v i l a i n j e vsaka s t r a n k a d o b i l a po eri d e l . Xc s ta s e d e l a ponovno - s p o j i l a , s t a t v o r i l a c e l o t o z delom pogodbe, k i se j e d a l na roEniku i n l a s t n i k u b l a g a , . ' dokazovala p r a v i c a do b laga : La-t insko se j e ' imenovala " c a r t a p a r t i t a " , angleSko pa " c h a r t e r ps-rty". Obs to ja p a t u d i neko d r u g s tc1maEenj.e i z r a z a " c a r t a p a r t l t a i ' , -in s i c e r n a j t-i s e po tern tclmaEenju pogodbe na enem pargamentil v d u p l i k a t u , n a t o >a po s r e d i n i r a z r e z a l e , t a k o d a j e v s a k a s t r a n k a d o b i l a eno k b ~ i j o . To s e z d i b o l j log iEno , k e r j e na t a naEin . v s a k a s t r a n k a imela t e k s t , i z ka- t e r e g a s o b i l i r a z v i d n i v s i p o g o j i , medtem ko b i po p r e j naveden i t e o r i j i imela vsaka s t r a n k a samo d e l t e k s t a . Vendar t o n i b i s t v e n o .

Z napredkom t e h n i k e , t r g o v i n e , z o d k r i t j e m novega s v e t a , l n d u s t r i j s k o r e v o l u c i j o i t d . s o s e poveEale r e l a c i j e , k o l i E i n e t o v o r a , v r s t e t o v o r a i t d . temu p a r a l e l n o pa so s e p o j a v i l e t u d i nove v r s t e pogodb. P r i g l o j e do pogodb, po k a t e r i h s e p re - voz o p r a v l j a z doloEenim l a d i j s k i m pros torom, v.posameznem skladiSEu i n podobno. Kasneje , ko s o se p o j a v i l e manjSe k o l i E i n e t o v o r a posameznega l a s t n i k a t o v o r a i n j e t a k i h I a s t n i k o v b i l o

. v e l i k o , z a r a d i t e g a pa t u d i v e l i k o t o v o r a , s o s e p r i E e l e po- j a v l j a t i l a d j e , k i s o j i h l a s t n i k i , l a d j a r j i , p o s t a v l j a l i ob o b a l o z n a z n a n i t v i j o , da bod0 s p r e j e l i t u d i manjze k o l i E i n e t o v o r a na r e l a c i j i , na k a t e r i p l u j e j o . To s o b i l i a a E e t k i l i n i j s k i h p re - vozov, vendzr v tem Easu Se n imajo znaEaja s t a l n o s t i n i t : r e d n o s t i .

Lahko s e r eEe , d a j e l i n i j s k o p o s l o v a n j e , a l i b o l j e povedano prevoz genera lnega t o v o r a , n a s t a l o na t a naEin , da s o l a d j a r j i d a j a l i l a d j e na r a z p o i a g o i n n a z n a n j a l i , da n j ihova l a d j a p o t u j e za doloEenc luko t e r d a j e m l j e vsakrSno k o l i E i n o t o v o r a . Temu s e j z r e k l o ang lesko "Laying on b e r t h " , f r a n c o s k o pa " a f f r e t m e n t a c u i l e t t e " . Odhod l a d j e j e b i l o mogoEe c e l o pogo j $ti s p r i d o b i t v i j o z a d o s t n e k o l i E i n e t o v o r a .

Gledano s s t a l i 5 E a s t r a n k i n n j ihovega medsebojnega, odnosa j e i n t e r e s a n t n o o p c z o r i t i , d a j e v n a j s t a r e j g i h E a s i h l a s t n i k l a d j e , l a s t n i k t o v o r a i n p o v e l j n i k l a d j e b . i l : - e n a i n i s t a o s e b a . V r imsk ih Eas ih sreEarno " e x e r c i t o r a n a v l s f ' , k i j e b i l l a s t n i k l a d j e i n l a d j a r , p o l e g s e b e pa j e ime l " m a g i s t r a n a v i s f s , k i j e b i l n a v i g a t o r . Vkrcavanj e i n i z k r c a v a n j e b l a g a j e oprav; j a l l a s t n i k l a d j e S a m , t u d i ~ ~ p o t c v a l je z l a d j o , s p r e m l j a l j e b lago . L a d j a r n i ime l s k r b i s tovorom, k a r , pa s e t i E e opreme l a d j e , s k r b i z a posadko, n a v i , ~ a c i j o i t d . , j e z a t o Ze ime l s t r o k o v n j a k e , pcmor58ake. Kzsneje l a s t n L k i b l a g a l a d j e n i s o veE spreml j a l i .

Zanimiv j e r a z v o j na n a 2 i o h a l i , k i j e p r e d s t a v l j a l neko v r s t o zdruZenja z namenom da b i y s o d e l ~ v a l o p r i r i z i k i h pomorskega p o s l a med t r g o v c i i n posaclko. Take p o g ~ d b e s o s e imenovale : COLLEGANTIA, ROGANTIA i n ENTEGR. Naj b o l j znana j e b i l a ENTEGA, v k a t e r i s o s 3 d e l o v z i e tri. s t r a n k e : l a s t n i k l a d j e , posadka i n - i rgovc i . L a s t n i k l a d j e j e d z l na razpblfigo l a d j o . Posadka s e j e obvezal?, d a bc o p r a v l j a l - a na l a d j i v s e mornarske p o s l e . Trgovc i pa s o s e o S v e s a l i , da bodo d a l l rl.a ~ a z p o l a g c

p o t r e b n i o b r a t n i k a p i t a l ( dena r a l i b l a g o ) . C i s t i dohodek s e j e d e l i l na dva naEina , odvisno od t e g a , a l i j e l a d j a p l u l a samo po Jadranu a l i i zven J ad rana . Za plovbo po ~Jadranu s e j e dobiEek potovanja d e l i l t a k o , da s t a l a s t n i k l a d j e i n posadka d o b i l a 2 / 3 , l a s t n i k k a p i t a l a pa 1 / 3 dobiEka. Za plovbo i zven J ad rana pa s e j e dobiEek d e l i l na enake d e l e t a k o , da s t a l a s t n i k l a d j e i n posadka d o b i l a eno po lov ico , druga po lov ica pa j e p r i p a d a l a l a s t n i k u b l a g a . R i z ik po tovan ja j e n o s i l samo da- j a l e c obra tnega k a p j t a l a , t . j . t r govec . Na i s t i l a d j i j e lahko b i l o veE ENTEGA, o Eemer s e j e v o d i l a toEna ev idenca .

Moderni Eas j e p r i p e l j a l do t e g a , d a s e i n t e r e s e n t i v se manj z d r u i u j e j o . V r e s n i c i imamo danes s i t u a c i j o , da ob- s t o j a j o l a s t n i k i l a d i j , k i s e sp loh ne u k v a r j a j o s plovbo, tem- veE s v o j o l a d j o s pogodbo p r e p u s t i j o drugemu, k i pos tane l a d j a r . Tako s e t a oseba b a v i s ponorskim poslom, n i pa l a s t n i k l a d j e . Izmed i e p r e j opisanega s t a n j a v n a j s t a r e j S i h Eas ih i n danaS- n j e g a s t a n j a s e j e r a z v i l o na r a z l i E n i h g e o g r a f s k i h podroEj ih v r s t o pogodb, i n kakor s e j e r a zvo j v s t a r i h Eas ih o d v i j a l loEeno eden od drugega, j e p r i g l o t u d i do r a z l i k -7 t i p i h pogodb. Te r a z l i k e 5e dandanes o b s t o j a j o , k e r pa j i h p r a k t i k i v vsakodnevnem i i v l j e n ju ne poudar j a j o , p r i h a j a do t e i a v .

1 0 . NEKATERI PRAVNI SISTEMI POMORSKEGA PRAVA NA SVETU

V toku zgodovinske2a r a z v o j a s o s e r a z v i l i n a s l e d n j i

I k r o g i :

~ 1 0 . 0 1 - Anglo-saksonski k rog , v ka t e r ega spada jo : Vel ika B r i t a - ! n i j a , ZdruBene drZave Amerike i n drBave, k i s o zgodc-

I v insko z n j i m i povezane. Anglo-saksonsko pravo pozna dve v r s t pogodb, k i j i h imenuje:

CHARTER PARTY i n B I L L OF L A D I N G .

CHARTER FARTY j e pogodba med shipowner-jern i n c1:arterer- jem, na osnovi k a t e r e g a c h a r t e r e r vzame v najem uporabo l a d j e i n t o : a l i z a doloEeno Easovno obdobje ( recimo 1 2 mesece17) i n s e t a k r a t imenuje TIME CHARTER a l i z a doloEeno p o t o v a n j ~ i n s e imenuje VOYAGE CHARTER. CHARTER PARTY j e l ahko navaden, kakor r e c i n o najem k a t e r e k o l i premiEne s t v a r i (najem avtomobi la za i z l e t ) , lahko pa ima o b l i k o zakupa, ko l a s t n i k l a d j e p r e p u s t i (demise) c h a r t e r e r - j u popolno kon t ro lo i n p o s e s t ( CHARTER BY DEMISE). Kakor p r a v i angleSka d o k t r i n a : Demise c h a r t e r e r j e v podobni s i t u a c i j i ko t zakupnik zeml je , k a r pomeni, da j e on p rak t iEno l a s t n i k , samo da v j avn ih k n j l g a h n i vp i s an ko t l a s t n i k .

Ce s e d a j t o r a z d e l i t e v v anglo-saksonskem pravu primer- jamo z nag0 r a z d e l i t v i j o vidimo, da j e v anglo-saksonskem pravu v g i r S i pojem CHARTER PARTY vkljuEen t u d i zakup, k a r pa j e p r i nas nekaj popolnoma oddvojenega.

1) pogodba j e rned SHIPPER-jem i n SHIPOWNER-jem l i n i j s k e l a d j e . V tern .pr imeru s e ne. u p o r a b l j a C h a r t e r P a r t y i n j e nak l adn i ca dokaz o -pogodb i .

2 ) pogodba j e rned SHIPOWNER-jem i n CHARTERER-jem na osnov i navadne c h a r t e r p a r t y . Tukaj s e p rav t a k o i z d a na-

., k l a d n i c a , vendar j e obiEajno - n j ena f u n k c i j a samo ko t p o t r d . i l o o .vkrcanem tovoru .

3 ) pogodba j e lahko rned "demise cha r t e r e r - j emf ' i n shipper- jem. Gre za 'pogodbo v o b l i k i zakupa vse do t r e n u t k a , ko s e s k l e n e pogodba c h a r t e r e r - j a i n nekega drugega sh ipper - jdyko pos tane a l i o b l i k a op i sana pod 1) a l i pod 2 ) . OEitno j e , da g r e v tem pr imeru za pogodbo o prevozu med cha- terer - jem i n shipper- jem.

4 ) Kadar c h a r t e r e r i z navadne " c h a r t e r p a r t y " ne v o z i s v o j t o v o r , a m p a k t o p r av i co p r enese na nekoga drugega, potem p r e i d e na t e g a drugega t u d i C h a r t e r P a r t y i n nak l adn i ca , k i j c j e shipowner i 5 d a l s h i p p e r - j u , pa s e t a k r a t p o j a v i j o najveE j e t e i a v e . Majpogostej S i problem j e v tem, da s e posamezni p o g o j i rned t e n a dvema dokumentoma r a z l i k u j e j o .

5 ) KonEno, v i z r e d n i h p r ime r ih , l ahko o b s t o j a v zvez i z i s t i m potovanjem ena pogodba z a 3 e l t o v o r a , sk len- j ena rned s h i p p e r - j e n i n shipowner-jem, e za. d r u g i d e l t o v o r a med shipper- jem i n c h a r t e r e r - j e m . Temu dosledno '

j e l ahko ena nak ladn ica izdana s s t r a n i sh ipowner- ja , druga pa s s t r a n i c h a r t e r e r - j a , obe p z podp ise po- v e l j n i k , e n k r a t k o t poobla5Eenec ( a g e n t ) za l a s t n i k a l a d j e , e n k r a t pa z a c h a r t e r e r - j a .

P r i o p i s u t e h prlme-rov smo u p o r a l j l j a l i angleBke i z r a z e : ship-owner, s h i p p e r , c h z r t e r e r , demise c h a r t e r e r , k e r snatramo, da s e j i h ne more p r e v e s t i z nabimi i z r a z i , k e r nimajo i s t i p r a v n i smi se l .

I n t e r e s a n t n o j e , da s e n i k j e r n e omenja pojem, k i b i o d g o v a r j a l nagemu i z r a z u LADJAR.

V angleBEini 0bstc. j .a i z r a z , k i s e vEasih u p o r a b l j a z a

AngleSko pravo na sp loSno , i n ne aamo v pomorskem p r a v u , pozna r a z l i k o med

COMMON CARRIER i n

PRIVATE CARRIER.

Pojem COMMON C A R R I E R j e nasp loh z e l o t e i k o d e f i n i r a t i , lahko pa b i r e k l i , da j e t o p ravna a l i f i z i E n a osebay k i o p r a v l j a

I n o s t i F r e v a i a t i s t v a r i k o g a r k o l i pod pogojem, da j e na v o z i l u

nega n a d o m e s t i l a .

PRIVATE CARRIER s i p r i d r i u j e p r a v i c o da v o z i samo, kadar Sam i e l i i n dd s e vsakokra t p o g a j a z a prevoznino.

COMMON CARRIER mora t o r e j p r e v z e t i v prevoz b l a g o , k i s e mu d a j e v prevoz . Ce n e z a k o n i t o o d k l o n i prevoz , s t o r i s tem kaznivo d e j a n j e i n j e odgovoren z a povraEi lo Skode.

V modernem Easu s e ti pojmi i z g u b l j a j o , vendar j e v pomorskem pravu Se vedno s l e d o n j i h , pa s o b r e z t e g a n e k a t e r i

b i s m e l i p r e v a j a t i z LADJAR. Raz l ikovan je t e h dveh pojmov j e pomembno z a razumevanje

o d g o v o r n o s t i . COMMON CARRIER j e b i l ABSOLUTNO ODGOVOREN ZA T O V O R , K I MU JE B I L PREDAN. Z druge s t r a n i j e b i l PRIVATE C A R R I E R odgovoren samo, Ee j e 5koda n a s t a l a z a r a d i malomarnost i . Cornmen

t o v o r a . I z z g o r a j opisanega i n i z d r u g i h raz logov j e anglosak-

sonsko p ravo d o v o l j e v a l o , da s e v c h a r t e r p a r t y v n e s e j o v s e mogoEe klavzucle o o p r o s t i t v i o d g o v o r n o s t i , k e r zavzema s t a l i S E e , da j e c h a r t e r p a r t y i zk l juEno pogodba med l a s tn ikom l a d j e i n c h a r t e r e r - j e m i n vnaSanje k a k r s n i h k o l i k l a v z u l o o p r o s t i t v i odgovornos t i ne Skoduje nobenemu, r a z e n c h a r t e r e r - j u . P rak t iEno s e j e l ahko dogovor i lo t u d i t o , da n i t r e b a , da j e l a d j a spo- sobna z a p lovbo, k a r s i j e p r i nas s k o r a j nemogoEe z a m i s l i t i .

DrugaEe j e z n a k l a d n i c o , z a k a t e r o t u d i anglosaksonsko pravo s m a t r a , da ne more v s e b o v a t i nedovo l j en ih o p r o s t i t e v od- g o v o r n o s t i , k e r j e v r e d n o s t n i p a p i r , k i p r i d e v r o k e t u d i

i n sh ipowner- ja . Lahko s e t r d i , da j e z a r a d i t a k e g a s t a l i S ~ a - anglosaksonskega prava z a j e t a v HaSkih p r a v i l i h i z k l j u E n o na- k l a d n i c a . t a k o t i s t a , k i s e i z d a i a v l i n i i s k e m ~ o s l c v a n i u . k o t

t r e t j i o s e b i .

! 1 0 . 0 2 - Romanski k r o g , z a k a t e r e b i b i l o d o v o l j , da reEemo:

Nj egova s i s t e m a t i k a j e n a s l e d n j a: 111

l a s t n i k a l a d j e od 1ah j ; r j a - p r > k t i ~ n o odgovar j a naSernu kakupu) . N O L E G G I O - k o t p l o v b e n i podjem.

TRANSPORT0 - k o t p r e v o z n i podjem.

0 t e h pogodbah p r a v i p r o f . Manca:

Z a l o c a z i o n e i e K a r a k t e r i s t i E n a obveznost d a i a l c a . da

v p l o v b i , k o n k r e t n e j s e , o p r a v i t e v enega a l i veE p o t o v a n j z dolo- Eeno l a d j o oziroma v pogodbenem Easu o p r a v i t e v veE p o t o v a n j , do- loEen ih s s t r a n i pre iemnika ( n o l e a g i a t o r e ) . Nanen p o t o v a n i a , za

' z vsemi odgovornostmi v r e d . P r i t r a n s p o r t u j e b i s t v e n prevoz oseb a l i s t v a r i . Ceprav s e smatra, da j e i t a l i j a n s k a t e o r i j a k r i s t a l n o

j a s n a v t e o r i j i , v p r a k s i n i . F r a n c i j a j e s p r e i e l a nov zakon l e t a 1 9 6 6 , po ka te rem j e

n a po tovan je , na Eas , g o l a l a d j a .

TRANSPORT.

o b j e k t l a d j a , med tem ko j e p r i TRANSPORT objl :\I C i t i r a j m o ' ~ v ~ r c a ' . ~ v e F . f r ~ n ~ ~ ~ k e ~ a zakona, p r o f . R o d i e r - j a , 91

k i ~ r a v i n a s l e d n i e :

t o v a n j u ) F r e t e u r ne o b l j u b l j a n i E e s a r druqega k o t t o , da d s I

af f r e t e u r - j u na razpo lago l a d j o , sposobno za plovbo . P r i " t ime c h a r t e r - j u " o b l j u b l j a t o z a nek doloEen Eas , p r i "af f r e t e d n h 'na potovan jes i pa za doloEeni t o v o r . Vendar, i n t o j e b i s t v e n a r a z - l i k a v p r i m e r j a v i s prevczom po n a k l a d n i c i , f r e t e u r ne prevzame nadzora nad tovorom, on ga ne sp re jme , on s e ne o b v e z u j e , da ga bo p r e p e l j a l " . 1

10.03 - NemSki krog

Prevozn i pose1 j e i z r a z i t o obvezni odnos t i p a l o c a t i o oper i5 (pogodba o d e l u ) , i n j e z a r a d i t e g a pomorska prevozniSka pogodba pogodba o prevozu s t v a r i po morju. To j e v b i s t v u ena i n i s t a pogodba ne g l e d e na t o , a l i s e nanaSa na uporabo c e l e l a d j e , d e l a l a d j e , doloEenega l a d i j s k e g a p r o s t o r a a l i pa samo na prevoz posameznih s t v a r i . Nemsko s t a l i 5 E e j e , d a j e v p r v i g r u p i pogodb z a j e t t u d i naEin prevoza( dogovor jena l a d j a s e lahko zamenja samo s p r i s t a n k o m ) , medtem ko j e p r i prevozu po- saqezn ih s t v a r i dogovor jen samo uEinek p o s l a , ne pa nzEin p re - voza. V v seb ino pogodbe ne p r i d e j o obvezno t u d i l a d j a i n p r o s t o r .

Ta k r a t k i p r i k a z , k i pa ne obsega v r s t o v a i n i h zakonov, smo p o d a l i samo z a t o , da vidimo, da pojmi o pogodbah i n osebah , podane v nasem zakonu, n i s o i n ne bod0 u p o r a b l j i v i p r i o s t a l i h zakonih . Z a r a d i t e g a s e v p r a k s i k z j la-hko z g o d i , da v razgo- voru i n d i s k u s i j i o nekem pravnem problemu nismo v s t a n j u razumet i d rug drugega , k e r p r i u p o r a b i i s t e g a i z r d z a dajemo le-temu r a z l i E e n pomen.

Ce s e povrnemo na naSo s i s t e m i z a c i j o , vidimo, da s e i z d v a j a t a dve v r s t i pogodb o prevozu s t v a r i . Zne s o l a d j a r s k e pogodbe, druge pa pomorske prevozni5ke pogodbe. V vsakodnevnem pogovoru pomorSEakov s e l a d j a r s k a ~ ~ o g o d b a ch iEa jno imenuje c h a r t e r p a r t y , pomorska prevozni5ka pogodba pa l h e r t e rms .

11. - LADJARSKA POGODBA

NaS zakon pozna dva k r i t e r i j a L a d j a r s k i h pogodb, t a k o da imamo :

LADJARSKA POGODEA

1. na po tovan je 2. na Eas

1. s c e l o l a d j o 2 . s sorazinernim delom l a d j e 3 . z doloEenim l a d i j s k i m

pros torom

TEoret iEno t o pomeni, da s o rno5ne v s e kombinac i j e , t o j e : pogodba na Eas s c e l o l a d j o , sorazmernim delom l a d j e a l i z doloEenim pros torom, a l i pogodba na p o t o v a n j e s c e l o l a d j o , sorazmernim delom l a d j e a l i z doloEenim pros torom. 7 p?aksi s i j e s i c e r t e i k o z a m i s l i t i pogodbo na Eas z a eno t u e $ j i n o l a d j e a l i enega samega sk lad iSEa , vendar k a j t a k e g a 3:;. mogoEe i z k l j u - E i t i .

Po naSem zakonu s e pogcdba s k l e n e med l?.djarjem i n na- roEnikom. Prak t iEno b i t o p jmeni lo , d a se moratz 1 3 d j a r i n naroEnik s e s t a t i , da s k l e n e t a pogodbo u.stno, p i s i i l en~ p a , Ee eden izmed n j i h t a k o z z h t e v a . Tis temu, ki j e i e ~ ~ L d e l l a d j a r s k a pogodbo, j e j a s n o , da j e t o p rak t iEno n e i z v e d l j i ~ ~ o . Z a ~ a d i p r a k t i E n o s t i j e i i v l j e n j e u s t v z r i l o t i ska3 .e t 2 p i z i r a n e pogodbe.

1.1.0.1 - TIPIZIRANE POGODBE

J e n e k a j s t o t i p o v t e h pogodb, z a t o j i h bomo v informa- l c i j o n a v e d l i samo n e k a j :

i

Deep Sea C h a r t e r LINERTIME 1968. Tanker Time C h a r t e r STANTIME i t d .

LADJARSKE PBGODBE NA POTOVANJE:

Net (FORM C ) . ! , 4 I,

O b s t o j a j o pa Se n a s l e d n j e posebne pogodbe za : o g l j e \'I

( k a k i h 1 9 v r s t ) , l e s ( 1 0 v r s t ) , Z i t a r i c e ( 1 0 v r s t ) , r i Z , kamenje, hi

r u d n i n e , cement , f e r t i l a j z e r j e , f o s f a t e , n i t r a t e , zemel jske oreSEke, s o l , s a d d j e i t d .

Vse t e pogodbe s o t i s k a n e , znaEi lno z a n j e pa j e , da j e vsaka v r s t a o S t e v i l E e n a , kakor t u d i vsaka k l a v z a l a . Na t a natiin ' I

s e z e l o l a h k o i d e n t i f i c i r a vsaka k l a v z u l a , kakor t u d i vsaka v r s t a v k l a v z u l i .

UpoSteva t i j e t u d i po t rebno , k a r smo i e predhodno pove- d a l i , da imata s t r a n k i takorekoE svobodo d o g o v a r j a n j a o vsem, k a r z zakonom n i prepovedano, k a r n i s t r o g i p r e d p i s . T i s k a n i fo rmula r pogodbe l a h k o t o r e j s t r a n k i s p r e m e n i t a , d o p o l n i t a , s k r a j s a t a , mu n e k a j d o d a s t a i t d . k a r s t r a n k i r edno t u d i d e l a t a . Danes n i pogodbe n a f o r m u l a r j u , k a t e r i ne b i b i l o po t rebno n e k a j

J. U

Zapomnit i s i j e po t rebno , da s e v p r i n c i p u meni , da imajo d o d a t k i v pogodbi veEjo v e l j a v n o s t k o t t i s k a n i d e l pogodbe.

V p r a k s i s e pogodba s k l e p a t a k o l e : l a d j a r ima s v o j e g a a g e n t a ( b r o k e r j a ) , k i ponuja l a d j o i n ibEe t o v o r , l a s t n i k t o v o r a pa svo jega a g e n t a ( b p e d i t e r j a , b r o k e r j a ) , k i n u d i t o v o r i n iSEe l a d j o . Agenta s t a povezana s svoj ima nalcgodaja lcama i n ko s e d o g o v o r i t a o b i s t v e n i h e l e m e n t i h , skler; .?ti pogodbo t e r p r i tem p r o u E i t a t u d i s t r a n s k e k l a v z u l e . Agenta ob iEa jno pogodbo t u d i podpiSeta , p r i tem pa obvezno o z n a E i t a , d a p o d p i s u j e t a k o t a g e n t a "AS AGENTS ONLYvs . Ta opomba bo j a s n a , Ze s e spomnimo, k a j j e b i l o povedanega o agen tu i n njegovem pravnem p o l o i a j u : da j e poobla8EenecY k i s k l e p a pogodbe v imenu i n z a raEun n a l o g o d a j a l c a . V k o l i k o r pa za l a s t n i k a t o v o r a podpibe ~ o n o d b o n ieaov b p e d i t e r , l e t a ne bo na pogodbo p r i p i s a l opombo " as a g e n t o n l y s f , k e r d e l a b p e d i t e r v svojem imenu. S p e d i t e r b o . t o r e j naroEnik . Prak- t i E n a p o s l e d i c a j e v tem, da s e a g e n t a ne more t o i i t i , k e r j e samo poobla6EenecY l a h k o pa s e t o i i S p e d i t e r j a , k e r j e on na- roEnik. No, o tem k a s n e j e .

KO j e t o r e j p r i g l o do podpisovanja pogodbe, s e podpise eden izmed mnogih f o r m u l a r j e v , k i o b s t o j a j o . Zarad i dodatkov, sprememb, b r i s a n j a i t d . , ne o b s t o j a t a dve e n a k i p o d p i s a n i po- g o d b i , vsaka j e drugaEna. S t r a n k i s e l a h k o o v s a k i k l a v z u l i p o g a j a t a , menja ta i t d . P r a v i j o , da j e t a s i s t e m t a k z a t o , k e r s t a l a d j a r i n naroEnik enako rnoEni s t r a n k i ; k e r g r e z a i n d i v i - dua lne p o t r e b e i n k e r s t r a n k i l a h k o p r o s t o v o l j n o o d l o E i t a , a l i b o s t a pogodbo s k l e n i l i a l i n e . MogoEe b i s e t u n a S l i s l e d o v i t e g a , k a r smo p r i anglosaksonskem krogu imenoval i PRIVATE CARRIER.

1 2 . - POMORSKI PREVOZNISKI POSEL.

Gledano s s t a l i 5 E a p r a k s e , s e t a naEin p o s l o v a n j a l o E i od p o s l o v a n j a p r i l a d j a r s k i h pogodbah. Tu g r e z a l i n i j s k e l a d j e , k i r edno p l u j e j o n a r e d n i h p r o g r a h po u s t a l j e n e m voznem r e d u , s t a r i f a m i z a prevoznino, k i s o s p l o s n o d o s t o p n e , i n z manjgirni ko l iE inami t o v o r a , t a k o imenovanega g e n e r a l n i t o v o r , k a r pomeni, da s e l a h k o k r c a r a z n e v r s t e b l a g a .

Znano j e , da s e p r i generalnem t o v o r u vEasih n a h a j a na l a d j i t o v o r , k i s e p r e v a i a n a o s n o v i s t o , vEas ih pa t u d i t i s o E n a k l a d n i c . Pomeni, da s e na l a d j i n a h a j a mnogovrstni t o v o r , k i nima medsebojne povezave. Se neka z n a E i l n o s t j e v a i n a z a l i n i j s k o l a d j o oz . pos lovan je . V p r a k s i namreE l i n i j s k a l a d j a n i n i k o l i p r a z n a , k e r n i k o l i ne i z k r c a c e l o t e n t o v o r , vedno s e na l a d j i n a h a j a t o v o r , k i j e vkrcan i e z a n a s l e d n j e po tovan je .

P r i t o v o r i h , k i s e p r e v a i a j o na osnov i l a d j a r s k e pogodbe, s e ob iEa jno na l a d j i n a h a j a t o v o r z vsega skupa j n e k a j n a k l a d n i - cami t e r s e obiEajno ves t o v o r i z k r c a v l u k i , n a t o s e p a pr iEne v k r c a v a n j e novega t o v o r a z a n a s l e d n j e potovanje .

Vendar m i t u govorimo o naEinu s k l e p a n j a pogodb. Tudi p r i pomorskem prevozniskem p o s l u ( a l i kakor ga

v Bargonu imenuje jo : l i n i j s k i prevoz genera lnega t o v o r a ) , s k l e - n e t a pogodbo l a d j a r i n naroEnik . Vendar, l i n i j s k a l a d j a ima s t a l n i p l o v b n i r e d , doloEene l u k e p r i s t a j a n j a , Easovna obdobja p r i h o d a , i n konEno o b s t o j a poleg voznega r e d a t u d i t a r i f a p revozn in i n s e t o r e j v e , kdaj l i n i j s k a l a d j a p l u j e i n kam p l u j e . Lastnikom t o v o r a (naroEnikom) n i t r e b a i s k a t i l a d j e na t r 8 i 5 E u Y k e r l ahko zvedo z a r e d vo8nje. Obrnejo s e t o r e j d i r e k t n o na l a d j a r j e v e g a a g e n t a , k a j t i l i n i j s k i l a d j a r ima v v s a k i l u k i p r i s t a j a n j e svo- j e g a s t a l n e g a a g e n t a , k i "book i ra" t o v o r . NamreE, ko s t a s e na- roEnik i n l a d j a r j e v a g e n t sporazumela o l a d j i , na k a t e r o s e bo t o v ~ r v k r c a l , i n o o s t a l i h b i s t v e n i h e lement ih pogodbe, na p r . v k r c a j n o i n i s k r c a j n o l u k o , prevoznino i t d . , naroEnik i n a g e n t p o d p i s e t a " B O O K I N G NOTEqq, t o j e pismeno pogodbo o prevozu gene- r a l n e g a t o v o r a , a l i kakor s e p o g o s t e j e r eEe , p a r t i j e t o v o r a . P o s t a v l j a pa s e v p r a s a n j e , a l i s o v B O O K I N G NOTE vsebovan i v s i b i s t v e n i p o g o j i prevoza. V t e j smer i n a j p o z o r i m o , d a s o v B O O K I N G NOTE obiEajno naveden i samo n e k a t e r i najva5ine j 5 i pogoj i prevoza , vedno pa s e n a h a j a oponba, da s o v s i o s t a l i p o g o j i n a t i s k a n i v n a k l a d n i c i . Pravno g ledano , b i naroEnik moral do- b i t i t u d i t e k s t n a k l a d n i c e , da b i t a k o v e d e l z s v s e pogo je , oziroma b i mu moral t e k s t b i t i dos topen.

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V n e k a t e r i h d r i a v a h na p r . v ZDA mora b i r i u r a d n i t e k s t nak l adn i ce vsakega l i n i j s k e g a p o d j e t j a depon i rac p r i v l a d n i a g e n c i j i z a pomorstvo, k j e r j e vsakemu na vpogled. V ZDA j e s t r o g o obvezno, da s e vsaka l i n i j a , k i t i k a l u k e ZDA, r e g i s t r i r a i n j e s tem dana v e l i k a a d m i n i s t r a t i v n a v a r r o s t . Tudi p r i nas o b s t o j a p r e d p i s , po katerem b i s e morale l i n i j e r e g i s t r i r a t i , p ravzap rav , da b i s e za u s t a n o v i t e v l i n i j e moralo predhodno do- b i t i d o v o l j e n j e . NaroEnik b i t o r e j moral i m e t i moinost p r i t i do t e k s t a nak l adn i ce .

P r i p a i l j i v e m r a z m i b l j a n j u o navedenem s e p r i d e do s k l e p a , da j e B O O K I N G NOTE pogodba, da pa t o nak ladn ica n i . Tako s t a - l i 5 E e j e z avze l a t u d i t e o r i j a , t o j e , da j e B O O K I N G NOTE pogodba ( t e o r e t i E n o j e lahko pogodba t u d i u s t n a , t o r e j b r e z Booking n o t e ) , i n da j e nak l adn i ca samo dokaz o pogodbi. To j e t u d i l og iEno , k e r s e nak ladn ica i z d a POTEM, KO J E TOVOR ZE VKRCAN i n j e v Easu vkrcavan ja , oziroma v e r j e t n o i e p r i prevzemanju v s k l a - di5Ee z a r a d i vk rcan j a , pogodba o prevozu Ze morala o b s t o j a t i , v s a j p r i rednem t eku s t v a r i .

Za r ad i l aZ j ega razumevanja b i l ahkc r e k l i , da j e l i n i j s k i l a d j a r , s tem ko j e o b j a v i l svo j vozn i r e d , t a r i f o , imenoval a g e n t a , p r i p r a v i l f o r m u l a r j e B O O K I N G NOTE i n NAKLADNICO, d a l ponudbo, da bo prevaZal t o v o r z a naroEnike. Lad ja r ne p r e d v i d i m o i n o s t i z a i n d i v i d u a l n e razgovore o pogo j ih prevoza t o v o r a , k e r ima s t a l n e s t andardne pogoje v n a k l a d n i c i (oziroma de lno v Booking Note ) , razgovore lahlco vod i ed ino o r a b a t i h na prevoznino i n podobno. To pomeni, d z naroEnik mora p r i s t a t i na pogoje prevoza , navedene v n a k l a d n i c i , Eeprav z n j i m i n i zzdovol jen , a l i pa s e obrne na drugega l a d j a r j a v k o l i k o r o b s t o j a . Ta s i s t e m n i zna- E i l e n i zk l j uEno samo za l i n i j s k e g a l a d j a r j a . P o j a v l j a s e t u d i p r i i e l ezn iSkem, l e t a l s k e m prometu i t d . Obs to j a jo s p l o 5 n i p c g o j i h k a t e r i m naroEnik p r i s t o p i i n s k l e n e p0godbo.V n a j e n o s t a v n e j s i ob l i l c i s e t o vsakodnevno doga ja t i s t e m u , k i s t o p i v av tobus i n kup i vozovnico. Tudi avtobusno p o d j e t j e ima s v o j e s p l o s n e pogoje i t d . i n p o t n i k s tern, ko kup i vozovnico na t e pogoje p r i s t a n e . V n e k a t e r i h drZavah morajo b i t i t i p o g o j i , pa t u d i p o g o j i l i n i j - skega l a d j a r j a r e g i s t r i r a n i , vEasih pa t u d i odob ren i , d a s e za- S E i t i j o posamezniki , medtem ko v d rug ih d r i avah t o n i obvezno.

Ce s e povrnemo na s k l e p a n j e pogodb, lahko reEemo, da s pravnega s t a l i 5 E a n i b i s t v e n i h r a z l i k . V p r a k s i , za oko, pa s o v i d n e r a z i i k e . Bookiranje s e praviloma o p r a v l j a p r i enem agen tu v l u k i i n s e ne p r e g o v a r j a o posameznih k l a v z u l a h , po- s t a n k i h , p o d a l j Sanih pos t ank ih i n o s t a l i h b i s t v e n i h e l e m e n t i h , k i s o z n a E i l n i z a l a d j a r s k o pogodbo, kakor bomo v i d e l i k a s n e j e . Ne podp i su j e s e do lg formular CHARTER PARTY z mnogoStevilnimi d o d a t k i , b r i san jem t e k s t a , dopo ln jevan je i t d . P r i p r i m e r j a v i B O O K I N G NOTE i n CHARTER PARTY pos t ane r a z l i k a t a k o j v idna .

A l i ima l i n i j s k i l a d j a r kako podobnost s COMMON CARRIER anglosaksonskega prava? Mislimo, da jo ima, Eeprav t o n i oE i tno , v s a j ne po p r e d p i s i h . Smatramo namreE, da n i t i l i n i j s k i l a d j a r ne b i smel enostavno z a v r n i t i prevoza nekega t o v o r a b r e z opra- viEenega r a z l o g a , Ee naroEnik p r i s t a n e na l a d j a r j e v e s t anda rdne pogoje , prevoznino, Ee j e t o v o r namenjen za l uko , k i j e uvrbEena v vozn i r e d , i n Ee j e t o v o r o b i E a j n i l i n i j s k i t o v o r . Smatramo, da b i l a d j a r lahko t u d i o d g o v a r j a l z a Skodo, Ee b i b r ez r a z l o g a z a v r n i l prevzem tovo ra .

Naj ponovimo Se e n k r a t : s s k l e n i t v i j o pogodbe i n podpisom B O O K I N G NOTE s k l e n e t a l a d j a r i n na roEn ik pomorski p r e v o z n i d k i pose1 i n j e B O O K I N G NOTE pogodba, ko pa na roEn ik I v k r c e v a l e c ) pre jme n a k l a d n i c o , potem j e t a n a k l a d n i c a samo dokaz o s k l e n j e n i pogodbi , k i k r o i i k o t n e g o c i j a b i l n i p a p i r , medtem ko B O O K I N G NOTE ne k r o i i . Prav z a r a d i t e g a k e r p o s t a n e n a k l a d n i c z s a m o s t o j n i v r e d n o s t n i p a p i r , s o n.3. n j e j t i s k a n i t u d i v s i - pogo j i pomorskega prevozni6kega p o s l a .

O b s t o j a p a t u d i drugo s t a l i d E e , po ka te rem s e p revozn iSka pogodba s k l e n e s p r e d a j o t o v o r a l a d j a r j u i n prejemom n a k l a d n i c e , d a pa b i se z a g o t o v i l p revoz t o v o r a , se med s t r m k a m a s k l e n e z a k l j u E n i c a (BOOKING NgTE), k i s e smatra k0.t predpogodba, sama pogodba p a se s k l e n e s p r e d a j o t o v o r a i n i z s t a v i t v i j o n a k l a d n i c e . Vkrcevalec j e t o r e j s p r e d a j o t o v o r a z a l i n i j s k i p revoz s p r e j e l pogo je l i n i j s k e g a p revoza .

Vse, k a r j e povedano o n a k l a d n i c i , k i j e dokaz o s k l e n j e n i

dvema nakladnicama. NaS i z r a z z a B O O K I N G NOTE j e z a k l j u E n 5 c a i n v s e b u j e

poda tke o s t r a n k a h , t o v o r u , p r e v o z n i n i , datum, k d a j mora b i t i t o v o r vk rcan t e r opombo, d a s e prevoz o p r a v l j a pod l i n i j s k i m i p o g o j i . L a d j a r l a h k o l a d j o t u d i zamenja, k e r se v l i n i j s k e m p r e - vozu n e s m a t r a , d a j e l a d j a b i s t v e n i e l e m e n t pogodbe k o t j e t o p r i l a d j a r s k i pogodbi . Tako t u d i nad zakon v E l . 1 4 o d s t . 2 .

Glede pogo jev , t i s k a n i h n a n a k l a d n i c i , opozarjamo n a i e povedano, d a nad zakon p r e d v i d e v a s t r o g e p r e d p i s e , k i se n e mora jo s p r e m e n i t i po v o l j i s t r a n k , i n v k o l i k o r s o sp remen jene , n ima jo p ravne moEi ( E l : 36 i n E l . 53 do 58 Zakona) . Hadka p r a v i l a p redv idev .a jo podobno, k o t nad Zakon. Vendar p r i p ~ e b i r a n j u po- g o j e v i z n a k l a d n i c l a h k o v id imo, d a o b s t o j a v r s t a k l a v z u l , k i n a s p r o t u j e j o s t r o g i m predpisom, n e k a t e r e med n j i m i s o c e l o pro- t i z a k o n i t e . P o s t a v l j a s e v p r a d a n j e , kako j e t o mogoEe. Prvo , p r e j e m n i k i , k i se u k v a r j a j o s s s v o j i m i p r a v i c a m i , k i i z h a j a j o i z pogojev po n a k l a d n i c i , n i s o vedno s t r o k o v n j a k i z a pomorsko p ravo i n m i s l i j o , ko v i d i j o n a t i s k a n o k l a v z u l o v n a l c l a d n i c i , d a mora t a k o b i t i . N a t a naEin s e l a d j a r j i r e d i j o v r s t o o d g o v o r n o s t i , k i j i h ima jo po zakonu, po n a k l a d n i c i p a j i h n a j n e b i i m e l i . To d e j s t v o j e znano vsakemu, k i s e u k v a r j a s pravom. Po d r u g i s t r a n i pa o b s t o j a t e o r e t i E n a m o i n o s t , d a n e k a t e r e d r i a v e ne upo- r a b l j a j o HaSka p r a v i l a oz i roma, da n j i h o v i z a k o n i n e p r e d v i d e v a j o pravno n e v e l j a v n o s t . t a k e k l a v z u l e . MogoEe n i an--estno na t e m mestu o tem g o v o r i t i , v e n d a r b i b i l o k o r i s t n c p o t e g n i t l p a r a l e l o i n r eE i n a p r . , d a nag Zakon p redv ideva i s t i r e ? i ~ s t r o g i h zakonsk ih p r e d p i s o v o o d g o v o r n o s t i z a t o v o r t a k o p r i ' l a d j a r s k i h pogodbah k o t p r i l i n i j s k e m p revozu , k a r pa n i p r i m e r p r i anglosaksonskem k rogu , k j e r se p r i l a d j a r s k i h pogodbah l a h k o mnogo k l a v z u l s e s t a v i t a k o , d a s e odgovornos t o d k l a n j a . No, t u nj- mes to d a b i o tern r a z p r a v l j a l i . Vendar , Ee s e spornnimo, d a se n a k l a d n i c e i z d a j a j o t u d i n a o s n o v i CHARTER PARTY i n da l a h k o v s e b u j e j c pogo je i z CHARTER PARTY, s i l a h k 3 zamisl imo n s k l a d n i c o , k i b i v s e b o v a l a n e k a t e r e p o g o j e , k i b i po nadem Zakonu b i1 . i p ravnc n e v e l j a v n i , d o v o l j e n i pa b i b i l i recimc po anglosaksonskem p r a v u .

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13. - SKLEPANJE POGODB PRI ZAKUPU LADIJ

Ze p r e j e smo o p o z o r i l i n a t o , da naS Zakon i z r e c n o z a h t e v a , da j e pogodba o zakupu l a d j e s k l e n j e n a pismeno ( E l . 1 1 7 ZUIPB), s i c e r n i p ravnove l j avna .

S t r a n k i s e imenu je ta zakupoda ja lec i n zakupnik. Z a r a d i b o l j s e g a razumevanja j e po t rebno p o u d a r i t i , da v

pravu o b s t o j a r a z l i k a med pogodbo o NAJEMU i n pogodbo o ZAKUPU. Kot z g l e d i i z p r a k s e s e n a v a j a j o n a s l e d n j i p r i m e r i : Ee j e l a d j a dana s pogodbo drugemu, da j o k o r i s t i z a s k l a d i S E e , h o t e l , r e s t a v r a c i j o a l i podobno, potem g r e z a NAJEM i n ne z a ZAKUP, k e r j e b i s t v e n i e lement ZAKUPA t a , da s e z l a d j o o p r a v l j a plovbena d e j a v n o s t .

Opozarjamo 5e na eno d e j s t v o , k i k a i e na r a z l i k o med pojmi po naSem Zakonu i n anglo-amer iskimi pojmi. P r i n a s g r e p r i l a d j a r s k i pogodbi z a PREVOZNINO ( p r i pogodbi na po tovan je i n p r i pogodbi n a Eas). P r i Anglosaksoncih pa g r e p r i TIME CHARTERU z a HIRE,, t a i z r a z pa b i b o l j e o d g o v a r j a l pojmu najem- n i n e a l i zakupnine , k a r j e med drugim logiEno g l e d e na s i s t e m i - z a c i j o pogodb po nagem i n njihovem s i s t e m u . Tako n a p r . BALTIME 1939 vsebu je v k l a v z u l i 6 pojem " H I R E " , med tem ko nab zakon v E l . 9 i n 1 3 g o v o r i o p r e v o z n i n i , k i s e p l a e a t u d i z a lad-jarsko pogodbo na Eas. Zdi s e , da t a r a z l i k a v n a z i v u n i pomembna, vendar j e Se kako lahkopomembna v primeru. s p o r a .

1 4 . - ZASTARANJE TERJATEV

P r i pogodbi j e normalno, da l a d j a r i z v r S i s v o j o obveznost i n da naroEnik ( sam a l i pa preko drugega k o r i s t n i k a p revoza) i z v r S i s v o j o d o l 5 n o s t . Konkretno, l a d j a r p r e p e l j e i n da t o v o r na razpo lago pre jemniku, prejemnik pa plaEa prevoznino.

V k o l i k o r s e t o ne zgod i , j e s t r a n k a p r i k r a j s a n a v s v o j i h

da sodi5Ee 5 E i t i upnika . Nezadovoljna s t r a n k a , upn ik , ima t o r e j p r o t i d o l i n i k u

t e r j a t e v . Ta t e r j a t e v pa ima sodno zaSEi to samc, d o k l e r n i za- s t a r a n a , Z d rug imi besedami, Ee upnik ne p r i s t o p i k r e a l i z a c i j i s v o j e p r a v i c e v z zakonom doloEenem r o k u , potem njeqovz t e r j a t e v z a s t a r a . Varnos t prometa pa z a h t e v a , da d o l 5 n i k po poteku dolo- Eenega Easa v e , da upnikr.svoje t e r j a t v e ne more veE r e a l i z i r a t i sodnim potom. V gospodarskih zadevah s o z a s t a r a l n i r o k i k r a j S i i n s o t a k o , n a j p o g o s t e j e p r i t e r j a t v a h , v z v e z i s pogodbami o prevozu s t v a r i po morju z a s t a r a l n i r o k i s k r a j S a n i na eno l e t o . To p rak t iEno pameni, da po p r e t e k u enega l e t a od dneva, ko j e p r i E e l t e E i z a s t a r a l n i r o k , n a s t o p i z a s t a r a n j e .

Pot rebno j e p o j a s n i t i Se na vsakodnevno d e j s t v o , t o j e , da s e vod i mnogo sodn ih sporov po t o i b i , k i j e dv ign jena po poteku enega l e t a . Lahko b i s e p o s t a v i l o v p r a S a n j e , kako j e t o mogoEe. Dovolj j e , da b r e z t e o r e t i z i r a n j a povemo, da sodiBEe kL upobteva z a s t a r a n j e ( p r i t a k i h pogodbah) po u r a d n i d a l Z n o s t i , ampak samo, Ee s t r a n k a u g o v a r j a , da j e zah tevek z a s t a r a l . V p r a k s i t o pomeni, da s t r a n k i l ahko s k l e n e t a GENTLEMAN AGREEMENT'?

na osnov i k a t e r e g a upnik ne bo t a k o j t o Z i l , temveE k a s n e j e , d o l i n i k (bodoEi toZenec) pa ne bo v l o Z i l ugovora , da j e t e r j a t e v z a s t a r a l a . S tem s e omogoEa a v e n t u e l n i i z o g i b t o i b e , k i b i s e s i c e r morala v l o i i t i samo z a t o , da b i s e p r e p r e E i l o z a s t a r a n j e . Ceprav n e spada v pomorsko p ravo , j e k o r i s t n o s p o m n i t i t o , da s e z a s t a - r a n j e p r e k i n e samo s sodnim dejanjem, a l i Ee d o l i n i k pismeno p r i z n a d o l g , k a r pa s e v p r a k s i r edko z g o d i , k e r s t a s t r a n k i v sporu .

NaS Zakon u r e j u j e z a s t a r a n j e v I V . d e l u v ~ l a v i I , , E l . 128 i n 129.

Tu s o vsebovani t u d i p r e d p i s i o p o t n i k i h , vendar j i h bomo za s e d a j p u s t i l i ob s t r a n i i n s e z a d r Z a l i p r i z a s t a r a n j u v z v e z i s pogodbami o prevozu s t v a r i , p r i k a t e r i h j e z a s t a r a l n i r o k eno l e t o .

Da b i l a h k o d o l o E i l i z a d n j i dan , ko Se n i n a s t o p i l o za- s t a r a n j e , j e po t rebno da vemo, k d a j z a s t a r a n j e pr iEne t e E i .

P r i pogodbah o prevozu s t v a r i zaEne z a s t a r a l n i r o k t e E i : - p r i poSkodbi, p r i m a n j k l j a j u a l i i z g u b i t o v o r a od dneva ,

I ko j e t o v o r p redan , oziroma ko b i moral b i t i p redan ; - p r i odgkodnini z a r a d i zamude od dneva, ko j e b i l t o v o r

I i z roEen v namembnem k r a j u ; - p r i o s t a l i h obveznos t ih od dneva, ko b i b i l o t r e b a i z -

I G o r n j i r o k i s o s p e c i f i c i r a n i v ~ 1 . - 1 2 8 ~ a k o n a . Poudarjamo, da smo t u k a j o m e n i l i samo r o k e v z v e z i s

prevozom s t v a r i , doEim bomo o o s t a l i h k o t s o v l a E e n i e , zakup,

1 Omenimo n a i , da i e e n o l e t n i z a s t a r a l n i r o k p redv iden t u d i

I Se n a en v a i e n p r e d p i s Zakona ne smemo p o z a b i t i , i n t o j e z a s t a r a n j e r e g r e s n i h zahtevkov, p r i k a t e r i h j e z a s t a r a l n i r o k p rav t a k o eno l e t o , p r iEne pa t e E i od dneva, ko j e b i l a i z v r g e n a s t o r i t e v , k i d a j e p r a v i c o do r e g r e s a . N2 p r . , za z a v a r o v a t e l j a , k i j e i z p l a E a l doloEeno odSkodnino i n ima p r a v i c o do r e g r e s a , pr iEne t e E i z a s t a r a l n i r o k od dneva ko j e i z p l a E a l od5kodnino. Ta p r e d p i s j e b i l vkl juEen v Zakon 1.1969 v s k l a d u s "Protokolom o spremembi mednarodne konvenc i j e z a i zenaEen je n e k a t e r i h p r a v i l o k o n ~ s o m e n t u i z 1. 1924" , k i j e b i l s p r e j e t 23.2.1968 l e t a , vendar 5e n i s t o p i l v v e l j a v o . Teks t P r o t o k o l a o z a s t a r a n j u p r a v i c e do r e g r e s a j e S i r 5 i i n r a z u m l j i v e j S i , z a t o ga bomo t u k a j c i t i r a l i :

"Regresne togbe s e l ahko d v i g n e j o t u d i po poteku r o k a , predvidenem v predhodnem ods tavku , Ee s o dv ign jene v r o k u , do lo - Eenim z zakonon sodiSEa. s red k a t e r i m s e sDor vod i . Ta r o k Da ne more b i t i k r a j g i od t r e h mesecev raEunajoE cd dneva, ko j e o s e b a , k i j e d v i g n i l a r e g r e s n o t c i b o , z a d o v o l j i l a odSkodninskemu z a h t e v k u , , oziroma ko j e b i l a obveSEena o t o z b i , k i j e b i l a d v i g n j e n a zoper

TakSen z a s t a r a l n i rok za r e g r e s n e t o i b e je vsekakor l o g i c e n , k e r s e v p r a k s i doga ja , da rec imo z a v a r o v a t e l j zve , da j e toZen a l i pa mu j e p o s t a v l j e n a z a h t e v a dan a l i dva p red potekom

z a s t a r a l n e g a roka p r o t i l a d j a r j u . V t a k e n primeru S i t o r e j moral z a v a r o v a t e l j p l a E a t i od8kodnin0, ne b i pa mogel u v e l j a v i t i r eg resnega zahtevka p r o t i l a d j a r j u z a r a d i z a s t a r a n j a . S predpisom p r o t o k o l a oziroma nabega Zakona j e t a problem r e s e n .

15. - K O L I Z I J A ZAKONOV

Zamislimo s i z e l o pogost p r i m e r , da j e a v s t r i j s k i pro- d a j a l e c b l a g a s k l e n i l pogodbo o prevozu po morju preko s v o j e g a S p e d i t e r j a v T r s t u s t r i a b k i m agentom jugoslovanskega l a d j a r j a , da s e b l a g o p r e p e l j e i z Kopra v I n d i j o . A l i s e bo e v e n t u e l n i s p o r r e s e v a l po a v s t r i j s k e m , i t a l i j a n s k e m , jugoslovanskem a l i i n d i j skem pravu?

T a problem r e 5 u j e j o p r e d p i s i o k o l i z i j i zakonov, k i j i h na5 Zakon o pogodbah o i z k o r i b E a n j u morskih l a d i j v s e b u j e v I V . d e l u , I I . g l a v i , E l . 130 do 133.

C 1 . 130 g o v o r i o t i s t i h p r i m e r i h , z a k a t e r e zakon a b s o l u t n o doloEa, da s e mora u p o r a b l j a t i samo nag Zakon o pogodbah o i z k o r i 5 E a n j u morskih l a d i j . Ta p r e d p i s j e s t r o g i za - ' . konsk i p r e d p i s , k e r E l . 130 na koncu p r a v i : " SPORAZUM, SKLENJEN V NASPROTJU Z DOLOCBAMI PREJSNJEGA ODSTAVKA, N I N A PRAVNEGA U C I N KA '' .

Poglejmo, ka; zakon r e z e r v i r a samo z a s e b e : 1. Kadar s t a obe pogodbeni s t r a n k i f i z i E n i a l i p r a v n i

o s e b i s s t a l n i m prebival i5Eem a l i sedeiem v Jugo- s l a v i j i , Ee g r e za prevoz s t v a r i po morju, pa , k a d a r j e t u d i namembna l u k a v J u g o s l a v i j i . P rak t iEno t o pomeni, d a s e dva jugos lovanska p o d j e t j a , naroEnik i n l a d j a r , ne moreta s pogodbo o prevozu s t v a r i po morju d o g o v o r i t i , da s e bo p r i s o j e n j u u p o r a b l j a l nek drug zakon a ne nag ZUIPB, Ee j e namembna luka v J u g o s l a v i j i .

2 . Kadar g r e z a odgovornost l a d j a r j a z a poSkodbo, p r i - m a n j k l j a j a l i lzgubo t o v o r a , u r e j e n o z doloEba.mi naSega zakona, k a t e r i h uporabo s sporazumom pogodbenih s t r a n k n i mogoEe i z k l j u E i t i , Ee j e n a k l a d a l n a l u k a a l i namembni k r a j v J u g o s l a v i j i .

To i m a v e l i k pomen, k i p a v p r a k s i n i t i ne p r i d e popolnoma do i z r a z a z a r a d i nepoznavanja p r e d p i s a . NamreE, kakor i z - h a j a i z na5ega Zakona, E l . 58 na koncu, s e p r e d p i s i , naveden i v 1 . 53, 54 i n 56, ne morejo m e n j a t i . N a sp lo5no s o t i ' p r e d p i s i i d e n t i E n i s t i s t i m i , k i s e n a h a j a j o v Ha5kih p r a v i l i h , vendar j e BISTVENA RAZLIKA V TEM, DA SE NASI PREDPISI UPORABLJAJO ZA VSE PREVOZE I N NE SAM0 ZA TISTE PO NAKLADNICI . Tore j t u d i z a prevoze n a t e m e l j u l a d j a r s k i h pogodb, Eeprav n i s o b i l e n a k l a d n i c e i z d a n e , a l i pa nak ladn ice nimajo znaEaja v rednos tnega p a p i r j a , ampak samo znaEaj p o t r d i l a o vkrcan ju . Ce s e s e d a j spornnimo na t o , k a r j e b i l o povedano o PRIVATE CARRIER anglosaksonskega p rava , moramo t a k o j o p a z i t i r a z l i k o , predvsem Ee s e zavedemo, da j e v e l i k a veEina f o r m u l a r j e v n a r e j e n a na osnov i anglosaksonskega p rava .

T o r e j , kadar b i s e r a z s o j a l o o odgovornos t i za poiZkodbo, p r i m a n j k l j a j ' a l i izgubo, n a k l a d a l n a l u k a a l i namembni k r a j pa b i b i l a v J u g o s l a v i j i , b i b i l o po t rebno u p o r a b i t i s t r o g e p r e d p i s e naSega zakona o odgovornos t i t u d i t a k r a t , ko j e l a d j a r s k a pogodba s k l e n j e n a na ldak~nem t ipskem f o r m u l a r j u , k i vsebuje. v r s t o op-o- s t i t e v od odgovornos t i , t e k l a v z u l e pa s o v n a s p r o t j u s s t r o g i m i p r e d p i s i naSega zakona. J a s n o , t u govorimo o p r imeru , ko n i . i z d a n a n a k l a d n i c a .

Zanimivo j e s p o m n i t i n a t o , da s e p o s t a v l j a v p r a S a n j e , a l i n a j s e u p o r a b l j a j o HaSka p r a v i l a a l i nag -Z?.kon. Obs to ja s t a - l iGEe, da j e t o v b i s t v u en i n i s t i p r e d p i s , k e r t e m e l j i naS zakon na HaGkih p r a v i l i h . Vendar, v d o s e d a n j i p r a k s i j e p r i b l o do r a z l i E n i h s t a l i B E g l e d e omejene o d g o v o r n o s t i , ' k e r s o s e n a S i l a d j a r j i s k l i c e v a l i na o m e j i t e v po Zakonu. Tako s o na p r . sma- t r a l i , d a s e pod eno to t o v o r a razume t i s t a e n o t a , na o s n o v i ka- t e r e s e zaraEuna p revozn ina . To s t a l i 5 E e j e b i l o nevzdr ino po HaSkih p r a v i l i h . Prav t a k o s e p o s t a v l j a vpraSanje denarne p r o t i - v r e d n o s t i o m e j i t v e , k e r j e po nagem Zakonu maksimalna odgovornost d i n 3 .500. - , po HaGkih p r a v T l i h p a . j e 1 0 0 fun tov ( v z l a t u ) , tf ne- k a t e r i h d r i a v a h s e ( n a p r . v I t a l i j i ) o p r a v l j a preraEunavanja z l a t a po danaSnj ih cena-h. To s t a l i 8 5 e je zavze la t u d i samo ena sodba n a b i h sodiGE, vendar pa t o Se n i do;<onEilo s p r e j e t o .

3. Tu g o v o r i E l . 130 o potni.k<lL.

e l . 1 3 1 u r e j u j e p r i m e r e , ko imata s t r a n k i p r a v i c o do- g o v o r i t i uporabo doloEenega p r a v a , E e n i v n a s p r o t j u z doloEbami E l . 130 , Ee z njegovo uporabo ne b i 5 i l ? rekr$en j a v n i r e d J u g o s l a v i j e a l i . $e ne b i b i l e i z i g r a n e doloEbe nazega Zakona o k o l i z i j i zakonov. To j e 9 r i l i E n o ob iEa jna f o r r n u l a c i j a , d o d a l i pa b i 5 e . n a s l e d n j e : na o s n o v i t e g a E l . se v p r a k s i l a h k o zgod i , d a bo jugoslovansko sodibEe upo-abilo neko clr!:go p r a v o , Ee s t a ga s t r a n k i d o g o v o r i l i i n Ee s t a t o p r a v i c o :meli na o s n o v i E1.131.

P r e d p i s i E l . 1 3 2 s o v i d e t L b o l j k o m p l l c i r a n i , vendar j i h moramo opazova t i oddvojeno i n v i:en p r imera ji.h bo enos tav- n e j S e r a z u m e t i i n s i j i h z a p o l m n i t i .

V prvem odstavku t e g a E l e m j e govora 9 t i s t i h p r i m e r i h , ko p r i d e do ene izmed n a s l e d n j i h s i t u a c i j :

a ) s t r a n k i s t a d o g o v o r i l i za upo:?abo nekega p r a v a , vendar pa g a n i mogoEe uporahi-11: z a vso pogodbo a l i pa za kakgno r a z m e r j e

b ) s t r a n k i n i s t a i z r e c n o d o l o E i l l , k a t e r o 'pravo n a j . " " . s e u p o r a b i , i z o k o i l s c l n pz~imera pa 111 mogoEe d o l o E i t i , k a t c r o pravo s t a n z n e r a v a l i u - s r a b i t i .

V t e h p r i m e r i h s e u p o r a b i na p.>g;2dbo a l i 1 onodbeno r a z m e r j e pravo, k i j e z n j i x v n a j o B j i z ,vezi ,

Kaj pomeni v n a j o z j i kvez i? Na t o vpraSanje n i la.hko odgovor i - t i , vendar s t r o k o v n j a k i

z a pomorsko pravo l ahko o c e n i j o , a l i s t a na p r . i t a l i j a n s k i i n f r a n c o s k i zakon v n a j o i j i z v e z i a l i n e . Lahko trc!imo, da s o zakoni skand inavsk ih drzav medseboj v 3ajoE-j i z v e z l , To 51 s e l ehko r e k l o t u d i za n e k a t e r e zakon.2 s o c L a l i s t i E 2 i h d-iav. Kadar g r e z a p r i m e r e , k i s o normi ran i s EaSkimi p r s v i l i , s e t o pogos to kompl ic i rano vprabanj e poenos-!:avi t a k o , d a s e p;:.i zakonih d r i a v , . . k i s o p o d p i s a l e Habka p r a c i l a i n l ~ h T:Z nek naEin u v r s t i l e v s v o j e v e l j a v n e p r e d p i s e , u p c r a b i j o d i r e k t n o i!aSka p r a v i l a .

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Zakon predvideva t u d i p r i m e r , ko n i mogoce z a n e s l j i v o u g o t o v i t i , k a t e r o pravo j e v n a j o i j i z v e z l , z a t o v E l . 132 o d s t . 2 p redv ideva n a s l e d n j e :

a ) z a g lavne p r a v i c e i n o b v e z n o s t i s e u p o r a b i pravo k r a j a , v ka terem j e b i l a pogodbz s k l e n j e n a ;

b ) Ee j e b i l a pogodba sklenjenc. na p o d l a g i s p l o b n i h pogojev, s e u p o r a b i pravo drZave l a d j a r j a ;

C ) Ee g r e z a pogodbo o v laEen ju , s e u p o r a b l j o doloEbe nabega zakona.

ft D a ne b i t e h problemov preveE k o r n p l l c i r a l i , n a j navedemo zakon j e v n a j o i j i z v e z i , uporabS z a o d n o s ~ i z zakupa l a d j e n a p r . p r e d p i s e k r a j a , v ka te rem j e pogodba s k i e n j e n a , z a odnose i z p revoza s t v a r i pa b i s e l a h k o u p o r a b i l o przvo d r i a v e l a d j a r j a , Ee j e na p r . pogodba o zakupu s k l e n j e n a v Londonil, l a d j a r pa j e jugos lovansko p o d j e t j e .

Pravkar imenovani p r e d p i s s e nanaba na g l a v n e p r a v i c e i n o b v e z n o s t i .

e l . 132 o d s t . 3 pa predvideva r e b i t v e , k a d a r g r e za s t r a n s k e p r a v i c e i n o b v e z n o s t i .

Zakon nabteva n e k a t e r e s t r a n s k e p r a v i c e i n o b v e z n o s t i k o t n a p r . k r c a n j e , p r e d a j a t o v o r a , raEunanje Easa p r i pos tanku i n podaljbanem postanku, n a E i n - p l a E i l a prevoznine i n podobno, i n doloEa, d a s e v pr imeru , Ee s e ne more u g o t o v i t i p r a v o , k i j e v n a j o i j i z v e z i , uporab i p ravo k r a j a , v katerem s o S i l a t a d e j a n j a i z v r b e n a , oziroma v ka terem b i 5 i l a morala b i t i i z v r b e n a .

To lahko v p r a k s i p r i p e l j e do t e g a , da s e Ee p r i d e med l a d j a r j e m i n kor i s tn ikom prevoza do s p o r a o pos tanku i n podaljSanem p o s t a n k u , pa s e ne more u g o t o v i t i p ravo , k i j e v n a j o i j i z v e z i , u p o r a b i p ravo k r a j a v k r c a n j a z a pos tanek i n podaljbcine pos tanke p r i v k r c a n j u i n pravo k r a j a i z k r c a n j a z a pos tanke i n p o d a l j b a n e p o s t a n k e p r i i z k r c a n j u . Ce j e z l a d j a r s k o pogodbo ? redv ideno , da s e t i raEunajo k o t r e v e r z i b i l n i p o s t a n k i i n Ee s e v pogodbi n a h a j a Cesse r Clause , s e zadeva l ahko z e l o k o m p l i c i r a . Vedno pa j e t r e b a r a E u n a t i s tem, da mora sodibEe spar r e b i t i , da ne more i z r e E i , d a j e spor n e r e b l j i v , k e r n i p redp i sov a l i k e r j i h ne more d o l o e i t i . S p o r i s e z a t o vedno r e b u j e j o , e n k r a t b o l j d r u g i e manj uspebno, paE z ozirom na uporabo p r e d p i s a .

KonEno, 133.E1. r e b u j e problem v e l j a v n o s t i pogodbe kadar j e ena od pogodbenih s t r a n k t u j d r i a v l j a n , ko p r a v i , d a s e B t e j e pogodba z a v e l j a v n o , Ee j e s k l e n j e n a v o b l i k i , k i j o p r e d p i s u j e pravo k r a j a , v katerem j e b i l a s k l e n j e n a , a l i p ravo , po katerem s e p r e s o j a j o g lavne p r a v i c e i n o b v e z n o s t i i z pogodbe. Lahko s e na p r . p o s t a v i v p ~ a b a n j e , a l i j e obvezna pismena o b l i k a pogodbe. V tem pr imeru s e bo t o v p r a b a n j e p r e s o j a l o k o t j e z g o r a j povedano, t o j e , Ee j e z zakonom k r a j a , k j e r j e b i l a pogodba s k l e n j e n a , pismena o b l i k a obvezna, potem bo pogodba morala b i t i pismena, drugaEe ne .

"samo, d a se lahko v p r i m e r i h , ko se ne n o r e u q o t o v i t i , k a t e r i

1 6 . - PRISTOJNOST SODISC ZA ,POMORSKE SPORE

V k o l i k o r p r i d e do s p r o z i t v e sodneaa s p o r a , i e p o t r e b n o

d r i a v , pa t u d i p r i n a s , s e poinorski s p c r i t r e t i r a j o k o t posebne v r s t e s p o r i , z a t o pomorskih zadev n i s o p r i s t o j n a r e S e v a t i v s a sodiSEa.

V SFRJ o b s t c j a j o gospodar ska sodiSEa, lci s o p r i s t o j n a s o d i t i gospodarske s p o r e med gospodar sk imi o r g a n i z a c i j a m i . No, gospodar ska sodi5Ea s o p r i s t o j n a za pomorske s p o r e n e g l e d e n a t o , a l i g r e z a gospodarsko o r g a n i z a c i j o a l i z a d ruge o s e b e .

LoEimo dve v r s t i p r i s t o j n o s t i : STVARNO i n KRAJEVNO . Okroina gospodar ska sodiSEa s o s t v a r n o p r i s t o j n a , v

k o l i k o r v r e d n o s t s p o r a n i v i S j a od 200 .000 . -d in , p r e k o t e g a zneska pa s o p r i s t o j n a b i b ja gospodar ska sod i5Ez .

Glede k r a j e v n e p r i s t o j n o s t i j e s i t u a c i j a n a s l e d n j a : ! I

' r .! i Okroina gospodar ska sodi5Ea v Kopru, R e k i , S p l i t u i n

T i t o g r a d u s o k r a j e v n o p r i s t o j n a z ozirom na s t v a r n o p r i s t o j n o s t : 1 :, !

OGS REKA z a s p o r e i z obmoEja SR H r v a t s k e , SR S r b i j e i n SR Make- ! :

I ! I d o n i j e , r a z e n t i s t i h , k i s p a d a j o pod OGS S p l i t .

OGS SPLIT z a v s e s p o r e , k i s p a d a j o v obmoEje OGS S p l i t , k a k o r t u d i z a s p o r e i z obmoEja SR Bosne i n Hercegovine .

OGS KOPER z a v s e s p o r e i z obmoEja SR SLOVENIJE.

OGS TITOGRAD z a v s e s p o r e i z obmoEja SR Crne g o r e .

Kadar s o d i j o V i 5 j a gospodar ska sodiSEa na I . s t o p n j i , potem j e :

VGS v Z a ~ r e b u ~ r i s t o i n o z a v s e sDore. z a k a t e r e b i s i c e r

I b i l a p r i s t o j n a VGS na obmoEju SR H r v a t s k e , SR S r b i j e , Bosne i n Hercegovine i n Makedonij e .

VGS v L j u b l j a n i z a v s e s p o r e i z obmoEja SR S l o v e n i j e . VGS v T i t o g r a d u z a v s e s p o r e i z obmoEja SR Crne g o r e . Kadar VGS s o d i j o na I I , s t o p n j i , potem j e p r i s t o j n o s t

n a s l e d n j a : - VGS v Zagrebu z a v s e p r i t o i b e n e pos topke p r o t i odloEbam

OGS Reka i n S ~ l i t , V G S - v L j u b l j a n i z a p r i t o i b e n e pos topke p r o t i odloEbam

Okrosnega gospodarskega sodiSEa v Kopru. - VGS-v ~ i t o ~ E a d u z a v s e p r i b i b e n e pos topke p r o t i odloEbam

Okroinega 'gospodarskega sodiSEa v T i t o g r a d u .

Pot rebno i e o m e n i t i . d a s e v ~ o m o r s k i h s n o r i h k o t s t r a n k e z e l o pogos to p o j a v l j a j o t u j c i , i n t o t a k o p ravne k;t f i z i e n e o s e b e . V s m i s l u zakonsk ih p r e d p i s o v s o naSa s o d i 5 E a , v do loEen ih p r i m e r i h , p r i s t o j n a s o d i t i v s p o r i h , v k a t e r i h s e k o t s t r a n k e p o j a v l j a j o t u j c i . 0 t e m s o n a t a n E n e j S i p r e d p i s i v s e b o v a n i v Zakonu o pravdnem pos topku .

- 30 -

~ o m o r s k i h ~ o g o d b a h z e l 0 pogosto n a l e t i m o na k l a v z u l e , s k a t e r i m i s e pogodbeno doloEa p r i s t o j n o s t sodi5E. Tud i o t e h p r i m e r i h d e t a l j n e j S e p r e d p i s e v s e b u j e z g o r a j omenjeni Zakon o pravdnem postopku. Dovolj b o y Ee na t e m mestu povemo, da s e s t r a n k e v p r i n c i p u l a h k o d o g o v o r i j o , da jirn s o d i sodiSEe, k i s i c e r n i k ra jevno p r i s t o j n o , po t rebno pa j e , da j e s t v a r n o p r i s t o j n o . ( n a p r o s t r a n k e s e l a h k o d o g o v o r i j o , da jirn bo s o d i l o VGS v ~ j u b l j a n i , Eeprav b i s i c e r moralo s o d i t i VGS v Zagrebu, ne mor~ejo pa s e d o g o v o r i t i , da j im s o d i VGS ( k a t e r o k o l i ) , Ee j e s p o r manjSi od 200.000.-din, a l i o b r a t n o , da jirn s o d i OkroZno gospodarsko sodiSEe, Ee j e s p o r v e E j i od 200.000. -d in , k e r j e t o s t v a r n a p r i s t o j n o s t ) .

S t r a n k e morajo t a k o k r a j e v n o p r i s t o j n o s t pismeno d o g o v o r i t i . V p r imeru , da s e t o i b a dvigne na o s n o v i t a k e pogodbe, s e mora pogodba p r i l o i i t i t o i b i i n t o v o r g i n a l u a l i v overjenm p r e p i s u , s i c e r s e l a h k o sodi5Ee i z r e E e z a n e p r i s t o j n o . Klavzule o p r i s t o j n o s t i sodiSE, navedene v n a k l a d n i c a h , s o l a h k o p r i z n a n e a l i n e i n g l e d e t e g a s e sodi5Ea r a z n i h d r i a v z e l o r a z l i k u j e j o . P r i nas j e zavze to s t a l i S E e , da s e k l a v z u l a v n a k l z d n i c i n e more s m a t r a t i z a v e l j a v n o , Ee t o i n i k n i p o d p i s a l n a k l a d n i c e . N i namreE z a d o s t i , da j e n a k l a d n i c o p o d p i s a l v k r c e v a l e c a l i da j o j e i n d o s i r a l v k r c e v a l e c , k e r , Ee j s t o i n i k p re jemnik t o v o r a , t a pa j e n i p o d p i s a l , nima pot rebnega podpisa .

V pogodbah pogosto n a l e t i m o na k l a v z u l e , s k a t e r i m i s e n e dogovar ja p r i s t o j n o s t sodiSE, temveE a r b i t r a i .

€e j e l a d j a r s k a pogodba podpisana s s t r a n i naroEnika a l i n jegovega poobla5Eenca i n l a d j a r j a a l i n jegovega pooblaSEenca, potem j e pogodba o a r b i t r a i i po lnove l j avna . P o s t a v l j a pa s e v p r a S a n j e , a l i j e t a k a pogodba v e l j a v n a t u d i z a ~ r e j e m n i k a , k i pogodbe n i p o d p i s a l . 0 t a k i h p r i m e r i h n i d o k o n E n e ~ a s t a l i S E a n i t i v vseh pomorskih d r i a v a h n i t i p r i n a s , posebno, k a d a r prejemnik prejme t o v o r na o s n o v i n a k l a d n i c e , k i j e i z d a n a na t emel ju l a d j a r s k e pogodbe. I z t e g a i z h a j a , da kadar s e t o v o r na p r . i z k r c u j e v lukah dveh d r i a v , l ahko ena i n i s t a n a k l a d n i c a p r i v e d e do t e g a , da s e v e l j a v n o s t k l a v z u l e o a r b i t r a i i v e n i d r i a v i p r i z n a , v d r u g i pa ne . Na i a l o s t o b s t o j a j o t u d i drugaEni p r i m e r i , ko s e l ahko v r a z n i h p r a v n i h s i s t e m i h d o i i v i povsem drugaEna ' s t a l i S E a , k a r ima l ahko t e i k e p o s l e d i c e . V t a k i h p r i m e r i h moramo b i t i s k r a j n o p r e v i d n i , p r a k t i E n o pa n i nobene v a r n o s t i , da ne b i d o 2 i v e l i preseneEenje .

Navedemo n a j Se t o , da jugos lovansk i g o s p o d a r s k i orga- n i z a c i j i ne moreta med s e b o j d o g o v o r i t i za p r i s t o j n o s t zunan je a r b i t r a i e . To s e poudar ja z a r a d i t e g a , k e r s e rned jugoslovanskim naroEnikom i n jugoslovanskim l a d j a r j e m pogosto podpiSe l a d j a r s k a pogodba na f o r m u l a r j u , k i j e t i p z s k i f o r m u l a r i n k i n i ~ r i l a ~ o j e n nasemu Zakonu o pogodbahOizkoriSEanju morskih l a d i j n i t i nagemu Zakonu o pravdnem pos topku , k a r l ahko p r i v e d e do z e l o Eudnih s i t u a c i j .

1 7 . - TOZBE I N REM

Pogos to s l i S i m o , d a j e " t o i e n a l a d j a i 1 , a l ? d a j z " s sodno odloEbo l a d j a zadrZanal ' , oz i roma k o t p r a v i j o a n g l o s a k s o n c i " s h i p a r r e s t e d " . T i i z r a z i toEno o p i s u j e j o pravno s i t u a c i j o v a n g l o s a k s o n s k i h d r i a v a h , k e r j e v s t r o g o doloEenih pomorskih s p o r i h s t v a r n o moZno n a v e s t i l a d j o k o t t o i e n o s t r a n k o . Z a t o se t e t o i b e imenu je jo " i n rem", k e r l a t i n s k i i z r a z " r e s " pomeni s t v a r , l a d j a j e pa s t v a r . P r i n a s , kakor t u d i v s k o r a j v s e h o s t a l i h e v r o p s k i h d r i a v a h , t a k a toZba n i moZna. T o i i se l a h k o samo " i n presonam" t o j e p ravno a l i f i z i E n o oseSo, v konkretnem p r i m e r u t o r e j l a s t n i k a l a d j e oz i roma l a d j a r j a . V p r a k s i p a s e p r i n a s n a Z a l o s t pogos to d o g a j a , d a n e s t r o k o v n j a k i t o Z i j o l a d j o , 5e s t r a S n e j 5 e pa j e t o , i n t a k i p r i m e r i o b s t o j a j o , d a s o sodiSEa t a k o t o i b o s p r e j e l a , Eeprav b i m o r a l a t a k zah tevek t a k o j z a v r n i t i .

V pravnem j e z i k u s e p r a v i , d a l a d j a n e more b i t i p ravdna s t r a n k a i n j e t o s t a l i S E e p o t r j e n o s sodbo Vrhovnega gospodarlskega sod i5Ea .

1 8 . - UPORABA PREMOZENJSKEGA PRAVA NX ODNOSE I Z I'OGODB

Omenil i smo, d a i m a j o r a z n i p r a v n i s i s t e m i r a z l i E n o s i s t e m i z a c i j o pogodb, k i s e med s e b o j r a z l i k u j e j o , med n j i m i smo o m e n i l i samo s i s t e m ang leSkega , f r a n c o s k e g a , i t a l i j a n s k e g a i n nemskega p r a v a . P o s t a v l j a pa se v p r a s a n j e , a l i j e t a k a s i s t e m i - z a c i j a , k i s o j o i z v r s i l i r a z n i t e o r e t i k i , k i s e s t a v l j a j o p red - l o g e zakonov, samo t e o r e t i E n i problem a l i pa 0 3 s t o j a j o t u d i r a z l i k e v k o n k r e t n i u p o r a b i . Na i a l o s t s e p r i u p o r a b i p o j a v l j a j o v e l i k e r a z l i k e . Omenil i smo i e , d a n i i n n i mogoEe, d a b i b i l o z nas im zakonom o pogodbah i z k o r i 5 E a n j u morsk ih 12-d i j v s e d e t a l j n o doloEeno, i n se z a t o , k a d a r zakon ne v s e b ~ j e p r e d p i s a , u p o r a b i j o p r e d p i s i p remozenjskega p r a v a , k o t pra17i E1.6 Zakona, k i se g l a s i :

"TA RAZMERJA, K I NISO UREJENA S TEN Z A K O N O M , SE SMISELNO UPORABLJAJO USTREZNE DOLOCBE OZIROMA PRAVNA PRAVILA PREMOZENJSKEGA PRAVA".

Ka te ra p r a v i l a p remoien j skega p r a v a s e bod0 u p o r a b i l a v p r a k s i , j e odv i sno od s i s t e m i z a c i j e pomorskih pogodb, pa s e z a r a d i r a z l i E n e s i s t e m i z a c i j e l a h k o z g o d i , da s e u p o r 3 b i j o r a z l i E n a p r a v i l a p remoien j skega p r a v a , k a r l a h k o p r i v e d e do r a z l i E n i h i n t e r p r e t a c i j . Vzemimo samo eno zanimivo v p r a s a n e e : v Eigavem imenu podpi5e p o v e l j n i k n a k l a d n i c o , Ee j e z a l a d j o s k l e n j e n a l a d j a r s k a pogodba na Eas a l i dana v t i m e c h a r t e r , c h a r t e r e r pa j e l a d j o u p o r a b i l z a prevoz g e n e r a l n e g a t o v o r a i n je o t e m s k l e p a l pogodbe z n a r o E n i k i . A l i Se k o n p l i c i r a n e j S e : Ee j e t i m e c h a r t e r e r d a l l a d j o n a p r e j v voyage c h a r t e r , t a sub c h a r t e r e r pa l a d j o u p o r a b l j a z a p revoz g e n e r a l n e g a t o v o r a pod l i n i j s k i m i pogoj i. D e t a l j n e j Sa o b d e l a v a t e g a problema b i p r e s l a o k v i r e t e g a p r e d a v a n j a . Naj pa omenimo, d a s e v n a k l a d n i c a h p o g o s t o n a h a j a p r a v posebna k l a v z u l a , t a k o inenovana I d e n t i t y of c a r r i e r , k l a v z u l a , o k a t e r i s o sodiSEa r a z n i h drZav z a v z e l a

r a z l i E n a s t a l i S E a . Opozorimo n a j , d a s e po nasem zakonu p r i l a d j a r s k i pogodbi na E a s , r e d n o s m a t r a , da j e l a d j a r ob iEa jno t u d i l a s t n i k l a d j e i n da naroEnik n i l a d j a r . Ne more pa s e s popolno s i g u r n o s t j o t r d i t i , d a j e temu t a k o t u d i v vseh d r u g i h s i s t e m i h , k e r s e ponekod meni , da j e t u d ? t ime c h a ~ t e r e r l a d j a r . To s o f i n e s e , A k a t e r e smo o m e n i l i samo mimogrede.

) ~ s t a n c l ; jr: normirlcSn +as. ki j e doluben za vkranje nziroma izkr-

car& brora; 8) pudalj-bni pov tan~k j r - Eas. zit kntcrcw sc lahko Eez pcstanek po.

dalj<?-vkfcava.nje bzirnma i zk rea~ ;anjr tovr~ra; 9) potoik je osrba. ki ima.go pogodhi o prevwu gdniksc po r n l r r j r t

praviw do prrvuza z 1ad.k. . .

D R U G ? D R L

.PwDBB3L O POSUH POMOEeBKE PLOVBZ . .

P r v o p o p l f v f e

V ~ ~ d h l e prevwu dveri Da morjr~ ie l&n *A- m v o z a ee& idjo, I mrmxmtm clekaen lvdfe rli z da!s(crrEsll M J q a i ( 8 p m s k a n

- (Imt& ~ o a j r ~ ~ k&er tadll pmv5e pmcnczlafi ok6d orevoz- n@ka mgodbrb.

1La&$amP& f~6s&b& ee Fr&ka &?me u arm l i vta &hbs#h p&vsnJ (Eadjwmka wg&Ba sr.8 mlcwmJe) ali xa doldos Eas k ? z & m l u paw-38 16a Em).

130. dlm

DolrrEhe lega zakona sr uporabljejo v primerih: .

i) kadar s b obe pngodhc?ni slranki fixi6ni 1111 prar-oi oschi s staanim prehivalisi'rm ali sedeiem r Ju~o.slaviji, C r p e xa pnbvoz sfvari po rnorju pa - kadar. jr tctdi namcmbna luka F JugoslarUi:

2) kadar ere za odgovmor l iadjarja za pokkodbo, prim:tnjkljrJ a\i izgubo tov'ora, umjeno z dolo~bsmi taga zrkona. katerih uporabe h cPord-

zuyorn pogodhenih strank ni mogo:oP~ irk\juCiti. C r jr nakladalna luka xli namemhni k r a j v Jogoslaviji.

3) ku bi bil potnik z uporabo drugrga zakona u s1ibkr.m polri.aju. kal je DO dclofbah kga mkona..

S ~ r a z u m . sklenjcn v nasprotju z doloEhaml pmjtnjega odstavka,

r.im pravncga ufinka.

Kadar se pogodbeni stranki dugovoritlr zlr doldeno pravo, se r~porabi ta pravo. 6e ni v naspwtju z doloEbmi prejhjega Elen%, Ee z njcgevo upoabo ne bi bil prekr5t.n jarni red JugosIavije eli 45e-s tem ne bi bile izigrane ddoEbe jug0slovamskega prara o kolizijf zakonov.

132. flea

Ct! priva. za k a k m s& se pogudbeni stranki dogovorili. z+ vso pogodbo ali za kak5no r a m e r j e , ki izvira iz po~odbe, ni mog&e npora.b#i. kskor tudi. Er strsnki nista i z rcE~o dolol.ili. katero pravo n a j x uporabi, in tudt iz okoliMin primcra ~ r i mugoEe u~aiovi t i . katero p ram sta narncrar-ali IIVO-

rabiti, se upomhi za pugodbcno r a m e r j e pnvo. ki je z njim v n a w j i zvezl.

<:e ni m-e zaue~l j ivo ugntnviti k a t e m p r a r a je v najoui zvtszi. s e uporabi pri prtlsojanJu glavnih pmvie i n obvcsznostl pogodbenih strsnk j!ravo kra.&%. v katerrm jr bila posodba sk1en)ena Ce pa jt biia sklenjena pogodba o prevozu stviri ali yninika na ptdlagi n a ~ r e i posbvljrnih splo4-

nih pvgnjev ladlarja. sts upornhi r l r~vo nje(cnvc driavc.: Cr. grc Z:I pcluodtw

o vlatcnjp. pa s r u~orzl)i.io dnlcri.l)<. wga zaku11.r

Kadar g r r za prmojo naeina. kako so bite r rpo l~~ jcnr stranskr ~ravirc- i n obvcznosli pogodbtnih slrank (strsnske pravice in obveznos(i). kot jc

nadin krc'anja in prrdajc ic~tora. rafunanjt? Easa pri postanku in potlitl.ihn- nem podanku ali nacin plntila prevoznine, sc uporabi pravo kraja. r .kale- rcm so bila (a defanjr izrrgcna ozimrna % katercm hi bila (a dejanja izvr- Sena ozitoma. v k a k m bi hila rnokalr biti i~vr4cna.

Kadar je ma od pogodbenih strank tuj d&avIj;m ali tu ia pral*na oseba.

ec 3eje pogodba za veljavno, Ze 3e sklenjena v obliki, ki i0 p r e d p i s ~ h pravo kraja. v krrterem je bila sklenjcna, ali pravo, po katerem se Drew- )PjO glavne vravice in obveznostl iz pogodbc.

PREHODNE IN KONCNE I)OI,OCBE

134. flen

International Con-vention for the unification of certain d e s sf law relating to bills sf lading

and

Protscol of slgmate-rre

(Brussels, August 25tb 1924)

(Translation)

Tile president 'of the German Republic, the Presidenf r:f the Argentine Repiiblic, ... etc.

h'avirrg. rcrogm'zed the utility of fixing by agreement certain uniFc'.m rules of law relating to bills of lading,

Zave clwided to conclude a convention' with thk. object :.nd have a~pointed the following Plenipotentiaries :

(Follorvs the Iist of PIenipotentiaries)

'IVho, duly authorized thereto, have agreed as follows :

In this Coilvention the following words are employed .,vith the meanings set out b ~ l o w :

a) x Zarrier w includes the owner or the chakerer '

who eaters into a contract of camage with a shipper.

b) < Gntract of carriage, applies only to contracts zf carri2ge co~rered by a bill of lading or any similar dccument .of title, in so far as such document relates to the carriage of goods by sea, including any till of lading or any'similar document as afomsaid issued under s r pursuant to a charter party from the moment at which such bi!l of lading or similar document of title regulates the relations between a carrier and a holder of the same.

C) < Goods D. includes goods, wares, merchandise and articles of every kind whatsoever except live animals and cargo which by the contract of carriage in stated as being carried on deck and is so carried.

.d) <Ship w means any vessel used for the camage OF goods by sea.

e) <Camage of goods w cover: the period from the time .when the goods are loaded on to the time they are discharged from the ship.

Subject to the provisions of .Article 6, under every contract of camage of goods by sea the carrier. in reletion to the loading, handling, stowage, carriage, custody, care and discharge of such goods, shall be subject to the respon?bilities and lia!si!ities, and entitled to the rights and immunities hereinafter set forth.

- - -r -- 0---- -- carried, fit and safe for their reception, carriage and preservation.

3. After receiving the goods into his charge the carrier or the master or agent of the carrier shall, on demand of the shipper, issue to the shipper a bill of lading showing among other things :

voyage;

b) Either the number OF ~ackaqes or pieces. or the I

sent the actually receiv&d, or which he has had no reasonable means of checkicg. I

4. Such a bill of lading sha!l be prima facie evidence I

5. The shipper shail be deemed to have guaranteed to the carrier the accurxy at the time of shipment c! the marks. number, quantity and weight, as furnished by him, and the shipper shall indemnity the carrier against all loss, damages and expenses arising or resultiag from inaccuracies in such perticulars. The right ol the

io any person other than the shi-pper. I

the canter of !lis agent at the port of discharge before l

or at the time of the removal of the goods into the I

not ap~arcnt , within three days, sech rcirnov21 s3all be

2. Neither the carrier nor the ship shall be responsible for loss-or damage arising or resulting from :

I If the loss or damage is not apparent, the notice must be given within three days of the delivery of the goods.

I subject of joint survey or inspection.

I In the case of anv actual nr nnnr~henrl~rl I nce nr

I r----n ---- tallying the goods. :

to such goods. he shall surrender ihe same as against I the issue of the <<shipped, bill of lading, but at the

option of the carrier such document of title may be noted at the port of shipment by the carrier, master. or agent with the name or names of the s h i ~ or shins

the particulars mentioned in S 3 of Article 3. shall for

1. Neither the carrier nor the ship shall be liable for lass or damage arising or resulting from unseaworthiness unless caused by want of due diligence on the part of the carrier to niake the shio seaworthv and to secure

and all other parts of the-ship in which goods are carried fit and safe for their reception, carriage and preservation in accordance with the provisions of 5 1 of Article 3. Whenever loss or damage has resulted from unseaworthiness the burden of urovina the exercise

a) Act. -neglect. or default of the master, mariner, pilot. o r the servants of the carrier in the navigation or in the management of the ship;

b) Fire, unless caused by the actual fault or privity of the carrier;

c) Perils, dangers and accidents of the sea or other navigable waters;

d) Act of God; e) Act of war; f ) Act of public enemies: g) h e s t or restraint of princes. rulers or people, or

seizure under legal process; h) Quarantine restrictions; i) Act or omission of the shipper or owner of the

, goods. his agent or representative;

j) Strikes or lockouts or stoppage or restraint of labour from whatever cause, whether, partial or general;

k ) Riots and civil commotions: I) Saving or attempting to save life or property at sea;

m) Wastage in bulk or weight or any other loss or damage arising from inherent defect, quality or vice of the goods;

n) Insufficiency of packing; o) Insufficiency or inadequacy of marks: p) Latent defects not discoverable by due diligence;

q) Any other cause arising without the actual fault or privity of the carrier, or without the actual fault or neglect of the agents or servants of the carrier, but the burden of proof shall be on the person claiming the beqefit of this exception to show that neither the actual fault or privity of the carrier nor the fault or neglect of the agents or servants of the carrier contri- buted to the loss or damage.

3. The shipper shall not be responsible for loss or damage sustained by the carrier or the ship arising or resulting from any cause without the act, fault or neglect of the shipper, his agents or his servants.

4. Any deviation in saving or attempting to save life or property at sea or any reasonable deviation shall not be deemed to be an infringement or breach of this Convention or of the contract of carriage, and the carrier shall not be liable for any loss or damage resulting therefrom.

5. Neither the carrier nor the ship shall in any event be or become liable for any loss or damage to or in connexion with goods in an amount exceeding 100 pounds sterling per package of unit, or the equivalent of &at sum in other currency unless the nature and value of such goods have been declared by the shipper before shipment and inserted in the bill of lading.

This declaration if embodied in the bill of lading shall be prima facie evidence, but shall not be binding or conclusive on the carrier.

By agreement between the camer, master or agent of the carrier and the shipper another maximum amount than that mentioned in this paragraph may be fixed. provided'that such maximum shall not be less than the figure above named.

Neither the carrier nor the ship shall be responsible in any event for loss or damage to, o r - i n connexion with, goods if the nature or value thereof has been knowingly misstated by the shipper in the bill of lading.

6. Goods of an inflammable, explosive or dangerous nature to the shipment whereof the carrier, master or agent of the camer has not conswted with knowledge of their nature and character, may at any time before discharge be landed at any place, or destroyed or rendered innocwus by the carrier without compensation, and the shipper of such goods shall be liable for all damage and expenses directly or indirectly arising out of or resultinq from such shipment. If any such goods shipped with such knowledge and consent shall become a danger to the ship or cargo, they may in like manner be landed at any place. or destroyed or rendered inn6cuous by the carrier without liability on the part of the carrier except to general average, if any.

Article 7

Nothing ' herein cdntained shall prevent a carrier or a shipper from entering into any agreement, stipulation, condition, reservation or exemption as to the r=@flity and liability o f the carrier or the ship for the loss or damage to. or in connexion with, the custody and c a e and handling. of goods prior to the l d g 0% and subsequent to, the discharge from the ship which the goods are carried by sea.

The provisions of this Convention shall not affect the rights and obligations of the carrier under any statute for thc time being in force relating to the limitation of the liability of owners of seagoing vessels.

Article 9

Article 5 The riionetary units mentioned in this Convention are to be taken to be gold value.

A carrier shall be at liberty to surrender in whole or Those contracting States in which. the pound stertmg in part all or any of his rights and immunities or to is not a monetary unit reserve to themselves the right increase any of his responsibilities and obligations under of translating the sums indicated in this Convention in this Convention, provided sucb surrender w increase shall terms of pound sterling into terms of their own moue- be embodied in the bill of lading issued- to the shipper.

- tary system in round. figures.

T h e national laws may reserve to the debtor the The provisions of this Convention shall not be appli- right of discharging his debt in national concurrency

cable to charter parties, but if bills of lading are issued according to the rate of exchange prevailing on the day in the case of a ship under a charter party they shall of the arrival of the ship at the port of discharge of comply with the terms of this Convention. Nothing in the goods concerned. these rules shall be held to prevent the insertion in a bill of lading of any lawful provision regarding general average. Artide 10

The provisions of this Convention shall apply to all Article 6 bills of' lading issued in any of the contracting States.

Notwithstanding the provisions of the preceding Arti- , cles, a carrier, master or agent of the carrier and a

shipper shall in regard to any particular goods be at Article 11 liberty to enter into any agreement in any terms as to the responsibility and liability of the carrier for such After an interval of not more than two years from goods, and as to the rights and immunities of the car- the day of which the Conve~ltion is signed; the Belgian rier in respect of such goods, or his obligation as to Government shall place itself in communication with seaworthiness, so far as this stipulation is not contrary' the Governments of the High Contracting Parties which to public policy. or the care or diligence of his ser- have declared themselves prepared to ratify the Con- vants or agents in regard to the loading, handling, vention, with a view to deciding whether it shall be stowage, carriage, custody, care and discharge of the put into force. The ratifications shall be deposited at

. goods carried by sea, provided that in this case no bill Brussels at a date to be fixed by agreement among of lading has been or shall be issued and that the terms the said Governments. The first deposit of ratifications agreed shall be embodled in a receipt which shall be a shall be recorded in a preces-verbal signed by .the non-'negotiable document and shall be marked as such. representatives of the Powers which take part therein

and by the Belgian Minister for Foreign Affairs. The subsequent deposit of ratifications shall be ma&

by means of a written notification, addressed to the Belgian Government and accompanied by the instru-

- ment of ratification. Any agreement so entered into shall have full legal . A duly certified copy of the proces-verbal relating to

effect : the first deposit of ratifications. of the notifications Provided that this Article shall not apply to ordi- referred to in the v e n o u s paragraph, and also of the

nary commercial shipments made in the ordinary course instruments of mtification accompanying them, shall be of trade, but only to other shipments where the character immediately seat by the S e l ~ i a n Government through the or condition of the property to be carried or the cir- diplomatic channel to the Powers who have acceded to it. cumstances, terms and conditions under which the carriage In the cases contemplated in the preceding paragraph, the is to be performed are such as resonably to justify a said Governmect shall inform them at the same time of special agreement. the date on which it received the notification.

Article 12

Non-signatory States :nay accede to thp present Con- vention whether or nwt they have been represented at :he International Conference at Brussels.

A State which desires to accede shall notify its intention in writing to the Belgian Government, forwarding to it the document of accession, which shall be deposited in the archives of the said Government.

The Belgian Government shall immediately forward to all the States which have signed or acceded to the Convention a duly certified copy of the notification and of the act of accession. mentioning the date on which it received the notification.

Article 13

The High Contracting Parties may at the time of rignature, ratification or accession declare that their acceptance of the present Convention does not include any or al! of the self-governing dominions, or of the colonies, overseas possessions. protectorates or territories under their sovereignty or authority, and they may subsequently accede separately on hehalf of any self- governing dominion, colony, overseas possession, protectorate or territory excluded in their declaration. They may also denounce the Convention separately in accordance with its provisions in respect of any self- governing dominion, or any colony, overseas possession, protectorate or territory under their sovereignty or authority.

Article 14

The present Convention shall take effect, iu the case of the States which have taken part in the first deposit of ratification, one year after the date of the protocol recording such deposit.

As respects the States. which ratify subsequently of which accede, and alscl in cases in which the Convention is subsequently pot into effect in accordance with Arti- cle 13, it shall take effect six mouths after the notifications specified in paragraph 2 of Artcile 11 and para- 'graph 2 O F Article 12 have been received by the Belgian Government.

Article 15

In the event of one of the contracting States wishing to denounce the present Convention, the denunciation shall be notified in writing to the Belgian Government. which shall immediately communicate a duly certified copy of the notification to all the other States, informing them of the date on which it was received.

The denunciation shall only operate in respect oE the State which made the notification, and on the expiry of one year after the notificati6n has reached the Belgian Government.

Article 16

Any one of the contracting States shall have the right to call for a fresh conference with a view to considering possible amendments.

Government, which would make arrangements for con- vening the Conference.

Done at Brussels, in a sing]; copy, August 25th. 1924.

(Follow the signafures)

PRC:TOCOL OF SIGNATURE

At the time of signing the International Convention lor the unification of certain rules of law relating to bills of lacling the Plenipotentiaries whose signatures appear helow have adcpted this Protocol, which will have the same force and the samc value as if its provisions were inserted in the text of the Convention to which it relates.

The High Contracting Parties may give effect to this Convention either by giving it the force of law or by including in their national legislation in a form appropriate to that legislation the rules adopted under this Convention.

They may reserve the right :

1. T o preu ibe that in the cases referred to in paragraph 2 c to p of Article 4 the holder of a bill of lading shall be entitIed to establish respdnsibility for loss or damage arising from the personal fault of the carrier or the fault of his sewants which are not covered by paragraph a.

2. T o apply Article 6 in so far a s the national coasting trade is concerned to all classes of goods without taking account of the restriction set out in the last paragraph of thpt Article.

Done at Brussels, in a single copy. August 25th. 1924.

(Follow fhe signatures)

A State which would exercise this right should notify its intention to the other States through the Belgian

. . . . 4 0 . .

. . . .

. . PROTOCOL TO AMEND THE INTER?JkTLOi\TAL CONVENTION

FOR THE UNIFICATION OF CERTAIN RULES OF LAW RELATING TO BILLS OF LADING, SIGNED AT B R ~ S S Z L S OM 25th AUGUST 1924

(Bruesels, February 23rd, 1968)

The Contracting Parties,

Considering that it is desirable to amend th.e International Convention for the unification of certain rules of law relating t o bills of lading, signed.at Brussels on 25th August 1924,

Have agreed as follows:

ARTICLE

1. In Article 3, paragraph 4, shall be added':

"However, proof to the contrary shall not be admissible when the bilJ c.f lading has been transferred to a third party acting in good faith".

2. In Article 3 , paragraph 6, s ~ b - ~ a r a k a ~ h 4, shall be deleted and replaced by:

"Subject to paragraph Gbis the c a r r i e r and the ship shall in any event be discharged f rom a l l liability whatsoever in respect of the goods, unlese suit is brought within one year of their delivery o r of the dete when they should have been delivered. This period may, however, be extended if the parties so agree after the cause of action has arisen. " .

3. In Article 3, af ter paragraph 6, shall be added the following paragraph 6bis:

I I An action for indemmity against a third person may be brought even after the expiration of the yea r provided for in L!e preceding paragraph i f brought within the time allowed by the law of the Court seized of the case.' Ho- wever, the time allowed shall be not l e s s '%an thre2 months, commencing from the day when the person bringing such action for indemnity has settled the claim o r has been served with prscess in the action against himself. "

ARTICLE 2.

Article 4, paragraph 5, shwll be deleted ar-d replaced by :he follvaring:

"a) Unless the nature and value of such goods have been declared by the shipper before shipment and inserted in the bill od Isding, neither t'le car-- r i e r nor the ship shall in any event be o r become liable fo r any 3 : > ~ s o r dam:(- ge to o r in connection with the goods in an amount exceeding the .yuivalent . f . lo. ooo francs per package o r unit o r 30 f r a ~ c s per lrilar of grcsE eight of the . goods lost o r damaged, wichever iti the higher.

b) The total amount recoverable shal l be calculated by reference to the value of such goods a t the place arid time a t which the goods a r e discharged f rom the sh ip in accordance with the contract o r should have been s o discharged.

The value of the goods sha l l be fixed according to the commodity exchange price, o r , if there be no such price, according to the cur rent market pr ice, o r , if there be no commodity exchange price o r current m l r k e t price, by reference t o the normal value of goods of the same kind and quality.

c ) Where a container, pallet o r s i m i k , r ar t ic le of t r a n s p ~ r t is used to consolidate goods, the number of packages o r units enumerated in the bill of lading a s -packed in such ar t ic le of t ransport shal l be deemed the number of packages o r units fo r the purpose of this paragraph a s f a r a s these packages o r units a r e concerned. Except a s aforesaid such ar t ic le of t ransport sha l l be considered the package o r unit.

d) A f ranc means a unit consisting of 65,5 miligrammes of gold of mil lesimal fineness 900.' The date of conversion of the s u m awarded into national currencies shal l be governed by the law of the Court seized of the case.

e ) Neither the c a r r i e r nor the ship sha l l be entitled to the benefit of the limitation of liability provided for in this paragraph if i t is proved that the damage resulted f rom a n act or omission of the c a r r i e r done with intent to. cause damage, o r recklessly and with knowledge that damage would probably result .

f) The declaration mentioned in sub-paragraph a ) of this paragraph, if embodied in the bill of lading, shal l b e prima facie evidence, but sha l l not be binding o r conclusive on the ca r r i e r .

g) By agreement between the c a r r i e r , mas ter or agent of the c a r r i e r and the shipper other maximum amounts than those mentioned in sub-paragraph a ) of this paragraph may be fixed, provided that no maximum amount s o fixed sha l l be l e s s than the appropriate maximum mentioned in that sub-paragraph.

h) Neither the c a r r i e r nor the ship sha l l be responsible in any event for loss o r damage to, o r in connection with, goods if the nature o r value thereof has been knowingly mis-stated by the shipper in the bill of lading. "

ARTICLE 3

Between Articles 4 and 5 of the Convention shal l be inserted the following Art icle 4bis:

"1. The defences and limits of liability provided for in this Convention sha l l apply in any action against the c a r r i e r in respect of loss o r damage to goods covered by a contract of car r iage whether the action be founded in con- t r a c t o r in tort.

2. If such a n action is brought against a servant o r agent of the c a r r i e r (such servant o r agent not being a n independent contractor), such servant o r agent sha l l be entitled t o avai l himself of the defences and limits of liability . which the c a r r i e r is entitled t o invoke under this Convention.

ARTICLE 4 11 Article 9 of the Convention sha l l be deleted and replaced by the fol- , 11

ARTICLE 5

Article lo of the convention sha l l be deleted and replaced by the fol-

a ) the bill of lading is issued i n a Contracting State!; o r '

b) the carr iage is f rom a port i n a Contracting State, o r

c) the Contract contained in o r evidenced by the bi l l of lading provides that the rules of this Convention o r legislation of any State giving effect to them a r e t o govern the.contract,

whatever may be the nationality of the. ship, the c a r r i e r , the shipper, the con- signee'. o r any other interested person.

ARTICLE 6

As between the Par t ies t o this Protocol the Convention and the: Protocol shall be read and interpreted together as one single instrument.

A P a r & to this Protocol sha l l have no dutY to a ~ p l y the provisi'ons of.

ARTICLE 7

As between the Par t ies t o this Protocol, denunciation by any of them I . of the Convention in accordance with Article 15 thereof, shal l not be construed

in any way a s a denunciation of the Convention a s amended by this Protocol. I

ARTICLE 8

I Any dispute between two o r more Contracting Par t i e s concsrning the interpretation o r application of the Convention which cannot be settled through negotiation, shall, a t the request of one of them, be submitted to arbitration. If within six months from the date of the request for arbitration the Part ies a r e unable t o agree on the organization of the arbitration, any one of those Part ies may re fe r the dispute to the International Court of Justice by request in confor- mity with the Statute of the Court.

ARTICLE 9

1. Each Contracting Par ty may a t the t ime of signature o r ratification of this Protocol o r accession thereto, declare that i t does not consider itself

I , bound by Article 8 of this Protocol. The other Contracting Par t ies shall not be

I j bound by this Article with respect t o any Contracting Party having made auch I I a reservation. ' 1

? 2. Any Contracting Party having made-a reservation in accordance with paragraph 1 may at any.tSme with-draw this reservation by notification to the Belgian Government.

ARTICLE lo

Thie Pyotocol shal l be open for signature by the States which have ratified the Convention o r which have adhered thereto before the 23rd February 1968. and by any State represented at the twelfth session (1967-1868) of the Diplomatic Conference on Maritime Law.

I

ARTICLE 11

1. This Protocol shal l be ratified.

2. Ratification of this Protocol by any State which is not a Party to the Convention shal l have the effect of accession t o the Convention. .

i 3. The instrumentla of ratification shal l be deposited with the Belgian

I I Government.

ARTICLE 12

1. States, Members of the United Nations o r Members of the speciali- zed agencies of the United Nations, not represented a t the twelfth session of the Diplomatic Conference on Maritime L a w , may accede to this Protocol.

44

2. Accession t o this Protocol ahall have the effect cf accession to the Convention.

3. The instruments of accession sha l l be deposit~t-i w!th tha Belgian Gouvernment.

ARTICLE 13

1. This Protocol s h a l l come into force three months af ter the date of the deposit of ten instruments of ratification o r accession, af which a t least five shall 'have been deposited by States that have each a tonnage equal o r su- pe r io r to one million gross tons of tonnage.

2. F o r each State which rat i f ies this Protocol o r accede thereto af ter the date of deposit of the instrument of ratification o r accession determining the coming into force such ae is stipulated in B 1 of this Article, this Protocol shal l come into b r c e th ree months a f t e r the deposit of i t s instsument oP ratification o r accession.

ARTICLE 14

1. Any Contracting State may denounce t t ~ i ~ Protocol by notification to the Belgian Government.

2. This denunciation sha l l have the effect of denunciation of the Con- vention.

3. The denunciation sha l l take effect one y e a r a f t e r the date on which the notification has been reveived by the Belgian Go71ernment.

ARTICLE 15

1. Any Contracting State may a t the tirne of eignature, ratification o r . accession o r at any t ime thereaf te r declare by written notification t o the Belgian Government which among the t e r r i t o r i e s under i t s sovereignty o r for whose in- t e r k t i o n a l relations it i~ responsible, a r e those t o which the present Protocol applies.

The Protocol sha l l t h r ee months af ter the date of the receipt of such notification by the Belgian Government extend to the t e r r i t o r i e s named therein, but not before the date of the'coming into force of the Protocol in respect of such State.

2. This extension a l s o sha l l apply to the Convention i f the la t te r is not yet applicable to those tbrr i tor iea.

3. Any Contracting State which has made a declaration under % 1 of this Article may a t any ' t ime thereaf te r declare by notification given to the Bel- gian Government that the Protocctl sha l l cease to extend t o such terr i tory. .

This denunciation shal l4ake effect one yea r af ter the date on which notification. thereof has been received by the Belgian Government: i t a l s o sha l l apply to the Convention.

ARri'IC:LE 16

The Contracting Pa r t i e s may give effect to this Protocol e i ther by giving i t the force of law o r by including in their national leg ida t ion in a form appsopri-

ARTICLE 17

cordance.with Article 13.

dance with Article 15.

- In witness whereof the undersigned Plenipotentiaries, duly authorized,

Done at Brussels, this 23rd day of February 1968. in the French and

issue certified copies.

. (Follow the signatures)

: -

L: ; 1' / ;!;I; ; ! I

2 ) Skladno z n a v o d i l i i z 4 . Elena bo prevcznik p r a v i l n o \;I, i n paz 1 j i v o vkrcava l , rokova l , z l a g a l , p revaga l , Euval b l ago , ,i I k i se prevaZa, s k r b e l z a n j i n ga i z k r c a l .

, : 11,;: , 3) Po prevzemu b l aga j e p-revoznik, p o v e l j ~ i k a l i prevoz-

n ikov a g e n t dolEan, da vkrceva lcu na njegovo zahtevo i z d a na- ,

I : k ladn i co , k i med o s t a l i m i vsebu je t u d i : : . . . : . . a) .g lavne oznake po t rebne za p r e v e r j a n j e i s t o v e t -

n o s t i - b l a g a , kakor j i h j e Be pred zaEetkorn vkrcavan j a pismeno sporqEi l vprceva lec pod pogojern, da s o t ake ;o snake v t i s ~ j e n e a l i kako rko l i drugaEe v idne na nepakiranem blagu a l i na za- b ~ . j i h - ~ n omotih, k i v sebu j e jo t a k o b l ago , na t a k naEin, da

b ) z t e v i l o paketov a l i kosov, a l i ko l iE ino a l i teZo, kakor paE nanese i n kakor j i h j e pismeno s p o r o E i l vkrce- v a l e c ;

C ) s t a n j e tovorn a l i w . o v o j n i n e po zu.nanjost i . 1 1 1 3

l,i[: Vendar nohenemu prevozniku, p o v e 1 j n l k u : a l i auen tu / I . ; r i prevoznika n i potrebno da v n a k l a d n i c i navede .:-ali ' omeni oznake , : I;i 5 t e v i i o i ko l iE ino a l i teZo. E e ima r e sne raz locre>: .da . .~osumi . i 1'' I /I;; da ne p r e d s t a v i j a j o toEno t i s t e g a b l a g a , k i ' ga j&' v r e s n i c i

, , p r e j e l a l i -ako nima razumne moZnosti, d a ' t o p r e v e r i . .: . . . I I

. . 1 ,(!:I

I . , 4 ) Taka n a k l a d n i c a pomani , i dok l e r se ne d o k a i e ha sp ro t - : ; j , ! I negd, da j e prevoznik b l ago - p r e v z e l , t a k o k o t j e v .sklad.u. s

toEko 3 a ) , b) i n c ) v naklad.nici opisanoi 5 ) Smatra se, da je vkrceva lec ob Easu vkrcavan ja zago-

i t o v i l prevozniku t oenos t oznak, S t e v i l o , ko l iE ino i n teZo, kakor i i l l i e sa.m oznaEi l i n da i e dolZan, da nrevozniku nadok-

I t ,' ; \ I ; i n a d i v s e i zgube , Cikodo i n s tzoZke, k i n a s t a n e j o a l i s o p o s l e d i c a ; i ' , !

I , 'I.!: i

netoEnih podatkov. Prav ica prevoznika do t a k e odzkodnine pa /I,// n ikako r ne omejuje njegove odgovornost i a l i obveznos t i i z po- 1 l ; ; ,

lp: i godbe o prevozu napram k a t e r i k o l i o s e b i razen vk rc . sva l cu .~ ( I \ / 6) V koxikor prevoznik a i i n i e sov . a sen t v 1~1-;i izkrcavan-

n a r a v i t e izgube a l i Skode pred a l i po o d d a j i b l aga o s e b i , k i

I j j e v pogodbi o prevozu poobla5Eena za prevzem b l a g a , se pred- p o s t a v l j a , dok l e r n i na sp ro tn ih dokazov, da j e prevoznik p r e d a l b l ago t a k o , k o t je opisano v n a k l a d n i c i .

\,,I Ee i zguba a l i 5koda n i s t a opazni j e t r e b a t o s p o r o E i t i v roku J l 1 , t r e h d n i po p r e d a j i b laga . liili

i '

: I !I!/ Pismeno o b v e s t i l o n i po t rebno , E e s o s t r a n k e ob Easu i prevzemanja b l aga skupaj u g o t o v i l e s t a n j e b laga . i V vsakem s luEa ju pa s o prevoznik i n l a d j a oprogEenF vsake

odgovornos t i g l e d e zkode i n pozkodb, v k o l i k o r se tozba ne vLoZi v roku ensga le t? od p r e d a j e b l aga oziroma od dneva, k i b i b i ago moralo b i t i predano.

V s l u E a j u resniEne a l i p r edeos t av l j ene izgube a l i pogkodbe b o s t a prevoznik i n p r e jemnik drug drugemu, v raznmnih m e jell ,, k o l i k o je mogoEe, n l a j z a l a p r e g l e d i n 5 t e t j e b l aqz .

g ) odredbe a l i p r i s i l n e mere v l a d a r j e v , o b l a s t i a l i ! 1; sodne zaplembe ; , !, 1.1; . / i

h) ka ran t ensk ih ome j i t e v ; i) d e j a n j a l i napak vkrceva lca a l i l a s t n i k a b l a q a ,

:: njeqoveqa agen ta a l i p r eds t avn ika ; / I j ) s t a v k a l i splogneqa odnuZEanja z .d .a la a l i u s t a -

v i t v e oziroma omei i tve f iela i z krkZnecrakoli.vzrolta - Sam9 deloma a l i v c e l o t i ;

k ) uporov i n nemirov v d r z a v i ; 1) r e k v a n i a a l i ~ o s k u s a r ezevan i a l i i l d i a l i pre-

j <

moZenja na morju; I . : . 1 : : . .i ..,

k o l i d r u g i i zqub i a l i skod i , k i j e pos l ed i ca l a s t n e nayake, m) ~ r i m a n j k l j a j a v ? ;o l iEini a l i t e2 i a i i kakrgn i

I ! ; , :. : . , i .

, , I j k v a l i t e t e a l i posebne narave b laga ;

i,J;iil n ) yoman j k l j i veqa p a k i r a n j a ; ! ! I;;!, o ) noman j k l j i v i h a l i neprimernih. oznaEb na tovoru ; 1 1 ; ; !:I p) l a t e n t n i h nedosta tkov, k i se ne morejo o d k r i t i I , I : a s k r b j o dobrega gospodar ja ; !.!I:! q ) vsakega drucjega vzroka, k i n i pos led . ica 6 e j a n j ;it:

a l i napak prevoznika , njecjovih a q e n t o v a l i oseb TJ n jeqov i s l uZb i . i Dokazovanje pa bremeni osebo, k i b i s e h o t e l a s k l i c e v a t i na i t o d a i z k l i u E i odsovornost i n k i mora d o k a z a t i , da n i t i n iena

k r i v d a , n i t i d e j a n j a i n k r ivdd prevoznika i n agen t a a l i oseb v s l u Z b i ? revozn ik i n i s o pripomogli k i z g u b i oz i rona yogkodbi.

3 ) Vkrcevslec ne odqovar ja za izgubo a l i gkodo, k i j i h u t r p i t a prevoznik a l i l a d j a i n k i s o p o s l e d i c a kakrgnegakol i

11;; , vzroka. E e n r i t e m n i s o k r i v i v k r c e v a l c i . n i i h o v i a ~ e n t i a l i . . J

osebe v n j i h o v i s l u z b i . 4 ) Vsaka d e v i a c i j a , k i nas tane zar-adi. r e zevan j a a l i poskusa

r e sevan j a l j u d i a l i premoZenja na rn0rj.u a l i . vsaka druga razumna d e a v i a c i i a ne bo smatrana k o t ~ r e t r c r a n i e a l i k r z i t e v t e konven- c i j e a l i poqodbe o prevozu i n prevoznik ne bo odaovoren za nobeno izgubo a l i skodo, k i b i b i l a p o s l e d i c a t e 9 a .

5 ) 'Tako prevoznik k o t l a d j a r n i s t a v nobenem s l u E a j u 06.30- vorna za izcjubo a l i bogkodbo b l aqa , za znesek, k i ir?reseqa 100

. / j ! fun tov g t e r l i n q o v na tovorek a l i eno to a l i z a odqovarjajoEo

: ! j ; !

v s o t o v nek i d r u g i , v a l u t i , razen Ee je vk rceva l ec v r s t o i n , .

~ / i . . vrednos t takega b l a q a oznaEi l red kvrcavanjem i i i j o vnese l v j ' , ' i j ~ . nakladn ico . Ce j e t a i z j a v a vpisana v nak ladn ico , bo t o "nrima \!ill f a c i e " dokaz, t oda ne bo obvezen i n dokonEen za prevoznika .

( ' II ~ ' l l i i :(lj!I Ee se prevoznik , p o v e l j n i k , a l i prevoznikov - aqen t i n vkrce- I , I v a l e c sporazumejo, se lahko doloEi drugaEen maksimalni znesek

' \ , .. ., od t i s t e g a pod toE ,5 pod pogojem, da t a maksimalni znesek ne !' 1

, bo n i 2 j i od zgo ra j omenjeneqa. N i t i ~ r e v o z n i k ~ n i t i l a d j a n i s ta . v nobenem s luEa ju odqcvorna za izqubo a l i gkodo v z v e z i z blagom, k i qa j e vk rceva l ec namenoma napaEno oznaEi l v naklad- n i c i .

6 ) V n e t l j i v o , eksp loz ivno a l i nevarno b l ago , k i aa prevoznik , pove l j n ik a l i prevoznikov aqen t ne b i na loZi i l i , E e b i n r e j e v e d e l i , za kakgno v r s t o b laga q r e , l ahko nrevozn ik ob vsakem Easu t u d i n red konEnim Fzkrcavanjem o f l s t r an i z l a d j e , un iEi a l i naprav i negkos l j i veqa b rez odqovornost i z a odgkodnino za vsako gkodo i n s t r o z k e k i s o neposredno a l i nosrec?.no zvezani

s takdrn vkrcavanjern pa odnoverja vkrcevalec, Eetudi b i b i l o t ako blago prevaZano z ~ r e l c o s t j o i n privoljenjern vrevoznika, ga t a vseeno lahko k j e r k o l i o d s t r a n i a l i uniEi a l i napravi neSkodljivega v primeru, E e t ako blaqo postane nevarno za l a d j o a l i tovor , ne da b i za t o o d ~ o v a r j a l , razen v nrimern generalne h a v a r i j e .

Prevoznik se lahko v c e l o t i a i i deloma o6pove svojim ~ r a v i c a m a l i prednostim a l i noveEa svo jo odgovornost a l i obveznost i v Konvenciji pod pogojem, da s e vse t o odpovedanje a l i noveEanje vnese v nakladnico, k i se i z d a vkrcevalcu.

Odredbe t e Konvencije se ne nanagajo na l a d j a r s k e pogodbe, razen E e so , na osnovi 1aZjarske pogodbe izdane nakladnice k a t e r e s o podvrgene Konvencij i . Ta p r a v i l a pa ne vsebuje jo n iEesar , k a r b i prepreEevalo vnazanje k a t e r e k o l i dovoljene odredbe glede aenera lne h a v a r i j e .

Brez o z i r a na odredSe i z prejHnjih Elenov imajo prevoznik i , pove l jn ik i a l i agent prevoznika i n vkrcevalec p rav ico , da za kakrgnokoli doloEeno blago sk lene jo pogodbo s kakrgnimkoli pogoj i g1ed.e odgovornosti i n obveznosti prevoznika za tako blago i n qlede n rav ic i n neodqovornosti prevoznika v pogledu takega blaga a l i n jesovih obveznosti q lede p lovnos t i l a d j e - E e takSna pogodba n i v n a s p r o t j u z javnim redom - a l i s k r b i njegovih usluZbencev a l i njegovih agentov v pogledu vkrcavanja , pakovanja, z laganja , prevoza, Euvanja blaga k i se j e preva- 2a lo po morju, naravnanja z blagom i n izkrcavanja b l aga , pod pogojem da v tern primeru n i b i l a i n ne bo izdana naklagnfca i n ?a bozo pogoj i i z takzne poc,rodbe vneseni v p o t r d i l o , k i bo oznaEeno k o t neprenos l j ivo i n bo k o t takgno tud-i oznaEeno. Vsaka tako zakljuEena pogodba j e ~opolnoma pravno ve l javna . T a Elen pa se ne nanasa na navaden tovor , k i s e prevaza na obiEajen t rgovski naEin, amnak samo na druge prevoze, k j e r s o v r s t e a l i s t a n j e blaga a l i okoli2Eine i n pogoj i pod ka te r imi se prevaZa t a k i , da opraviEujejo poseben snorazum.

NoSena odredba te Konvencije ne ovira nrevoznika, da bi v qogodbo vkljuEil sporazume, poqoje, omejitve ali oprostitve, ki se nanaZajo na obvsznosti in odqovornosti prevoznika ali ladje za izguho ali pozkodbe blaga, ali ki so v zvezi s Euvan- jem, varovanje9 ali rokovanjem ?red vkrcavanjem in ?o izkrca- vanju z ladje, ki prevaZa blago po morju.

Odredbe te Xonvencije se ne bodo uporabljale na pravice in obveznosti prevoznika katera izhajajo iz krkZneqa v tistem Easu veljavnem zakonu, kF se nanaZa na omejitev odgovornosti lastnikov pomorskih ladij.

Denarne enote omenjene v tej konvenciji se raEunajo PO vred- nosti zlata. Tiste GrZave poqodbenice v katerih se funt Zterlinq ne upo- raSlja koZ denarna enota, si pridrzujejo nravico, da vsote, ki so v tej Konvenciji oznaEene v funtih gterlinaih, nretvorijo v zaokroZene vsote na osnovi lastneqa denarnega sistema.

Nacionalni zakoni dajejo dolZniku Fravfco, da se,iznebi clclga tako, <a plaEa v domaEi valuti po teEaju, ki je veljaven na dan prihoga ladje v luko, kjer se odgova~jajoFe blaqo izkrca.

- 52 -

P R O T O K O L

o sprernembi " Mednarodne kcnvenc i je z a i zenaEenje n e k a t e r i h p r a v i l , k i se nanagajo na nak ladn ico" .

Pogodbene s t r a n k e sma t r a jo , da b i b i l n t r e b a sp remen i t i me?-

z a j o na naklad-nico, podpisano v B r u s l j u 25,avq.1924.

S t r i n j a j o s e t k o t s l e d i :

1. Elen

1) Cetrtemu Elenu 3.odstavka se doda s l e d e E i t e k s t : " P r o t i - dokaz pa n i dovol jen , kadar je nak l adn i ca v d o b r i v e r i prene- Sena na t r e t j o os6boW.

2 ) Cetrti pododstavek, 6.odstavka v 3.Elenu se spremeni s s l edeE i odredbo: " Glede na odreclbe 6 . b i s oc'stavka s e prevoznik i n l a d j a v vsakem s l u E a j u osvobodi jo vsake o ~ q o v o s n o s t i v z v e z i z blaqom, razen E e je b i l a toZba vloZena tekom enegn l e t a od

ko 2 e ~ b s t o j a r a z l o g k i j.e b i l povodl za toZbo, !

3) V 3 . Elenu se po 6 . odstavltu doda 32 ods tavek 6 b i s , k i I g l a s i : "Reqresne to?.be se l a h k o v l o z e t u 3 i no i z t - k u roka, pred- 1 v i d e n e g a ' v prejSnjem odstavku, E 2 SO b ' i l e v lozene v Easu, k i j e doloEen z zakonom sodigEa, p r i ka terem. ~e v o d i snor. Ta rok pa , ne s m e b i t i k r a j 3 i od' t r e h nesecev , raEunajoE o$. 7.i2evat ko je oseba, k i v l aqa regresno tozbo z a d o v o l j i l a odZkodi?l t evke , a l i j e obve5Eena o t oZb i , k i j e uloZena ~ r c t i n j e j . ' " '1

P e t i ods tavek 4 . , E l e n a se u k i n j a i n se zamenja s sledeEim tekstom: a ) Razen Ee j e vkrceva lec ozna.Ei1 v r s t o i n v r ednos t

b laqa pred nakladanjem, i n j e t a i z j a v a vnezena v nak ladn ico , potem n i t i p r e v o z n i k ' n i t i l a d j a v nobenern s l u F a j i n e odqova r j a t a - .

za izgubo a l i 5kodo v zvez i s tovorom v znesku, k i pres-eq.a 10 000 f rankov z a tovorek a l i enoto t ovo ra a l i 30 f rankov po

k.tibgrahu b r u t o t e 2 e i zgubl jene7a a l i ?'bSko?.ovnne7e, h l aqa s tern, da se uposteva znesek, k i j e v i z j i .

b ) Skupni znesek k i s e 6o lqu je , se izraEuna g l ede na vrednos t b l aga v k r a j u i n Easu, ko s e tovor i zk rca v s o g l a s j u s pogodbo a l i v k r a j u i n Easu, ko b i t ovo r moral b i t i i zkrcan . Vrednost b laga se doloEi v s o g l a s j u z borzno ceno, a l i E e t e n i , v s o g l a s j u s t r2no ceno a l i , E e n i n i t i ene n i t i druge, se doioEi g l ede na normalno vrednos t b l aga i s te v r s t e i n k v a l i - t e t e .

c ) Kadar se uporabi k o n t e j n e r , p a l e t a a l i kaksno drugo podobno t r anspor tno s r e d s t v o za q ru? i r an j e b l a a a , se v smis lu t e g a odstavka vsak tovorek a l i eno ta za k a t e r o j e v nak ladn ic i oznaEeno, da s o vk l juEeni v t o tra-nsnortno s r e d s t v o , smatra k o t en tovorek a l i ena eno ta . Razen v predvidenem s l u - Eaju , se bo t o s r eds tvo za q r u p i r a n j e smat ra lo k o t en tovorek a l i ena eno ta .

d ) En f rank pomeni eno to , k i s e s t o j i i z 65,s mi l ig ra - mov z l a t a E i s t i n e 900/1000, Dan zamenjave dosojenega zneska v nacionalno v a l u t o s e doloEi po zakonu sodigEa, n r i katerem s e vodi spo r .

e ) N i t i prevoznik, n i t i l a d j a ne moreta k o r i s t i t i o l a j s a v g l ede omej i tve odqovornosti i z t ega o?stavka, E e se dokaze, da j e skoda povzroEena z dejanjem a l i ~ r o p u s t o m prevoznik namenoma, i z malomarnosti, a l i z vednos t jo da boSmdo 3kod.e v e r j e t n o p r i s l o .

f) Ezjava omenjena v toEki a ) t e g a Elena vnegena v nakladnico j e "prima f a c i e g ' dokaz, t oda ne obvezen i n dokonEsn. za prevoznika.

g ) Prevoznik, povel jnilc l a d j e a l i agen t prevoznika i n vkrceva lec lahko sporazurnno do loE i jo t u d i druge n a j v i s j e zneslce, ki se raz l i ! ru je jo od t i s t i h , k i s o doloEeni v toEki a ) t ega Elena pod pogojem, da t a dogovorjeni n a j v i s j i znesek,ne bo manjs i od odgovarjajoEega n a j v i g j e g s zneska pod t o toEko.

h ) I J i t i prevoznik, n i t i l a d j a n i s t a v nobenem s luEa ju odgovorna za Fzgubo a l i poSkodovanje t ovo ra , a l i 5kodo k i se t i E e tovo ra , Ee j e vkrcevalec Gal v nak ladn ic i namerno laZno i z j a v o c v r s t i i n v rednos t i b laga .

Ned 4 . i n 5. Elen Konvencije s e u v r s t i 4 .b i s Elen, k i g l a s i : 1) Opros t i t ve i n omej i tve predvidene s t o konvenci jc ve l -

j a j o za v se toEbe p r o t i prevozniku za nadomesti lo 5kode a l i po3kodovanje S l aqa , k i j e predmet poqodbe o prevozu ne g l ede na t o a l i je tozba osnovana na pogodbeni a l i n e ~ o g o d b e n i odgovornos t i .

2 ) ?e se tozba v l o 2 i p r o t i u s l u ~ b e n c u a l i agentu Trevoz- n i k a ( t a k uslu2benec a l i agen t ne sme b i t i neoc?.visni pod je tn ik ) t a uslu5benec a l i agent bo i m e l p r av i co k o r i s t i t i se osvobo- d i t v e i n orriejitve odgovornosti , na k a t e r e s e prevoznik lahko s k l i c u j e v smis lu t e konvenci j e .

3 ) Skupni zneso,k ki bremeni prevoznika i n njegove usluZ- bence i n agen t e v tern s l u E a j u ne s m e nres 'egati omej i tvenega zneska, k i g a predvideva konvenc i ja .

4 ) UsluZbenec a l i a q e n t ne s m e k o r i s t i t i u la jSave i z odredbe t e g a Elena E e se dokaZe, da j e ~ri.310 do 3kode z a r a d i d e j a n j a l i malomarnosti t e q a us lu5benca a l i agen t a , k i je b o d i s i namerno a l i zl-onamerno povzroEF1 .3kodo i n se zaveda l

I cla bi i z t e g a ver je t r -o lahko n a s t a l a glcoda.

Deve t i Elen konvenc i je se zamenja s s ledeEo odredbo: "'Ta konvenc i ja ne v p l i v a na odredbe v mednarodnih konvenc i jah a L i n ac iona ln ih zakonih q l e d e odqovornos t i z a nuklearno 3ko30".

DeoetF Elen konvenci je se zamenja s s ledeEo odredho: " Odredba t e konvenci je v e l j a za v s e nakla-dnice, k i se t i E e j o prevoza b l a g a med lukami dveh r a z l i E n i h drZava kadar :

a ) j e nak ladn ica i zdana v drZavi pogodbenic i ; b) se je zaEelo s prevozom b l aga v d rZavi poqodbenic i ; c ) j e nak ladn ico predvideno, da se pogodba ravna po

odredbah t e konvenci je a l i zakonodaje, k i se po t e h odredbah ravna oziroma j i h u v e l j a v l j a b r e z o z i r a na drZavno n r i p a d n o s t l a d j e , prevoznika , vk rceva l ca , prejemnika a l i b i l o k a t e r e druge e a i n t e r e s i r a n e osebe.

Vsaka od fl-rZav pogodbenic ho q o r a b l j a l a odredbe t e konvenc i je na zgo re j omenjenih nak ladn icah .

u p o r a h l j a t i odredbe t e konvenc i je na nakladnicah ki j i h omen- j a j o predhodni E l e n i ,

LINER BO016BNG NOTE No.:

, 1 :' ' i1 I I , 1. I t is hereby agreed between ; [i ," ji ,l;jli . . . , .

nerelnarrer callea tne lulercnanr ........... i i (Merchant)

that the Carrier shall reserve space for, and the Merchant shall ship the following goods: Idescri~tion of careob

i i ~ the / S the Carrier having the rigb-t (but no obligation) to (name)

substitution, transhipment and forwarding according to the provisions of clause 6 overleak

from ........................... .. ..... (or so near thereunto as the vessel may safely get and lie (Loading port)

always afloat)

. . ....................................... ........................................................................ , ' , to : ! . # . (discharging p r t ) / : I '

h!.i ................................................................................... 2. The t h e for shipment shall be about

. . , 1: 1 ; ;

, 3. Agreed freight at the rate of ................................... .... ............................................................................................................. PAYABLE AT DESTINATION

, , . PREPAYABLE

................................................... 4. The goods to be loaded .. UNDER DECK -- .. -. - -. - ON DECK

5. The Merchant's representatives at loading port are

I present form which are considered of particular interest during the period until the Bill of Lading is issued. j ,

The Bill of Lading form is obtainable from the Carrier's office or Agents.

Cor the Master

LINER BILL OF LADING Reference No.

Port of loading

Particulars futnished by the Merchant

SHI,PPED onboard in apparent good order and condition, weight, measure, marks, numbers, quality, contents and value unknown, for carriage to the port of discharge or so near thereunto as the Vessel may safely get and lie always afloat, to be delivered in the Iike good order and condition at the aforesaid Port unto Consignees o r their Assigns, they paying freight as per

---- note o n the margin plus other charges incurred in accordance with the provisions contained in ;his Bill of Lading.

In accepting this Bill of Lading the Merchant expressly acceptsand agrees to all its stipulations on both pages, whether written, printed. stamped or otherwise incorporated, as fully as if they were all signed by the Merchant.

One original Bill of Lading must be surrendered duly endorsed in exchange for the goods or delivery order.

I N WITNESS whereof the Master of the said Vessel has signed thenumber of original Bills of Lading stated above, all of this tenor and date, one of which being accomplished. the others to stand void.

Place and date of issue

Signed (for the Master) by

Prfnted and sold by Fr. G . Knudtzon. Ltd.. 57. Toldbod ade. copenhagen,

by authority of The Baltic and ~nternationaf Maritime Conference. Cnnenhagen.

8.724 68.

L I T E R A T U R A

ZSornik, Fomorsko pravo, Jadranski I n s t i t u t , Knjiga 1,

Zagreb 1951

Badovinec, Ugovori o i skor i z t avan ju porcorskih brodova,

Zagreb, 1970

Ciyoj, Transport , Ljubl jana 1968

Dworski: Ugovori o i skor i s t avan ju pomorskih brodova

( s k r i p t a ) Rijeka, 1961, I i I1 dio .

Jakaza, SaobraEajno pravo, Zagreb, 1970

KatiEi.6, Ogledi o medjunarodnom privatnom pravu, Zagreb, 1971

Carver, Carr iage by Sea, X I 1 i z d . , 197'-

Chorlsy: G i l e s , Shipping La?!, VI, i z d . , 1370

Manca, S tudi d i d i r i t t o d e l l a na:iiqacione, Vo'. . T- l ,Milano, 1 9 6 1

Scru t ton , On Charter P a r t i e s , X V I I i z d . , 1 9 6 4 I

V S E E I N A

1. Delitev prometa

2, Delitev pravnih predpisov v zvezi z prometom

3. Jugoslovanski in mednarodni predpisi v zvezi

z pogodbami

4. Razporeditev jugoslovanskega zakona

4.01 Sistemizacija poqodb po jug, zalronu

5. Pogodbene stranke in elementi potrebni za

sklenitev pogodb

5.01 Stranki

5.02 Volja

5.03 Bistveni elementi pogodbe

6. Osebe, ki se pojavljajo pri pogodbah

6 . 0 1 Ladjar

6,02 NaroEnik

6 - 0 3 Vkrcevalec

6.04 Prejemnik

6.05 Agent

6,O6 Pretovornik (stivador)

6,07 gpediter

7 0 Zakonska naEela

7 . 0 1 NaEelo dispozicije

7.02 Strogi zakonski predpisi

7.03 Subsidijarni predpisi

8. Odnos pogodba: obiEaji : zakon

9, Zgodovinski razvoj pogodb

10. Nekateri pravni sistemi pomorskega

prava na svetu

Italijansko staliSEe

Francosko staliSEe

11. Ladjarska pogcdba

11.01 Tipske pogodbe

12. Pomorski prevozniski pose1

13. Sklepanje pogodb pri zakupu ladij

14. Zastaranje terjatev

15. Kolizija zakonov

16, Pristojnost sodiSE za pomorske spore v SFRJ

17. ToZbe IN REM

18. Uporaba premczenjskega prava na odnose iz pogodb

DODATEK

Zakon o pogodbah o izkoriSEavanju morskih ladij

(El. 1 60 11 in 130 do 134)

International Convention for the unification of certain rules of law relating to bills of lading, Brussels, 24.8.1924 engleski tekst

Protocol to amend the International convention for the unifica ion of certain rules of law relating to bills of lading, signed at Brussels on 25th. August 1924, Brussels, 23rd.february 1968

Me2narodna konvencija o izenaEenju nekaterih pravil o nakladnici, Bruselj 25. avgust 1924 (PREVOD v SLOVENSEINO) Protokol o spremernbi Mednaroclne konvencije o izsnacenju nekaterih pravil o nakladnici, Bruselj 25.avgusta 1924, Bruselj 23.februarja 1968 (PRSVOD V SLOVEN~EINO)

LINER BOOKING NOTE

LINER BILL OF LADING - Primer st. 1 LINER BILL OF LADING - primer St. 2 Literatura

Vsebina

Popravki

Naslsv dela: Psmorski prevszi

Avtor : D jord je Ivkovi6, d lp l . pri:vnik i n d$.pl.ckonomist, prsfesor ViSje pomarske 3ole Piran

Obseg : 60 strani (6 avtorskih pol)

Naklada : 350 izvodov

Dotiskano: februarja 1973

Tehnika: Cikll.osti1 ,+ R e x - Rotauy Izdala in ViSja pomorska Sola. p iran zalo2i la: Pot pomor3Eakov 4

POMORSKI PREVOZI UVOD - dpps-mlas.si -PIRAN.… · ' 1. pomorsko pravo 2. pravo notranje plovbe 3....

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Transcript of POMORSKI PREVOZI UVOD - dpps-mlas.si -PIRAN.… · ' 1. pomorsko pravo 2. pravo notranje plovbe 3....