PHENIX 実験における GEM と CSI カソードを 用いた 光検出器の開発
description
Transcript of PHENIX 実験における GEM と CSI カソードを 用いた 光検出器の開発
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PHENIXGEMCSICNSAA
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OutlineCsI photo cathodeR&D at PHENIX exp.R&D of GEM at CNSOutlook
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StripPadPHENIXWindow lessCherenkovGEMGEMCsIRadiator CF4Radiator40p.e.References1. NIM A523, 345, 20042. NIM A546, 466, 2005
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CSI3TransmissiveBy WeitzmanTransmissivephoton feedbackGEMCSICSI[eV]
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CsICSIGEMGEMCsI
: a few x 10-7 TorrGEMCsICsICsIGEMQuartz AA
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Big Mac ProvidesLarge Volume (8 diameter, 6 tall)High Vacuum (few 10-7 torr)Lots of FeedthroughsLots of blank do-it-yourself portsMechanical Motions:2 tables covering 320o in fOne tower (up/down & rotate)Several Large ports12 Inside Diameter
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Mechanics InsideAll tables removableOne fixed tableTwo rotating tables (320o)Target holder does up/down as well as rotation
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CIArrange 6 GEMs in ARC facing down.Rotates via Big Mac Tables.Evaporate one-by-one5000 A (or 2000 A)~5 min elapsed before chicklet was vacuum sealed in the desiccatorin the vessel. (Desiccator sat in Ar as the PC was placed within it.)Used glass dessicator to transport PC Used glove box (under N2 purge) to transport PC from dessicator to test flange: ~2 min. exposure to air total
Top View
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Testing Apparatus Absolute QE of produced Photocathodes Vs Wavelength Photoelectron signal in CF4 (CF4 transmittance) GEM systematics (gain, stability, etc.) Systematic Measurements of CsI Coated Triple GEM (pe collection efficiency Vs ED, etc)
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QE in CF4 at High and Low Collection Fields
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Chart3
0.9635.595648332846.952110982740.860789859
1.7926.857666967133.010201955445.6609725235
2.5933.969758819129.808936748745.0050691736
3.4437.068027745633.168845591544
4.8134.966409041828.877720533440.3458327158
6.827.575011746430.393584944447.7907507894
7.8334.293286119428.839561294936.6228866776
9.5426.242715605129.578019200538.7098044298
10.5423.459249590324.92777631529.2279433538
11.2227.931083938928.391536408333.9664338145
12.0123.384444338426.760524127735.8229371839
12.9721.367200087423.95320388334.342398656
13.3922.533232575124.940690679931.7510060146
15.822.733350796822.351676894430.9008242211
17.4822.352251854526.146199945829.1634252637
18.6221.590123279123.3374919128.4713275634
20.0119.705157361522.713262686627.7210562192
20.0320.616729264823.241838613427.692745566
20.8820.274855016621.80825406626.9492080887
23.7220.347421790721.952669218526.8099182568
24.3619.868049276621.248095512225.875146899
26.2119.225184015220.575377629225.3997942915
26.4418.983384013919.913265879524.7461240274
28.9318.144292135419.161035149824.0523372003
31.2317.646494884317.816684304422.8467409491
30.6617.520499298617.13508899122.6238569881
33.3116.500126352916.898999643722.6613852135
35.6315.191653296116.212790475221.2566741816
36.1415.230073415914.958327179520.8532943413
37.7714.274755188615.112512768520.1799641673
42.3613.84954564914.484803824719.7605684587
42.3312.982012371113.961624887118.4388421892
45.1212.885989868314.022978749918.4846835277
46.5512.498277363413.260310833618.0237073846
49.8111.957725661213.308920288817.5419657762
49.7811.97083401112.976682195917.8025651284
56.2411.305528439111.91406327716.7318754967
62.4211.328327457411.667454482517.0997380695
65.1911.014320175710.222438610716.7100521337
67.0610.081410595210.243001530815.4156960919
9.87729936689.622294016215.3692635922
8.78833603339.143842995813.0505753365
8.45999924559.471950354913.669606938
8.09892690459.624722109712.7431585483
8.24508440598.902713761912.9313210044
8.14504505899.657041103913.3010802837
7.391638097410.394284457113.8450659557
7.97167828269.788101584613.3108021205
8.282669170410.434564811213.4425292833
7.33908802669.247547739113.7802702233
8.18146566649.695798680114.2154541295
7.87414733439.935402338912.4439605701
7.5895136389.54855357715.1508484816
6.998899012310.684080557910.8664144143
8.28484500759.110678433715.4490602869
6.47616638049.031450688314.5257710602
7.794852546512.256499794311.5584792778
6.94350465279.663022217676.9028298653
8.380614558322.5402856565
9.6769767954-52.432251878
4.9921955311-6.3985574152
WIS GEM PC [CF4]
1st Chicklet, [CF4], 0.78kV/cm
1st Chicklet, [CF4], 3.25kV/cm
2nd Chicklet, [CF4], 3.25kV/cm
Wavelength [Angstroms]
Absolute QE [%]
Absolute QE in CF4 of CsI Photocathodes (Corrected for Mesh Transparency)
CF4_X
CF4CF4CF4VacVacVac
Photon EnergyPhoton WavelengthGEM QEPhoton EnergyPhoton WavlengthGEM QE
[eV][Angstroms][%][eV][Angstroms][%]
6.21999.76103588710.966.21999.76103588711.04
6.261980.59399720451.796.261980.59399720451.96
6.331958.69169391782.596.331958.69169391782.83
6.391940.30022261353.446.391940.30022261354.11
6.461919.27529760064.816.461919.27529760065.58
6.531898.70113667696.86.531898.70113667697.35
6.591881.41402465867.836.591881.41402465868.85
6.671858.84833920549.546.671858.848339205410.35
6.741839.542792655810.546.741839.542792655811.44
6.811820.634129588811.226.811820.634129588812.18
6.891799.494691219212.016.891799.494691219212.82
6.971778.840519727412.976.971778.840519727413.78
7.041761.153185014213.397.041761.153185014214.94
7.131738.922639901815.87.131738.922639901817.25
7.211719.628075242717.487.211719.628075242718.9
7.291700.756985253818.627.291700.756985253820.32
7.381680.016046409220.017.381680.016046409222.13
7.471659.774889223620.037.471659.774889223621.78
7.561640.015664351820.887.561640.015664351822.84
7.651620.721362418323.727.651620.721362418326.56
7.751599.808828709724.367.751599.808828709726.63
7.851579.429098407626.217.851579.429098407628.68
7.951559.562065723326.447.951559.562065723328.99
8.051540.18862391328.938.051540.18862391334.31
8.161519.426277267231.238.161519.426277267234.12
8.271499.216254232230.668.271499.216254232237.02
8.381479.536804594333.318.381479.536804594336.49
8.491460.367305359235.638.491460.367305359239.11
8.611440.01375406536.148.611440.01375406539.78
8.731420.219750572737.778.731420.219750572741.74
8.861399.381311794642.368.861399.381311794646.82
8.981380.681338808542.338.981380.681338808550.37
9.121359.486669133845.129.121359.486669133850.64
9.251340.3803746.559.251340.3803752.58
9.391320.395998136349.819.391320.395998136354.55
9.541299.635054769449.789.541299.635054769456.23
9.691279.516865067156.249.691279.516865067162.12
9.841260.012034806962.429.841260.012034806968.43
101239.8518422565.19101239.8518422574.13
10.161220.326616387867.0610.161220.326616387873.21
CF4_X
52.425647283574.313632813366.6348450938
49.037655042674.440497738761.0566351378
50.723913991463.366963907663.6767889401
48.051161895561.74801678362.7665410569
46.402805613558.8193602962.780411421
44.893121567659.943621295262.4786626978
45.721313796255.437407978761.3248784936
43.561106863760.155902952962.6819119892
42.664953256346.608495464163.2362044958
40.509042124547.037206840659.8151107662
41.172120597646.008370423259.71901016
36.06544971546.782751306457.5660912358
38.157522036544.755840719555.5820082909
34.937933513842.668995926753.0296244587
34.397390887140.953715105751.454670576
35.13186660338.260283163551.2288771776
32.031083206937.241593814250.3156667563
31.135009121636.064922517848.6163442424
29.689020081233.967775444747.4085265194
28.065490022734.5293224445.7065234434
29.116985649834.662791035544.8722216856
26.724289367433.586952881644.3757640684
27.157515039132.669367653743.8441950526
26.049817271631.617301930943.2211901472
25.277569116131.178404099742.4913141231
24.903587441630.013698622542.1785089001
24.392636347428.458256552441.7191597701
23.423819670627.791230175941.1782832888
22.034488119327.233004958940.4423989061
21.530673662526.276970187639.6371438983
21.077617415124.843878303838.9039323179
19.706819291124.088395967237.8617129528
19.125673016522.9531385636.8529453004
18.919072683222.678228058335.5691542783
18.130397558921.085138359834.3444467992
16.689789133320.777717066133.1546002443
16.530355653620.233564174831.8918017889
16.036699086919.434322227430.9486277116
15.268150018219.632026513829.9811227497
15.317595896418.616601789529.5374722389
14.36844714418.888232626528.9751496838
14.486858707218.539608387528.8885704191
14.06782953916.912844657128.4288186533
12.840530358616.900294586628.2259062241
12.640139118315.167093350528.8618541637
11.517472542814.854532618128.7333760805
11.073567226814.479543104828.429343774
10.839013822614.191395881827.0842961453
10.418850655413.798371668624.5386721565
10.531415670513.668379094422.8864408989
10.298834282113.579751323921.5732731857
10.142184647414.743209678320.1014390433
10.214231136214.539569866819.1958642504
10.952819878614.954173825417.9198167276
10.609240984614.223240806115.738683109
10.345984740314.915274625112.9455132746
10.568521782116.182688163811.6629947757
10.714524615215.76290352239.9834738
10.15824316715.94462356068.8503181299
12.163447573515.7984080026.9137173422
9.626403983219.07378625615.742283621
10.983267960818305.3982283393
11.60512388464.7117767954
12.64856058794.0213228351
14.00879478013.8784921538
3.7119031225
3.4778305085
3.1564442585
2.9954253752
3.2858465899
3.573038756
6.0545303478
WIS GEM PC [Vac]
1st USB CsI chicklet [Vac]
2nd USB CsI chicklet [Vac]
Initial Chicklets produced in the NSL Evaporator [Vac]
Wavelength [Angstroms]
Absolute QE [%]
Absolute QE in Vac of CsI Photocathodes (Corrected for Mesh Transparency)
35.595648332846.952110982740.860789859
26.857666967133.010201955445.6609725235
33.969758819129.808936748745.0050691736
37.068027745633.168845591544
34.966409041828.877720533440.3458327158
27.575011746430.393584944447.7907507894
34.293286119428.839561294936.6228866776
26.242715605129.578019200538.7098044298
23.459249590324.92777631529.2279433538
27.931083938928.391536408333.9664338145
23.384444338426.760524127735.8229371839
21.367200087423.95320388334.342398656
22.533232575124.940690679931.7510060146
22.733350796822.351676894430.9008242211
22.352251854526.146199945829.1634252637
21.590123279123.3374919128.4713275634
19.705157361522.713262686627.7210562192
20.616729264823.241838613427.692745566
20.274855016621.80825406626.9492080887
20.347421790721.952669218526.8099182568
19.868049276621.248095512225.875146899
19.225184015220.575377629225.3997942915
18.983384013919.913265879524.7461240274
18.144292135419.161035149824.0523372003
17.646494884317.816684304422.8467409491
17.520499298617.13508899122.6238569881
16.500126352916.898999643722.6613852135
15.191653296116.212790475221.2566741816
15.230073415914.958327179520.8532943413
14.274755188615.112512768520.1799641673
13.84954564914.484803824719.7605684587
12.982012371113.961624887118.4388421892
12.885989868314.022978749918.4846835277
12.498277363413.260310833618.0237073846
11.957725661213.308920288817.5419657762
11.97083401112.976682195917.8025651284
11.305528439111.91406327716.7318754967
11.328327457411.667454482517.0997380695
11.014320175710.222438610716.7100521337
10.081410595210.243001530815.4156960919
9.87729936689.622294016215.3692635922
8.78833603339.143842995813.0505753365
8.45999924559.471950354913.669606938
8.09892690459.624722109712.7431585483
8.24508440598.902713761912.9313210044
8.14504505899.657041103913.3010802837
7.391638097410.394284457113.8450659557
7.97167828269.788101584613.3108021205
8.282669170410.434564811213.4425292833
7.33908802669.247547739113.7802702233
8.18146566649.695798680114.2154541295
7.87414733439.935402338912.4439605701
7.5895136389.54855357715.1508484816
6.998899012310.684080557910.8664144143
8.28484500759.110678433715.4490602869
6.47616638049.031450688314.5257710602
7.794852546512.256499794311.5584792778
6.94350465279.663022217676.9028298653
8.380614558322.5402856565
9.6769767954-52.432251878
4.9921955311-6.3985574152
WIS GEM PC [CF4]
1st Chicklet, [CF4], 0.78kV/cm
1st Chicklet, [CF4], 3.25kV/cm
2nd Chicklet, [CF4], 3.25kV/cm
Wavelength [Angstroms]
Absolute QE [%]
Absolute QE in CF4 of CsI Photocathodes (Corrected for Mesh Transparency)
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GEM foils of 3x3, 10x10 and 25x25 cm2 produced at CERNStainless steel boxPumped to 10-6 before gas fillingMeasurements: * Fe55 x-rays * Am241 source * UV lampGas gain Gains in excess of 104 are easily attainable Voltage for CF4 is ~140 V higher than for Ar/CO2 but slopes are similar for both gases Gain increases by factor ~3 for V = 20V Pretty good agreement between gain measured with Fe55 and UV lamp
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Discharge Probability Stability of operation and absence ofdischarges in the presence of heavily ionizing particles is crucial for the operation of the HBD Use Am241 to simulate heavily ionizing particles In Ar-CO2, discharges increase sharplywhen total charge is close to the Raether limit of 108 CF4 more robust against discharges than Ar/CO2 HBD expected to operate at gains < 104 i.e. with comfortable margin below the discharge threshold In CF4 discharges do not depend onthe presence of particles. It seems that local defects are responsible for the discharges
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Ion back-flowIons seem to follow the electric field lines.In all cases, ion back-flow is of order 1!!!Fraction of ion back-flow defined here as: Iphc / IPCB
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AgingCsI photocathode: * In spite of the large ion back-flow there is no dramatic deterioration of the CsI QE. * For a total irradiation of ~10mC/cm2 , the QE drops by only 20%. (The total charge in 10 years of PHENIX operation is conservatively estimated to 1mC/cm2.)GEM foils: * During the whole R&D period we never observed aging effects (e.g. loss of gain) on the GEM foils. Total irradiation was well in excess of 10mC/cm2 .Stability measurements performed during day 3 (4 mC/cm2 ), day 4 (3 mC/cm2 ), day 5 (2 mC/cm2 ).
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Cosmic ray tests: Experimental Set-upS1,S2S4C
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response to electronsAll spectra calibrated into pe using the response to Fe55 x-rays.Npe = 25 - 45
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HBD final designGas out2x21 HV connectors serving 2x3 detector modulesRemovable window FR4 frame all around the cover
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HBD exploded view
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Full Scale Prototype at Weizmann
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CNSGEMCNS+ GEM
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GEMM.Inuzuka et.al. NIM A525,529GEM
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GEM2Charge up
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MVME ADCCAEN V7921pFAD8058HVmeshHVgain (2000V)Ar(30%)C2H6(70%)Radiator: 75 cm 1.5*1.5cmReadout Pad3*3Mesh:wire= 50mPitch=500m3mm2mm2mm2mmCsI KEK
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KEKKEK-PS1.0GeV/c TOF
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MeshGEMEnergy loss1GeV/cEnergy lossCharge [A.U.]Charge [A.U.]Peak Value:198.9Peak Value:284.1Energy loss198.9 * 1.38 = 274.510 ch(1.0 p.e)CSIGeV/c
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CSIUVCSI GEMHandlingScheme
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CsI(Stony BrookMethod Use high purity CsI (Scintillator grade) High Vacuum (1E-7 Torr) [diffusion pump w/ N2 trap] Thoroughly clean vessel and all components Bake the CsI Mask substratesEvaporate very small amount of CsI This vaporizes any contaminants on molybdenum boat and/or outer surface of CsI crystals Vessel walls coated with CsI will also act as a getter Warm up substrates before, during and after evaporationWithholds water and contaminants from condensing onto the substrates before deposition, and onto the CsI after deposition Thickness monitor Quartz crystal oscillator, Al foil control substrate Transportation/ Storage of Photocathodes (vacuum, gas flow) Objective: To develop and test the technique of CsI evaporation at Stony Brook for production of CsI coated GEM foils for HBD prototypes and possibly even the final detector.
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Dimensions of Evaporator Vessel
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SummaryPHENIXGEMCSIR&DWeizmannCosmic rayBNLBNLStony BrookCNSGEMCNSCSICsI
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Back ups
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KEKPS-E325
PMTPHENIX
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RadiatorAr-C2H6 (~)RadiatorEnergy lossCSIUV sensitive (6 eV, 200nm) p.e. for 75cm radiator3GEM12GEMCSI2
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GEMPMTRadiatorCSI
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R&DWeitzman InstituteCF4KEK7 p.e. BNLGEM TPCR&DCERN, , M3GEM p electronResponse of Weitzman detector Gain stability by B. Azmoun
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Chart2
729.8156807282286.58581145269382.5814526784783.20361386329996.4742211284
949.6183532541426.079474453611650.3311485831793.706609929610068.4918400156
1054.7403415114512.286250406112888.0950001006817.868930533410127.5171542817
1179.0425768395565.002963993913420.2587866183829.95693610510253.602654399
1318.9266993516608.328096674813679.7080919728842.797392804310196.9320572449
1420.6049794374660.464174159513930.1698704796860.290357019410182.5469205851
1531.3824392407690.471077994314131.7787965575873.383303938910222.6240435843
1671.2066866849743.889253263314408.5565186928896.0733568510208.4983417691
1902.2949945074773.366996113914500.5979173793934.654408625910253.6740487319
1817.1437856818795.54830313914697.3022435797935.720891415210258.9848992602
1913.1219996247826.535057447114855.6039075139954.109183705110309.303286848
2042.6475423802857.949638346115005.4580125036967.536476418910343.5261237414
2087.5886877816883.794290243814997.0082540741976.838189326610349.0498331768
2212.6901234015903.087023601815156.064172493989.33017432349961.1585229308
2362.82178393511034.501639682215215.5465451399989.39112208269935.0081557189
2537.57278580821070.347815351215379.771512718993.81835471179962.5452122786
2816.73975165111172.365940299415574.67714238121006.93437913199951.8822247844
2869.58405205721232.748705717715493.85243829691015.27546361539910.4640167085
2955.51582814461378.258805607914657.15210159651023.74829098379887.4719119915
3045.37428608741434.92687555414665.73788420951025.18833750589920.5241281111
3074.72730737861456.62942751121028.90198352479938.5146779305
3089.39996193661502.86323539691029.12062354399908.2027273996
3126.26569007561544.59426700641041.79898890979868.0609945797
3171.19331341011593.60658877441049.5141812239863.5736081281
3322.57537535641648.02244153191047.79129747569841.2358585356
3381.55384546361662.64393777411058.2630851871
3488.43331388631704.33405018451062.5461452804
4479.06033999471712.84705767931070.0435466653
1738.00442617571061.2273006798
1774.11528367341067.69652186
1832.20217217061082.0626093088
1844.42463854231295.3787738204
2314.55852253871295.9163649348
2301.83606021131300.9807233708
2286.00314200551292.6202114654
2296.11198253741298.2205193062
2291.56121530761299.9155695492
2304.27333546511301.5645381086
2317.699225711309.0828398187
2328.68901840160
CERN deltaV(Foil)=370V
TECH ETCH Set 1 (deltaV(Foil)=340V)
TECH ETCH Set 2 (deltaV(Foil)=340V)
3M (deltaV(Foil)=340V)
CERN (deltaV(Foil)=340V)
CERN (deltaV(Foil)=370V)
Elapsed time after HV ON [hrs]
Absolute Gain
Gain Stability Comparison:CERN, TECH ETCH and 3M Triple GEM
Stability Test at 340V
Experiment: Test Gain, Stability (tripping, etc), leakage current of CERN GEM Foil stack (Unspoiled set)
Objective: Compare CERN Foils to other foils test (i.e. 3M and TECH ETCH).
Method: Triple GEM, Ext gate/trigger, bottled gas, flow ~ 2.5 days, no pump (ALL GEMs ARE TECH ETCH, STD. CONICAL)
GAS:Ar-CO2 (70/30)
Triple GEM Gap Spacing
[mm]
Source - Meshn/a
DG (Mesh - F1)7.81
TG11.15
TG21.33
IG2.36
Triple GEM Gap Field Config.
[kV/cm]
S-Mn/a
DG0.4
TG12.5
TG23
IG3.5
deltaV(GEM)
[V]
G1320
G2320
G3320
Triple GEM Volt Config.deltaV(gap)deltaV(Foil)300310320330340350360370380390400410420
[V][V]
SourceMesh2724.92754.92784.92814.92844.92874.92904.92934.92964.92994.93024.93054.93084.9
Mesh2784.9312.4F12412.52442.52472.52502.52532.52562.52592.52622.52652.52682.52712.52742.52772.5
F12472.5320R12112.52132.52152.52172.52192.52212.52232.52252.52272.52292.52312.52332.52352.5
R12152.5287.5F21825184518651885190519251945196519852005202520452065
F21865320R21525153515451555156515751585159516051615162516351645
R21545399F31126113611461156116611761186119612061216122612361246
F31146320R3826826826826826826826826826826826826826
R3826826CP0000000000000
CP0
Impedance
R1/F1.01nS
R2/F2.01nS
R3/F3.01nS
Leakage Current
R1/F1
-
N0 / ^2 * LWeitzmanHBD40 p.e. L = 50 cmCNS 14 p.e.Pion: 198.9 17.3electronElectron1.38198.9*1.38 = 274.5 (23.9)Electron(measured): 284.1 (24.7)1 p.e.
@KEK, (CNS)
-
WeizmannDetector BoxGEM foils of 3x3 and 10x10 cm2 produced at CERN
@KEK, (CNS)
-
Gain Curve: Triple GEM with CsI in CF4:measured with Fe55 and with UV lamp Pretty good agreement between gain measured with Fe55 and UV lamp.
Gains in excess of 104 are easily attainable.
Voltage for CF4 is ~140 V higher than for Ar/CO2 but slopes are similar for both gases.
Gain increases by factor ~3 for V = 20V
@KEK, (CNS)
-
Total Charge in Avalanche in Ar-CO2 and CF4 measured with Am241 When the total charge in CF4 exceeds 4 x 106 a deviation from exponential growth is observed leading to gain saturation when the total charge is ~2 x 107. Charge saturation in CF4 !!!
@KEK, (CNS)
-
CsI absolute QE Many measurements of CsI QE in 6-8 eV range No data beyond 8.3 eV Measurements extended to 10.3 eV confirm ~linear behavior of QE Extrapolation to 11.5 eV: N0 820 cm-1
-
Discharge Probability Stability of operation and absence ofdischarges in the presence of heavily ionizingparticles is crucial for the operation of the HBD.
Use Am241 to simulate heavily ionizing particles.
@KEK, (CNS)
-
Charge Collection in Drift Gap : Mean Amplitude Rate
@KEK, (CNS)
-
Hadron Blindness (I): UV photons vs. particlesAt slightly negative ED, photoelectron detection efficiency is preserved whereas charge collection is largely suppressed.
@KEK, (CNS)
-
Hadron Blindness (II) :response to mip ED = 1 KV/cm (collection) Average amplitude dropped by a factor of ~2.5 and rate dropped by a factor of 12 Strong Hadron Suppression ED = -0.5 KV/cm (repulsion)
-
Full Scale Prototype Gas Tightness TestWe started Nitrogen flow (200 l/h) with a single 50 um mylar windowWith single mylar we reached 15-20 ppm water levelWith double mylar window we reached 5-6 ppmBypassing the HBD showed 2 ppm in the gas systemOn 19.04.05 we replaced 50 um window by 127 um mylar window coated with AlWith this single window we reached the same 5-6 ppmOn 06.05.05 we opened box and put into it several GEMs and resumed the Nitrogen flow
I.Ravinovich
@KEK, (CNS)
-
Radiation Length BudgetPreamps: 0.95 %Sockets: 0.60%Total = 0.92 + 0.54 + 0.95 +0.60 = 3.01 %CDR
@KEK, (CNS)
-
Gas Quality Before and After Test There were no means to test the gas quality during the test, however we did test the gas quality before and after the test, under more or less the same conditions (i.e., similar purging period and flow rates).
B.Azmoun
@KEK, (CNS)
Chart1
36.666685563736.6666855637
36.545612511736.4939087014
36.068573850535.8189236365
35.48820372635.0100172816
34.924940013534.2376613224
33.847318443432.7941283894
31.412836906229.6903384292
29.300760916727.1604333668
27.45990968525.0644670921
24.43076578221.7968156287
22.068295619519.3610894683
20.194353156217.4670595852
18.683628009315.9469602106
17.446729793814.6985155219
16.419051349613.6558147331
14.814537582312.0213023514
(Using avg. measured Interaction X-sect)
H2O
O2
PPM's of Impurity
Npe
Npe Vs PPM's of Gas Impurity
Using Avg. X-sect
H2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2OO2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2
1.00062
Energy [GeV]beta1
beta*n > 1 for Cherenkov1.00062file: mesh corr.
wavelengthCherenkov Yield over 10 Angstrom step per unit lengthconstanttotal photon yield over 50cmPPM of H2OCsI QEH2O ppmPPM of O2PPM of O2
[Angstroms]0.0000568015151015255075100150200250300350400500sample 1&201510152550751001502002503003504005001510152550751001502002503003504005000151015255075100150200250300350400500Approx. to
10^-10 m10^-2 mWavelength [A]Avg.Wavelength [A]WIS CsI QEmy CsI QE
10800.00000000050.03830997952.4349598722108010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010079.01108868091.91549897471.91549897471.91549897471.91549897471.91549897471.91549897471.91549897471.91549897471.91549897471.91549897471.91549897471.91549897471.91549897471.91549897471.91549897471.915498974710801001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001.91549897471.91549897471.91549897471.91549897471.91549897471.91549897471.91549897471.91549897471.91549897471.91549897471.91549897471.91549897471.91549897471.91549897471.91549897471.915498974778.66655202578.7264902124
10900.00000000050.03681140692.3904857193109010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010076.99566361421.84057034321.84057034321.84057034321.84057034321.84057034321.84057034321.84057034321.84057034321.84057034321.84057034321.84057034321.84057034321.84057034321.84057034321.84057034321.840570343210901001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001.84057034321.84057034321.84057034321.84057034321.84057034321.84057034321.84057034321.84057034321.84057034321.84057034321.84057034321.84057034321.84057034321.84057034321.84057034321.840570343276.995663614276.9956636142
11000.00000000050.03536074882.3472190095110010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010075.32477520341.76803744241.76803744241.76803744241.76803744241.76803744241.76803744241.76803744241.76803744241.76803744241.76803744241.76803744241.76803744241.76803744241.76803744241.76803744241.768037442411001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001.76803744241.76803744241.76803744241.76803744241.76803744241.76803744241.76803744241.76803744241.76803744241.76803744241.76803744241.76803744241.76803744241.76803744241.76803744241.768037442475.324775203475.3247752034
11100.00000000050.03395615692.3051164263111010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010073.65388679271.69780784311.69780784311.69780784311.69780784311.69780784311.69780784311.69780784311.69780784311.69780784311.69780784311.69780784311.69780784311.69780784311.69780784311.69780784311.697807843111101001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001.69780784311.69780784311.69780784311.69780784311.69780784311.69780784311.69780784311.69780784311.69780784311.69780784311.69780784311.69780784311.69780784311.69780784311.69780784311.697807843173.653886792773.6538867927
11200.00000000050.03228383672.2641365788112099.959928429699.799802656599.600006102899.400609536599.003013164698.015966156697.038759877496.071296216294.165209185592.296939566690.465737049288.670866209586.911606214685.187250533581.840495798571.29392507011.61419183591.61329352811.60970529331.60523122071.60076958351.59188347721.56988342311.54818741291.52679124461.48488191561.44412296781.40448282391.36593077371.32843694971.29197230441.2220183244112099.592443366297.978759513895.998373158794.058015174390.294164392681.530361233673.617158402266.471998028954.194860112244.185265219536.024406345529.370828625823.946142675919.523376625212.97757852551.61419183591.60506193581.56905581171.52518188071.48253475231.40078464741.21559134711.05488186630.91541927680.68937020190.51914055920.39094657620.29440817670.22170848850.16696089910.094684672671.293925070171.2939250701
11300.00000000040.03109160442.224239899113099.928496317499.642992499299.28725954298.932796578198.227662510696.486736822994.776666213993.096903827389.826164586186.670335022383.625378056580.687398442677.852637784575.117469728869.93203855169.8926505811.55458022071.55303657131.54687728661.53921252061.53158573341.51644534381.47924594061.44295906321.40756232691.33935246991.27444803281.21268883651.15392246391.09800388411.04479509430.9459879873113099.77623508798.886171317197.784748777596.695594198194.553543865589.403726575284.534391824679.930263255371.460634011663.888469840657.118672889451.066222133445.655105608440.817365785832.62542792651.55458022071.54975092781.53058331271.50695682741.48369504671.43824316731.33061220051.23103581.13891120220.97482852330.83438519880.71417551220.6112844080.52321680180.44783707570.328092854669.89265058169.892650581
11400.00000000040.02993605382.185388547114099.954340346499.771910117399.544340484699.317289915298.864741233397.742370591296.632741760395.535710087993.37886780191.2707190289.210164425887.19612951885.227564054783.303441504279.584534368768.49137609181.49680268881.49585355791.4920630491.48733841741.48262874631.47325409661.45007598491.42726252511.40480798031.36095313761.31846734121.27730785281.2374332681.19880347511.16137961461.0900002806114099.765272988198.831861797.677368870996.536362114694.294178517288.913921022483.840651415579.056853515870.292548297862.499860878155.571076940349.41042346243.932744893839.062326097830.8814459231.49680268881.49192519451.47257363871.44873678921.42528579161.37951646981.27142054511.17179478311.07997548020.91735739390.77922564310.66189318030.56222813760.47757023060.40565974890.292692273668.491376091868.4913760918
11500.00000000040.03030593572.1475463211115099.769268908298.851655955497.716498851296.59437725694.388643541789.092160296584.092881605879.374130262970.716127367863.002525549956.130311053850.007706698944.552946212839.693182256731.506118189970.55944591341.51529678491.51044304671.49118306971.46745308881.44410073551.398504971.29071490861.19123278851.09941827360.936473680.79767907670.67945519770.57875325950.49297633830.41991239990.3046659706115099.765225896498.831628444797.676907810296.535678603294.293065793388.911822566983.83768335179.053121921770.287571496762.493960855855.564519591149.40342706943.925487417639.054951434430.87415837391.51529678491.51035803541.49076348041.46662738071.44288205471.39653851951.28708768861.18621484121.09324769550.92860069620.78875012180.66996154240.56906294630.48336003850.4105642940.296211588970.559445913470.5594459134
11600.00000000040.02718759822.1106785731116099.835487797299.180140963598.367003615497.560532847395.967372873192.097366561788.383423174684.81924927678.116294920671.943050477466.257654913861.021555321156.199245485851.758025119943.900768346864.40487554021.35937990811.35627486611.34392546051.32864671071.31354166121.28384478631.21250683891.14513284641.08150254810.96465250670.86042743070.76746326610.68454333720.61058242290.54461255390.4332856925116099.87357715699.369482034598.74293959898.120347624196.886915587893.870744121290.948468618488.117166018882.716239440477.646349471872.887206032168.419762671664.226140345860.289555862953.12544803171.35937990811.35699359671.34749016811.33570442121.32402175761.30096208191.24505469631.19154986791.14034434941.04444024750.95660177670.87615060920.80246546550.73497731620.67316498780.564698569964.404875540264.4048755402
11700.00000000040.02572244712.0747521293117099.705789824998.537579657797.09654604895.67658640792.898660777886.301611743180.17304153974.479681894664.277165896255.472230151247.873428690341.315540556535.655977400630.771683179522.918651745761.9892052441.28612235571.28086994341.2600739241.23455306311.20954908811.16105013271.04814087440.94621176270.85419500540.6961364880.56732479920.4623481650.3767961950.30707458860.25025412740.166209556117099.860317501899.303535905898.611922433997.925125801596.565849098793.249632121590.047299039586.954938907981.085160643175.611614004870.507551900665.748032765261.309798680657.171161724149.71314875021.28612235571.28362791161.27369842141.26139450211.24920943861.22519129761.16714689631.11185239411.05917751250.96119606410.87227859610.7915866260.71835923660.65190590120.59159997170.487208222261.98920524461.989205244
11800.00000000040.02515120942.0397352157118099.667062101598.34635842896.720062160595.120659004192.000760516284.641399355777.870731118871.641664848960.638507649851.325281423243.442436419836.770286099931.12288470226.342845131718.872452820961.65312349261.25756047151.25174910611.2287709581.2006405271.173154091.12005456340.99758401560.88850481110.7913526950.6277557360.49797930370.39503165440.31336645270.24858396190.19719400580.1240894665118099.875580417799.379448186798.762747218998.149873200296.935511164493.96493324791.085388358288.294086801182.965479723777.958457640473.253612682268.832708257864.678608366560.775211176753.66091770991.25756047151.25538787031.24673493531.23600258921.2253626311.20435670411.15340383521.10460663561.05787390520.97025618020.88989533690.81619032860.74858989020.68658841460.62972217120.529729319361.653123492661.6531234926
11900.00000000040.02438586192.0055973878119099.615628822398.092861553496.222094877394.387006311890.821154765282.484821528874.913667418468.037457826456.120575660846.290956674738.183012997131.49519012525.978751364821.428526698614.579424815460.79450962071.21929309691.21278878331.18711665541.15578933161.12528871781.06668093040.93317038380.81637061320.71419002320.54659620380.41833041670.32016383630.2450332990.18753310280.14352606270.0840691072119099.878451372499.393732474198.791140551498.192201947797.005196236794.100080969191.281968202988.548252383983.3239771978.407930002573.781925618569.428851747665.332605710461.478034872754.43772547981.21929309691.21723520291.20903830111.19886975261.18878672611.16887436821.12054049351.07420526261.029786030.94638192340.8697328560.79929172590.73455574150.67506283370.62038835680.523965291660.794509620760.7945096207
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