Poaceae 2011
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Transcript of Poaceae 2011
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Poaceae
(Gramineae)
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± 650 gêneros (793) e 10.000 espécies. Distribuição cosmopolita. No RS ± 110 gêneros e ± 500 spp. Ecossistemas dominados por gramíneas
cobrem cerca de 24% da superfície da terra.
Hábito:
Maioria herbáceo, exceção das bambusas.
Poaceae
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Estrutura variável:
Eretos hábito cespitoso Decumbentes hábito prostrado
Rasteiros hábito estolonífero
Subterrâneos hábito rizomatoso
Caule: articulado em nós e entre-nós bemcaracterísticos denominado:
Colmo
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Caules eretos Caules decumbentes
Hábito cespitosoHábito prostrado
Caules rasteiros ou caules subterrâneos
Hábito estolonífero ou hábito rizomatoso
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Folhas:
- Simples- Alternas dí sticas
- Composição: limbo, com bainha (em geral aberta),lígula (membranosa ou ciliada) e aurículas.
- Tipo: linear.
- Nervação: paralelinérvea.
- retinérvea- curvinérvea
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Perfilhamento:- Intravaginal- Extravaginal
R aíz:- fasciculada
Origem adventícia
Exceção: milho (radícula)
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Flores:- Perigônio formado por 3 verticilos de 2 peças.
- Hermafrodita, unissexuadas ou assexuada.
- Monóicas ou dióicas.
Inflorescência:
³Espiguetas´
- Panículas de espiguetas ± Ex. arroz- Espiga de espiguetas ± Ex. trigo
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Constituição da inflorescência:
- Ráquila
- Duas brácteas estéreis Glumas I e II
- Número variado de flores 1 a 50 flores(uniflora, pluriflora, etc.)
Constituição da flor:
- Brácteas férteis ± Lema (bráctea mais externa, monoquilhada)
Lema com arista: espigueta aristada
Lema sem arista: espigueta mútica
Pálea (brátea mais interna, biquilhada)
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- Lodículas ± resquícios de cálice e corola
- Androceu ± três estames ou múltiplos
- Gineceu ± Ovário súpero, bicarpelar, gamocarpelar e unilocular
Estígma plumoso (dois)
Exceção Milho (um) caráter de evolução
Antécio lema + pálea
Flósculo - lema + pálea + androceu e gineceu
Fórmula floral: P 2 A 3-6 G (2)
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Fruto: Cariopse
Ciclo de vida:- Anuais cereais- Plurianuais taquaras, bambus- Perenes grama-de-jardim
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Caracterí sticas usadas na sistemática de gramineas:
1 - Tipo e constituição da inflorescência;
2 - Constituição da espigueta: nº de flores, tamanho das peças
do perigônio e nervura destas peças, presença ou não dearistas, etc.;
3 - Modalidade de perfilhamento: extravaginal ou
intravaginal;
4 - Ponto de articulação (ponto de quebra) do antécio:
acima ou abaixo das glumas I e II.
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I
mportância econômica 1 Cereais.
Zea mays ³milho´
Oryza sativa ³arroz´
Sorghum bicolor ³sorgo´
Secale cereale ³centeio´
Hordeum vulgare ³cevada´, H. distichum
ceva-cervejeira´ Avena sativa ³aveia´
Triticum aestivum ³trigo´
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2 Açúcar e melaços: Saccharum officinarum ³cana-de-açúcar´
Sorghum sp. ´sorgo´
3 - Bebidas. Sake - (arroz) ,Whisky - (centeio, cevada,
milho), cerveja - (cevada)
4 Oleaginosas Zea mays óleo de milho
I
mportância econômica
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5 - Medicinais: Cymbopogon citratus ³capim-cidreira´
Zea mays ´milho´ utilização de estiletes e
estigmas. 6 Ornamentais:
Axonopus compressus ± ³grama missioneira´
Cynodun dact yl on ± ³capim-bermuda´ C ortadeira sel oana ± ³ capim-dos-pampas´
E ragrostis curvul a ± ³capim-chorão´
Importância econômica
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7- Construções: Bambusa tul doides e B. vul garis ± ³bambus´
8 ± Invasoras: Cynodun dact yl on ± ³capim-bermuda´
E ragrostis pl ana ± ³capim-anoni´
Digitaria sanguinal is ± ³milhã´
Brachiaria pl antaginea ± ³papuã´ C enchrus echinatus ± ³capim- amaroso´
E chinochl oa cruzgall i ± ³capim-arroz´
Oriza ophiopogon ± ³arroz vermelho´
I
mportância econômica
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9- Forrageiras: Bromus catharticus ± ³cevadilha´
Lol ium mul tif l orum ± ³azevém´
Cynodun dact yl on ± ³capim-bermuda´
Importância econômica
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Oryza sativa
Origem: China
Arroz
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Arroz vermelho
Oryza rufipogon
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Zea mays
Origem: México
Milho
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Milho
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Milho
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Milho
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T riticum aestivum
Origem: Irã e Iraque
Trigo
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Trigo
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Avena sativa Origem: Europa
Aveia comum
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S ecal e cer eal e
Centeio
Origem: Ásia
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H ord eum distichum
Origem: Ásia
Cevada cervejeira
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H ord
eum vulgar
e
Cevada forrageira
Origem: África e Ásia
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Lolium multiflorum
Azevém
Origem: Mediterrâneo
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S accharum officinarum
Origem: Ásia
Cana-de-açúcar
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C
ana-de-açúcar
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S orghum vulgar
e
Origem: Etiópia e Sudão.
Sorgo granífero
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Origem: Europa
S orghum t echnicum
Sorgo-de-vassoura
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S orghum hal e pense
Origem:
Europa
Sorgo-do-alepo, capim massambará
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P ennisetum purpur eum
P anicum maximum
Capim elefante (Africa) Colonião (Africa e Índia)
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Brachiaria d ecumbens
Braquiária (África)
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E ragrostis curvula
E ragrostis planaCapim anoni 2
(África)
Capim-chorão
(África)
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E chinochlora crus-galli
Capim-arroz
E chinochlora colonum
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C ortad eira selloana
C
apim-dos
-pampas
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P aspalum notatum
Grama-forquilha (Americana)
C ynodon dactylon
Grama-paulista, grama-seda
Índia e Eurásia
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Bambusa tuldoid es
Bambusa vulgaris
Taquara
Bambu
China
China