RtLb;emIleRkayv ij

én

erOgd ¾Esnex øacpSamYy

2

CUncMeBaHb‘un n I Priya´

sUPIn I n igsuv D Æn a kUn RsITaMgBIrrbs;´

3

“m in Em n RK an ;Et C aerOg Ed l F øab ;m an B it b :ueN ÑaHeT

Et C aerOg Ed l h Ys B IB it eT AeT ot C aerOg Ed l F øab ;m an B it

l ay n igG n us S av r Iy ¾rbs ;G ñk n iB n § ”

eL G ug t ul s þy

Leon Tolstoi

4

m at ik a

*G arm Ök f a

*b uerk f a : s þIB In is S it Ex µren ARs uk ) ara Mg (1 9 5 6 -1 97 5 )

1 -Ed n d IC aT Is k áar:

2 -k 1 5

3 -en Aeragc Rk

4 -eB T ü7 5

5 -t aex µA

6 -b wg Rt Eb k

7 -d IR k h mT Is g Ç wm c ug eR k ay

8 -G ñk n wgb eg áIt k Un en Ak ñúg T uk çev T n a

9-l aeh Iy d IR k h m

10-P ñMeB j eRk am eG o gs arI

1 1 -Cn eP os x øÜn k ñúg Rs uk É g

12 -eT AP Um ik MeN It v ij

13 -T Yl Es øg (s 2 1 )

*k f aeR k ay

*s ax a1 : bB a¢Iray n am Ex µrm k B Ib reT s Rt Uv eKs m øab ;en AT Yl Es øg B IEx ems a 1 97 5 d l ;Ex mk ra 1 97 9

*s ax a2 : bB a¢Iray n am Ex µrm k B Ib reT s Rt Uv eKs m øab ;en Ad IR k h m *s ax a3 : bB a¢Iray n am n ay T ah an Ex µrm k B Is h rd æG aem rik Rt Uv eKs m øab ;en AT Yl Es øg B IEx ems a 1 97 5 d l ;Ex m k ra 1 97 9

5

G arm Ök f a

`:ncabepþImsresres[vePAenHtaMgBIézáEdl`:nrtecjputBIkm¬úCa.KWenAedImqñaM1980. manmUl

ehtuZM>BIrEdl:nCMrujo`bgºÚrTwkexµAenAelIRkdasBN(s edIm|IniTanBIGtItkalEdl`:nqøgkat .

Cabfm eBlenaHxøÜn`RtUvkarcaM:cedIm|IniyayR:bGñkdéTBIGVI>Edl`eTIb:nCYbRbTH . mYyvijeT[t

`eC]za CaParkic©` EdlmansMNag:nenArseKarBdlviJÃaNkÎ&nÆGñkEdlEcksæaneTA.QrelIktþaTaMgBIr

enH `k*cab´sresrTaMgyb TaMgézáeBlNaEdleBlevlaGnueRKaH . eBlsresrcbehIy `:nZUrkñúg

citþ . `:nykeTAtm,lTukenAkñúgbNÑal&ypÞalxøÜn` . eBlevlaecHEtknøgeTA . `:nbnþqakCIvit

dUceKdUcÉg dUcCakargarciJ©wmRKYsar mitþPkþi Ganes[vePA .l.

enAqñaM1999 sUPInIkUnRsIbgrbs` enAeBlrkes[vePAenAbNÑal&y k*:nRbTHeXIjes[vePAEdl

`minTane:HBum¬ . nag:nykmkGancbehIyk*sYr` “: ! etIkUnEdn EdlenAkñúg <<GñknwgekItkUnkñúg

TukÎevTna >> Ca`ß/ ” . enAqñaM2005enH nagmanGayu26qñaM ehIymanbriJÃabR&txagc|ab nigeTIbEter[n

cbeZVICaGñkÉkeTsxagsiTÆimnusS ehIyCaCMnYykarsaRsþacarüenAsklviTüal&y Namur.

ÉcMENkmYyeT[t, suvD¿na, ekItenARb)ucEsl GayuCit22qñaM kMBuger[nxagesdðkic© . nagminTan

s<alRsukkMeNItrbsCIdUnCItanageT .

20qñaMknøgputeTA … mankarpøasbþÚr nigvivtþn¾eRcInNasenAkñúgsklelak . karcUlcitþ, kar

niym, KMnit, rbbneya:y xøH:nEkERb xøHeT[tk*rlay:teTAehIy . k*b¨uEnþGVIEdlminGacbþÚr:nKW

“karBit” “sc©Zm( ” ZatuCaCMerAéndYgcitþmnusS .

es[vePA “RtLbemIleRkayvijéner]gd*EsnexøacpSamYy ” manGayuCag20qñaMehIy k*buEnþer]gCak

EsþgmYyenHEdlGñkniBnÆkMBugrsranmanCIvit nigCasakSI rsenACadrabkñúgstism|CJÃ;rbsGñkslBI

søab´ . eBlevla:nCYybnæyesckþIcukcabkMuoQWxøaMgeBk EtvaminGaceZVIoCasHes|Iy:neLIy .

shCIvin`Edl:nputCIviteTAehIy EdlmanbJ¢IraynamenAxageRkayes[vePAenH minRtUvoeKbJ©b´CIvit

d*GyutþiZm(EbbenHeLIy . ÉcMENkxøÜn` EdltakEtges[vePAenHeLIg KµanKuNsm|tþiGVIelIsBYkeK

EdlBlICIviteTAk*eTEdr . GñkEdleKdkykCIviteTAk*mindwgmanmUlehtuGIV:nCaeKsmøab ÉGñkenArs

k*mindwger]gGI:nCaxøÜnenAmanCIvit . sUmoeQµaHGñkEcksæaneTAsæitenACanic©kñúgviJÃaNsg<mmnusS .

karviPaKénRbvtþisaRsþQrelIRTwsþI minGacCMnYskarr¨ayr¨abCakEsþgrbsBYkGñk:nrsenAeT .

skÎIPaBEdleKykmklatRtdagCaÉksarmYyd*sMxanbMputedIm|ICaCMnYyoGñkGacylrbbExµrRkhmtam

ry;vasnaénbuK<lnimYy>Edl:nrsenAkñúgrbbenaH . rbbExµrRkhmmaneKalbMNgkMeTcbuK<l eRBaH

BYkeKminRBmTTYlylRBmza eKminGacksagsg<mmYyedayrIkray:neT ebIbuK<lnimYy>EdlCasmaCik

enAsg<menaH RtUveKCiHCanemIlgay eZVI:bdUcstVZatu . kñúgn&yenH rbbkumµúynisþ nigrbbhVasIus

ÉkPaBKña KWeKbM:tesrIPaBrbsmnusS .

`KµaneKalbMNgsresres[vePARbvtþisaRsþeT . EtTisedAénes[vePAenHKWer[brabBIkarlagxYr

karkMeTcbuK<l karxøac TukÎevTna kareRskXøan kareQøaHRbEkkKña enAeBlEdleKykmnusSeTAdak

6

kñúgmnÞIrXMuXaMg ehIyeZVITaruNkmµ . `eqø{tbgºajza enAeBlevTna eyIgGacRbRBwtþGMeBIEdlenAeBl

ZmµtaeyIgex¬ImreGIm . `bgºajoeXIjza manGñkxøHedayOkasniym ßedaykarlagxYrk|tKñaÉg .

`elIkóTahrN¾BIenHbnþic BIenaHbnþic edIm|IoeXIjza kñúgbuK<leyIgmñak>mankarRbTajRbTgKña ehIy

mnusSmñakmanGtþsJÃaNxusKña .

maner]gniTanmYy niyayBIRbtikmµmnusSEdlmanviC¢aCIv;xusKña enAeBleXIjrUgPñMd*sÁat enA

kNþaléRBeRCAmYy . GñkCMnYjeBl:neXIj eKnwkeXIjcgsgsNðaKaredIm|IBYkeTscr. emecarbøneK

nwkeXIjkEnøgsáatlÁGacyk«v¨aneKlYc:nmklakTuk . ÉGñksµwgsµaZ KatzaCakEnøglÁ sMrabKat

BicarNaEvgqáay:nRsYl GtmannrNarMxan .

enAkñúges[vePAenH `:nelIktMekIgvirPaBrbsKñaeyIgmYycMnYn Edlkøahanh)anRbqaMgnwgBYkExµr

Rkhm . GñkxøHeKlYcrt GñkxøHeT[teZVIXatxøÜnÉg . CIvitBYkGñk:tbgeTA enACaGmt;kñúgRBlwg` .

edIm|Isresres[vePAenH `:nyktamkMNtCaeRcInEdlPriya`:nktTukyagsáat BImYyézá

eTAmYyézáeBlenAeRkamkarRtYtRtarbsExµrRkhm EdlKatmansMNagGacecHlak:nrhUtdlsBVézá .

eRkayBIkUnRsIeyIg`ekItenAcugqñaM1978 rbbExµrRkhmcabZUrbnþicehIy edayeKRtUvkarBYkeyIgEdlenA

rs eTACMnYsBYkeKsmøabeTAehIy . CIvPaBeyIgk*cabZUrRsalTaMgkarhUbcuk TaMgkarrsenA . eBlenaH

ehIyEdl`cabeZVIkMNtkñúgkUnes[vePA`eLIgvij . edayQrelIkMNt`enH elakGñkGannwgGanvK<

“PñMeBjeRkameG[gsarI ” nig “CneP[sxøÜnkñúgRsukÉg ”.

CaTIbJ©b `sUmsEmþgnUvGMNrKuNd*RCaleRCAcMeBaH Esmeralda Luciolli, Janine Masse,

Paul Branquart, Philippe Paquet et Francis Pirson EdltaMgBIyUrmkehIy Etg:nCYyelIkTwkcitþ`

edIm|I sresres[vePAenH . CamYyenHEdr es[vePAenHRbEhlminTan:necjeT ebIsinNaCa Henri

Locard min:neXIjsMeNAztcmøg (copy)enApÞH Steve HedernaRkugLúgd¾ ehIyebIsinCarYmCamYy

Steve Heder nig David Chandler Kat:nCMruj`oe:HBum¬Caes[vePA . CaTIbJ©bkñúgry;eBld*lM:k

Edr edIm|IrkkEnøgRbsUtes[vePAenH ebIsinCaKµankarKaMRTeday«tlkÎxNÐrbs Sylvaine Pasquier

EdlmanCMen]yagmutmaMelIes[vePAenH . edaysarkarnwkeXIj kar:ns<al kar:nCYbniyayCamYy

mitþrYmTukÎrbs` :nrYmcMENkCYyo`sresr . es[vePAenHCasñaédrbseKTaMgGsKñaEdlmancMnYneRcIn

`minGacrabGs . edaymanmUlehtuepSg> GñkxøHmincgoeKs<aleQµaHCasaZarN; . `eKarBesckþI

sMerccitþenH . RbvtþisaRsþRsukExµr enAminTancbeT ehIysg<mCnóRkidðGtTTYlkarpþnÞaeTas enArs

manCIvitenAeLIy .

GñkEdl:nCYy` :nrabGan` ß:nCYb` BlICIvitelIBakkNþalpøÚvknøgmkenH suTÆEt:nrYm

cMENkksag` `sUmsEmþgnUvóbkarKuN rhUtdlputCIvit .

7

b uerk f a

s þIB In is S it Ex µren ARs uk ) ara Mg (1 9 4 6 -1 97 5 ) kñúgkMLúgstvtSTI20knøgmkenH yuvCnExµrk*dUcCayuvCnttiyelakepSgeT[tEdr RbeTs:raMgCa

nimtþirUbénkarcMerInlUtlasxagvb|Zm( nigviTüasaRsþ . Rsuk:raMgCamatuPUmiénGñkkvIniBnÆ TsSnviC¢a

nigGñkR:C\aZM>d*l|Il|aj . ehIyGñkdwknaMnigbJÃvnþenAelIsklelakmYycMnYnZMsuTÆEtZøab:nTTYlnUv

karGbrMenARbeTs:raMg . yuvCnExµreBlenaH EtgepþatstiGarmµN¾eTARkug:rIs ehIyEtgRsémcgeTA

er[genARbeTs:raMg eRBaHBYkeKmanCMen]za kar:nmksikSaenARsuk:raMg pþllTÆPaBoeK:neRkbCJ¢k

nUvcMeNHviC¢arwgmaMeRCARCH CaktþaoeKGacksagRbeTsCati:nlÁeTAGnaKt . yuvCnExµrmYycMnYntUc Edl

manraynamxageRkamenHmanP&BVsMNag:nsMerckþIsgÏwmTukenHmuneK rYmman; CYn eC]n, CYn CMu, CYn mumµ

eG[ sIcU¨v, jwk sYg, Epøk qay nigEym sarug . GñkTaMg7nakenH :nmkdlRsuk:raMgenAExemsa qñaM

1946 KWeRkaysRg<amelakelIkTI2bnþic . sUmbJ¢akpgEdrza enAsm&yenaH minTanmanmeZüa:y

eZVIdMeNIrtamGakasdUcsBVézáenHenAeLIyeT . BYkRkumnisSitExµrEdl:nGaharUbkrN¾mker[nenARsuk

:raMgelIkdMbUgenH RtUveZVIdMeNIryagyUrtamk:l . eKRtUvCiHk:lBIéRBnKr RbeTsev[tNam eq¬aHeTA

maksI (Marseille)RbeTs:raMg . cMeBaHeKmñak> eKmanmenaseJ©tnaGaeLaHGal&yRsukNas zVIt|itEt

eKZøabEbkBIRsukkMeNItmþgehIyk*eday . EtkarEbkelIkTI1mindUcelIkenHeT . kalenaHeKEbkeTAer[n

enAhaNUy edayRsukExµrminTanmanmhaviTüal&yenAeLIy .

mkdl:rIs BYkeKTaMgenaHRtUveKoeTAsMNakenAeKhdðan«NÐÚcinenAbUrIGnþrCatisklviTüal&y.

s m aK m n is S it Ex µr

:nmkdlRsuk:raMgPøam nisSitExµrTaMg7nakenH:nmUlmtiKñabeg,ItsmaKmmYyEdleKoeQµaH

za “smaKmexmr;nisSit ”. eG[ sIucUv EdleRkaymkkøayeTACaGñkdwknaMd*l|Il|ajénKNbkSRbCaZib

etyü RtUv:ne:HeqñatoeZVICaRbZansmaKmexmr;nisSitenH . Kat:neZVICaRbZanrhUtdlqñaM1950 .

CaelIkTI1ehIy EdlmansmaKmExµrenAbreTs . eKalbMNgKWCYyóbtæmÖKñaeTAvijeTAmkedIm|Ioer[n

BUEk tamsuPasit “enApÞHmþayTIéT enAéRBmþayEtmYy ”. smaCiksæabnikEdleyIg:nCYb :nrMlwk

oeXIjeLIgvijBIkalEdlBYkKatmkdlRsuk:raMgGsCagBakkNþalstvtSeTAehIyenaH buEnþvahakdUc

CaenAzµIdEdl . BYkKatrMePIbnigmanemaTnPaBNas ehIyxitxMeZVIyagNakMuoGaC\aZr:raMgemIlgayExµr

pÞúyeTAvijbgºajoeXIjza kUnExµrCamnusSmansmtæPaBRKbrKan mincajeKeT .

kñúgTisedAenHEdr eyIg:nbeg,ItRBwtþibR&tmYyoeQµaHza “exmr;nisSit ”. RBwtþibRt&enHecjpSay

BIrdgkñúgmYyqñaM . GtæbTEdleyIgsMerccuHpSay epþateTAelIkarcaM:c EdlCatMrUvkarGñkecHdwg edIm|I

ksag nigkarBarRbeTsCasMxan . eBlenaHedayRbeTs«NÐa nigcin :nÉkraCümunkm¬úCa eyIgyk

bJºaEdlRbeTsTaMgenHCYbRbTH eTAqøúHbJ©aMgbJºakm¬úCaenAGnaKt BIkarxVHvisVkrenARbeTs«NÐa nigRbeTs

8

cin rYmTaMgbJºaGkSrsaRsþ RbvtþisaRsþ vb|Zm( sil|; suxaPi:l .l. RBwtþib&RtenHmin:nelIkyk

bJºaneya:y mkniyayedaycM>eT . eyIgykvb|Zm( nigkarGbrMCasMxan . ehIymüageT[t “smaKm

exmr;nisSit ” min:nRbkanykmaK(aneya:yGVIc|asR:kdeT . eKRKanEtylKñac|asza mñak>suTÆEtCa

GñkesñhaCati cgoCatikm¬úCa:nÉkraCüBIGaNaniKm:raMg .

GñkEdl:ncYlrYmkñúgbTBiesaZn¾CaRbvtþisaRsþenHmñakeT[t :nGHGagedayemaTnPaBza “eRkay

mkedayseg,teXIjBYkGñkTTYlxusRtUveKhdðan«NÐÚcin tubEtgpÞHenHtamreb[byYnd*suTÆsaZ ehIy

KµanGVImYyoExµr niglav bgºajzaCapÞHrbsxøÜnesaH eyIgk*sMerccitþQbeZVIBiZIbuNücUlqñaMExµr enAeKhdðan

teTAeT[t . enHminEmnCaer]gtUctaceT vaCabJºaGayuCIvitCati CabJºavb|Zm( CabJºaEdlTakTgnwg

GtþsJÃaNCati eRBaHbJºaCativarebHmindacBIbJºavb|Zm( .

bnÞabBI:nQbeZVIbuNücUlqñaMenAeKhdðan«NÐÚcinmk eyIg:ner[bcMeZVIenAkEnøgepSg . eZVI:n

BIrdg BIrqñaMCabKñaedayeCaKC&y .

k*buEnþenAeBler[bcMcUlqñaMExµr qñaMTI3 eyIgmanbJºa . emAsay kñúgfan;KatCatMNagnisSitExµr

enAKN;kmµaZikareKhdðan«NÐÚcin :nsuxcitþnwger[bcMeZVIbuNücUlqñaMExµrenAeKhdðan«NÐÚcinvij . Kat

sMercenHedayGtþenam&t Gtman:nsYreyablnisSitExµreT KWemAsayKateZVIeRkamkarbgÎMrbsrdðaPi:l

:raMg . KN;kmµaZikareKhdðan«NÐÚcinmansmaCik4nakKWExµr lav yYn nig:raMg.eyIgminGacylRBm

TTYlykkarbgÎitbgÎMEbbenH:neT . dUecñHsmaKmexmr;nisSit k*Ebk:kKñaCaBIrRkumenAmunkarer[bcMeZVI

BiZIbuNücUlqñaMExµrenAqñaM1951 .

GñkxøHeT[t:nGHGagza karEbk:kCadMbUgenAkñúgcMeNamnisSitExµrenHRbEhlCamanmUlehtumk

BIeBlenaH mannisSitExµrzµI> eTIbmkdlRsuk:raMgbEnæmeT[t . BYkmkdlzµIenH dUcCasaLúts

(eRkaymkCab¨ulBt ) nig eG[g sarI maneKalCMhrxøaMgkøaCagBYkcas> . eG[gsarI eBlenaHmaneQµaH

l|Il|ajkñúgcMeNamnisSitnigyuvCnenAPñMeBj nigenARsuk:raMg . KateZVICaemdwknaM:tukmµenAqñaM1949

enAviTüal&ysIusuvtæi . sm&yenaHCasm&ymanclnats)U BaseBjsklelak . Casm&yEdlRbCaBl

rdðRtUvGaNaniKmniymCiHCannaMKñabHe:reRkakeLIgTamTarÉkraCü . enATVIbGasIu sæanPaBRkLabcak

edaysarcinkumµúynisþdwknaMeday emA esTug:ndeNþImykGMNackankabcindIeKakTaMgmUlenAqñaM1949 .

RBwtþikarN¾enHCH«TÆiBlyagsem|ImenA«NÐÚcin eRBaHkgT&BcinkumµúynisþmkRKbRKgEdndI EdlmanRBM

RbTlCabnwgev[tNam CaktþaeZVIosRg<am:raMg-ev[tNam mankarpøasbþÚr . :raMgminGacykC&yCMnH

elIev[tNam:neT eRBaHBYkkumµúynisþcin CYykumµúynisþyYn . RBmCamYyenHEdr sPaBkarN¾skl

elakkanEtGnueRKaHdlclnats)URbqaMgGaNaniKmniymxøaMgeLIg . enAkñúgRbeTs:raMgxøÜnÉg man

clnats)URbqaMgnwgGnþraKmn¾:raMgenAGasIuGeKñy¾ k*mankanEtxøaMgpgEdr .

enAeRkambriyakasd*EsnpulpusenH eZVIoTwkcitþyuvCnExµrEdlmansµartIesñhaCatitaMgBIyUrmk

ehIyenaH kanEtmutmaMEzmeT[t . eKCYbKñaCECkBiPakSad*BuHkeRJ¢alelIbJºaneya:y GtþsJÃaNCati

vb|Zm( RbvtþisaRsþ . TaMgGsKñamUlmticg:nÉkraCüBI:raMg TaMgGsKñacgomankarEkTRmgpøasbþÚrkñúg

sg<m . etIedIm|IdeNþImÉkraCüBI:raMg eyIgRtUvts)UGavuZ ßGhwgSa / edIm|IpøasbþÚreKRtUvkarEkTRmg

bnþicmþg> ßk*eRbIZm(ekþAtampøÚvkat eZVIbdivtþn¾ / edIm|IdUrsg<mo:nrIkcMerInTanGarüRbeTs eKRtUvbþÚr

9

rcnasm&¬nÆmun ßk*reb[bKitmun / eKRtUvsMrbTMen[mTmøab karKitKUr tamrcnasm&¬nÆénsg<m ßpÞúyeTAvij

ksagrcnasm&¬nÆsg<mtamTMen[mTmøab karKitKUr EdlCaCMen]rbsExµr / etIeyIgRtUvEkTRmg ßeZVI

bdivtþn¾ / etIesrIPaBbuK<l nigesrIPaBCati GñkNaZMCagGñkNa / etIKitrMedaHCatimunKitesrIPaBbuK<l

ßk*eZVIoeTAesµIKña /

cemøIyénsMNYrTaMgenH vaeZVIomankarmincuHsMrugKña . GñkxøHmanninñakar “eqVg” ÉGñkxøHeT[tman

ninñakar “sþaM” GñkxøHeT[tenAkNþal . BYk “eqVg” :nykkarts)UedayGavuZCacMENkmYyd*sMxanedIm|I

QaneTArkÉkraCü .

cabBIqñaM1950mk nisSitExµr:nmkdlRsuk:raMgyageRcIneT[t . RbEhlyagtic20nak . Rkum

7nakmkBIhaNUy CMnandMbUgeK :nRbKlkardwknaMoRkumekµg>CMnaneRkaykankabsmaKm . smaCik

smaKmmancMnYnkanEteRcIneLIg> . GñkdwknaMsMxan>eBlenaH manCaGaTi ; ekg v¨ansak, ex[vsMpn

h)U yn, eG[gsarI, saLútsr nigCYn mumµ . BYkeqVgenH:nkankþabsmaKmnisSitExµrenAqñaM1951 EdlCa

qñaMmankare:HeqñatCasklenARsukExµr . h)U yn :nRtUveRCIserIsoeZVICaRbZansmaKmnisSitExµrbnþ

BI vNÑ mUlIvNÑ EdlZøabRtUv:neKcatTukzaCamnusSTnPøn suPaBrabsar maneKRsLajrabGaneRcIn.

Éh)Uyn k*maneKekatsresIr eKarBeRcInNasEdr ebIeTaHbICaKatmanninñakareqVgniym EtBYksþaMk*

eKarBKatEdr . eKcatTukKat CamnusSkøahan esµaHRtg mancMeNHviC¢a cUlcitþGan minrakñúgkarkarBar

ótþmKtiRbqaMgGMeBIGyutþiZm( BukrlYy CYyykGasarBYkGñkEdlRtUveKemIlgay . enAqñaM1975 h)U yn

:nRbqaMgyagdacxatkarCemø{sRbCaBlrdðecjBIPñMeBj . Kat:nTayTukza BYkExµrRkhmEdl:n

eRbIGMeBIéRBépSelIRbCaCn minGacrs:nelIsBIbIqñaMeT . KatRtUvBYkbulBtsmøab taMgBIedImdMbUgén

rdðGMNacrbseKemø¨H .

eRkamkardwknaMrbs h)U yn smaKmnisSitExµr:neZVIskmµPaBRbqaMgnwgGaNaniKmniym:raMg

kanEtxøaMgkøaEzmeT[t ehIyykeKalCMhrKaMRTkarts)UedayGavuZenAkñúgRbeTseRkamkardwknaMrbssWug

gukzaj . smaCiksmaKmmYycMnYnRtUv:nbJ¢ÚneTAkñúgRbeTs edIm|IcUlrYmCamYy sWug gukmiuj kñúgsmrPUmi

kñúgeKalCMhrBRgwgnigBRgIkmaK(aÉkraCüecjBIev[tNam . eRkaymkBYkEdl:neTAcUlRbLÚkTaMgenaH

manCaGaTi ; es[g Gan, ém man, r¨at sMeG]n nigsaLútsr mankarxkcitþCaxøaMg edayenAkñúgéRB eXIj

BYk sWug gukmiuj enH enAEtrNbyYnxøaMgeBk ehIyminRBmRbKlParkic©GVIsMxanoBYkeKTTYlxusRtUveT

pÞúyeTAvij sWug gukmiuj emIlRsalBYkeK ehIyokarkMbiukkMbukeZVICaGñkdwkCJ¢ÚneTAvij . enA:rIs

rdðaPi:l:raMg:nRbkasbiTsmaKmnisSitExµrnaqñaM1953 . nisSitExµr:nykpøak “Rkumsil|;RbéBNI”

edIm|IbnþskmµPaBsmaKmteTAeT[t .

10

s h P aB n is S it Ex µr

shPaBnisSitExµr cabkMeNItenAézáTI16 vicäika qñaM1956 . CasmaKmnisSitEdlmanninñakar

“eqVg”. cabepþImPøam beg,ItKN;kmµaZikarbeNþaHGasnñmYy edIm|Ie:HeqñaterIsKN;kmµaZikarnayk

smaKm . shPaBnisSitExµr EdlehAkatza G)uy eGI ka (UEK) man«TÆiBlxøaMgNas kñúgcMeNam

nisSitExµrnaeBlenaH . edayeKTTYls<alza smaKmenHmankarer[bcMxagsg<mkic©edIm|ICYynisSito

kanEtmanRbsiTÆPaBehIysmaCikPaKeRcInsuTÆswgEtCaGñkmansIlZm(lÁ xMer[nsURtx¬gx¬s mkBIsala

ZM>enARsuk:raMg .

RsbninñakarenHEdr shPaBnisSitExµrRtUv:neKcatTukzamaneKalCMhrneya:yRtwmRtUvc|as

las køahan smRsbnwgesckþIeRskXøancg:nrbsyuvCnExµreBlenaH . sUm|IEtBYkminh)anecj

muxKaMRTCacMhk*eKKaMRTedaylakel[mEdr . GñkKaMRTminecjmuxmYycMnYnxøacmankarsgswkBIrdðaPi:l

dUcCapþacGaharUbkrN¾rbsBYkeKCaedIm . buEnþCaCMerAcitþ eKKaMRTBYkEdlmankarcattaMglÁ sÁatsÁM

maneKalCMhrc|aslas ehIyGacmanlTÆPaBCYyeKeBleKRtUvkaroCYy .

enAkñúgn&yenH smaKmnisSitEdlKaMRTedayrdðaPi:lPñMeBjzVIt|itEtmanviZankarRKbRKank*min

GacRbNaMgRbECgrkkarKaMRT:ndUcsmaKmshPaBnisSitExµrEdr . RbiyPaBrbsshPaBnisSitExµr

enAmanmUlehtuCaeRcIneT[t . sMxanKWmhaCnemIleXIjza BYkenHCaBYklÁbuEnþRtUveKeZVI:beday

GyutþiZm( . smaCikmYycMnYnZMk*maneQµaHl|Il|ajmankitþinam mhaCns<alTUTaMgRbeTsmanCaGaTi

CYn mumµ ExµrTI1 EdlecjBIsalaBhubec©keTs (Ecole Polytechnique) enARsuk:raMgd*l|Il|aj

ehIyKatCabNÐitrUbsaRsþmuneKbgÁsEdr . Kat:ncMNayeBlCYyóbtæmÖExµreRcInCMnanedIm|ImanOkas

cUler[nsURt . bJÃvnþmYycMnYncatTukbNÐit CYn mumµ CaebtikP&NÐCatiEdlenAmanCIvitrsenAeLIy.

ÉcMENkex[v sMpn GtItGñkdwknaMsMxanrbssmaKmshPaBnisSitExµr kalenACanisSitKatBMu

maneQµaHl|Il|ajelIseKelIsÉgeT . buEnþbnÞabBI:ncUlRsuk eQµaHrbsKatk*man»sUrl|Il|aj

TUTaMgRbeTsEtmþg . eKTaMgGsKñacatTukKatCamnusSsÁatsÁM suPaBrabsar ehIyRtUveKeZVI:bdUcCa

bUlIsRsatexaeZVI:bKatenAPñMeBjCaedIm .

v g S m :ak S eL n In

CaTIbJ©bkarmanRkumsñÚlEdlmaneQµaHza vgS makS eLnIn k*CaktþasMxanmYyCMrujoshPaB

nisSitExµr manCIvitrwgmaMnigmaneQµaHl|Il|aj . vgSmakS eLnIn mankMeNItenAqñaM1951 . TisedA

énsmaKmsmáatenH KWsikSaRTwsþIsg<mniym . smaCiksæabnikenH maneQµaHdUcteTA ; eG[gsarI

ekg v¨ansak, sU yNÑar¨a, sun esn, CYn mu¨mµ, CYn R:siTÆ, Ok saKun, ém man, tUc eP]n, CI KwmGan

rat saem]n . vgSm¨akS eLnIn CaGg<karsñÚlsmáat . eKminoGñkepSgeRkABIsmaCikvgS makS eLnIn

dwgza mansmaKmenHeT ehIymankic©RbCMukñúgmYyGaTitümþg .

11

eG[gsarI edIrtYsMxanCageKkñúgenAvgS makS eLnIn . KatEtgP\akralRBwkmuneKmunÉg . Kat

emIlxusRtUv catEcgRKbvis&yTaMgGs . óTahrN¾ hamminoemIles[vePANaepSg eRkABIes[vePA

bdivtþn¾ ßk*edIrelgesIcepþspþas . saLútsr EdleRkaymkCabulBt minsUvskmµdUceG[gsarIeT .

enAqñaM1956 ex[vsMpn bnþkic©karCMnYs eG[g sarI enAeBl eG[g sarI cUlRsukExµrvij . GñkZøab´

s<akeG[g sarI eBlenaH niyayza KatCamnusSmanvin&yx¬s EtCamnusSEdlmanTsSn;yleXIjza

Gñkman GaC\aZr bg> ßcas> eZVIGVIk*RtUvrhUt .

eRkayBIex[vsMpn RtLbcUlRsukvij enAqñaM1956 CYn mumµ :nRtUvEtgtaMgoTTYlxusRtUvvgS

makS eLnIn rhUtdlRtUveG[g sarI sMercbJÄbeTAvijenAqñaM1971 . evC¢bNÐit Giun sUkan RtUv:nEtgtaMg

oeZVICaRbZansmaKmshPaBnisSitExµr enAqñaM1957-59 . KatCaGñkmanRbCaRbiykñúgcMeNamnisSit

CamnusSsamJÃ minerIseGIg mineqµIgéqµ manTsSn;TUlay . GMLúgeBlEdlKateZVICaRbZanshPaB

nisSitExµr ehIybnÞabmkeT[teZVICaRbZanrNsirSrYbrYmCatikm¬úCaenARsuk:raMg Kat:nrYmcMENkyag

sMxankñúgkareZVIoclnaTaMgBIrenH mankitþinaml|Il|aj EdlCaktþaoQaneTArkC&yCMnH .

Kat:nTTYlmrNPaBenAéRBPñMmYynaxaglic RbeTskm¬úCa enAqñaM1979 . edIm|IGUsTajocUl

KaMRTxøÜn eG[g sarI niyayR:b zaed CakUnRbusrbs Giun sUkan za kal Giun sUkan minTancUlRsuk

Kat:nxMXatkMuocUl .

qñaM1960-70 tUc xaMeD]n RtUv:nTTYlnaTICaGñkdwknaMshPaBnisSitExµrGsry;eBlyagyUr.

KatmkdlRsuk:raMgenAqñaM1954 nigTTYlsJÃab&RtbNÐitrUbsaRsþ nigCasmaCikénviTüasæanCatiRsav

RCavviTüasaRsþRsuk:raMg . xagneya:y KatmanninñakarsMruHsMrYl . enAeBlExµrRkhmekþabGMNac

enAkm¬úCa KatRtUveKcabykeTAeZVITaruNkmµ ehIysmøabenATYlEsøgCamYy vNÑa CaPriyarbsKat. BYk

ExµrRkhmecaTKatza cUlesGIuGa (CIA)pg kaehSeb (KGB)pg . eBlKatminRBmsarPaBtamcMNg

EdlBYkeKcg:n Duc emKukTYlEsøg :nsresredayRbmazemIlgayKat elIlixittUcmYycuHézáTI20

Exemsa qñaM1977yagdUecñH ;

{elaktUc xaMeD]n,

elakCaGñkR:C\viTüasaRsþ elakRCabehIy KWRkwtüRkmvabJ©aMgyagc|aslas TaMgKuNPaB

TaMgbrimaN GMBIdMeNIrCakEsþgc|aslas .

cMeBaHesckþIraykarN¾EdlelakcgRkgeLIg etIRtwmRtUvßGt /

sUmelakBinitüsareLIgvij ehIycgRkgo:nRtwmRtUvedayGnueRKaH .

edayeKarBcMeBaHviTüasaRsþ

Duc

20-4-77} xageRkamenHCakardkRsgBIesckþI “sarPaB ” EdlbNÐit tUc xaMeD]n :nsresredaypÞaléd

eRkamTaruNkmµd*éRBépSrbs Duc nigédeCIgrbsKat .

12

{…hilsinKI RsukhVaMgLg RbEhlenAqñaM1953 -1955 . kaehSeb :nTakTgCamYymitþ

sYg sIueK]n enA:rIs tamry;bkSkumµuynisþ:raMg enAqñaM1962 .

enAkNþalqñaM1964 `:nTTYl1500RhVg BIsgBIEyr hIVlIb edIm|IykeTACYydlnisSit

EdldacGaharrUbkrN¾ kñúgTisedAonisSitTaMgenHmanplRbeyaCn¾enAkñúgshPaBnisSitExµr edIm|I`

mankmøaMgeRcInsMrabbMeBjEpnkarN¾ykGMNacenAkm¬úCa eTAézáeRkaydUckaeseb:nelIkeLIg .

enAqñaM1965 `nigCYn mumµ :neTACYbPñakgarkaesebCati:raMgmñak eQµaH bUlLÚr¨g edIm|IsYrmti

ENnaMrbskaehSeb cMeBaHmaK(aEdleyIg`RtUvedIreTAeT[t eRkayEdlrdðRbharenA«NÐÚeNsIu :nbgºaj

yagc|asza “maK(aRbCaZibetyüCati” edIm|IykrdðGMNaceTABMurYceT[t . karCYbenHmansgBIEyr

hVIlib naMeTApg . bUlLÚr¨g R:bza kaehSebmanmtiza :nCabkSkumµúynisþ«NÐÚeNsIubraC&y mkBIniym

ebkaMgeBk cMENkÉenAkm¬úCa pøÚvRbCaZibetyüCati CapøÚvEtmYyEdlRtUvedIr .

enAqñaM1965 `, CYn mumµ, sYg sIueK]n :nTiet[ndlbkSkumµúynisþ«NÐÚeNsIu zamkBIbkSenHTakTg

CitsñiTÆCamYybkSkumµúynisþcin eTIbRtUvexÞcedayBYksWhatUyagenH . `niyayenHKWpSayTsSn;kaehSeb.

enAcugqñaM1965 Ebn ezagGan CanisSitenAmUs<Ú :nTTYlParkic©BIkaehSebmkCYb`, CYnmumµ

nigsYg sIueK]n enARbeTs:raMg edIm|IniyayGMBIkarcaM:cénkarbeg,ItbkSmYyeQµaH “bkSkumµúynisþkm¬úCa”

edIm|IdwknaMkarts)UrbsRbCaCnkm¬úCa . Kat:nbbYl`, CYn mumµ nigsYg sIueK]n ocUlCasmaCik

KN;mCÄwm .

enAedImqñaM1963 kñúgTisedAonisSitExµrbMerIneya:ysUev[tedayRCYtRCab `ENnaMoeKósSah¾

Ganes[vePATsSnavdþIsUev[t ósSah¾emIlkunsUev[t emIlkaEst TsSnavdþIbkSkumµúynisþ:raMg EdlCa

bkSKaMRTsUev[tTaMgRsug . RBmCamYyenaH `k*GbrMnisSitkm¬úCaoeXIjsUev[txøaMgBUEk eC]nel]nxag

viTüasaRsþ onisSitExµrxøacminh)anTbTlnwgsUev[teBlNasUev[teZVIGnþraKmn¾enAkm¬úCa .

kñúgTisedArkCMnYyBIbreTs edIm|ITakTajcitþnisSittamsmÖar;oeKenACamYyshPaBnisSitExµr

ehIyk*eyageTAtambNþaMkaesebpg `:nTakTgCajwkjab´CamYyGg<karyuvCnkumµúynisþ:raMg Biess

CamYyeQµaH sgBIEyrhVIlIb edIm|IoeKCYyCasmÖar; Caluykakdl` . Gg<karyuvCnkumµúynisþ:raMg

Edl:nTTYlkarENnaMBIkaehSeb :nCYy`enAqñaM1963 RbEhl3000RteNat . sgBIEyrhVIlIb

:nR:b`za ebIRtUvkarGVI o`mkTakTgnwgKat BIeRBaHCMnYyenH KWCaCMnYyEdlKatkanpÞaltamkar

ENnaMBImUs<Ú .

enAedImqñaM1964 `:nopSaykñúgRBwtþibR&tshPaBnisSitExµr nUvGtæbTCaeRcInEdlsresIrdl

maK(aykGMNactam “RbCaZibetyüCati ” edIm|IonisSitExµrRbqaMgnwgTsSn;bdivtþn¾RtwmRtUvEdlzayk

GMNactamhwgSaneya:ynigGavuZ .

enAkNþalqñaM1964 bnÞabBImankarsgS&ymkyUrehIy `k*:ndwgza mitþ CYn mumµ nig sYgsIueK]n

k*CaPñakgarkaesebreb[b`Edr . kaehSeb:nTakTgCYn mumµ kalKateTARbCMusnñisITRkumRbwkSasnþiPaB

sklelak .

enAedImqñaM1970 KN;kmµaZikarnaykshPaBnisSitExµr:nCYbRbTHnwgPaBsµúKsµajCaxøaMg . BYk

nisSitEdleTIbecjBIRsukExµrdwknaMeday Guin suPaB nig v¨an BInI :nTamTaromankarpøasbþÚrzñakdwknaM .

13

nisSitTaMgBIrrUbenH kalenARsukExµrZøabeZVICaKN;dwknaMsmaKmTUeTAénnisSitExµr dwknaMeday PUk qay

EdlmanninñakarCitcineb¨kaMg . Guin suPaB nig v¨an BInI cgeZVIosmaKmshPaBnisSitExµr nigclna

ts)UkñúgRsuk maneKalCMhrdUcKña kñúgkarts)UenAkñúgRbeTs . edayEcktMNagenAkñúgKN;kmµaZikar

naykmincuHsMr¨ugKña k*manEbkCasmaKmBIr … } . eRkayrdðRbhar18mIna1970 nisSitPaKeRcInsuxcitþlubbM:tGtþsJÃaNrbsxøÜn edIm|IcUlrYmeZVI

CasmaCikrNsirSrYbrYmCatikm¬úCa Edlmansemþcneratþm sIhnu CaRbZan . eRkayBI eG[g sarI

mkkankþabExµrbreTs rNsirSóbkrN¾bMerImhicätarbseG[g sarI .

14

Ed n d IC aT Is k áar: enAeBlEdl`cabepþImsresres[vePAenHCnrgeRKaHrablannak:n:tbgCIvitrbsxøÜneTAehIy

enAelIEdndIdIkm¬úCaCaTIsk,arrbs` .

eBl`nwker]genHeLIg `sþayeGIyEsnsþay minKYrNaeLIyRsukeyIgCYbRbTHnwgTukÎevTnad*mha

exøacpSadlzñakenHesaH . `sþay ehIyQWcabedaysarkalenaH `manCMen]za rbbzµInwgGacsþarkm¬úCa

omanesærPaBQaneTArkkarrIkcMerInkñúgbUrNPaBEdndIEdlCaktþasMxan eRBaHCaGayuCIviténkm¬úCaeTA

GnaKt .

edaycaMminePøc eBlenaH `eXIjnisSitbJÃvnþExµrEtgEtmUlmtiCaÉkcänÞ dUcCaeKsresrza ;

“OmatuPUmiExµrCaTIesñha

rUbBitsgºarEckmin:n

kUnExµrRbusRsIRKbrUbR:N

karBarkMuxanesµICIvit “

kMNaBüXøaeXøagxagelIEdlpSaykñúgRBwtþibR&tnisSitExµrenARsuk:raMgeBlenaH CaskÎIPaBbgºaj

oeXIjGMBITwkcitþesñhaCatirbseK . TsSn;viTU:raMgmñakeQµaH mugEtg (Montaigne) kñúgstvtSTI15

:nniyayza “mnusSelakEtgEtePøItePøIn xVHkarBicarNaelIbJºaGnaKt” . eBlenaHGVI>EdlCaGtItkal

min:neZVIo`ykcitþTukdakeLIy .

Exkk,da CaExmYyénrdUvekþA nigCaExvisSmkalenARsuk:raMg . ZatuGakasekþAlµm . emXex[v

Rsgat . RBHGaTitürHyagRtcHRtcg . rukÎCatiébtgex[vRsgat . RbCaCnRkug:rIsd*eRcIn:ncak

ecjeTAelgvisSmkalenAtameqñrsmuRTßenAelIPñMÉtamtMbnnana tamcMNgcMNUlcitþrbseKmñak> .

sMrabrUb` ézámYyénExkk,da1976 CaézáEdl`RtLbcUlRsukExµrvij . `:nXøatecjBIRsukExµr

Cag10qñaMehIy . karEdl:nrsenARsuk:raMgyUrEbbenH :neZVIo`RsLajRsukenHRBmTaMg:ncg

cMNgmitþPaB CamYymitþPkþiCaeRcIneT[tpg . munézáRtLbmkRsukvij `RtUv:nmitþPkþienA:rIs nigenA

tamextþnanabbYlCbel[gCajwkjab edIm|IlaKñaCacugeRkay . CakarBitehIy müag`manTwkcitþrIkray

edaynwkeXIjza bnþiceT[t`nwg:neTACanTwkdIRsukkMeNItCYbCMuPriya ÓBukmþay nigmitþPkþiTaMgGsrbs`

eLIgvij . pÞúyeTAvij `manTwkcitþeRk[mRkMGaeLaHGal&yRsuk:raMg mitþPkþi RKYsar:raMg Edl`Etg

:nTakTgrabGandUcRKYsarpÞalGsry;eBleRcInqñaMknøgmkenH .

`eTAdlRsuk:raMgenAcugqñaM1965 . eBlenaH`manGayu20qñaM . enHCaelIkTI1ehIyEdl` :n

CiHynþehaH ehIyk*CaelIkTI1Edr Edl`:neZVIdMeNIrecjBIRbeTskm¬úCa . `RtUveTAbnþviC¢axagesdðkic©

nigviTüasaRsþneya:y . eBlCaneCIgelITwkdIRbeTs:raMgPøam `P\akxøÜndUceTIbrlwkBIdMeNk eday

sarEteXIjbs©wmRbeTs mankarlUtlaseC]nel]nRKbvis&yhYsBIkarsµanrbs`TaMgRsug . `man

GarmµN¾za kalBIenARsukExµr`eRb[bdUcCarsenAkñúgBiPBmYyEdlXøatqáayBIcrnþBiPBelak EdlkMBugEt

vivtþn¾eTAmuxyagel]n . enARsukExµr `eRb[bdUcCakJ©ajeckrsenAeRkamRteLak ßdUckEg,benAkñúgGNþÚg

emIleTARteLak ßGNþÚgyagtUc EdlxøÜnemIleXIjEtEpñktictYc sµanzaCaBiPBelakTaMgmUl .

15

enARsuk:raMgenHEdr `:nCYbnisSitExµrCaeRcInEdlGñkxøHeKeZVIskmµPaBneya:y edIm|IesrIPaB

nigRbCaZibetyü dUcKñanwgnisSitsJ¢atiepSg>eT[tEdr . `k*:neqø{teBlTsSnatMbnepSg>enARsuk:raMg

nigRbeTsCitxagmYycMnYn . `seg,teXIjenAelITwkdId*RbNitmankarer[bcMrdð:ld*QøasévQrelIeKal

karN¾nItirdð eKarBesrIPaBmnusStaMgBIelIdleRkam . edayehtuEtCaktþaeZVIomanGMeBIyutþiZm(kñúgsg<m

:nCMrujoRbeTsenHlUtlaskñúgsg<melIRKbvis&y ; CIvPaBRbCaBlrdðx¬gx¬s RbB&nÆGK<isnIxVatExVg

TwkmasIunmanGnam&y cracrTaMgpøÚveKak pøÚvTwk nigpøÚvGakasBaseBjxVatExVgRKb´Rcklºk EsnxusKñaqáay

GVIemøHeTBIRsukExµreyIg . KWTwkdId*RbNitRbkbedayvb|Zm(nigCIvPaBd*RtcHRtcgenHehIyEdlCaRsuk

kMeNItrbsGñkniBnÆ TsSnviTU GñkR:C\CaeRcIn Edl`:nTTYl«TÆiBl nig:ns<aledayZøab´:nGan

niger[nsURtGMBIsñaédrbsGselak .

kalBIenARsukExµr `minEdleTATsSnaRbeTsCitxageT ehIysUm|IEttMbnnanaenAkñúgRbeTskm¬úCa

d*tUcmYyenH k*`s<alticCagRsuk:raMg ßRsukGWr¨ubepSgeT[tqáayNas .

enATIRkug:rIs `:ns<alRBwtþikarN¾ExósPa qñaM1968 . CMnanenaHenARsuk:raMgk*dUcenARsuk

epSg>eT[telIsklelakEdr yuvCnnignisSitnaMKñaeZVI:tukmµswgEtralézá edIm|ITamTarcg:nsg<mzµI .

RBwtþikarN¾d*reg<aHreg<IenARsuk:raMgenH eKoeQµaHza “bdivtþn¾ExósPa ”. `:neXIjRBwtþikarN¾enHpÞal

EPñk RBmTaMg:ncUlrYmRbLÚkCamYyeKEzmeT[tpgeBlenaH . GVIEdleZVIo`cabGarmµN¾CageK KWkar

ts)Umti ótþmKti karBarGñkRkkñúgsklelakedayminRbkanBUCsasn¾rbsBYkyuvCnTaMgenaH . edIm|Icg

yl `xitxMsþabeKCECkEvkEjkEbkBBuHmatBIRTwsþIepSg> ; mUlZnniym, sg<mniym, RbCaZibetyü

esrIPaB… `xitxMGanes[vePAsþIBI makS, Ggeh<l, tukkWvil (Tocqueville), kamuy (Camu), sak

(Sartre) .l. briyakasd*puspulenH:nCH«TÆiBlmYycMnYnNaEdrmkelIrUb` . `manCMen]elITsSn;

mYyEdlzaRbeTsRkIRkegIbminrYcedaysarmUlehtumkBIkarCiHCanekgRbvJ&©BIGaNaniKmniym nigcRk

Btþiniym . ehIyedIm|IoRbeTsCatirIkcMerIn eKRtUvEtrMedaHCatiBIBYkCiHCanmnusTaMgenaH . eBlenaH`taMg

xøÜnCaGñkeqVgcMerIneC]nel]n k*buEnþ`min:ncUlCasmaCikbkSkumµúynisþ:raMgeT ßk*taMgxøÜnzaCaCn

kumµúynisþEdr eRBaH`minTanRCHRsLH . zVIt|itEtmaneKalCMhryagenHk*eday k*`:nsMerccitþcUlCa

smaCikshPaBnisSitExµr (UEK) EdlCasmaKmnisSitmanninñakareqVgniymenARsuk:raMgnaqñaM1970 .

enAeBlCamYyKñaenHEdr `:nsMerccitþcUlCasmaCikrNsirSrYbrYmCatikm¬úCa (FUNK) Edlmansemþc

neratþm sIhnu CaRbZan . eBlenaH `:ncUlrYmcMENkbeg,ItKN;kmµaZikarKaMRTesckþIEzøgkarN¾5x

cuHézáTI13 mIna 1970 rbssemþc neratþm sIhnu CamYyelak sarinqak, canyUr¨an, v¨anBInI nig

nisSitExµrmYycMnYneT[t .

munézáecjdMeNIrmanmitþPkþixøHXatxøÜn`ocaMbnþiceT[tsin . sIumug CnCati:raMg EdlmanedIm

kMeNItCVIv (Juive) manbgbÁÚn:n:tbgCIvitCaeRcIn CMnansRg<amelakelIkTI2 :nR:b `kMuoRbzuy

RbzanoesaH . RbBnÆKat lucsIu CaCnCati:raMgdUcKatEdr manmenaseJ©tnaRsLajExµr eRBaHKat

mankMeNItenAéRBEvg sm&yGaNaniKm:raMg eBlÓBukKateZVIkarenAkmú¬Ca .

`:nCYbCneP[sxøÜnmñakEdleTItnwgeKcrYcputBIRsuk . KatniyayR:bza manGMeBIéRBépStaMg

BIBYkExµrRkhmcUlkanGMNacmk . buEnþ`xMtaMgcitþminRBmeC]TalEtesaH . `ecHEtKitza vadUcCahYs

16

ehtueBk eRBaHmanExµrÉNadaccitþeZVI:bCatiÉgdUecñH . `ylza RsukEdleTIbEtecjputBIsRg<am

d*kacsahavdUcCaRsukExµr rEmgRtUvkareBlevlamYyry;ZM edIm|IpSHpSarCatieLIgvijyagR:kd . dUcenH

kñúgry;eBlbeNþaHGasnñ vaEtgEtmankarxVHxat elIselaH sgswkKñaeTAvijeTAmkxøHec[sminputeT.

karlM:kEdlbNþalmkBIkarxVHxat ßkarRBatR:sbgbÁÚn ÓBukmþay EtgEteZVIomanPaBRcbUkRcbl

kñúgsg<mxøHCaminxan . k*buEnþGVIEdlsMxan KWGñkdwknaMbdivtþn¾CamnusSecHdwgsÁatsÁM køahan RsLaj

Cati nigRsLajRbCaCnBitR:kd . dUecñHeKKµanKMeragkarN¾edIm|IeZVI:b kabsmøabCatiÉg dUcBYkCn

eP[sxøÜnecHEtzaorYcEtBImatenaHeT . CneP[sxøÜnEtgEtmanninñakarbMepøIskarCakEsþgBIRsukEdlxøÜn

eTIb:nrtecj edIm|IoeKylza mankarrMelaPbMBanelIsiTÆimnusSEmn .

ehtudUecñHehIy`minRBmTTYls<alza mankareZVI:bRbCaCnÉgedayectnaKitCamunenaHeT .

bJºamYyeT[t RsukeyIgvaRkrehmrham . ebIRsukRk ehIyeyIgmincUlRsuk ßrtecalRsuk vaCaGMeBI

kMsakNas . `suxcitþRTaMRTcMeBaHkarlM:kxVHxat eBlNa`mansgÏwmza ézáeRkaysg<mCatieyIgnwg

:nrIkcMerIn eC]nel]nCabnþbnÞab . `RtUvEtcUlRsukvij . RtUvEtRtLbcUlmkrYmrsCamYyPriya nig

RkumRKYsar`vij .

ézámYyeBl`kMBugeZVIdMeNIrtamreTHePøIg manCnmñaksYr`za “caMGg,aleTIbÉgcUlRsukvij/” sMNYr

enHeZVIo`QWk|alNas . `minGacbnþkarrsenArbs`enA:rIsyUrteTAeT[teT . `xµasxøÜnÉgNas.

rsenARsYlEtmñakÉg TukoRbBnÆ RKYsar bgbÁÚnxøÜnevTna vaminRtwmRtUveT . dUc nYn eX]n sresr

za rsenAedayGtKitCatiÉg rsenAGtn&yeT . RbeTseTIbecjBIsRg<am RtUvkarviPaKTanrbskulbuRt

kulZItaExµrRKb>rUb . Parkic©d*ZánZárenAcaMeyIg . sRg<amva:nsabRBYsvinaskmµ enARKbvis&yTaMg

Gskñúgsg<m . pllM:kénsRg<am vaexøacpSaNas mnusSRbmaN1lannakRtUvsøab´ßBikar… RKab´

Ebkeb52 va:neZVIoxUcbrisæanGsCaeRcInkEnøg . RbCaCatiExµrRtUvrgTTYlnUvkareZVI:b emIlgay

«tRtaRbNIBIsMNakcRkBtþiGaemrik . eyIgRtUvcabksagEklMGeLIgvij enARKbvis&yTaMgGs . enAkñúg

sµartI` eyIgminRtUvKitrvlcMeBaHCneP[sxøÜn4-10nak CagKitRbCaBlrdðeyIgenATUTaMgRbeTseT .

CneP[sxøÜn eKcrkrYcxøÜn edIm|IsuPmg<lpÞalxøÜn . BYkeKminGaNitGasUrCatieKeT .

bnÞabmk `:nCYbRsþImñakeT[tEdleTIbrtecjBIRsuk . nag:nniyaybriharGMeBIéRBépSEdlnag

:nTTYlrgeRKaHBIsMNakBYkGñkdwknaMzµI . nagza enARsukExµr eTANamkNaTalEtsMuc|abeKedIr .

XøanTalEtsMuc|abeK eTIbeKohUb . »sUrdUecñH`minGaceC]:neT . ExµrÉNak*citþGaRkkezøImexµA Gt

mnusSZm(kñúgxøÜnyagenH . niyaydUecñHdUcCamYlbg,acExµrRCuleBk . eT ! `minGaceC]:neT . Gñk

niyayGaRkkBICatiÉgdUecñH manZatumindUc`eT . `suxcitþrsenARklM:kkñúgfan;CaGñkesñhaCati Ca

CagrsenARsYlehIyePøcCatiÉg . `manemaTnPaBekItmkCaExµrNas . RbCaCneyIgd*GgGackøahan

h)anBuHBarkarlM:kRKbEbbyag edIm|IkarBarkitþiysCatirbsxøÜn . eKsuxcitþRk EtrsenAkñúgPaBézøzøÚr

minoeKemIlgayeLIy . RbCaCatikm¬úCa CaCatimYyEdlZøab´manRbvtþisaRsþd*ruger]g sMbUrsb|aydUc

sm&yGg<rCaskÎIPaBRsab . EteRkaymkeyIgRtUv:n:kRs)ubcuH GnzymYyCMnanehIymYyCMnaneT[t

rhUtesÞIrEtRtUv:tbgGsBIEpnTIsklelak . «LÚvenHRbCaBlrdðExµr elak:nP\akrlwk eRkakeLIg

rYmsamK<IKñaCaZøúgmYy edIm|Iksagsg<mCatieLIgvij o:nruger]gdUcsm&yGg<r . elakeTIbEtdeNþIm:n

17

C&yCMnHCaRbvtþisaRsþelIcRkBtþiGaemrik dUecñHelakGacmansmtæPaBRKb´RKan edIm|IkþabvasnaxøÜneday

xøÜnÉg ksagsg<mCatiodUcGarüRbeTs . kñúgfan;`CakUnExµr `RtUvEtcUlrYmcabBIeBllM:kenHeTA

edIm|IrYmcMENksæabnaCatieLIgvij .

CakarBitmancMNucmYycMnYnEdleZVIo`mankþImnÞilsgS&ysµúKsµajkñúgstiGarmµN¾ manCaGaTikar

:jepøagcUlTIRbCMuCnbNþalomankarxUcxatTaMgCIvitmnusS nigsmÖar; . eBleXIjrUbztCnrgeRKaH

mþg> tamTUrTsSn¾ ßtamkaEst eZVIo`manesckþIGaNitGasUr ehIyecHEtsYrxøÜnÉgza eKminRtUveZVI:b

GñksøÚtRtgdUecñHesaH . etIedIm|IykC&yCMnH eKRtUvEtRbRBwtþGMeBIGsIlZm( minKb|IßyagNa / ebHdUg

`vaeqøIyza minRtUveT k*b¨uEnþxYrk|al`vaxMbRg,abeTAvij edayykelsza eZVIsRg<amEtgEtmanmhnþray

ec[sminrYceLIy .

eBlmanGarmµN¾sµúKsµajmþg> `EtgEtykTsSn;GnaKtmkeZVICaRtIvis&y edIm|IbM:tesckþI

mnÞilsgS&y . BYkEdl`Zøabs<al Edl:neTAeXIjsPaBCakEsþgpÞalEPñkenAkñúgRsuk k*minEdl

beJ©jGakb|kiriya ßsJÃaNamYyo`ylza mankarkabsmøabéRBépSenaHeT . pÞúyeTAvijeKEtgEt

:nbgºajBIkarxMRbwgERbg sRsaksRsaMedaysµR&KcitþrbsbgbÁÚnkñúgkarvaysMrukksagRbeTs . sUm|IEt

GñkdwknaMkMBUl k*eKEtg:nsresIrclnaksagCatieLIgvijrbskm¬úCaRbCaZibetyüEdr .

`minEdl»sUrbgbÁÚnNamñakEdl:necjmkehIy xSwbexS{vR:beyIgza minTanRsYleT kMuGal

cUlEtpÞúyeTAvijeKEtgGMBavnaver[bcMCMrujobgbÁÚn kUnRbBnÆeKcUlRsuk . `Kitza ebIeKR:boRKYsareK

RtLbcUlRsuk :nn&yza eKmankarTukcitþTaMgRsugehIy :nCaeKsMerccitþeZVIdUecñH .

tMNagGg<kareTABIRsukdUcCaeG[gsarICaedIm eKEtgEt:nGHGagehIyGHGageT[tza eKCaGñk

esñhaCati RsLajGMeBIyutþiZm( dUecñHeKminGaceZVI:bRbCaCneT . eKza eyIgRtUvecHEckmitþ EcksRtUvo

:nc|aslas kMuRsBicRsBil . BYkEdlmanmnÞilsgS&y CaBYkminTukcitþelIRbCaCnÉg xVHemaTnPaB

Cati . CaBYkman«TÆiBlbreTsmkRKbdNþb . CaBYkmanZatu mUlZn bJÃCn.

RBwtþikarN¾xøHeT[t eZVIo`manPaBsµúKsµajxøaMgeLIg . ézá17 emsa 1975 eBl:n»sUrviTüú

:raMgpSayza eKCemø{sRbCaCnecjBIRkugPñMeBj `nwgeXIjeBlenaH `kMBugCiHLanCamYymitþmñakenACit

TenøEsn eyIgTaMgBIrnaklanmatza minEdlmannrNaeTAbgÎMomnusSrablannakecjBITIRkugPñMeBj

yagemcGIecH . eyIgnwkza CadMNwgPUtkuhk . bJºamYyeT[t KWkarsMercmincayluy eyIgminyl

RsbeT . EteRkaymkedayeyIgeC]s)b´NaseTAehIy eyIgcaMEteC]kareXasnarbseG[gsarI . Kat

GHGagza CaviZankarbeNþaHGasnñ eBalKWeyIgykGñkRkecjBITIRkugedIm|IedaHRsaybJºaes|{gmYyry;

sin ehIybnþicmþg> eyIgnwger[bcMoGñkRsukmanCIvPaBCaZmµtaeLIgvij .

“ÉgmanEdlTTYlsMbuRtBIb)unnIßeT / ” sIumugsYr` . `RKvIk|alzaeT . sIum¨ug Katza karN¾enH

minEmnCaer]gZmµtaeT . Katbnþza enARsuk:raMg kalBYkhIuEtør (Hitler) RKbRKg k*enAmanb¨usþi

éRbsNIy¾Edr . cuHÉgGacBnül:neT RsukÉgsRg<amcbehIy enAEtGtmansMbuRtTMnakTMngKñaeT[t

vaminZmµtaeT RsukmYyGtsMbuRt Gtcayluy GtpSardUecñH . `TalRckrkGIeqøIyeTAmitþ`minrYc .

`k*manmnÞilsgS&yxøÜnÉgEdr . CaBiesstaMgBIb)unnI cUlmkRsuk:t `GtEdl:nTTYlsMbuRtGVImYy

sresredaypÞalédKatmko`esaH . GVI>Edl`:nTTYlKWBYkmkeZVIebskkmµenAbreTseKEtg:nZana

18

za mitþeyIgeTABIbreTs rYmbJ©ÚlTaMgPriya`pg rsenAedaysuxsb|ayenAviTüasæanCatiKruekaslüRkug

PñMeBj . bJºamYyeT[t KWTMnakTMngkm¬úCa nigev[tNam . eyIgecHEtsYr ehIysYreT[tza etIclna

bdivtþn¾km¬úCa rNbev[tNamßGt / eyIgsuxcitþGsGIk*GsEdr oEteyIgminrNbev[tNam ehIy

GackarBarbUrNPaBTwkdIrbseyIg:n . eG[gsarI :nBnülR:beyIgza karrMedaHPñMeBjo:nmun

T&Bev[tNamcUlykéRBnKrKWedIm|IkMuohaNUy mkQøanBaneyIg edayykelsza mkCYyrMedaHPñMeBj.

ÉkarcabXatnava Mayaguez enAQUgsmuRTes[m k*manTisedAdUcKñaEdr KWeyIgcgbgºajyYnza eyIg

minGnuJÃatoyYnmkrMelaPEdnsmuRTeyIgeT .

mYyybmunnwgecjdMeNIr `:nsresrsMbuRtlamitþd*CitsñiTÆ`mñak . “ézáEsÁk`nwgeLIgynþehaH

RtLbcUlRsuk`vij `RbEhlCaKµanvasnanwg:nCYbmitþenAeBlqab>xagmuxenHeT ”. ézáenaH `:nla

kEnøgEdl`RsLajcUlcitþedaysar:nZøab:nrsenACag10qñaMknøgmkehIy . `:nedIremIlCacug

eRkay kEnøgEdl`cUlcitþCageKenATIRkug:rIs . `lamitþPkþi nigRsukEdl`:nmkrsenA edayGYl

edImk . enAmatemRtU GUedGug `:n»sUrGñkcMer[gmñak eRc[gbTcMer[g Azanavour sþIBIPaBRseNaH

RsukkMeNIt . KatrMlwkeTsPaB RKYsar mitþPkþi PUmikMeNItrbsKat . `nwkeXIjPUmikMeNIt` `Rsk

TwkEPñkdUckUnekµg . TwkEPñkvahUrZøakmkedaymindwgxøÜn edayTbElgCab KWvaZøayecjBIebHdUgEdl

GaeLaHGal&yRsukkMeNIt ehIyEdl`xMRbwgTbGseBl10db´mkehIy .

lixitenHRbEhlCasMbuRtcugeRkayrbs`ehIy . `eqø{tOkaspøÚvbtCIvit`enH bJ¢akomitþRCab

eT[tza dUcCaécdnüNasEdl`mkcabkMeNItenAelITwkdImYydMutUcmYyeQµaHehAza “km¬úCa”. cgßmin

cg kñúgfan;`Edl:nZMdwgkþIenAkñúgsg<mCatienH `manKuNsm|tþi nigkgVHxatdUcCnrYmCati`epSgeT[t

Edr . `CanimµitrUbénRbCaBlrdðmYyEdlxkcitþCabCanic© edayeBldwgkþIeLIg eXIjRbeTsrbsxøÜnZøab´

ruger]g ZøakcuHdundab rYmkanEttUceTA>minecHcbminecHehIy GseBl7stvtSmkehIy . mitþGñkGan

RbEhlCariHKn`za cUlcitþEteTArkkEnøgNamanTukÎedayxøÜnÉg k*buEnþtamBiteTA `mindUecñHeT `cg

sb|ayrIkraymansuPmg<ldUceKdUcÉgEdr . ehIy`mincgCYbRbTH nwgTukÎevTnaeT . EtTukÎevTnaEdl

ZMbMputEdl`minGacRTaM:n KWeBlNa`eXIjRbCaBlrdðsøÚtRtg RtUveKbgÎMorsenAkñúgkarGtXøan Rbmaz

emIlgay .

knøgmkmandMNwgBIkñúgRsukrbs`xøH eZVIo`manmnÞilsgS&y ehIymanTegVIxøHEdl`minGacTTYl

yk:n eRBaHvapÞúyRsLHBIótþmKtiénCIvit` k*buEnþeTaHCayagNak*eday `eC]yagmutmaMza mnusSCMnan

`RtUvEth)aneZVIBlikmµedIm|IExµrCMnaneRkay:ns<alesckþIézøzøÚr dUcRbCaCatieKepSgeT[t .

XXX eBlecjdMeNIrkanEtxitCitmkdl . enAÉRBlanynþehaHhSaldWeh<al manGñkdMeNIrENn

Nantantab . GñkxøHesø{kBakcgRkvatk EtPaKeRcInmansemø{kbMBakRsalsMrabeTAvisSmkal . ÉRkum

eyIgEdlRtUveZVIdMeNIrcUlRsukeBlenaHmanKñaTaMgGs40nak . taMgBIézá17 emsa 1975mk manExµr

enAbreTsrabBannakehIy Edl:neZVImatuPUminivtþn¾ .

19

munecjdMeNIreyIgRbKlluykaksmÖar; ßGñkxøHeT[tCIvPaBZUrZasµ&RKcitþlkpÞHsEm|g RTBü

sm|tþiEdlxøÜnmanRbKlCUnrdðGMNaczµI . dUceKEtg:neZVItaMgBIdMbUgmk ézáeLIgynþehaHmþg> eyIgEtg

RtUv:neKesñIocuHhtæelxaenAelIesckþIEzøgkarN¾mYysMrabBYkGñksarBt(manGnþrCati . xøwmsarénGtæbT

enHRtUv:neZVIeLIgedayshkarICitsñiTÆrbseG[gsarI EdlCaGñkTTYlxusRtUvExµrenAbreTs . esckþIEzøg

énGtæbTenaHmann&yyagdUecñH : eyIg`dUcmancuHhtæelxaxageRkamenH CanisSit kmµsikSaCn rdðkar

eyaZa CaGtItCneP[sxøÜnEdlRtUv:neKcabbgÎMomkeP[sxøÜnenAGWr¨ub nigshrdðGaemrik kñúgkal;eTs;

énsRg<amQøanBancRkBtþiGaemrikRbqaMgnwgkm¬úCa :nsMerccitþRtLbcUleTAkanmatuPUmikm¬úCaRbCaZib

etyüvijézáenHEtmþg . sUmbJ¢akCaóLaßkza karsMercvilRtLbculeTAmatuPUmivijenH :neZVIeLIg

edayKµankarek[bsg,tbgÎitbgÎM KMramkMEhgGVITaMgGs . ehIyRBmCamYyenH k*minEmneZVIeLIgkñúgsPaB

RbjibRbjabtkRkhlxVHBt(man ggwtggl pÞúyeTAvij karsMerccitþrbseyIg`enH:neZVIeLIg

eRkayBI:neZVIkarBicarNalÁitlÁn zøwgEzøgRKbRCugeRCay ehIyCaBiess bnÞabBI:ndwgBt(manc|as

las BitR:kd Edl«tRbEkk:n BIkarrIkcMerIn mhaelatepøaH mhaGs©arü enARKbvis&yénkm¬úCa

RbCaZibetyü taMgBIézárMedaHCaRbvtþisaRsþ17 emsa 1975 .

CnmansuqnÞ; eK:neXIjRCYtRCabc|aslasNasehIyeK:nTTYls<alrYcCaeRscnUvsmiTÆipl

d*ZMeZg EdlCasñaéd nigeTBekaslü d*mhimaénRbCaCnkm¬úCad*GgGackøahan . dUecñHehIyBYkCnman

suqnÞ;GsTaMgenaH elakminqálGVITaMgGsBImUlehtuEdlCMrujoCnCatiExµrenAbreTsnaMKñaRbjabRbjal

sRsaksRsaMcUleTAkanRsukkMeNItrbsxøÜnvij .

shKmn¾GnþrCati EdlEtgEtKaMRTRbCaCnkm¬úCa kñúgeBlCYbRbTHnwgkarlM:k nwgc|as

CamanemaTnPaB bItiesamnsS eRtkGbGrsresIrcMeBaHkm¬úCaRbCaZibetyü . CamYyKñaenHEdr cRkBtþi

Gaemrik nigbriva EdlEtgrkSaTuknUvKMnMuKMuKYn sgswk QñanIscMeBaHRbCaCnkm¬úCa EdlmanesckþIkøahan

h)ants)URTaMRTcMeBaHRKbkarlM:ksBVEbbyag edIm|IdeNþImykC&yCMnHrbsBYkeK . QrelIGMeBIKMuKYn

d*GaRsUvenHehIy :nCatamry;k|almasIuneXasnabMBkbMBul júHjg e:kR:s rbsBYkeK eK:n

nwgkMBugEtdMeNIrkaryagskmµRKbeBlevla edIm|IbMéPøkarBit ykRtUvzaCaxus ykexµAzaCas Rbmaz

emIlgay nigGñkdwknaMkm¬úCa kñúgTisedAkMeTckm¬úCaRbCaZibetyü .

kareXasnabMBkbMBulenH manTisedAc|aslasNas KWedIm|IomtiCati nigGnþrCati PanRcLM

manCMen]za enAkm¬úCasBVézá manGMeBIéRBépS smøabrg<aldUcBYkeKGHGagR:kdEmn .

ebIdUcBaküeKza GñkdwknaMrdðGMNacsBVézá CaRkummnusS “pþackaréRBépS ” “cegÁ{tcgÁlRCul

niym ” ß “eXareXAniym ”.l.nig.l. EmnenaH etIeKGacBnül:neT zaetIyagdUcemþc:nCa

RbCaCnkm¬úCaGacdeNþImC&yCMnH:nyagqabrh&sRKbvis&ydUecñH / etIeKGaceC]:nßeTEdlzaRbCaCn

mYyEdlRbwgERbgts)UyagsVitsVaj RbqaMgnwgGMeBIGyutþiZm( CiHCan nwgTTYlTukÎesaknadkmµRKbEbbyag

enAeBlEdl:nGMNac ehIyRtLbCaykGMeBIEdlxøÜnsÁbex¬ImenaHmkRbRBwtþxøÜnÉgeTAvij / BYkeyIg`mYy

cMnYn Edl:nRtUvemTahanRbtikiriyabgÎMoeLIgnavartecalRsukézárMedaHCati17emsa1975 RtUveKbJ¢Ún

eTAdakenAkñúgCMrMuCneP[sxøÜnenAshrdðGaemrik ehIy:nTTYlnUvsRg<amcitþsaRsþd*BisBul nigkarRbmaz

QñanIsedaypÞalxøÜn . BYkeyIgxøHeT[t RtUv:neKykeTAecalenAkñúgCMruMCneP[sxøÜnenARbeTsézLg

20

eyIg:nylc|aslasNas nUvkarRbDiter]grbsmasIuneXasnarbsBYkcRkBtþinigbriva . enACMrMuCn

eP[sxøÜneKminrujranwgTijmnusSedIm|IoRbDiter]gEdleKcg:n nigeZVIrUbztEkøgkøaybnøMmtiCati nigGnþr

Cati .

eZVIenA:rIs ExTI7 qñaM1977

XXX enAkñúgv¨alIs`manPYymYy exaGavexµABIsMrab nigmugmYy zñaMduHeZµj sab)U es[vePAsresrmYy

cMnYn es[vePAGan ehIyCaBiesszñaMeBTüd*eRcIn manCIvCati, KInIn, eNv¨aKIn .l. BitEmnEteKza min

:cykeRcIn Et`xMyk tamEdlGacykeTA:n .

eBllaKñacugeRkay ; -sresrmkelgkMuxan !

-:TminGIeT! caMCYbKñaézáeRkay

-bnþiceT[tCYbKñaenAPñMeBj !

ynþehaH ehaHeLIgsMedAeTATIRkugeb¨kaMg . taMgBIézá17 emsa 1975mk eKRtUvEtqøgkattam

ebkaMg edIm|IeTAPñMeBjtamynþehaH . rdðGMNaczµI bgÎMosæanTUtnanaenAPñMeBjbiTTVar . elIkElgEt

sæanTUtmYycMnYndUcCacin ev[tNam lav Kuy: . kñúgcMeNamGñkeZVIdMeNIrTaMg40nakelIkenH manGñk

eZVIdMeNIr4nakEdleKykcitþTukdakCaBiessdUcCamanGñktMNagsæanTUtcinmkCUndMeNIr . kñúgcMeNam

smaCikTaMg4nakrbsRKYsarenH elakyayex[v mancMNasCageK . KatmanTwkmuxRsgUtRsgat

esø{kBakdUcRsþIcas>ExµrKYroeKarB . BitEmnEtKatmanv&ycMNas EtragkayKatenAmaMTMngCaGñkman

suxPaBlÁ . KatCamnusSRsKtRsKM minsUvniyaysþIeT . KatCamatarbseG[gZIriTÆ rdðmRnþIRksYg

sg<mkic© Priyarbs eG[g sarI EdlCaóbnaykrdðmRnþI nigCardðmRnþIRksYgkarbreTs km¬úCaRbCaZib

etyü . enAGmelakyay mankUnRsIKatBIrnak . eG[g ZIr¨at mancMNasbnþicehIy GayuRbEhl

40qñaM . KatCasaRsþacarümZümsikSa . KatGtmanRKYsareT . suxPaBminGnueRKaH TwkmuxRBYy

KatEtgEttÁÚjBICmáWQWk|al . Gakb|kiriyarbsKathakdUcCasµúKsµajminRsLHkñúgcitþ EdldUcCaeZVI

dMeNIrcUleTARsukvijTaMgeTIsTal . kUnRsImñakrbselakyay CaPriyaelakRsIzun . KatCamnusS

RsKtRsKMsøÚtbUtdUcmþay . EteBlenHebIemIlBIeRkAeXIjhakdUcCaKatmanesckþIxVlxVayminRsYlbunµan

EdrkñúgpøÚvcitþ . eKminGacsnñidðan:nza KatmanTwkmuxRsgUtRsgatdUecñHedaymUlehtuGVIc|aslaseT .

eKmindwgza KatxVlxVaydUecñHedaysarKatkMBugmanTukÎesakedaysBbþIKat ßk*edaysarKatsµúKsµaj

RBYycitþminRCHRsLHkñúgkarcUlRsuk ßedaysarktþaTaMgBIrenHpSMKña . elak RsI zun sVamIKateTIbTTYl

mrNPaBenARkugEb)LaMg (Berlin) kalBIeBlzµI>enH edaysarCmáWebHdUg . elak RsI zunKateZVITUt

saZarNrdðExµrRbcaMRbeTsGaløWmgxagekIt . bgbÁÚnRsI>rbseG[g ZIriTÆ TaMgBIrnakenH ebItameKdwg

KµanRbkanneya:yxagNac|aslaseT . ehIyelakRsI RsI zun enAmanCMen]elIBuTÆsasna yag

mutmaM . KatykZatubþIKatmkCamYyedayKatniyayzñm>GMBIKMeragrbsKatodwgzaeBleTAdlRsukPøam

KatnwgnimnþRBHsgÏsURtZm( eZVIbuNübJ©úHsBsVamIrbsKatenAectiy¾mYyedIm|IoKatsMrak:nsuxsanþtam

RbéBNIRBHBuTÆsasna . kUnRsIelak RsI zun enAekµg> minsUvCaniyayGVIEdreBlenaH . nagbg

eTIbEtcUler[nenAmhaviTüal&y manTwkmuxRsgUtRsgat . RbEhlCanagcUlRsukedaysarRKYsarbgÎM ß

21

k*nwkGaeLaHGal&ykarsikSaenA:rIsmindwg . ÉbÁÚnRbusnagBIrnakeT[tenACMTgenAeLIy minTaner[ncb´

mZümsikSaenAeLIyeT ehIyhakdUcCabeNþayxøÜntamEtvasna . kUnc|grbselak RsI zun eQµaH

RsI caneZ]n er[nenAmU¨s<Ú. eKCasmaCikshPaBnisSitExµrenAsUev[tehIymanninñakarneya:ylMeG[geTA

xagsUev[tdUcnisSitmYycMnYnenAmUs<ÚeBlenaHEdr . caneZ]n minsæitenAkñúgcMeNamGñkeZVIdMeNIrézáenHeT .

KatecjBIsUev[teTAkanebkaMgCayUrmkehIy edIm|IeTAenAEk|reG[gsarI EdlRtUvCamarbsKat . tam»

sUreBlenaH KateTAdlRsukExµryUrmkehIy .

GñkGg<úyenAekAGIeRkayRKYsarelakRsIzun manRKYsarGtItsmaCiksæanTUtExµrenALahavanRbeTs

Kuy: . éh Kwms)ag maDZMx¬s TwkmuxsÁatsÁM GayuRskr` KatZøab´er[nenAsUev[t ehIyCaGtItsmaCik

smaKmshPaBnisSitExµrenAmUs<ÚdUccaneZ]nEdr . `Zøabs<alKatyUrmkehIy . KatCamnusSsøÚtbUt

Nas . PriyaKatmanINa KIrIv¨at CaGtIttaraÉkPaBynþExµr kalCMnansemþcsIhnu . manINa Ca

buRtIrbshYtsm|tþi GtItÉkGK<raCTUtExµr enAGg<karshRbCaCati . `ZøabeXIjKatenAkñúgkuntaMgBIKat

enACakumarIemøH . ézáenHCaelIkTI1Edl`:neXIjKatedaypÞalEPñk . ehIyeXIjza KatmansRms

CagenAkñúger]gPaBynþeTAeT[t . kñúgdMeNIreTARbeTskm¬úCa Katesø{kBaksMBtexµA GavexµA dUcyuTÆnarI

bdivtþn¾ k*b¨uEnþsmÖsSrbsKatk*enAEtelceZøadEdl . Katminvay#kCataraÉk kacrag EtCamnusSZmµta

dUceKdUcÉg . manINa nigéh Kwms)ag mankUnRsImYyGayuRbmaN6qñaM mansmÖsSdUcmþaynagEdr.

enAeBleZVIdMeNIr éh Kwms)ag nigmanINa nig` niyayKñataMgBIecjBI:rIs rhUtdleb¨kaMg . eyIg

niyayBIkaleyIgenAer[nsURtenA:rIs mUs<Ú Lahav¨an .

eyIgrMlwkkaleyIgenABIekµgenAPñMeBj . BImitþPkþieyIgEdlmYycMnYncUlRsukExµreTAehIy . enA

eBlenaHenAelIGakas eyIgGt:nKiteXIjesaHza enHCaelIkcugeRkayehIyEdleyIgmanOkas

sMeNHsMNalKñaEbbenH .

eZVIdMeNIrCMnaneyIgézáenHEdr manekµg>enACMTgmYyRkumEdlÓBukmþayBYkeKsµ&RKcitþbJ¢ÚnocUl

Rsukmun. GñkxøHkMBuger[nenAbfmsikSa xøHcUlmZümsikSa eKsuxcitþpÁakkarer[nsURtenAbreTs edIm|IcaM

eTAer[nenAkñúgRsukExµrvij .

KYrktsMKalmYyeT[tEdrza kñúgcMeNamGñkeZVIdMeNIrCamYyeyIgeBlenH manGtItnayTahan

Canx¬s nignayTahanmYycMnYn . enHCaelIkTI1ehIy EdlmanTahaneRcInyagenH . mYyPaKZMeK

mkBIshrdðGaemrik . enAkñúgcMeNamenaHmanCaGaT¥ Kwm eP]kem]g Exµrkm¬úCaeRkam CaGñkCMnajkar

xagreTHtg . ehg tayemg nayTahanCanx¬smankMeNItBIRsukCamYy` .l. BYkGtItkgT&Bexmr

PUminÞTaMgenH manGñkxøHCaGtItkmµsikSa nigGñkxøHrtecjBIRsukExµrenAézáTI17 emsa 1975 .

nayTahanTaMgenH suTÆEt:nGanes[vePA “dMeNIreq¬aHeTATisxaglic ” rbs nYn eX]n ehIy

eKsµR&KcitþRbKlxøÜnedIm|IkarBarRBMEdnExµr .

enAcMNtGakasyandðanebkaMg eyIg:ncuHBIynþehaHeRkamRBHGaTitüekþAEhg . eyIgdwgzaCa

ézáres[lehIytamemagenAebkaMg . bnÞabBIeKEqkrklixitqøgEdnbnþicmk eyIgTaMgGsKña k*:necjBI

Gakasyandðan . enAxageRkAyuvCnBIrnak tMNagsæanTUtExµrcaMTTYleyIg . TaMgBIrnakmanGayu

RbmaN20qñaM BakGavsWmIédxøIBN(s ragdUckUnsisSBIedIm . mñakragx¬sbnþic maneZµjxagmuxdg,ÚvsIu .

22

KatCamnusSbiunR:C\ . mñakeT[tragtUcRsEGmragsøÚtbUteZVImuxPøWs>bnÞabBIniyaysMeNHsMNalbnþic

mk yuvCnkgT&BRsYcTaMgBIrk*:nGeJ¢IjRKYsar éh Kwms)ag eLIgLanehIydwkecjeTA:t . ÉcMENk

RKYsareG[gsarI eG[g ZIriTÆ RtUvRksYgkarbreTscin GeJ¢IjoeTAsMrakenAvimanTTYleP\{v .

ÉcMENkBYkeyIg :nnaMKñaeTAsMrakenAsNðaKarmYyenACitcMNtGakasyan . eRkayBI:nsMrak

bnþicmk `nigmitþrYmdMeNIrbIbYnnakepSgeT[t k*:neTAkansæanTUtExµrtamkarKYrsm . enAtampøÚveyIg

eXIjmankgCaeRcInlayLMnigLankaMmIjúgrabminGs . enAsgxagpøÚvecjBIsNðaKar manpÞHxøHTab

xøHx¬s dUceyIgZøab:neXIjtamTUrTsSn¾ eBlRbCaCnRkugeb¨kaMgTTYleP\{vrdðcin . eyIgcabGarmµN¾

eXIjmansYnbEnøCaeRcInRbkbedayzñallÁ> ehIybkkøinCIrksikmµ eZVIo`nwkeXIjsYnbEnøcinenAk|al

zñlRkugPñMeBj kal`enABItUc . `KµancabGarmµN¾GIBiesseT kal:neXIjGaKarsæanTUtExµrenA

ebkaMgPøam . k*b¨uEnþeBledIrcUlkñúg `xkcitþeRBaHxVHkarer[bcMtubEtgsÁatsÁMsmCasæanTUt . `min:n

eXIjkariyal&y ßkEnøgTTYleP\{veT edayeKnaM`eTAbnÞb:yEtmþg . mantumYyragRTEvgmnusS6ß

7nak kMBugGg<úybriePaK . GñkeZVI:ycin ecHniyayExµr ragcMNasbnþicehIy . enAcugmÎagtuenA

kEnøgCaGZibtI eKsMKaleXIj eBC Qag ÉkGK<rdðTUtkm¬úCaRbCaZibetyü RbcaMRbeTscinRbCamanit .

KatmanmaDtUcRkGaj Es|kBBaledayekItPøW skxøI ehIyeBlKatniyay ecjeZµjmas . Katman

kMeNItmkBIkMBgcamZøab´eZVICaRKUbeRg[n CaGñkts)UeCIgcas . eBlKatniyay reb[bdUcelakeTsna

RKU:ZüayodMbUnµanmanBYkBuTÆbris&T . eKeXIjPriyaKatkMBughUb:yEdr buEnþKatGg<úyqáayBIbþIKat .

KatmanragZMCagbþIKatCaGñkmansacRsEGm sÁat .

hUb:ybeNþIrÉkGK<rdðTUteBCQag eZVIóeTÞsnambeNþIr GMBIsPaBkarN¾bc©úb|nñenAkm¬úCa Edl

kMBugEtmankarvivtþn¾cMerInelatepøaHRKbvis&y pÞúyBIkareXasnae:kR:srbscRkBtþi nigBYkesrIniym.

Katza sUm|IEtelaknayk CU eGnLay k*:nTTYls<alza Kat:nvaytémømindlkMriténC&yCMnHén

bdivtþn¾km¬úCa . enAsæanTUtenAkm¬úCaenH KµanbuK<likGñkeZVIkarEdlkalBIedImZøabCabuK<likTUt ßCabuK<

likRksYgkarbreTseT . ehIyeRkAeBCQan EdlZøabeZVIRKUbeRg[nbfmsikSakalBIsm&ysg<m smaCik

epSgeT[t suTÆCayuvCn ßk*Cakumar . mYycMnYneZVIkarCaGñktubEtglMG “décodeur” . kargard*man

sar;sMxanCageKenAkñúgsæanTUtkm¬úCaRbCaZibetyü KWBYk décodeur . BYkeKsñÚldacxatminsMruHsMrYl

CamYyxµaMg ehIyBYkeKCaT&BRsYcénsæanTUt .

Katk*:nsYr`Edr hakdUcCacgdwgza enAelakxaglic eKylyagemcBIkm¬úCasBVézá . `eqøIy

R:bKatza CaTUeTA eKGtyleyIgeT ehIyGñkEdlZøabKaMRTeyIgBImun eKTamTaroeyIgGnuJÃatoeKcUl

eTATsSnaRsukeyIg edIm|IoeKeXIjnwgEPñk eTIbeKGacKaMRTeyIgeT[t:n . eBCQag eqøIytbmk`vijza

BYkenHmanZatuCaRbtikiriya nigesrI . ehIyeyIgQbRtUvkarBYkvaehIy . bdivtþn¾eyIgvaelatepøaH

hYsBIkaryldwgrbsBYkGsenaHehIy .

eyIg:nsñakenARkugebkaMgBIrézá . bnÞabBIynþehaHcakecjBIcMNtGakasyandðanebkaMgmYy

ry;eBlmk GñkbMerIelIynþehaHR:b´eyIgza eyIgehaHdlelIRsukExµrehIy . eyIgTaMgGsKñarMePIb

Nas ehIyxMeGIttambgÁÜjynþehaHemIlTwkdImatuPUmiCaTIesñharbseyIg . eyIgeXIjbwgbYr Tenøsab

TenøemKg< éRBRBwkSa valERs valcMkar énkm¬úCa . eyIgeXIjminc|asCaGVIR:kdeT k*b¨uEnþeyIgeZVICa

23

eXIjkñúgstiGarmµN¾ . eyIgxMsmøwgemIl . ebIeTaHbICaemIlmineXIjc|asnwgEPñk k*c|askñúgxYrk|al

Edr KWeXIjPøWERsxVatExVgRtg BuHCaRkLacRtg< . kEnøgxøHeT[teXIjCareNþAbuncegÁrCabKñadUcreNþA

GMEbknMRKk . eyIgnwkza enHBitCasñam B52ehIy . KitdlenH eyIgcgkMhwgnwgcRkBtþiGaemrik

EzmeT[t . eyIgxMsmøwgemIlBIelIynþehaH eXIjbgbÁÚneyIgkMBugnaMKñasRsaksRsaM vaysMrukeZVIcMkar

edayrIkray edIm|IksagRbeTsdUceK:nsresrkñúgRBwtþibR&trNsirSrYbrYmCatikm¬úCa . eyIgKitza bnþiceT[t

eyIgnwgeTArYmcMENkkabdICamYyeK . eBlkMBugBinitüemIledayrMePIb TidðPaBénRsukkMeNItCaTIesñha

BIelIGakas `:nKiteTAdlRbCaCnExµrRkIRk EdlRtUveKeZVI:bCiHCanRKbCMnan . `nwkeXIjpÞaMgcmøak

énR:saTGg<r briyayGMBICIvPaBksikrExµrCMnanedIm . `eXIjExµrrab´BanqñaMmkehIy maneTBekaslü

ecHéqñRbDitCareTHeKa ng&<l keNþ{v nigóbkrN¾ksikmµd*eRcIneT[t minKYrNarhUtdleBlenH reb[b

rsenArbsksikrExµrenAEtdEdlGtmankarpøasbþÚrdUcsg<meKepSgeT[tenAelIsklelakesaH . `nwk

eXIjza edaysarRbCaBlrdðExµrPaKeRcInenAEtevTnaRketakyak yagdUecñHehIy :nCaRsukExµrrYjkan

EttUceTA> BIstvtSmYyeTAstvtSmYy rhUtdlesÞIr:tBIEpnTIBiPBelakdUcsBVézá . RbCaCatiExµr

minGaccuHeRkam:taleRCACagenHeT[teT dleBlehIyeKRtUvegIbeLIgvij .

GñkbMerIelIynþehaH jjwmjEjm huczasEdlmans,rRKab´ nignMtUc>mkoeyIgmþgeT[t hak

dUcCacgrenÆInoeyIgyktamcitþ . k*buEnþeyIgkMBuger[bcMxøÜncuHBIelIynþehaH CamYykþIrMePIbéRkElg eday

Cit:nCanelITwkdIkm¬úCa ehIymin:nnwkeXIjyks,rRKabBInarIGUEtscinenH . ynþehaH:nrMltmasIun

enAcMNtGakasyandðanGnþrCatieBaZicintug . eyIgRkeLkemIltambgÁÜc munnwgeRkakQr . dUcCaGt

eXIjmnusSesaH . sáatQwg . eyIgcuHBIelIynþehaHRkeLkemIlehIyRkeLkemIleT[t ErkgmanbgbÁÚn

mitþPkþi mkTTYl . yagehacNask*eKoBt(maneTARbBnÆkUnÓBukmþayeyIgEdr BIkarmkdlrbseyIg.

`rkemIlehIyemIleT[t GteXIjnrNamñakEdl`s<almkTTYl`TalEtesaH . KµanbgbÁÚnRKYsarGñk

dMeNIrNamñakmkcaMTTYleyIg dUceyIgsµanTukesaH . eKk*Gt Égk*Gt . esµIPaBKñaTaMgGs . `RkeLk

emIleTATisxageCIgRBlanynþehaH `nwkeXIjkalBICagdbqñaMmun RKYsarbgbÁÚn mitþPkþi` :nmkQr

CMuKña CUn`eLIgynþehaHeTATIRkug:rIs . `nwkeXIjsmþIÓbuk`mun`eLIgynþehaH “emckUnÉgdaccitþeTA

EmnETnehIy/ ”. taMgBIézáenaHmk RKbeBl`cuHBIynþehaHmþg> eTaHbICaenARsukNak*eday k*`Etg

mansrésjakecalEPñkeTATisxageCIgéncMNtynþehaH Erkg:neXIjÓBukmþay nigbgbÁÚn mitþPkþi`.

k*buEnþ«LÚvenH eBl`RtLbmkCanTwkdImatuPUmi`vij `GteXIjnrNamñakesaH . briyakasenH

eZVIo`xkcitþZøakezøImRbm¨at P&yj&rGsebHdUgBIkñúgxøÜn . `emIlehIyqálza CaeBaZicintug ßk*minEmn

eBaZicintug/ kñúgcitþGrNasebIRbsinCakarBit ynþehaHcineKykeyIgmkdakenARsukmYy epSgeRkABI

eBaZicintugRsukExµr . munenHbnþicenAelIGakas TwkmuxeyIgrIkray emIleTsPaBRsukExµredayesamnsS .

ynþehaHcas>mYycMnYnxUcTukecalkNþalval . `xMBinitüemIlmþgeT[t `eXIjedayxkcitþzac|asCa

eBaZicintugehIy . eyIgeXIjbuK<likRbmaN20nak PaKeRcInCanarIesø{kBaksMBtexµAgavexµA mñak>

manTwkmuxRsKtRsKM . ehIysUm|IeBleyIgeTACit k*GtmanjjwmKYrsmdUcGñkeZVIkarcaMTTYlGñkdMeNIr

ZmtµtaeT . eKhakdUcCamankarxøacRbugRby&tñer[g>xøÜn . mkdlkEnøgEqksMbuRt mannarIRbmaN

24

10nak TwkmuxesøksøaMg :nTaryklixitqøgEdnBIeyIg . eKemIledayrh&srhYn ehIye:HcUlkñúg

keJär rYcR:bza “caMézáeRkayGg<karovij ”.

eyIgemIlmuxKñaeTAvijeTAmk GthamateqøIytbeTAnarITaMgenaHvijeT . eyIgylc|asNas

zaeKyklixitqøgEdneyIgenHrhUtehIy minEmndUceKPUtkuhk “caMézáeRkayGg<karovij ” enaHeT.

putkEnøgEqksMbuRt `CYbmitþ hak sagLaynI visVkrBImUs<Ú GtItRbZansmaKmnisSitExµrenA

sUev[t eRkaymkeZVIkarCamYyeG[gsarI . kalBIedImKatmanninñakarxagsUev[t . `GrNaseday:n

CYbKat . `sgÏwmza KatnwgpþlBt(manmko`xøH EtKatGtniyayGVITaMgGs RKanEtemIlmuxehIy

THsµa` rYcedIreTA:t . `KµanTaMgeBlharmatsYrdMNwgBIpaedt RbBnÆKatEdl`Zøabs<altaMgBIenA

RsukExµrenaHpg . paedt eBTüBImhaviTüal&yRkugmUs<Ú CanarIskmµxagneya:ytaMgBIRsukExµremøH .

`kMBugEtKitxøÜnÉg BicarNacgylBIGakb|kiriyacEmøkrbsLaynI k*RsabEteXIj QIg kukhYr

visVkrmkBIeqkUsøÚv¨aKI edIrmkdl . `Kitza RbEhlCaLaynI eKePøc`ehIyemIleTA eRBaHeyIgxanCYbKña

Cit5qñaMeTAehIy müageT[teyIgminEdlCitditKñapg . `s<al paedt RbBnÆKatCags<alKat . CamYy

kukhYr mñakepSgeT[t eyIgs<alKñaCitdit . EmnRKanEtRkeLkeXIj` KatjjwmBIcmáay . minEmn

jjwmERskehAeQµaHrakTakdUcmuneT . EtjjwmdUcsm&ybdivtþn¾ eZVIo`Tukcitþza yagemck*KgmanGñk

xøHeK mindUrEdr . KatbnþdMeNIryagel]nmkrk`dEdl . k*buEnþdleBlCYbKña GtmancabédObKña

dUcBYkmakZøabrab´GanKñaBImuneT eKRKanEtTHsµa` ehIysYr “suxsb|ay / caMCYbKñaézáeRkay” rYck*bnþ

dMeNIreTAmuxeT[teTA .

LaynI nigkukhYr `Gt:nCYbGñkTaMgBIrenAézáeRkayeT . KatRtUvBYkExµrRkhmykeTAeZVITaruN

kmµrYcsmøabenATYlEsøg .

`enARsLaMgkaMgmYysnÞúH ecalEPñkemIlRBlanGakasyandðaneBaZicintug Edl`:neXIj

CacugeRkay kalBI10qñaMmun . `Kµanseg,teXIjGVIdUcBImun Edlo`cabGarmµN¾za `ZøabeXIj ehIy

ZøabmkTIenHCajwkjabkalenABIekµgesaH .

eXIjmanZugdakTwkekþA nigEvkdYsTwk nigEkvmYycMnYndakenAedaydMu> . `nwkeXIjsalaqan

enACnbT .

ecjeRkAGaKar `RkeLkemIleTsPaBdUcCaKµanGVIpøasbþÚreRcIneT . GñkdMeNIrcinEdlCiHynþehaH

CamYyeyIg BakGavs eKeLIgLandwkeP\{veTA:t . ÉcMENkBYkeyIgTaMg40nak eKorgcaMeKmkdwktam

Lan . enAtampøÚveyIgeXIjeyaZaekµg>RbkbedaykaMePøIgenAelIsµaedIryaml|at yUr>eXIjLankaMmIjúg

mYyebIk . bnþicmk`k*eXIjsUhug . eyIgdwgza KatCasñÚlbdivtþn¾ . eQµaHBitR:kd saLútZIya

kµÜyrbssaLúts (bulBt) Kat:necjeTAeRkARbeTsCajwkjabGmsemþcsIhnu ßeG[gsarI . BitEmn

EtKatmanv&yenAekµg ehIyGt:ner[nsURtGMBITMnakTMngGnþrCatik*eday k*eKoKateZVICaGK<elxaZikar

RksYgkarbreTs :nn&yza bnÞabBIeG[gsarImk KWKatCaGñkcatEcgemIlxusRtUvenARksYgkarbreTs

EdleKehAkatza “b1 ” . eBlKateTAebskkmµenARsuk:raMgmþg> eyIgEtgnaMKatedIrkMsanþemIlRkug

:rIs . Katqálza emck*eyIgecHRTaMenARsukeKyUremøH . KatEtgeqø{teZVIkargarstiGarmµN¾eyIgoeXIj

GMBIkarrIkcMerInlUtlasrbsbdivtþn¾ . KatGtmaneXIjGVIKYrocabGarmµN¾esaHenAGWr¨ub sUm|IEtTenøEsn

25

k*eRb[beZ[bCamYyTenøemKg<min:npg . KatbgÁabza TenøEsnvatUcRcmiuc ÉTenøemKg<vaZMsem|Im .

eyIgyleXIjza KatniyayRCul cegÁ{tcgÁlCatiniymRCuleBk k*buEnþeyIgGteqøIyeTAKatvijeT eRBaH

GñkminEdls<alGVIeRkABIRbeTs EtgEteXIjmanEtGjRKanebIdUecñHÉg . eBlenaH KatmanGakb|kiriya

søÚtbUt ecHKYrsmNas . BaküniyaysþI CakUnGñkZøabmanBUCGMbUr . enAbreTsKatEtgEtbMpusoeyIg

cUlRsuk o:nrh&skalNalÁkalhñwg . ehIyKatEtgEtniyayehIyniyayeT[tza eBlNa “BYkbg

eTAdlRsuk caM`naMbg>edIrelg emIlRsukeyIg ”.

edaymanTMnakTMngCamYyKatlÁ ehIyedaymankic©snüazaeBleyIgmkdlRsukKatnwgnaMeyIg

edIremIlRsukyagenH eBleyIgCYbKat eyIgGrNas eRb[b:neXIjTUkeTARsgeBlCitputédenAkñúgTwk

mineXIjeRtIyeXIjRcaMgenAÉNa . `er[bsÞúHeTAObKat . enAbreTseBlNaeyIgCYbKat eyIgEtg

ObCanimµitrUbénmitþPaBrwgmaM . Katk*EtgsÞúHmkObrwtCamYyeyIgEdr . EtenAelITwkdIkm¬úCa eBleXIj

eyIg KatminRbjabRbjalmkrkeyIgeT . eyIgsÞúHeTArkKat EvkédcgObKat EtKateZVImindwg ehIy

beJ©jTwkmuxesµI . eyIgGakGncitþ eRBaHKatminRKanEtminObeyIgdUcenARsuk:raMgeT sUm|IetelIkéd

KatmkcabédeyIgk*KatmineZVIpg . KatsYrrk«v¨ansMrabRksYgkarbreTs . bnÞabmkKatniyaycgÁúl

R:bza mitþenAxagenaH caMnaMBYkbg>ÉgeTAPñMeBj . niyaydUecñHrYc k*Katk*ecjeTA:teTA edaymin:n

laeyIgmYymatza “caMCYbKñaézáeRkay ” ß “caMbnþiceT[tKatnwgmkykeyIgedIremIlRsuk ” eLIy.

eyIgenAQrmYyry;ehIyRkeLkrkemIlkeJärdaklixitqøgEdn . eKykeTA:t . GsmaneBl

RtLbeRkay . manEteTAmux EteyIgmindwgeKoeyIgeTATINaeT . `eLIgRsalxøÜn GssgÏwmrlIg.

emIlmuxmitþrYmdMeNIrEdlmkCamYyKña xkcitþGssgÏwmdUcKña . eyIgyMminecj ERskminekIt .

eyIgeXIjeBaZicintugkanEtryIkryakeLIg . `minRbdUccMNtynþehaHRsukExµreTAvalynþehaH

enARsukGWr¨ubeT Et`nwkeXIjeBaZicintugEdl`Zøabs<al vamindUcesaH . mnusSmñaTaMgRbusTaMgRsIEdl`

CYb vamindUcRbCaBlrdðExµrEdl`Zøab´s<al ß:nrkSaTukkñúgGarmµN¾`esaH . sUm|IEtBYkGñkEdl`ZøabCYb

enAbreTszµI>enHeT[tesat k*eKdUrGsGakb|kiriya GtdUckaleKeTAbreTsesaH . müageT[tbuK<lik

GñkeZVIkarenAcMNtynþehaH hakdUcCamnusSmkBIBiPBmYyepSgEdl`minEdls<al . eKniyayPasaExµr

dUc`Emn buEnþGakb|kiriya BaküsmþIeK hakdUcCaKµanGVIdUc`esaH . taMgBIreb[beKeZVIkar semø{kbMBak

rhUtdlreb[bniyaysmþI k*mineZVIoeyIgmankarkkekþAesaHeLIy .

`nwkGnusSavrIy¾kal`enABIekµg . kalenAer[nmZümsikSa `cUlcitþCiHkgmkelgEbkcan CamYy

mitþPkþi CYnkalhYseTAdlkMBgknÞÜt . eBlRtLbmkvij eyIgcUlcitþmkemIleKeZVIdMeNIrecjcUlenA

RBlanynþehaHeBaZicintug . eyIgEdlminZøabs<albreTs ecHEtnwkeXIjGs©arüNas EdleKeLIg

ynþehaH ehIyehaHehIrBIRsukmYyeTARsukmYyeT[t . eXIjeKeZVIoeyIgRsém . EbkcanCaRsukERsman

edImetñat GñkERseZVIs, RsI>bukRsUv dUcKñaebHbitnwgrUbcmøakBIdUnta . ÉeBaZicintug ynþehaHRbtikmµ

el]n cMNayeBleTAhugkug qabCagCiHLaneTAes[mrabeTAeT[t . PaBTMenIb nigcasburaN zµInigcas

ynþehaHnigreTHeKa karel]neTAmux nigkaredIrzyeRkay . OmatuPUmi ! ObdibkS ! OkarvivtþénmnusS

elak. enHCakarRsemIRsémrbs` ßk*CakarBit . `xMRkeLkeTAemIlenAkEnøgmYyEdlxYrk|al`:n

caMza kalBIedImenATIenH manpÞHmYyEdl`Zøabmkelg . Et`mineXIjeKhdðaneZVIBIeQIRbkek|}gEdl

26

vaditCabkñúgstiGarmµN¾`enHeT . `sYrxøÜnÉgza pÞHenHvamanBitR:kdEmn ßmYyvaRKanEtCakarRsemI

Rsémrbs` / .

eKehAeyIgoeLIgLan . CakamIejENtkJ©asmYyEdl»sUrdUcLansm&yedIm . sMbknigmasIun

makGndUcKña . eKdwkeyIgeTAkanTIRkugPñMeBj . Lanbdivtþn¾dwkeyIg ebIkyWt>tampøÚveBaZicintug

d*sáatRCgMKµanmnusS . enAelIcieJ©ImzñlTaMgsgxagpøÚv yUr>eyIgeXIjmnusSesø{kexµABakexµAedIrCaRkum

4-5nak enACitKMnrexµacLan EdlmanesµAduHh)MuB&TÆ . pÞHsEm|geXIjeBareBjedaysPaBryIkryak

PaKeRcIn:kEbkbgÁÜj emIlswgEtmineXIjkñúgcMeNamrukÎCatiZMtUcEdlhakdUcCaRbNaMgKñaTRnÞanyk

kEnøgedIm|IeZVIoGVIEdlekIteLIgedaysarsñaédmnusS exÞcxÞIeTAvij . `nwkeXIjTIRkugEdleKTukecalkñúg

RbvtþisaRsþ KWeRb[bdUcPñMeBjEdl`kMBugeXIjenHÉgRsab .

LanebIkbeNþIr `xMemIlsgxagpøÚvbeNþIr . `nwkeXIjBImun `ZøabeZVIdMeNIrtampøÚvenHralézá

mankg mUtU Lan ebIkbrG)UrG hUrEhr . «LÚvpøÚveBaZicintug mansPaBsáatQwg . GñkRkk*mineXIj

Gñkmank*mineXIj eyIgeXIjEtpÞHGtmnusSenA . mkdlhYseragcRktm|ajbnþic `RkeLkrkemIlpÞHbg

` EdlsgenAxageqVgéd . kalsRg<am5qñaM ÓBukmþaybgbÁÚn`CaeRcInrsenAkñúgviLaenaH . `eRt[mrk

emIlehIyemIleT[t mYyEPøtenaH`eXIjpøÚvcUlpÞHesµAduHs)ubRTub . sYnc|arxagmux rukÎCatitUcZM duHeBj

TwkeBjdI dUcpÞHeKepSgeT[tEdr . `kMNtkñúgcitþza ÓBukmþay bgRbusTI1 nigPriya kUnKat2nak

bÁÚnRsI` nigbgbÁÚn kµÜyepSgeT[t EdlZøabrsenAkñúgpÞHenHmunPñMeBjZøakkñúgédExµrRkhm «LÚvGtenATIenH

eT[teT . etIKateTANaGs / `RBYy:rmÖnwkeXIjmindwgCayagemceT . `nwkeXIjdlsnþisuxRKYsar` .

enAtampøÚvGñkbrLandwkeyIgeKenAesá{mGtniyaysþIGVITaMgGs taMgBIecjBIeBaZicintugmk . `cabsgS&y.

`emIleXIjKatElgdUckal`nwksµanenAbreTseT[tehIy . `RbwgnwkKitedIm|Ioyl . `Kitza GñkebIkLan

enHRbEhlCaKatTukBYkeyIgEdleTIbmkdlRsuk CaBYkminsÁatsÁM RtUvRbugRby&tñehIyemIleTA :nCa

eZVIoKatmanGakb|kiriyaEbbenH . `nwkeXIjza `xusZMehIy . `nwksþayeRkay minKYrNaeLIy

ePøIdUecñHesaH . `nwkeXIjbgRbusTI1rbs` Kat:nXat`mþgehIymþgeT[t buEnþ`enAEtminRBmsþab .

bg`Katza `manmuxsøÚtbUtKYroRsLaj Et`xusBIbÁÚnKatepSgeT[t ecHEtEbkeqVg minecHenAesá{m

cgEtTUlEpndImñakÉg . Xat`Elg:n KatpþaM`oRby&tñ eRBaHKatmindwgCakEsþgvayagem¨cR:kdeT

k*buEnþKatza RsukeyIgsBVézávaminRsYleT .

sPaBkarN¾Edl`eXIjtaMgBICandIRsukExµrvijmk eZVIo`eC]za GVIEdlGñkeP[sxøÜnniyayKWCakar

BitTaMgGs . KitdlenH `:kTwkcitþ GssgÏwmTaMgRsug emIleXIjexµAGsrlIg . `RkeLkeTAelIemX

xMrkGVImYymkkmøacitþeLIgvij . `lYgxøÜnÉg caMemIlsin . RbEhlCaGñkdwknaMeKmanKMeragGIEdl`yl

min:n . RKanEteXIjbnþicbnþÜc eZVIkarvinicä&yPøamdUecñHvaminRtUveT . Gg<kareKniyayRtUvehIy .bJºasMxan

RsukeyIgKWksikmµ . ebIeyIgGacedaHRsaybJºaenH:nRsukeyIgnwgrIkcMerIneTAGnaKtminxaneLIy.

LanecHEteTAmux . GñkbrLanenAEtGtniyayGVICamYyeyIgdEdl . KatminecHExµreTßyagemc /

ézáenH`:neRKagTukzaCaézámYyBiesssMrabCIvit eRBaHCaézáEdl`:ncUlmkdlRsukkMeNIt`

vij . «LÚvézáBiessenH vaBiessEmn buEnþminEmnCaTivaBiessCaRbvtþisaRsþénCivit` dUc`:nKitTuk

27

enaHeT . minEmnCaézásb|ayrIkrayEdl:nmkeXIjRsuk CYbCMuRKYsarbgbÁÚnEdl`:nrgcaMCag10qñaM

mkehIyenaHeT . BYkeK:nlYcbøn`ykézáEdlRtUvEtrIkrayokøayeTAézád*CUrctdUecñHeTAvij .

minKYrNaesaH GñkEdl:necjeTARsuk eXIjdUecñHehIyKµaneZVIsJÃaNamYyoeyIgdwg . Et

pÞúyeTAvij eKenAEtelIkTwkcitþGnÞgeyIgcUlRsuk . `nwkeXIj enAeBlzµI>enH eBlelakkattamRkug

:rIs semþc sIhnu RBHGg<:nRbkasKaMRTenARKbkal;eTs; nigRKbTIkEnøgdlbdivtþn¾ nigrdðGMNac

km¬úCaRbCaZibetyü .

eyIgminyleRBaHvahYsBIkarsµan . `emIlmux éh Kwms)ag, marIna emIleXIjKñaehIy eyIgk*

dakEPñkeTAvij eyIgGt:nhamatniyayGVITaMgGs . minKYrNaeLIy eKeZVI:beyIgdUecñHesaH . BYkeK

mkdlmuneyIg eKeXIjdUceyIgEdrßeT / ebIeXIjdUceyIgGIcwgehIy emck*GñkEdl:necjBIRsukeKGt

eZVIsJÃaGIodwgesaH . emck*enAEtGMBavnavoRbBnÆkUn mitþPkþimkeT[t .

`cgERskyM . emXekþAEcs RsLHeZg . Gav`esImejIseCaKdUcRtUvTwkePø{g . `emIleTA

sgxagpøÚveXIjTidðPaBdEdl pÞHTukecalGtmnusSenA pøÚvGtmnusSedIr esµAduHBaseBj eZVIorlubpøÚvcUl

pÞHnimYy> . `emIlpgeZVIkareRb[beZ[bnwgrUbPaB Edl`:nkMNtTukkñúgGarmµN¾`pg . nwkeTAvatwg

k|aleBk `RkeLkeTAelIemX . emXlºelºv ex[vRsgat . `nwkeXIjeBl`emIlemXkalenABIkumar

CamYyÓBuk` . Katza kñúgvalvdþisgSar sgÎaKµanGVIeT[gTateT . `GtylGIeTkalenaH . Et«LÚvBakü

enHvaRtUvEmn . `KiteXIjeBl`CYbKatCacugeRkay enAeBaZicintugmþgeT[t . `nwkeXIjmþay` . `

RskTwkEPñk . `nwkza eZVIemc:nCYbRKYsar bgbÁÚn`bnþick*`GscitþEdr .

`eXIjbkSITaMghVÚgehIryagqáayelIGakas . `nwkza BYkeKmansMNagNasmansøabGacehIr

:n . ebI`mansøabdUceK `nwgehIreTA:tPøam . buEnþmansemøgmYyecjBIxøÜn`xSwbR:b`za “lµmdwgxøÜn

ehIyGaePøI lµmecHEckkarBitnigkarylsbþiehIy ÉgcUlcitþEtrsenAtamkarRsém smmuxÉgehIy! ”.

LankamIjÚENt :nQbenAmatTVarénGaKard*ZMmYy . `s<alza GaKarenHkalBIedImCaviTüa

sæanbec©keTsmitþPaBExµr-sUev[t . sMNgenH KW RKuteqv GK<elxabkSkumµúynisþsUev[t pþlCaCMnYy

zVaysemþc neratþm sIhnu . eKoeyIgcuHBILanehIyedIrcUleTAkñúgGaKarenaH . enABImuxeyIgeRkam

GaKarTI1EdlkalBIedImCalMenAsMrabBYksaRsþacarüsUev[t eyIgeXIjmanmnusSmYycMnYn hakdUcCakMBug

emIleyIgedIrtMrgeTABYkeK . dleBleyIgedIreTAkanEtCit eyIgeXIjeKmñak>esø{kBakexaGavexµArEhk

ryIkryakdUcknÞb . eyIgs<alzaBYkeKsuTÆEtmkBIbreTs . eyIgP\akxøÜneRBItZøakezøImKþúk esÞIrxülKsnøb

:tsµartI EteyIgxMRbwgjjwmeTAeK ehIyeKhakdUcCajjwmtbmkeyIgvijminecj . eyIgEbkKñaminTan

:nmYyqñaMpg emIlKñaswgElgs<aleTAehIy . hYsBIkarsµan Kitmindl . mñak>s<mslEtEs|k nig

qÁwg . z¬leLIgpt GñkxøHeLIgragekag xøHekItCmáWEs|kdMe¶ ekItERsg ekItPøW xøHeZµjeLIgexµA xøHeT[t

RKh)ub . `nwkeXIjrUbztBYkhSIv (Juive) slBIsøabkalBIsRg<amelakelIkTI2 . mñak>manGakb|kiriya

dUcCamnusSmkBIPBmYyepSgeT[t EbøkRsLHBIkalEdleyIgZøabs<al . GñkERsBIedIm KatKµanrUbrag

dUecñHeT enHdUcmnusSecjBIfannrkGJ©wg .

kalBIenARsuk:raMg eKR:bzaBYkeyIgmkbreTs eKoeTAsMrakenAviTüasæanKruekaslü . viTüasæan

KruekaslüEdl`Zøabs<alsæitenACitvimanÉkraCü . «LÚvenH`dUcCaElgylGIGsrlIgehIy . mñak>

28

manTwkmuxmaM . eKElgecHjjwmrYsrayehIy . ebIecHjjwmk*GtjjwmecjEdr EteKxMeZVItamsMbk

eRkA . ehtuGVIk*mñak>pøasbþÚrrUbPaBrh&semøH / GñkxøHmaDmaMCakILakr «LÚvkøayxøÜndUcmnusSCitdacxül

eTAvij .

`ecHEtKnemIlERkgeXIjPriya` . k*buEnþ`GtTanrkeXIjeT . `smøwgemIl rkmitþPkþiCitsñiTÆ

ERkgeKGacR:b`odwgGVI:nxøH . `mindwgCaGñkNaGacR:b´`:n . BImunmanGñkCitdit Et«LÚvdUc

minc|asesaH . `rkemIlnrNamñakEdlmanTwkmux bJ¢akza `GacniyayCamYyeK:n . emIlcuHemIl

eLIg `enAEtminh)an . caMemIlsPaBkarN¾bnþiceT[tsin eRBaHeZVIminRsYlxøacxusq<g . GñkEdl`CYb

GtmannrNah)anniyaydUcmuneT . eKeZVIoeyIgylza eKmincgoeyIgmankarTakTgeKdUcBImuneLIy.

eRkaymkeTIbetyIgdwgza “smUhPaBCaEPñkmñas ” eKtamdanemIlKñaeTAvijeTAmk . mYysnÞúHeRkaymk

`RkeLkeXIjPriya`BIcmáay Katk*emIlmk`vijEdr . `nwksgÏwmza KatRbEhlCanwgedIrmkrk`ehIy

eRBaHBYkeTIbmkdl eKocaMenATIenH . EtRKanEteXIjmYyEPøt Katk*bnþdMeNIrCamYyRkumKat:teTA .

`xkcitþehIykanEtxVlEzmeT[t .

eKR:boeyIgedIreTAkEnøgmYyEdlmantueRcIner[bCaCYr> . TIenaHCakEnøghUb:ysmUhPaB .

enACitkEnøghUb:ysmUhPaB mancRg,an:ysmUhPaB . mancRg,anZMb>bI . elIcRg,anBIrmanxÞHetñat

enABIelIePøIgBuHkeRJ¢alhuyEpSgRTub . GñkeZVI:ysuTÆEtRsI> . tamPasabdivtþn¾ eKoehARsI>za “narI” .

narI4-5nak kMBughanbEnø ßeZVIenHeZVIenaHenAkñúgcRg,an . GñkTaMgenaHsuTÆEtBYkEdl`Zøabs<alBImun k*

buEnþeBleXIjeyIg eKminmkrakTaksYrsuxTukÎGITaMgGs . `RKanEtemIlmuxeK ehIyk*Gth)ansYrnaMGVI

Edr eRBaHeXIjzaeKmincgoeyIgniyayesrICamYy . “eha”enACamYyeyIgrhUtkñúgfan;KatCaRbZanmnÞIr

EdlcattaMgeLIgeday “PMu” . kalenA:rIs `Zøabs<alKat . kalBIedImKatZøaber[nenAshrdðGaemrik

xagbec©keTsciJ©wmstV . RtLbcUlkm¬úCavij KatRtUv:nEtgtaMgeZVICacaghVagmnÞIrciJ©wmstV CMnYy

Cbunpþlokm¬úCaCMnansemþcsIhnu niglnnl . kñúgfan;KatCaGñkbec©keTsciJ©wmstV enAeBlenaH

KatminEdlecjmuxeZVIneya:yeT . KatCamRnþIZmµtamYyrUbEdlRsLajmuxkarCaCMnajrbsxøÜn . eBl

enaHKatmanragRkGajmaM ehIyEtgmanesckþIrIkray TnPønCabCanic© . «LÚvrUbPaBenHvadUrGsehIy.

KatdUcCaBssk manEs|kzµIRKbelIqÁwg muxeLIgpt GseZµjmux . PriyaKat Guin supun CabÁÚnrbs

evC¢bNÐit Guin sUkan . CanarIEdlZøaber[nBUEkEdr edayKatmansJÃabR&tvisVkrbec©keTs ehIys<al

mnÞIrk15enHc|asNas eRBaHKatCaGtItnisSitvisVkrenATIenHEtmþg EdlkalBIedImeQµaHehAza “viTüasæan

bec©keTsmitþPaBExµr-sUev[t ”.

eKR:bodwgza enAkñúgmnÞIrk15enH eyIgGacedIr:nTisxagt|ÚgdlrbgenAtambeNþaymhavizI

PñMeBj eBaZicintug . TisxaglicGacedIrdlrbgGaKarmYyEdleKsµanzaCamnÞIrCYsCuleRK]gPaBynþ

CMnankm¬úCaRbCaZibetyü eRBaHeBlxøHeKGac»sUrsemøgkunEdleKbJ©aMgsakl|g . TisxageCIg BIrEx

dMbUg eKGacedIr:nEtRbmaNémÖEmRtBIGaKarbueNÑaH . EtdleRkaymkeT[t eKoeyIgeTAkab´q,aredImeQI

eZVIesµA ruHerIpÞH sMGatdI edIm|IeZVICasYnbEnø nigeZVIERs . BIeBlenaHmk enATisxageCIg eyIgGacedIrdlpøÚv

reTHePøIg ebIKitCacmáayRbEhl500EmRt BIkEnøgeyIgenA . ÉxagekItvij eyIgGacedIr:nRtwmEtGaKar

TI2 . eyIgminGacedIr:nhYsBIenHeT . GaKarZMxagekIt EdleKhameyIgminoedIreTACitenaH kalBI

29

edImeLIyCaGaKarviTüasæanbec©keTsmitþPaBExµr-sUev[t . BIedImkUnsisSmker[nRtUvcUltampøÚvenH Edl

manpøaksresrGkSrZM>dakza “viTüasæanbec©keTsmitþPaBExµr-sUev[t ”. «LÚvpøakenHeKdkecj:tehIy.

kñúgCMnanExµrRkhm kEnøgenHCaTIsñakkarsalaneya:yrbsGg<karbdivtþn¾ Edlman Pum CaGñkTTYl

xusRtUvsalaneya:yrbsbkS .

sYr eha xMtaMgxøÜnKatCamnusSzµI . TaMgragkay esø{kBak Gakb|kiriya hUbcuk niyaysþI

suTÆEtzµITaMgGs . KatbgkRkma . niyaydUckmµaPi:lExµrRkhm xøaMgkøadacxat minRsBicRsBil

minsRmuHsRmYl . KatQbeRbIBaküza “`sMuniyay” EtCMnYseday “eyIg`sMueZVIóeTÞsnam” . “`”Ca

buK<lniym É “eyIg” CasmUhPaB . dUecñHedayGg<kardakEpnkarkMeTcbuK<lniym eyIgRtUveRbIBakü

za “eyIg`” vij .

Gg<karcattaMg “ehar” omkENnaMeyIgRCYtRCabBImaK(aneya:yEdleyIgRtUvGnuvtþn¾ . Katniyay

za <<edayyktamKMrUkarlHbgrbsRbCaCnkm¬úCaCaTIesñharbseyIg EdlQrelImaK(aÉkraCüm©askar

xøÜn TIBwgxøÜn xøÜnkankabvasnaedayxøÜnÉg eyIgk*:nsMercvaysMrukbg,beg,InplenAkñúgmnÞIrrbseyIg edIm|I

o:nRKbRKanxages|{gGahar kMuoenACaTmánrbsGg<kareyIg . taMgBIeyIg:nsMercGnuvtþn¾EpnkarEdl

Gg<kar:nENnaMdakcuHenHmk eyIg:nsMerclTÆplKYrCaTIemaTn;PaB. enACMuvijGaKarenH eyIg:nBYtéd

KñavaysMrukkabKasykzµecj edIm|IrMedaHykdImkbg,beg,Inpl . eyIg:ndaMbEnøRKbmuxdUcCa saLat

és¬ Rtsk nenag RtLac eXøak .l. eyIgnwgxMerI pÞHcas>ecjoGs edIm|ImanOkaseZVIBlkmµ

ltdMxøÜneyIgo:neTACaCnbdivtþn¾pg nigbg,beg,Inpl edIm|IÉkraCüm©askarN¾ QbCiHCanRbCaCneyIg

eT[tpg . sMukMuePøcza rhUtdlsBVézáenH eyIgEdlCabJÃCn minTanGacrsenAedayÉkraCü m©askarN¾

enAeLIyeT . eyIgenARtUvkarkaróbtæmÖBIRbCaCn edIm|IciJ©wmkarhUbcukRbcaMézárbseyIg>> .

enAeBlEdl “ehar” kMBugsURtemer[noeyIgsþab `ecalEPñkenACMuvij` . kalBImunGaKarTaMgBIr

enHman5Can eZVIeLIgmYycMENksMrabosaRsþacarürusSIúEdlmanebskkmµmkkm¬úCakñúgRkbx&NÐshRbtibtþi

karExµr-sUev[t rsenA ÉmYycMENkeT[tCazñaker[n . hYsBIenHbnþicmanGaKarmYyeT[tEdlmanragsÁat

CagenH CamnÞIrcatkar nigsal Amphitheâtre . xageRkayqáayBIenH manbwgRBlwt ehIyhYsBIbwg

enH enAmanpÞHmYycMnYnsgeLIgenACitpøÚvreTHePøIg . enAmuxGaKarTaMgenHkalBIedImmansYnc|arRbkbeday

p,aRKbmux ebIRkeLkemIleTAkñúgTwk eKeXIjmanp,aQUk edImRBlwt EdlEpøp,aRKbrdUv . k*b¨uEnþ«LÚvenH

eyIgGteXIjmanp,aeT[tehIy . eyIgeXIjmanzñaldaMbEnøRKbmux . sUm|IEtTIlanelg:lTH k*eK

ykeZVICakEnøgdaMbEnøEdr . beg<aldakés| eKdaMnenag ßRtLac emIleTARssbMRBgmanEpøBaseBj .

ÉCYrsENþkeRTIgk*duHlÁNasEdr . eKeXIjmanGñkkMBugEteRsacdakCIelx1 . ehar sURtemer[nbnþ

za “eyIgKasedImeQIGtRbeyaCn¾ecjGsehIy . eyIgxMsMrukdaMEtbEnøbg,ar nigedImeQIoplykmk

hUb:n . ÉkEnøgeZVIkILaeyIgKasrMelIgecalesÞIrGsehIy . ralézáeyIgeZVIBlkmµtaMgBIRBlwmdl

yb . eZVIBlkmµk*dUcCahatkILaEdr eRbIkmøaMgdUcKña . dUecñHehIy:nCaGg<kareyIgQbomankILacMNay

kmøaMgecal«tRbeyaCn¾ . kñúgsg<mbdivtþn¾eyIg eyIgmñak>eZVIkILaralézá . vaxusKñaRtgkEnøgeyIg min

cMNaykmøaMgBlkmµRbjayKñarttam:ldUcBImun . ebIézáNakarRbkYtkILaGULaMBik eKsMercomankar

RbkYtRbNaMgKñasÞÚgRsUv km¬úCaRbCaZibetyüeyIgnwgcUlrYmoc|asCa:nemdaymas ”.

30

eyIgnaMKñasþabmitþeharrbseyIgsURtemer[n eZVIkargarstiGarmµN¾eyIgedaysáatesá{m Gth)an

sYr Gth)anRbEkk ßlanmatGVITaMgGs . bnþiceRkaymk enAkEnøghUb:ydEdl eyIgRkeLkeXIj

kumareyaZaBIrnakedIrtRmgeTArkkEnøgEdleyIgTukv¨alI . mñak>s¬aykaMePøIgenAelIsµa esÞIrEtcgGUsdI

edIredaysáatesá{m . ekµgTaMgBIrGayuyageRcIn16qñaM . kumarTaMgBIr CakumareyaZa . eK:nmkCYb

eharR:bza Gg<karoBYkeKmkEqkv¨alIBYkeyIgeTIbmkdl . eKedIrmkCiteyIg EteKGtemIlmuxBYkeyIg

eT rYceKcabebIkv¨alIEqkemIl«v¨aneyIg . v¨alIxøHeKyk«v¨anecjGs . v¨alIxøHeT[t eKykecjxøH .

eKEqkmþgmYy> eday«tmanniyay ßsYrnaMGITaMgGs . eKEqkeXIjv¨alIRsI> maneXIjGavRTnab

exasøIb ykmkBIRsuk:raMg eKhakdUcCamindwgzasMrabykmkeZVIGI . eKykviTüú masIunztsemøg

masIunztrUb eRkABIenHeKebIkes[vePAemIl . EtedayCaPasabreTs eKRbEhlCaminyleT . buEnþeK

ykes[vePAGanxøHEdr k*b¨uEnþeKminykTaMgGseT . eKykeTATukedIm|ITukmUr:rI ßk*sMrabykeTAkit

Gacm¾ . `eC]za ebIRbsinNaGg<karoykes[vePA tamZmµtaeKykTaMgGsehIy eKminEmnykxøH TukxøH

dUecñHeT . eyIgemIlmuxKñaeyIg EdleTIbmkBIbreTsdUcKñaeTAvijeTAmk . eyIgxwgxøaMgNas . ézáenH

CaézámYyEdl`kalmunmkdl :nKitTukza CaézáEdl`nwg:nsb|ayrIkrayCYbCMuRKYsarenAkñúgRsuk

kMeNItrbs`eLIgvij pÞúyeTAvijvakøayeTACaézámYyEdl`mincgonrNamñakCYbRbTHesaHeLIy .

EqkeqrcbsBVRKbehIy kumareyaZak*naMKñaeTAvijedayminePøcnaMykeTACamYynUv«v¨anmYycMnYn

EdleKcatTukzaCa “«v¨ansgS&y ”. eyIger[bcMdak«v¨aneyIgeTAkñúgv¨alIvij ehIyenArgcaMkEnøgdEdl

xSwbsYrKñaeTAvijeTAmkza “eKoeyIgeZVIGIeT[tehIy ”. mþgeT[t eyIgdwgxøÜnza eyIgzyeRkayvijElgekIt

ehIy . manGñkeZVIdMeNIrmkCamYy`mñak:nxSwbR:bza kalenAeBaZicintugKat»sUreyaZamñak niyay

edayemaTnPaBza “Gg<karBUEkNas ebIcg:nBINacUlRsukehIy TukCaenATVIbNak*Gacxabmkvij

:nEdr ” »sUrdUecñH eyIgrwtEtGssgÏwmxøaMgeLIgEzmeT[t . GVI>EdlZøabKitBImun varlayGsrlIg .

enAbreTseyIgcatTukBYkeyaZa zaCaBYkkøahan h)anlHbgCIvitedIm|IkarBarCati nigRbCaBlrdð . dl

eBlmkeXIjCakEsþg eyIgZøakezøIm xkcitþ . eKminEmnCavIrbursEdleyIgEtg:n»sUr dUckalenAeRkA

RsukeT .

esckþIGssgÏwmmYyeT[t KW`sYrxøÜnÉgmþgehIymþgeT[t etIBYkEdl`s<al ehIyxøH`catTukCa

mitþPkþi Edl:nmkeXIjkarBitCakEsþgdUecñHehIy emc:nCaeBlCYbenAeRkARbeTs eKenAEtCMrujoBYk

eyIgcUlRsukeT[t / etIeKenAEteC]RCHRsLH TaMgTsSn; TaMgstiGarmµN¾Emn ßk*eKbgÎMxøÜnoeZVIdUecñH/

mYyvijeT[tBYkGñkEdlcUlRsukmun` CaBiessBYkEdlcaMTTYlBYkeyIgmkdlzµI eKmñak>man

critEbøkxusBImunRsLH etIeKdUrEmnßk*eKRtUvEteZVIdUecñH / GVIEdlcEmøkGs©arüEzmeT[tenaHKWGakb|kiriya

rbsb)unnI Priya`Etmþg . `mkdlyUrEdrehIy enAEtmineXIjKatmkrk` . `mkzµIminh)anedIrreht

rhUteT . eKminoeyIgedIrehIrtamcitþeLIy . munenHbnþic`:neXIjKatBIcmáaymYyEPøt . eXIjKat

edIrCamYyeKÉg . KatgakmuxemIlmk` TwkmuxesµI ehIyk*bnþdMeNIreTAmuxeT[teTA . KµansJÃaNamYy za

mannrNmñako`dwgza eKrIkrayeday:nCYb`esaH sUm|IEtPriya` k*`dwgza Katminsb|aycitþnwg

eXIj`eT . `eXIjKateLIgs<m `nwkPøamsþayeRkayminKYrNaeLIy elIkTwkcitþocUlRsukesaH .

31

eBlsáatbnþic `edIrBIr-bICMhanecjeTAenAeRkamedImGMBilmYyenAxagliceq[gxageCIgénGaKar

EdleKoeyIgenAcaM . ZatuGakasenAEtekþAEhgdEdl zVIt|itEtézáeRCyUreTAehIyk*eday . `emIlnaLikar

éd emag5láacemagenAPñMeBj . ZatuGakaskanEtekþAyUr køinsÁúykanEtocMhaysÁúymut . ÉruyexµAZM>

CaruyeramGacm¾vaehIrBaseBj . BYkvabeJ©jsemøgxøaMgkøaenAEk|rbg<nbdivtþn¾ . bg<nTaMgenHeKeZVIBI

eQICab´>KñaputBIdI ehIydakZugsaMgRTBIeRkam . lamkeKykeTAlayepH eZVICaCIrelx1 . Twkenam

CaCIrelx2 . eRkayBI:nEbrmuxeTATIZøaxagpøÚveBaZicintug `cabGarmµN¾eXIjkumartUc>mYyRkumkMBug

júaM:y . manRsþImñakenAemIlxusRtUv . zVIt|itEtKatkatskxøIkþI esø{kBakexµAdUceKdUcÉg ehIys<m

Cagmun `enAEts<alKatc|as . `dwgza KatCa “can ” cUlRsukCiHynþehaHCamYyb)unnI . eBleXIj

Kat `GrNas k*sÞúHeTAsYr EteBlKateXIj` KatEbrCaeZVImineXIjeTAvij .

-emcsuxsb|ayeT / (`sYrKat)

-suxsb|ay! (KateqøIytbmkvijyagkMbut edIm|Io`dwgza KatmincgbnþniyayKñateTAeT[teT)

`eXIjdUecñHminGscitþ eRBaHZøab´s<alKñayUrmkehIy k*sYrbEnæm

-suxsb|ayEmnETn / GtmancgniyayGICamYy`eT / (`sYrKatbJ¢ak )

-emccgdwgGIeT[t ebI`za`suxsb|ay (KateqøIymkvijedaykMbut)

-sUpanenAÉNa / (`sYrdMNwgBIsVamIKat)

-ecjeTA:tehIy (KateqøIy)

-ecjeTANa:t / `sYreT[t

-`Gtdwg, KateqøIy

kalenA:rIs RKYsareyIgTaMgBIrCitditKñaNas . enAeBlTMenr eyIg:nCYbKñaCajwkjab .

sUpan bþIKatCavisVkrecjBIsalad*l|ImYyenARsuk:raMg ehIykalBIsg<mKatCacaghVageZVIRtakT&renA

kMBgesam .

eRkayenHbnþic b)unnI :nmkCYb` . eBlKatmkCit `rMePIbeBkcgsÞúHeTAsñiTÆsñalKatdUceyIg

manTmøabeZVIkalBImun . buEnþKateZVIo`ylza Rby&tñeKcaMemIleyIg . eyIgGth)anbHBalKñaeT ehIyQr

enAqáayBIKña . bnÞabBI:nsYrsuxTukÎRKYsareyIgenAbreTs b)unnI sYr`za etI`manhUb:yo:neBj

eBaHßeT / `eqøIyza `elbminrYc . Katxkcitþ ehIyR:bo`xMelbeTA bnþiceT[teKElgoBYkmkdlzµI

hUb:yehIy ehIymkhUbbbrrav>dUcRKb´Kña . xan:n:yhUbyUrKatXøanNas . “RsémeXIj

:y`RskTwkmat ” Katniyay . »sUrKatniyaydUecñH `GYledImk k*buEnþ`EdlminTandleBlGt

dUcKat Kitmin:ndleT .

KatsYr`eT[tza etI`maneqø{tyknM:raMgnigs,rRKabBIk:lehaHmkxøHeT /

-ykmkbnþicbnþÜc . Gtdwgza RtUvkarGJ©wg, `eqøIy

-xMsnSMsMécTukxøÜnÉgxøHeTA kMuEckcayoGsBIxøÜn manbunµank*minRKanEdr ehIyEckminRsYl

c|asCaRcENnKñaeT[t . BIrbIézáeT[txøÜnÉgRtUvkarehIy . eKmanR:boeTAenAÉNaehIyßenA /

-eKGtTanR:bpg . emceKGtoeyIgenACamYyKñaeTßyagemc /

32

-mindwgeKsMercyagemceT buEnþeKoeyIgeTAenACamYyKñaßenAEbkKña eyIgRtUvEteZVItameK . kMuTam

Tar kMusMNUmBr ßesñIsMuGIeRkABIeKdakoeyIgeZVItamoesaH . sþabeKeTAebIeKoeyIgeZVIGI eZVIhñwgeTA

GteZVIecH eZVIdwg eZVIxVlGVITaMgGs . Gg<kareKcaMév¨CMhreyIg . ebIkalNaeyIgminsþabeK eKzaeyIg

TnRCay ßyagenH yagenaH . ebIeKoenAEbkKña k*enAEbkKñasineTA . ebIeKoeyIgenACMruMCamYyKña

vaRKanebINaseTAehIy . emcminBi:keBkeTßyagemc / buNÑwgRTaM:neT /

-Bi:kvaBi:kehIy . RTaM:nßmin:n eyIgGtmanGIerIseRkABIRTaMeT . eyIgxMRTaMdUceKdUcÉg.

`cgyks,rRKaboKat k*buEnþKatR:bolakTuksin kMuoeKeXIj . KatR:b`bEnæmza enA

TIenHeKykrUbPaBCaZM . kMuniyayelIkdI kMuniyayykédRctceg,H dUc`manTmøab . eKzaCaGakb|kiriya

Tahancas . RtUver[nsURteZVIGakb|kiriya edIrehIr hUbcuk dUcksikr . :nn&yza eZVIdUcBYkExµrRkhmtMrUv

oeyIgeZVI . karmintÁÚjEtÁr sµartIhñwgnrbsRbBnÆ` eZVIo`P\akEmnETn . eRBaHKatminEdlKitKUr

neya:yeT . KatcUl FUNK edaysareKÉgcUl k*cUltameKtamÉgb¨ueNÑaH ehIyKatcUlRsuk

edaysar`CMrujKatBIeRkay . «LÚvdleBleXIj` KatGtmanbenÞas tÁÚjEtÁrGVITaMgGs EtpÞúyeTAvij

KatxMelIkTwkcitþ`eTAvij . enHCaGakb|kiriyamYykøahanRTaMRTcMeBaHkarlM:k d*KYros\bEs\g . ebI`

CaKatvij `minCaRTaMRTkarlM:kdUcKat:nßGteT .

ézácablicbeNþIr> emXk*GnekþA . bnþicmþg>eKeXIjBYkBlkrnaMKñacUlBIkardðanenACMuvijmnÞIr.

`mindwgeKeTAeZVIGVIxøHeT . EtGñkxøHxøÜnTTwkeCaK GñkxøHeT[tRbLakPkBIk|aldleCIg htehvTnelVIy

TwkmuxCamnusSGssgÏwm . `nwkeXIjkal`ZøabeXIjBYkeKBImun ehIy`ecHEtsYrxøÜnÉg ehtudUcemþc

:nCaBYkEdl:nrs ß:neRkbCJ¢ksæannrkenHehIy EbrCaeTACYyxagGg<karykbgbÁÚn mitþPkþixøÜn

ocUlmkeZVIGVIeT[t / `mineC]zaBYkGñkEdleyIgCYbenAbreTs eZVIedaymaneKalbMNgsgswk cgeZVI:b

eyIgeT . eKPUtPrkuhkedaysuTÆcitþ / ehIy`k*mineC]za eKeTAek[gKreyIgBIbreTs ßBIPñMeBj edayeK

bgÎitbgÎMeT . eRBaHeRkaymkdlqñaM1979 eBlPñMeBjZøakehIy GñkdEdlenAxMeTAeK[gKreXasnao

mitþPkþixøÜncUlmkbMerIGg<kardEdl .

BYkeyIgTaMg40nak eKminTanbJ¢aoeTAenAÉNaeT . eKoeyIgqabhUb:y oehIysin . Twkmux

mñak> EbrCaRsLaMgkaMgrkylminTaneXIj . GñkxøHBYnyM . KµannrNamYyesIcecjeT[teLIy . kumarI

kUn manIra KIrIv¨at yMTamTareTA:rIsvij . ÉmþayxMlYgkUn . éh Kwmsag CaÓBukenAesá{m smøwgemIleTA

dImindwgzaemc . KatxSwbza KatZøabs<alRbeTssg<mniymCaeRcIn ehIyZøabenARsukcin RsuksUev[t

enAKuy: KatminEdlsµanRsukeyIgGIxuseKTaMgRsugyagenHesaH . eTaHCaÓBukmþayxMlYgyagemc k*

nagenAEtyMTamTareTAenACamYyCIdUnvijdEdl . CIdUnnag elakRsI hYt sm|tþi Kat:nsMerccitþenA

:rIs mincUlRsukvijeT .

enAeBlCithUb:y eKcakceRm[gbdivtþn¾ kMdrbriyakas Edlmann&y “RbCaCnkm¬úCa taMgBI

rMedaHmkmansuPmg<l rsenAkñúgsg<mzµI km¬úCaRbCaZibetyü eKTaMgLayrsenAedayesrI manhUbcuk

RKbRKan mansemø{kbMBaksmrmü edaysarGg<karbdivtþn¾d*mhaPøWsVag mhaGs©arü ”. bTceRm[geK

ebIkyag» hakdUcCaeKcgoeyIgylza sæannrkEdleyIgkMBugqøgkatenH ebIsinCaeyIgemIleXIjza

33

CasæannrkenaH eyIgmanelakTsSn;xus EtebIeyIgemIleXIjzaCasæansYK(dUcbTceRm{grbsGg<kar

eTIbeyIgmaneKalCMhrRtwmRtUv .

kEnøghUb:y manmnusSmkCYbCMuKñaehIy . kñúgfan;eyIgCaGñkeTIbmkdlzµI eKer[bcMtu:y

edayELkBIsmaCikénmnÞIrepSgeT[t . eyIghUb:yCarbbeP\{v . eyIgman:y nigmºÚbBIrmux ; smør

m¢ÚrRtkYn nigqap,aRBlwt . eyIgeXIjGñkhUb:ytuCiteyIg hUbbbrmanBN(exµARBIk . eyIgdwgxøÜnza

BYkeKRkeLkmkemIleyIgGñkmkdlzµI hUbmYy>edayRskTwkmatCMnYs .

muncabepþImGñktMNagGg<kar:nEzøgsunÞrkzaTTYlsVaKmn¾eyIgyagOLaßk “Gg<karbdivtþn¾Edl

esñhaeyIgRKb>Kñad*mhima :neZVIBlikmµebHBImat ebHBIk edIm|Ier[bcMCbel[gTTYlBYkeyIgEdleTIb

nwgmkdlzµI . kñúgkarév¨lukedIm|IsMercEpnkar3 etanmYyhikta bgbÁÚneyIgkñúgshkrN¾ecHRTaMRTkar

lM:k GtmantÁÚjEtÁrGVITaMgGs . kMuePøcza eyIgTaMgGsKñacUlRsuk edIm|Imker[nsURtBIbgbÁÚnksikr

nigkmµkr . `sgÏwmza mitþEdleTIbEtmkdlzµI nigGbGrsaTrvaytémøx¬s nUvsNþancitþd*Bisidðrbs

Gg<kareyIgEdler[bcM:yCbel[gbgbÁÚnenH ”.

eyIgGg<úysþabsunÞrkzaedaysábsáat . enACit`ekµgCMTgmñak:nlanmatza smørenHZMukøinGIk*

GaRkkemøH / smørenHGtmansacRtIRsseT . kalenAbreTs ÓBukKatEtgniyayza RsukeyIgsMbUrRtI

Nas . CakarBitehIy smørenHGtmanGIdUceyIgZøabhUbBIedImeT . smørm¢ÚrRtkYndakRbhuk EdlZMukøin

sÁúyKYroex¬Im . RbhukEbbenHeKrk:nenAtampÞHGñkPñMeBjTukecal . yUr>eyIgRbTHeXIjdMuEs|kRtIR: .

`sµanRbehleg[tRtIR:EdleKerIs:nehIyemIleTA .

`eqøIyR:bvijza “xMhUbeTA ebIhUbsmørmincUl hUbqaeTA”. hUb:yrYcPriya`mkCit`xSwbsYr

za “`hUb:n:yb¨unµancan/ ” `eqøIyza “:nmYycanGtXøan”Katza“cabBIEsÁkeTARtUvxMhUbo:nyag

ticBIrcaneTIbZnrYc . xMjúaM:yeTA enATaneBleKohUb bnþiceT[teKohUbbbrdUceKdUcÉgehIy eBl

enaH:ndwgxøÜnsþayeRkay eBlman:yminxMTTYlTan . yUrNasehIyEdl`xan:nhUb:y . »sUrEt

:yRskTwkmat `Rsém:n:yhUbmindwgqáajyagemceT ”. KatniyayBaküenHedaymanTwkmuxrlIg

relag .

smþIenHeZVIo`GYledImk rkniyayecjminrYc . tamBit:yEdleKoeyIgTTYlTanenH min

cMCa:yeT . zabbreQµaldUcRtUvCag . ÉGg,reT[tesat k*manlayRKabRsUvyageRcIn ehIyman

KuNPaBGnNas .

ybbnþicmk eKR:b`oykv¨alIeLIgeTACanTIbIénGaKarCabnwgerag:y . bnÞbenHkalBIedIm

eKsgsMrabBYksaRsþacarüenA . «LÚúvenHeKoBYkeyIgEdlKµanRKYsarsMNakenAkñúg3 ß4nakkñúgmYybnÞb .

mkdlbnÞb´ `dakxñgelIERkedk emIlBidan emIlGMBUlEmRtEdlmanExSePøIgryIkryak . cabepþImraRtI

TI1kñúgRsukeyIgvij . enABidan ExS GMBUlePøIg manstVmmgrabminGsecamePøIg . hakdUcCavaRbNaMg

KñaelgCamYyePøIg GñkNaBUEkCageK bHePøIgmuneK GñkhñwgRKanebI . stVxøHeT[tminTan:neTAdlePøIgpg

k*RtUvCIgck nigEzøn EdlmanBaseBj Rt:ksIuCacMNI . eXIjdUecñH`eRb[beZ[bnwgvasnaBYk` Edl

xMmkBIbreTs minKYrNaeLIy eyIgeZVIdUcstVmmgdUecñHesaH . `dwgxøÜnza `minGacvilzyeRkay:neT.

`cabepþImrsenAkñúgkarXMuXaMg EdlRtUvhatrsenA KµanGtItkal KµanGnaKtkal .

34

BYkGñkdwknaMExµrRkhm cattukkarEdleKGacxabBYkeyIgcUlRsuk:n CaC&yCMnHrbseK . ebIeK

dakTisoeyIgmkehIy enARKbRcklºkeCIgemXÉNa k*eKxabRsUbykmk:nEdr . BaküxabRsUbenH

CaBaküeKeRbIkñúger]gburaN . GñkmanbuNükabminmut dutminecH dUcGg<karGaceZVIGVIk*:nEdr . eKRsUb

eyIgdUcmasIunbUmsMramRsUbZUlI . mYyvijeT[t`nwkeXIjeBlcuHBIynþehaHenAeBaZicintug . GtmannrNa

eTATTYl . mnusSmñaTaMgRsI TaMgRbus esø{kBakexµA . `ZøabeXIjtamrUbzt EtdleBlmkCYbpÞal

ZøakezøImkþúk RBWk|alcgZøakBIsµa . enAtampøÚveBaZicintugsáatQwg . pÞHbgRbus`eLamB&TÆedayrukÎCati

BaseBjesÞIrEtKµanpøÚvcUl . `nwkeXIjsmþICneP[sxøÜn Edl`mineC]kalenA:rIs . `nwkeXIjBakü

rbseG[g sarI Edl`xMeC] “enAPñMeBj RbCaCncabcUlmkrsenAPñMeBjvijCabeNþIr>vijehIy ” . GVI>

Edl`:neXIjrhUtdleBlenH KµanGVICaZmµtaesaH .

xülRtCak:nbkcUltambgÁÜcrMePIy> . RkeLkemIleTAeRkAybggwtQwg hakdUcCaenAkNþal

éRBsáatRCgM . `xMepÞ{gRtec[kERkg»sUrsemøgGVImYy . sUm|IEtEq,k*Kµan»sUrRBusEdr .

EsÁkeLIg RBlwmRsag> `»sUrsemøgCYg . bnþiceRkaymk tambgÁÜc `RkeLkeXIjeKer[bKña

CaCYr> tammuxRBYj . bnþiceRkaymk eK»sUrsemøgeKarBTgCatikm¬úCaRbCaZibetyü .

QamRkhmeqÁA RkalenAelIRbzBI QamEdlBlI rMedaHRbCaCn Qamkmµkr ksikr bJÃCn

QamyuvCn yuvnarI bdivtþn¾ …..

bnÞabmkeT[t eKk*naMKñaedIrCaCYr>tamRkumedIm|IeTAvaysMruktammuxRBYj EdlGg<kardako . eyIg

GñkmkdlzµI eKminTanoeZVIGVIeT . eKTukoeyIgkþabsPaBkarN¾:nsin eTIboeTAvaysMrukCamYyeKÉg.

`nwkeXIjcgkaehVTwkedaHeKa nMbu&gCamYyTwkXµMú Edl`manTmøabhUbenARsuk:raMg eBlP\akBIdMeNkenA

eBlRBwkmunnwgecjeTAeZVIkar . eBaHvakUr»sUrRKUk> . eyIgGtmanGIdakeBaHeT kMuzaeLIydlnMb&ug sUm|I

Et:ykkk*GtmanEdr .

eKeTAeZVIkarsáatGs `RkeLkemIleTApøÚveBaZicintugmþgeT[t . `nwkeXIjkalBIedIm eBlRBwkdUecñH

`eTAjúaMbbrQamRCUk ßKuyTav TwkedaHeKa CamYymitþPkþi . `nwkeXIjmnusSkuHkr eZVIdMeNIrtampøÚv.

enAelIcieJ©Imzñl eKdaklk«v¨anBaseBj . nwkeXIjRBHsgÏnimtþbiNÐ:Rt . `nwkxøÜnÉgza «LÚv

enHpSark*Gt GñkeZVIdMeNIrk*Kµan enHCasg<mzµIß / etInrNaeLIycgrsenAdUecñH /

sµúKsµajkñúgxYrk|al `cuHeTAeRkam . `nwkeXIjyaycas>mYycMnYn eZVIkarkMbuikkMbukCitcRg,an

:y . elakyay Giun sYr` eKg:neT/ `eXIjKatragcasCagmuneRcIn skkatxøI z¬alpt .

TwkmuxdUcCamnusSmanTukÎZán GssgÏwm . kalenA:rIs `EtgEtniyayelgCamYyKatCajwkjab.

KatCamnusSmansuxPaBrwgmaM minEdlQWGVIeT . BitEmnEtKatmanv&ycMNasehIyk*eday EtKatenA

rwgbwug ragRsLHx¬s dMeNIrRtgPøwg sacragmaM . sVamIKatCaGtItecAhVayextþ . k*buEnþedayGP&BV man

eRKaHzñakcaksæanecalKatCayUrNasmkehIy . taMgBIsVamIKatsøabeTA Kat:nbI:cEzrkSaGbrMkUn

KatTaMg8nak o:ner[nsURtcbcugcbedImRKb´>Kña . eKkRmeXIjRKYsarExµrNamYymansMNagGaco

kUner[n:neCaKC&ydUcRKYsarKatEdlTaMgGsKña catTukzaCaBUCer[nBUEk . edayELkCagenHeTAeT[t

RKYsarKatminEdleZVIßkCakUnnamWunGIeT pÞúyeTAvijeKmñak>suPaBrabsar manótþmKtix¬s RsLajkar

35

sÁatsÁM . elakyayGiun minEdlTMnasCamYykUnKateT . KatCaGñkRsLajkarer[nsURt EtKatminCaGñk

KitKUrneya:yGImaMTaMgduckUunKateT .

eBlsRg<amqñaM1973 Kat:neP[sxøÜnmkenARsuk:raMgCamYykUn>Kat . edImqñaM1976 Kat:n

RtLbcUlmkRsukvij . «LÚvenH eRkABIkUnRsIKatmñak KatmindwgkUnepSg>eT[tenAÉNaeT . elakyay

Giun k*dUcCayay>ta>epSg>eT[tEdr KatlM:kcitþxøÜnKatpg KatGaNitGasUrkUnecAKat nigBYkekµg>

EdlKateXIjevTnapg . KatecHEtKitkñúgcitþza er[nsURtecHdwgbuNÑwgEdr minKYrcaje:keKmkevTna

dUecñHesaH . eBlCYbKat zVIt|itEtKatmankarRbugRby&tñxøHkñúgkarniyaysþI k*KatmanGakb|kiriyaCa

mUldðandUckalBImun . BYkExµrRkhmeKzaKatcasRCulEkElg:nehIy . elakyay:ner[brabGMBI

RBwtþikarN¾epSg>EdlKat:neXIjtaMgBIKatcUlmkdlRsuk . tU hughYt nisSitmkBIRsuk:raMgmñak :n

elatBIbgÁÜcCanTIbIsmøabxøÜn . `s<alKatc|asNas KatmkBI Bordeau. “hak ” visVkr

XøaneBk hutbbrkMBugBuH EbkRkBHsnøbGtdwgxøÜn eKdwkykeTAeBTü . «LÚveKmindwgsøab ßrseT /

xøHeKza RkBHKatZøay RbEhlCasøab´ehIyemIleTA .

tamBt(man manmnusSeRcInnakNas GssgÏwmcgsmøabxøÜn . GñkxøHeT[tTamTareTAeRkARsuk

vij . Gg<kardwkykeTA:tCabnþbnÞabtaMgBIézá15ZñÚ 1975 EdlCaézáelIkTI1 ExµrenAbreTscabepþIm

cUlRsukvij . dlRsukdMbUg eKminTanoeZVIBlkmµeT ehIyeKo:yhUb . KW:n:yhUbmYycMEGt

mYyézáBIreBl ; ézáRtg nigláac . eKhUb:yCamYynigsmømYymux . Cajwkjab TUeTAKWsmøRtkUn.

GMbilmanoEzm kñúgGaTitüTI1 . eRkaymkeKElgomaneT[tehIy . ÉbEgÁmvij dMbUgeKos,rsRKab´

sMrabhUbCamYyTwkEt . eBlxøHeKoGMeBA . CamYyKñaenH 3ß4ézá eKbbrs,rmþg . rbbBiessenH

eKpþlo2GaTitüsMrabTTYlGñkmkdlelIkTI1 . kñúgeBlenaHEdr Gg<karpþl:y nigmºÚbRsab . eRkay

mkGg<karRbKloBYkmkBIbreTs ÉkraCüm©askardaMsørxøÜnÉg .

elakyay:nbEnæmeT[tza BYkmkdlelIkTI1enH mundMbUgeKminTanoeZVIBlkmµeT eKTuko

TMenrsin . buEnþeKeZVIkarksagstiGarmµN¾bnþicmþg>oRCHRsLHxøÜnÉg . eKbMpustamclnaepSg>o

ecjBIkñúgBYkEdlmkBIrbreTsdUcKña . eKeZVIomanGñkP\akrlwk TamTareZVIkargarBlkmµ . eKodwgxøÜn.

luHdleXIjeKoenAesá{m k*resHresaHkñúgcitþ . GñkxøHenAsux GñkxøHeT[tGpSúkenAesá{mminekIt k*naMKña

cabepþImCMrHesµA e:ssMGatCMuvijCMruH dMdIeZVIzñaldaMbEnø dUcCaés¬ saLat éqzav el¬A ebge:H xÞwm

RmH Rtsk RtLac eXøak .l.

mnÞIrk15 k*dUcCamnÞIrepSg>eT[tsMrabdakbJÃvnþ sæitenAeRkamkarRKbRKgpÞalrbsKN;mCÏwmbkS

kumµúynisþkm¬úCa . CMnanenaH eyIgmin:ndwgeRCAdlmøwgeT eKRKanEtR:beyIgza BYkeyIgsæitenAeRkam

karTTYlxusRtUvrbsGg<karbdivtþn¾ . ex[v sMpn CaGñkkþabBIelI . ÉGñkkþabpÞalmanBIrnakKW Pum nigexan .

Pum mantYnaTICaRbZanmnÞIGbrMneya:y . manragTabRkGaj bebrmatesþIg BUEkniyay

ragrh&srhYn . manBYkeyIgmkBIbreTsmYycMnYnZøabs<alKatBIsg<mcas eKzaeQµaHKatEmnETn KW

“emA exmnYn ” GtItnisSitenAviTüasæanbec©keTsmitþPaBExµr-sUev[tBImun . `cgdwgza edayKatZøab´

eZVICanisSitenATIenHBImunmk etIsBVézáKatmanstiGarmµN¾yagemc kñúgfan;KatCaGñkRtYtRtaBYkeyIgmk

BIbreTs /

36

kalenAsm&ysemþc sIhnu KatCamnusSsøÚtbUtNas . minedIrelgepþspþaseT eRBaHKatCa

nisSitcMerIn manninñakarxageqVg . Katk*CaGñkdwknaMmYyrUbénsmaKmnisSitkm¬úCad*l|Il|ajEdlman

Pukqay CaRbZan .

«LÚvenHKatesø{kBakexaGavexµA bgRkma BakmYkkatibdUckmµaPi:lepSg>eT[tEdr . Katmin

EdlniyayGVITakTgBIGtItkalrbsKateLIy . KateZVIrUbPaBTukdUcCaKatmkBIvNÑ;GZn minEdls<al

CIvitnisSit ßZøaber[nsURt . KñaeyIgEdlZøab´s<alKatBIedIm Kat:nehAeTAR:bkMuoniyayza Zøab´

s<alKatBIsg<m . KatCasmaCikmCÏwmbkS. Katzabdivtþn¾km¬úCael]nCagGal:nI nigcineTAeT[t.

ÉshkarIrbs “Pum ” eQµaH “exan ” . eyIgmindwgza KatmaneQµaHBitR:kdyagemc ehIymanedImkMeNIt

mkBINac|aslaseT . KatRbEhlCaCnCatiPaKtic ehIyminEdl:ner[nsURtelIsBIbfmsikSaeT.

enAmnÞIrk15 “exan ” manParkic©TTYlxusRtUvxageXana nigBt(man . :nn&yza KatCaGñkCMnYykarrbs

Pum edIm|InaMBaküGg<karmkGbrMeyIg .

CadMbUg Pum nigshkarIKat “exan ” nigeyaZamYycMnYn EdlkñúgenaHmankumareyaZamYycMnYnZM

pg CaGñkTTYlxusRtUvBYkeyIg . eKykGaKarkNþalénviTüasæanbec©keTseZVICamnÞIrcatkarCMrMu nigkEnøg

eKsñakenA . eyIgGñkmkBIbreTsminGacedIrkatGaKarBYkeKeZVIkarenHedayKµankarGnuJÃat:neT .

mnÞIrk15manmnusSRbEhl200naksñakenA . cMnYnenHmancuHmaneLIg . cuHedaysarmanGñkecj

CabnþbnÞab . cMnYnGacekIneLIgedaysarmanGñkeTIbmkdlzµIBIbreTs . kñúgcMeNamGñkCabkñúgmnÞIrk15enH

maneBTü visVkr Gñkrdðkar Tahan nignisSit .l. PaKeRcInKµanninñakarneya:yc|aslaseT eK

cUlmkRsukedaysarcgCYbRKYsar ßedaysarminecHrsenAbreTs . mYyPaKbICaGñkKaMRTrNsirSrYbrYm

Catikm¬úCadUcrUb` . BYkGñkmkdlmunR:b´eyIgza Gg<karykBYksmaCikrNsirSrYbrYmCatikm¬úCa oeZVICa

emRkum emBYk EtbnþiceRkaymk eKTukesµI>Kña ElgKitzaCaGtItsmaCik r.r.C.k ßGteT[tehIy edIm|I

cattaMgCaRkumCaBYk . BYkeyIgRtUveKcattaMgtamGayuCaRkum . kñúgRkumnImYy> mansmaCikRbmaN20

nak . ehIyRkumnImYy>EckCaBYk BI3 eTA7nak .

manRkumdUcteTA ;

-RkumdaMbEnø daMsENþk:y daMeBat

-RkumciJ©wmstV

-RkumeZVI:y

-Rkumsib|kmµ

-RkumbeRg[nGkSr

-RkumemIlkumar .l.

kmµviZIkñúgmYyézámandUcteTA ;

-emag5RBwk dlemag12ézáRtg ; kargarBlkmµ

-emag12 dlemag13 ; :yézáRtg

-emag13 dlemag17nig30naTI ; kargarBlkmµ

-emag18 ; :yláac

37

-emag18nig30naTI dlemag19nig30naTI ; RbCMuCIvPaB Tiet[n sV&yTiet[n

-emag19nig30naTI dlem¨ag21nig30naTI ; kargarsg<mniym

EdlehAza “kargarsg<mniym ” KWkargarBlkmµ eRkABIkargarsñÚl . CakargarEdleKcmøg

tamkargarkumµúynisþdUcenAsUev[t . eBalKWkargarBlkmµbEnæmBIkargarZM>EdlGg<kardakcuHoeyIgeZVI

kñúgmYyézá> .

mþayEdlenAmankUngaenAe¶edaH GacbMe¶kUnenAeBlkMBugeZVIkar . kumarEdlmancMnYn40nak

EckCaBIrRkum . TarkGayuticCag3qñaM RtUvsæitenAeRkamkarTTYlxusRtUvrbsBYkEm¨kumar . ekµgEdlZM

CagenH KN;mnÞIr:ncattaMgomanGñkTTYlxusRtUvxagvb|Zm( KW:nn&yza bgºatbeRg[nkumar . eK

bgºatbeRg[nkumarkñúg1ézá2emag . eKnaMoelg oer[neRc[gcMer[gbdivtþn¾ . eKGbrMminokumareCrKñaß

eQøaHKñaeT . CamYyKñaenH kñúgmYyézá>kumarRtUveZVIBlkmµ dUcCae:slagsMGatRTugRCUk o:yRCUk

:yTa daMés¬ saLat eRsacbEnø . eKoBYkvam©askar manrgbEnø3 rg . kumark*RtUvcUlrYmRbCMuTiet[n

s&VyTiet[nCamYyBYkkumarKñava dUcmnusSZMEdr . sUmbJ¢akza kumarmanrbbhUbcukRKanebICagmnusSZM .

BYkeK:nbbrxabCagbbrmnusSZM . BYkmnusSmanv&ycas GayuelIsBI60qñaMeLIgeTA eKminbgÎMoeZVI

BlkmµeT . yay>CYyemIlkumar CYyeZVIbEnø .l. ÉcMENkta>vij eXIjPøameyIgKYroexøaccitþ GaNit

GasUrKat minKYreLIyykKatmkeZVI:bdUecñHesaH . BYkta>TaMgenH manCaGaTi elak QUk em¨gemA

GñkCMnajkarxagKruekaslü nigCamRnþIGg<kar UNESCOd*l|Il|aj Zøab:nedIryagsMxanCabeg<alkñúg

vis&yGbrMCatiExµrtaMgBI:nÉkraCümk . elakbNÐit Pug tun nayksklviTüal&yPUminÞkm¬úCa . mYyézá>

eKEtgeXIjBYkKatEsgTwk ykeTAEckBlkrtamkardðan .

mYyGaTitüeRkaymk `cabemIleXIjézáNak*dUcézáNaEdr . `xitxMBinitüer[nsURteZVIdUceKdUcÉg .

ézáenHeK:no`erIkEnøgedkeTAkanbnÞbmYyEdlmanERKZMGaceKg:nBIrnak . mitþPkþi`xøH zVIt|itEtrsenA

edaylM:kyagenHk*eday k*enAecHelgesIcEdr . eKcMGn`za bnþiceT[teKomitþ:nenACamYyRKYsar

mitþvijehIy . `xMeZVIkMuoeKemIleXIjza`GrRCuleBk . tamZmµtataMgBI:nmkdlTIenH enAeBlyb´

munnwgekg `Etgyk Biscuit Edl`enAslmkhUbmYydMu . EtybenH`mineZVIdUecñHeT `caMb)unnI Priya

` . bnþiceRkaymkKat:nmkdl . Katza eKeTIbnwg:nR:bKatGM:jmiuj .

-bgKatenAEtsMerccitþRtLbmkvijGIcwgß / KatsYr

-emIleTAec[sminrYceT, `eqøIy

bg KWRKYsar rs sarin . rs sarin CasVamIrbsbgRsI b)unnI . KatCacaghVagRkumh)un

GakascrN¾sIuvilkm¬úCa . eRkamrbbsaZarNrdðExµr rs sarin, Priya nigkUnKatTaMgbInak :neTArsenA

Rkug:rIs eRBaHKatRtUv:neZVItMNagGakascrN¾km¬úCaenARsuk:raMg . KatnigRKYsarTaMgGs nwgRtUv

RtLbcUlRsukvijenAeBlxagmuxyagxøIenH . eRkayBI:n»`bJ¢akza tam`emIleTA Katc|asCanwg

minGacec[sBIRtLbmkvijeTenaH b)unnI mankarxkcitþ dUrTwkmuxPøam zVIt|itEtKatR:b`za Kat:neRt[m

stiGarmµN¾ehIyk*eday . Katza eyIgmindwgeZVIdUcemþcekIteT beNþaytamvasnaeTA . eyIgminGac

eZVIdUcemþcekItdUecñHEmn eRBaHeyIgKµanmeZüa:yodMNwgeTAKatvijeT .

38

kalenA:rIs mþgeT[t`minEdlnwksµanmþgNaesaH zasæanPaBRsukExµrvapþackarEbbenH ehIy

CaBiess`minEdlnwkeXIjza eKykBYkeyIgmkXMuXaMgdUecñHesaH . enARsuk:raMg `:nGanes[vePA

<<RseNaHRBlwgExµr >> sñaédrbs Guit sarin EdlniTanBIGVIEdlKat:neXIjpÞalEPñkenAkñúgtMbnRKb´

RKgedayExµrRkhm . es[vePAmin:nbgºajBIGMeBIkMNaceXareXA pþackarrbsExµrRkhmeT . ehIy

Bt(manEdlGñkniBnÆniyay eZVIo`eBlenaHylza CakarZmµtaeRBaHkñúgsPaBkarN¾sRg<am . müageT[t

`dakcitþeC]søbeTAehIy ElgmanlTÆPaBBicarNao:nRKbRCugeRCay .

edayELkCamYyb)unnI `CaGñkxusTaMgRsug eRBaH`enHÉgEdlCaGñkcgoKatcUlRsuk . KatCa

saRsþacarüenAviTüal&yRBHsIusuvtæi . kñúgrbbsaZarNrdðlnnl Kat:nGaharrUbkrN¾rdðaPi:l:raMg

eTAbnþviC¢aEpñkGkSrsaRsþ kñúgTisedAeZVIniekÎbTBIRsþIExµr . kñúgcitþKatcgenAer[nteTAeT[tedIm|IeZVIkarRsav

RCavo:ncgcugcbedIm dUc:nKMeragTuk . k*buEnþ`:nBnülKatoe:HbgecalkarsikSaedIm|IcUlmk

CYyksagRbeTs . eBlenaHKatminRCHRsLHbunµaneT NamYyKatkMBugBüa:lCmáWminTansHes|Iy

eBTüKatoenAcaMbnþiceT[tsin . Katnwkkñúgcitþza yagehacNasebIcUlk*cUlTaMgBIrnakCamYyKña . k*

buEnþGg<karcgoKateTAmundUcRKYsarbgbÁÚneyIgmYycMnYneT[t ebIeKsMNUmBrehIy eyIgmineZVItamxøacGñk

TTYlxusRtUvRksYgkarbreTsbkRsayza yagenHyagenaH . dUecñH`k*CMrujoKatcUlmun .

ybeyIgCYbKñaCadMbUgenH b)unnI minniyayBITukÎesakrbsKateT pÞúyeTAvijKatxMelIkTwkcitþ`kMuo

GssgÏwmeBk . eday`bgÎMeBk Kat:nniyayRtYs>BIkarEdlKat:nCYbRbTHtaMgBIeyIg:nEbkKña .

eBlmkdlk15eKnaMcUleTAeRkamGaKadUcKñaebHbiTeBl`mkdl . mYyRsbkeRkaymkeKmkerIv¨alIs

RtYtBinitü rYcdlláaceKEckbnÞboenAKWbnÞbmYyenAbIßbYnnak . eBlenaHeK:nodwgza GñkkþabKW

ex[v sMpn . bnÞabBIex[vsMpn manGñkkþabpÞalBIrnakeT[t KW Pum nig exan . dUcsBVézáenHEdr. b)unnI

dUcKatEtgZøab:neZVIBIyUrmkehIy :neZVIkMNtesÞIrer[gralézánUvkUnes[vePAsresrmYyEdlKato`Gan

ebI`cgokanEtc|asEzmeT[t .

raRtITI1EdleyIg:nmkenACamYyKñaenH eyIg:nbnþniyayxSwb>rhUtdlyb´eRCA . eyIgxitxM

minniyayBIkarlM:kEdleyIgkMBugrsenA . vaminRsYleT eRBaHvaecjmkedaysV&yRbvtþi. k*buEnþeyIg

xitxMelIker]gcasenARsukExµrBIedIm ßenARsuk:raMg eBlv¨akgenAeqñrsmuRT …ßézámux eBleyIg:nCYb

CMuRKYsar bgbÁÚnenAeBlGnaKt . eyIgminGacERskyMrkeKmkCYyeT . KµannrNaGacCYynrNaeT.

mñakykEtR:sGayuer[g>xøÜn . eyIgxMniyayyker]gmkkmøacitþeyIg . enAÉeRkAyrbggwtsáatQwg.

RBwkeLIg b)unnI :nykGavkRtgemA esTug mYymko` . CaGMeNayrbs hIug suxum munnwg

RtUvGg<karykecjBIk15 . huIg suxum KatpþaMobg:nsuxsb|ay ehIydakcitþonwgn . hIug suxum

KatCasaRsþacarüenAmhaviTüal&yRkugjÚvyk shrdðGaemrik . taMgBIqñaM1970mk KateZVICatMNag

rNsirSrYbrYmCatikm¬úCaenAshrdðGaemrikCamYyédKUKatmñakeT[teQµaH muk savuD mRnþIGg<karshRbCaCati

enAbUrIjÚvyk . edaysarKatmanTMnakTMnglÁCamYyclnaRbqaMgsRg<amGaemrikaMg Kat:nrYmcMENk

yagZMCYyrNsirSrYbrYmCatikm¬úCa enAelIqakGnþrCati . eRkaybdivtþn¾:nC&yCMnH Kat:neZVIdMeNIr

mkemIlRbeTsKat ehIynwgRtLb´eTACYbCMuRbBnÆkUnKatvijenAjÚvyk k*b¨uEnþCaGusl `:ndwgeRkaymk

39

za mitþ hIug suxum nigmuk savuZ eKykeTAdakehIyeZVIXatenAmnÞIrXMuXaMgTYlEsøg taMgBIézáKatecj

BIk15mkemøH . sMubJ¢akza BYkExµrmkBIshrdðGaemrikTaMgGs RtUveKykeTAsmøabdUcKatEdr .

ksagstiGarmµN¾ ; edIm|edaHRsaybJºasµúKsµajEdlekItmaneLIgenAkñúgmnÞIr edaysareyIg

Xøan eyIgcg:nesrIPaBniyaysþI edIrehIrdUccitþeyIg . cgGg<karoeyIgRbCMuCIvPaBRbcaMézátamry;

karTiet[nsV&yTiet[n . eKTiet[nsV&yTiet[ntamry;RbCMuCIvPaBkñúgBYkralézá ehIyNaézáeKRbCMuRkummþg>

kñúgmYyBYkman3 -4nak . kñúgmYyRkummanBIrßbIBYk .

kñúgkarRbCMuCIvPaB Tiet[n sV&yTiet[nRbcaMézáenH eKkMNtoQrelIeKalkarN¾3 xdUcteTA ;

neya:y, stiGarmµN¾ nigcattaMg .

1-neya:y ; eKsg,telIParkic©kargarBlkmµRbcaMézá . eKomñakraykarN¾za eZVIkargartaMgBIRBwk

dlláacenH:nlÁßeT / ykcitþTukdakßeT / :nsMercEpnkarrbsGg<karßeT / eyIgRtUvsarPaBmux

Gg<RbCMuza etIeyIgeZVIkar:nsMercpllÁ edaysarmUlehtuGI / ßebImin:nlÁvij edaysarmUlehtu

GIEdr / mñak>RtUvh)anTiet[nxøÜnÉgCamunsin . sYrxøÜnÉgza etIeXIjKuNsm|tþi KuNvibtþißkarxVHxat

yagNaxøH rYcehIydakxøÜnosmUhPaBßsmaCikGg<RbCMuepSgeT[tksagxøÜn .

2-stiGarmµN¾ ; eKTiet[n sV&yTiet[n elIEpñkstiGarmµN¾ ßcitþsaRsþ . eKomñak>BinitüxøÜnÉg ehIy

osmUhPaBCYyBinitüGMBIeKalCMhrstiGarmµN¾mñak> cMeBaHbdivtþn¾ . eyIgRsLajbdivtþn¾ ßrevIrvay

eTArkCIvPaBsg<mcas . kñúgEpñkksagstiGarmµN¾ eKosar;sMxaneTAelIkarvaykMcatEpñkkmµsiTÆi Edl

CaktþaedIm|IksagxøÜn kMcatkMEGlsg<mcasRbtikiriya buK<lsYntY . EpñkkmµsiTÆienH eKEckCaBIreT[t

<<kmµsiTÆirUbI ßkmµsiTÆismÖar; >> nig <<kmµsiTÆiGrUbI ßkmµsiTÆielakTsSn; >> .

+kmµsiTÆismÖar; ßkmµsiTÆirUbI KWeKminRtUvmansmÖar;GIVelIsRbCaCneT . :nesckþIza RtUvCMruHo

Gs oslEtexaGav2kMebør EdleKza dUcRbCaCnTUeTA . rbsrbrsmÖar;TaMgb¨unµanelIsBIenH Edls¬ay

ykmkBIbreTs EdlenAslRtUvCMruHCUnGg<kar . CaTUeTATaMgGsKña CMruHexaGavrga viTüú masIunzt

CaedImRsYlCagkarlHbgekrmtk(BIÓBukmþay dUcCamaseBRC cieJ©{n .l. eTaHCayagenHk*eday

bnþicmþg> TaMgGsKñaRtUvbgÎMcitþRbKloGg<karTaMgGs . k*buEnþdlGskmµsiTÆismÖar;ehIy Gg<kareZVI

sRg<amkMcatkmµsiTÆiGrUbIeT[t KWRbqaMgelakTsSn;minbdivtþn¾ . edIm|IomanemaTnPaBbdivtþn¾ KWmñak>RtUv

ecHemIleXIjdUcGg<karmYyryPaKry . ebIKµanhUbeyIgzasMbUr ebIminqáaj eyIgzaqáaj dUcGg<kar

dakTis .

enAeBlRbCMuTiet[nsV&yTiet[n eKbMpusovayocM>ksagoxøaMgosIuCMerA . tamkarENnaMeKmin

omankareqøIyqøgKñaeT sUm|IEtGñkksagenHCaGVIk*eday k*samIxøÜnEdlRtUveKksag TTYlsarPaByk

edaysuPaBrabsar . eKk*hamkMuomankarKMuKYnKña mkRtLbsgswkKñavijeT . karCakEsþgmaneBlxøH

:tuPUtenHmanCaer]y> EteKxMbRg,abedayeRbIZm(ekþA .

óTahrN¾ “k” ksag “x”za eZVIkarminlÁ yWtyav mineKarBGg<karvin&y . ebIeTaHbICakarTiet[n

enHminBitk*eday k* “x”minRtUveqøIyRbEkktbeTA “ k ” vijeT . pÞúyeTAvijeBlmitþ “k ” ksagmitþ “x ” cb´

ehIy mitþ “x” xMeZVITwkmuxjjwm ehIyEzøgGMNrKuNmitþ “k ” EdlxMCYyksagxøÜn . karRbCMuenHRtUvenA

eRkamkarRbugRby&tñrbsRbZanRkum ßRbZanBYk EdlmanPar;naTICaRbZan Gg<RbCMuTiet[nsV&yTiet[n.

40

RbZanGg<RbCMuRtUvecHdwknaMkarRbCMukMuosmaCikkñúgRkummankareqøIyqøg ßeQøaHRbEkkKñaoesaH . CaTUeTA

eKseg,teXIjza karGbrMstiGarmµN¾ tamry;Tiet[n sV&yTiet[n EdleKehABaküRsYlsþabza “lag

xYrk|al ” enH GacbNþalecjCalTÆplBIryagpÞúyRsLH . müagomnusSElgTukcitþxøÜnÉg vaybenæak

xøÜn edayxitxMCMnHelIxøÜnÉg . BYkTaMgGsenH eKcatTukzaedIrpøÚvRtUv ksagxøÜn:ntameKalCMhrEdl

Gg<karbMBak . müageT[tnaMomnusSeXIjexµAggwtGssgÏwm . ecjCa:tuPUtCakEsþgeRkaykarRbCMu

GbrMneya:ymþg> eKeXIjGñkxøHxitxMbMeBjParkic©o:nkanEtRbesIr xitxMeKarBvin&ykanEtmutmaM . É

GñkxøHeT[t sµúKsµaj KµankmøaMgeZVIkargarZøakGsTwkcitþ eLIgmuxeRk[m Elgh)anemIleKÉg . GñkTaMgenH

eKehAza manCmáWstiGarmµN¾ . eRkABIkarGbrMoksagxøÜntamRbCMuCIvPaBRbcaMézá Tiet[ns&VyTiet[n

Epñkneya:y stiGarmµN¾ kmµsiTÆimenaseJ©tna .l. Gg<kar:nebIkvK<sikSaoeyIgTaMgGsKñaer[nsURt

edIm|IBRgwg nigBRgIkTsSn; nigeKalCMhrbdivtþn¾o:nkanEtrwgmaM .

vK<sikSaeKKµankMNtCamun zaetIRtUveZVIb¨unµandgkñúgmYyqñaMeT . tamseg,teKeZVIeRcInelIkeRcInsar

eyagetAtamkalNaEdl <<Pum >> eKylzacaM:c . óTahrN¾ eBlEdlmanGñkcUlmkBIbreTsmk

dlzµI .

enAkñúgk15 kñúgry;eBl8Ex EdleyIg:nrsenA Gg<kar:ner[bcMvK<sikSa4dg . eRkABIvK<sikSa

eKmaner[bcMsnñi:t6Exmþg edIm|IsrubcMNucexSay cMNucxøaMg TaMgkargar stiGarmµN¾ nigcattaMgknøg

mk nigdakEpnkarzµI . ebIrabtaMgsnñi:teBleyIgenAmnÞIrk15 kñúgry;eBlCitmYyqñaMenH maner[bcM

karRbCMuZM>5dg .

enAk15 vK<sikSaelIkTI1 :nRtUver[bcMenAExZñÚ 1975 manmnusS80nakcUlrYm ehIyeZVIbIézá .

2ExeRkaymk eKer[bcMeZVICaelIkTI2 . CaCMnanEdlBYkmkCMnan b)unnI eTAcUlrYm . enAkñúges[vePAkMNt

rbsKat b)unnI :nsresrza <<eyIgTaMgGsKña80nak :ncUlrYmvK<sikSaenAézáTI2Ex2qñaM76 . eyIg:n

er[nÉksarbIkñúgbIézáenH . mYyRBwker[nÉksarmYy . ex[vsMpn mkóeTÞsnamoeyIgsþab . ÉRBwkTIbI

edaymankic©karrvl ex[vsMpn Gt:nmkeT eKo Pum EdlmaneQµaHBitR:kd emA xaMen]n CMnYsvij.

xøwmsarénÉksarrbsex[vsMpn nigemA xaMen]n manCaGaT¥ ; sþIBIRbvtþiénkarts)UrbsRbCaCnkm¬úCa .

eKsg,tza TINamankarCiHCan TIenaHmankarts)U . enAsg<mcasCIvPaBRbCaBlrdðmankarlM:ketak

yak xVHmux xVHeRkay edaysarkarCiHCan ekgRbv&J©rbsBYkQµÜjkNþal . karCiHCanmanRKbTIkEnøg

TaMgTIRbCMuCn TaMgCnbT . óTahrN¾enACnbT QµÜjkNþaleRcInCaBYkcinlkTMnijoExµr> ebIGñkNa

KµanluyTijeT cineKbNþako . dleBlRbmUlpl cineKykTaMgedIm TaMgkarR:k .l. dUecñHehIy

:nCaBI1qñaMeTA1qñaM CIvPaBYksikrRkkanEtetakyakeLIg CMBakQµÜjkNþal sgminecHGsminecHehIy

tkUntecA . ex[vsMpn :nniyayGMBIesdðkic©énkm¬úCa . enAkñúgtMbnrMedaH kñúgsm&yts)U5qñaM . Katsg,t

BiessenAqñaM1973 . kalenaHesdðkic©manlkÎN;Cardð nigÉkCnxøH edayGg<karGnuvtþn¾maK(arNsirS .

vK<mYyeT[tniyayBITsSn;GnaKténkarksagRbeTs . KMeragGg<karKWeZVIksikmµoeTACaksikmµ

sm&ykñúgGMLúgBI10eTA15qñaM ehIynwgQanokøayeTACaRbeTsósSahkmµkñúg15eTA20qñaM edayQrelI

ksikmµCamUldðan . GaccatTukza manlkÎN;CaRbeTsmanksikmµsm&y enAeBlEdleRbIeRK]gm¨asIun

41

75%ehIynigeRbIGK<isnITUTaMgRbeTs . edIm|IQaneTAdlsg<mzµI ksikmµsm&yenH RtUvQrenAelIsmUh

PaBvUbnIykmµ .

enAeBler[nvK<sikSaelIkTI1enH eKTukézáres[lTaMgbIézá edIm|IGñkcUlrYmeZVIBakB&nÆ . kareZVIBak

B&nÆenHmann&yza bnÞabBI:nsþabóeTÞsnamrbsex[vsMpneBlRBwkehIy eKEckBYkGñker[nsURtCaRkum>

man10nakkñúgmYyRkum . eRkABIvK<sikSaZM> eKenAmaner[bcMeZVIskmµPaBepSg>eT[t edIm|IBRgIk nigBRgwg

eKalCMhrrbseyIg .

-miTÞIg ; eyIgTaMgGsKñataMgBImkdlk15 :ncUlrYmeZVImiTÞIg2dg . elIkTI1 enAEx2qñaM1976

edIm|IRbqaMgnwgskmµPaBYk:lmayaeKºs (Mayaguez) Edl:ncUlrMelaPEdnsmuRTkm¬úCa.bnÞab´mkeT[t

enAEx2enHEdr manmiTÞIgmYyeT[t edIm|IRbqaMgnwgkarTmøabRKabEbkrbsGaemrikenAes[mrab . bnÞabmk

enAEx4 eyIgmanRbCMuBiess edIm|IsþabviTüúnUvesckþIEzøgkarN¾rbssemþcsIhnu sMucUlnivtþn¾ . sþabcb´

ehIy Gg<karsYrza etImanmtiyagNa / KµaneXIjGñkNaniyayeT manbriyakassáatKµanmtipulpus

nwgbeJ©jeT . eXIjdUecñH manBIrnak eLIgcabGarmµN¾za KaMRTGg<kar . cabBIézáenHmk eKseg,t

eXIjsPaBkarN¾kanEttwgEtgeLIg> . enAtamviTüú tamcMer[gkþI tamkareXasnakþI eKvayvNÑ;kanEt

xøaMgeLIg> .

enAeBlcUlqñaMExµr P¢abnigbuNüÉkraCüelIkTI1énkm¬úCaRbCaZibetyü eK:neZVIbuNü3 ézáenAmnÞIr

k15 KWézáTI16-17-18 emsa 1976 . 10ézámunnwgR:rBÆbuNüenH Gg<karbMpusbMpuledIm|ITTYlGbGr

saTrbuNü KWeyIgebIkvK<vaysMrukoxøaMgkøaeZVIkargarBlkmµ . KW:nn&yza mñak>RtUvocMNayeBlemag

eZVIkaroeRcInCagmun .

buNücUlqñaMenH EdlRtUvnwgbuNüézáGg<karcUlPñMeBjEdr »zaGg<karnwgebIkoelgEl|gRbCaRbiy

dUcCaGg<új QUg TajRBR&t .l. buEnþdlézábuNümkdl eKhamminoelgeTAvij . ézábuNü:ncab´

epþImeLIg edaymankareKarBviJÃaNkÎ&nÆbuBVburs yuTÆCn yuTÆnarI Edl:nlHbgCIvitedIm|IbuBVehturMedaH

Cati nigRbCaCn . eyIgeKarBePøgCatikm¬úCaRbCaZibetyü eRkaymkeyIgGg<úysþaber]gbdivtþn¾ Edl

niTanedaytMNagGg<kar . sþabTukÎevTnakalsm&yts)UrbstMNagGg<karehIy eKoeyIgBakB&nÆxøÜneyIg

edIm|IBiniitüemIlxøÜnÉg edIm|IP¢abxøÜnnigclnats)U .

eKGacdwgzaetIesrIPaBvamantémøyagNa enAeBlEdleKykeyIgdakKuk KµansiTÆiGVITaMgGs .

taMgBIézáTI1 Edl`:nmkdl eKcabbJ©ÚleTAkñgmnÞIrk15 ehIyeKcab´ksagdUcmitþPkþi`epSgeT[tEdr.

enAkñúgmnÞIrk15enH bnþicmþg> BImYyézáeTAmYyézá `kanEtGssgÏwmeLIg> ehIyeXIjxøÜnÉg

kanEtdundabeTA . `emIleTAeXIjzaKµanGIGacTbTlCamYyGg<kar:neT . `KitzaRtUvEtbeNþaytam

vasna . eZVIGVIkMuoeKcabGarmµN¾sgS&y . enAeBlRbCMu ebIGacec[s:n kMueLIgniyay . kalNaeK

eRbIoeZVIGVImYy eZVIPøam minRtUvKitza eZVIeTA:nplßmin:npleT . dUecñH`minEdlRbEkk . pÞúyeTAvij

kalNaeKeRbIoeZVI `eZVIPøam .

b)unnI enAEtmanCMen]zasPaBkarN¾nwgRtUvEtmankarpøasbþÚrézáNamYyec[sminrYceLIy . karrs

enAEdlRbqaMgnwgZmµCatirbsmnusSEbbenH minGacrsenArhUteT . eyIgRtUvEtxMeZVIyagNaedIm|IkMuokar

GssgÏwmvamkRKbdNþbeyIg . eZVIkMuosPaBkarN¾CakEsþgvamkbiTmuxeyIg oeyIgElgemIleXIjBnøW

42

eTAGnaKt . eyIgRtUveZVIkMuosPaBkarN¾mkRKbdNþbeyIg RtUveyIgeZVICam©askarelIsPaBkarN¾vij.

buEnþenHCaRTwsþI ÉkarBitvijvamindUecñHeT . ZmµtamnusSeyIgeBlrsenAZmµta EtgEtePøcKitza etIGVIeTA

Casar;sMxanénCIvitrbsxøÜn / dleBlCYbóbsK<eTIbeyIgdwgxøÜneRkay . yagNamiuj eRb[b:nnwg

CIvit`sBVézá eBldwgxøÜneZVIGIElgekIt . RtLbeTAbreTsvij /eKQboeyIgmansiTÆiedIrehIr niyaysþI

tamcitþehIy . Gg<karminoeyIgeZVIdMeNIreTAbreTsvijeT . dUecñHeyIgenAslmanpøÚvEtmYy eTaHcgkþI

mincgkþIRtUvEtbgÎMxøÜnrsenAkñúgreb[benHteTAeT[t . Gg<kar:nR:beyIgza edIm|IrsenAsg<mzµIenH:nTal

EteyIgh)anGarkatlHbgvNÑ;edImrbseyIg ehIybMBakstiGarmµN¾bdivtþn¾rbsGg<kar . eyIgGsCMerIs

ehIy . eyIgRtUvEtedIrtampøÚvEdleKoeyIgedIr . eBlenaHeyIgElgc|asGVITaMgGs . eyIgElgdwgza

GVIeTACayutþiZm( / GVICaGyutþiZm( / GVIxus/ GVIRtUv/ .l. eyIgKitza CIvitGsn&y . eyIgGtGaceZVIGVI:neT[t

eT eTAmuxk*minekIt zyeRkayk*min:n .

enAkñúgxøÜn` mankarRbkYtRbECgKñaCabCanic© . KMnitmYyza edIm|IrsRtUveZVIdUceKÉg KMnitmYy

eT[tza `GsmanpøÚvedIrehIy ebIcgmankitþiysRtUvEtRbqaMgecjmux . enAeBlézá `xMeZVIkargardUceK dUc

Ég. eBlyb´munedklk `EtgEtxµasxøÜnÉg nwkeLIgminKYrNa`ZøakxøÜndUecñHesaH . kalenARsuk:raMg

`EtgRbkaneKalCMhrza mincuHjmnrNaedaybgÎMeT . «LÚv`køayxøÜnCaxøaceKCagBYkGamatüBIedIm

eTAeT[t . eBl`eXIjGñkTTYlxusRtUvmkCit `xMeZVICaRbwgERbgeZVIkaredIm|IoeKeXIjza `manstiGarmµN¾

RCHRsLH xMeZVIBlkmµEmn . eRb[bdUcCastV `xMeZVIGVITaMgGs edIm|Irs . `eTIbEt:nmkdlmYyEx

bueNÑaH `køayeTACamnusSmYyeT[tEdlKµanGVIdUc`BImuneT .

`minEdlh)aneZVIGVIoeKeXIjza `mineBjcitþnwgkarrsenAeRkamkarsg,trbsGg<kareT . zVIt|it

Et`dwgc|asza kargarEdleKo`eZVIenH minEmnCakargaredIm|IrYmcMENkksagRbeTseT . `emIleXIj

CakarKYroGssMeNIceBkNas EdleKyksYnc|arßTIlankILaeZVICaERsenAkNþalRkug . ebI`eXIj

dUecñH ehtudUcemþc:nCa`enAEteZVI / em¨ck*`enAEteTAekIblamkykmkeZVICIrelxmYy / ehtudUcemþck*`

eZVIhakdUcCa`manCMen] ehIyxMeZVIkartamEtGVIEdleKbJ¢a / ebIkalNaeKbJ¢ao`eZVIGVImYy `xMeZVIeday

ykcitþTukdakrhUtdl:nsMerc . ebIeBlNa`minGaceZVI:bdUc`cg `mankartUccitþxøÜnÉgpg P&ypg .

ebIkalNa:nsMerc `manemaTnPaBxøÜnÉg . etImUlehtuGI:nCao`manemaTnPaBBIGMeBId*EsnkMsak

yagenH / eRBaH`dwgc|asNas kic©karEdleKbgÎMoeyIgeZVITaMgbunµan vamin:nplGIeT / yldUecñH

ehIy em¨ck*`enAEteZVI /

ótþmKtiEdl`EtgxMEzrkSaehIyEdl`eC]zavarwgmaM EbrCaRtUvrlaysUnü bnÞab´BI`mkrsenAkñúg

mnÞIrGbrM . eKEtgniyayza kal;eTs;énRbvtþisaRsþeZVIomnusSkanEtxøaMgkøakøayeTACavIrburs . ÉcMeBaH

`vij kal;eTs;d*CUrctenH:neZVIo`ZøakxøÜnGsótþmKtirlIg . enAeBlRbCMukalNa RtUvTHédKaMRT

Gg<kar `THédKaMRT . kalNaeKoERsk “CeyaGg<karbdivtþn¾ !” `ERsk . kalNa`»eKniyaye:k

kuhk `eZVImuxhakdUcCaeC]edayxMsþabGth)anlanmatGVITaMgGs .

taMgBI`dwgkþImk `EtgEtKitza esrIPaBbuK<lRtUvEtenAeRkamesrIPaBsg<mCatiTaMgmUl . eKRtUvh)an

lHbgesrIPaBpÞalxøÜn edIm|IesrIPaBCatiTaMgmUl . Et«LÚvesrIPaBeyIgCamnusSk*Kµan esrIPaBk*Kµan.

43

TaMgBI:nrsCabenAmnÞIrenH `Kitza enHCakarylxusd*ZMbMputénCIvit`eRb[b:nnwgcMNgRbelamelak

rbselak:lhSak (Balzac) <<esckþIsgÏwmEdlminRtLbmkvij>> <<Illusions perdues>> .

etIsBVézáenHGVIeTACaTisedAénCIvit` / BImun`KitzarsenAedIm|ICYyCati nigRbCaBlrdðExµroman

CIvPaBézøzñÚrkñúgsg<mmYyEdlmanyutþiZm( «LÚv`CabkuneTANaElgrYc ts)UedIm|IbuK<lÉgminrYcpg . etI`

ts)UedIm|Irs / eZVIGVI>TaMgGsedIm|IoenAmandegºImdk / enHehIyßCaTisedAénmnusSelak ts)UedIm|Irs /

etImanGVIeTAvaBYnsmáMenAeRkayGakb|kiriyarbs`Edl`minGacemIleXIjßh)anykmklatRtdag:n/ `

mineC]za Gakb|kiriyaOkasniymEdl`man vaecjmkBIkarxøacEtmüageT Et`eC]za vamanGVImYyeT[t

EdleZVIoeyIgeZVIdUecñH . dUcCaza ebIeKGackarBarTwkdI:ndUceKzaEmn `gabk*gabcuHedIm|ImnusSCMnan

eRkayrsenA:nézøzñÚrkñúgbUrNPaBEdndIrbsxøÜn .

niyayeTAebI`GacecjeTAeRkARsukvij `mindwgCaGryagNaeT / `nwgeTAenAenA:rIsvij `nwg

eZVICYsCaGñkkaEst `sresres[vePA BiPakSaBITukÎevTnaénsg<mEdl`eTIb:neXIj . k*buEnþkarCakEsþg

vaenAEtCakEsþgdEdl . `Cab´enAmnÞIrk15ecjeTANaGtrYceT . enAeBlEdl`revIrvay `eKgemIl

BIdan . Priya`eKglkyagsábsáat . `RsémeXIjbnÞb´eyIgkalenAbreTs . ézáesAr¾CaézásMrak

eyIgeTAedIrelgenA Quartier Latin ehIycUleTAhUbmanéxVenAhag:yEdleyIgcUlcitþ . nwk

eXIjdlRtwmenH eZVIoRkBH`vakUrkanEtxøaMgeLIgehIyvaERskR:b`oQbKit«tRbeyaCn¾teTAeT[t ebIcg

rsRtUvEtrkGaharmkbMeBjRkBH . ebIKµanGIdakRkBHdUecñH `nwgkøayxøÜnCastVminxaneLIy . etI`eZVIGVI

k*ZøakxøÜnkñúgfannrkyagenH / kalBImun`minEdl:nBicarNao:nditdlzaGVIeTACakareRskXøan

EmnETn / eBleXIjrUbmnusSGtGahar `EtmankþIGaNitGasUr k*b¨uEnþ`mindwgzaXøanEmnETnenaHvayag

emcR:kdeT eBleyIgmanhUb eyIgeXIjGñkGt:yQWedaysarXøan eyIgmindwgzaKatQWyagemceT.

kalNaeKQWedaysarXøan KWeKQWTaMgeCIgTaMgéd eBjragkayTaMgGs . eBlxøHmatvaebIkElgrYc

eRBaHsrésvaElgeZVIkar . enAeBleRskXøanenH xøÜn`hakdUcCaEbkCaBIr . mYycgEtsøaboqab

edIm|IkMuorsyUrteTAeT[t vaevTnayUreBk . eZVIyagemck*ecjBITIenHminrYcEdr . mYyvijeT[toxMRTaMRT

edIm|IrsteTAeT[t c|asCaézáNamYynwg:nsuxvijminxaneT . `xMoGssmtæPaB edIm|IrsteTAeT[t.

nwkdUecñHeZVIo`mankmøaMgeLIgvij . `cabmankarTukcitþxøÜnÉg . xMrseLIgvij . `manPriyaenACit` .

`minRtUvbeNþayxøÜnsøabmñakÉgeT . nwkdleBlmansgÏwmdUecñH `mincgedllkeT . `nwkeXIjGVI>

lÁ>Edl`Zøabs<al mitþPkþiEdl`EtgRsLajrabGan RkumRKYsarbgbÁÚnEdlTukcitþ` . `minRtUveZVIoeK

xkcitþedaysar`eT . nwker]gTaMgGsenH eZVIo`mankmøaMgeLIgvij ehIyeZVIo`eKglkedayGtdwgxøÜn.

RBwkRBlwmeLIg b)unnI das`tic> eRBaHdlemageRkakeZVIkarehIy . `mincgP\akeT cglkteTA

eT[teRBaHkMBugeyasbþilÁ . `eyasbþieXIj`enA:rIs kMBuger[bjaMkaehVTwkedaHeKa nignMb&ug nig

TwkXµúM . enAmnÞIrk15 eKdakTisvaysMruktamkarENnaMrbsGg<karbdivtþn¾edIm|IsMercEpnkarQaneTA

<<ksikmµsm&y kñúgry;eBl15qñaM >> <<manRsUvnwgmanGVI>TaMgGs >> edIm|IsMercTisedAenH GñkTTYl

xusRtUvmnÞIrk15 :nsMercBRgIkTwkdIbEnæmenACitpøÚvreTHePøIg . edIm|IykdIdaMRsUveKRtUvruHerIpÞHmYycMnYn

ecal. pÞHTaMgenHCalMenArbsGñkRsukPñMeBjEdlRtUveKedjoecj eRkayBYkExµrRkhmcUlmkRKbRKg

PñMeBj. pÞHGsTaMgenH CaneRkameRcInEteZVI«dð ÉCanTI1eZVIBIeQI mansPaBryIkryakCagCaneRkameTA

44

eT[t . enACMuvijpÞHnImYy>eKseg,teXIjmanedImeQIhUbEpømYycMnYnEdlmanPaBhtEhveRBAHKµankarEz

rkSa .

Gg<kar:nRbmUlmnusS50nak ehIyEckCa4Rkum . `RtUveKoeTAenAkñúgRkumZanICamYysmaCik

9nakeT[t . smaCikmYycMnYnCaGtIteyaZalnnlmkBIshrdðGaemrik . eKeRcIndakeQµaHBYkenHza

<<BYkTahancas>> ßBYkGaemrik . Gg<karcatTukza BYkmkBIshrdðGaemrik CaBYkmYyEdlmanBYk

esGIuGabg,b´eRcInCageK . bnÞabBIBYkmkBIshrdðGaemrik BYkmkBIshPaBsUev[t k*Gg<karminTukcitþEdr.

eKcatTukBYkenHPaKeRcInCaBYkkaehSeb . ÉBYkmkBIRsuk:raMgCaTUeTAeKcatTukzaRKanebICagBYkmkBI

Gaemrik nigsUev[t . k*buEnþebIeTaHCayagNak*eday k*Gg<kareXIjza BYkmkBI:raMgmanBYkesGIuGa

kaehSeb Pñakgarsmáat:raMg .l. lakxøÜnEdr . dUecñHedIm|IQrelIsµartIRbugRby&tñ bdivtþn¾:nbMEbkBYk

mkBIGaemrik CaBiessBYkTahancasmuneK ehIyeKbMpusokUnTahanRbqaMgnwgemTahan ßRbBnÆRbqaMg

nwgbþI .l. Kwm ya CaGtItnayTahancm|aMgtaMgBICMnansemþcsIhnumk . kalBYkExµrRkhmeTAkankab´

kMBgesam eRkayézá17emsa1975 KatmansMNagrtrYcCamYyPriyad*enAekµgrbsKat nigkUngaeTA

ekaHév¨ . BIekaHév¨Kat:nCiHTUkeTAdlRsukéz ehIyBIézeTAshrdðGaemrik . edaynwkRsukeBk Katk*

sMerccUlRsukvij . k*b¨uEnþtaMgBI:nmkCabmnÞIrk15mk Kwmya minRtwmEt:nGg<kareZVI:bb¨ueNÑaHeT Et

RKYsarKatRtUv:n:kEbkeT[t . bnþicmþg>mankarbHTg<icKñaenAkñúgRkumTahancas . BYkenHeTaHCa

BUEkeZVIkaryagNak*eday k*Gg<karenAEtminTukcitþdEdl . CaTUeTAeKeRcInTTYls<alza BYkTahan

casBUEkRTaMRTkarlM:k ehIyBUEkeZVIkarNas .

cMENkÉenAkñúgRkum`vij PaKeRcIneyIgCaGtItnisSitmanGayuRbhakRbEhlKña . ZanIemRkum`

CaGñkxitxMeZVIkarNasehIyKatminEdlbgÎMonrNaeZVIdUcKateT eTaHCamankarhtehvyagNak*eday

k*KatEtgnaMmuxeZVIkaredayminEdltÁÚjEtÁr . edIm|IruHpÞHKateLIgdldMbUlmuneK . KateTAkEnøgEdlman

karlM:k manneRKaHzñak . KateZVIyagenHeRBaHKatmanCMen]za RtUvEteZVIdUecñHedIm|Iksagsg<mmYysÁatsÁM

eTAGnaKt . KatmanedImkMeNItBIRKYsarmYyEdlmanvNÑ;x¬s ehIyBImunminEdlKitKUneya:yGIeT .

EteRkayrdðRbharlnnl KatcabepþImKitneya:y ehIyKat:nesBKbBYk:raMg GñkcUlcitþbdivtþn¾

vb|Zm(enARsukcin . KatcabGanes[vePArbsRbZanemA . eBlxøHKatniyayza eyIgRtUvEth)anlM:k

h)anlHbgedIm|ICati eTIb:nxøaMgBUEk . cMeBaHKatPaBTnexSay sÞakesÞIr minRbyuTÆ KWCaKuNvibtþi

kMEGlsg<mcas . ZanI CamnusSkøahan suxcitþlM:kxøÜnÉg GtEdlrker]gGñkNa . edaysuxPaB

KatrwgmaMlÁpg ehIymanstiGarmµN¾RCHRsLHpg CaktþaeZVIoKatRTaMRTkarlM:k:nCageK . KatCa

mnusSmancitþTUlaylÁ ehIycUlcitþCYyseRg<aHeKÉg ehIyKatCaGñkósSah¾er[nsURt er[nBUEktaMgBI

ótþmsikSadlzñakbNÐitBIRsukExµr dlRsuk:raMg . KatEtgEtRtUveKcatTukzaCaGñker[nBUEk ehIysøÚtbUt

minév¨ßk . taMgBIKatcabKitneya:ymk KatEtgemIles[vePACaeRcIndUcCamakS eLnIn Ggeh<al

nigemACaedIm . k*buEnþKatk*dUcCabJÃv&nþExµreyIgPaKeRcInEdr minEdlcUlcitþGanes[vePANaEdlKat

catTukzaminEmnviTüasaRsþ ßk*Caes[vePARbelamelak«tRbeyaCn¾ . ralézáZanI xMQanmuxeZVIkar

eday«ttÁÚjEtÁr eTaHCamankarhtehvyagNak*eday . Katkab´dI KatErkCIr GVIk*KateZVIEdr Gtman

erIsetÁIgGVITaMgGs . KateZVIedayRCHRsLH . GñkNacgzaKatyagemck*zaeTAKatminEdlykcitþTuk

45

daksþabeT . KatxMksagxøÜnKat . KatmincUlcitþniyayedImeK . KatxMeZVIkaredIm|Ibdivtþn¾ dUckal

Kater[nsURt KatxMer[nedIm|I:nelx1 . eZVIkarCYybdivtþn¾:nyUryagNa bnæyeBlksagbdivtþn¾oxøI

bueNÑaH .

enAkñúgbriyakasEbbenH GñkeC]s)ub nigGñkeZVIoEtrYcxøÜnBIédenACamYyKña . eyIgeZVIkareday

sáatesá{m . eBlxøHeyIgeZVIkarZmµta eyIgenAEtRbugRby&tñ eyIgenAEtRbkanGg<karvin&y eTaHCaKµan

nrNaRtYteyIgk*eday . EteyIgGtTukcitþKña eyIgBinitüKñaeTAvijeTAmk kñúgKñaeyIgEdlmkBIbreTsdUc

Kña ehIyEdlsBVézákMBugEtmanTukÎdUcKña . sUm|IEtQaneCIgqøgkatpøÚvreTHePøIgeTArkxügEdlsMbUrenA

TIenaHk*GtmannrNah)aneTApg . eyIgsuxcitþRTaMGt EteyIgxøacminh)anbMBanGg<karvin&yeT . EmnETn

eTA hakdUcCaeyIgmñak>køayxøÜneTAGñkRtUveKeZVI:bpg eZVI:bxøÜnÉgpg .

eyIgruHerIpÞHodIenATMenredIm|IykeTAeZVIERs . mþgeT[teyIgnaMKñaeZVItamkarbJ¢aedayGtmanRbEkk

GVITaMgGs zVIt|itEteyIgminylza karkMeTcTIRkugPñMeBjedIm|IykdIeTAeZVIERsenH:npleLIy . ehIyebI

TukNaCaeKeRbIeyIgoeZVIrbgB&TÆxøÜnÉg k*eyIgminh)anRbEkkEdr .

ralézáenAtampøÚvreTHePøIg eBlCityb´eyIgEtg:neXIjBUmñakedIrmkBIPñMeBj . `niyayBIKatenH

eRBaHtaMgBImkCabenAmnÞIrk15enH eyIgminEdlmanOkasCYbnrNadUcKateT . KatR:beyIgza Kat

eTApÞHKatvij enACiteBaZicintug . KatcUleZVIkarRBlwmRsag>emøH eyIgminEdl:neXIjKateT eBl

RBwk . eyIgdwgza kalBIsm&ysg<mraRsþniym nigCMnanlnnl KatCaGñkbec©keTsxagpøÚvreTHePøIg

ehIyeRkayézá17 emsa 1975 KatCaGñkeZVIkarcasmYycMnYntUcEdlGg<karehAomkeZVIkarvij . ral

ézáeBlKatedIrmkeXIjeyIgkMBugeZVIkar KatEtgbgÁgdMeNIreqø{tniyayelgCamYyBYkeyIg . Katmin

h)anQbyUreT . eBlxøHKatyYrsacRCUkbICanmYydMuCamYypg . Katza KathUbEqÁtralézá . KñaeyIg

xøHzaKatCamnusSbg,er]g . eRkaymkGg<karQboeyIgTakTgesrIniymenHteTAeT[t ebIBMuenaHeT eKnwg

ykGñkEdlelµIsvin&yoeKTiet[n ksagBIbTesrIniym nigkarbMBanelIlkÎkarN¾ EzrkSakarsmáat .

CaeKalkarN¾ eKminGnuJÃatosmaCikénmnÞIrmYyTakTgnwgsmaCikénmnÞIrmYyeT[tedayesrIniymeT.

eKeZVIyagenH edIm|IkMuoxµaMgGaceqø{tév¨Gg<kar:n . BIrbIézáeRkaymk eyIgk*Elg:neXIjKatedIrelIpøÚv

reTHePøIgteTAeT[t .

enAevlaláacmYy BIrézáeRkaymk Gg<kar:nbJ¢aoykkmøaMg3 0nak edIm|IecjeTAeZVIebskkmµ

enAeRkACMrMu . `:nRtUveKerIseTACamYyeKÉgEdr . eKminR:beyIgza etIeKbJ¢ÚneyIgeTAeZVIGIeT EteK

hakdUcCaer[bRbugRby&tñNas emIleTAeXIjhakdUcCaebskkmµenaHmansar;sMxansem|ImNas . evla

emag6láac LankaMmIjúgmYy:ndwkeyIgcUleTAPñMeBj . BitEmnEtybcab´epþImggwtbnþiceTAehIykþI Et`

xMebIkEPñkRbugRby&tñemIleTsPaBPñMeBj Edl`:nEbkeTACag10qñaMehIy . LandwkeyIgebIkyag

el]nkatTIsþIkarKN;rdðmRnþI nigkatsæanIy¾rzePøIg . mkdlkEnøgenHeZVIo`nwkeXIjeBl`:nmkeXIj

TIenHCaelIkTI1CamYyÓBuk`enAeBlbuNüBakkNþalRBHBuTÆsasna enAqñaM1956 . `caM:nza kalenaH

manmnusSkkBaseBj «LÚvsUm|IEtmñakk*Kµanpg .

eyIgQrRbeRC[tKñayagENntantabenAkñúgLan Etmñak>xMBinitüemIlPñMeBj . nwkeTAPñMeBjkal

BIxøÜnZøabs<al . xülRtCakbkelVIy> . ÉenAtampøÚvLank*Gt mnusSk*Gt ehIypÞHmYy>hakdUcCa

46

ggwtQwgKµansJÃaNamYyzamanmnusSenAeT . yUreyIgeXIjmanePøIgGK<isnImYy . `RsémeXIjRsuk

ERs ßPUmimYydacRsyalenAeCIgPñMEdlKµanGK<isnIeTAdl . sPaBsáatQwgEbbenH eZVIo`RBWqÁwgxñg

eBl`nwkeXIjkalBImunenApSarzµI manmnusSBaseBjTaMgybTaMgézá . manhagtUcZMlk«v¨anRKbmux.

CitmkdlmnÞIreBTüRBHektumala RsabEt»sUrsñÚrd*EsncEmøkxøaMgeLIg>esÞIrEbkRtec[k . `cabGarmµN¾

dwgzaCasñÚreKvayzµ . CamYysemøgd*KYroRsek[rRtec[kenH `k*:n»sUrsemøgmnusSG)U>d*eRcInnak lay

LMCamYy . LanebIkeTAdl `eXIjmnusSCMuKñaedaydMu> bMPøWedayePøIgPøWtic> . `eXIjsuTÆEtekµgenAeday

dMu>tamRkumkMBugnaMKñavaybMEbkzµedIm|IykEdk . `mindwgCanrNaxøHeT ehIyBYkeKmkBINaeT EteRcIn

rabBannak naMKñavayzµ . GñkxøHmanjjÜrtUc>vayCJ¢aMg GñkxøHmanjjÜrZM>kMBugvayssrd*ZM> . BYk

manjjÜrZM>eKeZVIkartamRkum GñkNahtmñakeT[tmkCMnYs . `eXIjza zµssrZM>enHrwgNas TukCa

eKERskpg vaynwgjjÜrZM>xøaMgyagNa k*zµ:nrebHmþg>tic> mñak>EbkejIseCaK .

eyIgdwgzakEnøgenHBIedImmanviharRBHeys)Uvd*ZMCageKbgÁsenAkñúgRbeTskm¬úCa . eRkayBYkExµr

RkhmcUlPñMeBj:nbnþic BYkeK:ndakRKabEbkopÞúHkMeTcviharenHGsrlIg . eKeZVIdUecñHeRBaHeKcat

TukzaviharenHCanimµitrUbGaNaniKm:raMg . eKbJ¢ÚnBYkeyIgmkenHRbEhleKcgoeyIgeXIjmaK(adacxat

rbsGg<karbdivtþn¾ . BYkbgbÁÚnxøHemIlBYkeyIgdUcCastVcEmøkEdleKminEdls<al . eKCCIksYrmitþ

eyIgxøHEdlBakEv¨ntamIjÚbzaBakeZVIGI / TukCazaBakedIm|IemIlk*eKhakdUcCamincgeC] eRBaHeKKitza

BakEv¨ntaedIm|IhWuhatamsg<mcas . eTaHCayagenHk*eday k*BYkeyIgxMév¨zµdUcbgbÁÚneyIgepSgeT[tEdr.

eKzaedIm|IoxøaMg eyIgRtUvdakstiGarmµN¾dUcCaeyIgvaycRkBtþi nigGaNaniKm ehIyeyIgcgkMhwgnwg

cRkBtþi nigBYkRbtikiriya .

47

en AeragcRk

enAedImExvicäika qñaM1976 `:nRtUveKoeTAcUlrYmmhasnñi:tRbcaMqmasrbs'mnÞIrk15 . Gñkrs'

enAkñúgmnIÞrTaMgGs' cUlrYmkñúgkic©RbCMud*óLa#kenH edImÊIsrubdkBiesaZn¾karksaglt'dMxøÜnknøgmk TaMg

xagneya:ystiGarmµN¾ nigcat'taMg . snñi:tenHmanry;eBlBIréz∙ . CaeKalkarN¾kñúgry;eBl

RbCMuBIréz∙enH GñkcUlrYmmñak'>GacbeJ©jmti:nedayesrIedImÊIGg<karCMrHoGs'PaBsµúKsµajEdlekItman

eLIgenAmnÞIrk15 . k*b"uEnþCak'EsþgeyIgmanesrIPaBm"üagKWKaMRTGg<karb"ueNÑaH . sUmeqø{tbJ¢ak'pgEdrza

eBlR:rBÆsnñi:tBIréz∙enH manrbbhUbcukeRcInCagZmµtaehIyCamYyKñaenHeyIgk*minpþac'Qb'eZVIkargar

BlkmµEdr. k*b"uEnþpÞúyeTAvij eyIgRtUvnaMKñaxitxMeZVIBlkmµo:nkan'EtxøaMgkøaEzmeT[t . KWeyIgnaMKñaeRkak

BIRBlwmelIsBIéz∙Zmµta edImÊIeZVIkargarBlkmµ dUcCakargarErkTwk EzTaMdMNaM ehIyl∙aceLIgeRkayBIecj

BIsnñi:t k*eyIgRtUvvaysMrukbMeBjBlkmµpgEdr .

kñúgsunÞrkzabiTsnñi:t Pum RbZanmnÞIrGb'rMneya:yk15:nsMerceZVIomankarpøas'bþÚrenAkñúgmnÞIr .

PumEckGñkecjoeTAkan'kEnøgbI ;

-RkumTI1 eTAkan'mnÞIrk10 ßtaLI . mnÞIrtaLIsæitenAcm∙ayRbmaN10KILÚEm"Rt TisxagtÊÚgPñMeBj . mnÞIr

enHmankargarZM KWeZVIERsCasMxan' ehIyCasaxarbs'mnÞIrk15 EdlmanPum CaGñkTTYlxusRtUvEdr .

taLI EckCaBIrEpñkKW taLIxaglic nigtaLIxagekIt .

k-taLIxaglicsMrab'dak'BYkbJÃvnþ nisiSt nigGñkrdðkar nigeyaZaEdlPaKeRcInmkBIRbeTs:raMg .

x-taLIxagekItsMrab'dak'BYkbJÃvnþ nisiSt nigGñkrdðkar nigeyaZamkBIshrdðGaemrik. GñkmkBIbreTs

EdlBIedImenAtMbn'103kñúgextþRBHvihar mYycMnYnk*mkenAtaLIxagekItenHEdr kñúgenaHmanraCbuRtI rbs'

RBHGg<m©as'semþcneratþm sIhnu dUcCaRBHGg<m©as'kSRtiy¾ suriyavgSI nigRBHGg<m©as'kSRtiy¾ bTum bu:¢

nigsVamIrbs'RBHGg< KWRBHGg<m©as' sUCuRta GñkebIkynþehaHd*lÊIlÊaj .

-RkumTI2 PMu:nbJ¢asmaCikmYyRkumeT[teTAbMeBjParkic©lt'dMxøÚnenAksidðanrdðGg<C&y . Gg<C&yCatMbn'

mYymancm∙ayRbmaN 30KILÚEm"RtBIRkugPñMeBj sæitenAelIpøÚvCatielx1 PñMeBj-sVayer[g .

-RkumTI3 eyIgTaMgGs'Kñaman39nak' RtUvbMeBjParkic©enAeragcRk . Rbus35nak' nigRsI4nak' . kñúgRkum

TI3 enHman b)unnI nig`pgEdr .

munnwgecj PMupþaMoeyIglak'RbvtþirUb ehIyenARKb'eBlevlaTaMgGs'RtUveKarBmaK(arbs'Gg<kar

bdivtþn¾ suPaBrabsar er[nsURtBIvNÑ;GZn. zVItÊitEteyIgGñk:ner[nsURtEtminRtUvTukxøÚnzaCaGñkecHdwg

CagRbCaCn kmµkr ksikreT . ktþasMxan'kñúgrbbbdivtþn¾ minEmnbec©keTseT EtstiGarmµN¾ . eyIg

TaMgGs'KñamanesckþIrIkrayNas' edayRtUv:neKGnuJÃatoecjBICMruMk15enH. cMeBaHKñaeyIg esÞIrEt

TaMgGs'CaelIkTI1ehIy taMgBI:ncUlRbeTsmk :nRtUveKGnuJÃatoecjBImnÞIr CaBiesseTAeT[t:n

eTArYmsuxTuk¡CamYyvNÑ;kmµkrEdlCassrRTUgénsg<mzµI . GñkxøHsg¹wmza tamry;karbJ¢ÚnoeTAeZVIkar

enAeragcRkenH Gg<karqab'TTYls<al'smtæPaBrbs'eyIg . RbEhlbnþicmþg> eyIgcab'manesrIPaB edIr

ehIrCYbeKCYbÉg CaOkasGacoeyIgmanlTÆPaB esIubsYrBt(manBIÓBukmþay bgbÁÚn RkumRKYsareyIg

EdlrhUtmkdl'eBlenH eyIgGt'mandMNwgGVITaMgGs' . m"üageT[teyIgsg¹wmy"agmutmaMzakarrs'enA

eRkABImnÞIrGb'rM cÊas'CamanPaBZUrRsalRKan'ebICagkarGt'XøanEdleyIg:nCYbRbTHrhUtdl'sBVéz∙.

48

eyIgEtg»tamviTüúza enAtamshkrN¾nigeragcRk bgbÁÚnmanrbbhUbcuk3 dgkñúgmYyéz∙ . srubeTA

cMeBaHstiGarmµN¾eyIg eBlenaH ecjeTANak*RKan'ebICagenAk15Edr .

karEdlmanclnaecjBICMrMud*eRcInenH bNþaloKñaeyIgEdlmin:necjmankarxkcitþy"agxøaMg .

eRBaHCaTUeTAmñak'>eC]za enAkEnøgNak*RKan'ebICagk15Edr . dUecñHnrNak*cg'ecjEdr . ehIycMeBaHGñk

EdlKµaneQµaHecj eKsµúKsµajNas' eRBaHeKmindwgza ehtuGI:nCaGñkxøHeKoecj GñkxøHeKmino .

manmitþ`mñak'lan'mat'za eyIgminKYrnaMKñaKitoEbkkÊalGt'RbeyaCn¾eT eZVIEttameKbJ¢aeTAvacb'eTAehIy

ebIeKoeTANa eTAhñwgeTA Kit:nkarGI ebIeKoeTAehIy eyIgmincg'eTAk*RtUvEteTAEdr .

eKoeyIgeLIgLan Autobus ecjdMeNIrmkPñMeBjtammhavizIRBHneratþm tMrg'eTAkan'vimanÉkraCü .

enAsgxagpøÚvs∙at'Kµan mnusSedIreT . pÞHCaeRcInmansPaBs∙at'Qwg esµAduHs)ubRTub CasJ¦aodwgza

PaKeRcInKµanmnusSsMNak'enAeT . dl'viman ÉkraCü `nwkeXIjsYncÊarEdl`Zøab'edIrlMEhr . Lan

ebIktMrg'eTAkÊalzñl' . `nwkeXIjPUmisaRsþEdl`Zøab's<al' nwkeXIjk|alzñlEdl`ósSah¾edIrkat

kalenABIekµg .

Lank*QboeyIgcuHenAkEnøgmYyCabnwgmNÐlkumarkMRBa . BIedIm`minEdls<almNÐlkumarkMRBa

enHeT . RbEhlCaeKeTIbbeg,IteLIgeRkayeBl`ecjeTAbreTs . RkeLkeXIjPøam `mankarcabGarmµN¾za

brievNénmNÐlkumarkMRBaenH CaTIkEnøgKYroeBjcitþNasmanrukÎCatiepSg>duHrIkraldalyaglÁRbNit

p,acM: p,acMbIu CHkøinyagRkGUb eZVIo`nwkeXIjRsukExµrBIedIm .

enAmanp,aEdretI ! `nwkkñúgcitþ . enAminqáaybunµanBIedImp,a naTIZøaRsLH `eXIjeKykp,acMbIu

p,acM: halelIkenÞleRkamkMedAézá . eKBnüleyIgza eKeZVIyagenHedIm|ITukdwkecj ykeTAlkenA

hugkug nigswgºburI edIm|IykduløarTukTijRtakT&r . enAPaKxagt|Úg kñúgcMkareck eXIjmanRkdasluy er[l

BaseBjdI . eKzaluyer[lenHenAsltaMgBIeBlCenø{smk . `nwkzadUcCaminsm eRBaHeXIjRkdas

RkdasxøHmanrUbc|asenAeLIy .

emceTAeXIjluyeBjdIGIcwg / mansemøgmYysYr`BIeRkayxñg . `gakeRkayeXIj b)uner]n Edl`

Zøabs<alkalenACanisSit . KatCaGtItnisSitmkBIGaløWmg . Kat:ncUlRsuktaMgBImunézá17 emsa

1975 emøH . cUlmkdlRsukdMbUg KatenARBHvihar tMbn103 . zVIt|itEtKats<mCagkalenAbreTs

EtKatenAmanraMgmaMmYn rh&srhYsdEdl . mindUcBYkeyIgmkBIk15eT . »zaKateZVIkarenAmnÞIBiesaZn¾

EdlsæitenACitenH . KatEtgmkTTYlTan:yenAsalaósSahkmµer[gralézá . `minh)aneqøIyza

sþayluyGIeT . kalenAbreTs `nwkza bnþiceT[teKc|asCaebIkocayluydUcRsukeKepSgeT[tBaseBj

sklelakminxan eRBaH`mineC]za eyIgminGacGtcayluyEtmñakÉgeTArYceT . k*buEnþenAk15 Pmu

GñkGbrMeyIgeKR:b´c|asehIyza <<BYkcRkBtþinigBYkesrI cgoeyIgcayluy . etIeyIgRtUvcaydUceK

cgßyagemc / Gg<kareyIgGnuvtþn¾tambNþaMesµ{nC&y ebIsRtUveyIgcgoeyIgeTAsþaM eyIgminRtUveTAsþaM

tameKcgoeyIgeTAeT ebIeyIgqøat KWeyIgRtUveTAeqVg >> .

taMgBImkdleKGtoeyIgeZVIGVIeT . KñaeyIgxøHbeJ©jes[vePAbec©keTs EdlxøÜnminTanCMruHmkemIl .

GñkxøHedIrcuHedIreLIgdUcCaresHresaHkñúgxøÜn GñkxøHsmáMesá{menAelIERK . k*buEnþCarYm mñak>hakdUcCaman

sgÏwmeLIgvij . GñkxøHsgÏwmza RbEhleKykeyIgmkeRbIkarehIy eRBaHeKminGacksagRbeTsoeTAmux

49

:n edayminykGñkmanbec©keeTseTAeZVIkarenaHeT . ebIeKoeyIgltdMxøÜnEmn RtUvEtbJ©bézáNamYy

ebIoltdMksagxøÜnrhUt etIksagedIm|IGI /

enAézáRtg eKR:beyIgoeTAhUb:y . eKGter[bCYr ehIymñak>minRbjabRbjaleTArkqñaM:y

dUcenAk15eT . erag:yGtCJ¢aMg enACab´nwgcRg,ansæitenAkNþallanmNÐlkumarkMRBa Edlman

edImeQIZMCaeRcInKYroRtCakRtCMu . eyIgmansmørTwkmYymux qabEnømYymux :yhUbmYyEqÁt . :yehIy

manEpøeQITMuCabEgÁm . eyIgminEdlmansMNaghUb:yqáajGJ©wgeT taMgBIcUlRsukmk . ÉmIgGñkeZVI

:y rYsray GayuRbmaNCa40qñaM . KatzakalBIedIm KatenAEbkcan . mkCaeP\{vCMnaneyIgEdl

manbursBIrnak manedImkMeNItcinkataMgniyayExµrc|asRKanebI . Katza KatmanedImkMeNItmkBIsÁag.

Gg<karykKatmkPñMeBj eRBaHKatecHeZVImasIun . `eqø{tsYrKatBIsÁagekaHZM Katza«LúvdUrGsehIy .

`eqø{tsYrBIma`enAsÁag KatR:bza eKoKatecjBIRsukyUrmkehIy . :yrYc `eqø{tedIrykxül

rkkEnøgsáateRkamedIreQI sMrakeday`twgeBaHRCul hUb:yeRcIneBk . b)uner]n Kateqø{tmkCYb`

mþgeT[t . Katcgo`R:bKatoRtgza etIenAbreTseKmaneyablyagemcBIRsukeyIg / sMNYrenH

GñkmkdlmunEtgEtlYcsYrBYkGñkmkdleRkay ehIyCasMNYrEdleyIgBi:keqøIyNas . eqøIyyagemc

k*minRtUvcitþGñkcaMsþabEdr . eRBaHebIeyIgeqøIyza enAbreTseKGtyleyIg eKcgcUlmkemIlRsukeyIg

pÞalnwgEPñkeK GñksYrsMNYreKnwgykBaküesøakrbsGg<karmkR:beyIgvijza Gg<kareyIgrvlNas

minTaner[bcMRsukeyIgGacTTYleK:neT .

b)uner]n ; etIxøÜndwgza b¨ulBtCanrNaeT /

` ; `Gtdwgc|aseT

b)uner]n ; KathñwgehIysaLútsr . KatBUEkNas sUm|IEtcink*TTYls<alKatEdr . cinTukcitþKat

esµInwgelakRbZanemA . cincgbgÎMoeyIgcrcasnþiPaBCamYyshrdðGaemrikenAqñaM1973 . Etbgb¨ul

Bt KatRbkaneKalCMhrdacxat mincrcaminsMruHsMrYlminsnþism&¬nÆ . bgbulBt Katykesñ{t ZnC&y

mkGnuvtþn¾ . edIm|IdeNþIm:nC&yCMnH eyIgkMucaje:ksRtUvelgk|Ünva EteyIgRtUvovaelgtamk|ÜneyIg

vij . dleBlvaminZøabelgk|ÜneyIgvamYemA . ehIyebIkalNavamYemA vacajeRb[beyIgehIy . eRBaH

ehtudUecñHehIy :nCaeyIgdeNþImC&yCMnH:n . elaknaykCUeGnLay :nR:bbgeG[gsarI za eK

GacniyayBIbdivtþn¾km¬úCayagemck*:nEdr k*buEnþktþamYyEdleKRtUvEtTTYls<alKWkm¬úCaGacdeNþImC&y

CMnHEtkñúgry;eBl5qñaM . :nn&yza maK(amitþkm¬úCa KWRtwmRtUv .

`; cuHex[vsMpn eZVIGI /

b)uner]n ; tam`dwg KatminTanCasmaCikmCÄwmbkSkumµúynisþeT . ÉcMENkh)U yn, h)U nwm vij KatGt

mantYnaTIGVIsMxaneTenAkñúgbkS . semþcsIhnu KatminRBmshkarCamYyeyIg . semþcEbn nut Kat

dUcCaRsYlCag .

`minGacsnñidðan:nza etIb)uner]n KatniyayedaysarKatmanCMen] ßk*KatcgoeKeXIjza Kat

CaGñkesµaHRtg100% CamYyGg<kar . eBlKatniyayR:b` h)U yn RtUvb¨ulBteZVIXat:teTAehIy É

cMENkh)uy nwm kMBugmanbJºa . enHCaelIkeRkaybgÁsEdl`CYb b)uner]n . enAkñúgeBlenaH `minsUvEdl

50

:nCYbGñkEdlh)anniyaydUcKateT . zVIt|itEtKatxMbgºajkaresµaHRtgrbsKatyagenHk*eday k*eRkay

mk`eXIjeQµaHKatkñúgbJ¢IGñkEdleKykeTAsmøabenATYlEsøg .

enAézádEdlbnþiceRkaymk `»sUrsemøgmasIunLMRbW)taebIkcUlmk . `s<alGñkebIkKWelakCYn mumµ .

Katesø{kBakexaGavBN(kaKI eZVIo`kanEtcabGarmµN¾EzmeT[t eRBaHCaTUeTAeyIgeXIjEtmñak> esø{kBak

exaGavexµARKbkEnøg EdleyIgZøab:neTA . zVIt|itEtKats<m raghtehvCageBlEdl`Zøabs<alkal

enARsuk:raMg EtebIeRb[beZ[bCamYyBYkeyIgeXIjza KatenAmanrUbragkayenARKanebICag . enHCaskÎI

PaBbgºajoeXIjza KatmansuxPaBmaMmYnlÁ edaymansIlZm(rwgmaMkñúgkarsenA TaMgxagpøÚvkay TaMg

pøÚvcitþ . KatCamnusSer[nBUEkl|Il|aj ecHéqñRbDit suPaBrabsar minecHerIseGIgehIyCaGñkesñha

Catid*ótþúg<ótþmmñak ehIyEtgEtcMNayRKbeBlevla edIm|IkarBar nigksagRbeTs . enAkñúgTisedA

enHehIy Kat:nCYybNþúHbNþalyuvCnExµrmYycMnYnedIm|I:ner[nsURt .

ézáenHelakCYnmum cabédBYkeyIg sMeNHsMNalCamYyBYkeyIg dUcKatEtgZøab:neZVItaMgBIedIm

er[gmk . eyIg:nnaMKñaQrCMuvijKat edIm|IBiPakSaCamYyKatkñúgsPaBsñiTÆsñal . KatelIkTwkcitþeyIg eZVI

ostiGarmµN¾eyIg:neLIgmYykMrit . KatEckes[vePAsresrnigrbsmYycMnYnEdleyIgcg:n . Katza

RsukeyIgRkNas kMritvb|Zm(RbCaCnExµrenATabNas . kmµkrPaKeRcInGtecHGkSr . Katniyay

yagenHedIm|IkMuoBYkeyIgxkcitþ eBleTAdleragcRk . KatBnüleyIgbEnæmza eXIjyagenH eyIgmin

RtUvGssgÏwmeT EtpÞúyeTAvijeyIgRtUvEtxMBuHBaróbsK< eRBaHCaRsukrbseyIg . eyIgsMerccUlRsukenH

minxuseT RtUvehIy . Baküza <<RsukeyIgRkNas kMritvb|Zm(RbCaCneyIgenATab eyIgmñak>manRbeyaCn¾

sMrabCatieyIg CatieyIgRtUvkarGñkecHdwgedIm|IksageLIgvij>> CasmþIEdleyIgxan:n»taMgBIcUlRsuk

mk. pÞúyeTAvijeKEtgEtniyayza bJÃv&nþCabeJÃIEkÁk eyIgCaGñkCiHCanRbCaCn eyIgCamnusSGt:nkar.

enAkñúgbriyakasEbbenH eZVIoeyIgmansgÏwmeLIgvij . eyIghUbEqÁt GtmannrNamkbgÎM Gt

mannrNamktamdan KµanRkum KµanBYk KµanTiet[n sV&yTiet[n . enAkEnøgmYy `erIs:nes[vePA

<<lMenAcugeRkay>> niBnÆedayXun Rs)un . BitEt`ZøabGanehIyk*eday k*`sb|aycitþNasEdl:n

es[vePAenHmkGansarCazµI . eBlTMenr eZVIoTmøabcasrbseyIgvaerIeLIgvij . XunRs)un :neZVI

GtæaZib|ayd*rsrevIkGMBIsg<mExµrkalCMnansaZarNrdð GMeBIBukrlYy plvi:kénsRg<am .l. mnusS

CMnaneyIgcgomankarpøasbþÚrkñúgsg<m . Et`mineC]za eKTaMgenHcg:nsg<mEbbenHeT . `nwkeXIj

BYkEdl`Zøabs<al `sYrxøÜnÉgza BYkeKTaMgenHenAÉNa / BitEmnEtenAeBlenH eyIg:nZUrRsal

Emn buEnþ`KµanCMen]eT[teT . GVIEdl`:neXIjtaMgBI`QaneCIgcUlmkdlRsuk vahYsBIkarsµan.

CIvitenAk15 minxusGIBIsæannrkeLIy . `nwkGaNitmitþEdlbnþrsenATIenaH . zVIt|itEtmankarelIk

TwkcitþzaeyIgcUlRsukenHRtUvehIyk*eday ebIRbsineKo`manlTÆPaBsMerc:neRsccitþedayGtman

eRKaHzñak `c|asCasMerccitþecjBIRsukvijPøamedayKµanraErkkñúgcitþbnþicbnþÜceLIy .

rsenAeday <<esrI >> GtmanBlkmµ GtmanTiet[n sV&yTiet[n:nbIézá eyIgdUcCaEhlhal

resHresaHkñúgxøÜn . dUcCarsenAEbbGnaZibetyü . sMNaglÁ RTI ebghYt KñaeyIgmñakEdlman

stiGarmµN¾x¬sCageK :nENnaMeyIg “eyIgbnþrsenAEbbenHeT[tminekIteT caM:cRtUvrkkargarBlkmµ

51

eZVI . Gg<karTukoeyIgenATMenrEbbenHedIm|IsÞgemIlstiGarmµN¾eyIg . Gg<karcaMemIlza etIeyIgman

KMnitepþImP\akrlwkbuNÑa / eyIgenAEtmanZatucasCaGnuZn CiHCankargarBlkmµRbCaCneT[tßk*dUrehIy/

eyIgk*mUlmtiKñaesñIGñkTTYlxusRtUvrkkareZVI . edayykelszaBYkeyIgminGacenAesá{m mineZVIkar

CiHCanBlkmµbgbÁÚnkmµkr ksikreT . k*buEnþeKeqøIyR:beyIgvijza minGIeT bgbÁÚnsMraksineTA láac

enHGg<karnwgcabebIkvK<sikSasalaósSahkmµehIy . k*buEnþedayeyIgTamTareBk eKk*oeyIgCYycaMeck

rhUtdleBlcUleTArYmer[nsURt . dUc:nkMNtézárs[l vK<sikSasalaósSahkmµ:ncabepþImeRkam

GZibtIPaBrbs ecn Gn rdðmRnþIRksYgósSahkmµkm¬úCaRbCaZibetyü . CaelIkTI1mYyehIyEdleyIg

:neXIjKat . BImuneyIgZøabs<alEteQµaHtamviTüú . KatCamnusSmaDRkGajtUcmaM . sm|úrs rh&srhYn

ehIycUlcitþniyayeRcIn . »sUreKza KatCaGñkts)UsmáatCamYy vn evt bg,bxøÜnkñúgclnakmµkr enA

TIRkugPñMeBjtaMgBI:nÉkraCübnþicmk . kñúgsunÞrkzaebIk ecn Gn :neZVIóeTÞsnamBIRbvtþiósSahkmµkm¬úCa

BIsg<mrhUtdlsBVézá ehIynigTsSn;GnaKtrbsGg<karkñúgTisedAksagkm¬úCaosMercEpnkarksikmµ

sm&yTMenIbedIm|IQaneTACaRbeTsósSahkmµ . ecn Gn ktsMKalR:beyIgza kalBIsg<mcas km¬úCa

Kµanneya:yBRgIknigBRgwgósSahkmµeT . rbbRbtikiriyaKµanneya:yÉkraCüm©askar xøÜnTIBwgxøÜn

kñúgneya:yesdðkic©CatieT . ósSahkmµZánk*eyIgmin:nykcitþTukdak ósSahkmµRsalnigmZüm

k*eyIgRBegIykenþIy . eyIgdwkplitplTaMgZM TaMgtUcmkBIbreTsesÞIrEtTaMgGs . taMgBIézárMedaHmk

Gg<karbdivtþn¾eyIgcabksagneya:yósSahkmµBI:tédTeTr . edIm|IeqøIytbnwgkarxVHxatrbsRbCaCn

kmµkr ksikr eyIgRtUvsMerczaetIeyIgksagGVICacMbg / eqøIynwgsMNYrenH Gg<kar:nsMercza neya:y

ósSahkmµkm¬úCaRbCaZibetyümanTisedACacm|gKWplitsmÖar;bg,beg,Inpl edIm|IeqøIytbnwgesckþIRtUvkar

xagvis&yksikmµ . eZVIyagenHedIm|Ioneya:yesdðkic©eyIgmanmUldðanrwgmaM QaneTAsMercEpnkarrbs

Gg<karksikmµsm&y kñúgry;eBl15qñaM . :neTAdlksikmµsm&yehIy RbeTseyIgnwgmanmUldðan

esdðkic©rwgmaM edIm|IQaneTARbeTsósSahkmµcMrugcMerIn sm|Úrruger]g dUcsm&yGg<r .

cabBIézáer[nsURtrYcmk eKk*oeyIgP¢ab´xøÜnnwgkmµkrRkugPñMeBjCabeNþIr> tamry;kargarBlkmµ

bg,beg,Inpl . ecn Gn :noBYkeyIgeTAeZVIERsBIrdgkñúgkMLúgeBl15ézáEdleyIgmkenAGbrMkñúgsala

ósSahkmµenH eZVIdUecñHGg<karGnuvtþn¾neya:yer[nbeNþIr eZVIkargarbg,beg,InplbeNþIr . EbkcanCa

tMbnvalERssMrabokmµkreragcRkdaMRsUv óbtæmÖxøÜn ÉkraCüm©askar xøÜnTIBwgxøÜn . enATIenaHeyIgeXIj

kmµkreRcInBannakmkeZVIkargar . eKmkeZVI10ézámþgkñúgRkbx&NðézásMraksg<mniym . eKGnuvtþn¾tamEbbézá

GaTitü kumµúynisþenAsUev[tCMnansæalIn . kñúgeBl:neTArYmBIrelIkenH `minh)anTakTgGñkNaeT .

eBlGaceZVIeTA:n `edIremIlERkg:nCYbRbTHbgbÁÚn ßmitþPkþiEdl`Zøabs<al . k*buEnþ`Gtmans<al

GñkNa ehIyk*minh)ansYreKEdr eRBaHxøaceKzaKµanGg<karvin&y . enAeBl:neTAeZVIERsenAEbkcanTaMgBIr

elIkenH eyIgsæitenAeRkamkarRKbRKgrbsecnGn . CamYyBYkeyIgKatminEdlRbkanßkoBYkeyIgdwgza

zaKatCaGñkZMdUceG[gsarIeT . k*buEnþpÞúyeTAvij eBleyIgeTAeZVIERsenAEbkcanTaMgBIrelIkenH KatEtg

EckmºÚboBYkeyIgTTYlTantamcMEGt . GnusSavrIy¾d*lÁEdleyIgcaMminePøc KW:nhUb:yRsYyRkGUb

CamYymºÚbeRcInmuxCamYyecnGn enAEbkcanCaBiessxeg[tRtIr¨s . eRkABIenAEbkcan eyIgbnþdaMeck

CMrHesµA sÞÚgRsUvenAkñúgbrievNsalaósSahkmµenARCugxagt|ÚgminCaqáayb¨unµanBIGtItmhaviTüal&yc|ab.

52

bnÞabmkeT[t eKoeyIgeTAe:ssMGateKhdðanEdlGtmnusSenA sæitenATlmuxsalaósSahkmµ . »

BaküccamGar¨amza eKoeyIger[bcMviLaGsTaMgenHedIm|ITukCakEnøgpSMdMeNk . eKhdðanTaMgenHCapÞH

sÞIlGaNaniKmrwgmaMlÁNas . manedImeQI p,aRKbmuxB&TÆCMuvij . ézámYyeBl`edIrkattampøÚveTAsMGat

pÞHGsTaMgenH `:neXIjBIcmáaymanmnusSmYyRkumedIrelIvizImunIvgSEdlGtmancracr . karEdleZVIo`

cabGarmµN¾xøaMg KWBYkTaMgenHesø{kBakexarwtceg,HnigGavsMrab´BakeKgBN(p,aQUkdUc>KñaehIymaneyaZa

5nakedIryam . eXIjPøam`sYrxøÜnÉgza CaGñkeTasß / k*buEnþexaGavzµIEcssÁatyag enHminGacCa

mnusSCabKukeT . bnþicmk`»sUrniyayExµr:yLaM>dUcCaCnCatiyYn . emIlmuxGñkniyay `P\akeRBIt ;

`Zøabs<alKateTetI ! pan v¨an: CaGtIttMNaghaNUy RbcaMRkug:rIs . ehIy«LÚvCaÉkGK<rdðTUt

saZarNrdðsg<mniymev[tNam RbcaMRbeTskm¬úCa. GñkedIrCamYy suTÆswgCashkarIKat . eXIjdUecñH

`xMlakmuxminoKateXIj . enA:rIs `ZøabCYbKatCajwkjab . `CYbKatcugeRkayenA:rIs CamYyecA

esg eRkayézá17 emsa 1975 . eRkayev[tNamxageCIgcUléRBnKreK:nQøanBankankabekaHExµrenA

QUgsmuRTes[mmYycMnYn . ecAesg Kat:nnaM`eTACamYyedIm|Itv¨aRbqaMgnwgGMeBId*GmitþenHbg,eLIgeday

rdðaPi:lRkughaNUy . enA:rIs BYkExµrCMnancasCag` ZøabniyayzakalBIedImpan v¨an: ZøabenA

PñMeBj kñúgfan;CaCnkumµúynisþ bg,bxøÜneZVICaGñklkEs|keCIgenApSarcas .

knøgmkzVIt|itEtmanbJºarkaMrkUsedaysarbJºaneya:yk*eday k*CarUbPaBeyIgenAEzrkSakar

KYrsmCanic© . buEnþenAeBlenH `dwgxøÜnza ebIBYkeyaZadwgza `Zøabs<alKat c|asCacatTukza `Ca xµaMg

minxaneLIy . ézáeRkay`dwgza TUtev[tNamenAminqáaybunµanBIsalaósSahkmµeT . eyaZamñakEdlZøab´

eZVICaGñkyamsæanTUtev[tNam:nGHGagza BYkTUtyYnenAPñMeBjGtmanGITTYlTanRKbRKaneT . hUbEt

rbskMb¨ug . ehIyBYkenHecHEtlYcebHdUgenACMuvijTUtGsminesÞIr .

XXX ézáenHCaézáEdleKer[bcMEbøkenAsalaósSahkmµ . manmnusSzµI>CaeRcIn manRbus manRsI eTIbEt

mkdl . emXRsLHlÁ xülbkelº{k> . ZatuGakasminekþAeBk minRtCakeBk . eBlézáRtg `edIreTArk

hUb:ydUcZmµta . edIreTACitdlerag:y eXIjmanyuvCn yuvnarIenABaseBjkMBugGg<úyhUb:y .

b)unnI :nxSwbR:b´`za ézáenHCaézáBiess BYkeyIgRtUvcaMobgbÁÚnhUbehIysin . BYkbgbÁÚnTaMgenaH

CaGtItyuTÆCn yuTÆnarI manKñaTaMgGs100nakeTIbEter[bcMBiZIGaBah¾BiBah¾ehIy eRkamGZibtIPaBrbs

ecn Gn RbZanKN;kmµaZikarósSahkmµCati . enHCaelIkTI1ehIy EdleyIg:neXIjpÞalnwgEPñknUv

reb[ber[bGaBah¾BiBah¾sm&ykm¬úCaRbCaZibetyü . kalenAbreTs `Zøab»sUrBaküccamGar¨amza Gg<kar

CaGñker[bcMkar ehIyCaGñksMercza GnuJÃat ßminGnuJÃat . eBlenaH`mineC]eT `zaenHCaBaküeXasna

e:kR:s emIlgayExµrEtbueNÑaH . BYkGñkeTIber[bkar:nKñaCabþIRbBnÆenH GtEdls<alKñaeTBImunmk.

eBlkar Gtman sacjati ÓBukmþay bgbÁÚn ßmitþPkþicUlrYmeT . dler[bcMehIy eKoeTAenACamYyKña

mYyybenAkñúgpÞHEdlBYkeyIger[bcMehIy.EsÁkeLIgmñak>eTAbMeBjPar;kic©enAtameragcRker[g>xøÜn.eday

sarnarIPaKeRcInCakmµkrtm|aj ÉbursCakmµkrsørEdk KWPaKticNasEdlBYkeKGacrsenACamYyKñaCa

RKYsar bnÞabBIbJ©bkargar . mñak>rsenAdUcZmµtatamGg<PaBer[g>xøÜndUcmuner[bkarEdr . yUr>Gg<kar

GnuJÃatoeTACYbKñamþgedIm|Io:nsMercEpnkarbeg,InRbCaBlrdðo:ndl15lannakkñúgqñaM2000.

53

ExsIha qñaM1976 . mYyExehIyEdl`:nmkdlRsukvij . eRkayBI:nsñakenAsalaósSahkmµ

15ézá eKk*:nnaMBYkeyIgTaMg39nakecjedIm|IykeTAdaktameragcRk . eyIg:nqøgkatPñMeBjmþgeT[t.

eBlevlahakdUcCaGteTAmuxesaH . PñMeBjmansPaBsáatRCgMdUcecarlYcesHdEdl .

dMbUgeKdwkBYkeyIgeTAeRkayRBHbrmraCvaMg . eKQbenAmuxekøagTVard7 TmøakKñaeyIgRbus>mYycMnYn

cuH. bnÞabmkeKQbenAd3 nigd4 EdlenAeRkayvaMgdUcKña . bnÞabmkeT[t LanebITmøakKñaeyIgCa

hUrEhrtameragcRk rhUtdlenAslEt9nak RsI4nak Rbus5nak . LanebIkhYspSarzµI tMrgeTAyk

pøÚveBaZicintug . bnþiceRkaymk eyIgeXIjk15 . `nwkeXIjmitþeyIgEdlCab´enATIenaHpg P&yxøaceK

ykeTAenAk15vijpg . nwkmYyEPøt Lank*ebIkeTAput . `rkemIlpÞHÓBukmþay`ZøabrsenAkalBIsRg<am

mþgeT[t . LanQbenAmuxeragcRkEdlmansresrGkSrZM>enAelIekøagTVarza <<eragcRktm|ajt1>>.

eKehAoRsI>TaMg4nakcuH . b)unnI emIlmkeRkay emIlmux` ehIyk*cuHBIelILaneTA . t1 CaeragcRk

tm|ajZMCageKenAPñMeBj . manRsI>kmµkresÞIrEtTaMgGs ehIykñúgcMeNamenaH 90% CakmµkrzµI Edl

minZøabeZVIkmµkrkalBIsg<mcas . kalsm&ysRg<amBYkkmµkrenATIenHCayuTÆnarI . 10% Cakmµkrcas

manRsI manRbuslayKña . eKCaGñkbec©keTskñúgeragcRk .

dakcuHrYcralehIy Lank*RtLbcUlPñMeBjvij ehIyEbrk|aleTATisxageCIg . dlsg,atmYy Edl

eKoeQµaHBIsg<mcasza KILÚEmRtelx6 Lank*QbenAeragcRkmYyEdlmansresrGkSrZM>za <<eragcRk

plitmasIunkinRsUvd2 >>. BYkeyIgEdlenAsleRkayeKTaMg5nakcuHTaMgGs .

eyIgnaMKñaedIrcUl . sáatQwghakdUcCaKµannrNadwgza BYkeyIgRtUvmkdlézáenHeT . sUm|IEtEq,BIr

EdleyIgeXIjenACitmatTVar vak*eZVImindwgEdr . sáatdUecñHeyIgqál . eRBaHnwksµanza RbEhlCaGg<kar

R:bza eyIgRtUvmkézáenHCaézáTI1EdleyIgcabepþImCIvitzµI CIvitvNÑ;kmµkr . hYsmatTVareXIjkumarmYy

Rkumesø{kBakreyréy kMBugGg<úyerammasIun . dleKeXIjeyIg ekµgTaMgenaHvaERskRBmKñaeLIg <<BYk

rNsirS ! BYkeP\{v BYkhVúgmkdlehIy>> . sERmkenHeZVIoeyIgP\ak . eyIgsµanza KµannrNadwgGtþ

sJÃaNeyIg «LÚvkarBitvaecjBImatkumar . BYkeKdwgza eyIgCaeP\{v eyIgCaBYkhVúg (FUNK) :nn&y

eyIgminEmnCaBYkmanvNÑ;lÁdUckmµkrÉeT[teT . EteKdakpøakeyIgCaBYkvNÑ;GnuCn CaBYkRbtikiriya

CaBYksg<mcas . eyIgxkcitþxusBIGVI>EdleyIg:nKitkalenAsalaósSahkmµ .

kumarmñak:nedIrnaMmuxeyIgeq¬aHeTAGaKamYyCabrbgpøÚv . cUleTAdleyIgeXIjtumYyEdlmanm¨asIun

Gg<úlIelxmYyenABIelI . CabnwgtumanERKEdkmYyenACabbgÁÜc . CJ¢aMgTaMgsgxagmanPaBkxVk .

enHCamnÞIrcatkarrbseragcRk . cUleTAdlkumarERsk <<bgeLgBYkeP\{vmkdlehIy>> . eLg»sUr

ehIyenAesá{m . mYysnÞúHk*lanmatedayemIleTAdIza <<bgsag RbZaneragcRkminTanmkdl. dak

:LÚenAÉeNHsineTA ehIyedIremIleragcRkbnþiceTA caMKatmk `oeKeTAehA>> .

eLgmanmaDtUc EPñkRseLv ragdUckUnecAcin . eLgniyaymkrkeyIgedayGtemIlmuxeyIgeT .

Gakb|kiriyaEbbenH mineZVIoeyIgmankarkkekþAesaH . ÉNaeTAkarKYrsmTTYleP\{vrbsExµr / `minEdl

nwksµanesaHza ézáTI1énCIvitvNÑ;GZnrbseyIgenAeragcRknwgCYbkaresaHGeg<IyyagenHesaH . eyIgTuk

:LÚkñúgkariyal&ytamsMNUmBrrbseLg rYcedIrecjeTATsSnaeragcRk . eyIg»sUresÞIrEbkRtec[k BIRKb´

54

TisTI . enHCasemøgEdleyIgRtUvrsenA . semøgEdk semøgmasIun niyaysþabKñaesÞIrmin» . eyIgcgedIr

eTArkkEnøgsáat eRBaHnwkeXIjza eBleKkMBugeZVIkar eyIgminKYreTArMxaneKeT . EteyIgmindwgedIreTA

tampøÚvNa eRBaHkEnøgNak*hakdUcCamanmnusSdUcKña . eyIgsMercedIrtampøÚvbeNþayrbgB&TÆeragcRk

eRBaHtampøÚvenHhakdUcCasáatCageK ehIyBIcmáayeXIjmanbwgEdlmanp,aQUk p,aRBlwt mansm¢sS

KYroRtCakEPñk . tampøÚveXIjkumarmñakkMBugtExSePøIgenAelIbeg<almYy . enABIeRkam kumarRbmaN10

nak kMBugQremIl . eyIgqál emck*beNþayoekµg>eZVIdUecñH / QUk saKun visVkrGK<isnI eXIjdUecñHcg

sÞúHeTACYy ePøckarRbugRby&tñlakkMuoeKdwgzaxøÜnCaGñkecHbec©keTs . k*b¨uEnþsÞúHeTACYyminTanpg ekµg

enaHk*ZøakBIelIbeg<al:teTAehIy . ekµgxøHERskyM . ekµgvaCYyseRg<aHKñava . vaEsgekµgrbYsykecjeTA

:t . hYsBIenHbnþic eyIgeXIjerag:yd*ZMragRTEvgmYyRbkedaysg,&sI CJ¢aMgeZVIedayrnatßsSI

kMBsRbmaNmYyEmRt . taMgBIeyIg:ns<alkarGtXøan eyIgEtosar;sMxanCasrésjakkEnøgNaman

mºÚbGahar . eBleyIgedIreTACit eXIjRsþI4nakkMBugeZVImºÚb . KatnaMKñaegIbmuxemIlmkBYkeyIgvij edayGt

mansYrnaMGVIeT . eyIgk*Gth)ansYrKatGIvijEdr . TaMgbYnnakmanGayuRskr>eyIg ehIyesø{kBakreb[b

sg<mcas . RsþImñakekµgCageK BakGavvalk . tamBitkalBIsg<mcas RsþIelgxøÜnesø{kBakyagemc

k*CakarZmµta Et«LÚvenHedayeXIjBYkKatGtesø{ksMBtexµA GavexµAdUceKeZVIoeyIgEbøkEPñk . eRkaymk

eyIgdwgza KatTaMgbYnnakCaPriyaRkumRKYsarrbskmµkrcas5nakEdleZVIkarenAkñúgeragcRk . KµanRsþI

enAkñúgeragcRkenH eRkABIRsþITaMgbYnnakenHeLIy .

edIrhYsBIerag:ybnþic nasarrtmktameyIgoeTAvij . mkdlmnÞIrcatkareragcRk eKR:b

eyIgoyk:LÚ eKnwgnaMeyIgeTAbgºajpÞHsMrakkñúgeragcRk . pÞHenACabmatpøÚvmanBIrCan . eKoeyIg

enACanTI2 . minEmnCapÞHsMrabmnusSenAeTebItamTMng . enACanTI2enHeBleyIgeLIgeTAdl eyIgeXIj

GtmanGVITaMgGs eRkABImanEtERKEdk4 dakenACab>Kña . kumarR:b´eyIgza ERKTaMg4enH TuksMrabBU>

EdlGtmanRKYsar . bnÞbmYyenaHsMrabBUEdlmanRKYsarehIy . BUmanRKYsarehIy KWrUb`enHEtmþg .

`cUleTAbnÞb <<BUEdlmanRKYsarehIy>> eXIjmanERKsMrabeKg:nBIrnak . mantumYyenACitTVarcUl.

bnÞbenHmanCJ¢aMgpþacBIERKmitþ`bYnnakeT[t edayCJ¢aMgx&NÐmYyx¬sCagk|al`bnþicCasJÃaoeXIjza

kalBIsg<mcaskEnøgenHCakariyal&yeZVIkar minEmnCabnÞbeKgeT . sPaBkarN¾EbbenH eKminGaco

rsdacEtÉgCabþIRbBnÆ:neLIy . eTaHCayagenHk*eday k*karEdleKomanbnÞbmYyEtÉgenH eZVIo`

manesckþIrMxankñúgcitþNas eRBaH`mincgoeKeZVIGVIBiessmkelIrUb`eT . `KµanGVIelIsmitþPkþi `4nak

epSgeT[teT . ehIymüageT[t kñúgcMeNameyIgTaMg5nak minEmnEt`mñakeTEdlmanRKYsarehIy QUk

saKun visVkrGK<isnImkBINgsIu k*manRKYsardUc`Edr . KatcUlmkRsukvijenH KWcgmkrkRbBnÆKat.

eBlnasarecjputeTA eyIger[bcMERKsMrak .

-cumehIyevIy :t«v¨anGsrlIg! san mitþkñúgRkumeyIgv&yekµgCageKlanmat . »sUrdUecñH eyIgk*

naMKñaRbjabebIk:LÚer[g>xøÜn . eyIgk*dwgza eBleKoeyIgedIrkMsanþemIleragcRk eKeqø{tOkasruHerI

Eqkeqr:LÚeyIgRKb>Kña ehIyeKlYcykzñaM naLikar nig«v¨aneyIgsMxan>mYycMnYneT[t EdleyIgxMlak

TukrhUtdlenH . QUk saKun sþayCageK eRBaHKat:t«v¨anEdlTijCakadUsMrab´oRbBnÆ nigkUnKat .

eyIgnaMKñasþaymYysnÞúH ehIyk*sMerccitþCaÉkcä&nÞzaminniyayonrNadwgeT . eyIgsuxcitþenAesá{m

55

ec[svagbJºa . eBlkanEtres[lbnþiceTAehIy `eqø{teTAranehal emIleTApøÚvPñMeBj kMBgqñaMg Edlman

sPaBsáatQwg . RkeLkemIleTATenøsabd*lVwgelVIy sáatQwgEdr . enACitRcaMg manTUkensaTmYy .

Okm¬úCaeGIy lÁemøHeT

mansÞwgTenø ex[vRsgat

bwgbYr éRBPñM …

`nwkeXIjPUmiRCugrmas RsukkMeNIt` . nwkGaNitxøÜn GaNitsg<mExµr minKYrNaeLIyeZVIepþspþas

dUecñHesaH .

eyIgcabepþImniyayKñaelg . mñak>hakdUcCaxkcitþedaycabepþImCIvitzµIenAeragcRk kñúgsPaBkarN¾

EbbenH . niyayKña:nbnþic k*eXIjnasarmkR:beyIgeTAhUb:y . eyIgedIreTAeraghUb:y . eTAdl

eXIjeragEdleyIgmkdlmunenHmanRsþI4nakkMBugeZVI:y «LÚvmanmnusSrabrynak eBjeragTaMgGs .

CaelIkTI1ehIyEdltaMgBImkdlRsukmk eyIgeXIjerag:ymanmnusSeRcInrynakdUecñH . eKTuktumYy

enACitmatTVar sMrabeyIgTaMg5nak . eBleyIgedIreTAdler[bGg<úy eyIgrwgxøÜnedayeXIjEPñkmnusS

EdleyIgminEdls<alTalEtesaH rabrynak kMBugEt:jepþatmkelIBYkeyIg . enAk15 `minEdlman

GarmµN¾EbbenHeT eRBaHsuTÆswgEtBYkEdleyIgZøabs<alBImun .

enAelItumansmømYycanZM nig:y5can dYsrYcCaeRscsMrab´BYkeyIgTaMg5nak . eyIgnaMKñahUb.

smømYycanhUbrYmKñaGtmanEzmeT ehIy:yk*GtmanEzmEdr . `nwkeXIjbIcaneT[tyagticeTIb:n

s,leBaH . eKza rbbkñúgmYyézáman400RkamsMrabmñak . 400Rkam GIk*:n:yticemøH / eyIgxkcitþ

NaseRBaHeyIgsµanza enAeragcRkeyIg:n:yhUbEqÁt . tamviTüúkm¬úCaRbCaZibetyü enAeragcRk

nigshkrN¾ RbCaCnmanrbbhUbcuk3 dgkñúgmYyézá . enAÉenH ebIKitCaKuNPaB eyIg:n:yeRcIn

CagenAk15 EtenAk15eKykbEnømklaynigGg,rmYyRKab> EdleyIgGachUbmYyEqÁt . eyIghutbbr

ehIy eyIg:ntwgeBaH enAÉenH hUb:yrwg manEthUbehIy eBaHenAknøHRKEh)tdEdl .

hUb:yehIy eyIgRtLbmkpÞHeyIgvij . ÉBYkkmµkreragcRkcabbnþkargartammuxRBYjeKer[g>xøÜn

teTAeT[t . ÉBYkeyIgTaMg5nak eKminTanoeZVIGIeT láacézáTI1enH mñak>Gg<úy ßtMertxñgelIERKemIl

BidanpÞH BicarNaBICIvitzµIrbsxøÜn . RbEhl:nmYyem¨ageRkaymk eyIgeXIjmitþsag RbZaneragcRkeLIg

CeNþIrmkrkeyIg . mankumarmñakkanzaseBatesáarmkCamYypg . sanmanmaDZMRkGaj sÁat:t .

KatsMeNHsMNalKYrsmCamYyBYkeyIg . Katcgdwgza etIeyIgmanxVHxatGIeT . Katsb|aycitþNas

:nTTYlBYkeyIg . KatniyaybeNþIr GeJ¢IjBYkeyIgohUbeBatesáarbeNþIr . tamsanR:b´ kñúg

eragcRkd2enHmankmµkr400nak PaKeRcInenAekµg>enAeLIy suTÆEtBYkEdlenAGg<PaBCamYyKatkal

sm&yts)U5qñaM . kalenaHBYkKateZVIT&BenAtMbnbUBa(a . ézá17 emsa Gg<PaBKat:nRbyuTÆcUldeNþIm

TItaMgenH . BYkKatminEdlrsenATIRkugeT . eRkayrMedaH:nbnþic Gg<karRbKlParkic©oeZVIeragcRkenH

dMeNIrkareLIgvij . mundMbUgKatmindwgeZVIyagemceT . Gg<karoQrelIeKalCMhrÉkraCüm©askar xøÜnTIBwg

xøÜn k*naMKñaxitxMeZVIrhUtoeragcRkd2enHedIrbeNþIr>eLIgvijedaymankarCYyóbtæmÖBIkmµkrcasmYycMnYn

EdlZøabeZVIkarenATIenH . «LÚveragcRkenH edIr24emageTA24mag . TaMgGsKñaxMvaysMrukedIm|IsMerc

TisedArbsGg<karpþlmasIunkinRsUvoshkrN¾TUTaMgRbeTs . tamEpnkarGg<kar shkrN¾TUTaMgRbeTs

56

RtUvmanmasIunkinRsUvRKb>Kña . sBVézáenH eyIgminTansMercTisedAenH:nenAeLIyeT . ehIyeyIgenA

EtRtUveRbIkmøaMgBlkmµyageRcInedIm|IykeTAbukGg,r ciJ©wmsmaCikshkrN¾ . niyaybeNþIr Katdk

:rIkJ©bBIkñúgehae°GavKatbeNþIr . munnwgdkCkxøÜnÉg KatesñIrERkgelaeyIgcg:nEdr . dut:rI

rYcbWtmYyxSWt Katbnþ <<ralézáeRkABIkargarsñÚl eyIgmankargarsg<mniymCaRbcaMedIm|IóbtæmÖxøÜn .

eyIgbg,beg,Inplksikmµ daMbEnø ciJ©wmstV ciJ©wmRtIenAkñúgbwgeRkayeragcRk ehIykñúg10ézáeyIgsMrak

mYyézá . eyIgykézásMrakenHedIm|IeZVIkargarepSg> EdlcaM:csMraberagcRk . eyIgEckevnCabIEpñk;

kargarsg<mTI1 KWe:ssMGat er[bcMTukdakkñúgeragcRk nigkargarsg<mTI2KWeTAeZVIERsenAEbkcan nig

kargarsg<mTI3 KWeTAeZVIcMkarenAeRCaycgVar .

ZanI ; RbCMuCIvPaBkñúgmYyGaTitüb¨unµandgmitþ /

sag ; enAeragcRk eyIgcattaMgomankarRbCMuCIvPaBkñúgmYyGaTitümþg .

ZanI ; cuHBYkeyIg`RtUvRbCMutamEpñkCamYybgbÁÚnß /

sag ; RbCMudkBiesaZn¾kargartamRkumkargarCamYyeKÉg . EtRbCMuCIvPaBedayELk .

niyaydlRtwmenHehIyKatemIlmux`ehIysYr ;

bgeQµaHGI /

eh]g bg

sag ; bgÉgcasCageKEmneT /

` ; `GtEdlKitpg

sag ; tam`dwg bgÉgGayueRcInCageK dUecñH`catbgÉgoeZVIkarCaemRkumBYkbg>

` ; `GtEdlKit ehIyGt:neRt[mxøÜnGIcwgesaHbg . Zøab:nKitBImunmkza :nmkdl

eragcRkrMlayxøÜncUlCasmaCikRkumdwknaMedaykmµkrdUceKdUcÉg .

ZanI ; `KaMRTKat eyIgcgrMlayxøÜnCamYybgbÁÚn . mincgmanRkumdacBIbgbÁÚneT .

sag ; GtekIteT . `sMercGIcwgehIy . BYkbg>TaMg5nak manRkumCIvPaBCamYyKña . kñúgRkum

enH bgeh]geZVICaRbZan bgxagehñHeZVIGnuRbZan ..

KateTIbnwgcattaMgmitþ j oeZVICaGnuRbZan . jRbEkk EtKatsg,tza KatsMercehIy .

cattaMgCaRkumrYcehIy KatbnþedayniyaymYy> ehIyc|as> hakdUcCaKatcgoeyIgmñak> yl

GMBICMerAdYgcitþrbsKat . <<`TukcitþBYkbg> edIm|IelIktem,IgKuNPaBbec©keTsenAkñúgeragcRkenH . eyIg

xVHGñkmanbec©keTsRKbRKan edIm|ICYyoeragcRkenHedIr:nRtwmRtUv . BYkGtItyuTÆCn suTÆEtekµg> xVH

cMeNHviC¢a xVHbTBiesaZn¾ ehIyPaKeRcInGtecHGkSrpg . kalBImunBYkKatminEdls<alTIRkugeT>>.

»smþIenHeyIgP\akeRBIt eRBaHeXIjza KatbeJ©jnUvCMerAcitþKatoeyIgdwg . taMgBImkdlRsukmk

eyIgminEdl:n»sUrBIsMNakbgbÁÚnGtItyuTÆCnkñúgRsukniyayPasaEbbenHesaH . eyIgEtgEt»eK

niyayGYtBIkarecHdwg ÉkraCüm©askar mhaelatepøaH mhaGs©arü BIbgbÁÚnenAtamshkrN¾ eragcRk

nana . eyIgEtgEt:nTTYlnUvkarTiet[n. BYkbJÃCn CavNÑ;beJÃIEkÁk minRKanEtGt:nkarbueNÑaHeT

EtrsenAsMrabCiHCankargarBlkmµrbsbgbÁÚnkmµkr nigksikr .l. nig.l. »yUr>eTA eZVIoeyIg

ElgmansµartITTYlxusRtUv ElgTukcitþxøÜnÉg . beNþaytamvasna sMuEtmYyrs . BitEmnEteyIgnwk

57

eXIjsþayzaminKYrNaeKeZVIdUecñHk*eday k*CaTUeTAeyIgElgKitGIehIy . eyIgsMuEtmYyrs oeKeZVIGI eZVIeTA

sMxansMuEtkMuoeKsþIbenÞas:nehIy .

sagbEnæm << `RtUvkarshkarBIBYkbg> edIm|ICYyemIlkarxusRtUvxagvis&ybec©keTs>> . eyIg

eqøIyeTAvijRBmKñaza <<BYkeyIgGtecHdwgGIeTbg eyIg`mkenH edIm|Ier[nsURtltdMxøÜn >>.

sag ; `:ndwgBIRbvtþiBYkbg>GsehIy . BYkbg>mancMNeHeRCARCHNas mindUcBYkeyIg`eT.

eyIgGacksagRbeTso:nrIkcMerInlUtlaseTAekIt TalEtmanGñkmanbec©keTsmkcUlrYmcMENk>>.

`emIlmuxsagmþgeT[t edIm|IcgeXIj etIKatniyayedaHesµaHRtgdUczaEmnßyagNa / `eXIjza

KatmanTwkmuxminEmnCamnusSniyayPUtkuhkeT . eXIjyagenH eZVIo`Bi:kGarkatza etIRtUvyk

Gakb|kiriyadUcemþc edIm|IeqøIytbcMeBaHsuqnÞ;rbsKat . ebIniyayRtgeTAKatvij vaxusGg<karvin&y.

munecjBIk15mk PuM pþaMehIypþaMeT[t Rby&tñ RtUvlakRbvtþirUb kMueZVIoeKdwgzaxøÜnCaGñkecHdwg . bdivtþn¾

km¬úCadwknaMedaystiGarmµN¾ minEmnQrelIbec©keTseT . eyIgTaMgGs enAEtR:b´eTAsag vijza

eyIgGtmanecHGITaMgGs . sagxkcitþ GscMeNH k*TukbJºaenHmYyGenøIsin ehIybþÚrRbZanbT . Kat

cabepþImsYr`

sag ; RsukkMeNItbgenAÉNa /

` ; sÁagekaHZMbg

sag ; sÁag ßekaHZM /

`; ekaHZM

sag ; bgcgeTAelgRsukeT /

` ; cgbg

sag ; kalNaeyIgdwkmasIunkinRsUveTApþlCUnshkrN¾enAekaHZM caMR:b´oeKykbgeTACamYy .

niyaycbehIy Katk*odMNwglÁmk`bEnæmeT[t edaybJ¢akza dleBlsMrak10ézámþg Katnwgo

eKeTAykRbBnÆ`enAeragcRktm|ajmkCYb`enAd2 .

»sUrdUecñH `eZVIodwgza `GrKuNKat Etminh)anbgºajGakb|kiriyaoKatdwgza sb|ayhYsehtu

eBkeT .

ybézáTI1enH eBlEdlmitþPkþi`bYnnakeT[t kMBugeKglksáatQwgGseTAehIyenaH `nwkeLIgvij

nUvGVI>Edl`:nCYbRbTHtaMgBIecjBIsalaósSahkmµ rhUtmkdleragcRk . `nwkeXIjeBlb)unnI cuH

enAeragcRktm|aj eBlmkdld2 karsnÞnaCamYyRbZaneragcRk . `dakcitþxMbiTEPñkedk RsabEt

»sUrsMribeCIgmnusSedIrcUlkñúgbnÞb . `RBWqÁwgxñg sÞúHeTArkebIkePøIg RsabEtmansemøgmYy xSwb> <<kMu

ebIkePøIgGI `eTkMuxøac>> . `RsLaMgkaMgmindwgeZVIGVIekIt . <<`eQµaH ehg . `enAeragcRkenHEdr enApÞH

CabCamYyBYkbg>>> »sUrdUecñH `k*nwkeXIjyuvCnmñakEdlmanrUbPaBEbøkBIeK CabÁÚnrbsBYkkmµkrcas.

pÞH`nigpÞHKatGacedIrmkrkKñaeTAvijeTAmk:nedayqøgkatranhal . ehgza BIedIm munPñMeBjZøakeTA

kñúgkNþab´édExµrRkhm Kater[nenAviTüal&y . KatR:bdUecñHedIm|Ibgºajodwgza KatCaGñker[nsURtEdr

dUecñHeyIgmanbJºadUcKña .

-cuHbÁÚnÉgmkrkGITaMgybGIcwg / `sYrehg .

58

-BU`Katcgdwgza etIkµÜyKateQµaH d er[nenARsuk:raMg cUlRsukdUcBYkbgÉgEdrßGteT / ehg

niyaymkkan` .

`eqøIyR:bKattamTMngza`s<ald ehIyKatcUlRsukdUc`Edr ehIy«LÚvkMBugeZVIkarenAeragcRkmYy

enAPñMeBj . niyayrYc`sþayeRkay eRBaHCaeKalkarN¾eKhamminoeyIgniyaydUecñHeT .

-gab´ehIy BU`KatBi:kcitþgabehIy ! ehg óTanedayP\ak . emck*BYkbg>ykxøÜnmkeZVIkmµGIcwg/

-etIbÁÚnÉgoeTANa / enHCaRsukeyIg, `tb . eyIgcUlmkCYbCMuRKYsar mitþPkþi CYyksagCati .

-bgÉgCYbRKYsarenAÉNa / cgksagCatiyagemc / ehgsYrrenæInmk` .

`minh)ansarPaBR:behg za«LÚv`dwgxøÜn EtmindwgeZVIemc vaRCuleTAehIy . EtedIm|IykrYcxøÜn

`xMsURtR:bKatza «LÚvenHsPaBkarN¾RsukeyIgvaenAlM:kEmn EtGnaKteyIgnwg:nZUrRsal . eyIg

RtUvEtlHbg ltdMxøÜn edIm|IézáeRkayGacmanlTÆPaBrYmcMENk rYbrYmksagCatieLIgvij .

-ksagRsukorIkcMerIneTAmuxyagemcekIt ebIeKykkmµkrEdlecHeZVIkareTAeZVI:b bgÎMoeZVIERsenACnbT

ehIyykkUnGñkERsEdlGtecHGIesaH mkeZVIkmµkrvij, ehgbEnæm .

-eKer[nbnþicmþg>eTA KgEtecHeT (`tb)

-vaGteTArYceT . BYkbgÉgCaGñkecH emck*eC]GIcwgekIt / bgÉgminQWcabeT eKykBYkbJÃvnþeTA

eZVIERs ...(ehgbEnæmmk`)

-eKykeTAGbrMmYyry; ehIyKgEteKomkvijeT (`tbeTAehgeZVICadUcCahI)

-bgÉgdwgeT munBYkbgÉgmk eK:nR:bo`Rby&tñ kMuo`mkTakTg eRBaHeKza GnuCn bJÃCn

eTANamkNa ecHEteqø{teTArkKñaCanic© edIm|IvayRbharGg<kar .

EsÁkeLIg eKcatoBYkeyIgTaMg5nakeTAeZVIkar <<tammuxRBYj>> epSg>enAkñúgeragcRk . xøHxag

søEdk xøHeT[txagEpñkepSg> . ÉcMENk`EdlGtmanbec©keTsGVIxagsøEdk eKoeTACamYyBYkCageQI.

eragCageQIsæitenAxageCIgeragcRkd2 CabnwgrbgeragcRktm|ajt2 enATlmuxpÞHRbZansag eZVIBI

eQIRbkek|}g . RkumCageQImanKña3 2nak . RbZanRkumCageQIeQµaH sux ragRkGaj GayuRbmaN

Cag20qñaM . KatZøabbYsennkalBIsg<m . ekµgCageKenARkumCageK Gayu12qñaM .

RkumCageQIenAkñúgeragcRkd2 manPar;kic©cmøgGVI>TaMgGsEdleZVIBIeQIsMrabmasIunkinRsUv . eyIg

manmasIunGareQImYy . mYyGaTitümþg eyIgeTAcakGERgedIm|IeTAemIleragmasIunkinRsUvEdlenAslBI

sg<mcasenATIenaH . eTAeXIjehIy eyIgnaMKñavasykxñatedIm|IykméqñeZVIodUcKña . sux CamnusS

ecHKYrsm . KatmineRbIGaC\aeTkñúgkargar . KatminsUvniyayneya:yeT ehIyebIeBlNaKat

niyay KatbgºajoeyIgeXIjza KatTukb¨ulBt CaGñkR:C\ZM BUEkdUcRBHraCa . yUr>mþg eKebIkviTüú

oeyIgsþab . mintwgrwug eT[gTatdUckalenAk15eT . BitEmnEtviTüúbMpusoeZVIkarts)UvNÑ;ekþAKKuk

EtsuxminEdlykkarENnaMenaHmkGnuvtþn¾enAkñúgGg<PaBKateT . EtKathamkMuoTakTgGg<kar ßniyay

GVIeZVIob¨HBalGg<kar . `eXIjyUr> KatmanRbtikmµdakBYksmaCikKatmþg eRBaHekµg>eBlxøHniyay

bJäitbeJä{godwgza vaminsb|aycitþcMeBaHGg<kareT .

sux mankMeNItBIbUBa( . kalBIenAkumarKatcUlbYsenn . dleBlsRg<am KatswkcUleZVIT&B

kñúgGg<PaBEdlmansag RbZaneragcRkd2Caem . suxR:b`za BYkeyaZaeRkambJ¢akarrbssag:n

59

mke:HTItaMgenAeragcRkenH . Gg<karoBYkKatemIlsnþisuxeragcRk . BYkKatmkenATIenHedaymindwg

zaeragcRkenHeKplitGIeT . kumareyaZaminEdls<alTIRkug minEdleXIjePøIgGK<isnI minEdlbteCIg

kñúgbg<ncakTwk mindwgzaTUTwkkkeKeZVIsMrabdakGIeT . sUm|IEtmasIunkinRsUv KatmindwgzasÁIpg Katsµan

EtCaRTugsMrabciJ©wmRBab .

mundMbUgGg<karoeyIgyameragcRk bnÞabmkoeZVIkarsMGat ehIyCacugbJ©bodMeNIkaredIm|Io

eragcRkenHedIreLIgvij . edIm|IGacdMeNIrkar:n CadMbUgGg<kar:noBYkkmµkrcasEdlZøabmanbT

BiesaZn¾eZVIkarenAeragcRkenHcMnYn50nakmkCYy . dleyIgGacecHdMeNIrkarxøÜnÉg:nehIy Gg<kar

k*dkBYkenHCabnþbnÞabecjeTAvij . BYkkmµkrcasenAslEt5nakeT. mUlehtuEdlmincgokmµkrcas

enAeRcIn eRBaHkmµkrcasmankMEGlsg<mcaseRcIneBk manZatuesrIxVHGg<karvin&yeZVIomanbJºasµúKsµaj

kñúgeragcRk .

ralézáBYkeyIgTaMg5nak eZVIkardUceKdUcÉg . eyIgxMeZVImindwgmin»GVITaMgGs . xMdakxøÜnTukoeK

eRbI . eTaHCaeyIgsµúKsµajkñúgstiGarmµN¾kanEtxøaMgeLIg> k*eyIgenAxMRTaM . eyIgkanEtqabGsCMen]

eBleXIjeKbeNþayokumarkmµkreZVIkarenAmuxLsøEdkedayKµanGVIesaHedIm|IkarBarsuvtæiPaBrbseK . min

EdleXIjenARsukNaeKykekµgeTAeRbIeZVIdUecñHeT . eyIgEtgeXIjkmµkrmaneRKaHzñakedayrlakePøIg

Cajwkjab .

CamYyenH kñúgmYyGaTitümþgCamZüm eKEtgoLankaMmIjúgBIrebIkcUleTAPñMeBj edIm|IeTArkEdktam

eragcRkcas> ßtampÞHÉkCnEdlGtmanmnusSrsenA . km¬úCaRbCaZibetyüxVHEdkedIm|IksagCati .

karebIkLankaMmIjúgeTARbmUlEdkenH CakargarEdleKcgeTARKb>Kña . Gg<karminyknrNaepþspþaseT

KWeKerIsykBYkEdleKTukcitþ CaBYkkmµkrsñÚlbdivtþn¾rbsGg<kar . BYkeyIgeKminEdlehAocUlrYmeT .

eKzamuxgareTArkEdkenH ehAzaBYkeTArk <<ektnPNÐ >> . eBleTAmþg> müageK:necjBIeragcRkdUr

briyakas müageT[teKGacrkenHrkenaHtampøÚvedIm|IhUbEpøeQItampÞH eBlxøHeT[teKGacmansMNag CYb

rbsrbreRbIR:sdUcCaexaGav masR:k CaBiessnaLika . eKseg,teXIjBYkGñkecjeTArkektnPNÐ

Etmansemø{kbMBaksÁat>BIsg<m . eKeqø{tesø{kBakeBlenApÞH .

sUmbJ¢akza EdkEdleKrk:n eKykmksøenAkñúgLedIm|IeZVICaEdkEzbsMrabeZVIm¨asIunkinRsUv .

kalBIsg<mcas eragcRkenHKµanLsøEdkeT . eKeTIbsgehIyenAeBlzµI>enH . LenHmankMBsRbmaN

30EmRt CasñaédrbssagRbZaneragcRk . sag:neTAer[nsøEdkenARsukcincMnYn3 Ex . KatcmøgLenH

BIRsukcinmk .

Cajwkjyt|alkinmasIunkinRsUv EdleKplit:nBIeragcRkd2enH qabEbkeTAvijNas . eBlxøH

minTan:neRbIpg k*EbkxUceTAvij BIeRBaHeKKµank|ÜnxñatRtwmRtUvCarUbmnþedIm|IoEdksøeTACab minEbk.

LsøEdkeragcRkd2 søEdkRKbZun oEtrbsrwgdUcEdkeKe:HcUlkñúgLTaMgGs . lTÆpleBlxøHvarwg

Emn EtvaRsYy .

3GaTitüeRkayBI:nrsenACakmµkr eyIgcabZujRTan kanEtxøaMgeLIg> . mþgeT[t`minyleXIj

za eragcRkd2enHvamanGnaKteT cMENkÉrbbhUbcukk*kanEtdundabeTAdundabeTA . ÉBaküEdl sag

:nsnüaza o`CYbb)unnI10ézámþg ßeTAelgRsukeBlNaeKdwkmasIunkinRsUveTAekaHZM k*minTanmkdl .

60

sagKatQbniyayer]genHrhUt ehIy`k*minEdlsYrnaMGVITaMgGs . tamBiteTA `minEdlsUvmanCMen]

cMeBaHesckþIsnüarbssagenHeT .

`enAmanesckþIsgÏwmEtmYyKtedIm|IGacCYbPriya` KWkñúgOkasézásMrak10ézámþg . eBlenaHkmµkr

RKberagcRkenAPñMeBj eTAeZVIERsCYbCMuKñaenAEbkcan . EtenAEbkcan k*eyIgminGacCYbKña:neT[t eday

sarKatmanCmáWRKuncaj . enAeragcRktm|ajt1 eragcRkEdlb)unnI nigmitþKat3 nakeT[tenAeZVIkar

k*eKév¨sMrukxøaMgNasEdr . kargarkñúgeragcRkenHedIr24emag eTA24emag . enAt1enH kmµkr90%

suTÆswgEtCaRsþI CaGtItnarIT&Bmunézá17 emsa 1970 ÉGñkbec©keTs nigkmµkrcasmanEt10%bueNÑaH.

cMENkrbbhUbcuk mñak>TTYl:n400eTA500RkamkñúgmYyeBl ehIysmømYycansMrabbYnnak .

enAeragcRkd2 mYyExeRkaymk sagRbZaneragcRk:npþlParkic©zµImkoeyIgTaMg5nakeZVI .

1-ZanI nigsan eZVIKMnUr ósSahkmµ . TisedAodwgza kñúgmasIunnImYy>manGVIxøH ehIyTakTgKña

yagemc /

2-QUk saKun sresres[vePABIGK<isnI

3 -j sresres[vePABIKImI

nig` eZIVsæitiodwgza etIedIm|IeZVImasIunkinRsUvmYyeKRtUvcMNayGsbunµan .

ézámYykñúgExkJÃa `»sUrviTþúRbkasza naykrdðmRnþIb¨ulBt laElgecjBItMENg . CamYyKñaenH

enAkñúgeragcRk sPaBkarN¾kanEttwgEtgeLIg> . eKyamsnþisuxenAkñúgeragcRkkanEtrwgmaMeLIg . eXIj

BYkkmµkrdUcCamanTwkmuxP&yxøac . manBaküccamGar¨amza manviecäTkmµenAkEnøgxøHkñúgRbeTs . eKQbo

LankaMmIjúgecjeTArkEdkenATIRkugeT[tehIy . eKhamdacxatminoecjesrIBIeragcRk ebInrNalYc

ecj ehyBYksnþisuxcab:n RbZaneragcRkminGaceTArMedaHvij:neT . b¨unµanézáeRkaymk »sUrviTüú

semøgkm¬úCaRbCaZibetyüpSayza RbZanemA esTug søab .

XXX

61

eB T ü7 5

RBwkenH`eRkakBIdMeNkdUcZmµta enAeBl»sUrsemøgCYg . `rkeRkakecjBIERKEtGskmøaMgggwt

mux eZgeZagvilmux `k*enAGg<úyesá{mmYysnÞúHcaMERkgvaRsLHmuxeTIbeRkak . `dwgza mitþ`bYnnakeT[t

eKnaMKñaeRkakGsehIy . dwgxøÜnbuNÑwg`k*:tsµartIQwg . rhUtdlebIkEPñkmþgeT[t eXIjmnusSRBwl>

enACMuvij` . `RkeLkeXIjRbZaneragcRksag nigemRkum`sux .

-emceTAbg / sagsYrmk` . sMraksineTAkMuGalxMeRkak . eKcakzñaMkmøaMgobgmYym¢úlsin .

`ylKatniyay buEnþdUcCamin:ncaMza `:neqøIytbeTAKat ßk*GteT . tamnwkeXIjdUcCaRKan

EtemIlmuxKat EtGt:nniyayGIeT . `dwgxøÜnza `enAelIERKedk`enAeLIy . eBl`dwgxøÜnmþgeT[t

`eXIjRsþImñakesø{ksMBtexµA GavexµA dUceKÉgZmµtaenAGg<úyekAGImYyCit` . KatsMburRsEGm ragx¬s

bnþic manGayuRbhakRbEhl` . eXIj`ebIkEPñk Katk*niyay ; GtmanGIZáneT ebIeRkakrYc eRkak

Gg<úysin EtkMuGaleRkakQr hUbTwkdUgenHeTAykkmøaMg .

-`enAÉNa / `sYrKat

-eBTü75 GtIteBTücin (Kattbmk`vij) .

-eKyk`mkBIkalNa /

-mYysnÞúHehIy

bnþiceRkaymkKatk*bnþ . mitþnwkeXIj`eT / `Zøabs<almitþkalBIsg<m . `ZøabeZVIkarCamYy

eBTü Guin sUkan . «LÚvKateQµaH tanI eZVIkareBTüsYt enAeBTüelaksgÏcas . niyaydUecñHrYc eyIg

k*mankarTukcitþKñaCagmun . KathamkMuoeZVIs<alKña ehIyo`lakRbvtþirUb CaBiesskMuoeKdwgza mkBI

breTs . KatpþaMeT[tza o`Rby&tñxøÜn kMuniyayGIepþspþas . bnþiceT[teKnwgmkyk`eTAGKarmÎagpøÚv.

eBTücinCaeBTüsMrabTTYlnarIkmµkrmanCmáW . CYbKña:nRtwmeNH Katk*ecj:teTA edaysnüaza Kat

nwgeqø{tmkCYb`eT[t . bnþiceRkaymk eKk*mkyk`naMeTAeBTü75sMrabkmµkrRbus> . kEnøgenHkalBI

sg<mcas `s<alc|as . `RkeLkemIlenAelIcieJ©Imzñl manduHesµABaseBj . `nwkeXIjkalBIedIm

manmnusSedIrmIredrdas . manGñklkeRBagRBatelIcieJ©Imzñl . `nwkeXIjZøabGg<úyjúaMltqa .

`edIrcUleBTü75sMrabkmµkrRbus> . manpøaksresrGkSrZM>BN(Rkhmdakza <<mnÞIreBTü75>> . CMnan

semþcsIhnu GkarTaMgbIenHCaviTüal&yRBHyuKnÆr EdlCasalamZümsikSamYyZMCageKbnÞabBIviTüal&y

sIusuvtæi . enARtgpøÚvcUl eKeXIjmaneyaZa4-5nakQryam . enAelIZøamanTwkdkedaykEnøg> ehIy

enAcMkNþalmanerag:yd*ZMRbksg&,sI . cMeBaHGñks<alyuKnÆrBIedIm erag:yenHeKsgzµI eRkay17

emsa 1975 EdlBIedImCaTIZøa .

eKnaM`eTArkERKedkeBTü . `enACanTI1énGKar EdlEbrmuxmkTisxagekIttRmgmkeBTücin . enA

bnÞbenHeBl`eTAdleXIjmanERK13 dakenACab>Kña . eBleXIj` GñkCmáWenAelIERK xøHedk xøHGg<úy

RkeLkemIledayGtmanniyayGImYymateT . `k*GtzaGIEdr . enAelIERKnImYy>manRkalkenÞl .

eKcgÁúlERKenACitmatTVarcUl zaCaERKrbs` . TVarcUleKGtbiTekIteT enAcMhTaMgyb TaMgézáRKb´

eBlevla . ebI`mansiTÆierIs `ykERKenACitbgÁÜc manxülecjcUl ehIyvaqáayBIpøÚveKedIrcuHeLIg EtenH

eRscelIeKsMerc . `dakxñgsMrakelIkenÞl . seg,IcxaMeBjxñg . `ykRkmamkRTabxñgmYyCaneT[t

62

edIm|IkMuoseg,IcvavaysMrukxøaMgeBk . `nwkeXIjbnÞbenH Cazñaker[nkalBIedIm . `nwkeXIjtu nwkeXIj

sisSanusisSTaMgRbus TaMgRsI . `nwkeXIjmitþPkþiEdlZøabs<al . nwkeXIjenATIenaH man:tukmµ

edIm|IrbCaZibetyü nigyutþiZm( rhUtdlmankarb¨HTg<icKña kalCMnansaZarNrdð . enAmuneBlPñMeBj

Zøak zac Ca rdðmRnþIRksYgsikSaZikarCati RtUv:neK:jsmøab . etIeBlenaHeyIgnaMKñaRbTusþrayKñarhUt

dlmankarbgºÚrQamedIm|IGVI / CaelIkTI1ehIyEdl`s<almnÞIreBTübdivtþn¾enAkñúgrbbkm¬úCaRbCaZibetyü.

eyIgmindwgzanrNaCaGñkCmáW nrNaCaeBTüeT ebIRbsinCaTaMgGsKñaedIr:nZmµtavij . eRBaHTaMgGs

esø{kBakexµAdUc>Kña . GñkNaCaevC¢bNÐit GñkNaCaKilanub|dðak /

enACanTI1 CamYy` PaKeRcInmanGñkCmáWRKuncaj ÉCanBIrelITI2 nigTI3 eKdakGñkmanCmáWqøg

dUcCaCmáWrebg ekItel]g rlakezøIm . CanenACabnwgdImanbnÞb3sMrab´dakGñkCmáWRsallµm> enAbnÞb´

BIreT[t eKTukeZVICakEnøgpSMzñaM . eyIgeXIjmYyézá> manekµgTaMgRbusTaMgRsI eZVIkarenATIenaH eyIgmin

dwgeKeZVIGVIxøHeT . eBlxøHeXIjeKbukzñaM . CaTUeTAeKozñaMEdleKpSMenATIenHdlGñkCmáW . xøHeKzaCazñaM

CIvCati zñaMRKun . CaTUeTAbgbÁÚnKatdakeQµaHzñaMTaMgenaHza <<zñaMGacm¾TnSay>> . esÞIrralézámanGñksøab

enAmnÞIreBTü75 . eKdwksBecjedaysáatesá{m . minsUvEdleXIjmanRKYsarGñkCmáWmksYrnaMGIeT .

GñkxøHKatmkedkeBTüedayRKuncaj ßCmáWepSg>eT[t dleBlKatElgRKunehIy GñkxøHedIrenAEtminrYc

eRBaHekItGabEsr manxÞúHedaysarm¢úlGtGnam&y . GKareqVgédk*TuksMrab´GñkmanCmáWZánEdr ÉGKarenA

sþaMsMrabBüa:lkumar . eKEtg»sUrkumaryMrkEmÓva CaBiesseBleRkakBIdMeNk nigeBler[bcUl

dMeNk . eBl»sUrkumaryMERskrkEmÓva `Etg»sUrGñkCmáWenAkñúgbnÞbCamYy` niyayBIkUnKat . xøHza

KatEbkBIRbBnÆKattaMgBIdacPñMeBjmkemøH . GñkniyaydUecñH eRcInEtkmµkrcas .

enAkñúgmnÞIreBTü75enH minEmnRKanEteyIgmindwgnrNaCaeBTü nrNaCaKilanub|dðakeT EteyIg

k*mineXIjmanesvasMGat ßGnam&yGIEdr . enARKbkEnøg eKeXIjmansMramTwksÁúyBaseBj . yUr>mþg

eKeXIjGñkCmáWe:ssMGatxøÜnÉg . GñkxøHKatykTwklUmkCUt«dð . KYrcabGarmµN¾enAeBTü75 eKTuk

bg<ndUckalsm&ysg<mcas . eKminbiTbg<nsg<mcasehIyeZVIbg<nbdivtþn¾dUckEnøgepSgeT[teT .

enAkñúgmnÞIreBTüenH manGñkQWZáneRcIn ehIyeRcInEtekµg> . CamYyKñaenHk*manGñkCmáWmYycMnYnZM

EdlQWXøan:y . edayenAeragcRkhUbminEqÁt kmµkrmYycMnYndUcCarUb`RbzuyRbzanminxøacqøgBIGñk

déTmkedkeBTüedaysar:nhUbEqÁt ehIy:nsMrak . `eC]za RbZaneragcRkmYycMnYndwgbJºaenH Et

biTEPñkedaysarmanmnusSZm(cMeBaHkmµkreragcRkEdlenAeRkamkarRKb´RKgrbsxøÜn . edIm|ImkedkeBTü

:n eKRtUvmankarGnuJÃatBIRbZaneragcRkpg nigBIRbZaneBTüpg.dUckEnøgepSgeT[tBitEmnCaeKERsk

za km¬úCaRbCaZibetyü KµanGñkman KµanGñkRk ehIyCasg<mmansmPaB k*b¨uEnþdlrsbnþiceTA kar

EkCaRkumCaBYk CavNÑ; enAEtmanZánZárdEdl . eKseg,teXIjBYksñÚl yuvkk ßk*BYkEdleKtaMgxøÜn

eKzaenAkñúgCYreKrabGanEtBYkKñaeK . ehIyminEdleXIjeKsñiTÆsñalCamYyBYkenAeRkACYreT . maneBl

xøH sUm|IEtZøabs<alKñaBIedIm k*karTakTgmindUcmunEdr . BYkenAkñúgCYr zVIt|itEteKesø{kBak<<esµIPaB>>

dUcRbCaCnZmµta EteKeZVIßkeKoeKÉgdwgza eKCakmµaPi:l . karBakkatib bgkRkma dgsøab:kka

enAkñúgehae°.l. suTÆswgCasJÃabgºajoeKÉgdwgza eKCamnusSenAkñúgCYr . Éreb[bniyayk*mindUc

GñkZmµtaEdr ehIyeKeRcInrabGansñiTÆsñalEtCamYyBYkEdlmanfan;RbhakRbEhlKña . eKmanemaTnPaB

63

bgºajzaeKCatMNagGg<karbdivtþn¾ . CamYyKñaeK eKeRcInniyayBIvIrPaBrbseKkalsm&yts)UmunqñaM

1975 . eKGaccatTukzaenHCakarZmµta k*buEnþGVIEdlminZmµtaenaH KWCajwkjyeyIgEtcatTukGMeBI

kacsahavrbseK zaCavIrPaB . óTahrN¾kareZVI:bGñkCMel[secjBIPñMeBj .

enAkñúgmnÞIreBTü75 GñkCmáWEdlenAedIrrYc eKomkhUbenAerag:yEdlsgenAkNþalTIZøaGtIt

viTüal&yyuKnÆr . ÉcMENkGtIteBTücin EdlCaeBTüsMrabnarIkmµkr eKmaneZVIerag:yepSgenAkñúgbrievN

eBTüenaH . GñkCmáWburs nignarI minhUb:yenAkñúgerag:yCamYyKñaeT . ÉrbbhUbcuukvij KWmñak>

mansiTÆi:n:ysmYycan RsUnCamYysmøTwk . bnÞabBI:ymYycanenHrYcehIy mñak>GachUbeBat

RkhmesáarEdleKebHRKabehIytamcitþcg .

ralézáeKcakzñaMkmøaMgo`mYym¢úl . `mindwgCazñaMGIc|aseT . enAkñúgbnÞb` eBl:yrYcehIy

GñkCmáWEtgniyayKñaxSwb> . CaTUeTABYkGñkEdlmanCmáWRKuncaj eBlRBwkeKeXIjdUcCaRsakRsanþ . eK

niyayKñaelgdUcZmµta . EteBlézáres[leKcabErsk cabzáÚr eBlenaHeKmankMedAjak . sMrab`

eRkayBI:nTTYlTanGahareBjRkBH:n3 ézámk `k*cabmankmøaMgeRsIb>eLIgvij . enAeBlenaH`ecH

EtedIrsþabeKniyayKñaenAkñúgbrievNeBTü . enAxaglicbrievNGtItviTüal&yyuKnÆr manGKartUcmYy

eZVIBIzµRbkek|}g TVarnigbgÁÜcxUcGsrlIgehIy . k*buEnþedayenAkñúgenaHmanes[vePAcas>eRcIn eKEtg

eXIjer[gralézá manGñkCmáWmYycMnYncUlcitþeTAelgenATIenaH . eBlxøHeKGacerIses[vePARbelamelak

xøHykmkTukGan . buEnþes[vePAPaKeRcIn xUcxatGseTAehIy . enACMnankm¬úCaRbCaZibetyü eKyk

Rkdases[vePACaRkdasGnam&y ßRkdasTukmUr:rICk . enAGKarenH `Etg:nCYbGñkCmáWmYycMnYn Edl

CaGtItnisSitenAPñMeBj . xøHeKza eKZøaber[nenAsalayuKnÆrenHÉg xøHeT[tZøabeZVI:tukmµRbqaMgrbbsaZa

rNrdðpg . CaTUeTABYkGtItnisSitTaMgenaH eKEtgxSwboeyIgdwgBITukÎevTnarbsGñkCMel[secjBIPñMeBj

eRkayézá17 emsa 1975 . BitEmnEtkarCYbKñaenH KµanKMeragGVIBImunk*eday k*mþgeT[t `seg,teXIjza

BYkGtItnisiStEtgrkOkasCYbKñaCasrésjak . ehIymþgeT[t `seg,teXIjza bgbÁÚneyIgTaMgenaH

eKdwgza eyIgCaExµrmkBIbreTs .

bnþiceRkaymkGg<kar:nodwgza eKkMBugtamdanExSxµaMgenAkñúgmnÞIreBTü75 . bnÞabBI:n»sUr

dUecñH briyakasZUrRsal Edl`seg,teXIjBImun RtUv:nbþÚrGsrlIg . sUm|IetBYkkmµkrcas k*Elg

h)anniyayxSwbexS{vTiet[nGg<karteTAeT[t . briyakastwgEtgenHmanrhUtdl`RtLbmkdld2vij .

bnÞabBI:nEbkCag10ézámk briyakasenAeragcRkk*EbøkCagmuneRcIn . mñak>manTwkmuxP&y minsUvh)an

niyaysþI . sUm|IEtRbZansag k*KatbþÚrGakb|kiriyaCamYyBYkeyIgEdr . mñak>rsenAkñúgbriyakas

ek[bsg,t . TwkmuxP&ymanRKb>Kña . kumarkmµkrk*manPaBsábesá{m ElgeXIjBYkeKelgesIcdUcmun.

`ElgeXIjBYkekµg>lYcecjBIeragcRk . kalmun`eTAeBTü75 eKEtgeXIjkumarlYcecjBIeragcRk

enAeBlsMrakedIm|IeTArkebHEpøeQI ßedIrruHerIrkcMNIGahar . «LÚvenHeKhamdacxatminoecjBIeragcRk.

ebInrNalYcecj ehIyBYksnþisuxcab:n RbZaneragcRkminGaceTArMedaHvij:neT . enHCac|abswk

kñúgRKaGasnñ . eKhamminoecjeTANarehtrhUteRkayemag6láac .

enAézámYynaExtula 1976 nasarRbZaneragcRkmkR:b`oRbjabeTAer[bcM«v¨andak:LúecjBI

eragcRkeTARbCMu . `RbjibRbjabedIrmkbnÞbedk . mkdlbnÞbeXIjmitþ`3 nakeT[tmkdlmun . eyIg

64

mansMNUmBrCYbRbZansag edIm|IlaKat ehIycgdwgza eKykeyIgeTANa / xøHzaeyIgeTAer[nsURt

ehIymkvij xøHeT[tza eTArhUtGtmkvijeT . eyIgcgRbKles[vePAEdleyIg:nsresrBIeragcRk

CUnRbZaneragcRkpÞaléd eRBaHKatCaGñksMNUmBroeyIgeZVI . EteKR:b´za min:ceT RbZaneragcRk

KatminRsYlxøÜn minGacCYbeyIg:neT . enHCasJÃaminlÁmYy . er[bcMbeNþIr eyIgBicarNabeNþIr

etIeKnaMeyIgeTANa k*RbjibRbjabrkEteTAbteCIgk*min:ndUecñH / PøamenaHeyIgeXIj«v¨anmitþeyIgBIr

nakEdlenAedkeBTü75enAeLIy . eyIgsYrnasarza etI«v¨anBYkBIrnakenAedkeBTüRtUveZVIyagemc/

x©bykeTACamYyKñaoGs ehIyRbjaboel]neLIg (nasartbedayrenÆIn) . QUk saKun k*naMKñarteTA

RbmUl«v¨anGñkTaMgBIrmþgeT[tedayRbjibRbjabbMput .

enAeBlenaHehg GtItnisSitEdl:nmkCYb`TaMgybkal`eTIbmkdlTienHPøam eqø{tmkla`

edayTwkmuxeRk[mRkM . Katcgo`Tukes[vePA nigrbsmincaM:cenATIenHehIy min:cykeTAnaMZáneT .

`laKat KatzaRbEhlCaKµaneBl:nCYbKñaeT[teT . eyIg:neLIgLanQñÜlBIsg<mcas . enAkñúgLan

`eXIjmitþBIk15Edl:necjmkeZVIkareragcRkCMnanCamYyKñamYycMnYneLIgvij . `sb|aycitþeXIjb)unnI

enAGg<úyCitmitþKatbInakeT[t . LanbnþebIkeTAtameragcRkykmitþeyIgCabnþbnÞab . enAtampøÚv Lank*

QbdwkGñkCmáWenAeBTü75 . `Kitza ebIeKmkdwkmnusSTaMgQWdUecñH RbEhlCamaner]gGIZMehIyemIleTA.

eKdwkeyIgeTANa / `sYrxøÜnÉg layLMedaykarrnÆtkñúgcitþ RkeLkemIlmuxPriya`edayGssgÏwm .

`nwkeXIjeragcRkd2 . KiteTAsagRbZaneragcRk KatEtgEtCYykarBarBYkeyIg . «LÚv»sUrzaKat

manbJºa . `nwkeXIjehgEdlEtgRsLajrabGan`RKbeBlevla . eBleXIjeKmkdwkBYk` ehg eZVI

muxdUcexµac ehIyKatza `nwgKµanOkasmkeragcRkvijeT . etIeKmansgS&yGVIß /

`xMRbwgnwker]gepSgedIm|IedjrUbPaBGaRkkecjBIxYrk|al` EteTaHCaxMyagNa k*vaenAEtmklg

Canic© . `xMepþatEPñkemIlexan CMnitrbsPMu RbZanmnÞIrk15 . exankMBugcrcaCamYyGñkTTYlxusRtUv

eBTü75 . enATIlaneBTüGñkCmáWBaseBj GñkxøHemIlmkeyIgmþg> . briyakasKµanGVIEbøkCagkalBI`

ZøabeXIjenaHeT . bnÞabBIGñkCmáW7nak:neLIgLan exank*bJ¢aoebIkeTAtampøÚvmunIvgSeTAtMrgeTATis

xagt|Úg . LanecHEteTAmuxehIyk*cUlykpøÚvRtskEpÁm ebIk:nbnþicQbctenAmuxeKhdðand*ZMmYy Edl

manpøak <<RksYgksikmµ >> . eKoeyIgcuHBILan . eyIgnaMKñaxøHQr xøHGg<úyenAelIcieJ©ImzñlmuxRksYg

ksikmµ . pøÚvRtskEpÁmsáatRCgM .

eyIgsYrKñaeTAvijeTAmkedIm|IrkmUlehtuEdleKnaMeyIgmkRksYgksikmµ . xøHzaenAkñúgRksYgman

vtþmanrbs nn sYn eQµaHbdivtþn¾KW nn C&y rdðmRnþIRksYgksikmµ . KitminTanecjpg Rsab´EteXIj

LandwkmnusSmYyebIksMedAmkrkBYkeyIg ehIyk*ctenAEk|rLaneyIg . eyIgsYrxøÜnÉg etIBYkenHCaKña

Égßk*minEmnKñaÉg / dleKnaMKñacuH eyIgk*lanmanRKb>Kñaza BYkeyIgeTetI . BYkmkBIGg<rC&y .

RkumenHecjBIk15CmnaneyIgedIm|IeTAbMeBjParkic©enAksidðanrdðGg<rC&y . eyIgeXIjmitþeyIgcuHBILan

yagRtdabRtdYs edIresÞIrminrYc manrUbPaBdUcBYkenAessslBIsøabbnÞabBI:ncUlrYmeZVImhadMeNIrkar

CamYyRbZanemA . mñak>s<mryIkryak dMe¶eBjxøÜn ehIyEs|kexµARBIk exøaceRkamkMedAézá . `xSwb

R:bmitþmñakza eXIjKñaeyIgmkBIGg<rC&y nwkeXIjPaBynþ <<mhadMeNIrCamYyRbZanemA>> . Kat

tbza KatnwkeXIjBYkeTIbEtecjBIKukggwt . GñkmkBIGg<rC&yTaMgGsmanTwkmuxesøksøaMgdUcmnusSsøab.

65

kñúgcMeNamenaH manmitþCitsñiTÆrbs`mñak eZVIo`cabGarmµN¾CageK . kñúgry;eBlEt3 ExesaH BYkExµr

Rkhm:neZVIoKatmanv&ycasdUcCamnusSCra .

XXX

66

t aex µA

exanbnÞabBI:ncUleTAkñúgRksYgksikmµRbmaNknøHemag k*:necjmkvijehIyR:beyIgoeLIg

LanbnþdMeNIreTAmuxeT[t . eyIgGacbþÚrKñaCiHLanNak*:n . GñkGg<rC&ylaynigGñkeragcRk . Lan

k*ecjBIRksYgksikmµtRmgeTAk|alzñl . `nwkeXIjkalCag10qñaMmun `ósSah¾kattamenHeTAPUmikMeNIt

enAsÁag ekaHZM . LanebIkdlcakGERg taexµA . enARkugtaexµAenAmuxeKhdðanmYyEdleyIgs<alzaCa

pÞHmitþeyIgmñakEdlenAkñúgLanCamYyeyIg TaMgGsKñalYcemIleTAKat ÉKatvijenAGg<úyesá{m ykEPñk

emIleTAeCIgKatvij . bnþiceRkaymk zul EdlGg<úyenACit` lanmattic>R:b`edayjjwmza “RbEhl

eKdwkeyIgeTAtaexµA eTAmnÞIrk9 . ebIeTAk9manxøÜnkMuRBYy minGtdUcenAk15eT ” . kalenARsuk:raMg

zuler[nxagtm|ajenATIRkuglIl . kalmuneTAeragcRk KatnigPriyaZøabsenAmnÞIrk9 . LanecHEtebIk

eTAmux zul kanEtc|askñúgcitþza tRmgeTAtaexµA k9 KatniyayedayjjwmmþgeT[t Erkgela`sþab

min:n “ebIeTAtaexµAdUcKñasµanEmn eyIg:nRsYlehIy eyIgmanEpøeQI mansøwkeQIsMbUr ”. mitþ`Bit

CaniyayRtUv eRBaHGIenAsgxagpøÚv `eXIjedImeQIRKbmux TaMgtUcTaMgZMRssbMRBg søwkex[vRsgat

rsrevIk . `eXIjedImem[n edImsUda TwkedaHeKa RkUczøúg eck .l. `nwkeXIjtMbnEdl`ZøabrsenAkalBI

mun . ERBktUctaexµA cakGERg ERBkGMbil sÁagekaHZM . dImatTenø dIl|ab manCIrCatidaMGIk*duHEdr.

LanebIkputBIpøÚvcakekAs)U cUldlpøÚvRkehgRkhUgtamkEnøg . GñkbrLanTMngCaCnCatiPaKticenA

esá{m GtniyayGIdEdl . ÉexanenAGg<úyCitKat k*GtR:beyIgzaeTANaEdr . k*buEnþzulKatElg

qáleT[tehIy . eKc|asCadwkeyIgeTAmnÞIrtaexµAk9 . `sþabKat GtniyayGIeT beNþaytamvasna

eTANaeTAcuH .

ézácabeRTtehIy . Lan:nbJÄbenAmuxpÞHek|}gmYy . enACitenaHeKeXIjmanpÞHzµmYy manbIElVg

manedImxVitnigedImTwkedaHeKa . zulniyayRtUv . CapøÚvcUlmnÞIrtaexµAk9 . eKoeyIgcuHBILan bnÞabmkeK

catoeyIgeTAenAtampÞH . GñkenAlIv ßKµanRKYsarmkCamYyenAmñakÉg rsenAtamePT . CnmñakÉgxag

burs rsenAtamburs ÉxagnarItamnarI . ÉcMENkGñkmanbþIRbBnÆCMuKña rsenAtamGñkmanRKYsar . eK

RbKlopÞHBIredIm|IEckCabnÞb eKdakvaMgnnx&NÐ .

KN;tMNagGg<karenAtaexµamnÞIrk9man4rUb ;

1-yut manDtUcRkGaj GayuRbmaN30qñaM eZVICaRbZan

2-eh[k manZMx¬s kUnecAcin GayuRbmaN25qñaM GnuRbZan

3 -v¨an GayuRbEhl25qñaM QøbTTYlbnÞúkxagsnþisux nigeLIgedImetñat

4-ec[k Gayu16qñaM snþisux Qøb nigciJ©wmstV

enAkñúgbrievNmnÞIr manpÞHeQIRbkek|}gmaM> h)MuB&TÆedayrukÎCatiRKbmux eZVIo`sYrxøÜnÉgza kalBI

edImCavtþGar¨ameTdwg / EtedayKµanRBHvihar eKminGaczaCaGtItTIvtþGar¨ameT . láacézádEdl emag6

sñÚrCYgbnøWeLIgCasJÃaoeyIgeTACYbKñaenAerag:y . eKoeTAhUb:y . enAeBlenaHeyIg:nCYbGñkmkBI

breTs10nak EdlenATIenHrhUtmk . eyIgeTIbmkdl50nakbEnæm dUecñHcabBIézáenHeTAmnÞIrk9taexµA

manRbCaCn60nakrsenA . eRkaymkcMnYnenHecHEtzycuH edaysarkñúg2-3 ézámþgGg<kar:ndwkecj

BimnÞIrenHmþg4ß5nak . dMbUgeyIgKitsµanza mitþeyIgKµaneTANaeRkABIeTAbMeBjParkic©Gg<karRbKlo

67

enaHeT . eRkaymkeTIbeyIgdwgza BYkEdlecjenH KWeKykeTAeZVITaruNkmµrhUtdlsøabenATYlEsøg.

enAelItu manbbreQµallayGg,rmYyRKab> layCamYybEnøyagxab ehIynigsmømYymux . eKoeyIg

hUbtamcitþ . hUb:yehIy yut RbZanmnÞIrXateyIgoenAcaMRbCMu . eKGtniyayGIeRcIneT . eKRKanEt

cattaMgCaBYk CaRkumedIm|Ibg,beg,Inpl ;

1-Rkumcas> xagRbus> manParkic©pSaMGMeBA

2-RkumyuvCn eZVIERscMkar P¢Ürras

3 -RkumsMNg ruHerIpÞH ßsgpÞH

RsþI>manbþImkCamYyEckCaBIrBYk ;

-BYkTI1 eZVI:y nigBYkTI2cuHeZVIBlkmµCamYynarIxøÜnmYy . RkumRsþIenAlIv eZVIBlkmµdUcCaCMrHesµA

sMGatdIedIm|IdaMdMNaM .

BIrézáb¨ueNÑaHeRkayBYkeyIgmkdl karEdleyIgsgÏwmzaenACMrMutaexµAenHnwgZUrRsalCagk15 k*

:nrlaysUnüeTAvij . yuttMNagGg<kar nigbkSBYkeK:ncabGnuvtþn¾maK(ats)UvNÑ;dacxatminsMruHsMrYl

minrazyCamYyBYkGnuZn bJÃCn dUcBYkeyIgTaMgGsKña . eKbMpuskarts)UrbqaMgnwgesrIniym nigsnþi

sm&¬nÆ . CaCakEsþg eKhamdacxatminoesrIkñúgkarniyaysþI minoCYbKñaelIBIBIrnak minoerIsßebH

EpøeQITTYlTanedayKµankarGnuJÃatBIGg<kar minoZøakxøÜnQWedayesrI ebIec[sminrYc kMuQWedayesrI

enAmñakÉgRtUveTAenAeRkam “pÞHeBTü ” EdleKeZVIenAeRkampÞHrbsRbZanyut . eKhamminohUbbbro»sUr.

ehtuEdldakvin&ytwgEtgrbsGg<karbdivtþn¾EbbenH edaysarGñkTTYlxusRtUvylza BYkeyIgmk

BIGg<rC&y manGakb|kiriyaesrIniym RbqaMgnwgbdivtþn¾ . :nn&yza BYkeKmanninñakarneya:yesrI

niym KitEtBIer]ghUbcuk lYcerIsEpøeQIhUbedayesrI . eBlhUb»sUrdUcRCUk . ehIyCaBiessBYkGñk

mkBIGg<rC&yh)anTiet[nGg<karzaGyutþiZm( eZVI:bBYkeK . BYkmkBIGg<rC&y:nniyayR:beyIgza enA

TIenaH kargarRtUvsMrukhalézá halePø{g . ehIyrbbhUbcukGtEqÁt . :ylayeBatBakkNþal

cMnYn3 00RkamkñúgmYyeBl . eZVIkarkñúgPkralézá . ybeLIgmUsxaM KµankEnøgedkRtwmRtUv . KµanGnam&y

GVITaMgGs EzmBIelIenHbriyakasexµAggwt sµúKsµajrhUtdleBlxøH manelIkkñúgmITIg zamitþeyIgEdl

eKbJ¢ÚnoeZVIkarenAGg<rC&yCaxµaMg snþism¬&nÆ esGIuGa kaehSeb mksIurUgépÞkñúg .l. BYkkmµaPi:lenA

Gg<rC&yxøHeT[t :nvayRbharKñaeyIg KMramKñaeyIgcM> ehIyeKlYcyk«v¨anKñaeyIg ehIyebICnEdl

RtUveKeZVI:btv¨a eKzamUlehtuEdleKGaclYcGñkÉg:neRBaHBYkGñkÉgenAman«v¨anoeKlYc . dUecñHBYk

GñkÉgRtUvk|tvNÑ;teTAeT[t oGsmanGVIoeKlYc . eday:n»sUrkarer[brabGMBIGMeBIéRBépSrbsBYkGñk

kankarenAksidðanrdðGg<rC&y BYkGñkRKbRKgenAmnÞIrtaexµAeKxwgNas edayzaBYkeyIgvayRbharGg<kar.

dUecñHehIyeKk*QboeyIgCYbKñaelIsBIBIrßbInakeLIgeTA . karhamdacxatenHKWRtUvGnuvtþn¾RKbeBl

evla24emag eTA24emag . sUm|IEteBlsMrak ßeBledkk*eKhamminoCYbKñaEdr . k*buEnþBYkCnrg

eRKaHmkBIGg<rC&ymYycMnYnTbmin:n ecHEteqø{tlYcxSwbexS{vR:bKñaeyIgodwg <<edIm|IZUrRTUg>> . mitþ

eyIg:nr¨ayr¨abGMBICIvPaBRbCaCnenAshkrN¾CitksidðanrdðGg<rC&yenaH . RbCaCnPaKeRcIn CaCn

Cemø{s . BYkeKmansPaBs<ms<aMg semø{kbMBakryIkryak . BYkKatRtUvGg<karcattaMgoeZVIkarrYmeBj>

68

emag ehIyohUber[g>xøÜntamRKYsarnImYy> . CaRTwsþImñak>:nGg,rnigeBatminTanbenøHcMnYn200Rkam .

edayhUbminEqÁt enAeBlGaceqø{t:n mñak>xMedIrrkkþam xüg RtIkñúgERs .

CaTUeTABYkkmµaPi:lenAGg<rC&y eKts)UvNÑ;ekþA . KWeKykBYkmitþeyIgeTAsgswk . eKylza

BYkGñkÉgZøab´RsYl RtUvlM:kmþg ZøabedkelIBUk edkpÞalenAelIdImþg .l. eKminGnuJÃatoQWeT ehIy

eBlNaQWeKbnæyrbbhUb . CamYyKñaenH k*manGñkmkBIGg<rC&yxøHTTYls<alza RbCaCnZmµtaKat

mineZVI:bBYkeyIgeT pÞúyeTAvijKatlYcCYyBYkeyIg . mitþ`xøHniyayza BYkkacsahavTaMgGsenaH

minEmnCaGñkEdlrsenATIRkugTaMgGseT xøHCakmµaPi:lExµrRkhmmkBItMbnsÁagekaHZM minEmnmkBIéRBPñM

qáaydacRsyalÉNaeT . mnusSlÁk*dUcCaCnkacsahav manmkBIRKbtMbnlayKña . minEmntMbnenH

manEtBYklÁ tMbnenaHmanEtBYkGaRkkeT . manxøHeT[tGHGagza BYkGñkeZVI:bBYkeyIgenAGg<rC&yCaBYk

RbqaMgnwgmaK(aGg<karEdldwknaMedayb¨ulBt, eG[gsarI . kñúgqñaM1977 eyIg»sUrBaküccamGar¨amza

kmµaPi:lZM>EdlkþabksidðanrdðGg<rC&ydUcCa nn sYn, rs jwm RtUv:nGg<karcab.

ralézáeyIgeRkakBIdMeNkenAemag4nig30naTI ehIyeyIgcab´eZVIkarenAem¨ag5PøW . eyIgeZVIrhUtdl

emag11RBwk bnÞabmkeyIghUbbbrravEdleBlxøH eKlayCamYycMNitdMLÚgeQI CYnkaldMLÚgCVa eBat

ßKllºúg .

-dMLÚgeQI ; eKyksMbkecj ehIylagTwkrYccitCacMNitesþIg> ehIyhalézáosáÜt . munnwg

ykmklaybbr eKykeTARtaMTwk dlbbrBuHrIkGg,r eKdakdMLÚgeQIenHcUl . dakcUlehIyRtUvósSah¾

kUrbbredIm|IkMuodMLÚgRkaMg:txÞHnaMoexøac .

-dMLÚgCVa ; eKekassMbkehIylagecj rYcykmkcitCadMu> ehIydaklaybbrkMBugEtBuH 10

naTIeRkaymkdMLÚgqÁin .

-Kllºúg ; eKykKllºúgmkcitßsecjoGs ehIylagTwkosÁat . bnÞab´mkeKykmkcitß

QusoesþIg> ehIylayGMbilosBVedayRc:ccuHRc:ceLIgyagyUreTIbykeTARsuHnwgTwkekþA rYcehIy

BUtykTwkecjoRsseTIbbgcUleTAkñúgbbr .

-eck ; eKykeckNaMv¨a cas> ykeTAesáar rhUtdlqÁin rYcykeTAbksMbkecj eTIbykcit

CacMNitesþIglµm eTIb:nykeTAbgkñúgbbr .

-eBat ; eKykeBateTAQUs rYcykeTAbgkñúgbbrEdlkMBugBuH . 10 ß15naTI eTIbqÁin .

eyIghUbbbrCamYysmømYymux EdlmansøwkbHCaRbcaM . enAtaexµAsMbUrsøwkbHNas. eRkayeBl

hUbbbrehIy esÞIrralézáeKEckkgGMeBAEdlsleRkayBIeKykzñaMgeTApSaM . hUbehIy20naTI ßknøH

emageRkaymk eyIgcuHbnþkargarrhUtdlem¨ag5láac . eyIghUb:yláacrYcsMrakbnþicehIycabeZVIkar

BIemag6ß6knøH rhUtdlemag9yb . eBlybeyIgsMGatmnÞIrk9 dUcCaCMrHesµA e:s sMGat Esg

sMramnigEbEL ykeTAecal .l. eBlybggwt GtmanBnøWelakEx eyIgGuCPñksMramßEmkeQIbMPøW .

eRkayBIbJ©bkargarrYcehIy eyIgRtUvRbCMuCIvPaBBI15naTIeTAknøHemagralyb . kmµviZIRbCMuKWsrubkargar

knøgmk nigdakTisedAkargarsMrabézáEsÁk . bnÞab´mkeyIgsMGatxøÜnrYccUlsMrak. buEnþCakEsþgeKmin

Tan:nsMrakPøameT eRBaHkñúgbnÞbEdlbiT:MgedaykenÞl mñak>GuCceg,{gpøúg>edIm|IlabdMe¶ßsMGatmux

rbYsepSg> .

69

ebIeTaHCaKñaeyIgxMsMrbsMrYlykcitþtMNagGg<karyagNak*eday k*tMNagGg<karyutkanEtmin

sb|aycitþeLIg>CamYyBYkeyIg . c|abkanEttwg mºÚbTTYlkanEtticeTA> ÉkargarkanEteRcIneLIg>.

eKbMpusoBYkeyIgmkBIeragcRksÁbBYkmkBIGg<rC&y . bMEbkbM:kKñaeyIgedIm|IRsNukRtYt . eKecaTza

BYkmkBIGg<rC&y eZvIomanbJºa suTÆswgEtBYkEkmineLIg . PaBtantwgenHeZVIoeyIgmankarrkaMrkUs

rvagKñaeyIgEdr . eyIgsMuoBYkeyIgQbniyayGaRkkBIGg<kar QbeZVIoeKxwg QbniyayBIGg<rC&y

BYkeKkaneCIgKñaeK .

`mkdlRsukCit4Ex EtenAEtmindwgGVITaMgGs eRkABIBt(manEdl:nTTYlBIviTüúkm¬úCaRbCaZibetyü

EdlmaneG[gsarI kankab . eK»Etts)UvNÑ; vaykMeTcxµaMg C&yCMnH mhaelatepøaH mhaGas©arü

RKbvis&y . eyIgBi:kylza eG[gsarI manTisedAykBYkeyIgEdlmkBIbreTsenHeZVIGVINas . eRkayBI

:nrsenAk15 eyIg:neRkbCJ¢kGVIeTAEdleKehAza eragcRkkm¬úCaRbCaZibetyü. eyIgmankarxkcitþ

hYsBIkarsµan eRBaHGVI>EdleyIgeXIjpÞalnwgEPñk vaxusRsLHdUcemXnigdI BIkarEdleKeXasna .

eKykkmµkr ykGñkbec©keTs ykvisVkroeTAeZVIERs ehIyykGñkEdlminmanbTBiesaZn¾GVIesaHkñúg

er]geragcRk omkeZVICakmµkrCMnYsvij . BYkkmµkrzµI EdlPaKeRcInCayuvCn ßkumar PaKeRcInGtecH

GkSr CakUnGñkCnbT GtEdls<alTIRkug KñamankarZujzb kñúgbrievNeragcRkmYytUcedIreTANamin:n

NaEbkBIRKYsar nigPUmikMeNItrbsxøÜn eZVIoeKTaMgLay:tGtþsJÃaN :tßsKl RbQmmuxnwg

kargareragcRkEdleKGt:neRt[mer[nsURtGVIesaH . emþceLIyeKminKitza kumarenAv&yekµgx©IdUecñH eKRtUv

karer[nsURtkñúgmCÄdðanRKYsarPUmikMeNIteK .

ÉcMENkmitþeyIgEdl:neRkbCJ¢kksidðanrdðGg<rC&yvij eK:neXIjGVI>enACnbTkm¬úCa . eKyk

mnusSeTAeZVIkaredayGtRtaRbNI . bgÁtGahar KMramkMEhgdUcstVZatu . eragcRkk*Casæannrk ksidðan

rdðk*sæannrk enAkñúgmnÞIrksagxøÜnk*Casæannrk . enAslshkrN¾EdleyigminTanZøab´rsenA . EtebI

tamBt(manEdleyIgTTYlBImitþeyIgmkBIGg<rC&y CIvPaBksikrenAshkrN¾minRsYlCagCIvitBYkeyIgeT.

GVI>Edl`:neXIj :n»CasakSItaMgBImkdlRsukvapÞúydUcemXnigdI nUvGVIEdleG[gsarI :nGHGagenA

eBleKCYbeyIgenAbreTs . `niyayeRcInBIeG[gsarI eRBaHKatCaGñkehABYkeyIgmk . BitehIy rhUt

mkdleBlenH `KµanlTÆPaB:nBinitüpÞalnwgEPñkhYsBIkEnøgbnþicbnþÜcEdleKo`rsenAenaHeT . eTaH

bICa eXIjminTan:nRKbRKank*eday k*`Gackþab:nza RKbkEnøgEdl`:neXIj nig:n» KWkarrsenA

GtesrIPaB GtsuPmg<l Gt:y . eXIjdUecñH `sYrxøÜnÉgza ehtudUcemþc:nCa`emIlmineXIjBImun

mk / mUlehtumkBI`minRBmeC] /

enAeBl`cUlmkdlPøam enAmnÞIrk15 `dwgxøÜnza `ZøakkñúgsæannrkehIy k*buEnþeTaHCayagenH

k*eday k*mankUnstiGarmµN¾mYylYcsgÏwmza RbEhldleBlecjTIenHeTAeyIgnwg:nRsYleLIgvij.

dUecñH`RtUvxMrskñúgPaBlM:kteTAeT[tCabuK<l oEtCatiGacmankarrIkcMerIn karBarbUrNPaBTwkdIrbsxøÜn

:n . edIm|ICatiGacQaneTArkpøÚveTAkankarrIkcMerIn:n TalEtmankarpøasbþÚrkñúgsg<m . eRBaHCayUr

NasmkehIy sg<mCatieyIgGtmankarvivtþn¾GVICamUldðaneT . GVI>EdleyIgeXIjCarUbcmøak dUcCa

ng<&l keNþ{vRcUtRsUv reTHeKa .l. eyIgeXIjenAmandEdldUcKñaebHbiT .

70

esrIPaBCaBakümYyd*BieraHbMputEdlmñak>cg:n . edIm|IesrIPaB mnusSCaeRcIn RKbCMnan :n

BlICIvitrbsrbsxøÜn eRBaHeKylzaebIGtesrIPaB GtRbCaZibetyü eyIgminGaceZVIGVIekIteT . etIsBVézá

enAkñúgrbbsBVézá RbCaBlrdðmanesrIPaBßeT / etIkmµkreragcRkmanesrIPaBßeT / etIksikrmanesrI

PaBedIrehIrßeT / eyIgeqøIyza rbbsBVézábgÎMoExµrrskñúgPaBCaTaskr . eBleKRtUvkmøaMg eKzaeyIg

naMKñats)U rYmKñaZøúgmYyedIm|Iksagsg<mEdlmanesrIPaB nigRbCaZibetyü dl:nGMNacehIy eKbMbiT

esrIPaBGsrlIg . nwkeXIjdlenHeyIgkanEtmankarQWcabcMeBaHvasnaeyIgCabuK<lpl cMeBaHvasna

sg<mCatieyIgpg . eyIgRtUvRbQmuxkñúgkareRCIserIspøÚvedIrd*lM:k ßmYyesµaHRtgxøÜnÉg eyIgnwgsøab´

ßmYysMrb RbEhlGac:nrs /

kabdIdaMdMLÚgCVabeNþIr vNÑa nisSitmkBIRsþasb)Ur niyaybeNþIr << mitþeGIyemIlqÁwgCMnIr`cuH

`cuHs<mGs30KILÚehIytaMgBI10ExEdl`mkBIRsuk:raMg `ehvNas emck*eKeZVI:beyIgemøH />>

-RTaMbnþiceT[teTAmitþeGIy bnþiceT[tRbEhlCaeyIg:nZUrvijehIy . eyIgxMniyayelIkTwkcitþ

Kat .

eBlenaHTUTaMgRbeTs Gg<karbnþGMBavnavots)UvNÑ;o:nRsYcRsaveLIgEzmeT[t . :nn&yza taMg

BIbriyakaskñúgkareZVIkargark*bnþwg TaMgkarhUbcukk*bnþwg . Gg<karRbkasehIyRbkaseT[tza ts)U

RbqaMgsRtUvbreTsvaRsYl eRBaHGg<kardwgza eKCasRtUvCamYyeyIg Etkarts)UkMcatsRtUvépÞkñúg mankar

sµúKsµajeRcIn .

RBwkmYyenAedImExtula qñaM1976 ePø{gZøakeCaKCaMdIenAmnÞIrtaexµA . enAkardðaneyIgkMBugnaMKñakab´

GMeBAmkpSaMdUceyIgEtgeZVICaer[gralézámk . RsabEtevlaemag10 eyIg»sUrsemøgCYgxÞrxÞarmþgehIymþg

eT[t . eyIgdwgza CasJÃaehAoeyIgeTARbCMu . eyIgedIrbeNþIr sYrKñabeNþIr eRkamTwkePø{gZøak cg

dwgza eKmaner]gGIGeJ©H / eyIgRtUvecjBItaexµAeTdwg /

edIreTAdlCitkEnøgRbCMu zn nKr:ls¬aykaMePøIgelIsµaERskoeyIgRbjabeTARbCMu . enAkEnøgRbCMu

GñkdwknaMmnÞIrTaMgGsenAcaMeyIgCaeRsc . CYbCMuKñaGsehIy yutRbZanmnÞIr:nebIksm&yRbCMu <<eyIg`

manbJºad*ZánZármYy ykmkóeTÞsnamoTaMgGsKñadwg . buEnþCabfm `sMukMuobgbÁÚnP\akepÁIl eRBaHkñúgkar

ts)UEtgEtmanCYbRbTHnwgkarsµúKsµaj . ehIyCaBiessenAeBlEdlGg<karkMBugdeNþIm:nC&yCMnH sRtUv

eyIgk*xMrkmeZüa:yRKbEbbyagedIm|IkMeTceyIg CaBiesstamry;meZüa:ybg,bsIurUgépÞkñúg . k*buEnþzVI

t|itEtmankarsµúKsµaj lM:kyagNak*eday k*xµaMgminGaceZVIosÞHbdivtþn¾:nEdr . ehIyeRkammaKa(

d*mhaPøWsVag mhaGs©arü Gg<karbdivtþn¾ nwgc|asCa:nTTYlC&yCMnHCaGvsanþ >> . eyIgmñak>lYc

emIlmuxKña cgdwgza eKcg:nGIhñwg / yut bnþ <<enAmnÞIrk9 k*manxµaMgbg,bsIurUgépÞkñúgEdr . EteTaH

CavaxMlak:Mgmuxd*GaRkkrbsvayagNak*eday k*KgézáNamYyvanwgeZøayPøatesñ{toeKeXIjZatuBit

rbsvaedayxøÜnÉg . karts)UvNÑ;d*ekþAKKukTUTaMgRbeTs CaGavuZmYyd*manRbsiTÆPaBedIm|IbkGaRkatxµaMg

sIurUgépÞkñúg>> .

eyIgenAEtminTandwg yutcgniyayzaGIoBitR:kdeT . EtminyUrbunµaneyIgk*:n»yutniyaydl

sacer]g <<ybmiujeqø{teBlybggwt Cnk|t ecAesgNug :nrtecjBImnÞIr . Gg<kar:ntamdanCn

k|tenHyUrehIy>> . eKniyaybeNþIr bgºajÉksark|tEdlmanes[vePACaPasa:raMgmYycMnYn EdleK

71

rkeXIjenAkñúg:LÚrbsCnrgeRKaH . ehIyyut GMBavnav <<ebImanGñkNadwgBIKMeragrbsecAesgNug sUm

mksarPaB Gg<karnwgelIkElgeTaso >>. dMNwgenHeZVIoeyIgZøakezøImkþúk rnÆt resHresaHkñúgcitþRKb´>

Kña EtKµanecjsþIGVIeLIy . eyIgdwgza ecAesgNug CamnusSsøÚtRtg minEmnk|t ßCaPñakgaresGIuGa ß

kaehSebGIdUceKecaTeT . eBlRbCMucbBYkExµrRkhm eKRbjabRbjaleTAedjtamrk <<Cnk|t >> ecA

esgNug . ÉcMENkBYkeyIgvijRbCMucbehIy eKbJ¢aoeTAbnþkargarer[g>xøÜnteTAeT[t . ePø{geCaKCaM

dItaMgBIRBwkmk enAEEtZøakbnþeT[t . emXhakdUcCaZøabmkTab cgZøakmkelIk|aleyIg . `edIreTA

kardðaneRkamTwkePø{gedayKµanviJÃaNenAkñúgxøÜnhakdUcCaZmµCatipþnÞaeTasGMBIkarkMsakrbsmnusSelak.

`nwkeXIjkal`CYbecAesgNug enARsuk:raMg . `nwkeXIjeBleyIgCYbKñaenApÞHvisVkrmñakEdlmanPriya

Zøaber[nmZümsikSaCamYyecAesgNug . kalenaHenAqñaM1973 . vahakdUcCayUrehIyEmn k*b¨uEnþ`

nwkeXIj eBlCYbenHc|asRkELtenAeLIy . hUb:ybeNþIr eyIgBiPakSaKñaelgbeNþIr . eyIghUb

TaéxV smøm¢ÚreRK]g qaxatNa kMdredayRsaRkhmpg . suriyaempÞHniyayekatsresIrmindacBImat

ecAesgNug mitþcasrbsKat søÚtbUt rmüTmdUcRsIRkmMu EtebIer]ger[nvij BUEkelxmYybUteKrhUt.

esgNug »sUrsuriyasresIrdUecñaHeLIgmuxRkhmdUcCamindwgeqøIyzaemc . eGHGujmYysnÞúHKatk*eqøIytb

<<`TTYls<alza `cUlcitþer[ncMeNaT rUbsaRsþ nigKImI k*buEnþ`minsUvykcitþTukdakemIles[vePAer[n

xagGkSrsaRsþ nigmnusSsaRsþeT dlmkdlRsuk:raMgeXIjza kUnsisSenARsukeK manvb|Zm(TUeTA

eRcInCageyIgqáayNas . eBlenaHesgNug sgÏwmza eBlKateTAdlRsukvij KatnwgGacyk

cMeNHviC¢aKateTACYyeZVIkarenAmnÞIrBiesaZn¾mYyenAkñúgRbeTskm¬úCa . KatcUlcitþEter[n minsUvcUlcitþ

niyayGVI«tRbeyaCn¾eT .

eBl`mkdltaexµA `eXIjKatedkenAeRkampHrbsyut RbZanmnÞIrtaexµA . eBlenaHyuteK:n

ykeRkampÞHeKeZVICamnÞIreBTü eRBaHeKmincgoGñkCmáWedkenApÞHEtÉg> eZVIoeKBi:kRtYt . Baküccam

Gar¨amza esgNug minRBmcuHeTAeZVIkaredayykelszamanCmáW . k*buEnþtamBitKatGtQWGIeT . tamemIl

esgNug sMerccitþmincuHeTAeZVIkargar eRBaHKatcgbgºajza KatminRBmcuHjmCamYykarek[bsg,t

pþackarrbsGg<kar . cMeBaHBYkkmµaPi:lvij GñkNaEdleZVIdUcecAesgNug CamnusSEdlRbRBwtþpÞúy

nwgkarENnaMrbsGg<kar . dUecñHeKk|tnwgmaKa(arbsGg<kar . Gñkk|tnwgmaKa(rbsGg<karRtUveKcatTuk

zaCaxµaMg ßk*CaExSry;rbsxµaMg . mkdlkEnøgeZVIkarvij `eXIjKñaeyIgmñak>resHresaH EtKµanecjsþI

GVIeLIy . TaMg`TaMgeK eyIgmanGarmµN¾epþateTAelIecAesgNug EteyIgmincgoeKelIkyker]genHmk

niyayeT . ÉcMENkxøÜn`vij `RsémeTAeXIjKatkMBugedIrmñakÉgenAkñúgéRB . eRBaH`nwkkñúgcitþza Kat

minGacedIrenAvaleT eRBaHRtUvkarlakxøÜn . dUecñHKatedIrkñúgéRBsMedAeTATisxaglic eTARBMRbTlEdnéz.

eRBaHtamemIl ebI`eZVIdUcKat c|asCartsMedAeTATisxaglic eTArkRsukesrI eyIgminGacrteTARsuk

kumµúynisþdUcKñaeT . edIm|ItMrgeTATisxaglic ec[svagTIval ßkEnøgNamanmnusSenAvaBi:kNas eK

GacvegVg . etIecAesgNug KateZVIyagemc edIm|IqøgkatTenø CaBiessenArdUvenHTwkhUrxøaMgNas ehIy

Kats<mslEtqÁwgyagenH qøgdUcemþcrYc /

72

`sþayeRkay eBleXIjKat `minKYrNaminrkmeZüa:yedIm|ICYbKat . ebI:nCYbKatniyayKña

`k*GscitþEdr . EtenHCakarkMsakrbs` cgrYcxøÜn . dwgTukÎZur;KñaeBlsMbUrsb|ay dleBlGtXøan

lM:k `EtgEtykelsedIm|IrYcxøÜn .

CaZmµtaralláaceyIgGacbJ©bkarRbCMuenAem¨ag9yb´ . cbehIyeyIgRbjabRbjalrtmkpÞHedIm|I

muCTwksMGatxøÜn . eyIgxitxMedayRbjabRbjalbMputedIm|ITukeBlsMGatdMe¶ nigrbYs ßCmáWEs|kepSg>

Edlmñakmaner[g>xøÜn . rYcralGsehIy eyIgGaccUleTAsMrak . k*buEnþtaMgBIézáEdlecAesgNug :n

rt:teTA RbZanyut eKyleXIjza snþisuxenAkñgmnÞIrtaexµAnwgGacmanbJºa edaysarmanxµaMgnigExS

ry;varkmeZüa:ybg,Gsnþisux . dUecñHGg<karoeyIgdakevnKñayammñakkñúg1emagralyb . eyIgyam

édTeTr KµanGavuZyuTÆP&NÐGVIsMrabkarBarxøÜneT . eyIgsYrKñaza etIyamedIm|IGVI / eKzaeyIgyamERkgela

eXIj <<xµaMg>> EdlrteTAenaHRtLbmkvij ßERkgxµaMgecAesgNug eTARbmUlExSesGIuGa KatmkGukLúk

kñúgmnÞIr . ÉcMENkeyIgGñkyamvij eyIgTaMgGsKñadwgxøÜnza eKoeyIgyamdUecñHedIm|IoeyIgTTYlxus

RtUv ERkgelamanKñaeyIgNamYyeT[tlYcrt . eyIgyamCaeRcInyb´mk GtmaneXIjxµaMgEdlrteTAmk

vij ßk*naMExSry;KatmkGukLúk QøanBanmnÞIrtaexµAeT . eyIgmanEtmUs nigkøinbg<nGacm¾ vaysMruk

QøanBaneyIgeday«tRsakRsanþ . dMbUgeyIgyamenAeRkampÞH . ybggwtQwg cakEPñkminyl. eday

eKoeyIgyammñakmYyemag RbBnÆ`nig`suxcitþyamBIremagCamYyKñaEtmþg .

edaysarsPaBkarN¾kñúgCMrMukanEtlM:keLIg mitþeyIgxøHxwgnwgecAesgNug eRBaHedaysarKat

eZVIepþspþasyagenH :nCaBYkkmµaPi:leKeZVI:beyIg . <<CIviteyIgenAkñúgkNþabédeK eyIgminRtUveZVIGVI

oeKTascitþBYkeyIgeT>> . eTaHCaeyIgxMeZVIkarpg xMyamybpg k*briyakasenAkñúgmnÞIrkanEttwgEtg

eLIg>dEdl . eyIgeZVIGVIk*xusEdr . eKzaKñaeyIgxYrEkmineLIg . enAeRkamkarek[bsg,td*twgEtgEbb

enH eyIgminh)anehIbmateT . bunµanézáeRkay enAeBlTTYlTan:yézáRtg eh[k GñkTTYlxusRtUv

xagsnþisux :nniyayedaycMGkza <<eTANarYc eKceTANak*minputBIGg<karcab:nEdr >> . tamdMNwg

elc»xSwbexS{vza Gg<karcab:nenAeBlKatEhlTwkqøgTenø . taMgBIézá:ndMNwgenHmk eyIgecHEt

caMemIlecAesgNug mktaexµAvij . dMNwgenHk*:tsáatrhUtmk . dlqñaM1979 `:neXIjeQµaHKat

enATYlEsøg . enAkñúgKuk eK:neZVITaruNkmµoKatsresrsarPaBza Kat:nCiHynþehaHcUlRsukCamYy

b)unnI Priya` ehIykaler[nenARsuk:raMg Kat:ncUleZVIkarCaTIPñakgaresIubkarsmáatrbs:raMg . eK:n

smøabKatenAcugqñaM1976 KWeRkayeBlEdleKcab:nbnþic .

ÉenAtaexµAvij eKbnæyrbbhUbcukeyIgmYykMritEzmeT[t . «LÚvenHdlzñakhUbKllºúg . kal

enABItUc `Etg»ÓBukmþay` eBlNaRsukmanclacl raMgsáÜteRcInqñaMCabnþbnÞab dIeLIgEbkRkEhg

rukÎCatigab´Gs RtBaMgbwgbYrrIgsáÜt eBlenaHedImßsSIecjp,a . eBlßsSIecjp,a mann&yza mnusSGt

:yEmnETn eXIjGg,rmYyRKabCabnwgknÞúyEq, k*vaydeNþImKñasIuEdr . eBlenaHehIymnusSstVsøab´

rg<al edIm|IrseKykKllºúgmkCMnYsGg,r . «LÚvenHcugqñaM1976 mnusSGtXøan eyIgGtman:yTTYl

Tan k*buEnþePø{gZøakesÞIrralézá rukÎCatiRssbMRBg ehIyGtmanßsSINamYyecjp,aesaH EbrCaeyIgnaMKña

TTYlTanKllºúg edaysarmnusSeZVI:bmnusSKñaÉg .

73

CitmYyExeRkaymk yut RbZanmnÞIroeyIgbMeBjRbvtþirUb . eyIgmñak>RtUvbMeBjBIeQµaHedIm eQµaH

bdivtþn¾ Gayu TIlMenAmun17 emsa 1975 TIlMenAsBVézá kMritcMeNHviC¢a muxrbrmun17 emsa 1975

GMBIÓBukmþay GMBIbgbÁÚn GMBImCÄdðanesBKb GMBImitþPkþi (mitþbdivtþn¾ nigmitþminbdivtþn¾ ) .l. bMeBj

RbvtþirUbrYcehIy Gg<kark*cMrajykmitþeyIgRbmaN15nakecjBItaexµAedIm|IeTAbMerIGg<kar ßk*eTAedIm|ICYbCMu

RKYsar dUcCa k.z Gg<kar:nR:bKatza bþIKat (evC¢bNÐit n) eTIbmkdlBIRsuk:raMg ehIyGg<kar

GnuJÃatoKateTArsenACYbCMuKña . »sUrdUecñH kz GrNas jjwmjEjmlaeyIgedayRbjab´Rbjal

edIm|IeTACYbbþIrbsKatEdleTIbmkdlBIRsuk:raMgzµI> . Kat:nEbkBIbþIKatcUlRsukmuneK edIm|IrkkUn

EdlenAkñúgRbeTs . kalBIsm&ysg<mraRsþniym KatZøabeZVICaRKUbeRg[nenA:tdMbg . k.zmanrUbrag

sÁatNas KatCabvrkJÃaextþ:tdMbg . GñkxøHeC]za KatCakulab:tdMbgrbssIun sIusamut .

k.z :nrsenAkñúgmnÞIrtaexµAenHyUrCageK . taMgBIcUlRsuk:nbnþicmk eKykKatmkenATIenaH

rhUt ehIyGtEdloecjeTANaeT . eBl`mkdltaexµA `Etg»sUrBaküccamGar¨amza BYkkmµaPi:l

ExµrRkhmenAtaexµA eZVIyagdUecñHeRBaHedIm|Ieqø{tOkasrMelaPeZVI:bKat . mitþeyIgepSgeT[t EdleKdwk

ecjézáCamYykz manCaGaT¥ ; kg ZanI Edl`:nsresrBIKateRcInehIy kalenAk15nigeragcRk.

eK:ndwkykGñkKNitsaRsþ kg ZanI nigbÁÚnKat kg sIuLavNÐ sil|krxagKMnUr, muxsunQun bÁÚn

Rbusrbsv¨an BInI GtItGnurdðmRnþIRksYgkarbreTs nigmitþeyIgmYycMnYneTAdakbJ©ÚlKukTYlEsøg . bnÞab´

BIKñaeyIgTaMgenHecj:teTA:nmYyry; karrsenArbseyIgk*kanEttwgEtgeLIg>CalMdab . eyIgmkdl

taexµACit3 0ézáehIy . ézámYyExvicäika 1976 eKeXIjmitþexan tMNagGg<kar:neTAdltaexµA . mYy

RsbkeRkaymk evlaem¨ag10RBwk eK:nR:beyIgoer[bcM«v¨anedIm|IecjBItaexµA . GñkenAeZVIkarqáay>

RtUveKeTAehAomker[b«v¨anedayRbjab´RbjaledIm|Iecj . sUm|IEtbbrézáRtgqÁinehIy k*eKminoeyIg

hUbsinEdr eRBaHRbjab Gg<karRtUvkarCabnÞan . yut RbZanmnÞIr:noEpøxViteyIgmYymñak . eyIgGtdwgza

eTANaeT ehIysUm|IEteBaHenATeTrk*eyIger[bcMxøÜneLIgLanedayrIkray . LanebIkeTAmuxmþgbteqVg

mþgbtsþaM eyIgsYrxøÜnÉg eKnaMeyIgeTANamþgenH / mñak>TaykñúgcitþEter[g>xøÜn . xøHGtmin:nk*lan

matza eKykeyIgeTAmnÞIrk15vijeTdwg / rYcLanbtkateBTü17emsa eyIgsµanminRtUv . RsabEtcUl

eTAdlmNÐlpSaredImz,Úv Lank*QbenAmuxGtItsalabfmsikSabwgRtEbkxagt|Úg . eyIgElgqál ehIy

naMKñacuHBILan .

XXX

74

b wg Rt Eb k x agt , Úg (1 1 /7 6 -12 /7 6 ) eBleyIgedIrcUleTACMrMu manmitþeyIgxøHcaMTTYleyIgRbkbedayTwkmuxjwm> . tMNagGg<kar emIlkar

xusRtUveyIgmanBIrnak . RKanEtdakeCIgdldI maneKxSwbR:beyIgCaeRsc edIm|IoeyIgRby&tñxøÜnkMueZVI

epþspþas bgsIun nigbgmn kacNas . KatTaMgBIrCakmµaPi:lCnCatiPaKticmkBItMbnxageCIgén

RbeTskm¬úCa . enAeRkamtMNagGg<karTaMgBIrrUb dUcenACMruHepSg>eT[tEdr manKN;kmµkarsMrYlkarEdl

mansmasPaBExµrmkBIbreTs . eBleyIgeTAdl KN;kmµkarsMrYlenH mansmaCikdUcteTA ;

-sYs eha RbZan, RTI emghYt GnuRbZan nigtU TIePaK elxa .

sYs eha mkBIk15 ÉcMENkRTI emghYt mkBIeragcRk ehIyecjBItaexµAmuneKmunÉg . eBleyIg

eTAdl:nmYyEPøt eyIg:n»sUrBYkEdlrsenAmnÞIrbwgRtEbkenHniyayza muneyIgmkdl manmitþmkBI

breTsmYyRkum:nmkdl rYcehIydleBlláac BYkTaMgenaHkMBugEtcgmug er[bcUledkRsabEtmanLan

Gg<karmkdlehAeQµaHoeLIgLanykeTAvijedayykelsza Gg<karRcLMmnÞIr . eXIjdUecñHGñkenAbwg

RtEbkenHyUrehIy xøHR:beyIgza kMuGalerI«v¨anGs ERkgelaGg<karehAoeTAvij dUcBYkmkdleCIgmun.

enAeBlenaH eyIgmñak>sµanza eKykBYkTaMgenaHeTAmnÞIrepSgeT[tdUceKzaEmn buEnþeRkaymkeyIgenAEt

:tRkumEdleKykecjenHQwgdEdl rhUtdlExsIha1979 eyIg:ndwgza eKdwkykeTATYlEsøg

edIm|IeZVITaruNkmµehIyRbharCIvitKµanTuknrNamñakenArseLIy . kñúgcMeNamCnrgeRKaHTaMgenaHeKseg,t

eXIjCaGaT¥ ; GabemgeqgGIum saRsþacarüsklviTüal&y nigsVamI visVkr h)uy tan . KUsVamIPriya

TaMgBIrrUb :ner[bcMmg<lkarenARkug:rIs munnwgRtLbcUlkm¬úCavij . eBleKykGñkTaMgBIrrUbecj

GabemgeqgGIum kMBugeRt[mxøÜnsMrabkUndMbUg .

CMrMubwgRtEbkRtUv:nbeg,IteLIgeRkayeBlEdleKdwkeyIgoeTAeZVIkarenAeragcRk nigenAGg<rC&y. KW

CaCMrMuEdleKbeg,IteLIgedIm|ICMnYsCMrMuk15 taLI nigtaexµA . dUecñHCMrMubwgRtEbkCaCMrMucMruHmkBICMrMuepSg>sMrab´

ExµrmkBIbreTsenACMuvijRkugPñMeBj ehIymYycMnYneT[tsuTÆswgEtCaGñkEdleTIbcuHBIelIynþehaHmkdl

zµI> . enAry;eBlmYyézáeRkayeyIgmkdl eK:ncattaMgBYkeyIgoeTAenAtamRkum tamBYk Edlman

rYcehIy . eKGtoeyIgenApþMúKñaeT EteKbMEbkoeTAcUlRkumßBYkenHxøH enaHxøH . mankarcattaMgCarcna

sm&¬nÆdUcteTA ;

k-RkumkargarBlkmµ ; eyIgTaMgGsKñaRtUveRkakBIdMeNkenAem¨ag5RBwk . kargarmundMbUgRbcaMézáKWeZVI

Gnam&yenAtamTIlMenAer[g>xøÜn . bnÞabBIeZVIGnam&yeyIgcabepþImeZVIkarsg<mniym . KWeZVIsYndMNaMbEnø

RKbmuxedIm|IóbtæmÖxøÜn . rYcBIkargarsg<mniym eyIgRtUvbnþeTAeZVIkarsñÚl KW:nesckþIza CakargaredIm|I

rYmcMENkbg,beg,InplTUTaMgRbeTs . kargarsñÚlenHmanCaGaT¥ ;

-ksikmµ ; enAbwgRtEbk eyIgdaMdUg daMeck daMGMeBA nigbEnøepSg>dUcCaés¬ saLat xatNa

CIrRKb´mux pÞI eb¨ge:H lºúg emÞsepøak emÞsxµaMg . bEnøeLIgeRTIgdUcCa sENþkkYr eXøak RtLac

nenag RmH .l.nig.l.

75

eyIgdaMRKbmux nigRKbeBlevla KWeZVIyagNakMuomandITMenrenAkñúgbrievNmnÞIr . KWeyIgvaysMruk

tambTcMer[g <<daM daM daM kMuomansldImYycgÁam>> . eyIgykcitþTukdakNaskñúgkardaMduHenH . eyIg

CIkreNþAoRtUvtamxñat tammuxdMNaMnImYy>tamkarENnaMrbsGñkTTYlxusRtUvxagksikmµ . óTahrN¾

daMebge:HRtUvCIkreNþAbYnRCugEdlmanRbEvgmYyRCug>40edsIuEmRt nigCMerA40edsIuEmRt dUcKña . bnÞab´

mkeyIglubdIEdleyIgRCMuohµtenAkñúgdIEdleyIgbMrugdaMebge:HenaHomankMBs15edsIuEmRt . rYceyIg

dakCIr . eKykCIrelxmYyCamUldðan. rYceyIgbEnæmdIhµtoCiteBjreNþAeTIbcabykkUneb¨ge:HEdl

mankMBs20eTA25sgTIEmRt mkdaM . sUmbJ¢akza dUcenAmnÞIrepSg>eT[tEdr Gg<karhamminoeRbIbg<n

ZmµtaeT KWeyIgRtUveRbIbg<nbdivtþn¾vij . bg<nbdivtþn¾enHeKsgCatUb tUc>ehIydakZugsaMgRtgBIeRkam .

eBlbteCIgrYcehIy eyIgykepHdakBIelIedIm|IkMuoruyeramxøaMgeBk. edIm|Ikit eKeRbIsøwkeckgab . ÉTwk

enamCaCIrelx2 eKmankEnøgsnSMTukepSgeT[tEdr . eKykTwkenamlayTwkykeTAeRsacbEnøyksøwk .

eKykcitþTukdaknigsnSMCIrelx1nigCIrelx2Nas . dMNaMGIk*RtUvkarCIrenHEdr dUecñHmanb¨unµank*minsl

Edr . edIm|IbMeBjesckþIRtUvkar eKEckCaRkum vaysMrukRsavCavrkCIrelx1tambg<nBIsg<mcas . ebItam

karseg,ténGñkCMnajkarxagCIrelx1eBlenaHGHGagza CIrelx1EdlCaektP&NÐBIsg<mcasmanKuN

PaBlÁ CagCIrelx1CMnanbdivtþn¾ eRBaHzavamancMNasCag ehIylamkmanCatilÁCag eRBaHvaecj

mkBIGñkmanmºÚbGaharRKb´RKan .

x-RkumelIkPøWERs ; kñúgcMeNamkargarsñÚlsMxanCaGayuCIvitenAkñúgmnÞIrepSg>eT[t mankargarelIkPøWERs.

Gg<kardakTisRtUvykdIEdlenAsleRkABIdaMdMNaMcMkarenACMuvijbwgRtEbkoeTACavalERsTaMgGs . eBl

RBlwmeRkakBIdMeNkenAem¨ag6 ehIynaMKñaer[bCYrdUcenAk15Edr . kñúgédmñak>mancbkab cbCIk Ebl

bg<I eCIgdMrI (eQIZánEdleKeZVIedIm|Ibgºab´dI ) rYceyIgnaMKñaedIreTAkankardðan . eBleyIgedIrkatzñlTMnb´

sÞwgmanC&yCapøÚvev[g rYceTIbeyIgcuHtamzñleTAkñúgPUmibwgRtEbkvij . edayeyIgminEdlmansiTÆiedIrreht

rhUtecjBICMrMu eqø{teBledIrev[gcaM:ceRBaHGtmanpøÚvNaepSgedIm|IeTAdlkardðan eyIgeqø{tOkasBinitü

Bic&yPUmikrenACitmnÞIrbwgRtEbkrbseyIg . eyIgeXIjpÞHs,wmés,k*dUcCaeKhdðantUctac TVarbiTsáatQwg

esµAnigrukÎCatiepSg>duHRTubRTul . pÞHxøHeT[t:kEbkxUcTVarbgÁÜc dMbUlRTuteRTamedayxVHkarEzTaM . kñúg

kardðan xøHCaGñkkab´dI cmáayRbEhl10Em¨RtBIkEnøgRtUvelIkPøWERs xøHelIkGacm¾dI xøHeT[tEsgGacm¾dI

ykeTAcakelIbnÞatEdleKvasedIm|IeZVIPøW . xøHQrelIPøWedIm|ItMrgoRtgdUcRkLacRkRtg< . manRkumbgºab´

dIEdleRbIeCIgdMrICamUldðan . PøWERsenHRtUvelIkeLIgyagRtgdUcsm&yGg<r . eBlxøHPøWERskatzñlßpøÚv

lMcas>katvalesµAs)ubRTub EdlCalMenAdðanmunqñaM1975 . kareZVIotMbnbwgRtEbkenHeTACavalERs

CYbnwgóbsK<eRcInNasdUcCaeBlxøHPøWERskatpøÚv katpÞH rYcebI:nPøWERsehIy RtUvcMNayeBlsMGat

épÞdIkñúgERsdUcCakabedImeQItUcZM CIkykßsecjoGs ruHerIpÞH ebIpÞHeZVIBIeQIminsUvlM:kb¨unµaneT

EtpÞHxøHeT[teZVIBIzµ RtUvcMNayeBleRcInNas . TaMgGsenHeyIgminniyayBIkarkabq,aesµAEvgxøI tUcZM

EdlduHs)ubRTubtaMgBIeKdwkmnusSecjGspg . ebI:nRbmaNkmøaMgeXIjza plRsUvEdlnwgecjmkBIkar

cMNaykmøaMgd*mhimaenHva:ntictYcNas k*b¨uEnþGtmanGñkNah)anbeJ©jmtiRbqaMgnwgkarENnaMrbs

Gg<kareT .

K-RkumruHerIpÞH ; kargarenAbwgRtEbksMxanmYyeT[tKWkarruHerIpÞH . karruHerIpÞHenHmanTisedABIrCasMxanKW;

76

TI1 edIm|IsMercTisedA:ndITMenr sMrabykeTAbg,beg,InplRsbnwgBaküesøakdaMdaMkMuosldImYy

cgÁam . cMENkÉTisedATI2KWykeQIEdlruHerIenaH bJ¢ÚneTAsgpÞHenACnbT . kñúgkarruHerIpÞH k*dUcCa

kargarelIkPøWERsEdrKWeKoRsInigRbusshkarKña . Rbus>CaGñkeLIgruH eLIgerIdldMbUlpÞH Bidan rnab.l.

ruH:nehIy TaMgeQIZM eQItUc eKe:HmkdI . eBlenaHeKoRsI>CaGñkCJ¢ÚnykeTAdakenAtampøÚvZM Tuk

oLankaMmIjúgmkdwk . eKoeyIgruHerIpÞHenAxageCIgsalabfmsikSapSaredImz,Úv . enAeBlruHerI mñak>

eqø{trkvtæúepSg>dUcCaexaGav ßRkNat eRBaHexaGaveyIgcab´rEhkesÞIrGsehIy . eBlxøHeyIgerIs:n

:LÚ Es|keCIg GI b)IdugTwk sMbkkMb¨ug Guigot. CYnkaleyIgerIs:nzñaMeBTü eTaHCazñaMeBTühYs

ézák*eyIg ykEdr . eBlxøHmanlaPerIs:nRbhuk TwkRtI GMbil .l. eBleyIgerIs:nrbsTaMgGs

enH eyIgRbKloGg<karmYycMnYn eqø{tEckKñalYcTukxøÜnÉgmñak>pÞalxøÜnmYycMnYn.eyIgh)aneZVIdUecñHeday

mankarRsuHRsYlKñaminoGg<kardwgeT .

X-Rkumsib|kmµ ; RkumenHmanKña6nak suTÆEtRbus>manekµgcaslayKña . GñkTaMgenHmanPar;kic©CYsCul

rbsrbreRbIR:sdUcCacb CYsCuldgBUezA dgExVv kaMbit BUezA .l. CamYyKñaenHk*plitrbsrbreRbI

karzµI>dUcCabg<ICaedIm . smÖar;EdleKeRbIR:senAeragsib|kmµmaneRcInEbbeRcInyag ehIyPaKeRcIn

suTÆswgEtCarbsrbrBIsg<mcasEdleKerIs:nenAtampÞH . kñúgeragsib|kmµenHmanmasIunEdleKcab´

GarmµN¾CageKKWmasIunCagdMEdk mansñbsMrabsbmanrUbPaBdUc`EtgeXIjkalenABIekµg . edaysar

masIunCagdMEdkenHeKGacplit:nrbsrbreRbIR:sepSg>CaeRcIndUcCadg,ab p<ak kaMbittaMgeta BUezA

cbkab .l. EdleyIgRtUvkarcaM:csMrabeZVIkargar . CagenHeKGacsemø{gcb BUezA nigrbsrbr

eRbIR:sepSg>edaysarzµmUlbgViledayéd . mñak>EtgEtmkkEnøgenHCajwkjabedIm|Isemø{gkaMbitrag

mUlbgViledayédenH .

sUmbJ¢akEzmeT[tEdrza enACMrMubwgRtEbkkñúgTIRkugPñMeBj CadMbUgeyIgGtmanGK<isnIeRbIeT . eKEck

eRbgmahSÚtedIm|IeZVIeRbgceg,{g . eRkayyUrbnþicmk eTIbeKcaboeRbIGK<isnIenAtampÞH . CamYyKñaenH

karts)UvNÑ;kanEtekþAKKukxøaMgCagenAmnÞIrtaexµAeTAeT[t . eKbJ¢akehIybJ¢akeT[t . kñúgTisedAmin

RKanEtoeyIgcaMeT EtoeyIgRCYtRCabkñúgstiGarmµN¾za zVIt|itEteyIgmñak>EdlecjmkBIsg<mbJÃCn

GnuCnsBVézáenHCarUbPaBGsmanTun RTBüsm|tþi k*eday k*CMerAkMEGlsg<mcasvasæitenArsrevIkkñúgxøÜn

eyIgdEdl . dUecñHGg<karTamTaroeyIgts)UvNÑ;ekþAedIm|ItamdanrkxµaMgépÞkñúgEdllakenAkñúgxøÜneyIg

mñak> . karts)UenHvasµúKsµaj lM:kCagkarRbqaMgnwgxµaMgrUbI eRBaHxµaMgGrUbI valakmuxBYnsmáMmingayo

oeKeXIjgay>eT . edIm|IebIkmuxykC&yCMnHo:nelIxµaMgGrUbIlakmuxenH Gg<karbMpusoeyIgelIk

kMBskarts)UvNÑ;omankMritkanEtRsYcRsaveLIg>edayminRsBicRsBil minsMruHsMrYl . :nesckþIza

eyIgRtUvtamdanKña ecaTRbkanKñaokanEtlÁitlÁnedayKµanmenaseJ©tna KµansMrbvNÑ; snþism&¬nÆ .

QrelIeKalkarN¾dacxat ts)UvNÑ;«tsMruHsMrYlenH briyakaskñúgmnÞIrkanEttwgEtgeLIg . eyIgElgh)an

TukcitþxøÜnÉg eyIgElgh)anTukcitþGñkdéT .

tamTsSn;rbsmakS nigGgEh<l mnusSmYyrUb>munnwgGacrYmcMENkksagsg<m:n RtUvcaM:c

bMeBjesckþIRtUvkarrbsxøÜnCamUldðansin . eRBaHza ebIeyIgminGacbMeBjesckþIRtUvkarpÞalxøÜnCamUldðan

dUcCahUbcuk semø{kbMBak pÞHsEm|g .l. :nCamuneT GñkenaHminGaceBjlkÎN;CamnusS:neLIy.

77

dUecñHedIm|IomnusSmYyrUb>eBjlkÎN;CamnusS RtUvEtoeKmanlkÎN;bMeBjesckþIRtUvkarrbseKCamUl

dðansin . eZVIdUecñHeTIbeKGacmanlTÆPaBrYmcMENkksagsg<m . makSbnþeT[tza kalNamnusSeZVIkargar

edIm|IGPivD¿n¾sg<m eKk*EklMGksagxøÜneKEdr . ZatueyIgmñak>nwgpøasbþÚreBlNabridðanCMuvijeyIgbþÚr

rUbPaB . kalNaGVI>enACMuvijeyIgmanPaBCastVtiricäan eyIgmñak>nwgkøayCastVtiricäanEdr .

mitþeyIgxøH ebIeTaHCaevTnayagNak*eday k*xMRTaMRTkarlM:kRKbEbbyagedIm|IQñH . eKbgÎMcitþeK

okþabemaTnPaBbdivtþn¾KWsuxcitþeZVIBlIkmµxøÜnÉg lHbgkarcgRsNuksuxRsYlbc©úb|nñedIm|IsuPmg<l

sg<mkm¬úCaeTAGnaKt . eRBaHeKeC]za eTAGnaKtRbeTskm¬úCanwgsm|Úrsb|ay kñúgbUrNPaBEdndI

rbsxøÜn . eyIgRtUvEtlHbg eZVIBlIkmµesrIPaBpÞalxøÜnbc©úb|nñ edIm|IesrIPaBBitR:kdeTAGnaKt .

RTIemghYt niyayza <<karEdlmanPaBsµúKsµajekIteLIgminecHcb eRBaHBYkeyIgmYycMnYnZM

minRBmk|tZatubJÃCn GnuZnrbsxøÜn . eyIgenAkñúgkMritbdivtþn¾Cati RbCaZibetyü rYmvNÑ;enAeLIy .

Gg<karQaneTAdltMNakkaleZVIbdivtþn¾sg<mniym . Gg<karkMBugksagnigkarBarbdivtþn¾sg<mniym>>.

sYseha EdlCasmaCikKN;kmµkarbwgRtEbk CamYyRTIemghYt k*yldUcKñaenHEdr . eKeXIjKateZVI

muxesµICaGñkQanmuxrhUt . eBledIrehIrhUbcuk niyaysþI KatxMer[nsURteZVIdUcbgbÁÚnkmµaPi:lmUldðan.

KatElgecHelgesIcdUcmunehIy KWstiGarmµN¾nigGakb|kiriyaQanmux minsMruHsMrYlRKbeBlevla .

KatTukxøÜnKatCamnusSzµImYyeT[tEdlxusRsLHBIKatkalsg<mcas . Katza <<CIvitKatmunbdivtþn¾:n

søab´:tyUrehIy>> . `sYretIsupun RKYsarKatsuxsb|ayeT ßyagemcEdr ehIyKateTANaehIy emc

k*miineXIj / KatdUcCamincgsþabsMNYrrbs` eRBaHCar]gÉkCn Eteday`cgdwgeBkKatk*eqøIyza

supunenAbwgRtEbkenHEdr EtKatmincgniyayEvgqáayBIer]gRKYsarKateT edaysarKatrsenATIéTBIKña

ehIyminsUvmaneBlCYbKñapg edayrvleBk . cMENkÉkUnrbsKat Gg<karCaGñkTTYlxusRtUv KatElg

manCIvPaBRKYsardUcBIedImeT[tehIy kMuo`sYrsMNYrEbbenHeRcIneBk . Katcgo`ylza KatQb

cgmancMNgmitþPaBdUcBIedImCamYy`eT[tehIy .

láacenHeRkayBIhUb:yd*eRk[mRkMrYcehIy edayeRBaHrbbmanKuNPaBticCagenAtaexµAeTAeT[t

Gkar:no`nigb)unnI eTAenApÞHmYyeZVIBIeQIEdlenAminqáaybunµanBIerag:y . eyIgrIkrayNasedaysar

pÞHEdleKoeTAenaHmanRKYsarbgézø` nigmitþcas`mñakEdlCavisVkrksikmµsMNakenACaeRsceTAehIy.

eyIgeXIjrsbgézø`s<ms<aMg z¬alpt . Kats<myagticNask*20KILÚEdr . `RsLajnigeKarBKat

taMgBImun`er[bmg<lkareTAeT[t . `nigb)unnI:nEbkBIKatenAk15 eRkayeBlKatcUlRsuk:nbnþic.

bgGIu sYrbÁÚnKatzaetImandMNwgGVIBIRKYsarKatßeT eBlenAeragcRk / etIeBlenaHTIenaH GacedIrehIr

eTANamkNa:nßeT / eBleyIgeqøIykarBitR:b KatdUcCarwtEtGssgÏwmEzmeT[t .

enAkñúgCMrMubwgRtEbk CaeKalkarN¾eKbMEbkbgbÁÚnkUnecAminoenACYbCMuKñaeT eRBaHpÞúyBImaKa(

neya:yrbsGg<karEdlcgbM:tmenaseJ©tnaRKYsarniym . dUecñHeyIgRtUvmankarRby&tñRbEyg min

h)aneZVIGVIoeKeXIjza eyIgrIkrayhYsehtunwgkarEdleKoenACamYyKñaenHeT eRBaHxøaceKeZVIetsþeyIg.

k*buEnþeTaHmankarRbugRby&tñyagenHk*eday k*eyIgmanlTÆPaBGacniyayKña:neRcIn ehIyeBlenaH`

min:nKitzaenHCacugeRkayehIy EdleyIg:nsarsB&ÞCamYyKatdUecñH .

78

karEdldwgza CIvitenAeragcRk ßenAksidðanrdðGg<rC&y k*KµanGVIEbøkCamUldðanBICMrMubwgRtEbk eZVIo

rsbgézø`GssgÏwmCaxøaMg eRBaHKateXIjza CMrMubwgRtEbkenHvalM:kGacRTaMRT:nyUrenAeT[tNas .

KatminylTalEtesaH ehtudUcemþc:nCaeKykBYkeyIgmkeZVI:bdUecñH . BYkkmµaPi:lvakacsahav

KµansIlZm( RTmwgRTmak :tNa:tNI . KatsþayeRkayminKYrykRKYsar kUn>KatEdlenAekµgx©Imko

lM:kevTnadUecñHesaH . KatniyayR:b`GMBIsPaBkarN¾twgEtgenAkñúgCMrMubwgRtEbk . BIkarGtXøan

htehv nigCmáWrbsbgbÁÚneyIgmkBIbreTs . KñaeyIgxøHeTACakacsahav EGbGbBYkeyaZa eZVI:bKñaÉg

hakdUcCaminEdls<alrabGanKñakalBImun . GñkxøHeT[t Gg<kartamdanyayIRKbeBlevla zVIt|itEt

KatmanGayucas kmøaMgkanEtGndUcCa QUk emgemA KruekaslüsaRsþd*l|Il|ajkalBIsg<m, Pwug tun

bNÐitc|ab´ GtItnayksklviTüal&yPUminÞkm¬úCa . mitþeyIgxøHeT[tGssgÏwmR:bKatza suxcitþsøab

CagrsevTnaEbbenHteTAeT[t . KatsMuo`CYyniyayelIkTwkcitþmitþeyIgmYycMnYneLIgvij ebImindUecñHeT

Kat:rmÖza mitþeyIgxøHnwgcgksmøabxøÜnÉgCaminxan .

`mkdlRsukCabkñúgmnÞIrXMuXaMgCag4ExehIy . eyIgenABakkNþalEx11qñaM1976 . qñaMenHZatu

GakasRtCakNas . yb´xøHRtCakeBkeyIgedkminlkedaysarKµanPYydNþbRKbRKan . eTaHCaRtCak

yagenHk*eday k*eBleyIgeRkakBIdMeNkeLIgPøam eKoeyIgcuHeTAeZVIkarkñúgTwkbwgRtEbkdEdl . kal

BIsg<mcas bwgRtEbkCabwgecjmkBIbMBgTwkbgºÚrRkugPñMeBj . dUecñHCaTwkbg<nGtmanGnam&yGIeT k*buEnþ

ebIeTaHCaeyIgdwgyagenHk*eday k*eyIgminEdlRbEkkrujraGVIeLIy . eBlRtCakxøaMgeyIgRtaMkñúgTwkkan

EtyUreLIgTukEtRcmuHdkdegºIm eRBaHenAkñúgTwkvaekþACagenAeRkATwk . eBlxøHeKbiTEPñk eyIgGacecjBI

Twkmþg>edIm|ImkkMedAxøÜnEk|rPñkePøIgEdleyIgEtgeqø{tdutmuncuHkñúgTwk . karEdleyIgenARtaMBIRBwkdlláac

ralézákñúgbwgTwksÁúyenH bNþaloeyIgekItCmáWEs|kepSg> . eBlxøHeT[teyIgrbYseCIg éd xøÜnR:N

edaysarmutGMEbg ßEdkeKal . ÉcMENkexaGaveyIgvij k*varEhkRsYlNasEdr . RkNatRtaMTwkéRb

yUr vapuydUcTwkGJ©wgEdr . eBleyIgruHpÞHmþg> eyIgEtgxMrkRkNat ßexaGavedIm|IykmkpøasexaGav

eyIgEdlvarEhkreyréyGseTAehIy .

karrsenAGtGnam&y hUbcukminRKbRKan KµanexaGavesø{kBakkarBarrgaRsYlbYlEbbenH bNþal

oekItCmáWepSg>CaeRcInenAkñúgmnÞIr . eyIgxMhamKñaeTAvijeTAmkedIm|IkMuoerIIsrbskxVk ßrbsEdl

essslenAkñúgpÞHTukecal ykmkdakkñúgmatepþspþas k*buEnþCakEsþgeBleXIj eyIgBi:kRTaMNas

suxcitþdakmatsin gab´KittameRkay . `eXIj QUk emgemA ß Pug tun erIssMbkeckhUb. viciäka

erIZugsMram . eyIgElgxµaseG[nGIeT[tehIy eRBaHRkBHvaTamTar .

eBlQWRtUveTAeBTü . eKminGacoeyIgenApÞHsMrakedayKµankarGnuJÃatBIeBTüeT . dUecñHeyIgbgÎM

xøÜneTAeBTü eTaHCaeyIgmincgCYbevC¢bNÐit tU TIPaK yagNak*eday . tU TIPaK CaGtItnisSiteBTü

Rsuk:raMg . eRkayrdðRbhar Kat:nmkbnþkarer[nsURtenARbeTscinRbCamanit . eyIgmindwgza Kat

er[nenARsukcin:nGIeT k*buEnþenAbwgRtEbkKatCaGñkTTYlxusRtUvBüa:lCmáWrbsBYkeyIg . evC¢bNÐit

tUTIPaK minEdlsb|aycitþesaHeLIy eBleXIjeyIgeTAoKatBüa:l . KatzaeyIgeZVIBut stiGarmµN¾

minesµaH sµúKsµaj KatemIleyIgTaMgeTIsTaMgTal . eKminsUvEdleXIjKatcuHeZVIBlkmµeT . KatEtg

esø{kBaksÁat:t . eBlKatminenApÞHeBTü KatEtgEtsmáMenACamYykmµaPi:lExµrRkhm . xøHzaKat

79

cakm¢úlviTüasaRsþoBYkExµrRkhm xøHeT[tza KatmansIlZm(minlÁCamYyKña . eyIgmindwgkarBitRtwmNa

eT CYnkaleyIgxwgsÁb ecHEtceckccUcvayRbharKñaedayminQrelIkarBit . karBitEdlminGacRbEkk

:nKW tUTIPaK CamnusSmansmþIRTeKaHe:He:kdakGñkCmáW . GñkxøHEdlQWRTaM:n suxcitþeZVIkarTaMgQW

minRBmcUleTABüa:lenAmnÞIreBTü eRBaHZujRTannwgsmþIGñkBüa:l KWevC¢bNÐittUTIPaKenHÉg . enAeBl

RbCMurYmmþg> eTaHCamankarKMramkMEhgk*manGñkxøHTiet[nh)aneLIgksagtUTIPaK . ehIyeKeXIjeBlxøH

PaKsarPaBza mankarxVHxatEmn . eRkayRbCMu eKEklMGxøÜneK:nmYyézá ßBIrézá rYck*KatRtLbCaGñk

kacsahavygXñgvijdEdl .

enAmnÞIrXMuXaMgbwgRtEbk mYyézá>manGñkCmáWsMrakeBTüyagtic10nak . PaKeRcInCaburs . GñkCmáW

narImanBIrßbInak CamZümkñúgcMeNam10nakenH . PaKeRcIn>edkeBTüedaysarRKunekþA ßRKunjak

QWeBaH ehImedIrminrYc . eRkABIenHCmáWQWk|al dMe¶ rbYs .l. ÉnarIeRcInBüa:ledIm|IomanrdUv

eLIgvij . BIeRBaHnarIPaKeRcInGtmanExCitmYyqñaMehIy KWzataMgBIcUlRsukmk .

viZIBüa:l ; eKBüa:ldMe¶edaylabrMurbYs . óTahrN¾`mandMe¶eCIg RBlwmeLIg`eTAeBTü eK

labzñaMo ehIyeKrMudMe¶ rYcehIyeKedjoeTAeZVIkar. eyIgzaQW cuHTwkvapSaehIyxøackøay EttUTIPaK

zaeKrMudMe¶rYcehIy eZVIkarkñúgTwkGtGIeT . dleBlcuHTwk sMLIrMudMe¶esImTwkrbUtGsrlIg .

CmáWxøHeKBüa:ledaym¢úlviTüasaRsþ dUcCaRKicéd RKiceCIg ßk*narIEdlraMgEx . sUmbJ¢akza cMeBaH

RsþIGtmanEx RtUveKtMrUvocakm¢úlviTüasaRsþralézákñúgry;eBlBIrGaTitü eTAbIGaTitü k*enAEtKµanExdEdl.

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minGacBüa:ldUcsg<mcaseT . eKRby&tñCmáWxøH Edl<<hUb:y:n EteZVIkarmin:n>> . GñkEbbenH

eKzaQWstiGarmµN¾ . QWstiGarmµN¾mann&yza stiGarmµN¾sµúKsµaj KiteRcIn xVlxVay eZVIob¨HBaldl

kargar .

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tamBiteyIgmindwgza KatkacsahavenAbwgRtEbk xusBIkalKatenAbreTsdUecñH edaysarKatlM:kkñúg

xøÜneBk ßmYyk*KatcgEGbGbedIm|IoGg<karTukcitþenaHeT . ebIKatEGbGbedIm|IeLIgbuNüskþi eXIjzaKat

:neLIgEmn eRBaHtameyIgdwg eRkaymkkñúgqñaM1977 eBleyIgecjBIbwgRtEbkeTAenAdIRkhm tUTIPaK

:neLIgeZVICaRbZanmnÞIrbwgRtEbk ehIyeBlenaHKatrwtEteZVI:bmitþeyIgkanEtxøaMgEzmeT[t . EtbnÞab´

mkRtUvGg<karcab . ebItamsmþIrbseG[gsarI niyaykalBIsnñi:tenAbwgRtEbkkñúgqñaM1978 zaeQµaH

tUTIPaKenHk|tnwgbkSkumµúynisþkm¬úCa ehIytamBitCaPñakgarsmáatrbsKUmigtg taMgBIyUrNasmkehIy.

ralézáeBlRtLbmkBIeZVIkarvij `Etgeqø{tebHsøwkpÞI nigerIsxügdakkñúgzgedaysáat>mkCamYy

pg . ralRBwkeyIgEtgyksøwkpÞInigxügesáarkñúgkMes[vdUcCadaMTwkBuH rYcehIyykmkEckKñahUbmunecj

eTAeZVIkar . pÞIlayxügmanrsCatiqáajNas ZMukøinRbehIrdlGñkCitxagxøHRTaMmin:nk*mkcUlrYmhUb

cMENkCamYyeyIgEdr . RsI>minsUvhUbeT KateRcInTukoeyIg . ebIKittamGnam&yvij eTaHCaxügman

køinRbehIryagNa k*eyIgminKYrh)anhUbEdr eRBaHzaxügrsenAkñúgTwkEdlGtGnam&y ehIyCaBiessenA

Citbg<n . EteBlenaHeyIgGt:nKitdlenHeT . karRssRsUbeBlRBwkenHCaGnusSavrIy¾cugeRkay

Edl`:nrYmcMENkCamYybg rs sarin .

80

CitdacqñaM1976ehIy . karts)UvNÑ;kanEtekþAKKukeLIgenAbwgRtEbk . Gg<karts)URbqaMgnwgTsSn;

mUlZnniymnigesrIniymenAkñúgmnÞIrbwgRtEbk . GñkesrIniymnigmUlZnniym vaecjmkBIbuK<lniym

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k|tGg<karminxaneLIy .

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sPaBkarN¾twgEtgEbbenH eyIgsMerccitþQbmancRg,anÉkCnteTAeT[t . eyIgQbh)anesáarxüglay

søwkpÞI RssRsUbeBlRBlwmRsag>munecjeTAeZVIkardUcBImuneT[tehIy ehIyCaBiesseyIgminRtwmEtmin

h)anerIsdUgTMueT EteyIgxMEbrmuxecjeBleXIjvaZøakenAelIdIeT[tpg . eyIgBi:keZVImineXIjNas

eRBaHenACMrMubwgRtEbk sMbUredImdUgEdlmanEpøTMuRCuHBaseBjdI . BImunGñkNak*ec[s <<lYc>> erIsmin:n

Edr eRBaHvaXøaneBk ehIyvaminBi:keTAravrkÉNaqáaypg . enAeBlsáatmñakÉg yarBUezABuHocMEpødUg

vaEbkCaBIr dUcCaKµanGVIBi:kesaH . enAkardðaneBlxøHeKzaebIsmUhPaBÉkPaBKñasMu eKGacsuxcitþo

eyIgerIsykmkhUbdUcBImun:nyUr>mþg k*b¨uEnþeyIgnaMKñaTbminh)aneT[teT xøaceKeZVIBiesaZn¾ykeyIg

eTAksag .

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enAEteZVIoeyIgrgaxøaMgdEdl edayehtuEtqñaMenHRtCakEbøkBIZmµta . eBlxøHxülbknaMykkøinsÁúyBIbg<n

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bkSIbkSadUcBIedImNaas . mnusSGt:y sÁIk*h)anhUbEdr eRBaHEtehtuyagenHehIyemIleTA:nCaeK

minsUvRbTHeXIjmanEq, qµa bkSabkSIdUcBIedIm . BImunEq, qµa cUlcitþenACamYymnusS eRkaymkBYkva

Elgh)anenACiteyIgeT[tehIyeRBaHeyIgkøayeTACastVdUcvaEdr .

etImUlehtuGVI:nCa`ZøakxøÜndlzñakenH / etIkalBImuncUlRsuk `ZøabrsenAmanesrIPaB ßk*Ca

karRsemIRsémrbs` / GVI>EdlknøgputeTAvaCaGtItkal . cMeBaHCIvit`enAeBlenH vamanßKµan vaGt

mansar;sMxanGIeT[teT . GVIEdlsMxanKWenAeBl«LÚvenH . cgßmincg`RtUvEtdwgza enAemagenH eBl

enH CabXMuenAmnÞIrbwgRtEbkGtman:yhUb xVHsBVxVHRKb xVHTaMgsmÖar; xVHTaMgesrIPaB ehIyebI`cg

rsteTAeT[t KW`RtUvEtRTaM . müageT[t`KµansiTÆieZVIGVIeRkABIeKGnuJÃatoeZVIenaHeT .

eRkayBIhUb:yláacrYcehIy eyIger[bcMxøÜneTAeZVIkargarsg<mniymdUcer[gralézá . EtláacenHeK

R:beyIgza Gtmankargarsg<mniymeT EteKoeyIgeTAcUlrYmmITIÞgd*sMxanmYyenApÞH:y . TaMgGsKñaRtUv

caM:ccUlrYmelIkElgEtmnusSQWedIrminrYcecj . eyIgk*naMKñacUleTAkEnøgRbCMutameKbg<ab . enAelItu

kitþiys eKeXIjmandUgTMu nigkaMbitRkgukmYy . eyIgnwkza RbEhlCaeKcabGñklYchUbdUg:nehIy

emIleTA . bnþiceRkaymkkmµaPi:lExµr sIun nigm¨n cUlmkdlkEnøgRbCMu . RTIemghYt nigtUTIPaK

eRkakeLIg rYcGg<RbCMuTaMgGsk*eRkakeLIgRBmKñaTHédsVaKmn¾ . eKRbkasebIkmITÞIgBiessRbqaMgesrIniym.

81

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eLIg>edIm|IkMeTckMEGlvNÑ;sg<mcas . eyIgdeNþIm:nC&yCMnHmhaelatepøaH mhaGs©arüenAkñúgry;

eBlyagxøI eyIg:nbJ©bbdivtþn¾RbCaZibetyüCati ehIyQaneTAeZVIbdivtþn¾sg<mniymTUTaMgRbeTs>> .

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eRcIn dUecñHehIy:nCaeyIgRtUvxMBuHBarts)UteTAmuxeT[tedayminsMruHsMrYlminrazyedIm|IRbqaMgnwgGMeBI

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enAmuxGg<RbCMueRkamTwkmuxyagmaMrbssiun nigmn tMNagGg<karbdivtþn¾ . Gg<RbCMuenAsáatQwg RkeLk

emIlCnCab´ecaTTaMgBIredayGth)anebIkmat . hYscitþRKbKña b¨uEnþmindwgeZVIemc . bnÞabmkeKbMpuso

mhaCncabGarmµN¾ksagGñkRbRBwtþibTelµIsTaMgBIrnak . mhaCnEdlGg<karcattaMgoeLIgksag PaK

eRcInCaCnEdlZøabrabGanCitsñiTÆrbsCnCabecaT . eKeZVIdUecñHeRBaHcgts)UkMcatmenaseJ©tnabkSBYk

minbdivtþn¾ . ybenHeTaHbICamankareZVIkargarstiGarmµN¾ BIsMNakédeCIgrbsBYkkmµaPi:lyagNa

k*eday k*eKminsUveXIjmanGñksµRK&citþeLIgniyay ksagGñkTaMgBIrEdr . GñkEdleLIgedayminh)an

RbEkk k*eLIgksagedIm|IorYcxøÜnEtb¨ueNÑaH . bnÞabmkeT[t RTIemghYt nigtUTIPaK kñúgfan;CasmaCik

KN;kmµaZikarmnÞIr:neLIgcabGarmµN¾edayeRbIBaküRTeKaHe:He:k sþIbenÞasGñkTaMgBIrhakdUcCakarerIs

dUgenHCabTóRkidðd*ZMeZgNas . eKnaMKñaeZVIGtæaZib|aytamEbbbdickÎúsm:tBIer]gtUcmYyeTACaer]gZM.

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enHebIeKkþabmaKa(bdivtþn¾min:n eKzaCaer]gtUcmYy b¨uEnþkarBitminEmnCaer]gtUceT CabJºaZMNas KWCa

karts)Usøab´rsrvagelakTsSn;BIr ; maKa(esrIniymrbsvNÑ;nayTunCiHCanRbCaCn nigmaKa(sg<mniym

bMerIsmUhPaBrbsGg<karbdivtþn¾ . ehIyebIeyIgKµankarRbugRby*tñbdivtþn¾kMritx¬s mints)UvNÑ;dacxat

beNþayoTsSn;esrIniymenHenAkñúgCYrbdivtþn¾ vanwgkøayeTACamharIksIurUgépÞkñúgGg<karbdivtþn¾naézáNa

mYyCaminxan . RbeTsCaeRcInenAelIsklelak:neZVIBlIkmµ ts)UedIm|IeZVIbdivtþn¾ dl:nGMNacehIy

min:nRbkanx¢abeKalCMhr RbqaMgvNÑ;GZnoc|aslasdUcedIm k*ZatuRbtikiriyasIurUgépÞkñúgbnþicmþg>

køayeTACaesrIniymRbqaMgbdivtþn¾ dUcCaenAshPaBsUev[tCaedIm .

KYrktsMKalza RTI emghYt CabNÐitxagKImI cMENkGVIEdlKatBnülRTwsþIbdivtþn¾eTAGg<RbCMu dUcCa

KatBnülRTwsþIKImIGJ©wgEdr . vNÑ nigzul CnCabecaTenAmuxtulakarbdivtþn¾TaMgBIrrUb muxeLIgsøaMgdUcCa

mnusSGsQammuneKykeTARbharCIvit xMjjwmd*sáÜtEcsniyaysarPaBenAmuxmITÞIgTaMgttakttubza xøÜn

mankMhusesrIniymRbqaMgnwgGg<karbdivtþn¾Emn edaysarEtxøÜnksagkMcatkMEGlsg<mcasminTan:n

RCHRsLHdUcsMNUmBrrbsGg<kar . eKniyayer[brabsþIbenÞaseKyagEvgedaysg,tehIysg,teT[tza

enHmkBIeKmin:nts)UvNÑ;o:nenAépÞkñúgstiGarmµN¾eKo:ndlkMritodUckarENnaMrbsGg<kar . CamYy

KñaeKsnüaza eKebþC\acitþ nwgxMksagxøÜnokøayCamnusSRtwmRtUvehIyeKGrKuNGg<karbdivtþn¾CaTIRsLaj

esµICIvitEdlseNþasRbNIrUbeKTaMgBIr . GñkTaMgBIrbEnæmza eTaHbICaeK:nRbRBwtþiTegVIRbqaMgbdivtþn¾yag

enHk*eday k*Gg<karenAEtxMlHbgcMNayeBlevla tMErtMrgpøÚveKokøayCaCnbdivtþn¾RtwmRtUvedIm|Irskñúg

82

sg<mzµIgtmanGñkman GtmanGñkRk GtmanmnusSCiHCanmnusSeTAGnaKt . CaGvsanþGñkTaMgBIrEzøg

GMNrKuNcMeBaHsmUhPaBEdlCa <<EPñkmñas>> xMtamdan nigksagrUbeK .

GñkTaMgBIrniyaysarPaBkMhusrbsxøÜnrYcehIy Gg<RbCMusµanEtmn nig sIun tMNagGg<kareZVIGnþraKmn¾

yagxøIedIm|IsrubkatesckþIelICnTaMgBIr EtpÞúyeTAvij mn k*eLIgniyayyagEvgGnøayRcMEdl>dUcqµacUl

RteLak . mnniyay << :tuPUtdUcláacenHGacekIteLIgk*edaysarmankarZUrrlug sMruHsMrYlvNÑ; snþism&¬nÆ

enAkñúgCMrMubwgRtEbk>> . mnbnþedayeRbIBaküRcMEdl caMrtmat <<:tuPUtEbbenHeyIgminGacGtOno:n

eT BIeRBaHvapÞúynwgcrnþTUTaMgRbeTs . kgRbvtþisaRsþvavileTAmuxkanEtel]neLIg>ehIy ebIGñkNaminEk

xøÜnoTaneBlevla kgRbvtþisaRsþnwgkinkMeTc:tGsminxaneLIy>> . karRbRBwtþiGMeBIesrI lYcerIsdUg

hUbesrI minEmnCaer]gÉekaeT EtvasuTÆswgCaó:yklbeg,ItedayxµaMgbdivtþn¾ esGIuGa kaehSeb edIm|I

RbqaMgbdivtþn¾ . enHCasJÃamYybgºajoeXIjza xµaMg:nbg,bxøÜnkñúgCMruMbwgRtEbkedIm|IbgehtuRbqaMg

clnabdivtþn¾ . mn niyaycb sIun eLIgniyaymþg manxøwmsardUcKña . KatCk:rImYyehIymYyeT[t

eBlxøHKatesþaHTwkmateTaelIdIEk|rtukitþiys . emagCitBIrPøWeTAehIy Gg<RbCMuenAEtminTancbeT[t.

knøHemageRkaymk Gg<karRbkaselIkElgeTasCnCabecaTTaMgBIredayRBmanTukCamunza nwgminGtOn

eTaskMhusmþgeT[teLIy .

BIrézáeRkaymk manmITÞIgdUcKñaenHmYyeT[tekIteLIg . er]gehtuenaHKWmanKñaeyIgbInakedkeBTü

eqø{teBleKCab´eZVImITÞIgRbqaMgnwgkarerIsdUgedayesrI naMKñaerIsdUgmkEckKñahUb . ExµrRkhmecaTza

BYkbJÃCnEkmineLIg . RbmaNmYyGaTitüeRkaymk sIun nigm¨n kñúgnamGg<karbdivtþn¾ :ner[bcMvK<

sikSaoKñaeyIgmYycMnYnedIm|IksagsñÜlRbqaMg:tuPaBesrIniymenAbwgRtEbk . vK<sikSaenHmanry;eBl

5ézá eday2ézásMraber[nÉksar nig3 ézásMrabTiet[nsV&yTiet[n . eKeZVIóeTÞsnamÉksarBIr ; ZatuBit

énvNÑ;kmµkrnigksikrrbsbkS nigkarcaM:cedIm|IkMeTcstiGarmµN¾kmµsiTÆienARKbvis&y . GñkcUler[nRtUv

eKohUb:yEqÁtehIyhUbdUgtamcitþ . `KµansMNag:ncUlrYmkñúgvK<sikSaenHnwgeKeT .

ézáTI7 Extula qñaM1976 mansmaCikzµI6nakmkdlCMrMubwgRtEbk . dMeNIrmkdlrbsRkum6nakzµI

enH eZVIoeyIgqálCaxøaMg . GñkTaMg6nakenHCaGñkEdlsµRK&citþcUlbMerIbdivtþn¾yUrNasmkehIy minKYr

NaeLIyeKomkenAkñúgCMrMubwgRtEbkdUceyIgesaH . RkumTaMg6nakenHmanCaGaT¥ RKin lan CavisVkrmk

BIshPaBsUev[t . KatCasmaCiksæabnikénsmaKmnisSitExµrenAsUev[t . enAqñaM1970 eRkayrdðRbhar

KatecjBImUs<ÚmkTTYlParkic©mYysMxankñúgrdðaPi:ldwknaMedaysemþcsIhnu enAeBlenaH . GñkxøHzaKat

s<aleG[gsarIc|as ehIyCasmaCiksñÚlénKNbkSkumµúynisþExµrpg . CaTUeTAmanmnusSticNasEdl

GacoeKeRCIserIscUlCasmaCiksñÚldUcRKin lanenH . eRkABIRKinlan manKñaeyIgxøHmkBIRsuk:raMg.

GñkTaMgGsenHcUlmkkñúgRbeTstampøÚvlM hUCImiuj munézá17 emsa 1975 .

rsenAkñúgPBd*ggwtQwgEbbenH eyIgTaMgGsKñaEdlGacdwgézáNaCaézáNaehIy . mYyézáeTAmYyézá

vahakdUcCayUrsem|ImNas CaBiesseBlebIkEPñkeLIgXøan:y eZVIkarkñúgTwkPk . ézáNak*dUcézáNa

Edr ebIkEPñkeLIg eXIjEtPaBdEdl>dUcKña; Gt:yhUb Gt:yhUb vaysMrukBlkmµ vaysMrukeZVI

Blkmµ .... Cag6ExehIyEdl`mkrsenAkñúgsPaBEbbenH . GaTitüeRkaydacqñaMcas cUlqñaMzµI . mþg>

`nwkRsémeXIj:rIs TIkEnøgEdl`cUlcitþeTATsSnaeBlCitdacqñaM . `RsémeXIjrukÎvizIsgeGlIehS

83

EdlmanePøIgeRBagRBatmanhagtubEtglMGd*RssbMRBg ePaCIydðanRKbkEnøg .... BImunecHEtnwkeXIjza

bnþiceT[t:necjeTAkEnøgepSgRbEhlCaRsYlCagenH «LÚv`GssgÏwmehIy eRBaHkEnøgNak*dUckEnøg

NaEdrGtxusKñaGIbnþiceT . ebIGtmanGIsgÏwmdUecñH etIeyIgxMeZVIkar xMGtXøan xMRTaMoeKsþIbenÞasedIm|I

GIeTAhñ / xMRTaMedIm|Irso:nyUrdldegºImcugeRkay . EtebIsinCadUecñH etIótþmKtiEdl`manBImunvaenA

ÉNa / mitþPkþi`k*dUcCarUb`Edr CaTUeTACIviteyIgGtmaneTBImun ehIyeTAézámuxk*KµanEdr . knøgmkk*Gt

eTAGnaKtk*Kµan manEt«LÚvenH emagenH eBlenH Edl`kMBugCab´XMuenACMrMubwgRtEbk .

eyIgRTaMenAkñúgCMrMutUcmYyenH EdlmankareZVIEtdEdl> CamYymnusSdEdl> EtedayeyIgxMrs

eyIgxMminTasKñatamkarTamTarrbsGg<kareT . enHCaKuNsm|tþiEdlCalTÆplénkarGbrMenAmnÞIrXMuXaMg

ExµrRkhm ; KµannrNamñakh)anbeJ©jesckþIRsLaj ßk*esckþIsÁbrbsxøÜneT . mñak>RtUvxMsg,tnUv

menaseJ©tnaxøÜno:n . xMRTaMkMuxwg xMRTaMkMutÁÚj xMRTaMkMuERsk xMRTaMer[nsURteZVIdUceKbJ¢aoeyIgeZVI . dUecñH

eyIgkøayxøÜneTACamnusSzµI niyayPasaEtmYy manstiGarmµN¾EtmYydUc>Kña dUcGVIEdlGg<karcg:n.

CIvitenAkñúgCMrMubwgRtEbkBImYyézáetAmYyézáenAEtdEdl EteyIgkanEtmanÉkPaBKñaeLIg kanEtGsZatu

sg<mcaseLIg . yUr>mþgeKdwkBYkeyIgecjCaRkum>edIm|IykeTAkEnøgzµI .

láacézáTI11 tula 1976 eKR:beyIgza EsÁkBYkeyIgGteZVIkareT eKoeyIgTaMgGsKñacUlrYmmha

snñi:t . EsÁkeLIgdUc:nkMNt eyIgeTACYbCMuKñaenAGtItsalabfmsikSapSaredImz,ÚvedIm|IcUlrYmvK<

sikSaCamYyPum . `xaneXIjKat taMgBIecjBIk15mkemøH . eXIjPøam`cabGarmµN¾zaKatmanGakb|

kiriyaGtdUcmuneT . BImunCamnusSEdlsb|ayxøaMgkøa «LÚvdUcCamanbJºa tamry;TwkmuxdUcCaRsKt

RsKMu . bnÞabBIPum CYbRKinlan snÞnaCaÉkCnrYcehIy eKeXIjGtItvisVkrmkBImU¨s<ÚrUbenHmuxeLIgsøaMg

RtUveKnaMeLIgLanecjBICMrMu:teTA . eRkaymkeyIgdwgza eKdwkRKinlan cUlTYlEsøg .

eBlebIkvK<sikSa Pum niyayedaysemøgTnPønmindacxatdUckalenAk15eT <<bgbÁÚn karts)U

enAkñúgGg<karmansPaBRsYcRsavNas>> . PasaenHeZVIoeyIgsµanza mankarGIminRsYleT[tehIy .

RbEhlBYkeKkMBugxaMKñaemIleTA . KitmYyEPøt`GrbnþiceRkaymk`P&yeTAvij eRBaHebIdMrIClKña eyIg

Rsemacc|asCaxatbgec[sminrYceT . EtebIBYkeKxaMKña vaGacmankarpøasbþÚr dUecñHCasJÃalÁRKanebI

CageKÉkPaBKñaykeyIgCasRtUvrhUtdlsBVézá . eyIgmindwgza Pum mankMritdwknaMzñakNaeT tam

sµanminEmnCaGñktUceT eRBaHCaGñkTTYlxusRtUvsalaGbrMrbsGg<kar dUecñHCaGñkTTYlxusRtUvmYyrUbkñúg

maKa(neya:yrbsGg<kar . enAeBlPum eZVIóeTÞsnam `seg,teXIjza KatenHminRKanEtmanGakb|

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bEnæm <<sPaBkarN¾enAkñúgGg<karmankarsµúKsµajxøH k*buEnþeyIgkMBugdeNþIm:nC&yCMnHCasæaBrehIy>>.

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bdivtþn¾minGaceZVIGVIRbqaMgmaK(arbsGg<kar:neT . EpnkarN¾ksagRbeTs; ksikmµsm&ykñúgry;eBl

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RKb>Kña eRBaHeyIgQbomanpÞHs|ÚveBlNaeyIgksagksikmµsm&yehIy . enAelIsklelak eyIgxM

beg,InmitþbnæysRtUv . eyIgmanmitþsøabrsBIr KWcinnigkUer¨xageCIg . ÉcMENkGñkCitxageyIgxagekIt

kMBugmanTMnaskanEtRsYcRsaveLIg . ev[tNamkøayeTACasRtUvsøabrsCamYykm¬úCaRbCaZibetyü .

84

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ek|}gmYysMrabmYyRKYsarcabBIqñaM1977teTA . eKykrUbztpÞHsþgdar (Standard) EdlztdakenATsSna

vdþI <<km¬úCa>> qñaM1977mkbgºajeyIgedIm|IoeyIgeXIjza eKkMBugEtcabGnuvtþn¾ehIy .

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er[b«v¨anedIm|IecjdMeNIr . GñkTaMgbInakenHmanhIun cMerIn visVkrsaZarNkar, Ta emgetk GZikarsala

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kMBuger[nsURt ehIYyk*ehAbInakeT[t; rs sarin caghVagGakascrN¾sIuvileBaZicintug, QYr davit

bNÐit xagKNitsaRsþ, muk s)unXun viciRtkr . enAeBlenaHKµannrNaP\akepÁIlGVIeLIy .

eKsµanEtGg<kar ykeKTaMgenaHeTAeZVIkar . tamBiteKdwkykeTAbJ©ÚlKukTYlEsøgTaMgGs .

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85

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86

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sarhUbTwkedaHeKaBImSilmiuj . edayRbEhlmkBITwkedaHeKaenHvahYsézá ßmYyedaysareBaHeyIgElg

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BIÓBukmþayKat bgbÁÚn BIpÞH kalBImunKateTARsuk:raMg .

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87

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88

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dwgzaenAkñúgRsuksÞwgRtg extþkMBgcam . CMrMuenHCaCMrMusMrabGbrMBYkbJÃvnþmkBITIRkugnigbreTs . »sUrza

manCMrMudUcenHeRcIneT[tenACMuvijenHEtmindwgCamanmnusSenAßGteT . CMrMuenAdacRsyalBIpøÚvnigTIRbCMuCn

laksáatkñúgéRB . RtUveZVIdMeNIrtampøÚvRkvicRkev[nCaeRcInkEnøgeTIbGacbNþalmkdlTIenH:n . dUecñH

vaCamUldðancasBi:krkeXIjNas . manvalrabpg manéRBpg . TItaMgenHsæitenAelIkEnøgecatmYy.

dIx¬secjBImatTenørhUtdlmþMúcMkarekAs)U hYsBIenHbnþicdIcab´ecateTATisxaglic . edaysarPUmisaRsþ

dIvayagenHehIy:nCamþúMb17 dIva«tRkhm eRBaHRTnabdIRkhmePø{geRcaHykeTAGs .

89

hUb:yelIkTI1enAdIRkhm eKoeyIghUbtamcitþ dMLÚgeQIlayCamYyGg,r RsUbCamYysmøbEnøéRB

mYymux qáajGs©arü . TTYlTan:yézáRtgrYcehIy sMrabBYkeyIgEdleTIbmkdleKosMraksineRBaHeyIg

eKgminlktamkaNUt . smáM:nbnþicEbkejIseCaKxñg edaysarenAkñúgpÞHekþAdUcLdutnMb&ugeBlézáezµIr

enH . `ecjBIpÞHedIreTArkGUrTwk . dlGUr`dakeCIgkñúgTwk RtCakRsYlemø¨H . TwkenA:thUrtic>. Man

p,aRBlwt p,aesñar p,acme:øk . emGMe¶sÁat>ehIrcuHehIreLIgBIp,amYyeTAp,amYy . xülbkrMePIy> . `

RsémeXIjPUmikMeNIt` kalenABItUc . rYcnwkeXIjvisSmkalenARsuk:raMg . RsémbeNþIrRkeLkemIl

eTsPaBbeNþIr . RkeLkemIleTATisxageCIg CavalERsdacknÞúyEPñk edImetñatCaeRcInduHtMer[btam

PøWERs layCamYyedImeQImYy>xøHZM xøHtUc dUcCasEg, cMbk zøúg .l. `Kitza ebItamTisxaglicRtg

eTAc|asCadlRsukes[m .

RtaMTwkbwgmYysnÞúHZMrYcehIy `k*edIrRtLbmktUbvij . taMgBImkdlRsukCaelIkTI1ehIyEdl`RsYl

kñúgcitþyagenH . Gakb|kiriyaBYkkmµaPi:lenATIenHdUcCaKYromankarkkekþA . eKGttwgEtgNasNaeT

eKGtedIrtameyIgdUcenAPñMeBjeLIy . eyIgcgdutdMLÚg ebHEpøeQIhUb k*eKdUcCaminzaGI . BitEmnEt

`minh)anebHe:ctamcitþcg EteXIjdUcCaeKZUrCamYyBYkeyIg . BYkeKTnPøn suPaBrabsar eKniyay

mkkanBYkeyIg ; bg> bgRsI .l. ehIyeyIgGacedIrehIrenAkñúgmnIreRsccitþ . b17GtmanrbgeT.

CaBiessenATIenH ZmµCatisMbUrEmn eyIgminGacsøabedayGt:yeT . dMLÚgeQIhUbminGs . eyIgGac

manlTÆPaBdaMduHxøÜneyIg:nEzmeT[t . eBlmkBIGt dl:nhUbEqÁtyagenH vahakdUcCamansuPmg<l

sem|ImNas ! . eBleRskXøan KitGIGtecjeT . KitEtmüageZVIem¨co:nmanGIhUbsin . taMgBI:n

TTYlTanEqÁtmk hakdUcCasrésQam`edIr eTAplitsacoduHeLIgvijenAeRkamEs|kd*s<mkMRbwg nig

ryIkryak .

láacenHeKekaHoeyIgeTARbCMuCaelIkTI1enAerag:y . edaysareragtUceBk eyIgnaMKñaQrenAeRkA

eragvij . kmµaPi:lTTYlxusRtUvmnÞIrb17enAekµgGayuCag20qñaM ragsÁat:t x¬sRsLH skkatsÁat

eZµjesµIsÁat TMngCaGñkecHduseZµjralézáehIy CaBiessGtecHCk:rI . KatmansmþIzñm> suPaBrab

sar . `minEdlnwksµanza enAdIRkhmkñúgéRBeRCAenHCYbRbTHmnusSEbbenHesaHeLIy . manmitþ`mñak

ZøabrsenAb17BImunR:bza KatZøabs<alkmµaPi:lekµgrUbenH eQµaH kan ZøabrsenACamYybJÃvnþyUr

mkehIy . kan sMNUmBrobg>TaMgGsKñaKWBYkeyIgxMksagxøÜn bMBakeKalCMhrbdivtþn¾o:nrwgbuwg

eRBaHTIenHCaTIcugeRkaybMputrbseyIgehIy . Gñkniyayza “CaTIcugeRkaybMputrbseyIgehIy” enH

minEmnkaneT KWehaGñkbEnæm . CarYmKWkanmansMNUmBrR:b´eyIgza eyIgmkenATIenHedIm|IksagxøÜn

CacugeRkay .

enAb17 dMbUgkargarEckCaRkumCaBYkdUcteTA ;

-burs-yuv&n EckCaRkumeZVIBlkmµKWeTAerIcMkardMLÚgeQI . dMLÚgeQICadMNaMyuTÆsaRsþmaneRcInhikta

nigdaMeRcInCagdMNaMepSg>enATIenH . RkummYyeT[teTACYyerIEmkeQIenAmnÞIrcasmYyEdlmanéRBs)ubRTub

enAEk|renaH .

-narI EckCaRkumCMrHesµA e:ssMGatbrievNmnÞIrb17 nigmYyRkumeT[tCMrHesµAe:ssMGatmnÞIr18 .

mnÞIr18enH CamnIÞrcasBImunEdleKmanKMeragkarN¾rMElkmnusSBImnÞIr17mYycMnYnoeTAenAmnÞIr18 .

90

kargarTaMgGsenHRsI>nigRbus>eZVIkarCamYyKña . EteKcatCaRkumtamePT . kargarZMCageKKW

sMGatcMkardMLÚgCayuTÆsaRsþ EtenAdIRkhm eKzaeRkay17emsa1975 Gg<karrvleBk:nCaTukcMkar

GsTaMgenaHecal GtmannrNaTTYlxusRtUv . srubmktaMgBIdacPñMeBj eTIbézáenHeKoeyIgkabq,ar

cMkarenHeLIgvij . RkumnarImYyRkumeT[tCaRkumcRg,an:y . GñkeZVI:yGtmanRbus>eT . RkumeZVI:y

enHmanRsI>8nak ehIyRkumenHpøasbþÚrKñaralézá . GñkeZVI:y8naksMrabmnusSCag100nak . eKEcko

mñaksMrabdaM:y mñaksMrab´sø mñakeZVIGnam&y BIrnakedIrrkbEnø bInakbksMbkdMLÚgeQI ehIyQUsyk

eTAdakcMhuyedIm|ITuklay:y . eBlxøHeKykeckNaMv¨aCMnYsdMLÚgeQI . eKykeckNaMv¨acas>mk

esáarTaMgsMbkoqÁin rYcehIyeKykmkQUsolÁitykeTAlay:y .

-Rkumkumar ; eKminokumarenACamYyÓBukmþayeT . eKykeTAdakkñúgmnÞIrkumareRkamkarTTYlxusRtUvrbs

Emkumar . EmkumarenHCabgbÁÚnmUldðan GtItyuTÆnarIbdivtþn¾ .

-Rkumcl&t CaRkumyuvCn yuvnarICMTg> . CaRkumkgBlkmµRsYcQanmux .

-RkumsMNg sMrabsgpÞHnigmCÄmNÐlepSg>tamkarENnaMrbsGg<kar

-Rkumbec©keTs ßRkumCag sMrab´CYlCulßplitmasIunßrbsrbreRbIR:s

-RkumciJ©wmstV .

sMubJ¢akzaRkumnImYy>CadMbUgRtUvsæitenAeRkamkarTTYlxusRtUvrbsBYkeyaZamñakßBIrnak . CaTUeTA

BYkeyIgTTYlkardwknaMrbsbgbÁÚnedayminRbEkkeTeRBaHeKyleXIjza BYkbgbÁÚneyaZaenAdIRkhmmin

RKanEtsøÚtbUtb¨ueNÑaH EzmTaMgmancitþGnueRKaHBYkeyIgpg . enACamYybgbÁÚn:nbnþick*eyIg:n»sUrza

enAkEnøgenHBIedImmanbJÃvnþmkenAeRcInNas . kalCMnansRg<am «sSrCnZM>mYycMnYnZøab:nenATIenH

EdrmanCaGaT¥ h)Uyn, h)Unwm, tUceP]n, neratþm PUrisSara .l. GñkTaMgenHmanfan;CardðmRnþIEteQµaH Et

CakEsþgenAksagxøÜnenAmUldðanenHdUceKdUcÉgEdr .

GVIEdleyIgBi:kdwgCageKKWPUmisaRsþnigRbvtþisaRsþéntMbnenHc|aslaseRBaHeKylza PUmisaRsþ

nigRbvtþisaRsþéntMbnmUldðanbdivtþn¾RtUvlakkarN¾smáat . eBlP\akBIdMeNkeLIgeyIgeXIjmanGabZøak

eBjrkemIlGVImineXIjeT . GabenAeBjéRB . edayGakasZatuRtCakxøaMgeyIg eyIgRbmUlexaGavTaMgGs

Edlmanmkesø{kBakeRcInCanedIm|ITbrgar . EteTaHCargaryagenHk*eday k*eyIgenAEteZVIkar«tQbQr

pÞúyeTAvijeyIgnaMKñabeg,InkmøaMgeZVIkargarEzmeT[t . eyIgeZVIkarbeNþIr eZVIPñkePøIgbeNþIr edIm|IdutEmkGus

sMGatcMkarpg CYyoeyIgmankMedApg . yUr>eTAeqø{te:HdMLÚgeTAkñúgPñkePøIg . GñkxøHeT[teqø{tcabstV

tUc>ykeTAGaMg . BYkeyaZaEdlemIlBYkeyIgeKGthamR:meyIgGIeT . RBwkenHsMNaglÁ`ykXµMúEdl

eZVIsMbukenAelIEmkdMLÚgeQI . eyIg:nEckKñaEdleZVIkarenAkñúgCYrCamYyhUb ehIy`eqø{tTukbnþicob)unnI .

ybTI2 bnÞabBImkdldIRkhm eRkayBI:nhUb:yehIy RsabEteKR:bzakMuGaleTANaeyIgmanRbCMu

sMxanmYy . eyIgk*CYbCMuKña RsabEtmitþTTYlxusRtUvR:bBt(maneyIgodwgedaysEmþgesckþIesaksþay

cMeBaHmitþeyIgmñakEdleTIb:tbgCIviteTA . eyIgTaMgGsKñarkylmineXIjk*RsLaMgkaMg. eKR:bzaKat

eTIbbJ©bCIvitenAézáres[lenH . Bt(man:nb¨ueNÑHehIyGñkTTYlxusRtUvbEnæmza bnþiceT[teyIgnwgman

karCYbCMuenAeRkaypÞHmYyedIm|IehrsBmitþeyIgCacugeRkay . `minsµandUecñHesaHeRBaHenAdIRkhmsPaB

karN¾ZUrRsalCagmuneRcIn CaBiessenATIenHeyIg:nhUbEqÁt . dlemagkMNteyIgk*:nCYbKña . emX

91

ggwtQwg . xülExktþwk:nbkmkyagRtCak . eyIgedIrEhrsBedaysáatesá{m tMrgeTAedImsVaycas

mYyEdl manEmks)ubRTub . eKrMusBedaykenÞlmYy . KñaeyIgkanceg,{gmuaMgsugbMPøW . tMNagGg<karsURt

CIvRbtþirbsmitþEcksæaneTAedayrMlwkBIskmµPaBrbsKatkalenARsuk:raMg ehIynigskmµPaBenAkñúg

RbeTs . mitþsURtsunÞrkza:nelIksBrMuykeTAkb . mitþeyIgTaMgGsKñaEbkKñaeTApÞHer[g>xøÜn .edaynaM

eTACamYynUvesckþIesaksþay RBmTaMgcmálCaxøaMgeTAelImUlehtuénkarsøab´enH . EsÁkeLIgenAeBlEdl

eyIgkMBugsMGatcMkardMLÚgeQI eyIgeXIjBIcmáayhmsukKg Gg<úyeRkaym¨UtUDubrbseyaZa . KatelIkéd

laeyIgBIcmáay . enA:rIs`ósSah¾CYbKatenAbUrIGnþrCati . KatenAGaKa(sMrabnisSitCamYyb)unnI .

BIr-bIézáeRkaymkeT[t Gg<kark*dwkyuvCnBIrnakeT[tecjBIdIRkhmeTAvijpgEdr . `:nCiHynþehaH

BIRkug:rIsCamYyBYkeKTaMgBIrEdlCakµÜyrbseG[gZIriTÆ nigeG[gsarI . bnÞabBI:ndwkhmsukKg nigkµÜy

eG[gZIriTÆBIrnakenHrYcmk sPaBkarN¾dwkmnusSecjk*sábsáateTAvij . enAeBlCamYyKñaenH eKk*xMvay

sMruksgpÞHenAmnÞIrb18o:nqab´rh&sedIm|IrMElkKñaeyIgBIb17ecj . Gg<karenAEtbnþdwkKñaeyIgBIPñMeBj

mkCabnþbnÞab . tamEpnkareKcgBRgwgnigBRgIkmnÞIrb17edaysgTIlMenAbEnæmpg nigsgmnÞIr18bEnæm

eT[tpg . «LÚvenHéRBs)ubRTubenAkñúgmnÞIrTaMgBIrk*sÁatRsLHCagmun . edayELkmnÞI18 mancmáayRbmaN

200EmRtBIb17bueNÑaH . kalBIsm&ysRg<ammnÞIrenHmaneQµaH18dUecñHEdr . ehIytam»sUrmanmnÞIr

epSg>eT[tEdlmanmnusSrsenAkalBImunmanCaGaT¥mnÞIrb16 nigmnÞIr19 . sBVézámanEtmnÞIrb20, b17

nigb18EdlmanmnusSenA . eyIgeXIjsñamtUbcas>nigedImeQIhUbEpøCaeRcIn CasJÃabgºajoeXIjza

kalBImunmanmnusSsMNakenATIenHeRcIn . «LÚveKo11RKYsareTAenAb18 enAkñúgenaHmanRKYsar`mYyEdr.

enAeBlCamYyKñaenHeKk*sgmnÞIrkumarCitrYcehIyEdr .

b18manPaBKYroeBjcitþ . enAxagekItmancMkares[gd*lVwgelVIymancmáayRbmaN3KILÚEm¨Rt ehIy

bnÞabBIcMkarmanéRBeck hYsBIéRBeckCacMkarekAs)U . enAxagt|ÚgmanpøÚvedIrkatcMkarnigpøÚvTwkrhUtdl

b17. xageCIgTlnwgéRB . xaglicmanRbLayTwkEdlmanTwkxYbR:MgxYbvsSa . ExePø{gmanTwkeRcIn

ExEcRtmanTwktic Etk*enAmanrhUt . qáayhYsBIRbLayTwkmanERsGñkRsuk . tUbeKsgCaCYr XøatBImYy

eTAmYyRbmaN10EmRt . eKsgtUbelIdIEdleKcakkMBs30eTA50edsIuEmRt manbeNþay4EmRt TTwg

3 EmRt kMBsCit2EmRt . dMbUlRbkedaysg,&sIehIymanbgÁÜctUcmYyTlnwgTVarcUl . tUbnImYy>manERK

edkmYysMrabdakKñaBIrnak . eRkABIsgtUbsMrabRKYsarTaMg11enH eK:nsgerag5EzmeT[tsMrabCaTIlMenA

rbsGñkGtmanRKYsarmkCamYy . eragnImYy>manbeNþayRbmaN30EmRtnigTTwg5EmRtsMrabdakERKBIr

CYr CJ¢aMgkþarRbkedaysg,&sI . eragTaMgbIeKcattaMgoenAtamePT . óTahrN¾dUcCaenAxageCIgCabnwgéRB

sMrabdakBYkmanv&ycMNasbnþiceKoeQµaHza “eragBYktataeCIgéRB ” .

enAb18manpÞH:yrYmnigerag:yCabKña . kñúgpÞH:yEdlsgTabenAelIdImancRg,ansMrabdaM:y

cRg,antUc>sMrab´daMqñaMgtUc ehIyeKmanKMerageZVIcRg,anZMteTAeT[t . manTUrmanCan>sMrabdak«v¨an can

nigRbdabRbdaeZVI:y . kñúgerag:yeKeZVItuEvg>EdlmankEnøgGg<úyTaMgsgxag sMrabGg<úyTlmuxKña.

erag:yenHGacdakmnusS:nCag100nak . vaRbksg,&sIehIyGtmanCJ¢aMgeT . enACiterag:yman

GNþÚgTwkbI . GNþÚgnImYy>manCMerARbmaN3 EmRt .

92

CamYyKñaxagGnam&yvijeyIgsgbg<nbdivtþn¾cMnYn20 . 12enAxagt|Úg eRkamedImRseLA nig8enA

xageCIgCitéRB . sMrab`nigb)unnIvij CakarBitehIyenHCaelIkTI1ehIytaMgBIcUlRsukmkEdleyIgman

kEnøgrsenAdacEtÉgCaRKYsar . tUbrbseyIgEbrmuxeTATisxagekItTlmuxdIcMkarEdlmanBN(RkhmeqÁA .

enAeBlybsáatQwgenAkNþaléRBenH . muneBlcUldMeNk eyIgEtgnaMKñaemIleTAemXd*RsLHeZgqáay

eGIyEsnqáaycabmindl . eyIgnwkeXIjvasnad*kMstrbseyIg . nwkeXIjGnusSavrIy¾knøgmk . nwk

eXIjkaleyIgemIlp,ayEdlmanBnøWdUcKñakaleyIgeTAedIrelglMEhrenAmatsmuRTenATVIbGWr¨ub . kalenaH

eyIgemIlemX CamYyGarmµN¾pþÜcmkRsukkMeNIt . Et«LÚvenHeBlmkdlRsukkMeNIteyIgnwksþayCIvit

knøgmkEdleyIgmansiTÆiesrIPaBRKbEbbyag cgeZVIGVIeRscEtcitþ . enAdIRkhmExktþwkeBlézáekþAeBk

EtdleBlyb´k*RtCakNasEdr .

enArdUvekþAraMgsáÜtEbbenH GVI>k*sÁÜthtehvGseTAEdr . ePøIgGacqabeqHedaygay . éRB esµA ßsSI

tUc>hakdUccaMEtregIkePøIgedIm|IeqHraldalRKbkEnøg . enAeBlxøHxülxageCIgbkmknaMykkøinp,ad*RkGUb

hakdUcCamklYgeyIgoxMRTaMrsenAteTAeT[teTAeRBaHenHCaRsukrbsGñkÉgehIy kMuKiteTANaecalRsuk.

eBlmanxülbkxøaMg eKeXIjregIkePøIgehIrecjeRBagRBatBIPñkePøIgEdleqHedaydMu>esÞIrRKbkEnøg . ePøIg

TaMgenHeqHecjBIedImcMbkZM>EdlmanGayucasCraRtUvxülbkrlM eBlxøHeKeXIjrlMecjTaMgßsBIdI

ehIyBYkbgbÁÚneKbeNþayoeqHecalTeTrrabExeTIbGs . enAeBlyb´muncUldMeNk eyIgEtgykregIk

ePøIgmkdakeRkamERK RKankMuorgareBk . yUr>eyIg»sUrsemøgstVéRBERskzáÚrBIcmáay . RbEhlCavaeRsk

TwkehIyemIleTAeRBaHenArdUvR:MgRtBaMgPaKeRcInrIgsáÜt .eBlxøHRCUkéRBmkTRnÞancMkardMLÚg . edaysar

xÞmeyIgGtmanTVarbiT eBlxøHeyIg:rmÖERkgelaeBllglkvamkqaeqA .

ralRBwkevlaemag4PøW eKEtg»sUrCYgbnøWsemøgCasJÃaR:bodwgza eyIgRtUveRkakBIdMeNkRbjab´

Rbjaler[bcMeTAeZVIkargarsg<mniym . b)unnIeTAeZVIkarenAcRg,an:y . ÉcMENk`eTAkabdIdaMbEnø . eyIg

TaMgGsKñamintÁÚjEtÁrnwgkargarenHeT EteyIgnaMKñaxitxMdaMbEnøbg,arRKbmuxedIm|IóbtæmÖxøÜn . edaysaresckþI

BüayamrbsBYkeyIg mansYnbEnød*KYroeBjcitþehIymanbEnøRKbmuxdUcCaRtb pÞI RtkYn nenag eXøak

RtLac .l. srubmkbEnømanxYbR:Mg xYbvsSa enAdIRkhmdakGIk*duHEdr elIkElgEtdMNaMxøHdUcCaeb¨ge:¨H

vaduHEtvaGtopl . rYmCamYyenHeyIgk*:nshkarCamYyGñkenAmnÞIrb17edIm|IdaMdMNaMyuTÆsaRsþdUcCa

dMLÚgeQICaedIm . cMkarcaseyIgnaMKñaKassMGat . Kum¬dMLÚgeQIZM>eyIgykRcvakcgvaoCab´CamYy

KldMLÚg rYceyIgykdMbgeQImaMmYyßBIrdakelIsµaedIm|IdkemImecjBIdI . eBlxøHmYyKum¬ manemImesÞIr

knøH:vGg,r . enAdIRkhmeKcUlcitþykeQIbe:snaKEdlrwgdUcEdkeTAeRbIkar bMerIkargarEdlZán> eRBaH

vamingay:kepþspþas . emXeQI esµA emImdMLÚg eyIgKasecjBIdIrYcehIy halosáÜt rYcdutecal.

dMNaMCayuTÆsaRsþepSgeT[tmaneBat, sENþkes[g, GMeBA, mñas .l. KñaeyIgmkBIPñMeBjkanEteRcIneLIg

CalMdabCaBiesscabtaMgBIcUlqñaM1977mk . mkdldIRkhmPøam eKosMctenAb17sin rYceTIbeK

bJ¢Únmkb18 . ebIsrubeTArhUtdlExkumÖ;qñaM1977enH KñaeyIg:nmkdldIRkhm4elIk ;

-elIkTI1 ézá8 ZñÚ 1976

-elIkTI2 ézá15 ZñÚ 1976

-elIkTI3 ézá10 Exmkra 1977

93

-elIkTI4 ézá5 ExkumÖ; 1977

enAExkumÖ; qñaM1977 RKYsar`manesckþIrIkrayCaBiesseday:neXIjRKYsarmarInI nigkµÜy>TaMgbInak

mkdl . CamYyenHeyIgk*RsgakcitþyagxøaMgedaymineXIjbgsarin mkCamYy . kalBIKatminTanmkdl

eyIgEtgniyayKñaza GacmanlTÆPaBBIr ; ßmYyeKcaMdlbgsarinmkbwgRtEbkvijeTIbeKbJ¢ÚnmkdIRkhm

TaMgGsKña ßmYyeKnwgykbkézø`nigkµÜy>TaMgbInakeTArsenACamYyKatÉkEnøgNamYyEdlKatkMBugrs

enAbMeBjkargar . edayKatZøabeZVICacaghVagGakasyandaneBaZicintug eyIgnwkKitzaRbEhlCaeK

kMBugEtoKateZVIkarenATIenaHehIyemIleTA . CamYykarRsemIRsémenHeyIgk*mankþI:rmÖxøHEdredaytaMgBI

Gg<karykKateTA:t eyIgKµan:nTTYldMNwgGIbnþicesaH . m¨üageT[t`Etgseg,teXIjza kñúgcMeNam

BYkmkdlBIPñMeBj eyIgminEdleXIjBYkGñkmkBIshrdGaemrik ßk*mkBIshPaBsUev[tesaH . ÉBYkmk

GWr¨ubxagekItmanxøHEdr EttictYcNas. ERkABIenHeyIgeXIjamanGñkeTIbmkdlzµI>mYycMnYnBIRbeTscin

RbCamanit PaKeRcInCaGñkraMr:M ßCaGñkEhrhmRBHmhakSRtyanI kusum; matarbssemþcsIhnu . xøH

eT[tCaGtItnisSitenARbeTscin kñúgcMeNamenaHmankUnecArbsGtItnaykrdmRnþIExµrelakGIug hIu .

GñkenAkñúgCMrMudIRkhm Cag90PaKryCaGñkmkBIbreTs Etk*manbJ¦vnþBIPñMeBjmYycMnYntUcEdr ehIy

kñúgcMnYnenHGñkxøHZøabs<almnÞIrdIRkhmenHkalBIsm&ysRg<am . BYkenHxSwbR:b´eyIgtic>za kalmun

17 emsa 1975 eKykbJ¦vnþmYycMnYndUcCah)U yn, h)Unwm, neratþmPUrIsSara, C&yCum .l. omkenA

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94

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edImmk . dUecñHeBlxøHeKeXIjRCUks<mexSaykanEts<mexSayeLIgeRBaHBYkGtQWvanaMKñadeNþImsIucMNIGs .

eBlxøHeT[teKeXIjRCUkZM>sIukUnRCUkEdleTIbekItzµI> RCUkxøHeT[tgabrNUkreNl . srubesckþIeTA ciJ©wm

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Cit20nakehIysuTÆswgCaGñkecHdwgeRCA> ciJ©wmRCUkbuNÑwgecHEtmanbJØamincbminehIy / ruwmKatniyay

kalsm&ysRg<amnarI>mindl10nakpg ciJ©wmRCUkeRcInCagenHeTAeT[tminEdlmanbJØaGIeT . BYkeyIg

mankarRBYy:rmÖCaxøaMg écdnüeBlenaHTaMgviTüúsemøgkm¬úCaRbCaZibetyükþI ßTaMgBYkkmµaPi:lExµrRkhm

98

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nigkUnRCUk . RTugTI2RCUkZMmansuxPaBlÁ ÉRTugTI3 RCUkEdlmanCmáW . edIm|IomanGnam&yeyIgsMuGnuJ¦at

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vijCabJØamYyedaHRsayminrYc eRBaHmnusShUbminRKbRKanpg etImanGVIedIm|IciJ©wmstV /

mundMbUgGg<karpþlknÞkoeyIgxøH . BitEmnEtKuNPaBknÞkEdlGg<karpþlenaHmanKuNPaBminlÁ

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pþlGVITaMgGsmkoeyIgsMrabciJ©wmstV . eyIgmindwgsMGageTAelIGIeT . caMsMNlBIcRg,an:yemþcekIt/

müageT[tkaleyIgmanknÞk eyIg:neqø{tEckBIRCUkmkbMeBjRkBHeyIgmþgm,alEdredayeyIgdYssMraMg

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mant.l.CavisVkrsMNgmkRsuk:raMg ZøabeZVIkarenARsukExµrkalmunrdRbharnign.C saRsþaxagTsSn;

viC¢a KatcUlmkRsukedIm|ImkrkRbBnÆnigkUnKat .

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:vBIrkeNþ{vmYymñaknigEsñgmYyedIrcUléRB katbEnøtamdgGUr . eyIgkatbEnøéRB RtavéRBjatdak:v

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xøHlaynigknÞk ßkMeTcdMLÚgeQI . eyIgéqñRbDittamlTÆPaB . ÉmannigTavij eyIgedIrrkstVlÁit

epSg>EdleyIgCYbRbTH . tambTBiesaZn¾rbseyIgeXIjza mannigTa vacUlcitþkUnkeNþ{rCageK .

eyIgkabyksMbukkeNþ{rTaMgpÞaMg>dakkúñg:vehIyykvamkbMEbkoTanigmansIu .

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eyIg . BYkcinTaMgenHTTYleb[vtSCaduløarehIysnSMluysMrabTijmasIunedroRbBnÆ . KN;RbtiPUcin

EdlmkTsSnashkrN¾eyIg RskTwkmatkalNaeXIjcMNIGaharRbCaCneyIghUb .

99

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enARsukcinCagrssMbUrsb|ayenARsukExµr . BIrbI ézáeRkaymkLanmYymkdwkKatykeTA:t . rhUtdl

ézáenHeKmindwgCadwkKatykeTANaeT . dwkykeTA:t . RbhakRbEhlKñaenHEdr mhamat TaMeCt

manedImkMeNItCaExµr«søam zVIt|itEtKatxMksagxøÜnminEdltÁÚjEtÁrtv¨aGVIk*eday k*eKykeTA:tBICMrMuEdr.

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5KILÚEmRtBICMrMub18 .

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pg oer[bcM«v¨anecjBICMrMuTaMgyb . CarYmRkumciJ©wmstVesÞIrTaMgGs kñúgenaHmanCaGaTi ;

-sYseha RbZanRkumciJ©wmstV supun PriyaKatnigkUnKat3 nak

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dwgeKykeTANaeTrhUtdlsBVézá . `enAcaMc|asza 3 -4elIkdMbUgGg<karR:bosamIuxøÜnEdlRtUvecj

enAevlaemag10 ßemag11ybRtUver[bcM«v¨anedIm|IecjehIyenAemag3 PøWeKdwkecj . elIkeRkay>mk

eT[t eKR:bdMNwgBIemag6láac EsÁkeLIgemag5PøWLanLgr¨Uva mkyk . ebIGñkecjmanEtmñakÉg eK

ykmUtUmkdwk . eBler[becjdMeNIrmþg Gg<karbJ¢aoGñkmanParkic©eZVI:yer[bcMdaM:y cMGinmØÚbGahar

BiessedIm|ICUnGñkdMeNIr . eBlxøHsacRCUkéRBGaMg eBlxøHsacéRBepSgeT[tdUcCaQøÚs ßmanRbLak

GaMg RtIGaMg cMhuypÁksacRtIr¨s edIm|IoGñkdMeNIrhUbtampøÚv .

KµannrNamñakeBlenaHsgS&yesaHza enHRKanEtCaqakel¡anedIm|IbMP&nþEPñkeyIgkMuoeXIjkarBit.

eyIgnaMKñasb|ay laKñaecjBIdIRkhm Cbel[glaKña edIm|I15naTIeRkaymkeKykKñaeyIgoCIkreNþA

xøÜnÉg rYceKsmøab . eyIgmindwgzaetIBYkeKsmøab´reb[bNac|asBitR:kdeT . etIRsþIRKbExnigkumar

tUc>nrNaCaGñkCYyCIkreNþAeTA /

XXX

100

k arq øg T en ød ¾Es n ex øac p Sam Yy

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1977 KatdwgxøÜnza suxPaBrbsKatvaRTuteRTamkanEtxøaMgeLIg> . KatmanTwkmuxesøksøaMghakdUc

CaKµanQamkúñgxøÜn . KatRkunjakkanEtjwkjabeLIg>esÞIrral10ézámþg . mþg>kMedAkñúgxøÜnKateLIgdl

40-41GgSar . KateLIgj&r memIrmmay záÚrrhwus Gsry;eBlCag1em¨ageTIbGneTAvij . eBlKat

RKunjak `ykGVI>EdleyIgmanTaMgGs KWPYyrbsKat PYyrbs` nigexaGavmkRKbdNþbKat.mitþPkþi

eyIg:nlbmksaksYrCajydg . samK<IPaBk*:nekIteLIgkúñgPaBsáatlakel[m CaBiessBIsMNak

mitþPkþiCaevC¢bNÐit . zVIt|itEteKKµansiTÆiRbkbmuxviC¢arbseKk*eday k*eKEtgmkBinitüb)unnIedaysáat>

odMbUnµanxagEpñkeBTüRBmTaMgeBlxøHeKlYcozñaMeBTüEdleKenAmanessslEzmeT[t . enAeBlvibtþiCmáW

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eTAsMrakenAxÞmehIyeBlxøHeKGnuJ¦atoKatsMuGMeBA ßEpøeQI eBlEdlKatcghUb .

CabtaMgBI1ExmkehIy rbbhUbcukkúñgCMrMu:nZUrCagmun . eKEck:yRCayEtminEmnCabbrdUc

muneT . mñak>TTYl:n:yRCayEdlesµInwgGg,rCitknøHkMb¨ugTwkedaHeKa . ehIycabBIézábuNü17emsa

1977mk eyIg:nTTYleBatEzmeT[t . mñak>hUb:neRcInCagmun xøHCitEqÁt GñkxøHk*EqÁt .

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ehvhtyagxøaMg KatKµanelbGVI:nbnþicesaHtaMgBIézáTI1EdlKatcabeLIgkMedAkñúgxøÜnmk . dlézáTI7

KatZUres|IykñúgxøÜn EtKatenABMuTanGacRtLbeTAeZVIkarenAcMkar:neT dlézáTI9 KatRsYlxøÜnCitdUcZmµta

Katk*eTAeZVIkardUceKdUcÉg .

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cMkNþalCMrMu bu:¢kMBgbtsemø{kbMBakEdlKateTIbnwgedrb¨HehIy .

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101

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bg .

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102

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k*huc:ykþaMgRBmTaMgniyayeTAkantaza ;

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niymdUcmuneT[teT ÉBaküGrKuNk*minRtUveRbIEdr .

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ósSah¾mkelgCamYyKatCajwkjab .

buEnþézámYyenaH taebnLadUcCacge:HbgkarRby&tñRbEygcal . Katniyayza ;

-kµÜydwgeT h)Unwm :nelIkBaküesøakmYyza <<daMdaMdaM daMTalEtGsdIdaM>> CaBaküesøakCemøIy

cMkYt ehIyKatbEnæmza <<kµÜysmøaj kµÜyÉgs<alepøkeQ]t bgrbsepøkqateT />>

-:T`zImins<al KatCaRKUeBTü kalenAPñMeBjBImun

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103

-etIKat:neZVIGIeTIbeKcab /

-eKzaKatcgrteKceTARbeTséz . eBleKcab´Kat eKeXIjKatmanR:kduløarenAeBjxøÜnKat.

mkdlRtwmenH yayPriyataebnLa :nniyaykatsmþIrbsbþIKat <<`minEdleXIjbþIRbBnÆNa

RsLajKñadUckµÜyenHeT . manKUCaeRcInEdl:kEbkKñaenAeBlknøgeTenH cMENkKUkµÜyÉgvij …>>.

eyIg:nrsenACitKatTaMgBIrnakGsry;eBlbIExb¨ueN‚aH . bnÞabmkKatRtUveKbJ¢ÚnoeTAbMeBj

Parkic©enAkEnøgepSgeT[t. Kat:necjeTACamYyGñkÉeT[tEdlmanRKYsarRTgPUrIsSar¨anigmitþPkþirbsKat

CaedIm. `nwksµanzaGñkTaMgenaHRtUvkartaebnLanigPriyaedIm|IykKateTAeZVIkarenAEk|rxøÜneK buEnþeRkaymk

eKdwgza GñkTaMgenHRtUveKykeTAsmøabminqáaybunµanBImnÞIrb18 .

XXX ExsIha1977 . ézáenHZatuGakasekþAEhg . enAelIGakasevha eKmineXIjdMuBBksUm|IEttictYc

esaH . bnÞab´BIeBl:yézáRtgehIy `edIreTAkanxÞm`PøamedIm|Ieqø{teBlenACitb)unnIbnþic eRBaHvibtþiRKun

cajnwgpÞúHeLIgeT[tehIy . b)unnIbnøWeLIg<<bgdwgeTézáenHCaézáxYbkMeNItbgNa!>>. `eZVIesaHGeg<IyeZVI

hakdUcCaer]genHKµanTakTgGVIdl`bnþiceLIy . rYc`RbmUlRBlwg`mkvijPøamedIm|IbgºajkarKYrsmrbs

`eTAb)unnI eTIb`eqøIytbKatvijza <<kñúgmYyGaTitüeT[tCaézáxYbkMeNItrbsnIÉgEdr>> . b)unnIxøÜnÉg

hakdUcCakMBugEtbENþtGarmµN¾eTAqáayEsnqáay. KatGg<úyelIERKehIyKyKneTsPaBEdlsnÆwgdac´

knÞúyEPñk . KatmanTwkmuxRsgUtRsgatniyaybnþicbnþÜcedIm|IXat`oenAEk|rKatbnþiceT[t . enAÉeRkAxÞm

ÉeNaHvij KµanGVIkMerIkesaH sábxülQwg . cMkard*lVwgelIVyEdlb)unnIkMBugsmøwgenAmuxKatmanépÞ

xageqVgédCabnwgéRB ehIykñúgcMkarenaHedImsENþk:yBN(ébtgxMdkTgyagBi:kecjBIdIEdleTIbnwg

P¢ÜrehIy . eTsPaBEbbenHemIleTAeRb[bdUckMralRBMEdleKRkaldleCIgemXedIm|IcaMTTYleP\{v . rMeBc

enaHRsabEtb)unnIniyayPøamza <<CmáWRKuncajd*céRgenHvarMxan`Nas .`enAkñúgxÞmEtmñakÉgraleBl .

`ZanavaCakarlM:kNas lM:knwgRTaMRTCagkarrsenAeZVIkargarCamYyeKÉg . `KitBicarNaKµanQb

Qr `nwkeTAdlÓBukmþay` bgRbus nigbgRsI`nigkµÜyRsIRbus EdlBImunrsenAPñMeBj . etI«LÚvKat

TaMgGsKñaenAÉNa/ KateTACaGVIeTAehIy/ `nwkRBYceTAÓBuk`EdlKatmanCmáWelIsQam . KatBisar

zñaMedIm|IoQamedIreT[gTatRsYl . etIKateZVIem¨ceTAebIGtzñaMyagenH / kalbgRsI`nig`enA:rIsnigmun

ézá17emsa1975 eyIgEtgep\IzñaMmkCUnKat Émþay` etIKatGacRTaMRTCIvPaBkñúglkÎN;EbbenHekIteT /

KatEtgniyayeRcIn edIm|IRbEdrRbedAkUnecA etIKatnwgeZVIyagemc / ÉbÁÚnRsIeBArbs`EdlcUlcitþ

PaBsábsáat etInwgeTACaGVIeTA / etIGñkTaMgenaHRtUveKCemø[secjBIPñMeBjCamYyKña ßmYyk*RtUveKbMEbk

Kña />>.

`minkatsmþIb)unnIeT `TukoKatniyaybnþ . etI`GaceqøIyeTAKatzaemc / KatecHEtbnøay

GarmµN¾qáayeTA>edayKµan»CMhanEdlxitkanEtCitxÞmeyIgeLIg . KWbgRsIKateQµaHsIu kMBugedIrcUl

mkkñúgxÞmeyIg .

-ÉgTaMgBIrnakkMBugeZVIGIhñwg /

-eyIgCECkKña

-EtbÁÚnRsI ÉgekItGIhñwg / eLIgkMedAeT[tehIyß /

104

b)unnIRKvIk|al ehIyeqøIyza ; «LÚvenHGtmankMedAeT

-cuHehtuGIeTA:nCaÉgmanTwkmuxRsgUtRsgatEbbenH /

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»dUecñHsIuenAesá{m TwkmuxZøakcuH . emIleTAhakdUcCadlevnKatEdlnwkPøwkeTAdlGnusSavrIy¾Gs

TaMgenaH . buEnþb)unnIbnþza<<bgRsIcaMeT kalEdleyIg:nTTYleteLRkamBIbÁÚnRsIeyIgeQµaH b)unEzn

CanisSitenAmhaviTüal&yOszsaRsþ nigBIEdt kµÜyeyIgEdlCanisSitenAmhaviTüal&yevC¢saRsþ / Gñk

TaMgBIr:nep\IeteLRkamenHedIm|IR:beyIgza eKnwgeLIgynþehaHenAézá16emsa1975 edIm|IeTAkan:rIs.

hWu! GñkTaMgBIrKµansMNageT>> .

sIumanTwkmuxkanEtRBYyEzmeT[tehIyniyayeLIg <<bgminc|aseTza kalNaeTAdl:rIsGñk

TaMgBIrminsMerczanwgcUlRsukdUceyIg>> rYcKatEbrgakmkemIl`edaydkdegºImZM ;

-cuHbÁÚnÉgmannwkeTARKYsarEdreT /

-:T`k*nwkEdr EtetIbgRsIcgo`eZVIemc / `k*mindwgzaRKYsar`enAÉNaEdr

sIugakmkb)unnIvij hakdUcCabgºajzaRtUvdUrRbZanbTkñúgkarCECkKñaenH .

-etIÉgmanrdUvvijehIy /

-cas enHCasMNaglÁ

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sIupÁakniyaybnþicmunnwgniyaybeJ©jBIeKalbMNgKatEdlKatmkelgCamYyeyIgeBlenH.

-tameyablrbsbg ebIÉgTaMgBIrnakcg:nkUnKWeBlenHehIyEdlCaOkaslÁ . CaBiesssMrab´

b)unnIebIÉgcg:nEmnETn kMucaMyUreBk . bgdwgNaszaCIvitenAeBlenHvaBi:k EtÉgmanGayuCIvit3 0

qñaMehIy . manGayueRcIneBlqøgTenøGacnwgmankarBi:k .

-kñúges[vePAEdlsuvN‚ o`x©ImansresryagenHEmn .

b)unnIniyaybeNþIrédlUkeTAeRkamexñIybeNþIrehIybeJ©jes[vePAmYymancMNgeCIgza <<`manépÞ

eBaH>> RBmTaMgbnþza <<taMgBI`ZøakQWmk`Ganes[vePAenHrhUt>> .

sIuswgmineC]nUvGVIEdlKatkMBugEteXIjnwgEPñkenAeBlenH .

-suvN‚ eZVIyagemc:nCalakes[vePAenH:nrhUtmkdleBlenH / RtUvRby&tñoEmnETn Rby&tñ

ERkgeKeXIj naMomaner]g .

-eBl`Gan`dakmug . bgcgo`eZVIGIebImYyézá>`enAEtmñakÉgyagenH /

sIubJ¢akrenÆIn ; b¨uEnþRtUvRby&tñoEmnETnNa !

edIm|IkatesckþIRBYy:rmÖrbssIu b)unnIbnþza ; mitþnarITaMgGsEdlmanépÞeBaH TTYlrbbmºÚbBiess

KWRbhukmYydMunigs,rmYysøabRBaZMkñúgmYyGaTitü . niyayrYcb)unnIgakemIlmk`ehIybEnæm <<cas@ eyIg

RtUvKiteTAdlbJºaenHEmneT />> . `zybnþiceTIbniyayza <<nIemIlmineXIjzaxøÜneyIgmankarlM:keT

ß/ yagemc:nCanwkeXIjcg:nkUneBlenH enAkEnøgenH / etIGnaKtnwgeTACayagNa / müageT[t

nIQWRtUvKitEzxøÜnoCanasindMbUg . ebImankUnehIyevTnaézáeRkay vanwgrwtEteZVIoeyIgmanTukÎevTnaEzm

mkeT[t. kñúgkrNIenH bgeC]zaeyIgmincaM:cmankUneT>>.

105

EtsIubEnæm ;er]genHeRscEtenAelIÉgTaMgBIrnakKitKñaemIleTA ! cMENkbgvij bgzalµmdleBl

ehIy .

mkdlRtwmenHeyIg»sUrsemøgCYgrMBgeLIg . KWdleBlEdleyIgRtUvEbkBIb)unnITukoKatbnþkar

RsemIRsémrbsKatteTAeT[t ehIyeyIgmñak>RtUveTACYbCMuRkumeyIger[gxøÜnedIm|IcuHeTAeZVIkar .

eBlevlaecHEtknøgeTAmux cMENkÉsuxPaBrbsb)unnIkanEtZánZáreLIg> . mitþeyIgnaMKñaRbmUlzñaM

edaysáat> EdleKxMlakTukmkdleBlenHdUcCaKInIn GgTibIuyUTik zñaMkmøaMg ykmkob)unnIkñúgkþIsgÏwm

za nwgGacCYyeRsacRsgKat:n . KWCakarlHbgmYyd*ZMrbseKeRBaHeBlenHmñak>RtUvkarzñaM . eyIgEzøg

GMNrKuNd*RCaleRCAdlmitþPkþieyIgTaMgenaH . mundMbUgeyIgmankarEbk:kKñaeRBaHGñkdwknaMExµrRkhm

eKbMEbkeyIg . edayrsenACamYyKñakñúgCMrMu <<GbrM>> eZVIkarCamYyKña eyIg:ner[ns<alKña RsLajKña

eZVIocMNgmitþPaBnigsamK<IPaBrvageyIgrseLIgvij. eyIgcabdwgxøÜnza eyIg:nlHbgGVI>TaMgGssMrab´

ExµrRkhm EtKµan:nTTYlGVIRtLbmkvijeT eRkABIPaBGamas nigPaBevTnaetakyak. BYkeKrkviZIedIm|I

bMEbkeyIg«tQbQr . eKminRbkanBaküsnüarbseKeT . eKeZVIkargarminRKanebICageyIgeT . eK

RbvJ©&eyIg. edIm|IeZVIoeyIgcMNayzamBleyIg«tRbeyaCn¾ eKeRbIoeyIgeZVIkargardUcCa daMedImdUg enA

rdUvekþAhYtEhg sgGagTwkTukecal daMRsUvenAelIdIEdlmanCatikMe:r.l. TaMgGsenHsuTÆEtCakargar

KµanRbeyaCn¾ . <<GñkralKñaKµansmtæPaBnwgciJ©wmxøÜnÉgeT>> enHCaXøaEdlbeg,IteLIgedayGñkdwknaM

ExµrRkhm ehIyEdlCYnkaleyIg»sUrGñkTTYlxusRtUvCMrMusURttamyagRsek[Rtec[k.

TaMgGsKñaP&y:rmÖyagesµaH GMBIsuxPaBrbsb)unnI . zVIt|itEt:nTTYlzñaMyagNak*suxPaBKat

enAEtmin:nRKanebIesaH . CmáWRKuncajminsMerccakecjBIKateT ehIykMedAkñúgxøÜnKatk*caberIeLIgral

10ézámþg . b)unnIxMRbyuTÆTlnwgCmáWenHedayesckþIkøahanEdlKatGaceZVI:n . cabtaMgBIExtulamk

Kat«tmanZøakrdUveT[teT . sPaBkarN¾enHeZVIo`RBYy:rmÖERkgKatmanépÞeBaH .

enARBwkmYyKat:nr¨ayr¨abR:b`nUvkareyasbþid* <<Gs©arü>>rbsKat <<`eyasbþiza miSlmijmanRsþI

mñakmancMNasRbEhlCaEssibqñaM:nocieJ©{neBRCRKabZMmYyvgmk` . `RbEkkehIy`:nR:beTA

Katvijza `RsLajcieJ©{nenHNasEt`minGacTTYlykrbsenH:neT. müageT[tykcieJ©{nmkeZVIGIebI

eKBMuGacBak:nenAsm&yenH . Gg<karminGnuJ¦atoBakeRK]gGlg,areT . buEnþRsþIenaHrenæIn ebIGñkmin

eRbIeBlenH TukvaeRbIézáeRkayeTAmin«tRbeyaCn¾eT . ykcieJ©{nenHTukeTA...>> .

»b)unnIr¨ayr¨abEbbenH `k*sYrKatPøam ;

-cuHnIeZIVyagemceTA /

-` `TTYlcieJ©{nenaH . bgKitzaemc /

`jaksµa . ebIGJ©wgeTAehIy nIcgobgzaemc / (`tb) ebInIcgTTYlcieJ©{nenaH TTYleTA . nIeZVI

eRscEtcitþcgeTANa .

-EtbgKµanylGIesaH . minEmnyagenHeTEdl`cgsYr . er]genHCasubinþmYy `cgzadwgza etI

bgylGtæn&yvaeT /

-nIdwgehIyza bg«tdwgGVIeTBIer]geyasbþi Et...EtEbbCamann&yza nInwgCaes|IyBICmáW

106

-Emn/ bgeqøIyEtepþspþas vaminEmncgzaGJ©wgeT . eyasbþienHmann&yza `manTmán ehIy

kUneyIgCakUnRsI .

-buEnþnIyleTBIGVIEdlnIkMBuger[brabenH / nIenAQWenAeLIy .

tamBitb)unnI«tP&nþRcLMeT . eyasbþiKatCakarBit. ehIykarBitenHeZVIo`RsLaMgkaMg. bEnæmelI

CmáWRKuncaj b)unnI kÁÜtcegÁar vilmux esÞIrralézá ….

cugqñaM1977 dMeNIrcuHeLIgBIxÞmeTApÞHeBTü nigBIpÞHeBTüeTAxÞmrbsb)unnI RbRBwtþieTA«tQbQr.

pÞHeBTüsæitenAcmáayRbmaN1KILÚEmRtknøHBIxÞm . b)unnIs<,mxøaMgNas KatedIrElgrYc. ral10ézámþg Rkum

narIcl&tmkEsgKatEdleKgsþÚksþwgkñúgGRgwgedIm|IykeTApÞHeBTü. Exmkra1978 eK:nTukoKatsMrak

enAkñúgpÞHElVgmYy . pÞHenHCamnÞIrkumar Edlmanekµg>RbEhl20nak . ekµg>TaMgenaHmanGayuBI3

eTA13 qñaM . CYnkaleK »ekµg>TaMgenaHesIcßelgenAkñúgbnÞbEvgenaH . láacézá6mkra b)unnIdwgxøÜnza

CmáWRKuncajnwgmkyayIKateT[tkñúgeBlbnþiceT[t edaysJ¦asMKalrbsCmáWenHKWKatcabQWk|alrgar

eRs[vRsaj ehIyeLIgkMedAxøaMg . KatxMRbmUlkmøaMgKatCacugeRkayedIm|Iz¬kExSmug edayKatKitza

Katnwgj&rjakenAkñúgmugrYc ehIyKatnwgeKgEtmþg eRBaHebIjakehIy:ncgmuxCaeRkay Katc|asCa

KµankmøaMgnwgeZVIeT. bunµannaTIeRkaymk eK»sUrsemøgERskzáÚrcEmøkecjBImugKatmk .

-bgb)unnI> bgekItGIhñwg / bg»`niyayeT / eqøIymkbg !

enHCasMNYrd*P&yrenæInrbsZa EdlCaGñkeTAeKgeBTüCitKat . buEnþb)unnImineqøIyeT EteK»sUr

semøg EdleKminylzaGVI . ZaeTAebIkmugKatRsab´EteXIjKatGtdwgxøÜn ecjBBuHmatElgkMerIk .

-CYypg! CYypg! bgb)unnIsøab´«LÚvehIy!

ZaERskehAoeKÉgCYyyagGsTMhwg . ekµg>EdlenAkñúgxÞmEvgenaHxøHP\akeLIg xøHERskyMRThwug.

eBTüGg<kar6nak:nmkdlbnþbnÞabKña . b)unnIenAEtGtdwgxøÜndEdl EtKatERsk . eKnaMKñarwtKatpg

cakzñaMpg BüÜresr¨Umpg . mYyemageRkaymk eTIbb)unnIdwgxøÜneLIgvij .

ybenaHePø{gZøak . semøgtMNkTwkePø{gZøakelIdMbUlxÞmeZVIob)unnIP&yxøac . KatsµanzaCasemøg

exµaclg . EsÁkeLIgRbZanCMrMu:nekaHehA` .

-ta! TaÉgRtUverIsrvagCIvitbgnarI (b)unnI)nigCIvitTark . ebItameBTüeyIgTaMgGsKña eKza«TæiBlzñaM

TaMgLayEdlbgnarI:nelbnigTTYlkñúgxøÜnKat R:kdCaeZVIoTarkkñúgeBaHminGaceTACaTarkZmµta:neT

kUnenaHnwgeTACaBikar . tamZmµtaeRkayBIelbKInIn ßGgTIb)IyUTIkehIy TarkenaHRtUvZøakecjtaMgBI

yUrmkemøH . taÉgcgTukCIvitmþayßCIvitkUn / KµandMeNaHRsayNaepSgeT[teT ebIminecalmYyenH

k*mYyenaHEdr .

-CYyeRsacRsgCIvitmþayeTAbg! `eqøIyedaybMBgket|{t .

-lÁNas kalNabgnarImankmøaMgbnþiceyIgnwgrMlUtTarkenaHecj .

10ézáeRkaymk CmáWRKuncajenHk*erIeLIgvijeT[t . mþgenHGnsahavCagmun . eBTürMumkR:b`za

b)unnIRtUvEtsMrakoEmnETn . kalNaKatmankmøaMg eyIgnwgecaHxøÜnTarkenHehIyykvaecj . buEnþCmáW

erIeLIg10ézámþgGtmanGakxan .

107

enAExmIna1978 b)unnImanépÞeBaH5ExehIy . mþgenHCmáWenHpÞúHeLIgxøaMgcEmøk . sItuNºPaBkñúgxøÜn

KateLIgekþAxøaMg . sæanPaBKatdundabrhUtdlRKUeBTümñakR:b`za <<b)unnInwgminrseT ebIeKminrMlUt

Tark«LúvenH . RtUvcabeZVIPøam ebIBMuenaHvayWtRCul>> . RKUeBTümñakeT[tniyaybnÆÚr <<RtUvcaMbnþiceT[t

sinrhUtdlsuxPaBKatRKanebI>>.

-buEnþ`mineXIjza suxPaBKatnwgRKanebIyagemc ebIeKcaMyUrkalNa karRbzuyRbzanmankanEt

ZmkalenaH .

b)unnImindwgniyayzaemceBlenaH . eRkayBIeBTüecjeTA:tGs Katk*sYr` <<etIbgyleT eK

KiteZVIGI`/ etIeKykGImkecaHxYrkUneyIg/>>.

-bgKµanKiteXIjGVITaMgGs . vaeZVIonIexSay dUecñHnIRtUvxMjúaMedIm|IomankmøaMgTbTl . ebIBMuenaHeT

nIminGacecjBIsPaBZánZárenH:neLIy . mundMbUgRtUvKiteTAdlsuxPaBxøÜnÉgsin .

TIbMputeBTüTaMgGs:nsMerczacaMdlsuxPaBb)unnI:nRKanebIsin swmecaHxYrkUneyIg . b¨uEnþb)unnIenA

eKgsþwkelIERK júaMmin:nekþAkÁÜtcegÁar vilmuxCajwkjab . KatjúaM:y:nEtBIreTAbIsøabRBakñúg1ézá.

kalNaKat»sUrsemøgcansøabRBa KatkÁÜtcegÁarPøam . eKxSwbKñaza KµansgÏwmzaKatnwgrseT . Katman

siTÆiedIm|ITTYlrbbBiessEzmBIelIsmøEdleKEckoralézá KWmþg>KatTTYl:nsacRtI1dMupg . buEnþGt

RbeyaCn¾eT BIeRBaHKatminGacjúaMGI:nTaMgGs . `eTEdljúaMmºÚbenaHCajwkjab . `mankarxµaseG[n

Edr EtsacRtIenaHvaqáajeBkeZVIo`GtRTaMBMu:n k*rMelaPelIvin&yCMrMu .

b)unnIdwgzaCmáWRKuncajenHvamin:tBIxøÜnKateT Katlanmatza; etI`:neZVIGVIdlRBHBuTÆGg< / Kat

:nsURtZm(sáat>pg júaMzñaMGgTIb)IyUTIkpg júaMzñaMKInInpg EtTaMgGsenHKµanbeJ©j«TÆiBlßlTÆplGVI

bnþicesaH . zVIt|itEtKatsæitenAkñúgsPaBRBYylM:kyagenHk*eday k*eBleKsYreyablKatmþg>BIer]g

ecaHxYrTark KatsuxcitþenAesá{m «teqøIyGITaMgGs . `k*sYrKateT[tza etInIsuxcitþoeKecaHxYrkUneyIg

eT / R:bbgmkemIl .

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`KµankmøaMgnwgeZVIeT .

KatmincgTTYlxusRtUvkñúger]genHeT zVIt|itEteKTaMgGsKñasMuoKateZVIkarsMerck*eday . TarkEdl

KatmanenAkñúgépÞKatvaCarbsKat . eKGacbgÎMzanwgykecj buEnþKatbJ¢akza " kMucaMsMerckñúger]genH " .

dlKMrbExTI6ehIy . suxPaBb)unnI KµanpøasbþÚrGIVesaH . rMuCaGñkTTYlxusRtUvenAeBTü:nmkemIl

KatrYcniyayza <<«LÚvenHvayWtRCulehIyedIm|IrMlUtTarkenHecj . lkÎxNÐcaM:cedIm|IecaHxYrenaHvaGt

RKb . bghtehvexSaHeBk . eKminGaceZVIGIVekIt . kUnenHrwgk|alNas . ZmµtaebIeKelbzñaMGgTIb)IyUTIk

ßKInInyagenH kUnvaRCuHZøak:tyUrNasmkehIy . buEnþkUnenHvaZnlÁNas . ebIGJ©wgcabBIeBlenH

eTA `obgnUvzñaMkmøaMgjúaM `ElgKitykvaecjehIy>>.

EsÁkeLIgrMu :nyksIur¨U5-6dbtUc>mkob)unnI . ZmµtasIur¨UenHsMrabokUnekµg ehIymüageT[tvahYs

ézákMNtoeRbIeTAehIy . rMuza enHCazñaMkmøaMgbs©wmRbeTs vamanCatiEdkCYyomankmøaMg .

eRkaymkCmáWRKuncajenHmansPaBGnminratt|atdUcmun kMedAmin:tEtvaminhYsBI40GgSareLIy.

b)unnIElgsnøbdUcmuneT[tehIy . KattÁÚjaKatGskmøaMgNas htxøaMg eBlKatniyayeLIgdgºk ehIy

108

RtUvQbCajydgenAkñúgXøanImYy> . KatminGaccuHecjBIERK:neT eRBaHeBlNaKategIbQrmþg>

Katvilmux . sæitenAkñúgsPaBEbbenHehIyKatenAEteqø{to`sÞabeBaHKateBlNaTarkkñúgeBaHvakMerIk.

<<bgeXIjeT kUneyIgvakMerIkxøaMgNas>> b)unnIniyayR:b`yagrMePIy .

épÞeBaHb)unnIcUldlExTI8-9ehIy . suxPaBKateXIjRKanebICagmuneRcIn . bnþicmþg>Katcab´epþIm

egIbQrehIyedIrecjeTAeRkAxÞm:n . KatcabmansacCagmunbnþic . CaeRcInGaTitümkehIy KatdaM

rMgasßsedIm:xøbCamYysøwkeQIxøHEdlCazñaMburaNEdleKzaGacCYysMrYlkñúgkarqøgTenø . KatKµankmøaMg

GIeT . TaMgGsKñaeC]zaKatBMuGacrsranmanCIvitteTAeT[teLIy . xøÜn`pÞalmineC]za KatGacqøgputenA

eBlqøgTenøeLIy . `caMehtuGaRkknwgekIteLIgcMeBaH`enAeBlxagmux .

b)unnIminRBmbeNþayeTAtamkarGssgÏwmenHeT . Gg<karTukKatoenAesá{medaynwkza KatcaMEt

dleBlsøabbueN‚aH. ÉenAkñúgCMrMuvij karRbyuTÆtTlCamYybuK<lniymecHEtRsYcRsaveLIg> . BImunmk

GñkCmáWZánßRsþImanépÞeBaH:nTTYlkarGnuJ¦atodaMTwkenAcRg,anxøÜnÉgenAEk|rxÞm . cabBIeBlenHeTAkar

eZVIEbbenHRtUvhamR:meRBaHeKRtUvRbyuTÆnwg <<ÉkCn>> . eKRtUvhamR:mminocMGinGIVeRkABIenAcRg,an:y

rYm. buEnþeBlenaH GñkdwknaMCMrMuGt:nhamR:mb)unnIeT pÞúyeTAvijeK:nR:bKatza ebIKatcgjúaMbEnø

ßEpøeQIGI KatsMueTAGg<kareTA KµanbJºaGIeT . «LÚvenHKatGacedIr:n ehIyKatk*eTAcUlrYmRbCMuRkum

RbcaMézánigRbCMu10ézámþg .

láacézáGg<ar5kk,da enAeBlRbCMuRkum b)unnIdwgxøÜnzaKatminsUvRsYlxøÜn . KatR:beTAemRkumehIy

k*edIreTAkanxÞm . ePø{geTIbEtraMg . b)unnIedIrzñm>mYy>eRBaHxøacrGil nigxøacstVBsEdlcUlcitþecj

eRkayeBlePø{gZøak . PøamenaHKatcEmøkkñúgxøÜnehIysYrxøÜnÉgza <<`ekItGIhñwg/ ehtuemc:nCasMBt

exµA`eLIgTTwkGJ©wg/>>. eTAdlxÞmPøamKatk*GuCceg,{geRbgkatrkemIlERkgmanGIVenAkñúgTwkenam . 1emag

eRkaymk `k*sYrKatza etIKatcgo`eTAR:beBTüßeT / KateqøIytbza; <<eTmincaM:ceT `GtTanQW

eBaHeT . ybeRCANaseTAehIy eyIgRtUvsMrak>> .

EsÁkeLIg`P\akBIRBlwmdUcTmøabralézá . munnwgecjeTAeZVIkar`:rmÖBIsuxPaBb)unnIeT[tehIy.

-GtGIeT RKanebIehIy, KateqøIymk` .

-nImanQWeBaHeT /

-eT Et`GtdUcZmµtaesaH . `dUcCaP&yzb> . buEnþbgeTAeZVIkarcuH . ebImankarGI eKnwgeTAR:b.

b)unnIniyaybeNþIr esø{ksMBtexµAbeNþIr .

mYyRsbkeRkayBI`ecjeTAeZVIkar b)unnIZøakTwkePøaH . kñúgCMrMueLIgsáat . TaMgGsKñaecjeTAeZVIkar

dUcTmøab´. emag9RBwk xummkeGItsYrsuxTukÎb)unnImunnwgKatbnþdMeNIreTArkbEnø. xumCanarImñakEdlman

épÞeBaHEdr . Katrh&srhYnNas .

-bgeGIybg! yagemceTAehIy/

-GUxum! `GtQWeBaHbnþicNaesaH buEnþ`minylzaehtuGI:nCaTwkePøaHhUrGtQb . `eTIbpøas

sMBt

-yagemc bgZøakTwkePøaH / bgmanR:beBTüehIyßenA /

-enAeT

109

-hWuemck*RbEhsemøH! bgenAoesá{m `rteTArkeBTürMu .

knøHemageRkaymkxumRtLbmkvijedayTwkmuxGssgÏwm .

-`rkeBTürMumineXIjesaH . eKR:b`za KatecjeTABüa:lGñkCmáWenAb17 enAsg,atGñkTTYl

xusRtUv .

-GtGIeT, b)unnIeqøIy . `minTanQWeBaHeT .

mYyemageRkaymk rMumkdl .

-bgRsIyagem¨ceTAehIykñúgxøÜn /

-`minTanQWeBaH EtTwkePøaHEbkehIy .

-taMgBIGg,almk /

-taMgBIláacmiSlmiuj

RsþIekµgenHsmøwgenACJ¢aMgedayGtecjsþI . emIleTAKatdUcCakMBugEtKitelIer]gGVImYy. RbEhl

emag1res[l b)unnIcabepþImQWeBaHtic> . mYyemageRkaymkeTIbQWxøaMg . RbEhlemag6láac Kat

QWkanEtjabeLIg> . enAkñúgxÞmeyIgmansPaBG)UrGr RsþI>EdlmanbTBiesaZn¾4-5nak kñúgcMeNamenaH

manBIrnakCaqµb . bEnæmelIbuK<likeBTüsIunigRsþIxøHeT[t eKGnuJ¦atoenACitb)unnIEdlkMBugQWeBaHkanEt

xøaMgeLIg>. `RtUvenAeRkAxÞmCamYymitþPkþiepSgeT[trgcaMdMNwg Et`»b)unnIzáÚreBlKatQWeBaHmþg>. edIm|I

pþlPaBkkekþAdlb)unnI rMu:ncgGRgwgenACitKat . b)unnIGacTTYls,rGMeBABIrsøabRBa ykeTAjúaMoman

kmøaMg . GñkenACitR:b´oKatjúaM . buEnþKatelbminrYc . emag9yb´ . b)unnIehvkanEtxøaMg . KatcgcuHBI

elIERKedIm|IeTAbteCIg . KatEbkejIsCaeRcIn . rMuBinitüs|ÚnmþgeT[t ehIyniyayza <<s|ÚnebIkbnþic

ehIy køahaneLIgbg `cakzñaMobgmYym¢úledIm|Ios|ÚnebIkrh&s>>.

emag10yb . s|ÚnebIkGsehIy . rMuniyayza <<`eXIjk|alva>> .b)unnIQWkanEtxøaMgeLIg.

<<Rbwg!RbwgTalEtovaecjmk . RbwgoxøaMg! xøaMgEzmeT[t!>> enHCasMErkrbsRsþI>EdlCitb)unnI . b)unnI

eqøIyedaytMGUjza <<`QWNas `RbwgGsehIy>> . b)unnInwkeTAdlmþayKatehIyniyayza ebImþayKat

enACitKat Katc|asCaQWminxøaMgdUcenHeT.

ybGaRZatknøgeTA . b)unnIenAEtdEdl KµankarZUrRsalGIbnþicesaH.pÞúyeTAvijKatkanEtdundab

Cagmun. edIm|IkmøaKat rMu:nniyayza <<em¨agBIrkUnnwgekItehIy>>. EtenHemag3 eTAehIy enAEtmin

TanekIteT[t. b)unnIKµan:neKglkesaHsUm|IEt1vinaTIk*GtEdr .

-emceTAbgkñúgxøÜn /

-enAEtdEdl

-GJ©wg`eTAeNaH1Epøt . `RtLbmkvij«LÚvehIy bgkMuRBYyGI .

taMgBIemag10ybemø¨Hs|ÚnebIk .`:neXIjllad¾k|alTarkRbkedayskexµA b¨uEnþvaenAKaMgecj

mkminrYc . k|alenHehIyEdlrMubMrugnwgecaH Et«LÚvKatza <<vayWtRCuleTAehIy>>.

zVIt|itEtbgRsIKatenACitehIyk*eday k*b)unnIenAEtrkmþayKateT[t. Emn tamBiteBlmunenAPUmi`

kalNaRsþIqøgTenøEtgmanmþayenACit . `RBYyesÞIrrEhkRTUg mindwgeZVIyagemc . eKsMuo`eTAsMrak

110

enAxÞmCitxag. ZatuGakashb . KµanxülbkbnþicesaH . xøÜn`eLIgEbkejIsehIyxMTMertEtminsux.

`xMepÞ{gsþab´RKbsemøgEdlmkbHRtec[k` . `htNas . htxøaMgEmnETn Znmun:nk* ....

15naTIeRkaymkrMuk*RtLbmkvij . epgEdlCaRbZanCMrMubnÞabBIrwm :nekaHehA` . enAmuxrMu epgsYr

` <<bgsuxcitþeT ebIeKvHeBaHbgnarIykTarkecj/ CakarRbzuyRbzanmYyyagZM buEnþeyIgKµanCMerIs

epSgeT[teT . eyIgeZVIRKblTÆPaBTaMgGsedIm|IseRg<aHmþay . cMeBaHTark sMNagticNas EdlzaGacnwg

rs.eTaHCayagemck*kUnenHvamindUcekµgZmµtaeT.Émþayk*eyIgKµansgÏwmbunµanEdr>>. rMubEnæmza;bgnarI

KatexSayNaseTAehIy . GJ©wgetIBUsuxcitþoeKvHeBaHykkUnecjeT/

-eZVIyagNaeRscEtelIGg<karsMerceTAcuH .

enAkñúgxÞmÉeNaH b)unnIsYrrkrMuehIybgRsIKatk*eqøIyza ; KatecjeTAvijehIy.

-emck*KatecjeTAvij /

mñak>RkeLkemIlmuxKñaeTAvijeTAmk sÞakesÞIrminh)aneqIøy.TIbMputRsþImñakniyayza mitþrMuecjeTA

edIm|IeTArkRbdabRbdasMrabvH .

-eKbMrugvH`/

rhUtdlnaTIcugeRkay b)unnI enAEtmanCMen]za kUnenHvanwgGacekItdUcZmµta. emagbYnknøHRBwk

eTAehIy sæanPaBenAEtdEdl. CYgbnøWeLIg edIm|IR:bza dleBleTAeZVIkargarehIy . »dUecñaHb)unnI

Kitza <<PøW«LÚvehIy>kUnenAEtminTanekItecjmkeT[t . dleBlbnþiceT[t mitþ>eKnwgmksYrdMNwg

etI `RtUveqøIyeTAeKzaemc/>>.

emag5 rMuRtLbmkvij . KatbnøWza; emceTAbg enAEtdEdl/ ehIyKatbnþPøamza RtUvykKat

eTAeBTüPøam>eLIgkMuoxateBl.

mitþnarIxøHeTArkGRgwg xøHeT[ter[bcMPYynigsMBtGavb)unnI . RsþImñaksYrzñm>eTAb)unnI;eyIgykknÞb

sMrabkUnEgteTAEdr / narIBIrnakEsgGRgwgEdlb)unnIeKgenAkñúgenaH . mñakEsgxagmux mñakeT[txag

eRkay . bgsIunig`:nRtUveKGnuJ¦atoeTAtamGñkCmWáEdr . RBHGaTitü:necjyagsnSwm>enAÉcugeQI

buEnþmñak>manTwkmuxeRk[mRkMRbkbedaykþIRBYyGnÞHGEnÞg . bgRsIb)unnI niyayza ebIeKRtUvkarQameK

GacykQam` eRBaHQam`dUcQamb)unnI .

rMueqøIy; caMemIlsin .

enAtampøÚvmitþeyIg:nEbkBIeyIgedIm|IeTAkankardan . eKnaMKñaRkeLkemIlb)unnICacugeRkayedaykþI

GaNit. eKmñak>nwkza KµanlTÆPaBNamYyedIm|IvHGñkCmáWEdlmanCmáWRKuncajd*ZánenHekIteT . eKsYrKña

eTAvijeTAmk etIeKvHnwgGI / yagehacNask*eKRtUvmanxülGuksIuEhSn manQamEdr . buEnþTIenH eK

KµanGVITaMgGs . eZVIGJ©wgCakarq,ÜtmYy... .

<<pÞHeBTü>> CapÞHmYyEdlsgelIssrykKMrUtamsMNgpÞHrbsGñkTTYleP\{vrbsGg<kar . pÞHenaH

manranhalxagmux nigmanBIrxñgEtKµanpÞH:yßbnÞbedkeT . eyIgeLIgCeNþIr . eKTukb)unnIosMrak

elIERKmYyenAxagkñúgpÞH . RKUeBTüer[bcMRbugeRb[b . eKmanRbGbsMLI1RbGb kaMbit kéRnþ nigRbdabbUm

QammYyEdleZVIedayéd . KµanxülGuksIuEhSneT . GñkEdlZøabeXIjbnÞbvHTMenIbdUc`EdrenaH P&y

esÞIrelaHRBlwg . kEnøgvHkatenHmansNandUckEnøgsmøabstV .

111

karRBYyGnÞHsarmkRKbdNþb`eZVIobMBgk`eLIgsÞH ERskRTehaBMuecj . `nwkza ebIeyIgmin:neZVI

GMeBIq,ÜtlIlaEbbenHeT b)unnInwgRtUvsMralkUnedaysuxsanþ . `RsémeXIjbnÞbpÞHeBTüyagsÁat man

p,akulabEdlb)unnIcUlcitþ emIleTAKYrorIkrayenAeBlkMeNItkUnTI1 . rUbbnÞb´EbbenHEdl`eXIjtam

TUrTsSn¾:ncUlmksæitenAkñúgRBlwg` eZVIo`eXIjdUcenAnwgEPñk . b)unnIminxøacsøabeTenAeBlqøgTenø.

KµanGñkNaP&yxøacBIer]gKateLIy . müageT[tenAcugstvtSTI20enH eKQb´niyayBI <<qøgTenøsøab>>

eT[tehIy EtniyayBI <<qøgTenøGtQW>>.bursmñakenAekµgenAeLIy QrEk|rb)unnITwkmuxjjwmRbkbeday

suTidiniym emIleTAKatedaykþIesñh¾ . bursmñakenaHKWrUb`hñwgÉg Edlsb|aynwgcaMTTYlkUn. ehIy

bnþiceT[teKnwgdakkUnERKd*sÁattUcmYyCitERKmþay EdlkñúgERKtUcenaH eKnwgepþkkUngamYyRKbeday

RkNatsÁatPøwg. kUnenaHCakUn` kUnrbseyIg . ÓBukmþayeyIgrgcaMkarmkdlecArbsKat enAxagmux

bnÞbsMral. b)unnIjjwm . eyIgemIlkUneyIgeKglkedaykþIzñakzñm .

TaMgenHCakþIRsémrbs`esaH . PaBCakEsþgenAnwgmux`eBlenHZánZárdUcpÞaMgzµ . vaCaeRKaHkMNac

mYy! CaBiPBmYyEdlKµankarkkekþABImnusSelakeLIy Kµanesñha KµanebHdUg .

bgRsI sIu nig` RkeLkemIlKñaeTAvijeTAmkkñúgsPaBsábsáat . gakeTAb)unnI eXIjTwkEPñkKat

hUrrham . mþg>KatQWeBaHxøaMg eZVIoKatGtRTaMnwgzáÚrminekIt . muxKatesImedayRKabejIs. eBTürMu

gakeTAemIleBTüsan ; etImitþcgsakl|gmþgeT[tCaelIkcugeRkaybgÁsß/ tamBitRsþITaMgBIrnaksÁb´Kña

eTAvijeTAmk . sanKateZVIkartamdankarmanépÞeBaHnigkarqøgTenø kalBImuneBlrMumkkankabkarenA

TIenH . taMgBIeBlrMumkeZVIkarenATIenHsaneTATTYlParkic©xagEzTaMkumarCMnYsvij .

sanniyayeTAkanb)unnI ; <<sMrakeTAbg . dkdegºImoEvg>ehIyGg,újeCIgeLIg . egIbk|aleLIg.

eZVIGJ©wgeTA . EjkeCIgTaMgBIr. eZVIGJ©wgehIylÁNas. RbwgmþgeT[t eT[t! eT[t! CitecjmkehIy.

`eXIjk|alva . skvaexµA . RbwgbnþiceT[tbg>> . sanniyaybeNþIr ykeCIgKatTaMgBIrsg,tceg,H

b)unnIbeNþIr. <<RbwgoxøaMgeT[t xøaMgCagmun. eT[t!eT[t! RbwgoxøaMgEzmeT[tbg!>> sansakmYydg BIr

dg bIdg R:Mdg…. b¨uEnþk|alrbsTarkenAsÞHRtwmRtKakecjminrYc . emag11ehIy . kþIsgÏwmza

TarknwgekItecjmktampøÚvZmµCatik*rlay:t . b)unnIzáÚrtic>. muxKatkanEtsøaMgeLIg . Katehvht

exSaHkmøaMgBIxøÜnrlIg . rMubnøWeLIgkñúgPaBtantwgza <<bg>eXIjehIy eZVIGIk*minekItEdr . manEtpøÚvmüag

`dwgzaCakarRbzuyRbkbedayeRKaHzñak b¨uEnþeKminGacTukbgb)unnIoenAkñúgsPaBkarN¾EbbenHeT. ebIvH

katRbEhlCaGacseRg<aHKat:n . buEnþebITukKatGJ©wg bnþiceT[tKatsøabehIy>> .

RkumsuxaPi:lEdlmanKña5naknigGñkTTYlxusRtUvCMrMu :net]n`nigbgRsIsIumþgeT[t oeZVIesckþI

sMercCacugeRkay . <<eZVIGVIeRscEtmitþeBTüyleTAcuH . `cgeRsacRsgmþay yagehacNas>> enH

CaXøamYyEdl`RbmUlkmøaMgTaMgGsEdlmanedIm|IbnøWeLIg . rMuk*eqøIy <<caMsakemIl. eyIgnwgxitxM

RbwgERbgoGssmtæPaB>> . emagCit1ézáRtgehIy . edIm|IorMueZVIkarvHkatekIt eK:nelIkERKb)unnIeTA

dakenAyxagmux eRBaHvamanBnøWeRcInCagenAxagkñúgpÞH . eKer[bcMkarvHkat . eKdakb)unnIepþkelIkk|al

x¬sbnþic . eKbenþage:økesr¨UmEdlmansresrpøakza <<plitenARbeTscin>> eKcakbJ©Úlédb)unnImÎag

mYyEdleKcgP¢abeTAEKmERKCamYynwgExS . rMuesIyGavb)unnIeLIgbNþaloeKeXIjeBaHe:gZMrbsKat .

bgRsIsIuxiteTACiteBTürMurYcniyay <<`manRkumQamdUcbÁÚnRsI`Edr . ebImitþRtUvkarQamGacykQam`

112

eTAbJ©Úlo:n>>. rMuk*cakzñaMmYym¢úlob)unnI EdlKatehAza <<zñaMsnøb>> bnÞabmkKatCUteBaHb)unnICamYy

sMLImYydMueCaKedayGalkul . EPñkb)unnIbiTkanEttUceTA> . KateXIjdMuBBksqáayeTA>bnÞabmkggwt

ehIyKatk*ElgdwgxøÜn .

rMukankaMbitenAéd cabepþImeZVIkar . KatvHcMkNþaleBaH BIelIdleRkam dUcCaKatvHman. Qam

RkhmeqÁA:n:jeLIg . eBTüec[bTTYlbnÞúkxagbUmQamecjBIeBaHb)unnI . sréstUc>CaeRcInRtUvdac.

RbdabbUmQamedayédRtUvxUcbUmElgekIt . <<el]neLIg>> rMubJ¢a <<huckéRnþmk` sþabCIBcrKat.

el]neLIgbUmoel]n el]nEzmeT[t enaH`eTAdlehIy !>>. niyaybeNþIrrMubEnæmel|}nkayvikarKat

beNþIr ehIybeJ©jykTarkEdlRbLakQam manxøÜneLIgBN(sVay . KWkUnRsI . rMuhucTarkosan

edaybnþRClksMLIedIm|IoCkQamenAkñúgeBaHcMh eRBaHRbdabbUmxUc .

TarkGtERskeT . <<RtUvCJ¢kmatvaykQamecj>> rMubJ¢a . sanpÞabbbUrmatKateTAnwgbbUr

matTarkdUceKCJ¢kmatGñklgTwkedIm|ICYyeRsacRsg . KatbWtQamehIyKatx¢akeTAelIdImYydg BIr

dg . TarkenAEtGtRBmERsk . sanrenæInbWtQambIdg bYndg . TIbMputTarkERskgaeLIg . TarkenA

rsmanCIvit .

caksUluykgRhV¾ovamYym¢úlpg! saneZVItamrMuR:bPøamehIyrMuTarkkñúgPYyrYcykeTATukenAek[nmYy

kEnøg . eKdUcCaKµanepþatcitþrvlnwgTarkenHesaH . TaMgGsKñaemIleTAb)unnIEdlmanQamhUrsnÆwk

snÆab.

enAÉeRkARBHGaTitürHeBjTMhwg . emXekþAecs sItuNºPaBeLIgdleTA3 7GgSar . mnusSmñamk

kanEteRcIneLIg . rMueRbIsMLIEdlenAslEtBIrdMu pøasbþÚredIm|IdakoCkQamkñúgeBaHehIy KatykeTA

BUtdUcBUtRkNat . KateZVIEbbenHRcMEdl>GsRbEhl15naTI . bbUrmatb)unnIeLIgexIc ehIyKatcab

záÚr emIleTAdUcCaGssgÏwmEtrMuenAEtskmµ. <<cakzñaMmYym¢úleT[t>>rMuniyaybeNþIrerayemSAzñaMeBnIsIulIn

elIsñamvHmunnwgedrP¢ab . cakzñaMsnøbmþgeT[t. emag3 xVH15naTI karvHeBaHykTarkecj :ncbsBV

RKb . rMukMEbøgelg <<GU `ePøckéRnþenAkñúgeBaHKat>>.

mYyemageRkaymkb)unnIdwgxøÜneLIgvij . eKbJ©úkbbrsENþkedIm|IoKatmankmøaMg . karvHkat

pSgeRBgmYyenH:nTTYleCaKC&y . eyIgTaMgGsKñaZUrcitþ . muneBlvHkatKµannrNamñakeC]za nwg

:nsMercenaHeT . bnÞabmkeKeZVIbuNüCbel[gcMeBaHC&yCMnHrbsviZIsaRsþeBTübdivtþn¾ . zVIt|itEtman

kgVHxagsmÖar; EteKvHkat:nsMerc . KWCaPaBCakEsþgmanRbsiTÆPaBrbsbnÞatneya:yrbsGg<kar

<<EpÁkelIkmøaMgxøÜnÉg>> . edIm|ICbel[gosmtamC&yCMnHenH EsÁkeLIgRbZanCMrMu:nbJ¢aosmøabRCUk

mYy . cMENkÉrMu KatrIkraynwgC&yCMnHEdlCasñaédrbsKatNas. eyIgk*EzøgGMNrKuNd*RCaleRCA

dlKatnigRkumRKUeBTübdivtþn¾Edl:nCYyseRg<aHCIvitb)unnInigTark . cMENkÉmitþnarIBIrnak su:nig

ektæa EdlmanbTBiesaZn¾yageRCARCHxagmuxrbrqµb :nTTYlkarsresIrBIGñkTTYlxusRtUvCMrMu .

cMENkÉTarika, kUnRsIrbs`vij manGayuCit1em¨agehIy eKgyagsáb´esá{m eRkayBI:nERsk

dkxüleBjRTUgmk . KµannrNaeKrvIrvlCamYynageT eRBaHTaMgGsKñaRBYy:rmÖEtnwgmþay . kalNa

eyIgdwgza eyIg:nec[seRKaHzñakd*sahavenaHehIy eTIbeyIggakmkemIlTarkvijmþg . nagenAesá{m

sáb EpñkbiTCithakdUcCaRbEkkminRBmemIleTABiPBelakEdlenAnwgmuxnagtaMgBInagcakecjBIépÞmþay

113

mk . emIleTA EPñkenaHebIkminrYcedaysarTarkRtaMenAkñúgzøúkQamkñúgeBaHmþayyUreBk . rMu:nR:boeK

Rc:cTwkRkUcqµaBIr-bItMNkelIRtbkEPñk .

`smøwg«tRBicEPñkeTAelICIvittUcmYyenH EdleTIbecjBICIvit` . `P&yxøacxkcitþ . `seg,teday

:rmÖ CadMbUgeTAelIEPñknag EdlmYysnÞúHeRkaymkcabebIk . nagGacemIleXIjßeT / rYc`emIlCa

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114

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117

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rMuEdlBakGavBN(Rbkbedayp,a . ybenaHrMuniyayBIbJ¢IGñkk|t . KWCabJ¢ImYyd*Evg .... `ylzaman

mnusSCaeRcInEdlRtUveKcabXatxøÜn . eBlrMuedIrecjeTA b)unnIRbkbedayTwkmuxP&yesøk eRkakQreLIg

edaybITarkenAkñúgéd ehIyniyaymkkan`TaMgj&r> <<`ElgylGVITaMgGs eKminGaceC]er]gTaMgGs

enHeT>>.

— — — — — — —

119

P ñMeB j eRk am eG og s ar I

kaNUtbdivtþn¾d*ehvht ebIkmYyybTlPøWnigmYyRBwkEzmeT[t . RbEhlézáRtg eyIgeXIj

PñMeBjelceLIgeRkamkMedAxøaMgesÞIrzbdegºIm . kaNUteyIgeTActenARcaMgmYyxageCIgraCvaMg EdlenABI

muxmanpÞHkRnÞIkkRnÞakmYyCYr . briyakassábKµanGVIkMerIkbnþicesaH . KµannrNamñakedIrmkkMsanþ ßmYy

xVlEzTaMTIenHeT . sRmsTIenHk*:tbgGs .

rMu bnøWeLIg <<eyIgmkdlehIy bnþiceT[tbg>nwgeXIjPñMeBjeLIgvij . sMrakrgcaMenATIenHsincuH

TMraMeKmkrkbg>edIm|IdwkeTAkanParkic©zµIedlGg<karpþlo . laehIyEdn BU> bg> nigbg>narI>> .

eyIgsmøwgemIlKñaeTAvijeTAmkedaykþIrMePIb rYceyIglaEbkpøÚvKñaenARtwmenH .

eK:noeyIgcUleTAkñúgpÞHmYyEdlmanóbkrN¾ksikmµrayBay«tsNþab . CJ¢aMgpÞHenaHeLIg

el]gmanpSitedaysarsMeNImTwk . k|almasIunTwkeRbIkarElgekIt . bg<nRtUveKbiTxÞasCabehIyRtUv

CMnYsedaybg<nbdivtþn¾EdlenAkñúgZøaeRkaypÞH .

b)unnIbMe¶Tark . `k*eqø{teBlenHedIrecjeTAykxülenAmatTenøctumux . `edIreq¬aHeTAerag:y

EdlsæitenAxagsþaMpÞHzµIEdleyIgsñakbeNþaHGasnñenH . RbEhlCasMNgzµI eRBaH`mincaMzamaneragenH

enAeBlcuHkaNUtecjBIPñMeBjkalBIcugqñaMeTAmYyeT . enAkñúgerag:yenaH mantuer[bCaCYrk*dUcCaerag

:yepSgeT[trbsGg<kar ehIyeXIjmannarIeZVI:ykMBugeZVIkarjabédjab´eCIg . `epþatGarmµN¾yagxøaMg

eTAelIeRK]gsmuRTEdlenAkñúgcan eZVIo`RskTwkmat . `lYcsgÏwmza mºÚbTaMgenHCargVansMrabBYkeyIg

EdlxMksagxøÜn:neCaKC&y .

`KµansiTÆiGacedIreTAdlsYnenAmuxvaMgeT . ebIeZVI:n`nwgkkayorseLIgvijnUvGnusSavrIy¾BIPñMeBj

kalBICMnanedIm . Et`KµansiTÆinwgedIrohYsBI50Em¨RtBIpÞHeLIy . TIRkughakdUcCaenAqáayBI` ehIy

mansPaBsáatRCgMuRbkbedaykþIRBYyeRk[mRkMeRb[bdUcCanarId*lÁekµgx©ImñakBIeBlmun ehIyEdleKemIlesÞIr

BMus<alenAeBlenH edaysarRtUveKvayexÞcxÞaMxUcmuxxUcmatGs . `nwkeXIjdlPñMeBjCMnanÓBuk` va

CaTIRbCMuCntUcmYyRbsBVedayTenø manpøÚvtUcZMEdlmanmnusSedIrkMsanþmanpÞHs|ÚvnigpÞHeQIlÁ> sgelI

ssrx¬sBIdIkM:MgedayedImeQI CYnkaleK»sUrsemøgcabIud*BieraHelcecjmk . manbwgnigsÞwgEdlkñúg

enaHsMbUredayRtInigstVepSg>eqø{tecjBICMrkenAeBlyb . kaleNaH`sb|ayedayeXIjkþamvareKIm>

KWenAkñúgkMLúgyuvv&yrbs`EdlTIRkug:nERbmuxmat . pÞHzµlÁRbNit GaKarTMenIb RKwHsæanZM>nigsg,at

sMrabCMnYjduHhUrEhrdUcpSit eBareBjhUreh[reTAedayCIvitrsrevIk . mnÞIreBTü viTüal&y mhaviTüal&y

bN‚al&y pøÚvxVatExVg mNÐlkILa eragkun elÎan :nRtUvsgeLIgedIm|IERbkøayPñMeBjoeTACaZanId*lÁ

mYyTajRbeTsoelcputecjBIPaBRkxSt . KWCary;kalmYyRbkbedaykþIsgÏwm . `nwkeXIjmuxmitþ

Pkþi`kalBIenAekµgdUcCakMBugemIlExSPaBynþcasmYyEdleKePøcecal . OPñMeBj ! GñkElgCaPñMeBj

Edl`Zøabs<aleBl`eBjv&yehIy GñkenACaGñkeTasmñakEdleKbgÎMeZVI:behIyRtUveKrMelaP . eKcgeZVI

oGñk:tRBlwgrhUt .

emag5res[l . zVIt|itEtézáer[blic EtenAEtCHkMedAekþAEhgdEdl . bursmñakCiHmU¨tUhugdamkdl.

eKBakGavs . eK:nR:beQµaHeKza eC[b enAb1 tamreb[bKYrsm. :nn&yza eKeZVIkarenARksYg

karbreTs EdlCaRksYgsæiteRkamkarRKbRKgedayeG[gsarI . <<pÞHenHvatUceBksMrabobgTaMgGsKñaenA

120

bgeG[gsarI:no`naMbg>TaMgGsKñaeTAenAEk|rvtþPñM kñúgpÞHviLamYysMrabTTYleP\{v>> eC[bniyaymkkan

eyIg.

eyIgk*er[bcMecjBIkEnøgenH . `sþayedaymin:njúaMmºÚbeRK]gsmuRTEdlRskTwkmatmunenHeBl

eXIjcugePAkMBugeZVI . enAtampøÚveKseg,teXIjPaBdEdl. GVI>dUceBleyIgecjdMeNIreTAdIRkhm. PÞH

EdleKTukecal RtUvrukranedayesµAvlø¥s)ubRTub. eyIgeXIjekµg>kUnGñkERs 4-5nak Edlesø{kexaexµA.

eXIjdUecñHeyIgylza GñkrsenATIRkugBImunEdlRtUveKCemø{sBitCaminTanRtLbcUlPñMeBjvijeT KWpÞúyBI

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kaMePøIgenAelIsµaQrreb[bTMrgKmnab . manmnusSRbmaNCag10nak TMngdUcCaGñkbec©keTscin

BakGavsWm)IBN(s kMBugedIrkMsanþ . kalBImunsRg<am vtþPñMCaTImYyEdlmanmnusSmñaCaeRcInmkedIrkMsanþ

kñúgcMeNamkEnøgdéTeT[ténPñMeBj . eKmkTIenHedIm|IykeRK]gdgVaymkzVayRBHBuTÆbdimakr ßmkKyKn

nigkMsanþkñúgsYnc|arEdlmanlkÎN;CaGaNaniKm .

eC[b:noeyIgcUlCaRkum> eTAkñúgviLabId*sÁat . KWCasMNgd*RbNitsMrabTukTTYlGñkCMnajkar

CaticinßkUer¨xageCIg . b)unnInig` RBmTaMgKñaeyIgCag10KUeT[tsMNakenAkñúgviLamYyEdlBIedImCapÞH

rbselak Qan v¨m naykrdmRnþI . GK<isnInigk|almasIunTwkGaceRbIR:sekIt . Ébg<nnigGagTwkeZVI

GMBIBr&sWELn (Porcelaine :dI«dmanKuNPaBRbNitnigtémøx¬s) . enHCaelIkTI1ehIytaMgBIExkk,da1976

mkEdleyIgGaceRbIR:sbg<nTajTwk nigRkdasGnam&y . enHCaPaBRbNitmYy ! EzmTaMgmanviTüúmYy

pgenAkñúgsaLúgTTYleP\{v . enAeRkAÉeNaH yb´ggwteTAehIy .

kñúgcMeNamnarI>er[b:ymºÚb `seg,teXIjnarImñak Edl`Zøabs<al . KateQµaH h CaPriyarbs

mitþ`mñak X . `cgEtniyayCamYyKat EtKat :neZVIo`dwgza eKminGacniyayCamYyKña:neT. h

nigX eRkayBI:nsñakenATIRkug:rIsmk GñkTaMgBIr:neTAkanRbeTskUer¨xageCIg . eyIgxaneXIjKñaCag

5qñaMehIy . `cgsYrBIdMNwgrbsbþIKat EtKatRKanEtjjwmmkkan`ehIybnþParkic©rbsKatteTAeT[t.

buEnþláacTI1rbseyIgenAPñMeBj eyIgmansiTÆihUbEqÁt . enHCakarmYysMxanNassMrabeyIgeBlenH .

CaCakEsþg kñúgry;eBlbunµancugeRkayenH eKykcitþTukdakCamYyeyIgCageBlmun> . viTüú:n

pSayesckþIraykarN¾CaeT[gTatsþIBIskmµPaBrbsmitþrdmRnþIénRksYgkarbreTseG[gsarI nigmitþnarIeG[g

ZIrit rdmRnþIRksYgsg<mkic© . kalBImSilmiuj enAelIkaNUt rMu:nsarsB&ÞGMBIkarcUlrYmRbCMurbsKatCamYy

bgeG[gsarI . RbEhlCaGJ©wgehIyemIleTA :nCarMuGacer[brabyagc|as>R:beyIgGMBIkare:ssMGat

ExSBYkk|t . dUecñHeKeZVIGVI/ KiteTAelIGVI / etIeyIgGacsb|aynwgPaBZUrRsalénCIvPaBeyIgekItßeT/

eRkayBI:n»rMuer[brab `kanEtRby&tñRbEygEzmeT[t cMeBaHPaBZUrRsalGsTaMgenH . b¨uEnþedIm|Io:n

rskñúgPaBd*maneRKaHzñakenH `RtUvEtelgesñ{tKWxaMnuyEdleKdakmk CaBiessedaymineZVIoeKktcMNaM

`eLIy . `er[bEtlglkeTAehIy enAeBlEdlesva RbkbedayTwkmuxRssBRBayedIrcUlmkkñúgpÞH

edIm|IR:beyIgoeTACYbeG[gsarI . CasMNaglÁ KatsµanEtb)unnInig`eKglkeTAehIy Katk*ecjeTAvij

edayGtdaseyIgeT .

EsÁkeLIgeyIgP\akBIRBlwmedIm|IeZVIkargarBlkmµ . `nigmitþÉeT[tcabepþImeZVIkare:ssMGatekIbsMram

enACMuvijpÞHnigenAelIcieJ©Imzñl. zVIt|itEtxVHkarEzTaM EtedImeQITaMgenaHenArkSasmösSTaMgRsug . eKmin

121

kabedImeQITaMgenHehIydaMedImeQIhUbEpøCMnYs dUcenAsg,atepSgeT[tkñúgTIRkugeLIy . eKminsUvemIleXIj

lkÎN;CnbTb¨unµaneT zVIt|itEtmanRCUkrtyagesrIenAelIcieJ©Imzñlk*eday .

EnAqáayBITIenaHbnþic `eXIjRkumGñkbec©keTscin kMBughatR:NeBlRBwk . eyIgeZVIkarbeNþIr

bþÚrcMNab´GarmµN¾KñabeNþIr .

-eyIgRtUvenATIenHb¨unµanézáeT[t / etIGg<karnwgoeyIgeZVIGI /

-tam»BaküccamGar¨am zaeyIgnwgRtUveTAeZVIkarenARksYgkñúgeBlqab>enH.

-etIRksYgNamYy /

-RksYgkarbeTs . eKniyayEtBIRksYgenHenAkMLúgeBlhñwg . eKelIkniyayBIRksYgsg<mkic©Edr

EtniyayticCagqáayNas.

-buEnþ` `KµanTakTgGVInwgkarTUtesaH . `CaGñkbec©keTsKImI .

-láacmiSlmiujbgeG[gsarI :nmkelgCamYyBYkeyIg ehIyKatzanwgRKbRKgBYkeyIgpÞal.

-minEmnCaelIkTI1eT Edl`»smþIEbbenH

mñak>eZIVGtæaZib|ayGMBICMnYbCamYyrdmRnþIenH . KatmanGakb|kiriyarMePIy jjwm CYnkalniyay

kMEbøgesIcpgdUcCaKat:nsYreTAsar¨n EdlCaGtItnisSitenARbeTsGseKøs zaetIKatZøab:nRtUvBYk

Scotland yard eRCIserIsedIm|IeZVIkaroBYkeKßeT / Scotland yard CaRksYgesIubkarsmáatrbsGgeKøs.

Kat:nZanaza KatEtgnwkKitmkBYkeyIg ehIycgsYrzaetIGñkNaEdlbJ¢ÚnBYkeyIgoeTAdIRkhmehIy

eRBaHGIV / etICIvPaBmintwgEtgeBkeTß / »yagenH z beJ©jRbtikmµRbkbedaykþImnÞilsgS&y ; ÉNa

k*bgeG[gsarImin:ndwger]genH/ eRBaHKat:nbJ¢ÚneyaZaoeTAykkµÜyKatBIdIRkhmmkpgeKmin Gac

eC]ekIteT vamanGVImYylak:MgehIy.

enAkñúgeBlRbCMudEdlenaH eG[gsarI :nbJ¢akza ExSxµaMg:nRtUvkMcatGsehIy. dMNwgenHRsb

CamYyBt(manrbsrMuEdlza mankar <<e:ssMGat>> EdlKat:nR:beyIgBIláacmiujenAelIkaNUt .

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d*PøWsVagrbssmmitþbulBt³ . enAelIkaNUtRKUeBTüeyIgKitEtsURtemer[nEdlKateTIbnwgdwg nigecjBI

matrbsrdmRnþIkarbreTs . rdmRnþIenHGHGagza GMeNIHteTA KatnwgykcitþTukdakpÞalxøÜnGMBIBYkeyIg.

Kat:necaTsYrmñak>GMBIsmtæPaBrbseK eZVIoeyIgekItkþIsgÏwmza enAeBlqab>xagmuxenH Gg<karnwg

ehAeyIgeTAeRbItammuxviC¢aCIv;er[gxøÜn . eyIghakdUcCaRtUveKGnuJ¦atobeJ©jmtiedayesrI . TIbMput

GVIEdlTakTgeTAnwgeRK]gciJ©wmxøÜnKWeyIgGacbriePaKbIdgkñúgmYyézá .

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CiHm¨UtUmkrkBYkeyIg ehIymanLanQñÜlZMEdlBIedImrtpøÚvPñMeBj-kMBt ebIkBIeRkaymkpg . eC[b eBal

mkkaneyIg ; ²bg>er[bxøÜnecjeTA . bg>nwgeTACYbCMumitþeyIg³ .Bakü² mitþeyIg³ RtUveC[beRbIralelIk

kalNa KatniyaymkkanBYkeyIgRBmTaMgjjwmbnþicpg . EtKatmin:nbJ¢akeTzaetI ² mitþeyIg³

enaHCaGñk NaeT ehIyeyIgRtUveTAkEnøgNa / enAeBlEdleyIgTaMgGsGg<úyenAelILanehIy

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122

mankarpøasbþÚrmYyeT[tEdleKktsMKal ; GñkebIkbrLanniyaymkrkBYkeyIg . minEmnGñkebIkbr

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nwgeTATINaenaHenACaZrmandEdl .

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dUcCasÁat:tCagmun .edImdUgtUc>duHRcUgRcagenAelIcieJ©Imzñl.enAkñúgPUmiRKwHxøHsYnp,a:nRtUvCMnYseday

sYnbEnø . enAelITIlanxøHeKeXIjmandaMedImecknigedImdMLÚgK . edImTaMgBIryagenHeKcatTukCadMNaM

yuTÆsaRsþsMrabCaes|{g .

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nUvkudiRBHsgÏEdl`ZøabsñakenAbIqñaMenAedImqñaM1960 . OvtþeGIy ! emIleTAdUckMstNasEdleKxÞbGñk

ehIyTukGñkecal . karsJ¢bsJ¢wgrbs`RtUvkatpþac .

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Rby&tñzaeyIgeTANa . eyIgmkdlbwgRtEbk . eRkaybnþicmkeTIbeyIgdwgza bnÞabBIeyIgcakecjeTA

dIRkhm CMrMuRtUvEckCabI ; b30 b31 nigb32 . mitþeyIgGssgÏwmbnþicEdlmkkankEnøgcasZøab´

rsenAkalBICitBIrqñaMmun CaBiesseRkayBI:n»smþId*lÁrbseG[gsarI . `pÞal `pÞúkEtGnusSavrIy¾

GaRkkBITIenH . sMercsMrYceTATisedArbsGg<kar enAEtRtUveKemIlBMuZøúH .

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manmnusSBIrbInakRbEhlCaGñkmkBIbreTs EdlkMBugensaTenAelITUk . RBHGaTitücUlGsþg<tyag

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esø{kBakexµAdUcGñkÉeT[tEdr . b)unnI nig`rIkrayeday:neXIjKateLIgvij . CaelIkTI1ehIyEdleyIg

CYbKattaMgBIeyIgRtLbcUlRsukmk . PriyaKat RsImYy RtUvCabgbÁÚnrbsb)unnI . ÉkcaMeyIgenACitTVar .

EtmZI cabédKatbeNþIrniyaykMEbøgbeNþIr ;

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b)unnI nig`RbjabRbjaleTAsYrKatBIbgrs sarin ERkgKatenATIenHEdr . KateqøIyza ;

-eT `sµanERkgEtKateTAdIRkhmCamYyGñkTaMgGsKñaEdr

-etIbgdwgeT zamanCMrMuenAkEnøgNaepSgeT[tsMrabGñkmkBIbreTsdUceyIg /

-`mindwgeT mitþEdlenACMrMutaLI nigCMrMutaexµA :nmkCYbCMuKñaenATIenHtaMgBIyUrmkehIy .

eyIgxkcitþCaxøaMgedaydwgza mitþeyIgmYycMnYnZMmineXIjenAdIRkhmnigk*mineXIjenACMrMubwgRtEbk

Edr . CamYyKña`seg,teXIjGvtþmanCaeRcInkñúgcMeNamGñkEdlrsenACMrMuenHBImun . GJ©wgetIeKenAÉNa/

123

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dMNwgsUnüenaH etIGacelcecjmkvijenAézáNamYyxagmuxenHEdrßeT/

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cMruH júaMgoTIenHrwtEtmansRmsEzmeT[t ehIyTajGarmµN¾oeKmkemIlCagkEnøgepSgeT[ténCMrMu .

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:rmÖrbsKatedayKatKµanTTYldMNwgGVIbnþicesaHBIÓBukmþaynigbÁÚnRbusKat . ÓBukKateQµaHbUrI CamRnþI

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nigkUnRbusmñakrbsKat :nCiHynþehaHCamYy`enAeBleZVIdMeNIrecjBIRsuk:raMg RtLbcUlRsukExµr.

RsImYyminRKanEtminsYrnaMßniyayGVIedaypÞaleT KatEbrCaniyaypaMg>GMBIPkþIPaBrbsKatcMeBaHGg<kar ;

² eKbenÞas` za`twgEtgNaskñúgkarkarBarGg<kar . `TTYlkarbenÞasenHedaysuTÆcitþ³ . Katniyay

beNþIrsmøwgemIl`beNþIrGtBRBicEPñk . Katbnþ ; ² `manemaTnPaBcMeBaHPaBtwgEtgrbs`edIm|IkarBar

Gg<kar³ . `minyletIehtuplGVIEdlCMrujoKatniyayEbbenHmkkan`/ etIedIm|IR:bza KateZVIyag

enHRtwmRtUv zVIebImaneKeRcInnakeT[t benÞasBIPaBtwgrwugQøanBanenHcMeBaHeK ehIyeKmincUlcitþKat

ßmYyKatcgeZVIo`ylza ebI`cgTTYlmitþPaBBIKat `RtUvEteZVIdUcKatnigsVamIKatKW RtUvEteRt[medIm|I

karBarGg<kar .

vaCaer]gmüagepSgeT[tcMeBaHelakyay epøk EdlkMBugedIrmkCit` . emIleTAKathakdUcCaman

PaBGnÞHsarRBYycitþ ehIycasCagmuneRcIn . `caMzaKatBImunragmansacehIyrIkray . KatsÞabéd`

ehIysmøwg`hakdUcCamnusSmñakEdlRtUveKe:HbgecalehIyeTIbnwg:nCYbGñkNamñakEdlKatTukcitþ.

taMgBIKatRtLbcUlRsukvij KatKµan:nTTYldMNwgGVIesaHBIkUn>KatEdlBImunCaGñkkankarZM>kñúgrd .

`minh)anniyayCMrabKatnUvdMNwgEdleKR:b´`GMBIkUnKat ; elakepøkqat EdlCaeBTüZøabBüa:l`

enAPñMeBj RtUv:neKcabXmuXaMgenAcugqñaM1975enAmþMúextþRBHvihar . eK:nniyayza eyaZaExµrRkhm

124

:nerI«v¨anKatehIy:neXIjes|agmYyeBareBjedayRkdasR:kduløarGaemrikaMg . `saksYrelakyay

epøj edIm|IoKatBnülBIer]gehtuEdlekIteLIgenATIenHeRkayBIeyIgecjeTAdIRkhm CaBiesskUnRsIKat

nigkUnRbsarRbusKat (bgTun eCatsIurin) . GñkTaMgBIrRtUveKecaTRbkanza :neZVIviTÆgSnaRbqaMgnwg

bdivtþn¾ (eZVIoxUcxateRK]gsmÖar;epSg>dUcCacb jjÜr nigkeNþ{v) nigk|tRbqaMgcMeBaHGg<kar ehIyRtUv

eKykecj:tBIbwgRtEbkeTA . kalenATIRkug:rIs kUnRbsarKateZVIkarCaGñkRsavRCavxagCIvviTüa

(biologie) enAviTüasæanCatiEpñksuxPaBnigRsavRCavevC¢saRsþ . GñkTaMgBIrmanRbCaRbiyPaBNaskñúg

mCÄdannisSitExµr . KatCYybgºatsil|;r:M . bgsIurin KatcUlcitþr:Mk|acExµr ehIybgºateKGtKit

en]yhtxøÜneLIy .

emagCit6knøHeTAehIy eKer[bcMbriePaK:y . mñak>Gg<úyenAtu . eK:nR:boeyIgRbugeRb[b

sþabevTikaGbrMEdlmankmµviZIsMrabézáenH epþateTAelIdMNwg ²C&yCMnHd*RtcHRtcg nigRbvtþiénbdivtþn¾

eRkamkic©dwknaM«tex©aH PøWsVag nigbJ¦aQøasévrbssmmitþelxabkSkumµúynisþkm¬úCa³ . eyIg:ner[nsURt

za bkS:nsMercEkERbshkrN¾edIm|IeZVIoxøaMgeRBaHshkrN¾CaCnÞlrbsbdivtþn¾ . GMNwHteTAsmaCik

TaMgGsRtUvmansiTÆiesµIkña karxusKñarvagRbCaCncasnigRbCaCnzµI RtUvlubbM:tecal .

evTikaGbrMenHCakmµviZIpSayzµImYyrbsviTüúkm¬úCaRbCaZibetyü . zVIt|itEtKµankarbJ¢akzaKWCabulBt

xøÜnÉgEdlniyaypÞalpSaykñúgviTüúevlaemag6RBwkralRBwkk*eday k*TaMgGsKñaeKdwger]genHEdr . kalBI

mYyGaTitüknøgmk manGñkmYycMnYnEdl:nCYbKatniyaybJ¢aker]genH . kñúgcMeNamKñaeyIg :nRtUv

eRCIserIsoeTAsþabsnñisITrbselxabkSenAsalctumux . eKalbMNgénkic©RbCMuenHKWRbkasGMBIkarebIk

viTüasæanbec¢keTs . KWenAOkasenaHehIyEdlmitþPkþieyIgxøHGaceXIjelxabkSpÞalCaelIkTI1 ehIy

:nsþabóeTÞsnamKatpÞal . GñkxøHmancMNabGarmµN¾xøaMgeTAelIbuK<liklkÎN;KatRbmTaMgsil|;kñúg

karniyayBnülrbsKat . CakEsþgeTA ex[vsMpn RKanEtCamnusS ßCatuk,taenAkñúgédrbsbulBt

bueN‚aH .

eRkayBIsþabviTüúehIy mñak>sÞúHRbjabRbjaleTArkhUb:y . rbbeRcInbg<Ür eKhUbCitmYyEqÁt.

eKBi:kkMNtTidPaBenAerag:yeBlenaH . `seg,teXIjdMbUg KWeKEckCaBIrRkum ; RkumTI1hakdUcCa

manEtsmaCikénKN;CMrMu slBIenHKWenAkñúgRkummYyeT[t . GñkxøHminsUvniyaysþI EtPaKeRcInhakdUc

CaGnxøacCagmun edayeKniyaynUvGVI>EdleKnwkeXIj .

manmnusSmYycMnYnZMEdlEbkEx\kecjBIRKYsarehIyGgVrGg<karoR:b´dMNwg.GñkTaMgenaHcgniyay

CamYyeyIg cgR:beyIgGMBIkarRBYy:rmÖrbseKEdlBYkeKrgnUvkarek[bsg,t taMgBIeyIgecjdMeNIreTA

enAdIRkhm . cMeBaHGñkTaMgenaH CIvPaBenAbwgRtEbkKWdUcenAsæannrk eRkamkardwknaMrbssav¨n, PaK

hYt nigÉk . BYkeKniyaylÁBIsIurin nigmitþPkþiKatehIyeKRBYy:rmÖcMeBaHeCaKvasnarbsKatmñak>.

man4-5nakEdlGrKuNbgeG[gsarIEdl:nrMedaHBYkeKorYcputBIBYkGñkeZVI:beKenH . GñkxøHeT[txSwb

R:b`za GMeBIGsTaMgenHvaRcbUkRcbl .

mitþCitsñiTÆmñakR:b`za emIleTAhYt KatenAek[nmñakÉg ehIy«LÚvenHKµannrNamñakcgniyay

sþICamYyKateT . Kat:neZVIoeyIgQWcabeRcInNas . KatCaóbkrN¾mYyrbssav¨n . edIm|ItMrUvcitþ

sav¨n Kat:nrker]gsmaCikepSgeT[trbsKN;kmµkarCMrMu CaBiessKatepþatelIsIuvinEdlylTukÎZur;

125

rbsGñkrsenAkñúgCMrMu . hYt :nKitrMlMsIuvinedIm|IykkEnøgedayKµanKiteTAelImitþPaBesaH . cMeBaHhYt

GVIEdlsMxanKwsMercnUvTisedArbsKat . buEnþkarGsTaMgenH minEmngayRsYl . sæanPaBvivtþn¾eTAmux

bnþicmþg> hYteTACaRceLIsebIs . enAeBlEdlhYtGaceRkbCJ¢knUvC&yCMnHrbsKat BIeRBaHGñkRbNaMg

RbECgKatmYycMnYn:nRtUvkMcatGsehIy sav¨nEdlCaGñkkarBarKat :ndlevnRtUveKecaTzaCaxµaMgvij

mþg .

`edIrecjBIerag:yedayGarmµN¾RcbUkRcbl . mkdlpÞHvij `RkeLkeTAeXIjbgÉktambgÁÜj

cMhrrbskariyal&yKat . mitþRbZanCMrMuenAmñakÉg kMBuger[bcMRkdassñamKat . `k*eqø{teTACYbKat.

KatCavisVkrmansJ¦abR&tBImhaviTüal&y viTüasaRsþksikmµenAhSMbø)Ú RbeTsEb)lhSik . Kater[nCMnan

eG[gsarI . eKer[nCamYyKñakalenAGWr¨ub buEnþenARKaenHeBlÉkniyaymþg> KatminEdlePøcBaküepþImza

²bgeyIg³ enaHeT . Kat:no`cUlkñúgkariyal&yKatehIybiTTVarBIeRkay`edayxøaceKeXIj` . kar

enHeZVIo`eTIsTalbnþic . rYcehIyKatcabepþImniyayedaylkÎN;pSHpSa .

-`rvlnwgkic©karxøaMgeBk `minTanmaneBlniyayelgCamYymitþ nigb)unnIeT . etImitþmankEnøgsMrak

RsYlbYlehIyenA /

-:nehIy KµanbJºaGIeT

-eTaHCayagNak*mitþminsñakenAkEnøgenHyUrEdr mitþmaneQµaHkñúgbJ¢IGñkEdlRtUvecjeTAeZVIkarenA

RksYgkarbreTs . mitþeyIgPaKeRcInnwgecjeTAeZVIkarenARksYg .

`dwgxülza KatR:bdMNwglÁenHedIm|IeZVIo`sb|aycitþ . `k*elgelÎandakKatvij . `min:n

R:bKatza `minrkekAGImYyenARksYgkarbreTsenaHeT . pÞúyeTAvij`cabepþImniyayRtg>nUvGVIEdl`

:n»taMgBI`mkdlKWeKbenÞaszaKats)MuRKlMCamYysav¨n . KatniyaykarBarxøÜnKat; ² manEtGñkdEdl>

Edlminsb|aycitþ . KWminEmnCaGñkc|aslaseT . GVIEdl`eZVItaMgBI`mkdlKWedIm|IkarksagxøÜn`.

RbEhlCa`:neZVIkarRCuleRCaHxøHdUcCaeRbIsmþIxøaMg>CaedIm eZVIob¨HBalstiGarmµN¾GñkxøH . buEnþ`eZVIenH

KWedIm|IGg<karehIy`manemaTnPaB . eZVIbdivtþn¾KWTTYlk|tvN‚;edImrbsxøÜnEdlCavN‚;KhbtIßvN‚;

kNþal nigbJ¦Cn . karEdlman karRsLajtémøxøÜnÉg manEtGñkEdlGteZVIGIesaHenaHeTEdlGt

mankMhus KWCakarEdlTTYlRCYtRCabnUvmenaKmviC¢a vN‚;casrbsxøÜn . cMeBaH` `TTYlEkxøÜn ebI`

mankMhus . b¨uEnþGñkNaEdlniyayR:bmitþnUver]gGsTaMgenH /

-swgEtTaMgGsKña

-etImitþGacoeQµaHGñkTaMgenaHmk`:neT/

-edIm|IeZVIGVI /

rYcehIy`k*enAesá{m GtsþI .

bnÞabBImankarcabxøÜnbgsurin nigmitþPkþiKatrYcmk mansmaCikCMrMubwgRtEbkCaeRcInnak :neZVI

GnþraKmn¾edIm|IebIkkkayPaBpþackarrbssav¨n .

-GVI>EdlmitþeZVIenHvaRCulhYsBIkarBit vaminRtwmRtUvtameKalkarN¾CamUldanEdleyIg:ner[n

sURtBIGg<kar . mitþecaTRbkanmitþeyIgsøÚtRtgyagGyutþiZm(bMput . eyIgR:bza eyIgdlkehIy !

cgeZVIGIBYkeyIgk*eZVIcuH b¨uEnþRtUvdwgza eyIgkarBaryutþiZm(rhUtdlTIbMput .

126

GñkEdlh)anecjmuxRbqaMgk*RtUv:txøÜntaMgBIkic©RbCMuenaHmk . sav¨nminEmnCatMNagGg<karTI1eT

EteZVIoCIvitenACMrMubwgRtEbkenHRTaMminekIt . KWmantMNagmñakmunsav¨neQµaHmn kñúgnamGg<kar :nR:b

eTAPaK nigmitþPkþiosabRBYsnUvkarP&yxøackñúgCMrMu . GñkTaMgenH:nGnuvtþn¾bTbJ¢aTaMgsÞakesÞIr . buEnþ

bnþiceRkaymkmn:nRtUvGg<karcgÁúlzaCamnusSk|t . PaKnigbkSBYkxøÜn:nsURttamza mnCasRtUv

rbsRbCaCn . mn :nRtUvcabxøÜnehIyCMnYsedaysav¨n . sav¨nxøÜnÉg:nbeJ©HobkSBYkxøÜnsabRBYs

karP&yxøackñúgCMrMu . BYkenH:nGnuvtþn¾RculhYsehtu . buEnþkgRbvtþisaRsþvileTAmuxkanEtel]neLIg>

kanEtsahaveLIg ehIyminyUrbunµan sav¨n k*RtUvecaTzaCaPñakgarrbssRtUv .

ehtukarN¾GsTaMgenH:nGnueRKaHoeG[gsarIniyayza BYkmun>EdldwknaMeyIgsuTÆEtBYkk|t . eday

dwgzaÉkk*Zøabs<aleC]n GñkRsavRCavenAmCÄmNÐlCatixagviTüasaRsþenARbeTs:raMg ehIyEdl:n

RtUveKecaTzak|tnwgGg<karEdrenaH `k*sYrKat etIKatylyagNa / Ék :neqøIyR:b´`za BYkGtIt

smaCikshPaBnisSitExµrenARbeTs:raMgsuTÆEtCaGñkesrIniymgakeTAxagsUev[t .

»dUecñH`eLIgsøút bnþiceRkaymk`niyayR:bb)unnInUver]gr¨avGsTaMgenH .b)unnIbgºajnUvPaBGtOn .

-kMueTAq,wHeq,{lKateBk . KateZVI:beKGJ©wgKWKateZVIoQWxøÜnKat . `eC]za KatminEmnsb|ayeT

EdlrsenATIenH . Katk*QWcabdUceyIgGJ©wgEdr . KatZøab´CamRnþIzñakx¬sRksYgksikmµ . `Zøabs<al

xøHEdrnUvkarKitKUrrbsGñkTaMgenH. suTÆEtCaGñkcgEteLIgx¬sCagenHeTAeT[t . «LúvenHbgÉkKitza edIm|I

rs meZüa:yRbesIrCageKKWbMePøcGtItkal minbgºajmenaseJ©tna. Kat.mRnþIGsTaMgenH minEmn

eqat KitEtBIótþmKtidUcBYknisSitenaHeT . `:nsakeZVIobgyler]genHCaeRcIndgehIyEmneT/

eRkamkardwknaMpÞalrbseG[gsarI CMrMub3 0kanEtrYmcMENkxøaMgeLIgelIdMeNIrkarrbsRksYgKat.

eyIgpþlralézánUvbEnøsacRCUkeTApSarTUtEdlCapSarmYysMrabbuK<likTUtRbcaMenAPñMeBj .

eyIgdwgedaysarsþabviTüúza KN;RbtiPUbreTsCaeRcIneXIjpÞalEPñknUvC&yCMnHénkarksagCati

EdldwknaMedaybkSkumµúynisþkm¬úCa . ézámYyeKeXIjbuK<likRksYgkarbreTsRCYlRcbleRBaHeKrkp,aedIm|I

mkp<MúmYy:cmin:nsMrabeP\{vsMxanEdlRtUvmkdlGakasyandaneBaZicintug . eKedIrrkp,aRKbkEnøg

minRKanEtrkenAPñMeBjeT eKeTArkdltaexµA xagt|ÚgPñMeBjeTAeT[t buEnþKµansYndaMp,aeT .

...eyIgdMNwglÁCahUrEhr . GMNwHteTA Gg<karykcitþTukdakpÞalcMeBaHCIvPaBBYkeyIg . Gg<kar

bnæykargareyIg ehIybEnæmrbbmºÚbGaharRtIsac . eyIg:nRtUvGnuJ¦atohUbtamcitþnUvEpøeQIEdl

eyIgeXIjenAkñúgbrievNCMrMu . kEnøgBüa:lCmáWnigpþlzñaMeBTü TIbMputRtUv:ndwknaMedayGñkmansmtæPaB

mñak . cabBIenaHmkeyIgGacesø{kBaksemø{kbMBakBN(:n buEnþtamBiteTA KñaeyIgPaKeRcInElgman

exaGavBN(eT[tehIy . PaBZUrRsalenH:nhuclTÆplCakEsþgKWsuxPaBeyIgmñak>:nRKanebICagmun.

Gg<karniyaykanEtjwkjabGMBIkarbRgYbbRgYmRKYsar . Gg<karsnüazanwgrkGñk:txøÜn . eG[g

sarIGYtR:beyIg² CYnkalécdnüGacpþlnUvlTÆpllÁ . `:nCYbbÁÚnRbus`eLIgvijeday`:nedIrkMsanþ

enAPñMeBj³ . KatePøczaeyIgBMuGacedIrecjeRkACMrMueT ebIBMuenaHeTeyIgnwgGacmansgÏwmbnþiczaézáNamYy

nwgCYbmitþPkþieyIgeLIgvij . eyIgZUrRTUgeRkayBI:n»rdmRnþIRksYgkarbreTsniyayza mitþPkþieyIgenA

rsranmanCIvitehIyRbkbedaysuxPaBlÁeT[tpg .

127

tamkarBit kñúgcMeNamGñkEdl:nRtUvGg<kar <<ehAykeTA>> manEtBIrnakeTEdleKeXIjKWDucsan

EdlCaGñkCMnajxagGK<isnI nigTIvvINUEdlCasæabtükr . GñkTaMgBIrsuTÆEtZøabrsenARbeTs:raMg. b¨uEnþ

eBleXIjstVRtec[kkaMBIrbI minEmn:nn&yza rdUvp,arIk mkdleT . edaysnüazanwgrkoGslTÆPaB

Gg<kar:nCMrujkmøaosVamIßPriyaEdlrsenAEbkKñaenaH oer[bkarCamYyGñkNamYyeT[t . manGñkmYy

cMnYn:ner[bkaredIm|IrYmcMENkTisGg<karEdlza beg,InRbCaCnodl15lannak . KWcMnYnenHEdlbul

Btcg:nedIm|IkarBarnigksagRbeTs .

eyIg:nRtUvekaHehAoeTArYmRbCMuenAsalÉrgVgmUleRkamGZibtIPaBrbseG[gsarI . KWenAkñúgsal

mYyEdleyIgZøabsþab´PMu kalKatenACaGñkTTYlxusRtUvkñúgkarGbrMeyIg . `nwkeXIjenAeBlKateZVIóeTÞs

namCacugeRkayKWKatmansPaBmindUcmuneTKWminsUvxøaMgkøa minsUveC]gbnigminsUvjjwmjEjmdUcZmµta.

eBlenaHPMuGg<úyenAtukitþiysehIyR:beTAbgsarinCabgézø` nigGñkmYycMnYneT[toer[bcM«v¨anedIm|Iecj

eTAbMeBjParkic©EdlGg<karRbKlo . `cabGarmµN¾eTAelIGakb|kiriyacEmøkrbsKatEt`minnwksµanza

CakarlaEbkKñarhUtyagenHesaH .

eyIgeTAdlrgVgmUl eyIgenAQrcaMxageRkARsabEt`RkeLkeTAeXIjmnusSmYyRkumkMBuger[bCYrt>

Kñaesø{kexaexµAbgRkmaenAkehIykanes[vePAsresrenAéd . kñúgcMeNamenaH `s<al sarinqak GtIt

rdmRnþIRksYgkarbeTs nigPriyaKat, GtItótþmesnIy¾dYgsMGul, GaMgKwmXn GtItrdmRnþIRksYgeTscrN¾

nigPriyaekµg, GtItGñkkarTUtEcmsáÜn, ehaNaMhug eG[gKunsaKI, esAKwmhugnigPriya:raMgeQµaHeGlI

saEb)t, egaBinnigmucCamYykUn . `dwgzaGñkTaMgenaHrsenAb32 EdlCaCMrMusMrabGñkkarTUtnigmRnþIsMxan>

rbssg<mcas .

`rMePIbeday:neXIjGñkTaMgenaHeLIgvij . `s<alKatCayUrmkehIy . `eKarBsresIrsarinqak

cMeBaHsmtæPaBKatehIyKatmanedImkMeNItenAkñúgtMbnCamYy`pg . eBlKateXIj`Pøam KatsYrrkkUn

RbusKat Xin v¨anqn EdlKatKµan:nTTYldMNwgesaHtaMgBIKatRtLbcUlRsukmk . KatnigPriyabgºaj

ecjnUvTwkmux:rmÖGnÞHsareRkayBIdwgza kUnKatmineXIjenAdIRkhmeT . enARKaenaHEdreyIgmin:ndwg

TalEtesaHza Xinv¨anqn RtUvXMuXaMgenAPñMeBjcmáayEt1KILÚEmRtBICMrMueyIg . manEteG[gsarImñakEdl

dwgzaeBlenaHqnkMBugEtRtUveKvaydMenATYlEsøg . eG[gsarIKYrEtniyaymYymatedIm|ICYyseRg<aHGñkEdl

enAmanCIvitenAeLIy dUcCaXinv¨anqn ßGñkCMnajKMnUrmuks)unXunCaedIm . TIbMputsarinqaknigPriyaKat

sYr`za etIbgRbus` (RtUvCamitþPkþiKatEdrenaH) :nRtKbcUlmkRsukvijEdrßeT / KatZUrcitþeday»

`eqøIyza ² eT³ .

eK:noeyIgcUleTAkñúgsalRbCMu . salenHeBjeTAedayGñkrsenACMrMub3 0 nigb32 EdlGg<úy

edayELkBIKñatamreb[b«tex©aH . KµanxVHnrNamñakeT . TaMgGsKñamkRbCMusUm|IetmnusScask*mkEdr.

eRkaymkeKeXIjeG[gsarIelcecjmkBakmYk ² emA³ nigbgkRkmaRkLaeQIRtgBN(ex[vedIrcUlmkkñúg

sal eRkamsñÚrTHéd . ÉkedIrtameRkaydUcekµgsøÚtbUtmñak . rdmRnþIRksYgkarbeTsdakxøÜnGg<úycuH

enAekAGIeRkaytu elIevTikakitþiys . KatdUcCasÞakesÞIrminrlHrlaj . eBlecjmkeRkA b)unnIxSwb

R:b`za ²karjjwmekþ{nyagenHCaRbpñÚlminlÁeT³ . `nwkkñúgcitþzaetIeG[gsarIeXIjbdisNarkic©enH

kkekþAlµmeT / kalBIKatenA:rIsqñaM1975 eRkayBIézáC&yCMnH17emsaPøam KatRtUv:nTTYleday

128

mhaCndEdl dUcCavIrburs EtCamhaCnEdlmanTwkcitþemaHmutBuHBareRt[mcUlRsuk . buEnþézáenHCasñÚr

THéd«tRBlwg «tCMen] CasñÚrTHédrbsCnEdleKcabCazñÚr EdlTHédTaMgbgÎMedayxøaceBCÄXatrbs

xøÜn . ebIeKmanesrIPaBnwgeRCIserIsenaH GñkZøabekatsresIreG[gsarIBImunesÞIrTaMgGs nwgeRCIspøÚvecj

BIRsukvijPøam . b)unnI EdlmanviJ¦aNRsþIsgS&yza KatkMBugelgqakkMEbøgedaytamkarBit

KatkMBugcglakkarN¾mYyd*ZánZár . b)unnIR:b` ² `eXIjKatdUcCamnusSKaMgsþÚk muxKatpÞúkedayTmán

nUvGMeBIEdlKat:neZVI . `:rmÖcMeBaHGñkEdl:teTA³ . enAeRkayxñgeG[gsarI manpÞaMgbdaEdleK

sresrza <<Ceyakm¬úCaRbCaZibetyü!>> . enAÉxagmatTvarcUl eyaZaQryaml|at rIÉGg<rkSeG[g

sarI QryamLanJeepyagRby&tñRbEyg .

kñúgfan;CaRbZanCMrMub3 0 ÉkeZVIesckþIraykarN¾EdlEckCabIEpñk ; neya:y, cattaMg nigsti

GarmµN¾ . ÉkEzøgeTAkanGñkcUlrYm ; Epñkneya:yeyIgGnuvtþn¾neya:yPøWsVagrbsGg<kar . eyIg

eZVIkaredIm|Ibg,beg,ItplTaMg brimaN TaMgKuNPaB edIm|IpþloRKbRKandlpSarTUt . eyIg:nBRgIk

épÞdIdaMdMNaM . eyIgdaMés¬exµA éqzav Rtb nenag ebge:H saLat emÞsepøak nigCIrRKbmux .

eG[gsarIhakdUcCaZuj k*eZVICaGanRkdas . ÉkenAEtbnþóeTÞsnam ² edIm|IkMuocMNaykmøaMg«t

RbeyaCn¾kñúgkareRsacdMNaM eyIg`:nCIkRbLaydlb30 . eyIg`bnþkargarenAbwgRtEbkKW:rkMe:øk

ecjedIm|IBRgIképÞbwgdaMRtkYn nigRBlwt . EpñkcattaMgKWbriyakaskñúgCMrMueRkayBIsav¨necjeTAmansPaB

suxsanþnigmaMTaM zVIt|itEtmanbJºaesrIxøHEdlP¢abeTAnwgvN‚;ZatuedImrbseyIg . TIbJ©b´EpñkstiGarmµN¾

KWkarksagxøÜnbMBaknUvsm|CJ¦;bdivtþn¾rbskmµkr ksikrmankarvivD¿n¾eC]nel]nCalMdab . eyIgKaMRT

dacxatnUvstiGarmµN¾bdivtþn¾rbsGg<karEdlzaxøÜnTIBwgxøÜn³ .

emIleTAóeTÞsnamrbsÉksþIBIPaBeC]nel]nEpñkplitkmµenAkñúgCMrMu ElgmanlkÎN;CaRbZanbT

bc©úb|nñPaBeT[tehIy . eG[gsarIrgcaMBIeyIgEdlCabJ¦CnnUvGVImYyeRkABIkardaMduHbEnø EpøeQIenH . Kat

cabepþIm²ykcitþ³ eyIg . emIlBIeRkAeTA Gg<kardUcCaRtUvkarsmtæPaBrbseyIgedIm|IksagRbeTsminEmn

RtUvkareyIgedIm|IdaMés¬enHeT .

karN¾GsTaMgenH minGacTbeG[gsarIminoKateZVIóeTÞsnamTaMgdul>sþIBIkareC]nel]nelIksikmµ

sm&yEdlRtUveZVIosMerckñúg10eTA15qñaMeT[t. eG[gsarI bEnæm <<eBlNasæansYK(ksikmµenHsMerc

ehIy eyIgnwgmanrcnasm¬&nÆRKbRKanedIm|IERbkøaykm¬úCaoeTACaRbeTsósSahkmµ . enAkñúgtMbnxøHeyIg

eZVI:nbIetankñúgmYyhiktaßelIspg . enAqñaM1980 eyIgeZVIGVI>TaMgGsedIm|Io:nBI3 0eTA40PaKryCa

mZümkñúgTUTaMgRbeTs . enAxagEpñkósSahkmµeyIgnwgBRgIkósSahkmµxagkareRbIR:shUbcuk nigósSa

hkmµ ZánenAkñúgeBlRBmKña>> .`RkeLkedaylb>emIleTAxagRkumTUtnigGñkCMnajesdkic© . sarinqak

nigKñaKatktRtaóeTÞsnamenHedayykcitþTukdakdUckUnsisSEdlmanvin&y . eG[gsarIbnþ ² edIm|IsMercnUv

ksikmµsm&yeyIgRtUv EtbnþBwgEpÁkelIshkrN¾ . kalNashkrN¾rIkcMerIn RbeTsk*cMerInEdr. eyIg

nwger[bcMeZVIshkrN¾KMrUenARKbRsukTaMgGs. RsuknImYy>yagehacshkrN¾KmrUmYyehIyrIkcMerInedIm|I

eZVICaKMrUdlkEnøgdéTeT[t³ .

bnÞabmkeT[t eG[gsarIk*niyayBIsRtUvEdlbnþeZVIviTÆgSnacMeBaHEpnkarbMerIRbCaCnd*CaTIRsLaj

enH.Kat:nniTannUvRbvtþirbskarRbyuTÆrbsRkumKatRbqaMgnwgkarsg,tdwknaMrbsbkSkumµúynisþev[tNam

129

ehIyKat:nR:b´eQµaHxøH>rbsemk|tnigExSry;dUcCa ; rsjwm, QUk, sPwm, kuyZYn, nnsYn .l.

eG[gsarIcgeZVIoeyIgdwgnUvsard*sMxanmYy ; Grand meriterbsRkumKatEdl:nsMercnUv ² exmrniykmµ³

rbsbkSkumµúynisþExµr . ebIKµan ² exmrniykmµ³ enHeT RbeTskm¬úCaRbEhlRtUvRbeTsev[tNamelbCa

GvsanþeTAehIy . CakEsþgminEmnCaeG[gsarI xøÜnKatnigmitþPkþiKatmin:neZVIoRbCaCnExµrrgTukÎevTna

enaHeT . ebIBYkeyIgEdlCaGñkmkBIbreTsRtUveKeZVI:bk*edaysarEtmanPñakgarbkSkumµúynisþev[tNam.

kmµaPi:lTaMgGsdwgrYcehIynUvGVI>Edl`» . `caMza kalBIenAelIkaNUtelITenøemKg< rMuZøab´

niyayRbhakRbEhlenHsþIBIkarRbyuTÆRbqaMgsRtUv .

sarinqak KatbnþkMNtrbsKatedayesá{msøÚtbUt . zVIt|itEtKateZVICaxMykcitþTukdaksþabeG[g

sarIyagenHk*eday k*`enAEteC]za mnusSEdlecHdwgdUcsarinqak c|asCakMBugbenÞasxøÜnÉgza minKYr

NaeLIyKatbeNþayxøÜn eC]mnusSsMKiH:tNa:tNIdUceG[gsarIenHesaH . «LÚvenHeG[gsarIcab´epþIm

beJäateyIgtamEbbbTdEdleT[tKW ² eyIgTaMgGsKñaenAelIk:lTwkEtmYy . ebIvaliceyIglicCamYy

Kña . KµannrNamYyGacrYcxøÜnEtmñakÉg:neLIy . kMueC]oesaHzamitþ>GacrYcxøÜnedayRKanEtR:beTA

BYkev[tNamza BYkmitþCabJ¦CnmkBIbreTs . eKnwgsmøabeyIgTaMgGs«tGaNitGasUreLIy. Cakar

ZmµtaeTEdlmitþRtUveZVIBlIkmµ . sg<m:npøasbþÚr eKRtUvEtsMrbsMrYltam . `EtgEtkarBarmitþTaMgGs

KñaCanic© . `Etgniyayza bJ¦CnEdlmkBIbreTsminEmnsuTÆEtCaPñakgarsRtUvenaHeT³ .

enAkñúgkal;eTs;xøHeG[gsarI:nbJ¢akza 70PaKryénGñkmkBIbreTsCaGñkk|t . KatsURtsunÞr

kzaKateTAtamsmasPaBGñksþab. CaZmµta (?)Kat:nTTYlBt(manBIsæanPaBenAbwgRtEbkehIy:ndwg

zaGñkEdlrsenAbwgRtEbksÁbsav¨nnigGñks)MuRKlMCamYy . enAmuxeyIgKatbJ¢akza GñkEdlkøahanh)an

ttaMgCamYysavnsuTÆEtCaGñklÁ . buEnþb¨unµanézámun enARksYgkarbreTs eG[gsarI:nBnülza BYkenaH

suTÆEtCaBYkk|t . ézáenHKatRbkasza sav¨nnigPaK:nsarPaBnUvbTóRkidrbseKKW sav¨nCaPñakgar

yYn ÉPaKCaPñakgarKUmIgkaMg . KatbEnæmza ² ehIymüageT[tRKYsar`k*CaGñkrgeRKaHedaysav¨nEdr.

vaTukoZIr¨atbÁÚnézøRsI`søab³ . tamBiteTAKWKatQWedayeraKaBüaZi . CnrgeRKaHEdleG[gsarIelIkmk

CaóTahrN¾mñakeT[tKWv¨anBInIEdlmkBIbreTsEdr zaCaGñkminlÁehIy:nRtUvbrihaedayÉksarbI bJ¢ak

zaKatCaPñakgarrbs CIA nigPñakgarsmáat:raMg SDECE. eG[gsarIbJ¢akEzmeT[tza ² kalmuneKRtUv

karÉksarEtBIr Et«LÚv`tMrUvomanbI edIm|IcabXMuGñkNamñak Edlk|t³ . `minylesaH zaetIÉksar

bIenaHKatcgsMedAelIÉksarGVI / `cgEtsYrKat EtenAesá{mvijlÁCaCag .

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smaKmTUeTAnisSitExµr . kallnnleZVIrdRbhar BInICaTIRbwkSaenAsæanTUtExµrRbcaMTIRkug:rIs . eday

manCMnYyBIsarinqak nigcanyUr¨an Katnig`:nbeg,ItKN;kmµkarKaMRTesckþIEzøgkarN¾ézá23 mIna1970

rbssemþcsIhnu .

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:nsMercTisedAenH Kat:noeyIgyktRmabtammitþPkþieyIgEdlTiet[nsav¨n . KatbnþeT[tza ² vamin

EmnCakargayRsYleT . BIrGaTitümun `:nCYbksikreyIgenAQUk extþkMBt `:nsYreTAsmaCiksh

krN¾edIm|IcgdwgetIKatTTYlrbbhUbbIeBlkñúgmYyézáßGt/ PøamenaHKatminh)anniyayc|aseT . eRkay

130

BIsÞabsÞgzaKatGacTukcitþ`:n eTIbKateqøIyza GteT . `sYrKatzaemck*Katmintv¨aCamYyGñkTTYl

xusRtUv zaKatmansiTÆiTTYlrbbhUbcukbIeBlkñúgmYyézá . mitþ>eXIjeT bgbÁÚneyIgmaner]geRcInNas

EdlRtUvniyay b¨uEnþKatminh)aneRbIesrIPaBrbsKat . GJ©wgehIy:nCaeyIgrkviZIzµIedaykmøaoKat

h)anniyay . `R:b´Katza oQbxøaceTA . ElgmanKukeT[tehIyenARsukExµr . kalCMnanmuneyIgEtg»

eKeCrKñaza GaKuk GaRcv¨ak³ . eG[gsarIbEnæmkñúgn&yeBjcitþ ² eyIgRtUvQbeRbIBakü <<Kuk>>eT[teTA.

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:nTTYlkarKaMRTBIRbeTsPaKeRcIndacxatelIBiPBelak CaBiessBIRbeTsmincUlbkSsm&¬nÆ . RbeTs

esrIniymsUev[tnigev[tNamkanEtÉekaeLIg> . edIm|IvayxµaMgxageRkA mundMbUgeyIgRtUve:ssMGatxµaMg

épÞkñúg . bkSeyIg:nykC&yCMnHelIxµaMgépÞkñúg . ebIKµanBYkk|ts)MuRKlMuenAxagkñúg yYnQøanBanminGac

ykC&yCMnHelIeyIg:neLIy³ . bnÞabmkeG[gsarI:nsMuoeyIgniyay oeyIgeRbIesrIPaBeyIgedIm|I

beJ©jGVI>EdleyIgcg. kñúgBiPBelakmanEtRbeTsExµrmYyeT EdleKGaceZVIyagenH:n eRBaHKukRtUv

eKbM:tGseTAehIy .

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cMNucsMxan>GMBIPaBs)MuRKlMrbsGñkdwknaMCMrMubwgRtEbk.man5nakeT[tEdlegIbeLIgeZVIGnþraKmn¾edIm|IKaMRT

saeNr¨at . ÉkemIleTAdUcCaÉeka . KathakdUcCaeTIsTalGnÞHsarehIyOnmuxcuH . emIleTAeG[gsarI

minsµanzanwgmanGñkh)aneLIgniyay tamcitþdUecñHesaH ehIyedayeXIjkarsþIbenÞasxøaMg>dlÉk enaH

vahakdUcCakarsþIbenÞasedaybJäitbeJä{gdlrUbKatpgEdr . KatlakesÞIrminCitnUvkarminsb|aycitþ

rbsKat enAcMeBaHGg<RbCMuEdleTIbnwgrMedaHBIkarP&yxøac . CaCMerAcitþKat Katc|asCaniyayza BYk

eyIgCastVEdlRtUvEtRby&tñRbEygbMput.bnÞabmkeG[gsarIk*sMercbJ©bkarCECkenH.GñkrkSasnþisuxKat

EdlenAmatTVarmankareg]gqálCaxøaMg edayeXIjecAhVayKatTukoeKniyayEbbenH ehIylanmat

² enHCaelIkTI1ehIyEdl`eXIjeKniyay esrIEbbenHCamYybgeG[gsarI³ .

eKbnþeTAcMNucbnÞabeT[ténreb[bvar;KWrMlayKN;kmµkarcasehIyer[bcMe:HeqñatKN;kmµkarzµI .

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EdleKeC]za CaGñkEdleKmanTMnukcitþnwgeTAenATI1 . eKTukb3 1CamnÞIrmYyEdleKer[bcMxøÜnmunnwgeTA

eZVIkarenARksYgkarbreTs . eG[gsarI:noGñkTaMgenaHecjBIsalRbCMueRBaHza kñúgkarerIsKN;kmµkarzµI

KµankarGVITakTgCamYyBYkeKenaHeT[teT . eRkayBIGñkTaMgenaHecjBIsalrYcmk eG[gsarI niyayeLIg

² `s<alÉkCayUrmkehIy CaGñkOkasniym Katertamxül³ . bnÞabmkKatniyayBIGñkPñMEdlrsenA

PUmiPaKxageCIg ² CaGñkbrisuTÆ GñkesµaHRtg h)anlHbgGVI>TaMgGsedIm|IgñkNaEdleKRsLajTukcitþ³ .

eG[gsarI xøÜnKat:neXIjGg<rkSKatbInaksøabenAnwgmuxedIm|IkarBarKat . KatylyagenHk*dUcCakmµa

Pi:lExµrRkhmepSgeT[tEdr KWeKTukcitþGñkPñMCagExµrenAvalTMnab . eKzaGñkTaMgenaHEdlrsenAxVHsBV

xVHRKb lág min:neTAer[nenAsala b¨uEnþCaGñkbdiesZGaNaniKm cMENkÉGñkvalTMnabnigCaBiess

GñkTIRkugvij zVIt|itEter[necHehIyrsRsYl suxcitþTTYlykGaNaniKm . cMeBaHeG[gsarI GñkPñMTaMgenaH

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RbvJ©& dUecñHeKqøgeTAkumµúynisþsm&yeday«tbJºa . eKRtUvykKMrUtamGñkPñMTaMgenH .

131

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edayvib|disarI . KatducCaminRsNukkñúgxøÜnesaH ehIyec[sminemIlmuxsanocMeT . cMr¨unCavisVkr

saZarN;karmYyrUb . KatcUlRsukedayeG[gsarIsMuoKateTAksagpøÚvreTHePøIgPñMeBj-RkecH . buEnþtaMg

BIKatecjBIbwgRtEbkenAcugqñaM1976mk sanminEdlTTYldMNwgGVIBIKatesaH . ebkÎPaBsan:nRtUv

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ebkÎPaBrbszacRtUveKTTYlykeBlenaH .

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karRcENnQñanIsxøaMgBIer]gGMNac . KatcgoeKdwgKuNKatminRKanEtBIsMNakenACMuvijKatb¨ueN‚aHeT

KWBIGñkepSgeeT[tpgEdr . ebIniyayocMKWKatTTYlC&yCMnH:nedaysarkarsÁbnigkarRcENnEdlruj

oKateZVI . KatCamnusSerIseGIg niglakBut .

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:jsmøab k*dUcCashkarIKateQµaHEkmZIEdr .

132

eK:nGnuJ¦atoeyIgeTAemIlkunßqaksil|;bdivtþn¾enAsalctumux . eyIgeTAemIles[ksEmþgeday

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kMuoRbBnÆkanédKatenAeBlkMBugedIr .

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za tamKatKW`RtUvEtRbugRby&tñeRBaHeK:nR:bKatza `ksagxøÜnmin:ncMerIn . ² TNÐkmµ³ enHeZVIob)unnI

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133

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135

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136

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138

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139

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141

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143

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148

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149

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150

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151

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152

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153

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154

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155

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156

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157

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