Physique Guezouri

1

- -

. :

)l(O2H 4 +)qa(+2nM = )qa(+H 8 + e 5 + )qa( 4OnM

)l(O2H 7 + )qa(+ 3rC 2 = )qa(+H 41 + e 6 + )qa( 27O2rC

. :

: ( nZ) e 2 + +2 nZ = nZ

( +2eF) e + +3eF = +2eF

/ d xOeR /: /

.(ruetcudR) d eR (tnadyxO) xO :

)qa( 4OnM /)qa(+2nM

)qa( 2I / )qa(I )qa(-23O2S / )qa(-26O4S )qa(-24OS / )qa(-28O2S

)qa(+2eF / )qa(+3eF )s(eF / )qa(+2eF

)s(nZ / )qa(+2nZ )s(lA / )qa(+3lA

)l(O2H / )qa(2O2H )qa(2O2H / )g(2O

xO deR e n + = : d xOeR /

)qa( 4OnM /)qa(+2nM :

: 1

4OnM )qa( = )qa( +2nM

10

narO lavaraM ecyl keA IRUOZEUG

2

: ( O2H) 2 )l(O2H 4 + )qa(+2nM = )qa(40nM

: ( +H) - 3 )l(O2H 4 + )qa(+2nM = )qa(+H 8 + )qa(4OnM

4OnM - 4

.

.

: )l(O2H 4 + )qa(+2nM = e 5 + )qa( +H 8 + )qa(4OnM

.d xOeR /

. ( ) : .d xOeR /

K +K (4OnM,+K) )

.(

+K

.

+2nM :

. :

2OnM 4OnM .

.2OnM / 4OnM

.

...... . K / +K +2nM / 4OnM

.

. (0) .

.

3

0 )( F2 / F F2 + 2 e = 2 F + 2,87

S2O82 / SO42 S2O82 + 2 e = 2 SO42 + 2,10

H2O2 / H2O H2O2 + 2 H+(aq) + 2 e = 2 H2O + 1,77

ClO /Cl ClO + 2 H+(aq) + 2 e = Cl + H2O + 1,71

MnO4 / Mn2+ MnO4 + 8 H+ (aq) + 5 e = Mn2+ + 4 H2O + 1,49

Au3+ / Au Au3+ + 3 e = Au + 1,42

Cl2 / Cl Cl2 + 2 e = 2 Cl + 1,36

Cr2O72 / Cr3+ Cr2O72 + 14 H+(aq) + 6 e = 2 Cr3+ + 7 H2O + 1,33

O2 / H2O O2 + 4 H+(aq) + 4 e = 2 H2O + 1,23

Br2 / Br Br2 + 2 e = 2 Br + 1,07

NO3 / NO NO3 + 4 H+ + 3 e = NO + 2 H2O + 0,96

Hg2+ / Hg Hg2+ + 2 e = Hg + 0,85

Ag+ / Ag Ag+ + e = Ag + 0,80

Fe3+ / Fe2+ Fe3+ + e = Fe2+ + 0,77

O2 / H2O2 O2 + 2 H+(aq) + 2 e = H2O2 + 0,68

I2 / I I2 + 2 e = 2 I + 053

Cu2+ / Cu Cu2+ + 2 e = Cu + 0,34

Cu2+ / Cu+ Cu2+ + e = Cu+ + 0,15

SO42 / SO2 SO42 + 4 H+(aq) + 2 e = SO2 + 2 H2O + 0,15

S4O62 / S2O32 S4O62 + 2 e = 2 S2O32 + 0,09

H+ / H2 2 H+(aq) + 2 e = H2 0,00

Fe2+ / Fe Fe2+ + 2 e = Fe 0,44

Cr3+ / Cr Cr3+ + 3 e = Cr 0,74

Zn2+ / Zn Zn2+ + 2 e = Zn 0,76

Al3+ / Al Al3+ + 3 e = Al 1,67

Mg2+ / Mg Mg2+ + 2 e = Mg 2,37

Li+ / Li Li+ + e = Li 3,04

K+ / K K+ + e = K 3,17

4

: :

K / +K +2nM / 4OnM

V 71,3 = )K / +K( 0 V 94,1 + = )+2nM / 4OnM( 0 . +K 4OnM

.

: () 24OS / 28O2S +2eF / +3eF

V 01,2 + = )24OS / 28O2S( 0 V77,0 + = )+2eF / +3eF( 0 . 24OS +2eF

. 24OS (24OS,+2eF )( )

:

)l(O2H 4 +)qa(+2nM = )qa(+H 8 + e 5 + )qa( 4OnM :

e + +3eF = +2eF

5

: ( ) 5 )l(O2H 4 + )qa( +3eF 5 +)qa(+2nM = )qa(+H 8 + )qa(+2eF 5 + )qa( 4OnM

:

deR n xOe 1 1 1 = +

ne xO deR 2 2 2 + =

: n1 n2

.

+ = +ndeR n n xOxO deR n 12 21 12 21

5

- - 1

( )

.

.

- 2

... >>

6

. :

. (s 1,0 )

1 ( 3ON , +gA) ( lC)

( 1 )

lCgA = lC + +gA :

2 ( )qa(HOaN) ( )qa(lCH)

+O3H + HO = O2H 2:

2 ( )

.

: .

.

:

:

3 .

. .

.

. ( )

( . ) ( )

. .

reitaH

lC +gA . 1

.

7

- 3 (x) 1 - 3

: ( . 2O) ( eF) 3 )S( 4O3eF = )g( 2O 2 + )S(eF

. xm) ( lom) ( ( x ) lm 005 g 3

.(=L4,22 VM) 3 4O3eF = 2O 2 + eF

(0 = t) n) eF ( n) O (2 0 0 (t) n) eF (x3 n) O (2 x2 x x

n) eF (xm 3 n) O (2 xm 2 xm xm

2 3 x .

. x . . lom / g 65 = )eF(M

lom 201 x 63,5 = 3

65 n) eF ( =

lom 201 x 32,2 = 5 0

4 22,,

n) O (2 = 2-

3 3lom 01 87,1 = = = x 0 = x 3 - )eF(n01 63,5 )eF(n2-

2-

2- 22

2 2lom 01 11,1 = = = x 0 = x 2 - ) O(n01 32,2 ) O(n

. 2 01 x 11,1 lom x . =lom , xm01 11 12

8

:

eF 2O 4O3eF

xm

lom ,01 11 12

x O nm 2 2) ( 2 01 x 11,1 2 2 01 32,2

0

x eF nm 3 ) ( 2 01 x 11,1 3 201 63,5 =

lom 2 01 30,2 =

(2 ) )x(f =n

.

.xm = 2 01 11,1 lom n) eF (xm 3 0 = n) eF (

n) eF ( 2 01 33,3 = 2 01 11,1 3 = lom )eF(n )eF(M = )eF(m g 68,1 = 2 01 x 33,3 65 =

eF

2O

4O3eF

)lom( n

2 01 3 01 x 5 x)lom( xm

01 x 5 2

2 -

1

( )

.

.

: (R) (G) mhO R snemeiS G U R= = GI 1

tloV erpmA ( U) ( I)

: ) . ( U) ( I)

.(

. ( ) ( G)

: L = KS: K 1 m.S K = G: m) ( K ( .m) : L ( 2m) : S

)C(f = G l/lom 012- l/lom 013- .

:

( . qalC , qa+K) ( S)

( 0S) 2-

: 3S 2S 1S =l/lom 01 C0 l/lom 01 = C3- 3 l/lom =01 2 C23- l/lom 01 = C3- 5 1

:

tloV 1 = U

:

S 3S 2S 1S 0S

1 2 5 01 )L/lomm( C

19,0 51,0 82,0 07,0 13,1 )Am( I

tloV 2 = 'U 1

10

narO - lavaraM ecyl keA IRUOZEUG

2

)C(f = G 2 ( .S) 3

01 ( S) - 4

( S)

- 1

.

R

.I =RU

: - 2 G C . U = GI

1 2 5 01 )L/lomm( C

51,0 82,0 07,0 13,1 )Sm( G

(3 ))C(f = G

- 3

( S)

S19,0 = G

:

l/lomm8,6 = C

4

l/lomm86 = 01 8,6 = 'C l/lom 2 01

.

)Sm( G

)l/lomm( C

5,0

0,1

01 5 1

19,0

8,63-

3

( ) .

: ( . By , Ax-x +y) B Ay x

.(1-lom.2m.S) B-x A+y -x B + Ay

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

- 1 . 2 2

. lC +O3H :

.

.V lom 0n 2 2 : t

- +] [ ] [ 3

- (1) lC O H3+ =)t(+lC O H

)qa( lC + )qa( +O3H + )qa(HO-R = )l(O2H 2 + )qa(lC-R

(lom)

0 n0 0 0 0 )t(x )t(x - n0 )t(x )t(x )t(x

n x=0 xam 0= x - nxam 0 xxam xxam xxam

.R 9H4C :

+ - : +O3H lC )t(x t O H lC3

n = n =)t(x

V O H3+O H3+ ] [ n

V lC-lC- ] [ =n

: ( 1) . =

lC C

3HC3HC

3HC

HO C 2HO

3HC3HC

3HC

3HO+

+lC)qa()l(

+ +)qa( )qa(

2=

x yx y

B A + = + +B A

4

3- +- +

3

lC O H =lC O H

n n V V+ )t(

+ =)t()t(xVlC O H3- +) (

: V =+ KlC O H3- +) ( (2) )t(x =)t(K.

:

. 2 2 n = )t(x0

lanif nK = )t(0 : lanif 0

n = K

: (2)

( 5 ) f n0 .

x

0 006 005 004 003 002 001

5,0

0,1

5,1

0,2

5,2

0,3

)lomm(x

)s(t

lomm3 = n0 . 5

0) ( ) (f

=t t xn

. 4 -

sadroB

5

- 2

.

:

( )qa( I , )qa(+K) 2I

, +O S aN28 22) ( (muidos ed etaflusidoxoreP) 28O2S/ -24OS I / 2I : deR /xO

( V V VT+ =2 1 ) V2 V1 :

e I I2 22 + =

OS e O S2 24 8 22 2 = +

:

)qa( 24OS 2 + )qa(2I = )qa( 28O2S + )qa( I 2

(6 )

:

( t) V ( . )

.

( 2 )qa( 23O2S , )qa(+aN) ( muidos ed etaflusoihT)

( .C)

2t > 3t 1t > 2t 1t 3t 2t 1t . 6

. )qa( 2I 2I ( 3I)

: ( I) (exelpmoC) ( I) . . 3I = I + 2I

: )qa( 24OS 2 + )qa(3I = )qa( 28O2S + )qa( I 3

( 2I) elom 1 selom 2 I selom 3 . elom 1

2I (3I) (3I) .3I 2I

6

( nodima'd siopmE)

.

EV

(ecnelaviuqE V)

. ( endoihT)

: !

. > :

:

(etanoihtartT 26O4S . ) 26O4S/ 23O2S I / 2I : dR/xO

:

I 2 = e 2 + 2I

2 = 23O2S e 2 + 26O4S :

I 2 + 26O4S = 23O2S 2 + 2I

:

26O4S + )qa( I 2 = )qa(2I + )qa( 23O2S 2

(lom)

0 E ) 2 3O2S( n )2I(n 0 0

xxam 0 = xxam 2 E ) 2 3O2S( n 0 = xxam - )2I(n xxam 2 xxam

( . 23O2S)

:

( fitoM) ( ermyloP)

. .

.

.

:

Lm 009 Lm 001 g 5 %5

. ( . )

.% 01 g01 g1,0 %1

( .eru'L)

7

)1( 0 = xxam 2 E ) 2 3O2S( n

)2( 0 = xxam - )2I(n

3 2 2-2: ( 2) xxam ( 1) ) O S(n = ) I(12

.n

nVC , = ) I('E 2 5 0: EV C = ) 23O2S(n

E T =21 2) ( ( ) V VC I nVV

:( )

24OS 2 + )qa(2I = )qa( 28O2S + )qa( I 2

(lom)

0 0) I( n 0) 28O2S(n 0 0

)t(x x)t( 2 0 )I( n x)t( 0) 28O2S(n x)t( x)t( 2

1 ) ( )t( x)t(2

VVC t xVE T = VE

( 7 ))t(f = x

3 - 1 3

.

: . 2t 2n 1t 1n

01,0

51,0

52,0

05 04 03 02 01)nm( t

)lomm(x

50,0

02,0

03,0

[t x) ( ] . 7

8

2t 1t

. 8

( v) 1t 2t

. n

( . t) (C) 9 - )t(f = n T

T

DB DA

. 9 . = v

.h / lom t lom n

- 2 3

n1 t1

: n2 t2

. ) ( :

( . )

. ) ( n : - 3 3

+ A D + C = B : : n V

A td V vnd AA = 1

B td V vnd BB = 1

CC 1 vnd

td V C =

D td V vnd DD = 1

1 2m

1 2

= = vn n - nt t - t

= vndtd

t

n

2t 1t

1n

2n

8 -

t

n

t

T

A

B

C D

9 -

=1 2

m1 2

- = vn n - n t t - t

= vndtd

n

t t2 t1

n1

n2

9

: V vV dn) (td

C = n =V

:

- 4 3

: t = = = n n nnD B AC: t

n n nnD B AC1 1 1 1t t t t

t = = = nt

ndtd

:

.

. lo-2-naporP lom 5,0 0 = t :

.=)t( f nedica + = + O H H C OOC HC HO H C HOOC HC2 7 3 3 7 3 3:

. ( 7H3C-OOC-3HC) h 5,2 = t

. ( 6 )

:

=h , tP5 2 P

. tP KHMK

- = a

edicaedica

330,0 2,06

h/lom ) -(- = - = vndtd

= :

1 = = = = h/lom330,0 = vretse

- 5 3

.t =t f x) ( td - 6 3

.

vxd = td

vdCtd

=

= = =v v vvD B AC

)lom( edican

)h( t

5,0

4,0

2,0

3,0

1,0

7 5 6 4 3 2 1

H

M K

P

vxd =1 td V

01

. V

xd td

h. L . lom1- -1 L V h / lom

:

: t

( C) )t(f = x

DB t DA

= xdtd

( .V) ( 01 )

. -

xxam )t(f = x -

. xlanif

( :t2 /1) - 4

. xxam

: .

:)t(f = x

xxam

(11 . )

1

2 = xx)ht(xam

. x)ht(xam 2

=t f y) ( : y . t/2 1 2 y

x -

- - - -

t

x

t

A

B

C D

01 -

xxam

xam 2/ 11 x = ) t(x2

t

x

2xxam

11 -

xxam

t2 / 1

= = = = vv v vvD B AC

11

- 5 .

: - ( )

.t2 / 1

.

. 3 > 2 > 1 .21 t2 / 1

1 . 2

. 2 .

.

: - . 0 = t

.( = t0 ) :

. ( 2O2H) ( I)

)l( O2H 2 + )qa( 2I = )qa( +H 2 + )qa( I 2 + )qa( 2O2H

:

=L / lom , O H2 0 2 2] [ V ( 1) =L / lom , O H4 0 2 2] [ V ( 2)

: - .

. :

.

+OS , eF3 242 3) (

''t2 / 1 't2 / 1 t2 / 1 t

x

1

3 2

21 -

't2 / 1 t2 / 1 t

x

31 -

(1)

(2)

21

. + eF3) ( .

. :

( )

.

21 + HO5H2C OHC3HC uC 2O

. . + =O O H O H2 22 2 2 2 .

.

...( )

: - 5 . V 2 V

)l( O2H 2 = )g( 2O + )g( 2H 2 :

. ( ) 2H 2O

.

2H 2O

.

H-H O=O ( )

. -O-H

: - 1 5 . 2O 2H

.

.

:

( )

.

31

: 2 5 0001 (

!! .

.( )

!! ... ( ) 01

( .

:

.

4 ( d nU)

. ( + )

.( )

.

+ = +

1

. X ZA .

( rgeS)

.

.

. .)t( f = N yddoS

.

.

.

. .

:

. . + XY ZAZ-2 A- 424eH ( : 24eH ) - . + + ZAXY Z1A-10e : -

.

. + ZAXY Z1A10e : + - .

( ) : - ZA*ZA XY + . ( )

( ) *

20


:

2

. = t N N: t t )t(N 0 = t 0N =e N Nt 0 t e 0N = N

N AN A t

= =

qB ( lereuqceB)

( ) .1s .

( )

= . 1

=. 2

12nl

t/

.1 a = f(x)ax = f(x)ex ..817,2 = e e = a

= ' f(x)bexb b = f(x)exb : x

x0 mil + = e

x

x mil - = e

.1 a x gol =)x(fa xnl =)x(f: e = a

:

b nl + a nl = )b a( nl nl=0 1

b = e nl b = be nl nlnl nl = bb a a nl= e1

gol nl

3

- 1

( .A ( snolcun)

A A ( ) : Z X XZ

Z A = N

: 32

11 . 21 11 aN

. A Z : (

lC 7173 lC 7163 lC 7153 : .O881 O871 O861 :

e +10 e10 n01 p 11 13 - 01 1,9 13 - 01 1,9 72 01 576,1 72 01 376,1 (gk )

91 01 206,1 91 01 206,1 0 91 01 206,1 (C)

01 111: + e n p 0

+ e p n 1 1 010 1 :

(

. R = RrA 03: =y x3 =x y3 x : x 3

mf 3,1 0r . 0r ( .m 51 01 = imref 1. ) imreF

13 3237 R,,mf : 1132aN : == 3

2

. + : . : :

. 06 053

4

( :

4 - A3Z

A2Z

A1Z

A ++ 11223344 XXXX Z

-

-

: ...( ) X

( + XY ZAZ-2 A-424eH ( 24eH)

Z A = N : 2

. 2 2 N = 2 Z A = )2 Z( 4 A = 'N

24 U hT eH : 432

09832 + 29

(10e ) ( + + XY ZAZ1A-10e :

.1 1 N = )1 + Z( A = 'N: 1

+ 641741 CN -10e :

+e10) ( + ( + + XY ZAZ1A10e:

. 1 1 + N = )1 - Z( A = 'N : 1

+ +e C N1 6 70 21 21 :

( ( ) +

. X*( ) . ( .zH 8101 )

4A + 3A = 2A + 1A 4Z + 3Z = 2Z + 1Z

2 2

1 1

+ 1 1

5

A'Z'*A'Z' XX +

741*741N N +: + CN 641741* -10e :

rgeS 3 .N ( ) Z

. A Z :

Z = N

( ) .

.

- . - + -

Z

N

+

sadroB - rgeS 02 01

5

001

551

Z = N

Z 5,1 = N

N

2 - Z Z

2 - N

N

Z

6

4 .

.

.

yddoS (

. t N . 0 = t 0N

.

: . t N t N t : N

. t : t .

Nd td

( . )

N Nd td

( 1 ) =

td Nd ( 1) N

(2) =

) () ( x f'

x f . : C +C x f nl) (

(3 )+ =C t Nnl: ( 2) : C

: ( 3) . 0N 0 = t

N

1 + Z Z

1 - N

N

Z

N

1 - Z Z

1 + N+

+

N

Z

7

=Nnl C0

= t Nnl Nnl0( : 3) C 0

t nlNN

( 4 ) =

( 4) =e xa =e xa =a x nl 0

NtN

: = e

t et ( ) 0N N : ( .1-s)

2/1t ( ) (

20 N0 .N

: 200 = NNet: ( 2) = et

2 : 1

: 2 = nlt = nl, 2096

. .

. 41 : 232hT 5 : 012iB 831 : 012oP

( ( s)

: =t f N) ( t/2 1 0

2 N

. = t ( 0N , 0)

0N

N

t

2 N0

2/1t =1

0 =e N Nt

2 12

/ = tnl

= 1

8

:= t'1 0 = t

0 a '

aNt

(1 ) = t =t f N) ( 0 = t

= t0

0 N aNdtd

(2) = =

'0 0( : 2) ( 1) N Nt

. = t'1 = : :

2 /1 = 196,0t

= t 96,012 /1 : = A 5

AN. ( N ) t

( 3 ) =

qB 0101 7,3 = iC 1. ( iC )eiruC . qB) ( lereuqceB ( regieG)

.

e tN N At Nt 0 : N( 3) . = = =

: 0 = t =N A0 0 =t f A) ( t/2 1

N

t t

0N

0

=t 54,12 /1

0 =e A At

A0

A

t

02 A

2/1t =1

9

6

.

7

131 . . 8

- 8 ( )

.

. 04 04

rA04 K04

rA K 81 9104 04 : . + +

.

.( : )

: 04 04

: t 04 04K

A K . NA K04 mK =N Nm

A rArA : t 04 M

N NVV

. NA rA VrA =

( ) : = t0 .

(1 )+ =e N N NrA K Kt ) ( + =N N NrA K K, 0 .04

. t ( 1)

=t 't2102 : ( 't)

01

( ) .

:

.m ( . )

C41 C ; C 21 31 C ; C ; C 21 31 41

N C7 641 41 : . +

A 21 21 C41 C 31 C 21 =N Nm

C41

: C 21 C41

( 1)

C41 ( ) . C21

C41 ( 1) : N21 C 21

21N , N01 3 121 41

= C41

C41 = t0 C41 ,41 00

. = NA

41 0 41 t

=e N N,41

41 0

t

,

NN

=e2 1

2

/

nlt

: =

t/2 1 . t C41

: A) ( A0) ( :

4121

21, N01 3 1

N

41 0 2 1

241nl tN t, /N nl

=

0 2 1

2nl tA t/A nl

=

11

.( )

lC7163

63 63rA lC81 71

+ lC7163 ( )

. lC7163 . :

.A lC7163 . . lC7163

t/2 1 63 .lC71

:

0 2 1

2nl tA t/A nl

=

1

.

.

.

. ()

. lE

A lE

(notsA)

.

.

. :

4 A3Z

A2Z

A1Z

A ++ 11223344 XXXX Z

: c ( gk) : m 2c m = E : E

.

( .eluoJ) : E s/m 801 3 c ( )J 91-01 206,1 = Ve 1

( )J 31-01 206,1 = Ve 601 = VeM 1. : m

m m Z A m Z mX n p ) ( + = X : Xm : nm : pm:

=cm El2 : lE

: A lE

. : A

.

20

lavaraM ecyl keA IRUOZEUG

:

4A + 3A = 2A + 1A 4Z + 3Z = 2Z + 1Z

2

: ( notsA ) A .A lE

:

.

:

.

: 1

.

: 9191 11 e NHOp

718

42

41 ++ 7

29932 UnU: 832 10

832 + 29

:

10 U Np e 93239

932 + 29

10 Np P u e 93249

932 + 39

: 2

. .

=cm E2: ( gk) : m

( s/m 801 3 c) : c ( eluoJ) : E

:

= Ve 1 J 91-01 206,1( : Ve) - J 31-01 206,1 = Ve 601 = VeM 1( : VeM) -

: :

(1 ) t I U = E: t (2) =t I Q :

( 3 )Q U = E: ( 2) ( 1)

+ - -

4A + 3A = 2A + 1A : 4Z + 3Z = 2Z + 1Z

3

E Q U ( 3)

= Ve 1 J 91-01 206,1: Ve 1 = V 1 C 91-01 206,1

:

gk 13-01 11,9 = em VeM 15,0 = J 51-01 28 = 2)801 3( 13-01 11,9 = 2c m = E

: - 3

euqimota essam ed tinu( : a.m.u)

. gk 72-01 55066,1 = u 1: ( u) 1 u) ( :

21 . C21

,, u: gk 72-01 7276,1 = pm : 15506613700 p m, == 17276

: - 4

. 11 11 1122aN

. 11 + 11

:

.

.

.

.

.

.

( ) 2c m = E: : - 5

.

: .

0 > Xm nm )Z A( + pm Z : pm : nm

: Xm

( = lE 2c )Xm nm )Z A( + pm Z : pm : nm

: Xm ( ) : c

4

2c m = E m . 0 < m = E m c2

gk , mp01 7276 172 : =gk , mn01 0576 172 =

: 12H . . =gk , m01 5343 372

= = + =VeM , J , c m m m EX n p l63 2 01 8 7341 2 ) ( : : 6

A lE lE

.

.

eF 29832U65iL 62

7iL 3

6eH 24eH 3

3H 2

3H 1

2H 1

1 1

)VeM( lE 0 03,2 94,8 66,6 82,82 01,23 58,83 42,294 66,1081

A)VeM( 0 51,1 38,2 22,2 70,7 53,5 55,5 97,8 75,7 lE

24eH :

.36iL 23eH . 4 8 :

11 .

... 3

.

.

lE

)Z A( Z )Z A( Z

5

(notsA) 7

A lE

.

. A

VeM 7,8 : 57 < A < 05 . VeM 7,8

.65 36

VeM 8 AA (lE

VeM 8

6

: 8

:

01 H H eH n42

31

2 ++ 1 VeM 71

( )

: 9

( )

.

.

.

:

01 U n rS eX n 04145

4983

10

532 +++2 29

:

. : 091 > A H11 )

2 H1

3 . ( : H1

2H

4eH

3H

1n

01n

01n

01n 01n

01n

A

VeM/nolcun ()A lE

7

01

4 2 13: 4 3 2 14 3 2 1

A A AA X + +X X X XZ Z Z Z

: 2 2 2 2

+ + + = + + +E c m E c m E c m E c mc c c c4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 + + = + + E E E E c m m m mc c c c2 1 4 3 4 3 2 12) ( ) ( ) ( ) (: = + + m m m m m4 3 2 1) ( ) ( ( atleD ) = + +E E E E Ec c c c c2 1 4 3) ( ) (

( 1 ) = E c mc 2: < Ec0 > m0

.

> Ec0 < m0 .

2c )fm im( = bilE

( ) : im

( ) : fm ( ) c

: bilE

:

gk 7201 55066,1 = u 1 = m u 1 :

= = = J c m E01 0229,41 01 7799,2 01 55066,111 8 72 22) (( : VeM)

11

315,139 01 229,4101 206,1

VeM E

= : . c VeM 5,139 E u 1 m

=c VeM u/ 5,139 12 .2c/VeM

.u . = E 2c m . u 3,1 = m

5,139 3,1 5,139 3,122 =c veM u/ 5,139 3,1 3,12 VeM c EVeM

c . = =

5,139 u VeM . s/m gk eluoJ

8

1

43 85 29: 1 48 941 1 532

+ + +n 3 eS eC n U0 0 u 900,1 = nm u 440,532 = U m eS m u 819,38 = u 829,841 = eC m :

( 2 )2c ) fm im ( = bilE :

u 378,532 = 900,1 3 + 819,38 + 829,841 = ) nm 3 + eS m + eC m( = fm = im u 350,632 = 900,1 + 440,532 = )nm + U m (

= fm im u 81,0 = 378,532 350,632

VeM 7,761 = 5,139 81,0 = bilE( : 2)

2

+ eH nR aR2 68 884 222 622 : u 100,4 = eH m u 079,122 = nR m u 779,522 = aR m :

2c ) fm im ( = bilE :

u 179,522 = 100,4 + 079,122 = ) eH m + nR m( = fm

= im u 779,522 = aR m

= fm im u 301 6 = 179,522 779,522 VeM 6,5 = 5,139 301 6 = bilE :

lE bilE

43 85 29 lE bilE 1 48 941 1 532

+ + +n 3 eS eC n U0 0 ( 3 ) 2c )nm 2 eS m eC m U m( = bilE

19 852 : 2c )eC m nm 19 + pm 85( = lE: eC l

n p eCm m mEeC

c + =

05 432: l

n p eSm m mEeS

c + =

341 292 l

n p Um m mEU

c + =

: ( 3)

: :

: - 11

. : 1

. : 2

. : 3

.( ) : 4

E E E EU eS eC l l l bil + =

E E Ei f l bil l =

1

CR

:

U C = Q . - 1

- 2

.

Q - 3

.

- 4

.

- 5

.

- 6

.

( ) - 7

. .

. uR q uC 8

. 9

. CR = 01 . 11

2 211C2

. =E C E

CQ U

)V( U )C( Q )F( C : = : C 2C 1C C

2 1

1 1 1C C C + =

: 2C 1C C + =C C C2 1

30


2C 1C

C

C

1C

2C

2

1

1 =

CRc

t e E u

Re iECRt =1

cCR =1

t e E u

Re iECRt =1

Ru

: 1

t

CRe E uR

: = e E uRCRt =1

.

5t

uR

E

uR

t

E

uC

t

E5

t

ER

i

t

ER

uc

t

E

i

3

Ru q Cu

: . CR = CR

. : 1

CR = t = uR0 E = cu = t0 : 2

c c1: uE udCR CR td

= +

qE qd1: R CR td

= +

R R0 1: u udCR td

= +

c c0 1 : u udCR td

= +

q qd0 1 : CR td

= +

R R0 1 : u udCR td

= +

E

E ,36 0

CR

uc

t

E uR

E ,73 0

CRt

E uR

CR t

E

CR

uc

t

uR

50,0

E ,73 0) (

t

E

4

t =5 : 3

2 1 12 2

)eluoj( E UQ UC Ec= =

- 1 .

(1 ).

- 2 ...3Q 2Q 1Q (2 ). ..3U 2U 1U

.( .. ) .

2 13: 23 1

..... Q QQU U U

(F )daraF C = = =

, CS 01 58 821 e

= . S ( = 1 ) e

:

F 9-01 = F 1( : F) F 6-01 = F 1( : F)

1- B A

.

C

+

A

2 -

CR5

t

uc E

CR5

E uR

t

e

5

- 3 . : 1

. E : : (: ) I :

: ( ) : 2

. 0 r Ir E = U E = U . :

(3 )( .0 = BV = AV ) K - ( )

B A -

. .

.

AQ = BQ: -

. .

:()

. :

i R = Ru :

E uC:

- 4 . (4 )

( . )

.

= uC0

0 = BQ + AQ

R

++

+ +

K

A

B A

i

4 -

E

Ru Cu

++

+ +

K

E

R A

B A

i

3 -

+ I

6

- 5 . ( S ) : -

.

=en q (5 ) . e n:

: iqdtd

( 1 )= td qd

.

IQ S t

Q =

.t :

( q u i) (Q U I)

: A q

(6 ) . i -

( 2 )C uq c=

( C ) : ( 2) ( 1)

(7 ). P M

1 ( )

P 2

. P

:

c212 c

c cuC uC i u pd udtd td

= = =

C iudc = td

S e e

e

e e

5-

B A

q

6 -

i

M

2 1

E

R

C

P

7 -

7

pEde td

: =

2 12

( eluoJ) cE uC Ec c=

uq Ec c=21: cu C = q :

.cE E

CR 1 . 3 8

: K

1L -

2L -

. 3L -

:

. 1K 1L

2K 2L

K 3L

. 3L

C E

(9 ) . R

. :

.

.01 -

.E CR

R C

1K

3K

2K

3L

2L

1L

E K

8 -

u

t 01 -

E

0

2 1

E R

C

9 -

8

- 2

.11 - = t0 1 . : A

.E : V1

. : V2

V1

. i i R = Ru

E = cu V2

.C R . Ru + cu = E - 1 - 2

+ = + =iR u u u EC R C : CR

C iudc td

: CR + =td CR u Eud cc : =

c ( 4 ) + =B e A ut

( ) . B A : tde A udt c + =B e A ut c( : 3) B

: =

= + + CR CRB e A e AE t t1) ( e AE B t1 (5 )

CR CR CR = + +

( 5) =1

CR =E B

. = uC0 0 = t ( 4) A . = =E B A 1 = 0e + =B e A 00:

:

(3 )c1

cuE udCR CR td

= +

1

cCR 1t

e E u =

11 -

1

E

R

+ C

Ru

cu

V1 A

i

V2

9

)t(f = cu

0 = cu 0 = t - t -

= = = e E uE E cCR0 1 1 1) ( . uC

- 3 - 2

: ( 1) 1 1

1e e E C C iE d qdudCR CR ct t

R td td td = = = =

0 IER

. =

)t(f = i

I0 0 = t - ER

== i . i t -

3 1 3

.(21 ) 2 ( 7 ) 9

.

. Ru cu 31 :

.

2

.( ) CR

0 = cu + Ru:

e iECRt =1

R

E

uC

t 0

I0E = R

i

t

0t

2

R

C

21 -

+

Ru

cu

i 2

R

C

31 -

+

Ru

cu i

01

c c0 1 u udCR td

(6 )td CR uud cc= +0 : CR = +

B eA uct: ( 7 ) + =

B eA e At t0 1) (: ( 7) ( 6) CR

= + +

eAB t0 1 CR CR

: = + + 1

CR = B0 =

E = A ( 7) E = cu 0 = t

=t f uc) ( 0 = t -

1CR 00

e e E E E uc = = =

t - 1

0 CR

e 0 E E uc = = =

2 3

e C iEC udCR ct 1

CR td = =

=t f i) ( E 0 0 = t -

RER

= = e i t -

1e iECR0

R = =

1

CRc

te E u

=

e iECRt =1

R

E

t

uC

0

i

t

ER

5

11

4 : - 1- 4

=i R uR 1

t

Re iECR =

1

t

CRe E uR

= :

= t0 - 0 1

E e E uRCR = =

t - 1

e E uRCR0 = =

: - 2- 4

=i R uR 1

t

Re iECR =

1

t

CRe E uR

=

= t0 - 0 1

E e E uRCR = =

t - 1

e E uRCR0 = =

5

. R CR = :

R R CRtI Q U U

] [] [ ] [: = =] [] [] [ ] [

T CRT I UU I

= =

- 6 (41 )

Am 03,0 = I

: .

)s( t 0 01 02 03 04 05 06 07

)V( Cu 0 26,0 42,1 58,1 94,2 90,3 17,3 33,4

)s( t 08 09 001 011 021 031 041

)V( Cu 39,4 75,5 81,6 87,6 33,7 39,7 29,8 41 -

V C

+

I

A

K

= CR

t

uR E

E

Ru

t 8

21

)t( f = Cu

t a = Cu :

(8) =tI Q t 0 = t

c uQC

(9 )=

Ct uI c=: ( 9) ( 8) IC

.

60 0 31 : 05

S. V , CB I= = =CA C

: 3

01 5 01 3 0360 0 60 0

F C, I = = =

, ,

: . Am 07,0 = I

)s( t 0 01 02 03 04 05

)V( Cu 0 05,1 09,2 74,4 20,6 54,7

=t f uC) ( 51 0 6

04, IC

= =3

01 76 4 01 7 0351 0 51 0

F , C, I, ,

= = =

.

)V( Cu

)s(t 01

5 A

B

C

uV C) (

1 s t) (04 5

6

31

- 7 (

12 C C2

=u C E

1t

e E uC =

2

1 122

t

e EC EC = 12 ) (

C2 =E C xam E

= = = xam E , , EC e EC EC C2 24 0 4 0 11 12 1 22) ( ) ( = t (

12 C C2

=u C E

t

e E uC =

2

122

t

e EC EC =

= t = = = xam E , , EC e EC EC C2 231 0 31 0 1 12 2 2) ( ) (

2

=xam E , EC C73 0) ( = t = t0

2 = ' t

) ( 12

C2xam EEC

a' t ' t

= =

) ( = t0 =t f EC) ( 2

2 122

t

e EC t ' f =

) ( 2 0 2

02 122

ea EC ' fE C' t2 = = =

=

t

EC

xam EC) (

2

xam E ,c 73 0) (

xam E ,c 31 0) (

EC xam EC) (

xam E ,c 4 0) (

41

1 :

E = Ru + Cu:

td iqd E = i R + Cu Cu C = q = +tdE R uqd C: =

CC E R uuCd

td = +tdE C R uud CC C = +

C C1 : CR uE udCR CR td

= + :

E = Ru + Cu

td iqd E = i R + Cu : =C uq C =

E Rq qdC td

. = +

qE qd1 : R R CR td

= + :

E = Ru + Cu

C uqC

: = +CE uq R: =qd udR0 1

td C td = +

iqduR R td

u udR R0 1 : = =R C td

: = +

R R0 1 u udCR td

= + - 2

0 = Ru + Cu: : ( )

C C0 1u udCR td

= +

q qd0 1 CR td

= +

R R0 1 u udCR td

= +

i

Cu Ru

q

1

LR

. 1 . 2 . 3

+ =td L ir uid L uL) ( 4 . 5 E 6

.

7 .

. Ru i Lu 8 . 9

. 01

( bu )Lu cu

.(yrneH) L ( mhO ) r td L ir uid L+ = :

12 : 2

iL E= i r = LU

30


:

)r , L( e r i B A

Lid td

i r B A

i

L r

B A

2

LR

1 =

e iEt LR R

1 + =

RL

L

E r ur EtR R

e

0R r + 0R = R 0

IE Er R R

+ = =

--------------- ---------------- ---------------- ---------------- ---------------- ---------------------------- ----------------- ----------------

LR

=

RL

e iEtR

1 =

RL

L

e E ur tR

E R

t

i E

uL

R rE

t

E R

i

t

uL

t

R rE

0RER

8,0

3

1 0 =

LR R

e R uEtR

0 =

RL

R

e R uEtR

L = R

.CR

Ru i

: iE R idR L td

= +

0 0 : 0

R R1u r udRE R

L L R td = + +

i R id0 : L td

= +

0 : 0

R R0 1u r udR

L R td = + +

R0E R

Ru

t

E

t

Ru

R0E R

E

4

1

r ( ) .L

(yrneH )L ( mhO )r : :

R

(1 ) r = R r :

. 1L - . 1L 2L - . -

:

.

:

:

.

: 2

( 2- ). L r B A

id0 ) i td

L eid = ( td

e i r = BAu:

id=0 td

:

td L ir uid BA+ =

i r = BAu

2L

1L

E K

)r , L(

1

R

e r

L eid =td

i r B A

i

2 -

5

LR 3

: 3

.V 4 = E

: K

Am 581 = I : A - V 25,1 = ABU : 1V -

V 74,2 = CAU :2V -

: 2 8 25 1581 0

, r, UAB, I

= = =

0 3 31 74 2581 0

, R, UCA, I

= = =

:

ABu )t( i . 5 4

: Am 581 0 ( 4 ) -

:

0

581 681 0 42 8 3 31

Am A , IE, , r R

+ + = = = ( 5 ) ( E ) V 4 -

.V 25,1

. i r

E

0R

)r , L(

A

B

3 -

1V

2V

A

i

K

C

581

)Am(i

t 4 -

t

4 )V(ABu

,25 1

5 -

6

( ) - 4

.L 8 = r k 1 = 0R 6 ( . 0 r , V 4 = E)

.V 4 = E

:

01 4 43 : R0001

= =A I

5 0 4 : B8

= =A , I

E ( )

( 7 ) : BI ( 0 = E )

.

:

= = = =V , I R u uB B R 005 5 0 0001 0

. ( ) : :

I I 0R = Lu ( 3 )

( . ) 0

IEr R

.+ =

5 1 5

. 0R r + 0R = R E = u : LR 8 K

E = Lu + Ru :

0 E L ir i Ridtd

= + +

E L iRid td

= +

iE R id: L L L td

(1 )= +

)r , L( 0R

A

B

BI 7 -

Ru Bu

)r , L( 0R E

A

B

6 -

V

K

t

u

E E

0R

)r , L(

8 -

i

K

7

(2 )+ =B eA it: . A B A:

e A idt + =B e A it( : 1) B td

: =

= + + L LB e A e AE Rt t) ( e AE RB R t (3 )

L L L = + +

E ( 3) L

.

R0 et 0 A e At L

= +

RB L

.

R L

BE = R

=

. 0 = i 0 = t ( 2) A

B AE + =B e A 00: R

. = =

)t(f = i

0 = i 0 = t -

iE i t - R

=

:

L L ir uidtd

+ =

1 1R R R

L LLL

E r L r ur R E Et ttL R R

ER R

+ = + = e e e

1 =

RL

iEtR

e

1 + =

RL

LE r ur Et

R R e

E R

t

i

: LR

iE R id= +L L td

8

)t(f = Lu

L 0 = t - E E r urE ER R

= + =

L uL t - r uER

=

2 5 ( . ) 6 0 = E

0 = Lu + Ru:

L iRid0 td

(4 ) = +

(5 )+ =B eA it: A B A:

e A idt + =B e A it( : 4) B td

: =

= + + LB e A e ARt t0 ) ( e ARB R t0 (6 )

L L = + +

R ( 6) L

= B0 =

iE 0 = t ( 5) A R

.=

B e A E0: R

AE + =R

.=

: LR

i R id= +0L td

= RL

iEtR

e

t

E

Lu

R rE

9

)t(f = i

iE 0 = t - R

= . i t -

L : L ir uidtd

+ =

1R R R

L LLL

E L r ur R E Et ttR L R R

e e e = =

)t(f = Lu

L0 t 0 = - R uER

= uL t -

6 : 1 6

1 0 0: = =

R L

RR i R uEt

R e

)t(f = Ru

0 = Ru t 0 = -

R0 Ru t - R uER

=

E Ru :

1 =

RL

LE ur t

R e

ER

i

t

Lu

t

rER

0RER

4,0

R0E R

Ru

t

E

01

2 6

0 0: R L

RR i R uEt

R = = e

)t(f = Lu

R0 t 0 = - R uER

= . Ru t -

4 - 1 4

L = R

. ( s) CR

)t(f = i : : 2 4

L L etde id id td

] [] [] [ ] [ = =LT U

I =

] [] [ ] [: RI

U] [] [] [: =

] [] [ ] [

T LI T UU I R = =

R

L R

=

t

Ru

R0E R

E

RE ,36 0

L R

E R

t

i

11

- 1 1 -

. r Hm 4,11 = L : V 6 = E :

F 5 = C : : D

( )

A 67,0 = I K

.

. V 82 = AMU

( . )

.

2: 1b2

=IL E

2: 1c2

=UC E

) () (: 262

22

6 0 82 01 5 067 0 4110 0

c

b

, UC, E, , IL E

= = = =

.% 06

E V 82 - 2

E )r , L( C

A

B

V

D K

A A

M

1 -

E

0R

)r , L(

i

Y

X

A

B

2 - M

uBA

uMB

21

( 2 ).

.

.Y X

BV AV BAu A B .( V ) .BV AV B A

.

.

. : . :

:

.

i R = u . R

1 = R u

B A

: 2 BMu MBu = : X BAu : Y

31

1 :

E = Ru + Lu:

0 E L ir i Ridtd

= +tdE L iRid: r + 0R = R = + +

iE R id: L L L td

= + :

E = Ru + Lu:

R E L ir uidtd

: = + +0

iuRR

0 =0

R

RR

duE L r uuR

td R = + +

: 0R0 0

RR 1E uL rud

td R R0 = + +

LR

:

0 0 0

R R1u r udRE R

L L R td = + +

- 2 0 = Ru + Lu:

i R id0 : ( ) L td

( 1 ) = +

uR i ( 1) R

: uR

0 0

R R0 1u r udR

L R td = + +

LR -

i

Lu Ru

)r,L( 0R

1

3102 / 10 / 61

. 1

. 2

. 3

O H gol Hp3 4 . =+

. ( ) 5

. 6

. 7

. 8

. 9

- 1 . +H

. +H

/ 2 A + +H = AH : A AH

.AH / A /

3 ( .) ( )

+O3H / O2H O2H / HO

+ +O3H = O2H + AH A :

HO + +HB = O2H + B:

Hp - 4

3 Hp . O H goL Hp =+

40


:

2

41 - 0 Hp : Hp : 7 = Hp

: 7 > Hp : 7 < Hp

5

. fx . xamx

6

f = xamx fx f xam

xx

. 1 = . 1 <

- 7

).

.(

:

( ) . 8

. rQ

] [ ] [] [ ] [ : + = +D Cd c b aB A : =

d c

b a r

QD CB A

.Qr :

K 9

.=Q Kf r,( ) . -

. -

3

- 1

. +H

O2H 3OCH 4OS2H 3ONH IH rBH lCH:

. +H

OOC3HC O2H 3OCH O5H2C 3HN:

: 2)HO(gM HOK HOaN

HO . HO

O2H = +H + HO . +H HO

/ 2 : A AH

AH / A / A + +H = AH HOOCH / OOCH: +H + OOCH = HOOCH :

:+HB B

+HB / B / +HB = +H + B

+4HN / 3HN: + 4HN = +H + 3HN :

3 .

A + +O3H = O2H + AH:

HO + +HB = O2H + B:

. :

rB + +O3H = O2H + rBH:

OOC5H2C + +O3H = O2H + HOOC5H2C:

HO + +4HN = O2H + 3HN:

( ) HO + HO5H2C = O2H + O5H2C:

Hp 4 . HO +O3H( )

( 5) ( 1)

1 2 3 4 5

L lom O H) / ( 3 1-01 2-01 3-01 4-01 5-01 +

4

!!! m 001 L/lom 1-01 mc 1 L/lom 5-01

. Hp

. 1 = 01 goL goL

.

)+O3H( a =+O H a goL Hp3) ( Hp : (1 ) ]+O3H[ )+O3H( = )+O3H( a

1 > > 0. )+O3H( i i2:

) C Z( I12

(2) = 3 , 2 , 1 = i C : Z

goLI 1I 1 2

(3 )+ =

.)+O3H( a ( 1) (3) I ( 2) Hp

. Hp L /lom 1,0 +O3H ]+O3H[ goL = Hp

. 8,1 = Hp 1 = Hp:

)+O3H( a ]+O3H[ 1 . ]+O3H[ goL = Hp

+O3H ]+O3H[ goL = Hp Hp

.L/lom 2-01

: Hp

1 2 3 4 5

Hp 1 2 3 4 5

Hp Hp

.

O H goL Hp3 = +01 O H3Hp =+

. Hp Hp

= +01 O H3Hp ] [

5

. Hp Hp

.50,0 Hp

52,4 51,4 Hp Hp 2,4 Hp 01 3

: = +O HHpL / lom , O H L / lom ,01 26 5 01 80 735 5

+

201 3 7 01 26 5 80 7 36 5 ) (: L / lom , O H, ,

= = +

: 6

32 4

3

11 0 01 3 7, 01

, , O HO H

+ +

= = .%11

:

O H3 %01 : 581 +

( )

O H3 %01 : ( 91 21 11 01 ) +

: 4,3 73,3 03,3 : 23,3 . Hp

. 50,0 53,3 03,3

: 5 lom 7-01 ( ) lom 7-01 C 52

.

41-01 = eK: eK ( ) ]HO[ ]+O3H[ .

]HO[ ]+O3H[ 41-01 = : C 52

eK . eK

C 07 05 04 03 52 02 01 0

41-01 eK 5,51 05,5 59,2 84,1 00,1 96,0 03,0 11,0 Hp - 6 .41 0 Hp

Hp > +HO O H3 7 < Hp

HO O H3 7 = Hp = +

6

: - 7 .

Lm 4,22 = gV 1S 2S 1S :

g 6,0 = m 2S .

. L 1

.4,3 2S Hp 3 1S Hp

.

:

. C C = ]+O3H[ AH

:

. ]+O3H[ = ]lCH[

lC + +O3H = O2H + lCH:

01 4220 03: lCH 4 22

g= = =M

lom ) lCH (n, V, V

3 3 ) ( ] [ 1

01 011

L / lom C lCHlCH nV

= = = =

01 01 33 . C = ]+O3H[ L / lom O HHp = = +

. C C < ]+O3H[ +O3H + OOC3HC O2H + HOOC3HC:

01 6 02: n 06

lom n, m= = =M

:

32 ] [2

L / lom HOOC HCn= =01V

01 4 01 01 34 4 3 . C < ]+O3H[: L / lom O H, Hp = = +

8 .

g 51,1 575gm

.L 1

2H + )+aN ,O-5H2C( aN + HO-5H2C : .4,21 C 52 Hp

( .O5H2C) - 1

. .

7

. ( O5H2C ) - 2

aN520 0 : ( aN) - 1 : lom , n575,0

32 = =

la520 0 :( HO5H2C) lom , n51,164

. = = .

( O5H2C) ( HO5H2C) :

5 2 520 0 520 0

1L / lom , O H C, nla

V = = =

HO + HO5H2C = O2H + O5H2C : - 2

[ .HO[ = ]O5H2C: ]

41

4 21

520 0 01, 01

L / lom , HO

. = =

- - 1

:

(1 ) +O3H + OOC3HC = O2H + HOOC3HC

.1Hp Hp

.2Hp < 1Hp Hp . Hp

Hp ( aNOOC3HC)

. . 1Hp > 3Hp ( ) ( 1)

.

.

- 2 .

.

.

.

.

.

8

- 3

.

.

() 4

f. xam

xx

=

5 .

] [ ] [] [ ] [ : D d + C c = B b + A a : =

d c

b a r

QD CB A

.rQ ( ) +O3H + OOC3HC = O2H + HOOC3HC ( ) : 1-

] [ 3 3

3

r= + O H OOC HC

QHOOC HC

: : 2 )qa( )3ON 2 ,+2uC( = )qa()3ON ,+gA(2 + )s(uC )s(gA2 +

2 22

32 2 2

3

+ +

+ + = =

r

uC ON uCQ

gA ON gA

( ) :

.

HO5H2C + HOOC3HC = O2H + 5H2C-OOC3HC: :

] [ ] [] [ ] [ 5 2 3

2 5 2 3

r =QHO H C HOOC HCO H H C OOC HC

- 5

=Q Kfr. . :

: 1K +4HN + OOC3HC = 3HN + HOOC3HC:

2 3HN + HOOC3HC = +4HN + OOC3HC1

K=1K

.

1 = 1 <

9

( . ) 1 / 2

. / 3

. 4

Hp

. Hp 1 . Hp 2

3 Hp 3 O H goL Hp =+ 3 O H +

. Hp 4

. Hp 5 .7 Hp 6

1 . 2 . 3

xamx fx 4 5

: 1

)qa(HO + )qa(NCH = )l(O2H + )qa(NC

rQ 2

rQ 3

4

1

2 . 3 4

5

01

( !! .... ) 3 2 1

HO + +4HN = )l(O2H + )qa(3HN )qa(+O3H + )qa(OOCH = )l(O2H + )qa(HOOCH - 4

Hp ( Hp ) - 1 (Hp ) - 2

3 ) - 3 O H goL Hp =+

( Hp ) - 4

: ( Hp ) - 5 .

( . 7 Hp ) - 6

( )- 1

. : - 2 . :

. Hp : . : . - 3

xamx < fx: xamx = fx: 4 . 5

- 1 ] [

=

f f

f

HO NCHK

NC

. -2

. rQ 3

. - 4

. 1 . 2

3

.

. 4

5

1

3102 / 10 / 61

. 1

. / 2

Hp Hp 3

.

AKp AK 4 .

Hp 5

. Hp

. / 6

. 7

. AKp / 8

. / - 1

] [ AH/ A 3

A

A O HK

AH

= +

KAKpA 01 AK goL = AKp / AKp =

A] [ AH / A AKp Hp 2A

goL Kp HpAH

( ) + =

. AKp : 3 AKp : 4

: 5 : A B A / B /

40


:

Hp AKp

]B[ = ]A[

]B[ < ]A[ ]B[ > ]A[

2

6 nIH / nI . Hp

: 7 . Hp

: A / B /

: - 8 0 = AKp +O3H / O2H

41 = AKp O2H / HO

AKp : AKp - 9 .

: / .

O2H / HO +O3H / O2H HOOCH/ OOCH

.

1 + iAKp

]nIH[ 01 > ]nI[

1 iAKp

]nI[ 01 > ]nIH[

Hp

%

A B

AKp

% 05

+O3H H2O

OOC3HC HOOC3HC

HO O2H

AKp

41

8,3

0

3

AK 1 /

.

: HOOC3HC . HOOC3HC / OOC3HC

)qa(+O3H + )qa(OOC3HC = )l(O2H + )qa(HOOC3HC

] [: 3 3

3

OOC HC O HK

HOOC HC

= +

] [: 3 3

3A

OOC HC O HK

HOOC HC

= +

AK = K

: +4HN . +4HN / 3HN

)qa(+O3H + )qa( 3HN = )l(O2H + )qa(+4HN

: 3 3] [4

HN O HK

HN

+

+ =

: 3 3] [4

A

HN O HK

HN

+

+ =

AK = K

: A / B ] [

] [3

A= +B O H

KA

/ AKp A A = =1A

K goL goL KpK

:

+O3H / O2H / 2 3] [

3A

O H O HK

O H

+

+ =

:

3

3

A1O H

KO H

+

+ = =

0 = 1 goL = AK goL = AKp

0 = )O2H/+O3H( AKp

4

] [ O2H / HO / 3

2A

HO O HK

O H

= +

: 41

HO O H KA01 3 41 = 4101 goL = AK goL = AKp = = +

.

] [ 3 3

3A

OOC HC O HK

HOOC HC

. AK = +

. : . :

3 3] [4

A

HN O HK

HN

+

+ =

. AK

. : . 3HN :

AK .

. . AK C52 :

HOOCH / OOCH 401 6,1 = AK .C52

- 2 . Hp

.

)l(O2H )qa()+aN , OOC3HC( = )qa()HO , +aN( + )qa(HOOC3HC:

. OOC3HC HOOC3HC

] [ 3

3A

OOC HCgoL Kp Hp

HOOC HC

] [ + = 3

3Kp HpA 01

OOC HCHOOC HC

=

] [ AKp = Hp - 0 3

31 01

OOC HC

HOOC HC

]OOC3HC[ = ]HOOC3HC[ = =

41 = )HO/O2H( AKp

5

]HOOC3HC[ > ]OOC3HC[ AKp > Hp - ]OOC3HC[ > ]HOOC3HC[ AKp < Hp - HOOCH / OOCH 8,4 = AKp :

: . :

( +aN) O2H / HO HOOC3HC / OOC3HC HOOCH / OOCH +O3H / O2H

41 8,4 8,3 0 AKp

( ):

:

.C52 4101 Hp +O3H HO

- 3 Hp

. Hp

.

B ]B[ 01 > ]A[ B A A / B

.]A[ 01 > ]B[ A

01 ] [] [ : B BA

1 ] [] [: >B

goLA

1 + AKP > Hp : 1 > AKp Hp >

] [] [ : A 1

01BA

1 ] [] [: iAKp Hp >

1 + iAKp > Hp

] [ nIH 1

01

nInIH

1 ] [ < nI

goLnIH

: 1 < iAKp Hp <

1 iAKp < Hp

. / :

- 5 : . HOOC3HC

: AKp O2H /HO +O3H / O2H HOOC3HC / OOC3HC

0,41 0,0 8,4

.AKp AKp

. AKp AKp

.

+O3H . HOOC3HC

.HOOC3HC

.

HO OOC3HC . O2H

1 + iAKp

]nIH[ 01 > ]nI[

1 iAKp

]nI[ 01 > ]nIH[

iAKp

Hp

+O3H H2O

OOC3HC HOOC3HC

HO O2H

AKp

41

8,3

0

7

. O2H

.

. AKp ammaG

)qa(+O3H + )qa(OOC3HC = )l(O2H + )qa(HOOC3HC:

1 2

3

4

. +4HN 1 . 3HN 2

2AK 1AK 2AH / 2A 1AH / 1A 2AH 1AH 3

. C . 2AK > 1AK

Hp (

8,3 = 1AKp 1AH / 1A 5,2 = Hp (

. AH C AK ( 1

. (

3,11 Hp g 54,0 = m (

+3HN5H2C / 2HN5H2C AKp -

. -

. ( 2

59,3 Hp gm 47 = m (

HOOC5H2C / OOC5H2C AKp -

. -

8

lom 701 lom 701 1

.

. 2

.

81 5 55 0001 2] [ g 0001 : 3L / lom , O HmM

. = = =

.

6 < Hp ( ) - 4

. 8 > Hp

.

)qa(+O3H + )qa(3HN = )l(O2H + )qa(+4HN 1

3 3] [4

A

HN O HK

HN

+

+ =

3 3] [4

HN O HK

HN

+

+ =

)qa(HO + )qa(+4HN = )l(O2H + )qa(3HN - 2

3 3] [4

A

HN O HK

HN

+

+ =

] [ 4

3

HN HOK

HN

= +

] [ AK 3 4

A 3

O H HNK HN

= +HO O H K KA 3 = + +

=K K Ke A :

3 ( ) ( - 3O HC

= +

. Hp ]+O3H[ goL = Hp ]+O3H[

8,3 < 5,2(

] [ ( 3

A

A O HK

AH

] [ ]A[ ]+O3H[ = +2

3A

O HK

AH

(1 )= +

3 O HC

]+O3H[ C = ]AH[ C = ]+O3H[ = +

8,3

1AH

5,2 Hp

1AKp

9

( 1) 2 2 2

A1KC C

C C

= =

)qa(HO + )qa( +3HN5H2C = )l(O2H + )qa( 2HN5H2C ( - 1

2 5 2] [( 3 5 2

AHN H C

goL Hp Kp+ HN H C

= (2 )

01 0 1 54 02 1 54

L / lom , C, mV M

= = =

01 0 5 01 01 321 3 11 L/lom 301 2 = ]HO[ = = = +L / lom , O H, Hp

. ]+O3H[ ]+3HN5H2C[ + ]+O3H[ = ]HO[:

( ) ]HO[ = ]+3HN5H2C[

: + = + HN H C HN H C C3 5 2 2 5 2] [: ( ) L/lom 301 8 = 301 2 201 = ]2HN5H2C[

( 2) 3

396 01 4 3 11 3 1101 8A01 2

, goL , goL , Kp

= = = :

)qa(+O3H + )qa(OOC5H2C = )l(O2H + )qa( HOOC5H2C ( - 2

] [( 5 2

5 2A

OOC H CgoL Hp Kp

HOOC H C

(2 ) =

01 0 1 470 03 1 47

L / lom , C, mV M

= = =

01 21 1 01 01 34 59 3 L/lom 1101 9,8 = ]HO[ = = = +L / lom , O H, Hp

. ]HO[ ]+O3H[ = ]OOC5H2C[ + ]HO[:

( ) ]+O3H[ = ]OOC5H2C[

: + = OOC H C HOOC H C C5 2 5 2] [: ( ) L/lom 401 9,8 = 401 21,1 301 = ]HOOC5H2C[

( 2) 4

458 4 59 301 21 1A01 9 8, goL , Kp,,

= =

:

96,01

2HN5H2C Hp 3HN5H2C AKp

+

58,4

OOC5H2C

Hp HOOC5H2C AKp

EUGUOZ

A IRke

1

1

.

. 2

3

.

. 4 . 5

. 6 . 7

. 8

1 .2A /2B 1A / 1B

1 2 1A A . )qa(2A + )qa(1B = )qa(2B + )qa(1A2

AKp Kp

A

K01 K

K = =

2

1 2

4 A

A

K01

K >

A A1 2 > 4 Kp Kp

)HO ,+aN( )lC , +O3H( : - 1 2 )l(O2H2 = )qa(HO + )qa(+O3H :

4141 : 3

01 K1 1 + HO O H01

= = =

. 401 > K

HOOC3HC )HO ,+aN( : - 2 2 )l(O2H + )qa(OOC3HC = )qa(HO + )qa(HOOC3HC:

3e ] [ ] [: A 3 3

3

3

H HOK 3

K O H OOC HCHOOC HC

OOC HCK

O HO HOOC HC

+

+

= = =

40


:

.A IRUOZEUG narO - lavaraM ecyL

EUGUOZ

A IRke

2

3HN )lC ,+O3H( : - 3 2 )l(O2H + )qa(+4HN = )qa(+O3H + )qa(3HN:

] [: 4

3 3A

K1 HNO H HNK

+

+ = =

)+aN , OOC3HC( HOOCH : - 4 2 )qa(HOOC3HC + )qa(OOCH = )qa( OOC3HC + )qa(HOOCH:

: ] [] [

] [21 ] [

3

33 3A

K O H OOCH 3A 3

HOOCH

HOOC HCOC HCK

OOCH HOOC HCK

OCO OH O HC HOOCH

+

+ = = =

- 3 (HO ,+aN) ( lC ,+O3H) : - 1 3

)l(O2H 2 )qa(HO + )qa(+O3H: (1 ) :

:( ) L/lom 701 = ]O3H[ = ]HO[

E

E

B B

B A

V CaN

V V + = +

E

A A

B A

lCV CV V

+ =

]6,7 6 [ )TBB(

( lC ,+O3H )( HO ,+aN ) : - 2 3

)l(O2H 2 )qa(HO + )qa(+O3H : (2 ) :

( ) L/lom 701 = ]+O3H[ = ]HO[

E

B B

A B

aNV CV V

+ = +

E

E

A A

A B

V ClC

V V + =

]6,7 6 [

BV

Hp

EB V

TBB 7 6,7

6 E

1 -

AV

Hp

E

AE V

TBB 7 6

6,7

2 -


EUGUOZ

A IRke

3

( HO ,+aN) HOOC3HC : - 3 3

)l(O2H + )qa(OOC3HC )qa(HO + )qa(HOOC3HC : (3 ) :

: :

OOC3HC +aN HO +O3H

. HOOC3HC

HpE01 O H3

= +

E41

41 Hp

3

01 HO01O H

= = +

E

E

B B

B A

V CaN

V V + = +

. ]+aN[ = ]OOC3HC[

]HO[ = ]HOOC3HC[

( lC ,+O3H) 3HN : - 4 3

)l(O2H + )qa(+4HN )qa(+O3H + )qa(3HN : (4 ) :

: :

+4HN lC HO +O3H

3HN HpE

01 O H3 = +

E41

41 Hp

3

01 HO01O H

= = +

E

E

A A

A B

V ClC

V V + =

]lC[ = ]+4HN[

]+O3H[ = ]3HN[

7 > EHp E

BE V

BV

Hp

2,8

01

3 -

Hp

AV

E

AE V

7 < EHp 4,4

2,6

4 -


EUGUOZ

A IRke

4

- 1 : 2A / 2B 1A / 1B

2A + 1B = 2B + 1A 1 + 2 = 1 + 2

( . )O2H / HO ( )+O3H / O2H

11] [ ] [] [ ] [: 2

2

KBAB

O3H[ = A] [ ] [] [ ] [: ]+

3

3 1

1 2

2

O HK

HA

O BB

A

+

+ =

] [] [

] [21 ] [

2

2A

A 3

31

KO H1BK H

KO

ABA

+

+ = =

+4HN :

( +4HN ) +O3H /O2H +4HN /3HN:

)qa(+O3H + )qa( 3HN = )l(O2H + )qa(+4HN : 1 + 2 = 1 + 2

: 3 3] [

4

HN O HK

HN

+

+ =

+4HN /3HN ] [

1

3 3A

4

HN O HK

HN

+

+ =

A1: K

K1

1: =2

A

A

KK

K =

A2 +O3H /O2H =1 K

1 2

A

A

KK

K : . =

1 > K: A A2 1

>K KA A1 2

. >Kp Kp (1 ) ( 2A / 2B 1A / 1B )

A2

. 2B Kp

A1

. 1A Kp

.

A1 Kp

A2 Kp

2A 2B 1B 1A

Hp

1-


EUGUOZ

A IRke

5

1 < K: A A2 1

Kp Kp .

A2

. 2B Kp

A1

. 1A Kp

( ) .

- 2 . : - 1 2

:

. : 3 6 . T

3-

.E

:

(4 )

:

.

A A1 2

> 4 Kp Kp

A1 Kp

A2 Kp

1A 1B 2B 2A

Hp

2 -


E

6 -

T

AV

Hp

E

E

AEV

(5 ) (4 ) (3 )

Hp Hp Hp

AV AV AV

EUGUOZ

A IRke

6

VHpd ) ( ( E ) )V( f = Hp Vd

(5 . )g= . :

. )V( g :

: - 2 2

. Hp Hp

.

.

) Hp

7 .( 7

Hp ( Lm 1 )

V )V( f = Hp

.

:

.

:

.

)HO ,+aN( )lC ,+O3H( : - 1 2 2 O2H / HO +O3H / O2H

)l(O2H + )l(O2H )qa(HO + )qa(+O3H : 1 2 1 2

: 8

0

6.2

Hp

7 -

A

C

B

EHp

0Hp

E

BHp

Hp

BV

BE VBF V

8 - F FHp


EUGUOZ

A IRke

7

: Hp : 0Hp

01 CAHp AC goL = Hp =

Hp : BA

. )l(O2H 2 )qa(HO + )qa(+O3H: ( . ) 7 = Hp : E

.

. Hp Hp : C Hp

.

: +aN lC HO +O3H:

F : -

HpF01 O H3

= +41

3

HO01O H

= +

F

A A

B A

lCV CV V

+ = F

F

B B

B A

V CaN

V V + = +

L/lom 701 = ]+O3H[ = ]HO[: 7 = Hp : -

]+aN[ ]lC[ BE

VBF

.V

)lC ,+O3H( )HO ,+aN( : - 2 2 2 O2H / HO +O3H / O2H

)l(O2H + )l(O2H )qa(HO + )qa(+O3H : 1 2 1 2

9

7

Hp

AVAE

V

0Hp

AHp

A

B

C

E

AF V

FHp F

9 -


EUGUOZ

A IRke

8

: Hp : 0Hp

01 CB41 Hp BC goL + 41= Hp =

Hp : BA

. )l(O2H 2 )qa(HO + )qa(+O3H: ( . ) 7 = Hp : E

.

. Hp Hp : C Hp

.

: +aN lC HO +O3H:

F : -

HpF01 O H3

= +41

3

HO01O H

= +F

F

A A

A B

V ClC

V V + =

F

B B

A B

aNV CV V

+ = +

L/lom 701 = ]+O3H[ = ]HO[: 7 = Hp : -

]+aN[ ]lC[ AE

VAF

.V

)HO ,+aN( )HOOC3HC( : - 3 2 2 O2H / HO HOOC3HC / OOC3HC

)l(O2H + )qa(OOC3HC )qa(HO + )qa(HOOC3HC : 1 2 1 2

01 -

Hp

BV

A B

F

D

E

EB V

EHp

EB1 V 2

C AKp

BHp

01 - 0Hp


EUGUOZ

A IRke

9

: Hp : 0Hp

. AC goL = Hp

: Hp :BA +O3H

HO +O3H

. HO +O3H

: .

: : DB

. )l(O2H + )qa(OOC3HC )qa(HO + )qa(HOOC3HC . 7 > Hp : E

:7 > Hp OOC3HC

)qa(HO + )qa(HOOC3HC = )l(O2H + )qa(OOC3HC: . HO

. : C : HOOC3HC / OOC3HC AKp

] [ 3

A3

OOC HCgoL Hp Kp

HOOC HC

: ]HOOC3HC[ = ]OOC3HC[ =

] [3

3

OOC HC0 goL

HOOC HC

AKp = Hp =

.

Physique Guezouri

Documents

Transcript of Physique Guezouri