Pigeon pea
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Transcript of Pigeon pea
Pigeon pea
INTRODUCTION
Common Name: Pigeon Pea, Congo Pea, Red Gram, Arhar.
Botanical Name: Cajanus cajan syn. Cajanus indicus
Family: Fabaceae
IMPORTANCE
Uses:
Food; seeds are 25% protein, can be eaten fresh or as split dried peas, are used for dhal in India, contain 5 times more Vitamin A and C than green peas. The leaves and young shoots can be eaten cooked, they are fibrous and have a strong spicy odour.
Animal Fodder; an excellent feed for cattle, pigs and poultry.
Green Manure; incorporate the plants as they flower.
Mulch production; can be cut many times in a season.
Alley cropping; provides nitrogen, habitat and soil stabilisation.
Windbreaks; suitable as a shelterbelt around vegetable
GEOGRAPHICAL
DISTRIBUTION
The major countries growing pegeonpea are
India, Uganda, Kenya, West Indies, Puerto Rico,
Dominican Republic in Caribban region and
Burma.
In India, main region cultivated in Maharashtra,
Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka,
Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh.
ORIGIN
PIGEON PEA ORGINATED IN INDIA AS IS MADE LIKELY BYTHE PRESENCE OF
WILDE RELATIVES,THE LARGEDIVERSITY OF THE GENE POOL, AMPLE LINGUITIC
EVIDENCE, A FEW ARCHAEOLOGICAL REMAINS AND WIDE HOME
CONSUMPTION USAGE.
SOME AUTHERS FAVOUR AN AFRICAN ORIGIN.
AUSTRALIA WITH 15 WILD SPECIES OF WHICH 13 ARE ENDEMIC, IS ANOTHER
CENTER OF DIVERSITY
species
Cajanus species( Van Der Maesen, 1990) has 32 species:(belowing is 6 main species)
Species Most common Synonym
Cajanus acutifolius Rhynchosia acutifolia
C. albicans Atylosia albicans
C. cromaticus -----------
C. cajan C. idicus
C. cajanifolius A.caranifolia
C. cinereus A. cinerea
BOTANY
Root system
Root system of pigeon pea consists of a central tap root with numerous lateral and secondary branches. The length of the lateral roots differs with the variety; usually tall, upright varieties produce longer and more deeply penetrating roots, whereas spreading types produce shallower, more spreading and deeper roots.
BOTA..
Leaves
Leaves are trifoliately compound; central leaflet longer than lateral ones. The leaflets are entire and densely silky on the lower surface. Stipules are small; lamina hairy with the under surface grayish due to dense hairs. The intensity of the green color of the leaves differs with the variety. The total length of the leaf, as also the size, shape and texture of leaflets also differ with the varieties.
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Inflorescence
The inflorescence is an axillary raceme often forming a terminal panicle. The size of inflorescence varies in different types. The flowers are distinctly papallionaceous. In the late maturing varieties, the flowers are usually grouped together at the ends of the branches, but in early maturing varieties, the flowers are produced at several points along the branches. Usually flowers open at a time on the same inflorescence, but the process of flowering continuous in each plant almost up to the time of harvest. The flowers are self pollinated, pollination takes place before the flowers open. Cross fertilization may also occur to some extent.
BOTA..
Pods The fruit of pigeon pea is a pod. These
vary in length, width and nature of markings. The length varies from 5 to 10 centimeter, width from 0.6 to 0.9 centimeter. The pods vary in color from green to dark brown. In some types, they are broad and pendant with their tips pointing downwards while in others they are quiet erect. The seed with in the pod may vary in number, but there are usually four to five in each pod in late maturing varieties and two to three in early maturing varieties.
BOTA..
Seeds
Seeds are differing in great deal in size, shape and
color. Seeds are round or lens shaped, the color of the seeds coat being dirty white to silver white,
light brown to chestnut brown, dark mottled
brown and pinkish black and the cotyledons
yellow colored.
Floral Characteristics Flower is the similar in structure to that of other legums
Inflorescence
Size of the inflorescence varies in different types and there
may be many as 10 flowers in each inflorescence
Usually two flowers open at the a time on the same
inflorescence
Flower
Individual flower consist of acalyx with five sepals
and coralla with a standard petal, two wings
petals, and a keel petals.
There are 10 statements: 9 fused in a column and
1 free.
One stigma was coverd of central 9 stamens in
column.
ANTHESIS
Flower start opening early in the morning in the
summer and by noon during winter,continuous
opening throughout the day. The lengt of time
flowers remain open is influenced by the weather.
pollination
Stigma is receptive pollen before anthesis and
pollination can be done immediately after
emasculation.
Pollen in buds remained viable up to 42 hours at
room temprate (25-28oc, 50.6% humidity) and up
to 11 days in the refrigerator( 10o c, 37.5%
humidity).
Selfing techniques
Bagging of young bud
Manual transfer of freshly collected pollen on stigmas of
flowers of the same plant
Crossing techniques
Includes
Hand emasculation
Pollen collection
Artificial pollination
Emasculation
Removal of anthers from flower
Use hand eliminate a half of bud
Use forcep remove the anther in stamens
Pollen collection &
pollination
Collect pollen from the male parent during early
morning.
Pollinate on the stigma of emasculated flower
Bag the pollinated flower to prevent out crossing