PHENIX 実験における GEM と CSI カソードを 用いた 光検出器の開発

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PHENIX PHENIX 実実実実実実 実実実実実実 GEM GEM CSI CSI 実実実実実 実実実実実 実実実 実実実 実実実実実実実 実実実実実実実 実実 実実 CNS CNS A 実実実実実実 実実実実実実 実実実 実実 一、 実実実 実実 一、 実実実実 実実実実実実 実実実実 、、、 実実実実 実実実実実実 実実実実 、、、 実実実実 実実実実 実実実実実 、、、 実実実実 実実実実 実実実実実 、、、 実実実実 実実実実実 実実実実実 、、 実実実実 実実実実実 実実実実実 、、 A

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PHENIX 実験における GEM と CSI カソードを 用いた 光検出器の開発. 東大 CNS 、 A 東京理科大学 小沢恭一郎、 浜垣秀樹、梶原福太郎、郡司卓、 磯部忠昭、織田勧、森野雄平、 荒巻陽紀、山口頼人、真木祥千子 A. Outline. CsI photo cathode R&D at PHENIX exp. R&D of GEM at CNS Outlook. 特徴. 紫外域に感度 を持つ光検出器 読み出しに Strip や Pad を用いることで 位置情報も得られる - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Transcript of PHENIX 実験における GEM と CSI カソードを 用いた 光検出器の開発

  • PHENIXGEMCSICNSAA

    @KEK, (CNS)

  • OutlineCsI photo cathodeR&D at PHENIX exp.R&D of GEM at CNSOutlook

    @KEK, (CNS)

  • StripPadPHENIXWindow lessCherenkovGEMGEMCsIRadiator CF4Radiator40p.e.References1. NIM A523, 345, 20042. NIM A546, 466, 2005

    @KEK, (CNS)

  • CSI3TransmissiveBy WeitzmanTransmissivephoton feedbackGEMCSICSI[eV]

    @KEK, (CNS)

  • CsICSIGEMGEMCsI

    : a few x 10-7 TorrGEMCsICsICsIGEMQuartz AA

    @KEK, (CNS)

  • @KEK, (CNS)

  • Big Mac ProvidesLarge Volume (8 diameter, 6 tall)High Vacuum (few 10-7 torr)Lots of FeedthroughsLots of blank do-it-yourself portsMechanical Motions:2 tables covering 320o in fOne tower (up/down & rotate)Several Large ports12 Inside Diameter

    @KEK, (CNS)

  • Mechanics InsideAll tables removableOne fixed tableTwo rotating tables (320o)Target holder does up/down as well as rotation

    @KEK, (CNS)

  • CIArrange 6 GEMs in ARC facing down.Rotates via Big Mac Tables.Evaporate one-by-one5000 A (or 2000 A)~5 min elapsed before chicklet was vacuum sealed in the desiccatorin the vessel. (Desiccator sat in Ar as the PC was placed within it.)Used glass dessicator to transport PC Used glove box (under N2 purge) to transport PC from dessicator to test flange: ~2 min. exposure to air total

    Top View

    @KEK, (CNS)

  • Testing Apparatus Absolute QE of produced Photocathodes Vs Wavelength Photoelectron signal in CF4 (CF4 transmittance) GEM systematics (gain, stability, etc.) Systematic Measurements of CsI Coated Triple GEM (pe collection efficiency Vs ED, etc)

    @KEK, (CNS)

  • QE in CF4 at High and Low Collection Fields

    @KEK, (CNS)

    Chart3

    0.9635.595648332846.952110982740.860789859

    1.7926.857666967133.010201955445.6609725235

    2.5933.969758819129.808936748745.0050691736

    3.4437.068027745633.168845591544

    4.8134.966409041828.877720533440.3458327158

    6.827.575011746430.393584944447.7907507894

    7.8334.293286119428.839561294936.6228866776

    9.5426.242715605129.578019200538.7098044298

    10.5423.459249590324.92777631529.2279433538

    11.2227.931083938928.391536408333.9664338145

    12.0123.384444338426.760524127735.8229371839

    12.9721.367200087423.95320388334.342398656

    13.3922.533232575124.940690679931.7510060146

    15.822.733350796822.351676894430.9008242211

    17.4822.352251854526.146199945829.1634252637

    18.6221.590123279123.3374919128.4713275634

    20.0119.705157361522.713262686627.7210562192

    20.0320.616729264823.241838613427.692745566

    20.8820.274855016621.80825406626.9492080887

    23.7220.347421790721.952669218526.8099182568

    24.3619.868049276621.248095512225.875146899

    26.2119.225184015220.575377629225.3997942915

    26.4418.983384013919.913265879524.7461240274

    28.9318.144292135419.161035149824.0523372003

    31.2317.646494884317.816684304422.8467409491

    30.6617.520499298617.13508899122.6238569881

    33.3116.500126352916.898999643722.6613852135

    35.6315.191653296116.212790475221.2566741816

    36.1415.230073415914.958327179520.8532943413

    37.7714.274755188615.112512768520.1799641673

    42.3613.84954564914.484803824719.7605684587

    42.3312.982012371113.961624887118.4388421892

    45.1212.885989868314.022978749918.4846835277

    46.5512.498277363413.260310833618.0237073846

    49.8111.957725661213.308920288817.5419657762

    49.7811.97083401112.976682195917.8025651284

    56.2411.305528439111.91406327716.7318754967

    62.4211.328327457411.667454482517.0997380695

    65.1911.014320175710.222438610716.7100521337

    67.0610.081410595210.243001530815.4156960919

    9.87729936689.622294016215.3692635922

    8.78833603339.143842995813.0505753365

    8.45999924559.471950354913.669606938

    8.09892690459.624722109712.7431585483

    8.24508440598.902713761912.9313210044

    8.14504505899.657041103913.3010802837

    7.391638097410.394284457113.8450659557

    7.97167828269.788101584613.3108021205

    8.282669170410.434564811213.4425292833

    7.33908802669.247547739113.7802702233

    8.18146566649.695798680114.2154541295

    7.87414733439.935402338912.4439605701

    7.5895136389.54855357715.1508484816

    6.998899012310.684080557910.8664144143

    8.28484500759.110678433715.4490602869

    6.47616638049.031450688314.5257710602

    7.794852546512.256499794311.5584792778

    6.94350465279.663022217676.9028298653

    8.380614558322.5402856565

    9.6769767954-52.432251878

    4.9921955311-6.3985574152

    WIS GEM PC [CF4]

    1st Chicklet, [CF4], 0.78kV/cm

    1st Chicklet, [CF4], 3.25kV/cm

    2nd Chicklet, [CF4], 3.25kV/cm

    Wavelength [Angstroms]

    Absolute QE [%]

    Absolute QE in CF4 of CsI Photocathodes (Corrected for Mesh Transparency)

    CF4_X

    CF4CF4CF4VacVacVac

    Photon EnergyPhoton WavelengthGEM QEPhoton EnergyPhoton WavlengthGEM QE

    [eV][Angstroms][%][eV][Angstroms][%]

    6.21999.76103588710.966.21999.76103588711.04

    6.261980.59399720451.796.261980.59399720451.96

    6.331958.69169391782.596.331958.69169391782.83

    6.391940.30022261353.446.391940.30022261354.11

    6.461919.27529760064.816.461919.27529760065.58

    6.531898.70113667696.86.531898.70113667697.35

    6.591881.41402465867.836.591881.41402465868.85

    6.671858.84833920549.546.671858.848339205410.35

    6.741839.542792655810.546.741839.542792655811.44

    6.811820.634129588811.226.811820.634129588812.18

    6.891799.494691219212.016.891799.494691219212.82

    6.971778.840519727412.976.971778.840519727413.78

    7.041761.153185014213.397.041761.153185014214.94

    7.131738.922639901815.87.131738.922639901817.25

    7.211719.628075242717.487.211719.628075242718.9

    7.291700.756985253818.627.291700.756985253820.32

    7.381680.016046409220.017.381680.016046409222.13

    7.471659.774889223620.037.471659.774889223621.78

    7.561640.015664351820.887.561640.015664351822.84

    7.651620.721362418323.727.651620.721362418326.56

    7.751599.808828709724.367.751599.808828709726.63

    7.851579.429098407626.217.851579.429098407628.68

    7.951559.562065723326.447.951559.562065723328.99

    8.051540.18862391328.938.051540.18862391334.31

    8.161519.426277267231.238.161519.426277267234.12

    8.271499.216254232230.668.271499.216254232237.02

    8.381479.536804594333.318.381479.536804594336.49

    8.491460.367305359235.638.491460.367305359239.11

    8.611440.01375406536.148.611440.01375406539.78

    8.731420.219750572737.778.731420.219750572741.74

    8.861399.381311794642.368.861399.381311794646.82

    8.981380.681338808542.338.981380.681338808550.37

    9.121359.486669133845.129.121359.486669133850.64

    9.251340.3803746.559.251340.3803752.58

    9.391320.395998136349.819.391320.395998136354.55

    9.541299.635054769449.789.541299.635054769456.23

    9.691279.516865067156.249.691279.516865067162.12

    9.841260.012034806962.429.841260.012034806968.43

    101239.8518422565.19101239.8518422574.13

    10.161220.326616387867.0610.161220.326616387873.21

    CF4_X

    52.425647283574.313632813366.6348450938

    49.037655042674.440497738761.0566351378

    50.723913991463.366963907663.6767889401

    48.051161895561.74801678362.7665410569

    46.402805613558.8193602962.780411421

    44.893121567659.943621295262.4786626978

    45.721313796255.437407978761.3248784936

    43.561106863760.155902952962.6819119892

    42.664953256346.608495464163.2362044958

    40.509042124547.037206840659.8151107662

    41.172120597646.008370423259.71901016

    36.06544971546.782751306457.5660912358

    38.157522036544.755840719555.5820082909

    34.937933513842.668995926753.0296244587

    34.397390887140.953715105751.454670576

    35.13186660338.260283163551.2288771776

    32.031083206937.241593814250.3156667563

    31.135009121636.064922517848.6163442424

    29.689020081233.967775444747.4085265194

    28.065490022734.5293224445.7065234434

    29.116985649834.662791035544.8722216856

    26.724289367433.586952881644.3757640684

    27.157515039132.669367653743.8441950526

    26.049817271631.617301930943.2211901472

    25.277569116131.178404099742.4913141231

    24.903587441630.013698622542.1785089001

    24.392636347428.458256552441.7191597701

    23.423819670627.791230175941.1782832888

    22.034488119327.233004958940.4423989061

    21.530673662526.276970187639.6371438983

    21.077617415124.843878303838.9039323179

    19.706819291124.088395967237.8617129528

    19.125673016522.9531385636.8529453004

    18.919072683222.678228058335.5691542783

    18.130397558921.085138359834.3444467992

    16.689789133320.777717066133.1546002443

    16.530355653620.233564174831.8918017889

    16.036699086919.434322227430.9486277116

    15.268150018219.632026513829.9811227497

    15.317595896418.616601789529.5374722389

    14.36844714418.888232626528.9751496838

    14.486858707218.539608387528.8885704191

    14.06782953916.912844657128.4288186533

    12.840530358616.900294586628.2259062241

    12.640139118315.167093350528.8618541637

    11.517472542814.854532618128.7333760805

    11.073567226814.479543104828.429343774

    10.839013822614.191395881827.0842961453

    10.418850655413.798371668624.5386721565

    10.531415670513.668379094422.8864408989

    10.298834282113.579751323921.5732731857

    10.142184647414.743209678320.1014390433

    10.214231136214.539569866819.1958642504

    10.952819878614.954173825417.9198167276

    10.609240984614.223240806115.738683109

    10.345984740314.915274625112.9455132746

    10.568521782116.182688163811.6629947757

    10.714524615215.76290352239.9834738

    10.15824316715.94462356068.8503181299

    12.163447573515.7984080026.9137173422

    9.626403983219.07378625615.742283621

    10.983267960818305.3982283393

    11.60512388464.7117767954

    12.64856058794.0213228351

    14.00879478013.8784921538

    3.7119031225

    3.4778305085

    3.1564442585

    2.9954253752

    3.2858465899

    3.573038756

    6.0545303478

    WIS GEM PC [Vac]

    1st USB CsI chicklet [Vac]

    2nd USB CsI chicklet [Vac]

    Initial Chicklets produced in the NSL Evaporator [Vac]

    Wavelength [Angstroms]

    Absolute QE [%]

    Absolute QE in Vac of CsI Photocathodes (Corrected for Mesh Transparency)

    35.595648332846.952110982740.860789859

    26.857666967133.010201955445.6609725235

    33.969758819129.808936748745.0050691736

    37.068027745633.168845591544

    34.966409041828.877720533440.3458327158

    27.575011746430.393584944447.7907507894

    34.293286119428.839561294936.6228866776

    26.242715605129.578019200538.7098044298

    23.459249590324.92777631529.2279433538

    27.931083938928.391536408333.9664338145

    23.384444338426.760524127735.8229371839

    21.367200087423.95320388334.342398656

    22.533232575124.940690679931.7510060146

    22.733350796822.351676894430.9008242211

    22.352251854526.146199945829.1634252637

    21.590123279123.3374919128.4713275634

    19.705157361522.713262686627.7210562192

    20.616729264823.241838613427.692745566

    20.274855016621.80825406626.9492080887

    20.347421790721.952669218526.8099182568

    19.868049276621.248095512225.875146899

    19.225184015220.575377629225.3997942915

    18.983384013919.913265879524.7461240274

    18.144292135419.161035149824.0523372003

    17.646494884317.816684304422.8467409491

    17.520499298617.13508899122.6238569881

    16.500126352916.898999643722.6613852135

    15.191653296116.212790475221.2566741816

    15.230073415914.958327179520.8532943413

    14.274755188615.112512768520.1799641673

    13.84954564914.484803824719.7605684587

    12.982012371113.961624887118.4388421892

    12.885989868314.022978749918.4846835277

    12.498277363413.260310833618.0237073846

    11.957725661213.308920288817.5419657762

    11.97083401112.976682195917.8025651284

    11.305528439111.91406327716.7318754967

    11.328327457411.667454482517.0997380695

    11.014320175710.222438610716.7100521337

    10.081410595210.243001530815.4156960919

    9.87729936689.622294016215.3692635922

    8.78833603339.143842995813.0505753365

    8.45999924559.471950354913.669606938

    8.09892690459.624722109712.7431585483

    8.24508440598.902713761912.9313210044

    8.14504505899.657041103913.3010802837

    7.391638097410.394284457113.8450659557

    7.97167828269.788101584613.3108021205

    8.282669170410.434564811213.4425292833

    7.33908802669.247547739113.7802702233

    8.18146566649.695798680114.2154541295

    7.87414733439.935402338912.4439605701

    7.5895136389.54855357715.1508484816

    6.998899012310.684080557910.8664144143

    8.28484500759.110678433715.4490602869

    6.47616638049.031450688314.5257710602

    7.794852546512.256499794311.5584792778

    6.94350465279.663022217676.9028298653

    8.380614558322.5402856565

    9.6769767954-52.432251878

    4.9921955311-6.3985574152

    WIS GEM PC [CF4]

    1st Chicklet, [CF4], 0.78kV/cm

    1st Chicklet, [CF4], 3.25kV/cm

    2nd Chicklet, [CF4], 3.25kV/cm

    Wavelength [Angstroms]

    Absolute QE [%]

    Absolute QE in CF4 of CsI Photocathodes (Corrected for Mesh Transparency)

  • GEM foils of 3x3, 10x10 and 25x25 cm2 produced at CERNStainless steel boxPumped to 10-6 before gas fillingMeasurements: * Fe55 x-rays * Am241 source * UV lampGas gain Gains in excess of 104 are easily attainable Voltage for CF4 is ~140 V higher than for Ar/CO2 but slopes are similar for both gases Gain increases by factor ~3 for V = 20V Pretty good agreement between gain measured with Fe55 and UV lamp

  • Discharge Probability Stability of operation and absence ofdischarges in the presence of heavily ionizing particles is crucial for the operation of the HBD Use Am241 to simulate heavily ionizing particles In Ar-CO2, discharges increase sharplywhen total charge is close to the Raether limit of 108 CF4 more robust against discharges than Ar/CO2 HBD expected to operate at gains < 104 i.e. with comfortable margin below the discharge threshold In CF4 discharges do not depend onthe presence of particles. It seems that local defects are responsible for the discharges

  • Ion back-flowIons seem to follow the electric field lines.In all cases, ion back-flow is of order 1!!!Fraction of ion back-flow defined here as: Iphc / IPCB

    @KEK, (CNS)

  • AgingCsI photocathode: * In spite of the large ion back-flow there is no dramatic deterioration of the CsI QE. * For a total irradiation of ~10mC/cm2 , the QE drops by only 20%. (The total charge in 10 years of PHENIX operation is conservatively estimated to 1mC/cm2.)GEM foils: * During the whole R&D period we never observed aging effects (e.g. loss of gain) on the GEM foils. Total irradiation was well in excess of 10mC/cm2 .Stability measurements performed during day 3 (4 mC/cm2 ), day 4 (3 mC/cm2 ), day 5 (2 mC/cm2 ).

  • Cosmic ray tests: Experimental Set-upS1,S2S4C

    @KEK, (CNS)

  • response to electronsAll spectra calibrated into pe using the response to Fe55 x-rays.Npe = 25 - 45

    @KEK, (CNS)

  • HBD final designGas out2x21 HV connectors serving 2x3 detector modulesRemovable window FR4 frame all around the cover

    @KEK, (CNS)

  • HBD exploded view

    @KEK, (CNS)

  • Full Scale Prototype at Weizmann

    @KEK, (CNS)

  • CNSGEMCNS+ GEM

    @KEK, (CNS)

  • GEMM.Inuzuka et.al. NIM A525,529GEM

    @KEK, (CNS)

  • GEM2Charge up

    @KEK, (CNS)

  • MVME ADCCAEN V7921pFAD8058HVmeshHVgain (2000V)Ar(30%)C2H6(70%)Radiator: 75 cm 1.5*1.5cmReadout Pad3*3Mesh:wire= 50mPitch=500m3mm2mm2mm2mmCsI KEK

    @KEK, (CNS)

  • KEKKEK-PS1.0GeV/c TOF

    @KEK, (CNS)

  • MeshGEMEnergy loss1GeV/cEnergy lossCharge [A.U.]Charge [A.U.]Peak Value:198.9Peak Value:284.1Energy loss198.9 * 1.38 = 274.510 ch(1.0 p.e)CSIGeV/c

    @KEK, (CNS)

  • CSIUVCSI GEMHandlingScheme

    @KEK, (CNS)

  • CsI(Stony BrookMethod Use high purity CsI (Scintillator grade) High Vacuum (1E-7 Torr) [diffusion pump w/ N2 trap] Thoroughly clean vessel and all components Bake the CsI Mask substratesEvaporate very small amount of CsI This vaporizes any contaminants on molybdenum boat and/or outer surface of CsI crystals Vessel walls coated with CsI will also act as a getter Warm up substrates before, during and after evaporationWithholds water and contaminants from condensing onto the substrates before deposition, and onto the CsI after deposition Thickness monitor Quartz crystal oscillator, Al foil control substrate Transportation/ Storage of Photocathodes (vacuum, gas flow) Objective: To develop and test the technique of CsI evaporation at Stony Brook for production of CsI coated GEM foils for HBD prototypes and possibly even the final detector.

    @KEK, (CNS)

  • Dimensions of Evaporator Vessel

    @KEK, (CNS)

  • SummaryPHENIXGEMCSIR&DWeizmannCosmic rayBNLBNLStony BrookCNSGEMCNSCSICsI

    @KEK, (CNS)

  • Back ups

    @KEK, (CNS)

  • KEKPS-E325

    PMTPHENIX

    @KEK, (CNS)

  • RadiatorAr-C2H6 (~)RadiatorEnergy lossCSIUV sensitive (6 eV, 200nm) p.e. for 75cm radiator3GEM12GEMCSI2

    @KEK, (CNS)

  • GEMPMTRadiatorCSI

    @KEK, (CNS)

  • R&DWeitzman InstituteCF4KEK7 p.e. BNLGEM TPCR&DCERN, , M3GEM p electronResponse of Weitzman detector Gain stability by B. Azmoun

    @KEK, (CNS)

    Chart2

    729.8156807282286.58581145269382.5814526784783.20361386329996.4742211284

    949.6183532541426.079474453611650.3311485831793.706609929610068.4918400156

    1054.7403415114512.286250406112888.0950001006817.868930533410127.5171542817

    1179.0425768395565.002963993913420.2587866183829.95693610510253.602654399

    1318.9266993516608.328096674813679.7080919728842.797392804310196.9320572449

    1420.6049794374660.464174159513930.1698704796860.290357019410182.5469205851

    1531.3824392407690.471077994314131.7787965575873.383303938910222.6240435843

    1671.2066866849743.889253263314408.5565186928896.0733568510208.4983417691

    1902.2949945074773.366996113914500.5979173793934.654408625910253.6740487319

    1817.1437856818795.54830313914697.3022435797935.720891415210258.9848992602

    1913.1219996247826.535057447114855.6039075139954.109183705110309.303286848

    2042.6475423802857.949638346115005.4580125036967.536476418910343.5261237414

    2087.5886877816883.794290243814997.0082540741976.838189326610349.0498331768

    2212.6901234015903.087023601815156.064172493989.33017432349961.1585229308

    2362.82178393511034.501639682215215.5465451399989.39112208269935.0081557189

    2537.57278580821070.347815351215379.771512718993.81835471179962.5452122786

    2816.73975165111172.365940299415574.67714238121006.93437913199951.8822247844

    2869.58405205721232.748705717715493.85243829691015.27546361539910.4640167085

    2955.51582814461378.258805607914657.15210159651023.74829098379887.4719119915

    3045.37428608741434.92687555414665.73788420951025.18833750589920.5241281111

    3074.72730737861456.62942751121028.90198352479938.5146779305

    3089.39996193661502.86323539691029.12062354399908.2027273996

    3126.26569007561544.59426700641041.79898890979868.0609945797

    3171.19331341011593.60658877441049.5141812239863.5736081281

    3322.57537535641648.02244153191047.79129747569841.2358585356

    3381.55384546361662.64393777411058.2630851871

    3488.43331388631704.33405018451062.5461452804

    4479.06033999471712.84705767931070.0435466653

    1738.00442617571061.2273006798

    1774.11528367341067.69652186

    1832.20217217061082.0626093088

    1844.42463854231295.3787738204

    2314.55852253871295.9163649348

    2301.83606021131300.9807233708

    2286.00314200551292.6202114654

    2296.11198253741298.2205193062

    2291.56121530761299.9155695492

    2304.27333546511301.5645381086

    2317.699225711309.0828398187

    2328.68901840160

    CERN deltaV(Foil)=370V

    TECH ETCH Set 1 (deltaV(Foil)=340V)

    TECH ETCH Set 2 (deltaV(Foil)=340V)

    3M (deltaV(Foil)=340V)

    CERN (deltaV(Foil)=340V)

    CERN (deltaV(Foil)=370V)

    Elapsed time after HV ON [hrs]

    Absolute Gain

    Gain Stability Comparison:CERN, TECH ETCH and 3M Triple GEM

    Stability Test at 340V

    Experiment: Test Gain, Stability (tripping, etc), leakage current of CERN GEM Foil stack (Unspoiled set)

    Objective: Compare CERN Foils to other foils test (i.e. 3M and TECH ETCH).

    Method: Triple GEM, Ext gate/trigger, bottled gas, flow ~ 2.5 days, no pump (ALL GEMs ARE TECH ETCH, STD. CONICAL)

    GAS:Ar-CO2 (70/30)

    Triple GEM Gap Spacing

    [mm]

    Source - Meshn/a

    DG (Mesh - F1)7.81

    TG11.15

    TG21.33

    IG2.36

    Triple GEM Gap Field Config.

    [kV/cm]

    S-Mn/a

    DG0.4

    TG12.5

    TG23

    IG3.5

    deltaV(GEM)

    [V]

    G1320

    G2320

    G3320

    Triple GEM Volt Config.deltaV(gap)deltaV(Foil)300310320330340350360370380390400410420

    [V][V]

    SourceMesh2724.92754.92784.92814.92844.92874.92904.92934.92964.92994.93024.93054.93084.9

    Mesh2784.9312.4F12412.52442.52472.52502.52532.52562.52592.52622.52652.52682.52712.52742.52772.5

    F12472.5320R12112.52132.52152.52172.52192.52212.52232.52252.52272.52292.52312.52332.52352.5

    R12152.5287.5F21825184518651885190519251945196519852005202520452065

    F21865320R21525153515451555156515751585159516051615162516351645

    R21545399F31126113611461156116611761186119612061216122612361246

    F31146320R3826826826826826826826826826826826826826

    R3826826CP0000000000000

    CP0

    Impedance

    R1/F1.01nS

    R2/F2.01nS

    R3/F3.01nS

    Leakage Current

    R1/F1

  • N0 / ^2 * LWeitzmanHBD40 p.e. L = 50 cmCNS 14 p.e.Pion: 198.9 17.3electronElectron1.38198.9*1.38 = 274.5 (23.9)Electron(measured): 284.1 (24.7)1 p.e.

    @KEK, (CNS)

  • WeizmannDetector BoxGEM foils of 3x3 and 10x10 cm2 produced at CERN

    @KEK, (CNS)

  • Gain Curve: Triple GEM with CsI in CF4:measured with Fe55 and with UV lamp Pretty good agreement between gain measured with Fe55 and UV lamp.

    Gains in excess of 104 are easily attainable.

    Voltage for CF4 is ~140 V higher than for Ar/CO2 but slopes are similar for both gases.

    Gain increases by factor ~3 for V = 20V

    @KEK, (CNS)

  • Total Charge in Avalanche in Ar-CO2 and CF4 measured with Am241 When the total charge in CF4 exceeds 4 x 106 a deviation from exponential growth is observed leading to gain saturation when the total charge is ~2 x 107. Charge saturation in CF4 !!!

    @KEK, (CNS)

  • CsI absolute QE Many measurements of CsI QE in 6-8 eV range No data beyond 8.3 eV Measurements extended to 10.3 eV confirm ~linear behavior of QE Extrapolation to 11.5 eV: N0 820 cm-1

  • Discharge Probability Stability of operation and absence ofdischarges in the presence of heavily ionizingparticles is crucial for the operation of the HBD.

    Use Am241 to simulate heavily ionizing particles.

    @KEK, (CNS)

  • Charge Collection in Drift Gap : Mean Amplitude Rate

    @KEK, (CNS)

  • Hadron Blindness (I): UV photons vs. particlesAt slightly negative ED, photoelectron detection efficiency is preserved whereas charge collection is largely suppressed.

    @KEK, (CNS)

  • Hadron Blindness (II) :response to mip ED = 1 KV/cm (collection) Average amplitude dropped by a factor of ~2.5 and rate dropped by a factor of 12 Strong Hadron Suppression ED = -0.5 KV/cm (repulsion)

  • Full Scale Prototype Gas Tightness TestWe started Nitrogen flow (200 l/h) with a single 50 um mylar windowWith single mylar we reached 15-20 ppm water levelWith double mylar window we reached 5-6 ppmBypassing the HBD showed 2 ppm in the gas systemOn 19.04.05 we replaced 50 um window by 127 um mylar window coated with AlWith this single window we reached the same 5-6 ppmOn 06.05.05 we opened box and put into it several GEMs and resumed the Nitrogen flow

    I.Ravinovich

    @KEK, (CNS)

  • Radiation Length BudgetPreamps: 0.95 %Sockets: 0.60%Total = 0.92 + 0.54 + 0.95 +0.60 = 3.01 %CDR

    @KEK, (CNS)

  • Gas Quality Before and After Test There were no means to test the gas quality during the test, however we did test the gas quality before and after the test, under more or less the same conditions (i.e., similar purging period and flow rates).

    B.Azmoun

    @KEK, (CNS)

    Chart1

    36.666685563736.6666855637

    36.545612511736.4939087014

    36.068573850535.8189236365

    35.48820372635.0100172816

    34.924940013534.2376613224

    33.847318443432.7941283894

    31.412836906229.6903384292

    29.300760916727.1604333668

    27.45990968525.0644670921

    24.43076578221.7968156287

    22.068295619519.3610894683

    20.194353156217.4670595852

    18.683628009315.9469602106

    17.446729793814.6985155219

    16.419051349613.6558147331

    14.814537582312.0213023514

    (Using avg. measured Interaction X-sect)

    H2O

    O2

    PPM's of Impurity

    Npe

    Npe Vs PPM's of Gas Impurity

    Using Avg. X-sect

    H2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2OO2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2

    1.00062

    Energy [GeV]beta1

    beta*n > 1 for Cherenkov1.00062file: mesh corr.

    wavelengthCherenkov Yield over 10 Angstrom step per unit lengthconstanttotal photon yield over 50cmPPM of H2OCsI QEH2O ppmPPM of O2PPM of O2

    [Angstroms]0.0000568015151015255075100150200250300350400500sample 1&201510152550751001502002503003504005001510152550751001502002503003504005000151015255075100150200250300350400500Approx. to

    10^-10 m10^-2 mWavelength [A]Avg.Wavelength [A]WIS CsI QEmy CsI QE

    10800.00000000050.03830997952.4349598722108010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010079.01108868091.91549897471.91549897471.91549897471.91549897471.91549897471.91549897471.91549897471.91549897471.91549897471.91549897471.91549897471.91549897471.91549897471.91549897471.91549897471.915498974710801001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001.91549897471.91549897471.91549897471.91549897471.91549897471.91549897471.91549897471.91549897471.91549897471.91549897471.91549897471.91549897471.91549897471.91549897471.91549897471.915498974778.66655202578.7264902124

    10900.00000000050.03681140692.3904857193109010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010076.99566361421.84057034321.84057034321.84057034321.84057034321.84057034321.84057034321.84057034321.84057034321.84057034321.84057034321.84057034321.84057034321.84057034321.84057034321.84057034321.840570343210901001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001.84057034321.84057034321.84057034321.84057034321.84057034321.84057034321.84057034321.84057034321.84057034321.84057034321.84057034321.84057034321.84057034321.84057034321.84057034321.840570343276.995663614276.9956636142

    11000.00000000050.03536074882.3472190095110010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010075.32477520341.76803744241.76803744241.76803744241.76803744241.76803744241.76803744241.76803744241.76803744241.76803744241.76803744241.76803744241.76803744241.76803744241.76803744241.76803744241.768037442411001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001.76803744241.76803744241.76803744241.76803744241.76803744241.76803744241.76803744241.76803744241.76803744241.76803744241.76803744241.76803744241.76803744241.76803744241.76803744241.768037442475.324775203475.3247752034

    11100.00000000050.03395615692.3051164263111010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010073.65388679271.69780784311.69780784311.69780784311.69780784311.69780784311.69780784311.69780784311.69780784311.69780784311.69780784311.69780784311.69780784311.69780784311.69780784311.69780784311.697807843111101001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001.69780784311.69780784311.69780784311.69780784311.69780784311.69780784311.69780784311.69780784311.69780784311.69780784311.69780784311.69780784311.69780784311.69780784311.69780784311.697807843173.653886792773.6538867927

    11200.00000000050.03228383672.2641365788112099.959928429699.799802656599.600006102899.400609536599.003013164698.015966156697.038759877496.071296216294.165209185592.296939566690.465737049288.670866209586.911606214685.187250533581.840495798571.29392507011.61419183591.61329352811.60970529331.60523122071.60076958351.59188347721.56988342311.54818741291.52679124461.48488191561.44412296781.40448282391.36593077371.32843694971.29197230441.2220183244112099.592443366297.978759513895.998373158794.058015174390.294164392681.530361233673.617158402266.471998028954.194860112244.185265219536.024406345529.370828625823.946142675919.523376625212.97757852551.61419183591.60506193581.56905581171.52518188071.48253475231.40078464741.21559134711.05488186630.91541927680.68937020190.51914055920.39094657620.29440817670.22170848850.16696089910.094684672671.293925070171.2939250701

    11300.00000000040.03109160442.224239899113099.928496317499.642992499299.28725954298.932796578198.227662510696.486736822994.776666213993.096903827389.826164586186.670335022383.625378056580.687398442677.852637784575.117469728869.93203855169.8926505811.55458022071.55303657131.54687728661.53921252061.53158573341.51644534381.47924594061.44295906321.40756232691.33935246991.27444803281.21268883651.15392246391.09800388411.04479509430.9459879873113099.77623508798.886171317197.784748777596.695594198194.553543865589.403726575284.534391824679.930263255371.460634011663.888469840657.118672889451.066222133445.655105608440.817365785832.62542792651.55458022071.54975092781.53058331271.50695682741.48369504671.43824316731.33061220051.23103581.13891120220.97482852330.83438519880.71417551220.6112844080.52321680180.44783707570.328092854669.89265058169.892650581

    11400.00000000040.02993605382.185388547114099.954340346499.771910117399.544340484699.317289915298.864741233397.742370591296.632741760395.535710087993.37886780191.2707190289.210164425887.19612951885.227564054783.303441504279.584534368768.49137609181.49680268881.49585355791.4920630491.48733841741.48262874631.47325409661.45007598491.42726252511.40480798031.36095313761.31846734121.27730785281.2374332681.19880347511.16137961461.0900002806114099.765272988198.831861797.677368870996.536362114694.294178517288.913921022483.840651415579.056853515870.292548297862.499860878155.571076940349.41042346243.932744893839.062326097830.8814459231.49680268881.49192519451.47257363871.44873678921.42528579161.37951646981.27142054511.17179478311.07997548020.91735739390.77922564310.66189318030.56222813760.47757023060.40565974890.292692273668.491376091868.4913760918

    11500.00000000040.03030593572.1475463211115099.769268908298.851655955497.716498851296.59437725694.388643541789.092160296584.092881605879.374130262970.716127367863.002525549956.130311053850.007706698944.552946212839.693182256731.506118189970.55944591341.51529678491.51044304671.49118306971.46745308881.44410073551.398504971.29071490861.19123278851.09941827360.936473680.79767907670.67945519770.57875325950.49297633830.41991239990.3046659706115099.765225896498.831628444797.676907810296.535678603294.293065793388.911822566983.83768335179.053121921770.287571496762.493960855855.564519591149.40342706943.925487417639.054951434430.87415837391.51529678491.51035803541.49076348041.46662738071.44288205471.39653851951.28708768861.18621484121.09324769550.92860069620.78875012180.66996154240.56906294630.48336003850.4105642940.296211588970.559445913470.5594459134

    11600.00000000040.02718759822.1106785731116099.835487797299.180140963598.367003615497.560532847395.967372873192.097366561788.383423174684.81924927678.116294920671.943050477466.257654913861.021555321156.199245485851.758025119943.900768346864.40487554021.35937990811.35627486611.34392546051.32864671071.31354166121.28384478631.21250683891.14513284641.08150254810.96465250670.86042743070.76746326610.68454333720.61058242290.54461255390.4332856925116099.87357715699.369482034598.74293959898.120347624196.886915587893.870744121290.948468618488.117166018882.716239440477.646349471872.887206032168.419762671664.226140345860.289555862953.12544803171.35937990811.35699359671.34749016811.33570442121.32402175761.30096208191.24505469631.19154986791.14034434941.04444024750.95660177670.87615060920.80246546550.73497731620.67316498780.564698569964.404875540264.4048755402

    11700.00000000040.02572244712.0747521293117099.705789824998.537579657797.09654604895.67658640792.898660777886.301611743180.17304153974.479681894664.277165896255.472230151247.873428690341.315540556535.655977400630.771683179522.918651745761.9892052441.28612235571.28086994341.2600739241.23455306311.20954908811.16105013271.04814087440.94621176270.85419500540.6961364880.56732479920.4623481650.3767961950.30707458860.25025412740.166209556117099.860317501899.303535905898.611922433997.925125801596.565849098793.249632121590.047299039586.954938907981.085160643175.611614004870.507551900665.748032765261.309798680657.171161724149.71314875021.28612235571.28362791161.27369842141.26139450211.24920943861.22519129761.16714689631.11185239411.05917751250.96119606410.87227859610.7915866260.71835923660.65190590120.59159997170.487208222261.98920524461.989205244

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