Dr.SRIRAM.R

Allport in 1937 defined personality as “the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his unique adjustments to his environment”Mischel in 1976 told that it consists of “the distinctive patterns of behavior, including thoughts and emotions that characterzeeach individual’s adaptation to the situations of his or her life”

Traits are ENDURING patterns of thinking/perceiving/relating about environment and oneself which are exhibited in a wide range of social/personal contextsDSM IV-TR – “Enduring subjective experiences and behavior that deviate from cultural standards, are rigidly pervasive, have an onset in adolescence or early adulthood, are stable through time, and lead to unhappiness and impairment”When personality TRAITS are rigid and maladaptive, and produce funtional impairment or subjective distress DISORDER

Categorical Classification -ICD-10 (F60 Specific PD)-WHODSM-5-American Psychiatric AssociationMillon’s description

Additional classification – Severity, Social functioning and Attribution

Dimensional Classification - (ICD-11?)Thomas Widiger’s Five-factor model

a. Marked disharmonious attitude and behaviour involving several areas of functioning

b. Enduring/long standingc. Pervasive and maladaptived. Childhood to adulthoode. Personal distressf. Socio-occupational dysfunction

F60 Specific personality disorders F60.0 Paranoid personality disorder F60.1 Schizoid personality disorder F60.2 Dissocial personality disorder F60.3 Emotionally unstable personality disorder .30 Impulsive type .31 Borderline type F60.4 Histrionic personality disorder F60.5 Anankastic personality disorder F60.6 Anxious [avoidant] personality disorder F60.7 Dependent personality disorder F60.8 Other specific personality disorders F60.9 Personality disorder, unspecified F61 Mixed and other personality disorders F61.0 Mixed personality disorders F61.1 Troublesome personality changes

Cluster A (odd disorders) “MAD CLUSTER”

Paranoid personality disorder (301.0): characterized by a pattern of irrational suspicion and mistrust of others, interpreting motivations as malevolentSchizoid personality disorder (301.20): lack of interest and detachment from social relationships, and restricted emotional expressionSchizotypal personality disorder (301.22/F21 SSD ICD-10): a pattern of extreme discomfort interacting socially, distorted cognitions and perceptions

Cluster B (dramatic, emotional or erratic disorders) “BAD CLUSTER”

Antisocial personality disorder(301.7/DISSOCIAL PD IN ICD-10): a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others, lack of empathyBorderline personality disorder(301.83): pervasive pattern of instability in relationships, self-image, identity, behavior and affects often leading to self-harm and impulsivityHistrionic personality disorder(301.50): pervasive pattern of attention-seeking behavior and excessive emotionsNarcissistic personality disorder(301.81/F60.81 OTHER PD ICD-10): a pervasive pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and a lack of empathy

Cluster C (anxious or fearful disorders) “SAD CLUSTER”

Avoidant personality disorder (301.82): pervasive feelings of social inhibition and inadequacy, extreme sensitivity to negative evaluationDependent personality disorder (301.6): pervasive psychological need to be cared for by other people.Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (301.4/ Anankastic PD in ICD-10): characterized by rigid conformity to rules, perfectionism and control

the most common estimations range of all

P.D. is about 10-23%.

Paranoid 0.5-2.5%Schizoid ?%Schizotypal 3%Antisocial 3%Borderline 2%Histrionic 2-3%Narcissistic less than 1%Avoidant 0.5-1%Dependent >2.5%

Paranoid personality disorder

(1) Excessive sensitivity to setbacks and rebuffs

(2) Bear grudges persistently(3) Suspiciousness and misconstruing(4) Personal rights (5) Sexual fidelity suspicions(6) Self-referential attitude(7) “Conspiratorial" explanations

Schizoid personality disorder

(1) Few, if any, activities provide pleasure(2) emotional coldness(3) Inability to express feelings(4) indifference to praise/criticism(5) little sexual interest(6) solitary activities(7) preoccupation with fantasy /introspection(8) No confiding relationships(9) insensitivity to social norms /conventions

Dissocial personality disorder

(1) unconcern for the feelings of others(2) irresponsibility and disregard for social norms,

rules, obligations(3) incapacity to maintain enduring relationships, no

difficulty in establishing them(4) low tolerance for frustration/aggression (5) incapacity to experience guilt or to profit from

adverse experience (6) blame others and rationalize their behaviour

Emotionally unstable personality disorder

Impulsive type

(1) tendency to act unexpectedly without consideration of the consequences

(2) quarrelsome behavior/conflicts with others(3) behavioral explosions and inability to control(4) difficulty in maintaining any course of action that

offers no immediate reward(5) unstable mood

Emotionally unstable personality disorder

Borderline type At least three of the symptoms mentioned in criterion for

impulsive type, and:

(1) disturbances in and uncertainty about self-image, aims, and internal preferences

(2) liability to become involved in intense and unstable relationships, often leading to emotional crises

(3) excessive efforts to avoid abandonment(4) recurrent threats or acts of self-harm(5) chronic feelings of emptiness

Histrionic personality disorder

(1) self-dramatization, theatricality, or exaggerated expression of emotions

(2) suggestibility(3) labile affectivity(4) continual seeking for excitement and activities in which is

the center of attention(5) seductiveness in appearance or behavior(6) overconcern with physical attractiveness Egocentricity, continuous longing for appreciation, lack of

consideration for others, and persistent manipulative behavior complete the clinical picture, but are not required for the diagnosis.

Anankastic personality disorder

(1) feelings of excessive doubt and caution(2) preoccupation with details, rules, order, organization, or

schedule(3) perfectionism that interferes with completion(4) conscientiousness and scrupulousness(5) preoccupation with productivity to the exclusion of

pleasure and relationships(6) pedantry and adherence to conventions(7) rigidity/stubbornness/unwelcome thoughts and impulses(8) unreasonable insistence that others submit to exactly way

of doing things, or unreasonable reluctance to way of doing of them

Anxious (avoidant) personality disorder

(1) persistent feelings of tension and apprehension(2) Inferior to others attitude(3) Cannot stand criticism/rejection(4) unwillingness to become involved with people unless

certain of being liked(5) restrictions in lifestyle because of need for physical

security(6) avoidance of social or occupational activities that involve

significant interpersonal contact, because of fear of criticism, disapproval, or rejection.

Dependent personality disorder

(1) encouraging or allowing others to make the most of one's important life decisions

(2) subordination of own needs to others on whom is dependent, and compliance with their wishes

(3) unwillingness to make reasonable demands on the people one depends on

(4) feeling uncomfortable or helpless when alone, because of exaggerated fears of inability to care for oneself

(5) preoccupation with fears of being left to care for oneself(6) limited capacity to make everyday decisions without an

advice and reassurance from others

Theodore Millon was a psychologist, and he proposed a system of classification of personality disordersThese included all the types of personality disorders previously discussed, plus there were in addition, 4 moreThese are Depressive, passive-aggressive (negativistic), sadistic and self defeating (masochistic)

[21] Tyrer, P. (2000) Personality Disorders: Diagnosis, Management and Course. Second Edition. London: Arnold Publishers Ltd., pp. 126–32.

There are several advantages to classifying personality disorder by severity:

Addresses comorbidityRepresents the influence of personality disorder on clinical outcomeThis system accommodates the new diagnosis of severe personality disorder, particularly "dangerous and severe personality disorder" (DSPD)

TYPE R - Do not recognize any abnormality and defend valiantly their continued occupancy of their personality role. This group have been termed the Type R, or treatment-resisting personality disordersTYPE S - treatment-seeking ones, who are keen on altering their personality disorders and sometimes clamor for treatmentCluster C are mostly Type S, Cluster A personality disorders significantly more likely to be Type R

Source: Goldberg, L. R. (1990). An alternative “description of personality”: The big-five factor structure. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 59, 1216–1229.

“MALADAPTIVE TRAITS/DIMENSIONS”