Politics and Life in the 1920’s US History Chapter 27-29.
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Transcript of Politics and Life in the 1920’s US History Chapter 27-29.
Politics and Life in the 1920’s
US History
Chapter 27-29
Post-War America
• Renewed isolationism• Increased suspicion of foreign-born people• Increased political conservatism (traditional
values)• Turning away from progressive reforms
• Fear of Communism• Communism – an economic and political system
that advocates a single political party and state ownership of property
The “Red Scare”The “Red Scare”The “Red Scare”The “Red Scare”
““What a Year Has Brought Forth” – What a Year Has Brought Forth” – NY NY WorldWorld
““Red Scare” -- Anti-Red Scare” -- Anti-CommunismCommunism
““Red Scare” -- Anti-Red Scare” -- Anti-CommunismCommunism
““Put Them Out & Keep Them Out” Put Them Out & Keep Them Out” – – Philadelphia InquirerPhiladelphia Inquirer
““RedRed Scare” – Palmer Scare” – Palmer RaidsRaids
““RedRed Scare” – Palmer Scare” – Palmer RaidsRaids
A. Mitchell Palmer’s Home Bombed, A. Mitchell Palmer’s Home Bombed, 19201920
Return of the Klan
• By 1924 membership = 4.5 million• Beliefs
• Keep “blacks in their place”• Drive Catholics, Jews, and foreign-born out
of the country• Enforce prohibition• Oppose labor unions
Picnic with the Klan
MilwaukeeWe promise a “hot” lunch!!
Welcome noteto a Madison, WIAfrican-American
What is the symbolism?
Anti-Labor Movements
• Unions tied to Communist beliefs• Decline in Union Membership
• Rise in immigration• Movement from rural areas• Exclusion of African-Americans
““If Capital & Labor Don’t Pull If Capital & Labor Don’t Pull Together” – Together” – Chicago TribuneChicago Tribune
Consequences of Labor Consequences of Labor UnrestUnrest
Consequences of Labor Consequences of Labor UnrestUnrest
““While We Rock the Boat” – While We Rock the Boat” – Washington Washington TimesTimes
Coal Coal MinersMiners
’ ’ Strike Strike - 1919- 1919
Coal Coal MinersMiners
’ ’ Strike Strike - 1919- 1919
““Keeping Warm” – Keeping Warm” – Los Angeles Los Angeles TimesTimes
Steel Steel
StrikStrike - e -
19191919
Steel Steel
StrikStrike - e -
19191919
““Coming Out of the Smoke” – Coming Out of the Smoke” – New York New York WorldWorld
““He gives aid & comfort to the He gives aid & comfort to the enemies of society” – enemies of society” – Chicago Chicago
TribuneTribune
Boston Police Strike - Boston Police Strike - 19191919
Boston Police Strike - Boston Police Strike - 19191919
““Striking Back” – Striking Back” – New York Evening New York Evening WorldWorld
Return to ‘Normalcy’
• Kellogg-Briand Pact• International agreement against using war
as an instrument of national policy• Small problem:
• No way to enforce
• Immigration Quota System• Maximum number of people allowed to
enter US by foreign country (changes from year to year)
Immigration Changes
Red = North/WestEurope
Blue = South/EastEurope
Business of America
• Impact of the Automobile• Paved roads• Urban sprawl• Independence and economic revolution
• Airplanes• Electric Conveniences
• Radios ($75), washing machine ($150), sewing machine ($60)
• Advertising, credit, and consumer choices
Ford Model T and Model A
Model T
15 million produced
Model A
2 million people Viewed in NY on First day
The Prohibition Experiment1920-1933
• Causes• Various religious groups
thought alcohol was sinful
• Need to protect the public’s health
• Alcohol leads to crime, domestic abuse, and job issues
• Nativism – against foreign born brewers and immigrants that used alcohol
• Effects• Widespread disregard for
the law• Increased smuggling and
bootlegging• New source of criminal
income• Birth of organized crime
Prohibition
The Twenties Woman
• Fashion • What do clothing styles reflect?
• Actions• Smoking, dancing, and drinking
• Relationships• Marriage• Double standard• Birth Control – Margaret Sanger
• Work• 10 million women workers (24% of the total)
Twenties Fashion
History Repeats Itself• Parents feel their children
are staying out too late• Crime is on the rise• Drunkenness is a serious
problem• People are risking their
savings on stocks• People are spending
money on things they don’t need
• Young people spend too much time listening to music
• Young people don’t spend enough time on schoolwork
• Women spend less time at home being wives and mothers
• Young people are going out in cars and it is unsafe
• Today’s new music is terrible and ruining young people
• “Nice” girls shouldn’t smoke, wear tight clothes or drink
Entertainment of the 1920’s
• Sports Heroes• Baseball – Babe Ruth (60 HR in 1927)• Boxing – Jack Dempsey vs. Gene Tunney
(150,000 viewers)• Football – Notre Dame & Knute Rockne
(Five undefeated seasons)• Swimming – Gertrude Ederle – first woman
to swim the English Channel
Tunney vs. Dempsey
More Entertainment
• Charles Lindbergh’s Flight – first nonstop solo flight across the Atlantic (34 hours = $25,000 prize)
• Movies – from silent to sound • Music & Literature
• George Gershwin – composer• Sinclair Lewis – first American Nobel Prize for
literature• Ernest Hemingway• Newspapers and weekly magazines (Time,
Reader’s Digest)
Mass Culture: The Movies
• A new culture of youth and celebrity emerged with the popularity of the movies.
Mass Culture: The Movies
• Rudolph Valentino and Clara Bow- two sex symbols and film icons of the Jazz Age.
Mass Culture: Radio
• As the popularity of radio expanded, advertisers began sponsoring radio shows to appeal to consumers.
• By the end of the decade, 40% of homes had radio receivers.
Mass Culture: Music and the Music Industry
• As America developed mass culture through film, advertising, and radio, previously isolated musical styles blended to produce lively and often rebellious radio hits.
African-Americans
• Great Migration• By the end of the 1920’s almost five million
African-Americans lived in cities (40%)• Huge numbers of race riots (25 in 1919)
• Goals – NAACP • Protest racial violence• Promote legislation to protect African-
American rights
Marcus Garvey
• Founded Universal Negro Improvement Association
• Promote African-American businesses• Support a ‘Back to Africa’ movement
• Black Star Line• Colonize a nation
• Convicted of mail fraud and jailed
• Legacy = black pride, economic independence and reverence for Africa
Harlem Renaissance
• Literary and artistic movement celebrating African-American culture
• Why Harlem?• Mix of southerners, West Indies, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and
Haiti• World’s largest black urban community
• Key figures• Claude McKay – militant poet• Langston Hughes – poet• Louis Armstrong – Jazz musician• Duke Ellington – Jazz musician
Science vs. Religion
• Fundamentalism – literal interpretation of the Bible
• Adam & Eve or a Monkey?• Evolution theory• Creation theory
• The Scopes Trial• Dayton, Tennessee
The Defendant
The Lawyers
The Outcome
• Scopes – Guilty $100 fine• Darrow wins verbal war by:
Asking Bryan if God created the world in 6 days (as we know a day)
Bryan’s answer cast doubt on the length of the day (which weakens the fundamentalist argument)
1920s Review
• Sacco & Vanzetti • Causes/Effects of
Prohibition• Impacts of the
Automobile• Union issues• Great Migration• Harlem
Renaissance
• Double standard• Fundamentalism• Scopes Trial