POLICI ES tm;vHk;twlzGYHNzdK;wdk;wufjcif; FO ......tm;vHk;twlzGYHNzdK;wdk;wufjcif; jrefrmEdkifiHü...
Transcript of POLICI ES tm;vHk;twlzGYHNzdK;wdk;wufjcif; FO ......tm;vHk;twlzGYHNzdK;wdk;wufjcif; jrefrmEdkifiHü...
tm;vHk;twlzGYHNzdK;wdk;wufjcif;
jrefrmEdkifiHü aus;vufa'oqif;&JEGrf;yg;rIavSsmhcsjcif;
ALLABOARD
Policies for shared prosperity in Myanmar
POLICIES FOR SHARED PROSPERITY IN MYAN
MAR
103338P
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Aut
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ALLABOARD
Policies for shared prosperity in Myanmar
This Policy Note was prepared by:Nikolas Myint (Team Leader and Senior Social Development Specialist); Reena Badiani-Magnusson (Senior Poverty Economist);Andrea Woodhouse (Senior Social Development Specialist) and Sergiy Zorya (Senior Agricultural Economist) under the guidance of Salman Zaidi (Practice Manager, Poverty); Bassam Ramadan (Practice Manager, Social Development);Nathan Belete (Practice Manager, Agriculture) andSteven Jaffee (Lead Agriculture Specialist)
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tm;vHk;twlzGYHNzdK;wdk;wufjcif;
jrefrmEdkifiHü aus;vufa'oqif;&JEGrf;yg;rIavSsmhcsjcif;
,aeY jzpfxGef;ay:aygufvsuf&Sdonfh pD;yGm;a&;tcGifhtvrf;rsm;wGif aus;vufae jynfolrsm;
yg0ifaqmif&GufcGifhudk zefwD;ay;Edkifonfh rl0g'rsm;csrSwfaqmif&Gufay;rSom jrefrmEdkifiHwGif jynfoltm;vkH;
yg0ifEdkifonfh zGUHNzdK;wdk;wufa&;udk azmfaqmifEdkifrnf/ jrefrmEdkifiH\ aus;vufa'oonf jynfoltrsm;pk\
aexdkif&m t&yfa'ojzpfonf/ wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd; trsm;pkonfvnf; aus;vufa'wGif aexdkifvsuf&SdNyD;
jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd qif;&JEGrf;yg;ol OD;a& pkpkaygif;\ 70% onf aus;vufa'owGif aexdkifMuonf/ aus;vufa'o
zGUHNzdK;wdk;wufa&;twGuf t"du twm;tqD;jzpfaeonfh taMumif;&if;rsm;rSm pdkufysdK;a&;vkyfief;rS &&Sdonfh
tusKd;tjrwfenf;yg;jcif;? NrdKUjyESifh EIdif;,SOfvSsif jynfolYa&;&m0efaqmifrIrsm; vufvSrf;rDrI tm;enf;jcif; ESifh
vlom;zGUHNzdK;rI &v'frsm; odompGm edrfhusaejcif;wdkYaMumifhjzpfonf/
pdkufysdK;a&;xGufukefrsm; wdk;wufvmap&ef jyKjyif
ajymif;vJrIrsm;udk aqmif&Guf&ef vdktyfonf/ odkUaomf
aus;vufae jynfolrsm;\ b0 om,m0ajyma&;ESifh
toufarG;0rf;ausmif; vkyfief;rsm; tm;vkH; wdk;wuf
vmap&ef xdkrSsESifh rvkHavmufao;yg/ aus;vufae
jynfolrsm;twGuf vlom;t&if;tjrpfESifh &kyfydkif;qdkif&m
pGrf;aqmif&nfrsm; jr§ifhwifay;Edkifrnfh vlrI0efaqmifrI
rsm;ESifh pD;yGm;a&; tcGifhtvrf;rsm; ydkrdk &&SdEdkif&ef
wdk;jr§ifhaqmif&Gufay;&rnfjzpfonf/ odkUrSom v,f,m
tay:tajcrcHonfh aus;vuf pD;yGm;a&; u@wpf&yf
t&Sdeft[kefESifh zGUHNzdK;vmap&ef vdktyfonfh tajctae
rsm;udk zefwD;ay;Edkifrnf/ þjyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;u
aus;vufa'owdk;wufrIESifh qif;&JrI avSsmhcsa&;
aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;udk twm;tqD;jzpfaeonfh
udpö&yfrsm;udkz,f&Sm;ay;EdkifNyD; pD;yGm;a&; pepfydkif;qdkif&m
toGifajymif;&efvnf; taxmuftuljyKEdkifonf/
þodkYjzifh jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd vlwef;pm; tm;vkH;\
vlrIpD;yGm;b0rsm; wdk;wufvmEdkifonf/
tm;vHk;twlzGYHNzdK;wdk;wufjcif;
jrefrmEdkifiHü aus;vufa'oqif;&JEGrf;yg;rIavSsmhcsjcif;
2
jyKjyifajymif;vJrI aqmif&Guf&ef
aemufcHtajctaersm;ESifh tcGifhtvrf;rsm;
qif;&JEGrf;yg;rIonf jrefrmEdkifiH\ aus;vufa'o
rsm;wGif ysUHESHUwnf&Sdaeonf/ qif;&JEGrf;yg;ol trsm;pk
onfpdkufysdK;a&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh aeYpm;vkyfief;rsm;wGif
0ifa&mufvkyfudkifvsuf&Sdonf/ jrefrmEdkifiH\ vkyfom;
tiftm;wpf0ufausmfonf pdkufysdK;a&;ü vkyfudkif
Muonf/ odkUaomf jrefrmEdkifiH\ pdkufysKd;a&;u@onf
BuD;rm;onfh toGiful;ajymif; wdk;wufrI wpf&yf
jzpfay:&ef vdktyfaeonf/ odkUrSom jynfolrsm;\
vlaerItqifhtwef;rsm;tm; jr§ifhwifay;EdkifrnfjzpfNyD;
wefzdk;jrifhxkwfukefESifh 0efaqmifrIrsm; ay:aygufap&ef
tm;ay;onfh pepfydkif;qdkif&m wdk;wufajymif;vJrIrsm;
jzpfay:vmEdkifrnf/ 2014 ckESpfwGif pdkufysKd;a&;u@onf
pkpkaygif; jynfwGif;xkwfvkyfrI (GDP) \ 31% &Sdaomfvnf;
xkwfvkyfrIrSm usqif;cJhonf/ t"duoD;ESHjzpfonfh
pyg;xkwfvkyfrIEIef;rSm tm&SEdkifiHrsm;teuf tedrfhqHk;
jzpfonf (yHk 1)/ jrpf0ußGef;ay:a'owGif rdk;pyg;
pdkufysKd;rI xkwfvkyfrI wpf[ufwmvSsif ysrf;rSstjrwfaiG
tar&duefa':vm 140 (rdom;pk0ifrsm;\ vkyftm;
tygt0if xkwfvkyfrIp&dwftm;vHk; EIwfNyD;onfh &aiG)
&Sdonf/ uarÇm'D;,m;EdkifiHwGif tar&duefa':vm 340
ESifh AD,uferfEdkifiHwGif 430 wdkU toD;oD; &&SdMuonf/
t&nftaoG;jynfhrDonfh rsKd;aphrsm;udk toHk;jyK
pdkufysKd;jcif;jzifh pdkufydsK;a&;xGufukefrsm; wdk;wuf
xkwfvkyfEdkifrnfh tvm;tvmrsm; &Sdaeonf/
rsKd;aph xkwfvkyfjcif; vkyfief;udk tpdk;&utm;ay;
aqmif&Gufaeaomfvnf; vuf&SdwGif aqmif&GufEdkifrIrSm
tuefUtowf&Sdaeonf/ yk*¾vduu@rS &if;ESD;jr§KyfESH
Edkif&eftwGufvnf; twm;tqD;rsm;pGm &Sdaeonf/
¤if;wdkYwGif &if;ESD;jrSKyfESHrIpnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifh vkyfxHk;
vkyfenf;rsm;&Sif;vif;wdusrIr&Sdjcif;? todOmPfydkifqdkif
cGifhrsm;udk tumtuG,fray;Edkifjcif;? tcsdefwdktwGif;
rSwfyHkwifay;jcif;ESifh t&nftaoG; ppfaq;jcif;rsm;
ponfh jynfolU0efaqmifrIrsm; tm;enf;jcif;wdkY
yg0ifonf/ xdkUaMumifh pyg;ESifh tjcm;oD;ESHrsm;twGuf
rsdK;aumif;rsdK;oefYrsm; &Sm;yg;vsuf&Sdonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHwGif
rsdK;pyg; vdktyfcsuf\ 1% udkom jznfhwif;ay;Edkifonf[k
cefYrSef;xm;onf/ xdk&mcdkifEIef;rSm a'owGif;rS tjcm;
EdkifiHrsm;ESifh,SOfvSsif tvGefedrfhusaeonf/ (yHk 2)
pdkufysdK;a&;enf;ynmrsm;ESifh enf;vrf;rsm; wdk;wuf
tokH;jyKEdkifrnfh tcGifhtvrf;rsm;pGmvnf; &Sdaeygonf/
awmifolv,form;rsm;xHwGif vuf&Sdtajctaeü
oD;ESHtrsdK;rsdK;wdkY\ acwfrDpkdufysdK;a&; enf;vrf;rsm;ESifh
pyfvsOf;onfh A[kokwrsm;r&SdMuyg/ "gwfajrMoZm
rsm;ESifh "gwkypönf;rsm;udk rMumcPyif vdkonfxuf
ydkoHk;Mu&m xda&mufrI avsmhenf;vmNyD; (yHk 3)?
tusdK;tjrwfvnf; enf;vmonf/ pdkufysKd;a&;xkwfukef
rsm;udk ,cifu EdkifiHjcm;odkU tajrmuftjrm;wifydkU
a&mif;csEdkifcJhaomfvnf; ,cktcg txGufEIef;usqif;jcif;?
t&nftaoG;edrfhusjcif;ESifh pdkufysdK;a&; xkwfukefrsm;udk
jyKjyifxkwfykd;onfhtydkif;wGif tm;enf;jcif;wdkYu
yHk 1? tm&SEdkifiHrsm;tvdkuf pyg;xkwfvkyfrI (2014-2015)
Source: US Department of Agriculture
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xdktajctaeodkY jyefvnf a&muf&SdEdkif&ef twm;tqD;
jzpfvsuf&Sdonf/ aus;vufa'owGif acs;aiG tvG,fwul
r&&SdEdkifjcif;aMumifhvnf; v,form;rsm;taejzifh
enf;ynmopfrsm; &,laqmif&GufEdkif&efESifh oD;ESHtrsdK;rsdK;
wdk;csJU pdkufysdK;Edkif&ef rvG,fulacs/ awmifol v,form;
37% ESifh v,f,m vkyfom; 10% cefUomvSsif acs;aiG
rsm;udk w&m;0if &&SdEdkifMuonf/
ajr,mykdifqdkifrI vHkNcHKpdwfcsrI&dSvmygu enf;ynm
toHk;jyKrIESifh yk*¾vdu&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIrsm;udk tm;ay;&m
a&mufrnfjzpfojzifh pdkufysdK;a&;vkyfief;tay: MuD;rm;
onfh tusKd;oufa&mufrIrsm; &SdvmEdkiffonf/ jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd
v,f,majrtrsm;pkonf ao;i,fMuNyD; ESpf[wfwmrSs
tus,ft0ef;&Sdonfh v,f,majrwpfuGufonfyif
ESpfydkif; okH;ydkif; uGJaeojzifh puf,Eå&m;MuD;rsm;
tokH;jyKEdkif&efESifh aps;uGuf&SmazG&mwdkUwGif tcuftcJ
jzpfvsuf&Sdonf/ xdktcuftcJrsm;udk tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;wGif
ausmfvTm;EdkifcJhonfhenf;vrf;rsm;teuf Oyrm wpfckrSm
aps;uGufudk tajccHNyD; v,f,majrrsm;udk pkaygif;
aqmif&GufcJhMujcif;jzpfonf/ xdkodkU aqmif&GufEdkif&ef
v,f,majr iSm;&rf;onfh aps;uGufay:aygufvm&ef
ta&;BuD;ygonf/ v,f,majraps;uGuf ay:aygufEdkif&ef
rSmvnf; ajr,mydkifqdkifrIrsm; vkHjcKHpdwfcsrI&Sdap&ef
vdktyfygonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHwGif t&G,ftpm; BuD;rm;onfh
v,f,majr ta&twGufrSm tenf;i,fom &Sdonf/
þajrrsm;\ ydkifqdkifrIonf vkHjcKHpdwfcsrItm;enf;
aomfvnf; rsm;aomtm;jzifh ESpf&SnfoD;yifrsm;udk
pdkufysdK;xm;Muonf/
vwfwavmwGif tajccHusonfh jynfolUa&;&m
0efaqmifrIrsm; ydkrdk&&SdEdkifap&ef wdk;jr§ifhaqmif&Guf
ay;jcif;jzifh vlom;t&if;tjrpf wdk;wufvm&ef1?
aps;uGufrsm;ESifh csdwfqufEdkifap&efESifh v,f,mtay:
tajcrcHonfh tjcm; toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;
jzpfxGef;Edkif&eftwGuf taxmuftulay;Edkifonf/2
aus;vufaejynfol 84% onf vSsyfppfrD; r&&Sdyg/
37% twGuf oefY&Sif;aom aomufoHk;a& r&&Sdyg/
aus;vufvrf;pkpkaygif;\ 12% om jyKjyif xm;onfh
vrf;rsm; jzpfonf/ xdkUaMumifh vrf;trsm;pkrSm rdk;&moDwGif
oGm;vmí r&yg/ xdkaMumifh aus;vufa'oonf
tquftoG,f jywfawmufNyD; aus;vufae jynfolrsm;
twGuf aps;rsm;odkY oGm;vmEdkif&ef? tvkyftudkif
tcGifhtvrf;rsm;ESifh 0efaqmifrIrsm; &&Sd&ef twm;tqD;
jzpfvsuf &Sdonf/ aus;vufaejynfolrsm;udk
yHk 2? tm&SEdkifiHrsm;tvdkuf
pyg;rsdK;aph a&mif;vdktm;ESifh ê,fvdktm;tcsdK; (2013-2014)
Source: World Bank estimates.
yHk 3? tm&SEdkifiHrsm;wGif Edkufx&dk*sif toHk;jyKrI
xda&mufjcif; (2013-2014)
Source: LIFT and World Bank.
1 vlrI0efaqmifrIrsm; &&Sda&;wGif aus;vufESifh jrdKUjyuGmjcm;yHktm; aqG;aEG;&eftwGuf “uGm[rIrsm;avsmhcsjcif;/ vlwdkif;twGuf
ynma&;? usef;rma&;ESifh vlrIêefaqmifrIrsm; ydkrdk wdk;jr§ifhaqmif&Gufay;jcif;” [lonfh rl0g'a&;&m tMuHjyKcsufrsm;udk udk;um;yg/
2 “jrefrmhpGrf;tif jr§ifhwifjcif;/ vlwdkif;twGuf pGrf;tif” [lonhf rl0g'a&;&mrSwfpkwGif Munhfyg/
4
b@maiG
t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk
cGJa0csxm;ay;jcif;
pdkufysKd;a&;
u@twGuf
acs;aiGrsm; ydkrdk
yHhydk;ay;&ef
pGrf;aqmif&nf jr§ifhwifay;Edkifonfh enf;vrf;rsm;udk
tokH;jyKum xdk twm;tqD;rsm;udk ausmfvTm;Edkif&ef
aqmif&Gufay;&rnf/ xdkodkY aqmif&Gufay;Edkifrnf
qdkvSsif cufcJonfh wnfae&maMumifh tquftoG,f
jywfawmufaerIudk ajz&Sif;edkifrnf/ xdkUtjyif aemufus
usefaecJhonfh a'orsm;twGuf tpdk;&u xda&mufpGm
ulnDEdkifrnfjzpf&m wdkif;&if;om; vlrsKd;rsm; tcsif;csif;
pkpnf; nDnGwfrIudkvnf; &&SdEdkifrnfjzpfonf/
txl;ojzifh wdkif;&if;om; vlenf;pkrsm; aexdkifonfh
a'orsm;ESifh y#dyu©rsm; jzpfyGm;cJhNyD; tpdk;&\ tkyfcsKyfa&;
oufa&mufrI tm;enf;onfh e,fpyfa'orsm;
yg0ifMuonf/
jrdKUjyESifh jrdKUjywpfydkif;{&d,mrsm;udk zGUHNzdK;wdk;wuf
vmap&ef aqmif&Gufay;jcif;onfvnf; aus;vuf
xkwfukefrsm;twGuf aps;uGufcsJU&efESifh aus;vufrS
jrdKUjyodkY a&TUajymif;aexdkifolrsm;twGuf tvkyftudkif
tcGifhtvrf;rsm; zefwD;ay;&ef taxmuftuljyKonf/
rauG;wdkif;a'oBuD;wGif tdrfaxmifpkav;pkvSsif wpfpkESifh
{&m0wDwdkif;a'oBuD;wGif tdrfaxmifpk ig;pkvSsif
wpfpkrS tdrfom;wpfa,mufonf tjcm;a'oodkY
a&TUajymif;aexdkifaMumif; od&onf/ txl;ojzifh
jrdKUjywGif aeYpm;tvkyfrsm;jzpfonfh aqmufvkyfa&;?
pm;aomufqdkifESifh vufbuf&nfqdkifrsm;wGif t"du
0ifa&muf vkyfudkifMuonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHwGif wpfae&mrS
wpfae&modkU ajymif;a&TU&jcif;rSm rdom;pkESifh ynma&;
udpörsm;aMumifh r[kwfbJ pm;0wfaea&; tajctaeaMumifh
jzpfaMumif; od&onf/ {&m0wD wdkif;a'oMuD;rS
tdrfaxmifpk 74% ESifh rauG;wdkif;a'oMuD;rS tdrfaxmifpk
71% u ,if;wdkY tdrfom;rsm;onf tvkyf&Sm&ef odkYr[kwf
tvkyfvkyf&ef a&TUajymif;aexdkifaMumif;ESifh aemufxyf
20% u ,if;wdkY tdrfaxmifpkrsm;wGif &kwfw&uf
BuHKawGYvm&onhf pD;yGm;a&; tMuyftwnf;rsm;aMumifh
a&TUajymif;&aMumif; ajzqdkMuonf/
5
vwfwavm zGHYjzdK;wdk;wufrIrsm;
jrefrmEdkifiHonf aus;vufa'owdk;wufa&;\
wGef;tm;wpf&yfjzpfonfh pdkufysdK;a&;udk tm;ay;onfh
rl0g'rsm;udk 2011 ckESpfuwnf;u usifhoHk;cJhonf/
ydkUukeftm;ay;onfh rl0g'rsm; tygt0if EdkifiHjcm;aiG
vSJv,f a&mif;0,fa&;? ukefoG,fa&; udpö&yfrsm;wGif
ajzavSsmhrIrsm; jyKvkyfay;cJhjcif;aMumifh pdkufysKd;a&; u@
zGUHNzdK;wdk;wufa&;aqmif&Guf&mwGif taxmuftul
jzpfapcJhonf/ pdkufysdK;a&;u@wGif tpdk;&\
axmufyHhaMu;rsm; okdUr[kwf aps;uGufudk yHkysufaponfh
t&mrsm; MuD;BuD;rm;rm; r&SdcJhbJ pdkufysdK;a&;
xkwfukefrsm;ESifh pm;aomufukef aps;EIef;rsm;onf
aps;uGuf oabmw&m;twdkif; &SdcJhonf [k qdkEdkifonf/
2015 ckESpfwGif a&;qGJcJhonfh qefpyg;u@ zGHYjzdK;
wdk;wufa&;AsL[monf qefxkwfvkyfrIESifh txGuf
EIef;wdk;wuf t"du&nf&G,fum a&;qGJxm;NyD;
t&nftaoG; aumif;rGefvmap&ef? EdkifiHjcm; aps;uGufwGif
,SOfNydKifEdkifpGrf;&Sd&efESifh tpdk;&ESifh yk*¾vdu yl;aygif;
aqmif&Gufa&; (Public Private Partnerships-PPP) rsm; ydkrdk
vkyfaqmifEdkif&ef tm;ay;xm;onf/
rMumrDESpfrsm;twGif; pdkufysdK;a&; vkyfief;rsm;twGuf
bPfrsm;u ay;onfh acs;aiG yrmPonf
wdk;wufvmaMumif; awGU&onf/ jrefrmh v,f,m
zGHYjzdK;a&; bPfu xkwfay;onfh acs;aiG yrmPrSm
2009-2010 wGif usyfoef;aygif; 94000 &Sd&mrS 2014-
2015 wGif usyfbDvD,Haygif; 1165 &SdvmcJhonf/
acs;aiGrSm avSsmhayghay;onfh subsidized terms jzpfNyD;
rdk;&moDpyg; xkwfvkyfonfh umvtay: tajccHNyD;
acs;ay;vsuf &Sdaomfvnf; acs;aiG\ xda&mufrIESifh
a&&Snf tvkyfjzpfrItay: ar;cGef;xkwfp&m jzpfaeonf/3
v,form;rsm;twGuf pdkufysKd;a&;oGif;tm;pkrsm;
yHhydk;jcif;? jyKjyifxkwfykd;NyD; pdkufysKd;a&; xGufukefrsm;ESifh
ukefypönf;rsm; ul;oef;a&mif;0,fjcif;wdkYwGif yk*¾vdu
3 jrefrmh v,f,m zHYGNzdK;a&;bPf \ tqdkjyKcsufjzpfonfh
b@ma&;u@jyKjyifajymif;vJrI ydkrdkus,fjyefYap&ef jyefvnf
xkqpfjcif;ESifhtwl rl0g'a&;&mrSwfpk tem*wftwGuf
&if;ESD;NrSyfESHjcif;/ vlwdkif;twGuf yGifhvif;acwfrDaom b@
ma&;pepf wnfaqmufjcif; udk Munhfyg/
pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;rsm; \ yg0ifrI tcef;u@onf
ta&;BuD;onfhtjyif wdk;wuf jzpfay:aeonf
udkvnf; awGU&onf/ ta&;ygonfh ajr,mqdkif&m
Oya'rsm; jy|mef;jcif; (Oyrm ajr,m Oya' ESpfck)ESifh
tpjyKjcif; (Oyrm ajr,m rl0g' rlabmifESifh Oya')
wdkYudk aqmif&GufEdkifcJhonf/ v,form;rsm;pGmonf
ajr,mtoHk;jyKcGifh taxmuftxm; vufrSwfrsm;
&&SdcJhMuonf/4 þuJhodkU aumif;rGefonfh
jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;aMumifh pdkufysKd;a&; u@
udk wdk;wufapcJhonf/ ykHrSefaps;EIef;rsm;t&
wdk;wufrIEIef;onf 2012-2013 wGif 1.7 %? 2013-
2014 wGif 3.6 % ESifh 2014-2015 wGif 5.6 % txd
&Sdvmonf/
txufyg wdk;wufrIrsm;udk tm;jznfhay;Edkif&ef
ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm vspfvsL&Ixm;jcif;cH&onfh aus;vuf
a'o qif;&JEGrf;yg;rI avSsmhcsa&; vkyfief;rsm;udk jyefvnf
tav;ay;aqmif&GufcJhonf/ aus;vufa'orsm;wGif
aexdkifonfh jynfolrsm;twGuf jynfolUa&;&m
0efaqmifrI vkyfief;rsm;udk yGifhvif;jrifomrI? wm0efcHrI
&SdpGmjzifh vsifjrefpGm wkefUjyefaqmif&Gufay;Edkif&eftwGuf
pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vlrIa&; jyKjyifajymif;vJa&; rlabmif
(jrefrmEdkifiHwGif vlwef;pm;tm;vHk; yg0ifonfh
wdk;wufrIESifh pOfqufrjywf zGHYjzdK;wdk;wufrI &&SdEdkif&ef
&nf&G,fonf) ESifh aus;vufa'o zGHYNzdK;wdk;wufa&;
r[mAsL[m rlabmif (aus;vufae jynfolrsm;ESifh
a0;vHacgifzsm;onfh a'orsm;udk tultnDay;rnfh
tpDtpOfrsm; yg&Sdonf)wdkUudk csrSwfaqmif&GufcJhonf/
4 rMumcif xGuf&SdcJhonfh ajr,mOya'rsm;wGif tpOftqufu
vkyfudkifcJhonfh awmifwef;a'orS v,fajrrsm;udk ydkifqdkifcGifh
r&Sdonfh udpö&yfrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;NyD; azmfjyxm;jcif; r&Sdjcif;onf
tjiif;yGm;rI y#dyu©rsm; ay:aygufvmEdkifonfh tcsufjzpfonf/
a'wmtcsuftvufrsm; rSwfwrf; pkaqmif;xm;&SdrI
tm;enf;jcif;ESifh tajccHtaqmufttkHydkif;qdkif&m
csKdUwJhrIwdkUaMumifh trSefwu,f vkyfudkif aqmif&Gufaeonfh
ajr,mtajctaeudk aumif;pGm udk,fpm;rjyKEdkifonfhtwGuf
ajr,mydkifqdkifcGifh taxmuftxm;rsm;&Sdonfh v,f,majr
toD;oD;onfvnf; cdkifvkHrI&Sdonf[k rqdkEdkifyg/
6
þrlabmifrsm; taumiftxnfazmf&ef ESifh
aus;vufa'o zGUHNzdK;a&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif &if;ESD;jr§KyfESH
aqmif&GufEdkif&eftwGuf jynfolU b@maiGrsm;
udk okH;pGJ&mwGif A[dkcsKyfudkifrI ajzavSsmhay;rIrsm;
aqmif&GufcJhjcif;jzifh jynfe,frsm;ESifh wdkif;a'oBuD;
tpdk;&rsm;tm; vkyfydkifcGifhrsm; ydkdrkd ay;tyfcJhonf/
jynfe,fESifh wdkif;a'oBuD;rsm; twGuf jynfolU b@maiG
cGJa0ay;rIrSm tpdk;& tokH;p&dwfpkpkaygif;\ 10%
rSsom &SdNyD; tvGefenf;onf[k qdkEdkifonf/ xdkrSs
yrmPjzifh aus;vufa'o zGUHNzdK;a&;twGuf y"meusNyD;
ta&;BuD;onfh 0efaqmifrI vkyfief;rsm; (Oyrm -
pdkufysKd;a&;? a'oEå& ydkUaqmifqufoG,fa&;? tdrfwGif;
pufrI vufrI vkyfief;rsm;? tao;pm; vSsyfppfrD; &&Sda&;
vkyfief;rsm; ponf) aqmif&Guf&ef okH;pGJae&onf/
pm&if;Z,m;rsm;t& qif;&JrIEIef; jrifhrm;onfh jynfe,fESifh
wdkif;a'oMuD;wdkUwGif jynfolwpfOD;csif;tay: jynfolU
b@maiG ydkrdk okH;pGJaMumif; awGU&Sd&onf/ (ykH 4)
xdktcsufonf jynfolUa&;&m 0efaqmifrIrsm; &&SdEdkifrI
tm;enf;vsuf&Sdonfh a'orsm;wGif 0efaqmifrIrsm;
wkd;jr§ifhay;tyfEdkif&ef BudK;yrf;aqmif&GufaeaMumif;
jyoaeygonf/
jynfolU b@maiGrsm; cGJa0csxm;ay;&mwGif azmfjrLvm
wpfckudk tajccHwGufcsufonfhpepf (formula-
based system) udk taumiftxnfazmfEdkif&ef ueOD;
MudK;yrf;aqmif&GufrIrsm;&SdaeNyD; xdkaqmif&GufcsufaMumifh
a'owpfckcsif;pD\ zGHYjzdK;wdk;wufa&;vdktyfcsufrsm;ESifh
tnD jynfolYb@maiG t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk cGJa0csxm;
ay;&ef aumif;pGm taxmuftuljyKEdkifonf/ taxGaxG
vkyfief;rsm;twGuf tokH;jyK&ef vTJajymif;ay;rIonf
2011-2012 jynfaxmifpkbuf*sufwGif pkpkaygif;
jynfwGif;xkwfvkyfrI(GDP) \ 0.6% &Sd&mrS 2014-2015
wGif 2.3% txd wdk;wufvmcJhonf/ xdkwdk;wufrIonf
jynfe,frsm;ESifh wdkif;a'oBuD;rsm;\ zGHYjzdK;wdk;wufrI
tajctaersm;ESifh csdwfqufaeonf/ azmfjrLvmudk
tokH;jyKum jynfe,f/ wdkif;a'oBuD;rsm;tm;vkH;&Sd jynfol
wpfOD;csif;pD twGuf b@maiG cGJa0&mwGif nDnDrSsrSs
jzpfap&ef aqmif&GufEdkifcJhonf/ þvkyfaqmifcsufu
jynfol wpfOD;csif;xHrS tcGef aumufcH&&SdrI enf;ygonfh
jynfe,frsm;ESifh wdkif;a'oBuD;rsm; &ifqdkifae&onfh
b@maiG okH;pGJEdkifrI tcuftcJrsm;udkvnf; ajz&Sif;ay;&ef
taxmuftuljyKonf/ (yHk 5)
yHk 4? jynfe,frsm;ESifh wdkif;a'oBuD;rsm;\ qif;&JrIESifh
wpfOD;ustoHk;p&dwfrsm;
Source: Integrated Household Living Conditions Survey, Ministry of Finance and World Bank staff calculations
yHk 5? qif;&JrIESifh wpfOD;us udk,fydkifomref0ifaiGrsm;
Source: Integrated Household Living Conditions Survey, Ministry of Finance and World Bank staff calculations
7
þvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk xyfrHtm;jznhf&ef jrefrmEdkifiH
onf trsKd;om;tqifh vlxk A[dkjyK pDrHudef; (National
Community Driven Development Program-NCDDP)
udk 2013 ckESpfwGif pwifcJhonf/ xdktpDtpOf\
ueOD; awGU&Sdcsufrsm;t& aus;vufa'orsm;wGif
qif;&JEGrf;yg;rI usqif;aeonfh &vm'faumif;rsm;
xGufay:aeonf/ vlxkA[dkjyK pDrHudef; (NCDDP) onf
zGHYjzdK; wdk;wufa&; pDrHcsufrsm;udk taumiftxnfazmf&ef
&yf&Gmvlxkudk ulnDí &yf&Gmtqifh tajccH
taqmufttHkrsm;twGuf aiGaMu;tultnDrsm;udk
aus;&Gmtkyfpk aumfrwDrsm;odkY wdkuf&dkuf
vTJajymif;ay;onf/ aus;&Gmtkyfpk aumfrwD0ifrsm;udk
vSsdKU0SufrJqE´jzifh usm;? rrSswpGm a&G;aumuf wifajr§muf
Muonf/ þtpDtpOfudkf ueOD;tqifhtjzpf
aus;vufa'orS jrdKUe,f 27 jrdKUe,fjzifh pwifcJhonf/
þtpDtpOfaMumifh vlaygif; 7 odef;cefYonf
trsm;jynfolqdkif&m tajccH taqmufttHkrsm;udk
tokH;jyKcGifh &&SdvmMuonf/ pDrHudef;wGif yg0ifonfh
aus;vufa'orsm;rS tdrfaxmifpk oHk;yHkESpfyHkonf
pDrHudef;rsm; a&;qGJjcif;? qHk;jzwfcsufcsjcif;ESifh
taumiftxnfazmfjcif; wdkYwGif udk,fwdkifudk,fus
yg0ifaqmif&Gufaeonf/ &yf&Gmvlxk 75% onf pDrHudef;
taumiftxnfazmfrIESifh &vm'frsm;tay: tjynfht0
odkYr[kwf tjynfht0xuf ausmfvGefí auseyfrI&Sdonf[k
ajzqdkMuonf/
a'oqkdif&m tawGYtBuHKrsm;ESifh oifcef;pmrsm;
qif;&JrIavSsmhcsa&;wGif atmifjrifrIrsm; &&SdcJhonfh
AD,uferfEdkifiHxHrS jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf ta&;BuD;onfh
oifcef;pmrsm; &,lEdkifygonf/ AD,uferfEdkifiHwGif
qif;&JrIIEIef; vsifjrefpGm usqif;rIonf ,cifu
wpfBudrfwpfcgrS rMuKHpzl; xl;uJonfh tajctaersKd;
jzpfcJhonf/ 1993 ckESpfwGif qif;&JrIEIef; 58% &Sd&mrS
2012 ckESpfwGif 17% txd usqif;vmonf/ 1990
jynfhvGefESpfrsm;wGif aus;vuf pD;yGm;a&; wdk;wufrIonf
qif;&JrIavsmhusjcif;\ t"du armif;ESiftm;
jzpfcJhonf/ ajr,m jyKjyif ajymif;vJrIrsm;aMumifh
umv&Snf &if;ESD;jrSKyfESHrIrsm; wdk;wufvmcJhNyD; pdkufysdK;a&;
vkyfief;rsm;wGif xkwfvkyfrIESifh tusKd;tjrwfrsm;
wdk;wuf&&Sdvmaponf/ AD,uferfEdkifiH\ 1993
ckESpf ajr,m Oya'wGif w&m;0iftodtrSwfjyKonfh
ajrydkifqdkifcGifhrsm;yg0ifjyD;? yk*¾vdu ajrtoHk;cscGifhrsm;udk
todtrSwfjyKí ajr,mvTJajymif;rIrsm;udkvnf; cGifhjyK
xm;onf/ þjyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;aMumifh tdrfaxmifpk
rsm;onf qnfajrmif; tajccHtaqmufttHk
rsm;ESifh ESpf&Snf oD;ESHyifrsm;tay: ydkrdk&if;ESD;jr§KyfESH
vmMuonf/ tqdkygajrudk tdrfaxmifpk0ifESpfOD;
(t"dutm;jzifh cifyGef;ESifh ZeD;) yl;wGJydkifqdkif
apojzifh oD;ESHtxGufEIef; wdk;wufvmouJhodkY
tdrfaxmifpkwGif trsdK;orD;rsm;\ vkyfydkifcGifh ydkrdk
wdk;wuf&&Sdvmaponf/
þvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk ydkrdk tm;jznfh ay;Edkif&ef
tpdk;&\b@maiGrsm;udk qif;&J EGrf;yg;olrsm; tm;
OD;wnfcsufxm;um aqmif&GufcJhonf/ xdkvkyfief;rsm;wGif
t&nftaoG;rD tajccH vlrI0efaqmifrIrsm;jzpfonfh
ynma&;? usef;rma&;ESifh vrf;rsm;? qnfajrmif;ESifh
vSsyfppfponfh aus;vuf tajccHtaqmufttHkrsm;wGif
wdk;wuf &if;ESD;jrSKyfESHjcif;wdkY yg0ifonf/ ydkrdk
AD,uferf
8
qif;&Jonfh a'orsm;odkY A[kdtpdk;&rS b@maiG
rsm;udk ydkrdk cGJa0csxm;ay;Edkif&eftwGuf AD,uferfEdkifiHonf
a'otvdkuf aus;vufESifh NrdKUjy uGm[rIrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;NyD;
rSwfwrf;rsm; xm;&SdrIonf twk,lp&m tcsufjzpfonf/
jrefrmEdkifiHwGif ae&ma'otvdkuf wpfrlxl;onfh vlrI
pD;yGm;a&;aemufcH&Sdaom &yf&GmtzGJUtpnf;rsm;wGif
(txl;ojzifh wdkif;&if;om; vlenf;pkrsm; tMum;)
qif;&JEGrf;yg;rIEIef; jrifhrm;vsuf&Sd&m xdktajctaersKd;udk
AD,uferfEdkifiHuvnf; tvm;wl &ifqdkifcJh&onf/
xdktajctaeudk AD,uferf EdkifiH tpdk;&onf OD;wnf
ypfrSwfxm;onfh tpDtpOfrsm; toHk;jyKum wdkif;&if;om;
vlenf;pkrsm;\ vlrIpD;yGm;b0 rsm;pGm wdk;wufatmif
aqmif&GufEdkifcJhonf/ okdUaomfvnf; AD,uferfEdkifiH\
wdkif;&if;om;vlenf;pkrsm;onf wpfEdkifiHvHk; vlOD;a&\
15%&SdjyD; qif;&Jom;OD;a&\ 50% ausmfudk
udk,fpm;jyKaeqJjzpfonf/
tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiH\ 'Drdkua&pD toGiful;ajymif;rIonf
1990 jynfhvGefESpfrsm;rS pwifcJh&m qif;&JrI avSsmhcsjcif;ü
NyD;cJhaom q,fpkESpftwGif; wdk;wufrI aumif;pGm
&&SdcJhonfhtjzpfu jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf oifcef;pmrsm;
ay;Edkifonf/ tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiH\ qif;&JEGrf;yg;rIEIef;onf
1999 ckESpfwGif 24% &SdcJh&mrS 2012 tapmydkif;wGif
12%&SdNyD; wpf0uf jyKwfuscJhonf/ jynfolU a&;&m
0efaqmifrIrsm; vufvSrf;rDrI wdk;wufap&efESifh pD;yGm;a&;
tMuyftwnf;rsm;udk cHEdkif&nf &Sdap&ef vlxkA[dkjyK
pDrHudef;rsm; (Community-driven Development-CDD)?
ynma&;ESifh vlrIa&; taxmuftyHhqdkif&m MuD;rm;onfh
pDrHcsufrsm;udk tpdk;&u csrSwfaqmif&GufcJhonf/ Oyrm-
tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiH\ EdkifiHawmftqifh CDD tpDtpOfu
a'oEå&tkyfcsKyfrIwGif vlxkydkrdkyl;aygif;yg0ifapcJh&mrS
qif;&Jom; tdrfaxmifpkrsm;\ pm;oHk;rI 12% rSs
wdk;wufvmcJhonf/ xdkYtjyif EdkifiH\ a0;vHonfh
a'orsm;wGif tm[m&csKdUwJhrI avsmhenf;apcJhjyD;
rdcifESifhuav; usef;rma&;apmifha&SmufrIESifh tajccH
ynma&;wdk;wufrI jzpfay: apcJhonf/
xdkif;EdkifiHwGif rsdK;aph u@zGHYjzdK;wdk;wufa&;ESifh pdkufysKd;a&;
ynmay; vkyfief;rsm;ukd OD;pm;ay; aqmif&GufEdkifcJhonfh
twGuf v,form;rsm;\ rdsK;aphvdktyfcsufrsm;udk
jznfhqnf;ay;EdkifcJhNyD; pdkufysdK;a&; enf;pepfaumif;rsm;udk
ydkrdk tokH;csaqmif&GufEdkifcJhonfhtjyif trsKd;tpm;
pkHvifonfh oD;ESH rsm;udk pdkufysKd; xkwfvkyfEdkifcJhonf/
1990 jynfhvGefESpfrsm;wGif pdkufysdK;a&;okkawoeESifh
pdkufysdK;a&; ynmay; vkyfief;rsm;tay: tpdk;&\
toHk;p&dwfrSm pkpkaygif; jynfwGif;xkwfvkyfrI (GDP)
\ 1%ausmf &SdcJhojzifh a'owGif;&Sd tjcm;EdkifiH
rsm;xufjrifhrm;cJhonf/ rdsK;aumif;rdsK;oefYxkwfvkyf
ysdK;axmifjcif;wGif tpdk;&\ &if;ESD;jrSKyfESHrIrsm;aMumifh
rsdK;aphyGm;jcif;ESifh jzefYaêa&mif;csjcif;rsm;ü yk*¾vdu
vkyfief;rsm; 0ifa&muf &if;ESD;jr§KyfeSHEdkifa&;twGuf
0ef;usifaumif;rsm;udk jzpfay:apcJhonf/ pdkufysdK;
ajrqdkif&m vufawGtoHk;cs odyÜHynmrsm; zGHYjzdK;wdk;wuf&ef
ESifh jzefYa0&ef okawoe0efxrf;rsm;ESifh pdkufysdK;a&;
ynmay;vkyfief;rsm; aqmif&Gufonfh 0efxrf;rsm;
twlwuG tvkyfvkyfMuNyD; pdkufysdK;a&; qef;opf
wDxGifrIpepftm; 0,fvdktm;u armif;ESifí trsm;
yl;aygif;yg0ifrI jzpfay:aponf/
xdkif;
tif'dkeD;&Sm;
9
þ vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk xyfrHtm;jznhf&ef trsKd;tpm;
pkHvifonfh oD;ESD;pdkufysKd;rIrsm; tm;vkH; ESifh pyfvsOf;
onfh taMumif;t&mrsm;udk pdkufysdK;a&; ynmay;
vkyfief;rsm;wGif yg0ifEdkif&ef aqmif&GufcJhonf/
xkwfvkyfa&;twGufom r[kwfbJ aps;uGufxdk;azmuf
Edkifa&;twGufvnf; tultnDrsm; yHhydk;ay;onf/
tpdk;&u@onf yk*¾vduu@ESifh 0efaqmifrIay;onfh
rsm;ESifh twlwGJNyD; owif;tcsuftvuf
ESifhqufoG,fa&;enf;ynm (ICT) vTJajymif;&,lrI
wdk;wufapvSsuf a'ocHv,form;rsm;\ vdktyfcsuf
rsm;udk ajz&Sif;ay;&ef aqmif&Gufonf/
pdkufysdK;a&;aps;uGufrsm;udk ajzavSsmhaqmif&Gufay;jcif;
ESifh pyfvsOf;í uarÇm'D;,m;ESifh xdkif;EdkifiHwdkY\
Oyrmrsm;onf rwlnDonfh ta&;BuD;aom
oifcef;pmrsm; jzpfMuonf/ uarÇm'D;,m;EdkifiH\
yHkpH qefpyg;wifydkYrIonf 2009 rS 2015 twGif;ü
wefcsdef12000 rS wefcsdef av;odef;txd
wdk;wuffcJhonf/ wifydkYaom qeftrsm;pkrSm
aps;aumif;&aom obm0twkdif; xkwfvkyfonfh
teHYarT;qefrsdK; jzpfonf/ ukefoG,fa&;ESifh
EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jrSKyfESHrIrsm; vGwfvyfrI&SdjyD; yk*¾vdu u@
wdk;wufa&; twm;tqD; jzpfaeonfrsm;udk avSsmhcs&ef
&nf&G,fonfh xdkif;ESifh AD,uferf e,fpyf jzwfausmf
ukefwifydkYrIvnf; wdk;wufcJhonf/ ukefonfrsm;ESifh
qefpufydkif&Sifrsm;tm;vHk; ydkYukefvdkifpifrsm; &&SdEdkifcJhMu&m
qefwifydkYolOD;a& 5 OD;rS 86 OD;xd rsm;jym;vmcJhonf/
rwlnDonfh om"u taejzifh 2010 rS 2014
ckESpftwGif;ü xdkif;tpdk;&onf v,form;rsm; twGuf
qefaps; jr§ifhwifay;&ef urÇmhaps;uGufaygufaps;xuf
50% ydkay;rIyg jyKvkyfNyD; jynfolUb@maiGrsm;pGm
oHk;pGJcJhonf/ atmifjrifrItenf;i,fom &&SdcJhjyD;
a&&SnftwGuf tusdK;rjzpfEdkifbJ ukefusp&dwf
jrifhrm;cJh&onf/ xdktpDtpOfonf EdkifiHjcm;ydkYukef
tcGifhtvrf; tuefYtowfrSsom &&SdapcJhjyD; yxrESpf
rSmyif tar&duefa':vm 12.7 oef; (odkYr[kwf
pkpkaygif; jynfwGif;xkwfvkyfrI (GDP) \ 3.5%)
ukefuscJhojzifh EdkifiH\ buf*sufvdkaiGjyrIrSm pkpkaygif;
jynfwGif;xkwfvkyfrI(GDP) \ 1.7 % rS 2011 ckESpfwGif
\ 4.4% txd a&muf&SdcJhonf/ t&nftaoG;jrifhqef
wifydkYaeonfh xdkif;EdkifiH\ *kPfudk v,form;rsm;u
tav;xm;rI avsmhenf;vmjyD; pdkufysdK;csdefwdkwdktwGif;ü
txGufEIef;jrifhonfh qefpyg;trsdK;rsdK;udk ajymif;vJ
pdkufysdK;vmMuonf/ e*dkuyif vdkonfxuf
ydkwnfxm;onfh qefpufvkyfief;udk wdk;csJUvmcJhMuojzifh
tpdk;&rS qef0,f,lrnfh tpDtpOfwGif ryg0if&aom
qefpufrsm; ydwfodrf;&onfh tjzpfodkY a&muf&SdcJhonf/
v,form;rsm;\ xkwfvkyfrIp&dwfESifh ajriSm;cvnf;
BuD;jrifhvmcJhonf/
xdkif;EdkifiHESifh uarÇm'D;,m;EdkifiHwdkY\ þtawGYtBuHK
rsm;u ukefoG,frIESifh EdkifiHjcm;wdkuf&dkuf &if;ESD;jrSKyfESH
rIrsm;udk vrf;zGifhay;&ef ta&;BuD;onfudk rD;armif;xdk;jy
aeonf/ þtawGYtBuHKrsm;u pD;yGm;a&;vkyfEdkifonfh
êef;usiftaetxm;rsm; aeom;wus&SdonfESifh wjydKifeuf
yk*¾vdu &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIrsm;? vSnfhywfoHk;pGJEdkifonfh
t&if;tESD;rsm;? ukefoG,frI uefx&dkufrsm;ESihf
ußGrf;usifrItopfrsm; rnfrSsjrefjrefwdk;wuf&&Sd
vmEdkifonfudk oufaoxlaeonf/ wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyif
þtawGYtBuHKrsm;u aps;uGufpnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifh Mum;0if
pGufzufrIrsm;\ qdk;usdK;oufa&mufrIudkvnf; nTefjy
aeonf/
uarÇm'D;,m; & xdkif;
10
tm;vHk;twlzGYHNzdK;wdk;wufjcif;
jrefrmEdkifiHü aus;vufa'oqif;&JEGrf;yg;rIavSsmhcsjcif;
rl0g'a&;&m tMuHjyKcsufrsm;
pdkufysdK;a&;txGufEIef;wdk;wufjcif; a&wdkumvü
&v'faumif;rsm; &&SdEdkif&ef yk*¾vdu &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIrsm;udk
jr§ifhwifjcif;? acwfrDpdkufysdK;a&;enf;ynmrsm;udk
tvG,ftul &&Sd tokH;jyKEdkif&ef wdk;jr§ifh aqmif&Gufjcif;
[lonf jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;udk aqmif&Guf&rnf/
qefpufrsm;wGif &if;ESD; jr§KyfESHvdkonfh EdkifiHjcm;om;
rsm;taejzifh cGifhjyKcsufrsm; oD;jcm;&,l&onfh vuf&Sd
vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;rsm;udk ajzavSsmhay;jcif;? pdkufysdK;a&;
oGif;tm;pkrsm;ay;Edkifonfh yk*¾vduu@ tcef;u@
wdk;wufvmatmif Oya'ESifh pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;
wdk;wufapjcif;ESifh t"duusonfh jynfolYa&;&m
0efaqmifrIrsm; (Oyrm - ppfaq;jcif;rsm;? t&nftaoG;
xdef;odrf;jcif;? "mwfcGJcef;rsm;)5 wdkYwGif &if;ESD;jrSKyfESH
jcif;ponfwdkY yg0ifonf/
rsKd;aphESifh pkdufysKd;a&; ynmay; vkyfief;rsm;wGif
t&nftaoG; wdk;wuf aumif;rGefap&ef tpdk;&u
OD;aqmifNyD; &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIrsm;udk aqmif&Gufay;&ef
ta&;BuD;onf/ 2013-2014 ckESpfwGif
v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&;ESifh qnfajrmif;0efBuD;|meatmuf&Sd
rsdK;aphESifh pdkufysdK;a&; ynmay;vkyfief;rsm; tygt0if
pkdufysdK;a&;okawoe|meESifh pdkufysdK;a&;ESifh pufrI
5 “pD;yGm;a&;tajctaeopfrsm; zefwD;jcif;/ yk*¾vduu@
zGHYjzdK;wdk;wufa&;twGuf ,SOfjydKifrIESifh tajymif;tvJ jrefaom
0ef;usifwpf&yfudk ysdK;axmifjcif;” [lonfh rl0g'a&;&mrSwfpkudk
Munfhyg/
oD;ESH|merSaqmif&Gufonfh tpDtpOf tm;vHk;twGuf
oHk;pGJaiGrSm pdkufysdK;a&;qdkif&m GDP \ 0.22%
(pkpkaygif; GDP \ 0.07%) om &SdcJhonf/ tqdkyg
tpDtpOfrsm;twGuf bwf*sufrSm tenf;qHk; oHk;q?
pdkufysdK;a&; GDP \ 0.66% (odkYr[kwf pkpkaygif; GDP \
0.21%) jzpfEdkifygonf/ þodkYjzpfcJhvSsifawmif
zGHYjzdK;qJEdkifiHrsm;twGuf urÇmw0Srf;rS pHrSwfcsuf jzpfonf
pdkufysdK;a&; GDP \ 1% atmufodkY a&mufaeygrnf/
pdkufysKd;a&; u@wGif tpdk;&\ toHk;p&dwfrsm;udk
a,bk,sMunfhrnf qdkygu qnfajrmif;u@wGif
aqmif&Guf&ef pOf;pm;qkH;jzwfonfhtcg qnfrsm;
topfwnfaqmufrIESifh &Sd&if;pGJpepfrsm;udk jyKjyif
xdef;odrf;rIwdkYudk rSsrSsww aqmif&Guf&ef vdktyfygonf/
tpdk;&\ &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIrsm;onf qefpyg;pdkufysKd;
xkwfvkyfa&; wpfckwnf;tay: tm&kHpdkufaqmif&Guf&mrS
tjcm;oD;ESHrsm;? arG;jrLa&;ESifh a&vkyfief;rsm;yg
zGUHNzdK;wdk;wufvmap&ef aqmif&Guf&rnf/ odkYaomf
tqdkyg pdkufysdK;a&;u@wGif rnfrSs ydkrdk okH;pGJrnfudk
qkH;jzwf&mwGif pdkufysKd;a&; u@wpfckvkH;\ b@maiG
okH;pGJrItm; tao;pdwf avhvm okH;oyfrIrsm; tay:
tajccH&rnf/
11
tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;\ tawGYtBuHKrsm;t& ajr,mu@
jyKjyifajymif;vJrIonf pdkufysdK;a&;txGufEIef;
wdk;wufrIudk a&&Snf xdef;odrf;xm;Edkif&efESifh
qif;&JrIavSsmhcs&eftwGuf vdktyfonf/ ajr,mu@
jyKjyif ajymif;vJa&; rl0g'udk jzpfEdkiforSs tapmqHk;
pwiftaumiftxnfazmfjcif;jzifh þudpö&yfrsm;udk
aqmif&Guf&rnf/ þjyKjyifajymif;vJrI\ &v'frsm;
xGufay:vm&ef tcsdeftwdkif;twmwpfck txd
apmifhqdkif;&rnf jzpfonf/ y#dyu©jzpfyGm;cJhonfh
a'orsm;wGif ajr,mydkifqdkifrIESifh pyfvsOf;NyD;
vHkNcHKpdwfcsrI tm;enf;aeqJjzpfNyD; ajr,mydkifqdkifcGifh
taxmuftxm;rsm;onfvnf; tjiif;yGm;ae&qJ
jzpfonf/
0efaqmifrIrsm; ydkrdkvufvSrf;rDjcif; rMumcifu
wdk;wuf jzpfay:cJhonfh jynfolU b@maiG okH;pGJ&mwGif
A[dkcsKyfudkifrI avSsmhcsjcif;? vlxk A[dkjyK pDrHudef;rsm;
taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&Gufjcif; (NCDDP) ESifh
OD;wnf ypfrSwfxm;onfh aiGaMu; yHhydk;ay;jcif;rsm; ponf
wdkYonf jynfe,f? wdkif;a'oBuD;tqifhESifh &yfuGuf/
aus;&GmtqifhpDrHudef;a&;qGJjcif;? buf*sufowfrSwfjcif;
ESifhoHk;pGJjcif;qdkif&m wm0efrsm; wjznf;jznf;csif;
wdk;wufvmap&ef taxmuftuljyKcJhonf/ txufrS
atmufajc tqihfqDokdY aygif;pyfnSdEIdif;jcif;ESifh
atmufajcrS txufqDokdY vdktyfcsufrsm; wifjyjcif;udk
aygif;pyfjcif;jzifh þtajymif;tvJrsm; toHk;jyKí
aus;vufaejynfolrsm;twGuf ydkrdkxda&mufaom
0efaqmifrIay;&ef taxmuftul jyKEdkifonf/
txufrSatmufajcodkY aygif;pyfnd§EIdif;jcif;wGif
vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;pGm yg0ifonf/ ,if;teufwpfckrSm
a'oEå&0efaqmifrIrsm; yHHhydk;&mwGif ydkrdkxda&mufrI
&Sdap&ef jynfolUb@maiG okH;pGJ&mwGif A[dkcsKyfudkifrI
avSsmhcsa&; jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;udk rnfodkU
aqmif&Guf&rnfenf;[lonfh udpö&yfESifh qufpyfaeonf/
tjcm;wpfckrSm b@ma&;0efBuD;|merS OD;aqmifí
aygif;pyfnd§EIdif;um jynfolYb@maiG cGJa0okH;pGJ&mwGif
A[dkcsKyfudkifrI avSsmhcsa&;ESifh pyfvsOf;NyD;
r[mAsL[mwpfck odkYr[kwf pmwrf;wpfapmif
(White Paper) udk jyKpka&;qGJ&ef jzpfonf/ jynfe,f/
wdkif;a'oBuD;rsm;twGuf toHk;p&dwf cGJa0csxm;&ef
rnfokdY qHk;jzwfrnf (Oyrm - taumiftxnfazmfrnfh
yrmP? jynfolY b@maiG &&SdEdkifrI) a'otvdkuf
tpdk;& 0ifaiGt&if;tjrpf? xdk0ifaiGrsm;udk cGJa0okH;pGJrnfh
tpDtpOfrsm;ESifh jynfolY b@maiGudk cGJa0csxm;ay;onfh
udpö&yfrsm; ponfh tao;pdwfudk owfrSwf&mwGif
taxmuftul&onf/6
6 “tajymif;tvJwGif yg0ifjcif;/ jynfolYa&;&mu@
wm0efcHrIjrSifhwifa&;” [lonfh rl0g'a&;&m rSwfpkwGif Munfhyg/
12
'kwd,vkyfaqmif&rnfh udpörSm jynfe,fESifh
wdkif;a'oBuD;tqifhwGif bwf*sufa&;qGJjcif;ESifh
pDrHudef;a&;qGJjcif;qdkif&m pGrf;&nfaqmifjzpfNyD;
txl;ojzifh jynfolUa&;&mu@wGif &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI
jzpfonf/ jynfe,f ESifh wdkif;a'oBuD;rsm;\
aiGvkH;aiG&if; tokH;p&dwfonf ¤if;wdkY\ &&Sdonfh
pkpkaygif; bwf*sufESifh tcsKd;csMunfhvSsif
tvGefrsm;jym;aeaMumif; awGU&Sd&onf/ jynfe,fESifh
wdkif;a'oBuD; 14 ckteuf 12 ckwdkYonf 2013-14
b@mESpfwGif ¤if;wdkY\ &&Sdonfh pkpkaygif; bwf*suf\
40 &mcdkifEIef;udk aiGvkH;aiG&if; tokH;p&dwfrsm;twGuf
tokH;jyKcJhaMumif; od&onf/ a'otvdkuf pDrHudef;rsm;udk
OD;pm;ay;a&G;cs,faqmif&Gufjcif;ESifh tuJjzwfjcif;wdkYESifh
pyfvsOf;NyD; pGrf;aqmif&nfrsm;udk jr§ifhwifay;&ef
vdktyfonf/ odkUrSom EdkifiHawmftqifh pDrHudef;rsm;
jzpfonfh o,f,lydkUaqmifa&;? w,fvDzkef;
qufoG,fa&;ESifh vSsyfppfrD; &&Sda&; vkyfief;rsm;ESifh
a'otvdkuf pDrHudef;rsm; csdwfqufrI tm;aumif;vmrnf
jzpfNyD; a'ocHjynfolrsm;twGuf tusKd;&SdEdkifrnf
jzpfonf/
txufygudpö&yfrsm;twGuf a'oqdkif&m
wm0ef&Sdolrsm; (Oyrm - jynfe,f/ wdkif;a'oBuD;ESifh
vufatmuftqifhqifh) wdkYtm; jynfolb@maiG
okH;pGJEdkif&ef vkyfydkifcGifhrsm; ydkrdk ay;tyf&kHrSsjzifh
rvkHavmufyg/ jynfolU b@maiG okH;pGJEdkif&ef
vkyfydkifcGifhrsm;udk ydkrdk ay;tyf&ef qkH;jzwf&mwGif
a'oqdkif&m wm0ef&Sdolrsm;\ taumiftxnfazmf
aqmif&GufrIESifh aiGaMu; okH;pGJEdkifrI pGrf;&nfrsm;udk
pepfwus avhvmokH;oyfrIrsm;jzifh csdwfquf
aqmif&Guf&rnf jzpfonf/ xdktcsufudk jynfolU b@maiG
cGJa0okH;pGJrIqdkif&m A[dkcsKyfudkifrI ajzavSsmhay;jcif;
r[mAsL[mwGif xnfhoGif; a&;qGJxm;&rnf/
ta&;BuD;onfhtcsufrSm jynfaxmifpktqifhrS jynfe,f/
wdkif;a'oBuD;tqifh? jynfe,f/ wdkif;a'oBuD;tqifhrS
jrdKUe,fESifh aus;&GmtqifhodkY jynfolU 0efaqmifrIrsm;
ay;&mwGif wm0efcHrI &Sdonfh ykHpHjzifh aqmif&Guf&ef
jzpfonf/
13
jynfe,f? wdkif;a'oBuD; tpdk;&\ buf*sufrsm;
yGifhvif;jrifomrI wdk;wufapjcif;7 ESifh OD;pm;ay;
vkyfief;rsm; owfrSwfonfh vkyfief;pOfwGif
jynfolvlxk yg0ifaqmif&GufrI &Sdap&ef tm;ay;jcif;jzifh
þvkyfaqmifcsufudk taxmuftuljyKEdkifonf/
jynfolUa&;&m 0efaqmifrIrsm; &&SdEdkifrIwGif vdktyfcsuf
MuD;rm;aeNyD; aiGaMu;ESifh t&if;tjrpfrsm;u
&Sm;yg;aeonfjzpf&m rnfonfhvkyfief;udk OD;pm;ay;
aqmif&Guf&rnfudk owfrSwf&ef txl; ta&;MuD;ygonf/
jynfolY b@maiGudk rnfonfh ae&mwGif tokH;jyKjcif;u
txda&mufqkH;jzpfrnfudk qkH;jzwf&mwGif a'otvdkuf
vdktyfcsufrsm; Oyrm tm;jzifh ausmif;aqmif jyKjyif&ef
okH;rnfvm;? a&&Sda&; aqmif&Gufrnfvm;? odkUr[kwf
vrf;jyKjyifrnfvm; ponfjzifh rlwnfum pOf;pm;
qkH;jzwf&rnfjzpfonf/ urÇmhwpf0ef; tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;\
taxmuftxm;rsm;t& jynfolrsm;\ vdktyfcsuftay:
tajccHum qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; csrSwf aqmif&GufEdkifygu
xda&mufrI &SdaMumif; tBuHjyKxm;onf/ jynfolrsm;\
vdktyfcsufrsm;tay: tajccHum a&;qGJxm;onfh
aus;&GmzGHYjzdK;wdk;wufa&;pDrHcsufrsm;udk NrdKUe,ftqifh
pDrHudef;rsm;wGif xnfhoGif; aygif;pyfum OD;pm;ay;
tpDtpOfrsm;udk owfrSwf taumiftxnfazmf&ef 2012
ckESpfwGif or®w udk,fwdkif vrf;nTefrI ay;cJh&m a&SUquf
aqmif&GufEdkifrnfh tcGifhtvrf;rsm; &Sdaeygonf/
OD;wnf ypfrSwfxm;um aqmif&GufEdkif&eftwGuf
vdktyfonfh owif;tcsuftvufESifh pepfrsm;udk
azmfaqmif&ef jynfolU b@maiG t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk cGJa0
okH;pGJ&mwGif OD;wnf ypfrSwfxm; aqmif&GufEdkif&eftwGuf
a'wmESifh owif;tcsuftvufrsm; vdktyfrnf
jzpfonf/ xdktcsuf tvufrsm;udk tokH;jyKum
tkyfpkrsm;cGJNyD; (Oyrm - qif;&JEGrf;yg;ol tkyfpkESifh
qif;&JEGrf;yg;ol r[kwfonfh tkyfpk) tkyfpk wpfckcsif;pD\
vdktyfcsufrsm;tvdkuf OD;pm;ay; aqmif&GufEdkifrnf/
ypfrSwfxm; aqmif&GufrI ydkrdk xda&mufapa&;twGuf
vuf&Sd a'wmtcsuftvufrsm; aumif;rGef
7 “tajymif;tvJwGif yg0ifjcif;/ jynfolYa&;&mu@
wm0efcHrIjrSifhwifa&;” [lonfh rl0g'a&;&m rSwfpkwGif Munfhyg/
wdk;wufvmap&ef aqmif&GufEdkifrnfh enf;vrf;rsm;pGm
&Sdaeonf/ t"du aqmif&Gufoifhonf vkyfief;rsm;teuf
ESpfckrSm (1) t&nftaoG;aumif;rGefonfh vlaerI
tqifhtwef;qdkif&m tcsuftvufrsm; ykHrSef
aumuf,ljcif; ESifh (2) tdrfaxmifpk tvdkuf ypfrSwfxm;
aqmif&GufEdkifrnfh pepfazmfaqmifjcif; wdkYjzpfonf/
odkUrSom tpdk;&ESifh ,if;\ zGUHNzdK;a&;rdwfzuf
tzGJYtpnf;rsm;u qif;&JEGrf;yg;rI tajctae tqdk;&Gm;qkH;
jzpfonfh tdrfaxmifpkrsm;tm; pdppfazmfxkwfí ,if;wdkY\
vdktyfcsufrsm;udk yHhydk; aqmif&Gufay;Edkifrnf jzpfonf/8
tqdkyg tcsuftvufrsm; toHk;jyKí qif;&JrIESifh
om,m0ajyma&;qdkif&m zGUHNzdK;wdk;wufrIrsm;tay:
apmifhMunhfavhvmpdppfEdkifrnf jzpfNyD; jynfolUb@m
aiGrsm;udk okH;pGJ&mwGif OD;pm;ay;owfrSwf&efESifh
qkH;jzwfcsufrsm; csrSwf&mwGif taxmuftul jyKEdkifrnf
jzpfonf/
owif;tcsuftvufrsm; &&SdEdkif&efESifh xdkowif;
tcsuftvufrsm;tay: tajccHum MuD;Muyfjcif;ESifh
tuJjzwfaqmif&Gufjcif;rsm;udk apmpD;pGm vkyfaqmif
Edkifrnfqdkygu aus;vufa'o qif;&JEGrf;yg;rI
avSsmhcsa&;vkyfief;rsm;twGuf tusKd;aus;Zl;BuD;rm;
cJhaMumif; a'owGif;EdkifiHrsm;wGifvnf; avhvm
awGU&SdcJh&onf/
owif;tcsuftvufrsm;tay:tajccHum pDrHudef;
vkyfief;rsm;ukd pwif aqmif&GufpOfuyif wdusonfh
OD;wnfcsufrsm;udk csrSwfaqmif&GufEdkifrnf jzpfonf/
xdkUtjyif owif;tcsuftvufrsm; aumuf,ljcif;ESifh
pdppftuJjzwfjcif;qdkif&m pepfrsm;udk azmfaqmifEdkifrnf
qdkygu pDrHudef;vkyfief;rsm;taumiftxnfazmfaerIESifh
atmifjrifrIrsm;ay: tcsdefESifh wajy;nD apmifhMunfh
avhvmEdkifrnfjzpfonf/ þpdppfrIrsm;rS &&Sdonfh
oifcef;pmrsm;udk pDrHudef;rsm; jyefvnf a&;qGJ&mwGif
xnfhoGif;jcif;jzifh vdktyfcsufrsm;udk jznfhqnf;ay;EdkifNyD;
&v'frsm; wdk;wuf jzpfay:vmap&ef taxmuftul
jyKEdkifrnf jzpfonf/
8 "uGm[rIrsm; avSsmhcsjcif;/ vlwdkif;twGif; ynma&;?
usef;rma&;ESifh vlrI0efaqmifrIrsm;" [lonfh rl0g'a&;&mrSwfpkyg
tvm;wltcsufrsm;udk Munfhyg/
14
Oyrmtm;jzifh jrefrmEdkifiHwGif csif;jynfe,fESifh
&cdkifjynfe,fwdkYonf qif;&JrIEIef; tjrifhqkH;
jynfe,frsm;jzpfNyD; wnfae&m taetxm;t&
a0;vHum &kyfydkif; tajccH taqmufttkHrsm;vnf;
tvGef edrfhusaeonf/ &cdkifjynfe,fwpfckvHk;onf
qif;&JEGrf;yg;Muonf/ tajctaeudk ydkrdkqdk;&Gm;aponfu
rNidrfoufrIrsm;aMumifh ae&majymif;a&TUaexdkif&rIrsm;
ay:aygufcJhjcif;ESifh c&D;oGm;vm&mwGif vnf;aumif;?
ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&; jyKvkyf&mwGif vnf;aumif;
tuefUtowfrsm; &Sdaejcif;aMumifh jzpfonf/
þudpö&yfrsm; tjyif jynfolUa&;&m0efaqmifrIrsm;?
&kyfydkif;tajccH taqmufttHkESifh &if;ESD;jrSKyfESHrIrsm;
tm;enf;aejcif;u jynfe,f\ pD;yGm;a&; tvm;tvmudk
twm;tqD; jzpfaponf/ a'owGif;tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;\
tawGYtBuHKt& a0;vHí tajccHtaqmufttHkedrfhusonfh
a'orsm;wGif aexdkifae&olrsm; odkYr[kwf vlrIa&;&m
cHpm;cGifhrsm; enf;yg;rI? aps;uGufrsm;ESifh 0efaqmifrIrsm;rS
z,fMuOfcH&olrsm;twGuf qif;&JrI avSsmhcs&ef
txl;OD;wnf ypfrSwfxm;onfh rl0g'rsm;csrSwf
aqmif&Gufay;&ef vdktyfonf/ tcsdKUaom
vltkyfpkrsm;onf aps;uGufrsm;ESifh 0efaqmifrIrsm;rS
z,fMuOfcHae&jcif;rSm rl0g'? bmompum;? vlrIa&;
pHEIef;rsm;? cGJjcm;qufqHrIESifh tjcm;uefYowfcsuf
rsm;aMumifh jzpfonf/ þvltkyfpkrsm;taMumif;
ydkrdkodem;vnfjyD; ,if;wdkYudk ypfrSwfxm;um
OD;wnfaqmif&Gufonfh enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh yHhydk;ulnD
ay;Edkif&ef ta&;BuD;onf/
jrdKUjyESifh aus;vuf jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;onf
tjyeftvSef csdwfqufaeMuonf/ þrl0g'a&;&m
tMuHjyKcsufrsm;udk ausmfvGefí ajym&rnf qdkvSsif
jrdKUjyESifh aus;vufjyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;tMum;
tjyeftvSef csdwfqufaerIonf ta&;BuD;aMumif;
azmfjyvdkygonf/ jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd jrdKUBuD;jrdKUi,frsm; onf
wdk;wufrI 0if&dk;pGef;rsm; jzpfvmrnfh tvm;tvm&SdjyD;?
toufarG;0rf;ausmif; wdk;wufa&; &SmazGaeaom
a&TUajymif;aexdkifolrsm;udk qGJaqmifaeonf/ aus;vuf
jrdKUjya&TUajymif;aexdkifjcif;onf tjcm;aom EdkifiHrsm;wGif
qif;&JrIavSsmhcsa&;\ t"duarmif;ESiftm; wpf&yfjzpf&m?
jrefrmEdkifiHaus;vuf tdrfaxmifpkrsm;twGufvnf;
0ifaiGt&if;tjrpfwpf&yfftjzpf wpfaeUwpfjcm; ta&;yg
vmvsuf&Sdonf/ aus;vuf jrdKUjya&TUajymif;
aexdkifjcif;rSonf qif;&JEGrf;yg;olrsm;tm; tusdK;&Sdap&ef
jrdKUjy pDrHudef;a&;qGJ&mwGif vlwef;pm; tm;vkH;twGuf
0efaqmifrIrsm;&&Sdap&ef OD;pm;ay;jcif;? uRrf;usifrI
oifwef;ay;jcif;ESifh aiGvTJydkYjcif;rsm;tay: t"duxm;
aqmif&Gufay;&ef vdktyfrnf/ tjynfjynfqdkif&m
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jrdKUBuD;rsm;&Sd ydkrkdqif;&Jaomae&mrsm;odkY rsm;aomtm;jzifh
a&TUajymif;Muí w&m;r0if tajccsjcif;rsm; jzpfay:
aponf/ xdkYaMumifh tajccH 0efaqmifrIrsm; Oyrm
,if;wdkYuav;rsm; pmoifausmif; wufa&mufEdkif&ef
vdktyfonfh tdrfaxmifpk taxmuftxm; pm&Guf
pmwrf;rsm; r&Sdjcif;wdkU jzpfEkdifonf/ jrdKUjypDrHudef;
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usef;rma&;? ynma&;ESifh tdrf,m pDrHudef;ESifh
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atmifjrifrI &Sd? r&Sd qef;ppfEdkifrnf/ þvkyfief;udk
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aqmif&GufEdkifrnf/
9. “tajymif;tvJwGif yg0ifjcif;/ jynfolYa&;&m u@ wm0efcHrI jrSifhwifa&;”[lonfh rl0g'a&;&mrSwfpkwGif Munhfyg/
16
tm;vHk;twlzGYHNzdK;wdk;wufjcif;
jrefrmEdkifiHü aus;vufa'oqif;&JEGrf;yg;rIavSsmhcsjcif;
&nfnTef;udk;um;
Bordey, F., P. Moya, J. Betran, C. Launio, A. Litonjua, R. Manalili, A. Mataia, J. Besenio, F. Macalinta, R. Malasa, E.
Marciano, M. Milanes, S. Paran, G. Redondo, R. Relado, M. San Valentin, I. Tanzo, E. Tulay, S. Valencia, C. Viray,
and C. Yusongco (2015): Benchmarking The Cost and Profitability of Paddy Production in Selected Asian Rice
Bowls. Philippine Rice Research Institute, International Rice Research Institute, Benguet State University, and
Philippine Council for Agriculture and Fisheries
Do, Quy-Toan, and Lakshmi Iyer (2008): Land Titling and Rural Transition in Vietnam.
Economic Development and Cultural Change 56 (3): 531-579.
Newman, C., Tarp, F. and van den Broeck, K., Property Rights and Productivity (2015): The Case of Joint Land
Titling in Vietnam. Journal of Land Economics, 91, (1), 2015, p. 91 – 105.
Poapongsakorn, N. (2014): The Benefits and Costs of a Paddy Pledging Policy: The Experience of Thailand. In:
Dawe, D., S. Jaffe and N. Santos (eds.): Rice in the Shadow of Skyscrapers: Policy Choices in a Dynamic East
and Southeast Asian Setting. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the International Rice
Research Institute and the World Bank.
UNCDF (2015): Myanmar: Agricultural Finance: Making Access Possible. Study prepared by FinScope Myanmar for
the United National Capital Development Fund.
World Bank and LIFT (forthcoming): Myanmar: Analysis of Farm Production Economics. Economic and Sector
Work, Washington, DC and Yangon, Myanmar.
World Bank (2015): Cambodian Agriculture in Transition: Opportunities and Risks. Economic and Sector Work
Report No. 96308-KH, Washington, DC.
World Bank and LIFT (2014): Myanmar: Capitalizing on Rice Export Opportunities. Economic and Sector Work
Report No. 85804, Washington, DC.
ALLABOARD
Policies for shared prosperity in Myanmar
ENERGIZING MYANMAREnhancing access to
sustainable energy for all
CLOSING THE GAPExpanding access to
social services
FINANCING THE FUTUREBuilding an open, modern and
inclusive financial system
PARTICIPATING IN CHANGEPromoting public sector
accountability to all
GROWING TOGETHERReducing rural poverty
in Myanmar
BREAKING BUSINESS AS USUALFostering competitiveness and a dynamic
environment for private sector growth
ENERGIZING MYANMAREnhancing access to
sustainable energy for all
CLOSING THE GAPExpanding access to
social services
FINANCING THE FUTUREBuilding an open, modern and
inclusive financial system
PARTICIPATING IN CHANGEPromoting public sector
accountability to all
GROWING TOGETHERReducing rural poverty
in Myanmar
BREAKING BUSINESS AS USUALFostering competitiveness and a dynamic
environment for private sector growth
,ck rl0g'a&;&m tMuHjyKcsuf pmwrf;onf “tm;vkH;oGm;MupdkU? rSsa0ykdifqdkifonfh om,m0ajymrIrsm;
azmfaqmifEdkifa&;twGuf rl0g'a&;&m tMuHjyKcsufrsm;” teuf wpfckjzpfygonf/
tm;vHk;twlzGYHNzdK;wdk;wufjcif;
jrefrmEdkifiHü aus;vufa'oqif;&JEGrf;yg;rIavSsmhcsjcif;
The World Bank Myanmar
No.57, Pyay Road61/2 Mile, Hlaing Township, Yangon,Republic of the Union of Myanmar.
www.worldbank.org/myanmarwww.facebook.com/WorldBankMyanmar
ALLABOARD
Policies for shared prosperity in Myanmar
POLICIES FOR SHARED PROSPERITY IN MYAN
MAR